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+{"text":"\n\n# Copyright\n\nCopyright \u00a9 2017 by Natalie Kossar\n\nIllustrations \u00a9 The McCall Pattern Company\n\nHachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.\n\nThe scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author's intellectual property. If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact permissions@hbgusa.com. Thank you for your support of the author's rights.\n\nRunning Press\n\nHachette Book Group\n\n1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104\n\nwww.runningpress.com\n\n@Running_Press\n\nFirst Edition: October 2017\n\nPublished by Running Press, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc.\n\nThe Hachette Speakers Bureau provides a wide range of authors for speaking events. To find out more, go to www.hachettespeakersbureau.com or call (866) 376-6591.\n\nThe publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher.\n\nPrint book cover and interior design by Ashley Todd\n\nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2017944791\n\nISBNs: 978-0-7624-6274-2 (print), 978-0-7624-6275-9 (ebook)\n\n1010\n\nE3-20170727-JV-PC\n\n# Contents\n\n  1. Cover\n  2. Title Page\n  3. Copyright\n  4. Dedication\n  5. Begin Reading\n  6. Acknowledgments\n\n# Navigation\n\n  1. Begin Reading\n  2. Table of Contents\n\nTO MOM & GRAM & GRAMMIE & GRUMS\n\n_And to the women before us who went unheard_\n\nI _absolutely cannot, under any circumstances, sew._ I just can't. When I was three years old my mom's sewing cabinet got knocked over and crashed onto me, sewing machine included. That was my first brush with sewing and I was not impressed. Subsequent attempts to engage with the threadly arts would prove equally disastrous. My mom and my grandma, bless them, went to great lengths to get me to enjoy something, anything, related to sewing. None of it took.\n\nMy mom brought me and my brother to fabric stores and encouraged us to pick out patterns and fabrics that we liked. It was fun for a while, but we got bored and would beg to leave. She pored over the catalogs and pattern drawers for what felt like hours. Eventually we learned that yarn skeins made good makeshift footballs, so we practiced our running patterns through the aisles, pretending to be Kordell Stewart and Jerome Bettis. He was Slash and I was The Bus.\n\nInspired by my yarn antics, my mom signed me up for a knitting club. It was held on Wednesday nights and led by the Chaplain's wife. The other girls were delighted to make complex winter hats and multicolored washcloths. I made one cat scarf* and called it quits.\n\nThe following summer, my grandma pulled me out of a literal woodpile to get my colors done. I reluctantly sat on the edge of her bed while she plopped fabric swatches onto my shoulders to see what season paired best with my complexion. She announced that I was \"a summer\" and politely suggested I wear something other than my dad's military undershirts. I asked if I could go back outside.\n\nSo. Despite a solid effort from Mom and Grums, I simply wasn't interested in sewing. I preferred to spend my time pretending to be a horse, or building forts out of scrap wood, or collecting live nightcrawlers from the backyard and feeding them to Barbles, my pet catfish. Girls who liked sewing were weak and boring. And I refused to be one of them.\n\nTwenty years later, I got an email from my mom asking me to help her find an old sewing pattern. Like a good millennial, I took to Google and ran a quick image search. Hundreds\u2014 _hundreds_ \u2014of vintage sewing patterns flooded my computer screen, and I was instantly transported to the plastic chairs of fabric stores and running the zig-zag plays of yarn football.\n\nSome of the images were from my mother's childhood (an era I've coined _polyesteryear_ ), some were from my grandma's youth, and many were from much earlier. Vintage patterns for men, women, and children dating back to the 1920's had been scanned and used as images in blogs or placed for sale\u2014all right there online. The drawings were certainly _of a time_ ; demonstrating outdated social ideals of gender or race or class structure. I was both delighted and horrified by what was considered acceptable even thirty years ago. The juxtaposition of the vintage images with modern dialogue generated a strong message of social growth and change. I captioned a few of the images and sent them to a handful of friends who agreed and encouraged me to keep going.\n\nPerhaps most importantly, the packets presented themselves in a new light. The women posed on the covers no longer seemed vapid, demure, or girly. I suddenly saw past the traditional notions of femininity\u2014notions I spent a lifetime rejecting\u2014and saw my foremothers as they truly were. These women were powerful. These women were complicated. These women had something to say.\n\nSo here I am, writing a book about sewing. Here I am researching a subject I once abhorred; burying myself in the patterns I couldn't escape as a kid. I am finally connecting to the world my mom and grandma share; the world they wanted to share with me since I was born. And I am glad to share in it. In my own woodpile, cat scarf, horsechild way.\n\nPlease enjoy.\n\n\u2014Natalie Kossar\n\n* _A cat-sized scarf, designed to be worn by cats._\n\nThanks first to one hundred Nicoles;\n\nTo Nicole Tourtelot, my amazing agent at DeFiore and Company, who is sharp and cool and always knows exactly what to say. She has permission to speak on my behalf even when I am very dead.\n\nI know what a literary agent is, Nicole.\n\nThanks to Nicole Chung, Nicole Cliffe, and Mallory Ortberg for being the first to agree to publish me on their brilliant website, www.the-toast.net, which is now defunct by total coincidence.\n\nThanks to my editor Jennifer Kasius from Running Press for taking a chance on me. And to my entire team at Running Press, for their enthusiasm and kindness. Thank you all for your patience with my technological incompetencies, which are many.\n\nThanks to Janet Wolfe, Stacey Long, and Meg McDonald at the McCalls Pattern Company, for agreeing to partner with me, for accommodating my research, and for making sure I wasn't locked in the closet during the fire drill.\n\nSeveral people leapt at the opportunity to help me during research; Tamara Nolte graciously hosted me in Brooklyn. Maia Wynn was my dog's handmaiden and is a top-notch cohabitator. Leonard Madrid and Stephanie Graner both gave me scanners to use, and I only broke one (sorry Stef). Jayme Swalby drove me to the airport and also hit me with her car.\n\nThanks to my attorneys, Josiah Jenkins and Michael Powalisz, who've had my back from the beginning, and let me abuse attorney-client privilege as an excuse to talk about relationships.\n\nThanks to the drunken misfit weirdos in the Chicago improv\/sketch community between 2006 and 2016. You developed, supported, and amplified a voice I knew existed but was afraid to use. You are my heart.\n\nM. Molly Backes (@mollybackes) not only forged a path, but installed lights and directions along the way. She was a tireless cheerleader and validator, and I would not have made it without her.\n\nSarah Armstrong (@oohsarahcuda) came out of nowhere and supported me in all of the right ways. If you're working on a project\u2014I'm telling you\u2014you want her on it.\n\nRobin Babb (@cixxxous) is an outstanding friend and editor (frienditor?). Thanks for the pink 100s.\n\nFinally, my unending thanks to Alex Garday, Nathan Jansen, Eric Lindberg, Eric Muller, Leslie Nesbit, Robert Perez, Nick Semar, and Sean Sullivan, who are my muses.\n\nAnd to Eileen Backes, Megan Backes, Katie Dufresne, Lisa Linke, and Jessie Stegner, who are my solid ground.\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaBook"}}
+{"text":" \nContents\n\nCover\n\nHalf Title page\n\nTitle page\n\nCopyright page\n\nNotes on Contributors\n\nIntroduction\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 1: Imagining Cihuacoatl: Masculine Rituals, Nahua Goddesses and the Texts of the Tlacuilos\n\nSeparating gender from sexuality: the Nahua case\n\nThe Tlacuilo's text\n\nThe god(dess) Cihuacoatl\n\nThe god(dess) Coyolxauhqui\n\nThe fertility god(desse)s\n\nThe colonial death of the god(dess)\n\nRemembering Cihuacoatl\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 2: Power and Historical Figuring: Rachael Pringle Polgreen's Troubled Archive\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 3: Gender, Sexuality and the Formation of Racial Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Anglo-Caribbean World\n\nStructuring the colour lines in a British Caribbean slave society\n\nThe cultural application of meaning: maintaining a 'white' British identity\n\nThe practice of everyday life: race mixing on the periphery\n\nIndividual subjectivity: Jonathan Troup and the process of identification\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 4: Xing: The Discourse of Sex and Human Nature in Modern China\n\nKeywords, globalisation and translation\n\nXing as human nature\n\nFrom the obscene to the natural?\n\nTracing xing\n\nJapanese connections and return graphic loans\n\nConclusion\n\nGlossary\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 5: Epistemic Modernity and the Emergence of Homosexuality in China\n\nHistoriographical rationale\n\nMaking truth public\n\nCompeting authorities of truth\n\nIntellectual translation and disciplinary consolidation\n\nEast Asian scientia sexualis and the birth of a nationalistic style of argumentation\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 6: Overcoming 'Simply Being': Straight Sex, Masculinity and Physical Culture in Modern Egypt\n\nBetween pedagogic and performative modernity: the subject of Physical Culture\n\nBeyond pedagogic and the performative modernity: the limit of Physical Culture\n\nConclusion\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 7: Monitoring and Medicalising Male Sexuality in Semi-Colonial Egypt\n\nThe Egyptian context\n\nMonitoring male sexuality\n\nThe medicalisation of marriage\n\nGendering the law, sexualising its subjects\n\nConclusions: application and aftermath\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 8: The Volatility of Sex: Intersexuality, Gender and Clinical Practice in the 1950s\n\nDiagnosis\n\nTreatment\n\nManagement\n\nConclusion\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 9: 'A Certain Amount of Prudishness': Nudist Magazines and the Liberalisation of American Obscenity Law, 1947\u201358\n\n'Sunshine and Health'\n\nA prudish legal strategy\n\n'It is filthy, it is foul, it is obscene'\n\n'Gray can be a very drab and dirty color'\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 10: Cold War Conflicts and Cheap Cabaret: Sexual Politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women's Year Conference\n\nThe IWY scenario and anti-imperialist hauntology\n\nBetty Friedan and the cultivation of unity\n\nNancy C\u00e1rdenas and cheap cabaret\n\nDomitila Barrios de Chungara and the family drama\n\nApocrypha and excess in IWY accounts\n\nNotes\n\nChapter 11: Gender and Sexuality in Latina\/o Miami: Documenting Latina Transsexual Activists\n\nBorderlands between transgender and gay\n\nTAO and involvement of Latinas\n\nTranssexual Latina\n\nNotes\n\nIndex\nHistoricising Gender and Sexuality\nGender and History Special Issue Book Series\n\nGender and History, an international, interdisciplinary journal on the history of femininity, masculinity, and gender relations, publishes annual special issues which are now available in book form.\n\nBringing together path-breaking feminist scholarship with assessments of the field, each volume focuses on a specific subject, question or theme. These books are suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in history, sociology, politics, cultural studies, and gender and women's studies.\n\nTitles in the series include:\n\nHistoricising Gender and Sexuality  \nEdited by Kevin P. Murphy and Jennifer M. Spear\n\nHomes and Homecomings: Gendered Histories of Domesticity and Return  \nEdited by K. H. Adler and Carrie Hamilton\n\nGender and Change: Agency, Chronology and Periodisation  \nEdited by Alexandra Shepard and Garthine Walker\n\nTranslating Feminisms in China  \nEdited by Dorothy Ko and Wang Zheng\n\nVisual Genders, Visual Histories: A special Issue of Gender & History  \nEdited by Patricia Hayes\n\nViolence, Vulnerability and Embodiment: Gender and History  \nEdited by Shani D'Cruze and Anupama Rao\n\nDialogues of Dispersal: Gender, Sexuality and African Diasporas  \nEdited by Sandra Gunning, Tera Hunter and Michele Mitchell\n\nMaterial Strategies: Dress and Gender in Historial Perspective  \nEdited by Barbara Burman and Carole Turbin\n\nGender, Citizenships and Subjectivities  \nEdited by Kathleen Canning and Sonya Rose\n\nGendering the Middle Ages: A Gender and History Special Issue  \nEdited by Pauline Stafford and Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker\n\nGender and History: Retrospect and Prospect  \nEdited by Leonore Davidoff, Keith McClelland and Eleni Varikas\n\nFeminisms and Internationalism  \nEdited by Mrinalini Sinha, Donna Guy and Angela Woollacott\n\nGender and the Body in the Ancient Mediterranean  \nEdited by Maria Wyke\n\nGendered Colonialisms in African History  \nEdited by Nancy Rose Hunt, Tessie P. Liu and Jean Quataert\n\nThis edition first published 2011  \nOriginally published as Volume 22, Issue 3 of Gender & History  \n\u00a9 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011\n\nBlackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with Wiley's global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.\n\nRegistered Office  \nJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom\n\nEditorial Offices  \n350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA  \n9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK  \nThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK\n\nFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com\/wiley-blackwell.\n\nThe right of Kevin P. Murphy and Jennifer M. Spear to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.\n\nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.\n\nWiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.\n\nDesignations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.\n\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data\n\nHistoricising gender and sexuality \/ edited by Kevin P. Murphy, Jennifer M. Spear.  \np. cm. \u2013 (Gender and history special issue book series)  \n\"Originally published as Volume 22, Issue 3 of Gender & History.\"  \nIncludes bibliographical references and index.  \nISBN 978-1-4443-3944-4 (pbk.) \u2013 ISBN 978-1-4443-4392-2 (ePDF) \u2013 ISBN 978-1-4443-4395-3 (Wiley Online Library) \u2013 ISBN 978-1-4443-4393-9 (ePub) \u2013 ISBN 978-1-4443-4394-6 (Mobi)  \n1. Gender identity\u2013History. 2. Sex\u2013History. I. Murphy, Kevin P.,1963- II. Spear, Jennifer M.,  \n1967-HQ1075.H577 2011  \n306.701\u2013dc22\n\n2011014941\n\nThis book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs (9781444343922); Wiley Online Library (9781444343953); ePub (9781444343939); Mobi (9781444343946)\nNOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS\n\nKevin P. Murphy received his Ph.D. in history from New York University in 2001. He is associate professor of history at the University of Minnesota. His book, Political Manhood: Red Bloods, Mollycoddles, and the Politics of Progressive Era Reform, was published in 2008.\n\nJennifer M. Spear teaches early American history at Simon Fraser University. She is the author of Race, Sex, and Social Order in Early New Orleans (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009) and several articles exploring race, gender, and sexuality in early North America, especially those regions colonised by France and Spain.\n\nPete Sigal is an associate professor of Latin American history at Duke University. He is the author of From Moon Goddesses to Virgins: The Colonization of Yucatecan Maya Sexual Desire (2000) and editor of Infamous Desire: Male Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America (2003). Most recently, as a participant in a forum on 'transnational sexualities', he published an article in the American Historical Review 114\/5 (2009), 'Latin America and the Challenge of Globalizing the History of Sexuality'. He is currently completing a study on the interaction of writing and sexual representation in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Nahua societies (The Flower and the Scorpion: Sexuality in Early Nahua Culture and Society, Duke University Press, forthcoming).\n\nMarisa J. Fuentes completed her doctorate in the department of African American studies at Berkeley in 2007. She is an assistant professor at Rutgers University, in the departments of history and women's and gender studies. Her current book project explores the spatial, historical and symbolic confinement enslaved women experienced in eighteenth-century Bridgetown, Barbados.\n\nBrooke N. Newman has just completed research fellowships at the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford and the Gilder Lehrman Center for Slavery, Abolition, and Resistance at Yale University. She is the co-editor of Native Diasporas: Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Identities in the Americas (forthcoming, University of Nebraska Press, 2011), and is currently at work on a book exploring mastery and the Anglo-West Indian connection during the age of slavery.\n\nLeon Antonio Rocha is D. Kim Foundation for the History of Science and Technology in East Asia postdoctoral fellow at the Needham Research Institute and the department of history and philosophy of science, University of Cambridge.\n\nHoward Chiang is a doctoral student in the department of history at Princeton University and a former visiting research student at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan, the Needham Research Institute in Cambridge and the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London. His thesis, 'China Trans Formed', tells a critical history of sex change and sexology in modern China. He is currently completing an edited volume on 'Transgender China: Embodied Histories and the Trans Locations of Culture' and a co-edited volume on 'Queer Sinophone Cultures' (with Larissa Heinrich).\n\nWilson Chacko Jacob obtained his doctorate from the departments of history and Middle East and Islamic studies at New York University in 2005. He teaches in the history department at Concordia University in Montreal. His forthcoming book from Duke University Press is entitled Working Out Egypt.\n\nHanan Kholoussy is assistant professor of history and Middle East studies in the department of history at the American University in Cairo. She is the author of For Better, for Worse: The Marriage Crisis that Made Modern Egypt (2010) as well as a number of articles on gender, nationalism and law in modern Egypt.\n\nSandra Eder is a doctoral student in the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University. Her thesis, 'The Birth of Gender: Intersexuality, Gender, and Clinical Practice in the 1950s', for which she received a Woodrow Wilson Women's Studies Fellowship, examines clinical practices around the conceptualisation of gender through the treatment of intersexual patients.\n\nBrian Hoffman completed his doctorate in history at the University of Illinois, Urbana\u2013Champaign. A version of this article won the 2007 Gender & History Graduate Student Essay Prize awarded at the Eighth Annual Graduate Symposium on Women's and Gender History held at the University of Illinois, Urbana\u2013Champaign. His thesis is titled 'Making Private Parts Public: American Nudism, 1929\u20131963'. He recently joined the department of anthropology, history and social medicine at the University of California at San Francisco as a post-doctoral fellow.\n\nJocelyn Olcott is an associate professor of history and women's studies at Duke University. She is the author of Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico (2005) and editor (with Gabriela Cano and Mary Kay Vaughan) of Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Postrevolutionary Mexico (2006).\n\nSusana Pe\u00f1a is associate professor of ethnic studies at Bowling Green State University. Her publications include '\"Obvious Gays\" and the State Gaze: Cuban Gay Visibility and US Immigration Policy during the 1980 Mariel Boatlift' in Journal of the History of Sexuality (2007). She received a post-doctoral fellowship (AY 2004\u201305) from the Social Science Research Council's Sexuality Research Fellowship Program.\n\nIntroduction\n\nKevin P. Murphy and Jennifer M. Spear\n\nIn her influential 1984 essay, 'Thinking Sex: Notes Toward a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality', Gayle Rubin asserted that 'although sex and gender are related, they are not the same thing, and they form the basis of two distinct arenas of social practice'. Building on this insight, and challenging the tendency of feminist theory to treat sexuality as derivative of gender, Rubin declared it 'essential to separate gender and sexuality analytically to reflect more accurately their separate social existence'.1\n\nOver the past two decades, historians writing across period and region have taken up Rubin's call to produce delineated analyses of 'sexuality' and 'gender'. Yet, these efforts have produced anything but a stable or coherent sense of how 'sexuality' and 'gender' have functioned throughout human history. Indeed, many scholars \u2013 especially those focusing on the pre-modern and non-western worlds \u2013 have productively questioned the conceptualisation of and distinction between these categories, some demonstrating that sexual desire and practices have intersected with gendered identities and norms in complicated, sometimes inextricable, ways.2 Likewise, scholarship on the history of homosexuality in the modern west has shown that identity categories such as 'homosexual' and 'lesbian' have been defined not only in relation to sexual object choice and sexual role, but also in relation to gender performance.3\n\nThe scholarship in this book takes up anew the question of the intersections between gender and sexuality. Many of the authors conclude that the constructions, practices and experiences of gender and sexuality are far more entangled and mutually constitutive than the formulation in 'Thinking Sex' intimates. Yet we would argue that it was precisely Rubin's call to refuse to subordinate sexuality under the rubric of gender that has enabled the explorations that these chapters engage in. Covering a wide range of contexts \u2013 from sixteenth-century New Spain to late twentieth-century Miami, Chinese sexology to American nudist magazines, free women of colour in the British Caribbean to Egyptian reformers \u2013 these chapters demonstrate the particularities not just of specific formulations of gender and sexuality in different historical contexts, but also of the very nature of the relationship between the categories themselves.\n\nThe volume begins with three chapters set in the colonial Americas that highlight the productivity of rethinking these issues in contexts that were profoundly shaped by cross-cultural encounters, which often highlighted the very contingency of conceptions of gender and sexuality and also led to their transformation.4 Pete Sigal's contribution is an examination of Cihuacoatl and other Nahua deities who combined masculine and feminine attributes, demonstrating the historical and cultural specificity of configurations of gender and sexuality. In pre-conquest Nahua culture, Cihuacoatl was simultaneously 'a feared deity, a defeated woman, and a cross-dressed man'. Spanish priests were confused by this 'jumble of attributes, skins that could be taken off or placed on at will', and sought to make sense of Cihuacoatl by reducing her to what they considered her essential self: 'only the feared goddess'. Unable to comprehend a deity who combined masculine and feminine attributes, who could both kill and heal, the priests' binary concepts of male and female, death and curing, overwhelmed the complex multiplicities of deities like Cihuacoatl, stripping them of contradictory attributes into simplistically coded figures comprehensible within a European Catholic worldview.\n\nPriests are not the only ones to have been challenged by Cihuacoatl's combination of masculine and feminine attributes. Scholars have struggled to make sense of her place in pre-conquest Nahua society (seen as organised around a strict gender division and hierarchy). It was not just the boundary between male and female that Cihuacoatl blurred; she also traversed the boundaries between the human and the divine, the secular and the religious, the chaste and the sexual. Yet the transgressions that Cihuacoatl and other Nahua deities were capable of, as well as those of the humans operating within a ritual sphere, were not acceptable practices of everyday life but were restricted to the divine and ritual realms. Rather than seeking Cihuacoatl's 'true sex', Sigal uses Cihuacoatl's 'jumble of attributes' to rethink Rubin's emphasis on the need to treat gender and sexuality as analytically distinct categories requiring their own tools of analysis. Sigal demonstrates that it is impossible to treat these as conceptually distinct categories for non-western peoples (and by extension pre-modern ones) without imposing western conceptions of sexuality and gender upon them.\n\nNahua 'categories of the intimate' (a rubric that Sigal contends better encapsulates their cultural conceptions than 'sexual') grouped together a wide range of activities \u2013 from vaginal and anal intercourse to burning maize \u2013 that we might not see as related and certainly not all as sexual or erotic. What linked these activities in the Nahua worldview was their relationship to fertility, a vital concern for these agriculturalists. Just as Rubin rejected the incorporation of 'sexuality' as a subset of 'gender', Sigal asks us to think carefully about presuming that fertility rituals and reproductive sex are necessarily a subset of 'sexual' categories. The Nahua, he argues, posited the reverse: they 'envisioned sexual relations as elements of a larger set of ritual practices designed to promote fertility: of gods, humans, animals and the earth'.\n\nIf fertility is the context for making sense of Nahua sexual practices, the next two chapters, by Marisa J. Fuentes and Brooke N. Newman, argue that sex in the Anglophone Caribbean in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries cannot be understood apart from the racialised and gender power formations of colonial slave societies. Fuentes analyses the life and 'troubled archive' of Rachael Pringle Polgreen, 'a woman of colour, a former slave turned slave-owner' and owner of a brothel in the Barbadian capital of Bridgetown, while Newman centres on the articulation of a white Creole identity, its denigration by metropolitan observers, and the role of 'intimacy across the colour line' in both. For both Fuentes and Newman, Anglophone Caribbean slave societies cannot be explicated without attention to the ways in which both gender and sexuality were mobilised to define subjectivity, enable or constrain opportunity and legitimate colonial power regimes. For black women, whether enslaved, free or freed, their subjectivity as women was in great part defined by their sexual availability to white men whose masculinity was partially defined by their considerable sexual freedom and, in the sanctimonious opinion of metropolitan observers, their 'voracious appetite' for women of colour. These contributions demonstrate how colonial identities and the relations of power that defined colonial societies were constructed along the 'entangled axes of gender, sexuality and race'.\n\nGiven such power relations, enslaved and formerly enslaved women like Rachael Pringle Polgreen rarely make it into the archives and, when they do, it is most often as the object of the white male colonial gaze. In these respects, Polgreen was unusual. In addition to journalistic, editorial and fictional depictions of her life, she also left a will and newspaper advertisements, probably composed (if not actually penned) by herself, as well as documentation of her property ownership in an inventoried estate and tax records. As one of the few women of colour whose presence is discernable in the colonial archives, Polgreen has often stood in for the experience of enslaved and formerly enslaved women in Caribbean history. Yet it is precisely the same exceptionalism that renders her so visible to historians as a relatively wealthy, slave-owning, brothel-managing, former slave that leads Fuentes rightly to caution us against understanding her as representative of women of colour in slave societies, let alone those who spent their entire lives in slavery. Even so, as Fuentes's reading of Thomas Rowlandon's caricature of Polgreen reveals, Polgreen was, like all those women of colour, subjected to a colonial gaze that was simultaneously raced, gendered and sexualised.\n\nAs Newman demonstrates, it was not just enslaved and formerly enslaved women of African descent who were objects of this gaze. British observers of white Caribbean society were equally attentive to the racialised, gendered and sexualised differences they saw between themselves and their colonial counterparts. In particular, 'cross-racial unions, lineages and inheritance practices' as well as the admittedly rare inclusion of free people of African descent into the legal category of 'whiteness' were read by metropolitan observers as evidence of sexual excesses and 'physical and moral degeneration' from a metropolitan ideal of Britishness. In texts such as John Singleton's 1767 poem, A General Description of the West Indian Islands, white colonial men were depicted as 'overcome by dangerous passions' while their infidelities were blamed on their 'impetuous' and 'jealous' white wives. Newman profitably explores the contradictions between metropolitan and colonial gender norms through the private diary of Jonathan Troup, a Scottish physician who resided in Dominica between 1789 and 1791. Although Troup participated in the 'explicitly debauched, creolised version of British manhood' that included sexual access to women of colour, he ultimately committed himself 'to the stability and superiority of his own identity as a white metropolitan Briton'.\n\nAs these two contributions illustrate, at the heart of the particular racial and gendered relations that sustained Caribbean slave societies was white masculine access to the bodies of women of colour. The agency of those women has been a vexed question in the historiography of slave societies, one that both Fuentes and Newman tackle, although they reach different conclusions. For Newman, the possibility that some women of colour could wrest some advantages from such a disadvantaged position is embodied in the story of Susanna Augier, who successfully mobilised her relationships with white men \u2013 her father and two white consorts \u2013 to gain freedom, property and eventually legally inscribed whiteness for herself and her children. Newman carefully stresses how rare such incidents were, but these stories do reveal how such prospects were premised on the very social order that so disadvantaged women and subjected them to sexual exploitation in the first place. Fuentes is much more cautious in rendering actions like Augier's as expressions of agency and counsels us against seeing enslaved or free(d) women's agency in their sexual acquiescence to white men's sexual demands. Not only does such an interpretation downplay if not ignore the power dynamics that left enslaved black women wholly vulnerable in a racialised, patriarchal, slave society, it is also particularly difficult to reconcile the sense of heroic agency and resistance to slavery that has often been attributed to Polgreen with the narrative of her life since her wealth and security came from 'buying into a system of slavery', one that depended upon these 'hierarchies based on race and gender' and one that in Polgreen's case was based on the sexual exploitation of other black women.\n\nThese first chapters also highlight the interaction between systems of gender and sexuality that often took place in colonial or imperial contexts, as well as the reception and contestation of western concepts of gender and sexuality throughout the world. While Newman's Troup ultimately rejected a creolised British masculinity in favour of its metropolitan counterpart, Sigal's priests struggled, and eventually failed, to impose their European sexual mores onto a Nahua system that revolved around poles of moderation and excess rather than sin and salvation. Such metropolitan or western ideas were not always imposed from the outside, nor (as Sigal argues) were they always successful. The next chapter, by Leon Antonio Rocha, the first of two focused on modern China, examines the transnational flow of ideas about gender and sexuality in the twentieth century. Rocha reminds us that it is equally important to pay attention to the historical specificities and contestation of cultural exchange within modern regimes of globalisation. He asserts that we should never assume 'that people in the Third World merely copied, parroted, were \"interpellated\" by or inflicted with the discourse of the colonising Other'. Instead, he argues, 'globalisation [was] always already accompanied by localisation and indigenisation'.\n\nRocha's contribution provides just this kind of nuanced analysis of the globalisation of sexual knowledge through a tightly focused etymological analysis of xing, a character that meant 'human nature' in Classical Chinese but, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, came to denote both sex and human nature. This transformation was brought about by cosmopolitan Chinese intellectuals of the May Fourth New Culture period (c.1915\u201337), who consumed and translated the work of European, American and Japanese sexologists and sex education reformers, including the American birth control reformer Margaret Sanger and the German physician and homosexual rights advocate Magnus Hirschfeld. Rocha argues that radical Chinese intellectuals embraced the western notion of 'sex as fundamental property of humanity', a modern ideological development analysed by Foucault, as part of a broader project of Chinese nation-building in a period of massive upheaval. According to Rocha, '[s]ex became a panacea to China's weakness and degeneracy, and a revolution of the relationships between men and women, the reformulation of love and desire, the adoption of eugenics and birth control practices, were perceived as ways to enable the Chinese nation to \"catch up\" with the west and to become ready to participate in a global modernity'.\n\nHoward Chiang also analyses the profound transformative impact of western sexual science in modern China. His chapter examines the careers of two influential figures who shaped the field of Republican Chinese sexology, Zhang Jingsheng and Pan Guangdan, with the goal of illuminating 'the broader epistemic context in which the concept of homosexuality emerged as a meaningful point of referencing human difference and cultural identity in twentieth-century China'. Chiang argues that the engagement of Chinese intellectuals with western sexual scientific knowledge points to a broader transformation in the conceptualisation of 'personhood, subjectivity and identity'. Breaking with other historians, Chiang shows that homosexuality circulated in modern Chinese discourse not only as a signifier of social disorder, but as the marker of a new mode of subjectivity. He notes that although same-sex desire was discussed and regulated in imperial China, before the twentieth century 'the question of sexual identity did not even fall within the possible parameters of Chinese thinking'. Moreover, by closely examining the ways in which Zhang and Pan laid claim to sexuality as a legitimate field of empirical inquiry and debate, Chiang identifies the development of a modern epistemological regime, 'a public of truth, in which the authority of truth could be contested, translated across culture and reinforced through new organisational efforts'.\n\nLike Rocha, Chiang examines the ways in which this new form of sexual science became embedded within discourses of Chinese nationalism. By the mid-1930s, Chinese sexual experts, influenced by psychological models that pathologised same-sex desire, interpreted the prevalence of male homosexuality as evidence of national backwardness and therefore invoked the prevention of homosexuality as a pressing policy concern. Same-sex desire was now reconceived as antithetical to heterosexual relations, and some experts asserted that homosexuality could be cured through heterosexual marriage. Chiang calls attention to the gendered dimensions of these developments, demonstrating that women's maintenance of sexual hygiene played an important part in discouraging male homosexuality. He cites as an example Zhang's assertion that '[a]s long as women took good care of their vaginas and used them properly for sex... the \"perverted\", \"malodorous\", \"meaningless\" and \"inhumane\" behaviour of anal intercourse among men could be ultimately eliminated'.\n\nWhile Chiang's analysis focuses on the work of sexological experts, he also demonstrates that claims to expertise depended on a broader incitement to discourse, manifested in the collection of sexual narratives solicited from public audiences. Zhang, who issued a 'call for stories' that provided the material for his influential 1926 publication Sex Histories, also edited the popular magazine New Culture, which published the responses of Chinese urbanites to controversial articles on sexuality-related subjects and in which Zhang \u2013 who earned the moniker 'Dr Sex' \u2013 dispensed expertise to readers who shared their experiences and concerns. Wilson Chacko Jacob's contribution focuses on a similar history of the collaborative production of knowledge about sexuality and gender in modern Egypt. He offers a close reading of Physical Culture, a Cairo-based publication whose run extended from 1929 until the early 1950s. Jacob describes Physical Culture as 'an artefact of colonial modernity' that 'contributed to the vibrant public culture of the interwar period a forum in which the fantasy of the modern sovereign subject could be expressed in myriad ways that most frequently centred on a proper conception of sex and masculinity'. While readers' letters reflect a wide range of sexual concerns and practices, the primary educative function of the publication was to 'demonstrate the harms of sexual activity outside the legitimate bonds of marriage'. Expertise was marshalled to demonstrate the dangers of masturbation and venereal disease to the normative masculine body and a universalised model of heterosexuality, but Jacob shows that the production of 'an ostensibly seamless normative sphere of heterosocial and heterosexual life' developed gradually and unevenly through a process of 'creative adaptation'. Jacob suggests that this process ultimately involved rendering deviant and marginal figures like the khawal, cross-dressing male performers who had traditionally appeared at Egyptian wedding parties.\n\nThe contribution by Hanan Kholoussy examines a very different response to the same problem highlighted by Jacob. As Egypt moved towards independence from British colonialism, some Egyptian nationalists blamed their subjugation on 'the weak and sick bodies of Egyptian men'. While Jacob's protagonists, the publishers and readers of Physical Culture magazine, relied upon self-regulation and the 'culivati[on] of properly disciplined subjects', Kholoussy's reformers relied upon regulating male sexuality, so that husbands would not infect their wives and by extension their families. Both these solutions, however, were centred on constructing a normative, healthy and heterosexual male body.\n\nKholoussy's chapter, as well as the subsequent contribution by Sandra Eder, examine how gender and sexuality were inscribed on the body through constructions of what is healthy and normative, or diseased and in need of treatment. In their efforts to create a modern, post-colonial state, Egyptian reformers granted women the right to divorce husbands with venereal or other incurable diseases, thus medicalising marriage in the pursuit of 'creating a nationalist, nuclear, physically fit and \"modern\" family', While such a pro-family strategy was part and parcel of a global eugenics project at the turn of the twentieth century, Kholoussy argues that Egyptian uses of these strategies relied upon local inspiration for their legitimacy, especially since granting women a right to divorce was itself a challenge to Islamic patriarchy. Reformers pointed to a twelfth-century religious text which decreed that women could divorce husbands who suffered from maladies such as insanity, leprosy and 'disease of the sex organ', thus 'ingeniously borrow[ing] and combin[ing] principles from... Islamic law in an eclectic and unprecedented manner'.\n\nKholoussy also shows how the Egyptian semi-colonial state both echoed and was distinct from its British colonial predecessor, especially in its interest in regulating male as well as female sexuality. Between 1882 and 1922, in their efforts 'to protect the health of their military troops', British authorities focused their interventions on Egyptian prostitutes, subjecting them to registration requirements and weekly health inspections, while exempting their own soldiers from any regulations or inspections. Egyptian authorities, however, both before and after British occupation, demonstrated a willingness to expand the scope of their public health campaigns to monitor male and female heterosexuality. While the concern of the Ottoman Egyptian state was the production of 'industrious, physically fit bodies that would both increase agricultural production and strengthen military prowess', the semi-colonial state of the 1910s and 1920s focused its attention on the encouragement of healthy families, which in turn would produce healthy citizens.\n\nThe production of healthy citizens through medicalisation is also a central concern of Sandra Eder's contribution on the treatment of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) at the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in the mid-twentieth century. Caused by disorders in the adrenal glands, CAH often results in children experiencing premature signs of puberty: girls might have ambiguous, and boys 'precocious', genitalia. In diagnosing children with CAH, physicians and psychiatrists often emphasised sexual traits such as these as well as sexual behaviours. But the treatments they developed, while not ignoring the body, emphasised efforts to impose a gender identity that contained ambiguously sexed bodies and which were in great part about ensuring future heterosexual desires and practices. This was a disease whose identification depended upon the particularities of a sexed body, and whose treatment relied upon the cultivation of a normative gender role towards which the body's sex would be reshaped, all in the service of creating normatively gendered and sexualised citizens.\n\nThe diagnosis and treatment of CAH at Johns Hopkins is but one phase in the medicalisation of gender and sexuality in the modern west. Yet, as Eder's reading of these patient case records shows, it was one in which medical professionals were not always the most authoritative voices. As they struggled to assign a matching sex and gender to bodies that blurred the boundaries between male and female, man and woman, physicians could lose out to parents' insistence that their children's sex confirm the gender that they, the parents, had already determined and assigned. Her attention to the production of knowledge in the context of clinical practice \u2013 one that involved interactions among medical professionals, parents and children themselves \u2013 leads Eder to conclude that the contentious and protracted efforts to assign a 'true' or 'best' sex often resulted in the view that it was 'easier to fix ambiguous bodies than rigid gender roles' in the service of creating 'clearly gendered men and women', who were, in the eyes of their doctors, 'psychologically well-adjusted and functional' and who 'could \"live a normal life\"'.\n\nGender and sexuality are also revealed to be entangled and mutually constituted in the final section of this book, which comprises three chapters that focus on political and social activism in the twentieth century. Brian Hoffman's contribution examines the mid-century campaign by nudist movement leaders to challenge the 'modern obscenity regime' in the US. This campaign was spearheaded by the International Nudist Conference (INC), founded in 1933, which sought to position the nude body as healthy, natural and respectable, and asserted that the social experience of nakedness led to the promotion of more 'wholesome' relations between the sexes. INC's efforts to disseminate its beliefs through the publication of a monthly magazine, Sunshine and Health (S&H), which contained images of 'naked men, women and children of all body shapes and sizes', fell foul of federal obscenity law. In the series of legal challenges it mounted with the assistance of the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1940s and 1950s, INC chose not to attack obscenity law at its root, but rather to define its publication, and by extension the nudist movement, as distinct from and superior to commercialised representations of sexuality. To this end, Hoffman argues, INC promulgated a brand of sexual liberalism he defines as heteronormative. Although some consumers certainly found S&H to be an outlet for homoerotic fantasy, the magazine (with some exceptions) situated the respectable nude body within the context of the heterosexual reproductive family.\n\nHoffman's chapter demonstrates that the heteronormative ethos of the American nudist movement was produced through legal contestation between nudist movement activists, their legal representatives and the judiciary. This ethos was structured by categories of race and gender. For example, INC activists, the majority of whom were white, claimed that censorship of S&H amounted to anti-white discrimination, given that National Geographic and similar publications presented images of nude non-white bodies without legal censure. Hoffman shows that while nudist activists espoused racial liberalism, advocating 'integrated' nudist camps for example, some judges continued to insist on the legality of representing the 'primitive' non-white nude body as an appropriate anthropological subject. American judges also articulated distinctions among white gendered bodies, asserting that women's bodies that conformed to conventions of European female beauty might be read as respectable, whereas those that strayed from these conventions were to be considered obscene. Judges also made distinctions between the representation of men's and women's bodies, proving obstinately resistant to publishing images of male genitalia, for example. These gendered conventions regarding representations of the nude body have proven remarkably persistent (in material not marked as pornographic).\n\nThe historical production of heteronormativity also functions as an important theme in Jocelyn Olcott's contribution, which examines sexual politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women's Year (IWY) Conference in Mexico City, a 'watershed moment in transnational feminism'. Olcott's revelatory chapter focuses on the controversial discussions of sexual issues \u2013 namely prostitution, lesbianism and population control \u2013 at the conference and at the associated tribune attended by representatives of non-governmental organisations from throughout the world. Olcott argues that many Latin American participants \u2013 notably the Ecuadorean labour activist Domitila Barrios de Chungara \u2013 viewed the focus on sexual rights as a preoccupation of western feminists unconcerned with the materialist and anti-imperialist priorities of women from the global south. As Olcott notes, Barrios de Chungara and others who shared her views saw the concern with sexual rights as challenging traditional family structures and ideals, and responded with a 'definitive reassertion of gender complementarity and conventional heteronormative nuclear families'. The Mexican press also espoused this position; columnists asserted that North American radical lesbians and prostitutes' rights proponents pushed their agendas to the detriment of those advocating legitimate women's issues.\n\nYet, Olcott cautions the reader to reject a characterisation of these conflicts \u2013 espoused in many contemporary and retrospective accounts by participants and observers \u2013 as representing a clear-cut division between the sexual liberation agendas of western feminists who sought to challenge gender essentialism, and the economic and anti-colonialist imperatives of Marxist feminists who insisted on traditional norms of gender complementarity. To this end, she makes two important arguments. First, she shows that empowered North American feminists, notably Betty Friedan, the iconic leader of the National Organisation for Women, also proved resistant to the incursion of sexual causes at the IWY conference. As Olcott points out, Friedan, who saw herself as 'a broker and a model for feminists around the world', believed that these issues distracted from the important women's causes, such as equality in education and employment, that she prioritised. Indeed, Olcott's analytic focus on sexuality and sexual rights reveals that Friedan and Barrios de Chungara were in no way the antithetical figures that they have been imagined to be: 'Both expressed open homophobia and little patience with prostitutes' rights campaigns; both insisted that men and women collaborate rather than work against one another; and both blamed transnational corporations for women's continued oppression'.\n\nSecond, Olcott shows that, if Friedan and Barrios de Chungara 'stood in for the dominant official themes of equality and development' that animated the IWY conference, some non-western activists aggressively challenged such attempts to exclude sexuality and sexual rights from 'core' women's issues. She illuminates this second major argument by analysing the performance of Mexican theatre director Nancy C\u00e1rdenas, who led a participant-initiated forum on lesbianism, which featured 'Mexico's first lesbian manifesto, naming sexual recognition as a critical form of social liberation, tantamount to struggles against imperialism, apartheid and racism'. Olcott describes C\u00e1rdenas and other non-western lesbian feminists as embodying a form of 'cosmopolitan lesbianism' that countered nationalist maternalism and resisted 'assumptions of a zero-sum rivalry between sexual rights and human rights'. Olcott, in turn, cautions us not to map this oppositional structure onto our historical narratives of international feminist activism. Even if, as she suggests, 'a homophobic posture and antagonism toward sexual rights' continues in more recent iterations of anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist politics, she cautions us to pay attention to the political foundations of attempts to extract sexuality from women's rights and human rights causes, rather than to see this distinction as resulting from 'traditionalism, provincialism, or the conservative influence of the Catholic Church or the Communist Party \u2013 or even to a visceral or subconscious repugnance'.\n\nThe final contribution to this volume, Susana Pe\u00f1a's 'Gender and Sexuality in Latina\/o Miami: Documenting Latina Transsexual Activists', also emphasises the importance of historical specificity in analysing the relationship between gender and sexuality within activist movements. In this insightful and careful chapter, Pe\u00f1a grapples with a thorny question faced by historians more broadly: what are the implications of imposing contemporary analytical categories on historical actors in the past? This question has proven particularly challenging to historians studying the relationship between non-normative gender and sexuality, given the hegemony of western conceptions of homosexuality that fuse together in complicated ways a range of attributes and behaviours including gender performance, sexual object choice and sexual role. As Pete Sigal elucidates in the first chapter in this book, this problem is especially vexatious for scholars who do not focus on the modern western world, given vast differences in the organisation of gender and sexuality across time and place.\n\nPe\u00f1a confronts this question in a chapter that 'explores the borderlands between the concept of \"homosexual\" and \"transgender\" with a particular focus on Latina\/o communities in Miami, Florida' in the late twentieth century. Citing scholars Susan Stryker and David Valentine, Pe\u00f1a notes that 'transgender' is a relatively recent invention, gaining widespread usage only in the 1990s. While 'transgender' has often been invoked as a capacious and flexible category in the intervening years, its usage as a 'collective category of identity', according to Valentine, has been defined as 'explicitly and fundamentally different in origin and being from homosexual identification'. Responding to a critique of her previous work that focused on Cuban American gay male cultures in Miami after the Mariel Boatlift of 1980, Pe\u00f1a argues that to define the gender transgressive Cuban migrants as 'transgender' \u2013 a category that did not exist at the time \u2013 obscures the complexities of the interrelationship of gender and sexuality, even if some of the individuals involved have since come to define themselves as such. Indeed, Pe\u00f1a argues that many Marielitas (Cubans who arrived on the Mariel Boatlift) understood \u2013 and continue to understand \u2013 expressions of gender nonconformity as playing 'a central role in structuring homosexual\/queer self-identifications'.\n\nPe\u00f1a extends this analysis by examining the publications associated with the Transsexual Action Organisation (TAO), founded in Los Angeles in 1970 but based in Miami from 1972. TAO activists included a significant number of Latinas, whose experiences are recorded in a number of publications associated with the organisation. The active participation of Latinas in TAO occurred despite the racist narratives produced by its eccentric founder and leader, Angela Douglas, who, Pe\u00f1a argues, viewed 'Cubans and Latinas with both a desiring and despising gaze'. Pe\u00f1a's analysis yields a number of important insights with regard to the historical contingencies of sexuality and gender. First, she shows that, in one sense, TAO activists might be understood to be progenitors of the transgender movement, given that they made 'clear distinctions between gender identity and sexual orientation'. Although TAO leaders expressed solidarity with the gay and lesbian movements, they did not claim gender nonconforming individuals \u2013 including Marielitas \u2013 as transsexual. Pe\u00f1a also notes that TAO participants proved distinct from transgender activists in that they did not 'embrace a continuum of gender expressions'. Indeed, for most of its history, full membership was limited to pre- and post-operative transsexuals, and organisation leaders took care to distinguish between transsexuals and transvestites. Pe\u00f1a concludes by offering a useful caution to historians seeking to understand the relationship among gender expression, sexual orientation and sexual desire. Rather than mapping our categories onto historical actors, we should ask 'how they saw themselves, what communities they participated in, and what social meanings were available to them in their socio-historical context'.\n\nThe diverse scholarship in this book offers ample evidence that careful and contextualised analysis of the shifting relationship of gender and sexuality across space and time illuminates broader historical processes, from the workings of European colonialism to more recent regimes of globalisation. In recent years, scholars working in a range of disciplinary and interdisciplinary locations have demonstrated that the kind of analysis collected in these pages holds real implications for our own historical moment. For example, new work in the field of transgender studies has shown that subsuming categories of gender difference within an analysis of sexuality is problematic because it figures a western conception of homosexuality as normative. As Susan Stryker argues, this practice reinforces a politics of homonormativity, which she defines as 'a privileging of homosexual ways of differing from heterosocial norms, and an antipathy (or at least an unthinking blindness) toward other modes of queer difference'.5 Others have argued that the promotion of a politics of homonormativity based on a western model of homosexuality \u2014 described by Jasbir Puar as 'homonationalism'\u2014 often has the effect of othering non-western cultures as 'backwards' and 'homophobic', and therefore in need of reconstruction in the mode of the United States and its liberal western allies.6 This book helps to historicise these recent developments; the work collected here sheds new light on the ways in which gender and sexuality have functioned in relation to one another, as they have intersected with broader relations of power in a range of sites and contexts.\n\nNotes\n\n1. Gayle Rubin, 'Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality', in Carole S. Vance (ed.), Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 267\u2013319, here p. 308.\n\n2. See e.g., Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Tony Ballantyne and Antoinette Burton (eds), Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); Annick Prieur, Mema's House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens, and Machos (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Tomas Almaguer, 'Chicano Men: A Cartography of Homosexual Identity and Behavior', differences 3 (1991), pp. 75\u2013100; Martin F. Manalansan IV, Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2003).\n\n3. See e.g., George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890\u20131940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), esp. pp. 47\u201364; Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), esp. pp. 25\u201362; Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2000), esp. pp. 9\u201331; Peter Boag, 'Go West, Young Man, Go East Young Woman: Searching for the Trans in Western Gender History', Western Historical Quarterly 36 (2005), pp. 477\u201397, here p. 487.\n\n4. Kathleen M. Brown, 'The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier', in Nancy Shoemaker (ed.), Negotiators of Change: Historical Perspectives on Native American Women (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 157\u201375.\n\n5. Susan Stryker, '(De)subjugated Knowledges: An Introduction to Transgender Studies' in Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (eds), The Transgender Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 1\u201317, here p. 7. On homonormativity, see also Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), pp. 43\u201366; and Susan Stryker, 'Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity', Radical History Review 100 (2008), pp. 145\u201357.\n\n6. Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2007). See also, 'What's Queer about Queer Studies Now', a special double issue of Social Text 84\u201385 (2005). Other scholars have noted that the privileging of the western category of homosexuality can have negative implications for public health, namely HIV\/AIDS prevention, and for the building of coalitional politics. See, e.g., Hector Carillo, The Night is Young: Sexuality in Mexico in the Time of AIDS (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002) and Cathy J. Cohen, 'Punks, Buldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?', GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3 (1997), pp. 437\u201365.\nChapter 1\n\nImagining Cihuacoatl: Masculine Rituals, Nahua Goddesses and the Texts of the Tlacuilos\n\nPete Sigal\n\nCihuacoatl: The savage serpent woman, ill-omened and dreadful, brought men misery. For it was said: 'She gives men the hoe and the tumpline. Thus she forces men [to work]'.\n\nThis description, written in Nahuatl in a late sixteenth-century text, the Florentine Codex, authored by a Franciscan friar and his indigenous aides, speaks of an important Nahua goddess, conceptualised in the pre-conquest Nahua universe alternately and concurrently as a feared deity, a defeated woman and a cross-dressed man.1 Here, in her post-conquest iteration, she becomes only the feared goddess, the one forcing men to work (elsewhere the same text describes sacrifices performed to satisfy her voracious appetite for human hearts). Indeed, pre-conquest images of Cihuacoatl suggest that Nahuas, the indigenous peoples of central Mexico, greatly feared her. Cihuacoatl, the dreaded serpent woman, presented Nahua men with a challenge: she forced them into a life of drudgery. She also could take their lives away; she could present them with certain death as she feasted upon their hearts, for 'she had a huge, open mouth and ferocious teeth. The hair on her head was long and bulky'. Thus she devoured men. But still 'she was clad in womanly garb \u2013 skirt, blouse and mantle \u2013 all white'.2\n\nIn Nahua gender ideology, Cihuacoatl's nature as a feared individual who could kill upon a whim and who forced individuals to work signified a powerful masculine individual. Yet her attire signified femininity. Cihuacoatl's aesthetics seem to us, as they seemed to the Catholic priests and friars who noted her appearance, confusing: a jumble of the masculine and the feminine \u2013 coming from a society that we believe rigorously separated masculine from feminine roles.3 We will see that the relationship between sixteenth-century Nahua notions of gender and sexuality allowed, and even required, Cihuacoatl and other Nahua goddesses to manifest themselves as bundles of attributes that in daily life could never connect to an individual woman, no matter how powerful that woman may be. These goddesses thus transgress our imagined boundaries, not just between gender and sexuality but also between human and divine.\n\nNeed we know if Cihuacoatl and the other fertility goddesses discussed in this chapter are goddesses rather than gods? Is it important to recall that the term teotl ('god') had no gender, or that Nahuatl does not contain gendered pronouns? This certainly begs an answer to a different question: how did the Nahuas understand gender and sexuality?4 I argue here that Nahuas related sexuality to fertility, a binary division between moderation and excess, and a concept of ritual that suspended daily rules on sexual activity. One wonders too if, while in everyday affairs a strict gender division was usually imposed, in ritual life this may not have been true. The gods and goddesses, who appear as a result of and within ritual, would never have to follow those rules, so the fertility goddesses did not follow the strict gender divisions often applied in daily life. Nahuas viewed Cihuacoatl as a warrior deity, but one who would be likely to play a major role in particular rituals and in childbirth; and they imagined another fertility goddess, Tlazolteotl (the teotl of tlazolli, 'trash'), as a highly sexual deity who also consistently engaged in battle with her enemies.5 This connection between gender and sexuality, in which the god(desse)s, beings that exceed our grammatical markers, do not adhere to quotidian principles, speaks to the problem of accepting Gayle Rubin's battle call for separating gender from sexuality as a given. Instead, in this chapter I argue for using Rubin's formulation as a starting point for reconsidering the ways in which we understand concepts of gender and sexuality as organising principles.\n\nThe imagining and reimagining of Cihuacoatl relates to religiosity, colonialism, gender and sexuality in the early colonial period in Mexico. Cihuacoatl complicates the modern notions in which we separate human from god, man from woman and religious from secular. In this chapter, I will discuss the importance of Cihuacoatl and other related god(desse)s to the maintenance of Nahua politics and culture both before and after the Spanish conquest. In order to understand the roles that these god(desse)s played in Nahua society, we need to develop theoretical and methodological tools that go beyond Rubin's call for a theory of sexuality.\n\nSeparating gender from sexuality: the Nahua case\n\nGender affects the operation of the sexual system, and the sexual system has had gender-specific manifestations. But although sex and gender are related, they are not the same thing, and they form the basis of two distinct arenas of social practice... It is essential to separate gender and sexuality analytically to more accurately reflect their separate social existence.6\n\nGayle Rubin\n\nThe call sent out for chapters for the current volume intrigued me as it harkened back to an article I had first read as an undergraduate, cited repeatedly as a graduate student, and that I now assign to my undergraduates. In 'Thinking Sex', Gayle Rubin provocatively argues that we must delineate gender from sexuality, and in particular that we must not assume that the theoretical tools feminism uses to analyse gender will be sufficient for the task of analysing sexuality. Such a critique at the time I read it seemed to me fair enough, and since Rubin's article came out twenty-seven years ago, many theorists, particularly those involved in queer theory, have answered her call.7\n\nStill, when I began my research into indigenous concepts of sexuality from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, I became troubled by part of Rubin's assertion. While sex and gender are not identical, and the Nahuas would not have conflated the analytical terrain that these two concepts represent, the boundaries between the two, in this pre-modern, non-western culture, need significantly more analysis than Rubin's argument allows.8 How can the Nahua situation speak to Rubin's theorising of a separation between gender and sexuality? I suggest that Rubin's formulation can only be a provocative starting point, full of contradictions, when applied to the Nahuas. Cihuacoatl presents one example: was she a god or a goddess? Was she human or divine? Was she chaste or sexual? As we will see, neither Cihuacoatl nor any of the other Nahua god(desse)s can be defined easily based on these binary divisions.\n\nAs many scholars have shown, Nahua notions of gender at the time of the conquest incorporated both 'gender complementarity' and 'gender hierarchy'. In the complementary realm, we find symbolic equivalences (women who died in childbirth were equated the same high status as men who died in battle), quotidian senses of purpose (consent of both husband and wife generally was required to make all major household decisions) and material realities (networks of commoner families teamed together to make sure all could survive economically, with men generally engaging in farming activities and women generally controlling the markets to sell the produce from the land). Regarding gender hierarchy, we find that men controlled the bulk of the political system, the highest levels of religious office and the esteemed title of 'warrior'. The gender system of course changed after the Spanish conquest but, as many recent commentators have noted, these changes were not nearly as radical as earlier scholars had presumed.9\n\nNahuas connected these concepts of gender with related notions of sexuality, even if they did not term these things 'sexuality'. Nahua nobles and commoners before the Spanish conquest related their sexual lives with rituals of fertility and warfare. Still, Nahuas did not have a discreet category they called 'sex'. Instead, they constituted a variety of relations as 'categories of the intimate' in which the human couple engaged in bodily activities related to fertility. These activities included categories that we would invest with sexual meaning: vaginal and anal intercourse, manual and oral stimulation of male and female genitals, imaginary conditions designed to allude to these activities and stimulate a genital response, and the use of non-bodily objects in these actions.10 The Nahuas also had concepts of 'good' and 'bad' sex and rape and other forms of sexual violence. Yet these things that I have called 'categories of the intimate' also included activities that we would not consider sexual: the ritual killing of humans and animals, burning of maize, incense and other items, letting of blood and sweeping houses, streets and other areas. Nahua categories linked all of these activities together and suggested that they formed a part of the matrix of sacrifice. Much Nahua thought at the time of the Spanish conquest envisioned sexual relations as elements of a larger set of ritual practices designed to promote fertility: of gods, humans, animals and the earth.11 A cultural history of these rituals also shows that Nahuas closely linked the maintenance and expansion of the political system and the structures of governance with fertility rites.12\n\nTwo main principles organised Nahua thoughts about the sexual. First, sexual behaviour related directly to the fertility rituals, ceremonies large and small, in the many realms described above, promoting the notion that everything and everybody must exude fertility in order for the community to survive. Second, an individual's sexual possibilities divided between those acts determined moderate and those deemed excessive. Nahua thought considered moderation in sexual activity to be a virtue, excess a vice.13 Ceremonial performances from those of the household to the grand state rites, as well as ritual and quotidian discourse, marked both the encouragement of fertility and the distinction between moderation and excess.\n\nRepresentatives of the Catholic Church who encountered the Nahuas deemed their views of sexual behaviour problematic, and they debated how to change those views and behaviours. The result of that debate was the attempt to link sex with sin, often using particular indigenous concepts (dirt, dust, damage and excess being the most common) as signifiers of sinful behaviour. The means for such a linkage was the discourse of confession, whether through the actual confessional or through advancing such an analysis in the broader social field.14 The attempt at a sexual conquest through the confessional largely failed, instead eventually producing a hybrid sexual system that still survives today in many indigenous Mesoamerican societies.15\n\nThe Tlacuilo's text\n\nBefore the Spanish conquest, the Nahuas produced an extensive array of writings, though few have survived to this day. Here I focus on using pictorial manuscripts, produced both before and after the conquest, to analyse the relationship between gender, sexuality and the Nahua fertility god(desse)s. In conjunction with alphabetic texts, these pictorial manuscripts tell us stories about the ways in which our writer\/painters, called in Nahuatl tlacuilos, conceptualised particular approaches to sexual topics: those linked to religion, ritual and fertility. The authors of the pictorial manuscripts focused much of their attention on the gods and rituals that I relate to sexuality, but they paid less attention to the daily lives of the people.\n\nOur methods for reading such images cannot be facile, and we must engage in as much criticism of the images as we do of the alphabetic texts.16 Thus, we must note that the Nahuas before the conquest did not intend their texts to be read as transparent assertions of a witnessed reality. Nor did they produce texts that we can read as complete narratives. Nahua society had an oral culture, so the tlacuilos produced texts in interaction with other people, and they, along with various other textual experts, 'read' these documents out loud in public and private ceremonies by expanding on the images presented on the page. Thus, for us to read these images, we need some of the 'back story', provided by the contexts we find in archaeological and ethnohistorical studies.17\n\nFurther, we must know something about the tlacuilos, who played such an important role in pre-conquest Nahua society. Before the Spaniards arrived, Nahuas wrote texts in the form of various types of painted images, either on paper made from the bark of a tree or on stone edifices. The person who engaged in such writing was called a tlacuilo, a word that translates roughly as 'writer' or 'painter'. The Nahuas viewed this tlacuilo as a reflective artist, not as one who wrote down precisely what he saw. At the time of the Spanish conquest, the practices of the tlacuilos changed, as many became escribanos, who would write either Nahuatl or Spanish texts in the Roman alphabet. These scribes became intermediaries in the colonial project, and they overwhelmingly produced documents designed in some manner for the Spanish legal system. Moreover, the tlacuilos who continued to paint their images were influenced by European artistic conventions. Still, early tlacuilos were trained not only by friars but also by painters knowledgeable in pre-conquest aesthetics. And the evidence from idolatry investigations, criminal trials and Inquisition cases shows that these artists continued to get their works into the hands of a wide variety of indigenous people.18 Too much current historical writing either ignores the role of the scribe or considers his work to be a window onto Nahua reality. I argue that the window is the wrong metaphor; his writings instead signify a prism.\n\nThe images themselves require substantial interpretation based on a method for reading Nahua iconography, a method based on comparative studies within particular genres. So, for example, art historians have studied extensively the Borgia group, from which we receive all of the indisputably pre-conquest images I discuss here (from the Codex Borgia and the Codex Laud); we have found that the artists did not attempt to provide realistic portrayals of the human body \u2013 they tended to provide images in profile \u2013 and they had specific icons designed to signify such things as movement through space, the progress of time and, more to the point for our purposes, the position of fertility.19 The Borgia group also comes from outside the basin of Mexico (probably from near Tlaxcala or from Nahua-influenced areas of southern Mexico) and, as the foremost experts on these codices have noted, these texts represent the dominant religious views of the priestly class throughout the region.20\n\nThe post-conquest manuscripts that I will analyse became hybrid texts, at least in format, with influence from both European and Nahua styles. The first set of texts (the Codex Borbonicus and the Tonalamatl of Aubin), probably produced soon after the Spanish conquest in the basin of Mexico, appear to have little Spanish influence, though some aesthetic changes and\/or Spanish glosses appear.21 The second set of texts, the Magliabechiano group, betrays the influence of its Franciscan sponsors. Though produced largely in traditional Nahua style, the texts are primarily Spanish alphabetic documents, with images illustrating the narrative.22 The final text, the twelve-volume Florentine Codex written and illustrated by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan and his indigenous aides, is an extensive ethnographic study, based on interviews with old Nahua nobles from three different communities, produced in Hispanic style and with an agenda of promoting Christian thought, but with an interest in providing great detail \u2013 in the Nahuatl language, even if in the Roman alphabet \u2013 about Nahua religious practice.23\n\nThese texts together tell us a story: one in which war, fertility and sacrifice relate to emerging and always changing concepts of gender and sexuality. As we will see, these concepts not only exceeded the Spanish conceptualisation that equated sex with sin, but also exceed a theory of sexuality that maintains a division between sex and gender.\n\nThe god(dess) Cihuacoatl\n\nIn the Codex Borbonicus, authored in the basin of Mexico at around the time of the Spanish conquest, we witness Cihuacoatl in a description of the Toxcatl ceremony, a festival to celebrate the warriors of the city-state of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the ruling empire immediately before the Spanish conquest (see Figure 1). This early sixteenth-century pictorial codex, written in traditional Nahua style (though with some Spanish glosses), focuses on an individual called the cihuacoatl, the second-highest ranking person in a Nahua city-state.24 We see few figures in Nahua pictorial manuscripts that we know are cross-dressed individuals, but the cihuacoatl is one, and he runs the Toxcatl ceremony, a festival designed to promote masculine valour in warfare. His image in the centre of the ceremony shows him wearing a blouse and a skirt, both decorated in the manner of the god(dess), and carrying a well-decorated shield, a symbol of masculinity, and a weaving batten, a symbol of femininity. Why did this cross-dressing individual play such a powerful role in an important Nahua ceremony (and in wider Nahua politics)? Did Cihuacoatl, ostensibly a mother god(dess), come to symbolise warfare?\n\nFigure 1 Cihuacoatl.\n\nReprinted from Codex Borbonicus (facsimile) (Madrid, Vienna, Mexico City: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1991), p. 34.\n\nDominican friar Diego Dur\u00e1n describes fearsome sacrifices dedicated to Cihuacoatl, and he says that the Nahuas killed more for her than for any other deity.25 Indeed, Cihuacoatl was a powerful warrior god(dess) often associated with the Mexica.26\n\nMuch of the Codex Borbonicus focuses on her as a central god(dess), largely because this codex is dedicated to warrior rituals. Yet the Borbonicus focuses not simply on the god(dess), but rather on her priest: a male priest dressed in her garb.27 In addition to his shield and his weaving batten, he, if we can call him that, wears a dress decorated with skulls at the bottom, and he has all of the standard markings of the god(dess). He also stands upon a platform decorated with a skull. This individual is the cihuacoatl of Tenochtitlan, a person, seemingly always male, the second-in-command of the community after the tlatoani. This powerful position for a cross-dressing individual belies the fact that Nahua society strongly ingrained a highly masculine image in young men in which they avoided all activity, including dress, associated with women's roles.28 Yet, Nahua leaders viewed the cihuacoatl as necessary for the effective functioning of society and, in the Toxcatl ceremony, for effective leadership in ritual warfare.\n\nImportantly, such cross-dressing in no way challenged the masculinity of the priest. He stands in the image across from and alongside well-decorated priests and warriors. In another image, he stands directly below Huitzilopochtli, the god of war.29 Just as the priest of Cihuacoatl wears the attire of the god(dess) (her figurative skin), the warriors wear the skins of animals and the priest of Huitzilopochtli wears the accoutrements of the god he signifies. In each case, the act of placing upon one's body the skin of another transforms the self. Huitzilopochtli's priest becomes the powerful warrior god \u2013 no longer simply human, he enters a space in which he remains the priest but also becomes the divine. The warriors become the powerful animals (coyotes, jaguars and so on) whose skins they wear. These animals allow them to go to war not only with the protection (armour) of the skin, but also with the martial skills of the animals, combined with the cunning of the human warrior: betwixt and between, through ritual (the Toxcatl ceremony), the self-identities of the warriors have become transformed.\n\nA similar process takes place in the case of the priest wearing Cihuacoatl's (female?) skin. He places upon his body the skirt and the blouse, and he holds the weaving batten because his self has been transformed into that of the god(dess)\/priest. No longer just human, he becomes a figure straddling the human and the divine, harnessing all the powers of the deity to attend to the success of the warriors in warfare. In doing so, this priest crosses boundaries not just between the human and the divine, as had Huitzilopochtli's priest, but also between male and female.\n\nIn these warrior rituals, why did the presence of Huitzilopochtli and other warrior gods not suffice? Why did our tlacuilo find it necessary to paint the image of Cihuacoatl? After all, Inga Clendinnen and Cecelia Klein, amongst others, have both carefully and correctly shown us that warfare was a male sphere, in many ways the ultimate portrayal of the masculine being in the Nahua universe.30\n\nThe answers to these questions, though, comes from Cihuacoatl's particular place in the Nahua pantheon, a place signified by her shield, and representing her as a warrior god(dess). While, as we will see, many of the fertility god(desse)s played a role in warfare, Cihuacoatl's role was unique. Cihuacoatl, while a central god(dess) to the apparatus of the Aztec empire, signified defeat. She was most strongly worshipped in the southern cities of Cuitlahuac and Xochimilco, and 'it is noteworthy that both cities were famed for their female sorcerers. Cuitlahuac is described repeatedly in the chronicles as the \"City of Sorcerers\"... while Xochimilco, which was regarded as a veritable hotbed of sorcery, is thought to house black art practitioners to this day'.31 Further, these southern cities were key to the survival of Tenochtitlan as leader of the empire, for, once conquered, they contributed substantial tribute.\n\nIt thus seems little coincidence that immediately after the Mexica conquest of Xochimilco in 1430, we find evidence that the cult of Cihuacoatl flourished in the capital city.32 Her presence signified both the power of the feminine in her cults in the southern cities, and her defeat, ritualistically, at the hands of Huitzilopochtli. This god(dess), always powerful and always dangerous, must also remain always defeated, or else the Aztec empire could end. Thus the performance of the cihuacoatl priest, always second-in-command, signified the continuing re-enactment of defeat.33\n\nReturning to the ceremonial performance of the cihuacoatl, though, we may ask why, if she, as Klein maintains, signified such defeat, she would perform an active role in the ritual. Why would she not simply sit at the feet of Huitzilopochtli or even of the warriors? We may answer partly, based on Klein's description, that Cihuacoatl's presence signified the position of a powerful god(dess) coming from a region in which female magic predominated, but we may go much further than this as we analyse the power of femininity and feminine sexuality in the Nahua god(desse)s of war.\n\nIn her image in the above text, we can see Cihuacoatl's ferocious look. She holds a batten as a weapon to signify her feminine role as a weaver (she also clearly wears a skirt). Her ferocious face, open mouth, long hair, well-decorated warrior garb and ornate shield frightened her enemies. The skull below her, upon which she stands, suggests that she makes her platform from the heads of enemy warriors.\n\nBut why would the Mexica use a female warrior in such imagery, when almost all of their warriors were men? One could not defeat the enemy with just the masculine, so the rituals needed to provide feminine power. In another ritual, titled Ochpaniztli ('The Sweeping'), in order for the ritual to succeed, a male priest needed to wear the skin of a woman slain as a fertility god(dess). In doing so, he harnessed the power of the fertility god(dess) and spread maize throughout the earth. As he accomplished this act, he was called by the name of the fertility god(dess).34 As the Nahuas viewed the feminine as absolutely necessary for fertility, they also saw femininity as vital for the promotion of warfare, in which they believed that they made the empire fertile. In the Ochpaniztli ritual, another priest, as he went into battle, wore the flayed thigh skin of the slain god(dess), only to bury that thigh skin in enemy territory, just as he would plant maize.35\n\nOne should also note that, as the Mexica defeated and\/or formed alliances with other city-states, they asserted feminine sexuality to do so. After the war was over, they would work to expand their influence over others by marrying high-level Mexica women to the rulers of the defeated city-state. While it would work the other way as well (leading maidens from the other city-state would marry the Mexica leader), the control over the outside, the other city-state, most often was ceded to the young Mexica women who married the leaders of those states.36 Thus state power was asserted through feminine sexuality, and Cihuacoatl signified that institution. Cihuacoatl promoted both the Nahua concept of the masculine, leading men into battle, and the feminine, promoting feminine sexuality and weaving, considered women's work.\n\nThis seems most appropriate to Cihuacoatl's position as the second-in-command of society. The most famous Cihuacoatl, Tlacaelel, was renowned for leading Mexica war parties. Cihuacoatl thus signified what the other god(desse)s did: a jumble of attributes, skins that could be taken off or placed on at will. She was the masculine warrior, the feminine weaver, the sorceress and the one given to the powerful Mexica leader as a sexual favour when he defeated the city from which Cihuacoatl emanated.\n\nOne can sense in this description the problem with Rubin's formulation: if we separate our theoretical tools for analysing sexuality from the feminist tools developed to analyse gender, do we lose the cross-pollination between what we would consider gender and what we would consider sexuality? Nahua ritual structures did not neatly separate the two, at least not in the case of Cihuacoatl. Still, as noted in the beginning, Nahua quotidian notions of gender and sexuality formed particular roles for women and men that did not apply to the deities. Would Rubin's formulation in 'Thinking Sex' allow for the parentheses in god(desse)s, or would it limit our grammatical abilities? I will argue below for a return both to Lacan and to 'The Traffic in Women'.\n\nThe god(dess) Coyolxauhqui\n\nOther Nahua god(desse)s signified the position of the defeated warrior. The mythology of the birth of the Mexica war god, Huitzilopochtli, involving him, his sister Coyolxauhqui and his mother Coatlicue, suggests a complex gendered and sexualised relationship linked closely with war and fertility. The mother, Coatlicue, became pregnant with Huitzilopochtli while she swept. She found a ball of feathers, which she placed in her bosom. That ball of feathers then disappeared, and Coatlicue was pregnant. Coyolxauhqui, Coatlicue's eldest daughter, led her brothers into battle, attempting to kill her mother before Huitzilopochtli was born. She did this because she believed that Huitzilopochtli would bring about destruction. Yet her stated reasons, according to the Florentine Codex, appear to critique Coatlicue's suspect sexuality. Thus she said, 'My elder brothers, she has affronted us; we must kill our mother, the angry one who is already with child. Who is the cause of that which is in her womb?'37 Coyolxauhqui then led her brothers to attack their mother, but Huitzilopochtli, still in his mother's womb, heard Coyolxauhqui's plans, and he burst out of her, already with weapons. He beheaded Coyolxauhqui and ripped her body into pieces. He then killed his brothers.38\n\nThe narrative asserts a battle on at least two levels related to the control over feminine sexuality and the female body. Coatlicue became sexually suspect, but Huitzilopochtli, through his expertise as a warrior, defended his mother's reputation. Coyolxauhqui's destroyed body then descended to the earth, propagating the fertile land of the basin of Mexico. The struggle between Huitzilopochtli and Coyolxauhqui also symbolically marked the movement of the Mexica from a subordinate group to a dominant one.39\n\nCoatlicue, the mother, remains an obscure figure in the Nahua pantheon. As Huitzilopochtli's lone parent, she suggests his 'illegitimacy' in the Nahua framework, a symbol for the illegitimacy of Mexica rule. In her own image, as we find in her statue (Figure 2), she has become a phallic figure: two serpents emerge from her severed head.40 Serpents also come out from her skirt (Coatlicue translates as 'serpent skirt'), signifying both her fertility and the association between her fertile nature and death \u2013 through the warfare of Huitzilopochtli.41 This fierce deity promoted the position of the phallic god(dess) in the Nahua pantheon.\n\nFigure 2 Statue of Coatlicue. Photograph by Pete Sigal (Museo de Antroplog\u00eda e Historia, Mexico City).\n\nHuitzilopochtli, as the key warrior god of the Mexica, defeated Coyolxauhqui in such a way as to establish male domination over the female body, just as the masculine Mexica established control over the feminine land.42 The main narrative promoted Huitzilopochtli as the leader of society, while Coyolxauhqui's shattered body, as memorialised on the main Mexica temple (Figure 3), became a key figure in the empire: both an element of resistance to male domination in Mexica society, and the disempowerment of the female body. The body's pieces signified both Coyolxauhqui's excessively sexual nature (through her nude body and exposed breasts) and her phallic empowerment (through her snakes \u2013 presented as phallic in Nahua iconography \u2013 and the presence of the loincloth, an ubiquitous sign of men).43\n\nFigure 3 Coyolxauhqui, from the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Photograph by Pete Sigal.\n\nYet, in the image, we witness her extraordinary phallic divestiture. As her body was destroyed, torn apart in every conceivable manner, she became divested of any power and thus became a symbol asserting the dominance of Huitzilopochtli. Thus, as Huitzilopochtli became a sign of Mexica dominance, Coyolxauhqui became a sign for any city-states that would attempt to challenge that dominance. In such a metaphorical story, those other city-states were feminised. All the serpents were killed along with Coyolxauhqui; she was beheaded and her body parts did not form a whole that could challenge Huitzilopochtli in any manner.\n\nHuitzilopochtli thus became in this story a warrior who would defend his mother \u2013 even if she had become sexually suspect \u2013 while asserting sexual control over his sister. The sexual control that Huitzilopochtli exerted over both his mother and sister may resemble to us a kind of patriarchal sexual control, and indeed much Nahua ritual points to male dominance. This may lead us to believe, however, that Nahua society had a similar system of sexual honour and virtue that many historians have argued comprised Spanish patriarchal discourse.44 But, as scholars studying Nahua gender have shown more fully, Nahua society at the time of the Spanish conquest was much more complex than this.45\n\nIn this narrative, we must recall the position of the land. The Mexica would not have been able to settle in Tenochtitlan, or to plant maize without the fertilising presence of the parts of Coyolxauhqui's body. In many senses, this recalls Rubin's point in 'The Traffic in Women', that women's bodies fertilise social relationships between men, who engage in gift exchange over the bodies of women.46 Thus, symbolically Coyolxauhqui's shattered body became the key to this exchange, just as women's bodies (as the women were married off to leaders of other city-states) would become similarly key to such an exchange in the social field.\n\nThe symbolic presence of Coyolxauhqui's phallus, through her loincloth, signifies not the imaginary presence of a penis, but rather a fear that Mexica leaders had regarding the potential of their subordinates to rise up. This feminine phallic power, also asserted through the presence of snakes, phallic figures connected with the earth, and thus also with femininity in the case of Coyolxauhqui, needed to be controlled in the Nahua universe. Such a phallic presence, though, points again to the symbolic import of feminine sexuality, an import that we cannot understand if we do not develop a theoretical framework that deals with the symbols and signifiers of sexuality, even when they become connected with the 'wrong' gender.47\n\nThe fertility god(desse)s\n\nNahua ritual texts at the time of the conquest closely connected war with fertility, and Cihuacoatl, like most other god(desse)s, signified both of these. Through her position alongside all of the male warriors, she presented the preferred warrior symbol. The men had to go forth into other territories, defeat their enemies and symbolically implant a new society. The only way to keep that new society moving forward was through sexual reproduction that made gods, humans, animals and the earth fertile. In order to accomplish this task, the warriors recognised that they needed both masculine and feminine principles; hence the position of Cihuacoatl as a warrior, particularly one continually re-enacting the defeat of those fighting against the Mexica.48 And the presence of the second skin of the priest, the clothing of the god(dess), would also mimic the warriors, who wore their own second skins, those of the animals.\n\nOther god(desse)s present us with further evidence of the power of fertility. In these god(desse)s, we see that for the Nahuas feminine sexuality connects with gender in particular ways that move us beyond Rubin's formulations. In the Tonalamatl of Aubin, we find an extraordinary and obscure image that signifies the roles of two fertility goddesses: Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlazolteotl (Figure 4).49 There we see Chalchiuhtlicue with Tlazolteotl's head emanating from between her legs like an outstretched penis. In Chalchiuhtlicue's more standard image, like that of the Codex Borbonicus (Figure 5), we see her unleashing the floods from beneath her throne, and we witness people caught in the torrents of water.50 Her nose ornament serves to present her as a fertility god(dess).51 And, importantly, one of the images across from her is Tlazolteotl's headdress. Here the people caught in the stream may be a man and a woman sacrificed to the god(dess), although they may also symbolise men and women born to the cleansing effects of Chalchiuhtlicue's water.52 As a midwife bathed a newborn, she called upon Chalchiuhtlicue. Either way, Chalchiuhtlicue's flood created and\/or destroyed both male and female.\n\nFigure 4 Chalchiuhtlicue.\n\nReprinted from Tonalamatl of Aubin (facsimile), Eduard Seler, ed. (Berlin, London: Hazell, Watson, Viney, 1900-01), p. 5.\n\nFigure 5 Chalchiuhtlicue.\n\nReprinted from Codex Borbonicus (facsimile) (Madrid, Vienna, Mexico City: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1991), p. 3.\n\nChalchiuhtlicue controlled the water and bathed the newborn child, ridding her\/him of dirt. The important ceremony, bringing the child into the world, was partially controlled by this god(dess) and, by implication, by Tlazolteotl as well. The two were paired, as art historian Eloise Qui\u00f1ones-Keber maintains, because of the association between dirt and cleanliness. Tlaztoleotl's 'dual association with generation and filth is recognised; the latter is part of her name... Thus the pairing of Tlaztolteotl and Chalchiuhtlicue... may have been intended for contrasting purposes, one representing filth, the other the cleansing with water that followed birth'. 53 While Qui\u00f1ones-Keber places too much emphasis on these two as individual god(desse)s rather than complements, I agree on the necessity of both in Nahua thought for the maintenance of fertility.\n\nThe two god(desse)s in Figure 4 connect with each other in the cleansing process: one signifying water and the other trash. Chalchiuhtlicue, at least in the birthing process, would serve to clean the trash created by Tlazolteotl.54 Perhaps the tlacuilo who authored the Tonalamatl of Aubin saw Tlazolteotl as a masculine type of figure, relating to Chalchiuhtlicue's femininity. Yet, we may have problems supporting such a binary opposition. Chalchiuhtlicue's name derived from 'precious jade' (chalchihuitl) and 'skirt' (cueitl), while Tlazolteotl came from 'trash' (tlazolli). The skirt signified female identity but trash had no particular gender in Nahua thought. Further, as we will see, Tlazolteotl's gender is far from clear. And Chalchiuhtlicue, while consistently represented as feminine and having a female body, appears here to have had a penis; other images related her to warfare.55\n\nThe penile image, associating not the symbolism of the phallus (through the loincloth), but rather the physiological male member, seems entirely unique in the Nahua corpus. Perhaps the tlacuilo intended Tlazolteotl as penis to signify the fertility of both god(desse)s. In the images in the water in Figures 4 and 5, we witness the male and the female figures, both clothed (the male figure appears to wear only a loincloth).56 Chalchiuhtlicue symbolised both the destruction of the flood and the creation of birth. The use of Tlazolteotl could suggest two elements: first, the use of dirt and water in the washing away of the trash of the newborn child; second, the male and female principles involved in creation. But we cannot maintain Tlazolteotl as the masculine principle \u2013 and certainly not as the penis. Indeed, her headdress in Figure 5 probably signifies offerings to the god(dess) in order to protect children in the birthing process.\n\nA pre-conquest Nahua image common to several texts presented Tlazolteotl as an erotic god(dess) partnered with a similarly erotic (male) deity (Figure 6).57 Tlazolteotl gives birth to a glyph of a flower, symbolising her as the parent of sexual excess.58 Several other elements of this image are noteworthy. First, and most immediately apparent, Tlazolteotl is naked except for her headgear and her necklace. The nudity of women in pre-conquest manuscripts always appears to have signified sexual excess.59 Second, Tlazolteotl's headdress and earrings are made of a spindle and unspun cotton, signifying her as the god(dess) of spinning cotton.60 Third, her right foot sits on a flint knife, an implement used in blood sacrifice. The (male) deity below her also has a flower emanating from him (could the flower emanate from an umbilical cord?), and he has a cord ending in a skull coming out of his anus. The figures together signify the panoply of sexual excesses committed by the gods. These indeed were deities of sexual excess, and the Nahua pantheon required them to engage in activities that standard Nahua society would have viewed as excessive for men and women.\n\nFigure 6 Gods of Excess.\n\nReprinted from Codex Borgia (facsimile) (Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1976), p. 74.\n\nIn post-conquest times, Tlazolteotl not only continued but, more appropriately, she traversed the entire social field. Thus she became a signifier of sin, but she kept some of her role as a mother god(dess) who committed activities deemed excessive. She maintained her position as one who would pick up the trash, and she continued to provide more trash. She fomented an 'Eve-like' image, just as she also re-presented the holy mother, the Virgin Mary, in a somewhat different and more sexualised guise.\n\nIn a 1629 treatise, based on an idolatry investigation in a Nahua-speaking community in Guerrero, we find several incantations that invoked Tlazolteotl and closely related god(desse)s. In one, the Nahua informant discussed a cure that he called tetlazolaltiloni, 'bathing someone regarding tlazolli'.61 Of course the washing away of the trash would require water, so the shaman called upon a series of god(desse)s, including Chalchiuhtlicue. These god(desse)s signified fire, water and incense. Then he called upon the Tlazolteteoh, the god(desse)s of tlazolli.62 These together formed the cure for an illness caused by tlazolli and by what the Nahuas deemed 'excess'. And one should note here that Tlazolteotl was the guardian of the steam baths, places intended to cure individuals, but ones that Catholic priests argued fomented sexual sin by allowing for secret sexual liaisons.63 Nahuas regarded the steam bath, the temazcal, guarded by Tlazolteotl, as a place in which the fire, water and incense came together to help one engage in a cure.64 The being that created the disease was specifically coded as female, whereas the disease itself had no specific gendered markers, and the ill person could be either male or female. The curer, either male or female, led the diseased person to the steam bath, which cured him or her. Only through the careful invocation of both Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlazolteotl would the sick individual become cured. Thus, these god(desse)s, fundamental god(desse)s of fertility, could cure disease and save humanity. But they also could kill.\n\nIn the relationship established here between Tlazolteotl and Chalchiuhtlicue, we may see, as did the Catholic priests, a parallel with baptism.65 Yet, I would argue that we must instead interpret this cure in the context provided by the pre-conquest pairing of Chachiuhtlicue with Tlazolteotl. The two did not form moral opposites as in the case of baptism, where the holy water washes away the original sin. In the case of the ritual purification involved in the steam bath, the water did wash away the trash, but only as the trash god(dess) helped the water god(dess). The two together signified tlazolli; thus together they worked to move the diseased person ritualistically back into the realm of moderation. Chalchiuhtlicue required Tlazolteotl in order to help, in order to cure, the individual.\n\nTlazolteotl remained Chalchiuhtlicue's phallus even in the 1620s, but here she has become the phallus more in her traditional sense, as in the symbolic register in which Tlazolteotl combined male and female power within the same register. In other words, here the phallus becomes not a physiological manifestation of the male body, but rather a symbolic presentation of the power of gender and sexuality.\n\nThe colonial death of the god(dess)\n\nThe phallic imagery of the Chalchiuhtlicue\/Tlazolteotl relationship remains obscure until we analyse the place of the tongue in the images of the Nahua god(desse)s. In an image from the mid-sixteenth-century Codex Magliabechiano (Figure 7), a codex written in the Spanish language but preserving some traditional if decontextualised Nahua imagery, we see that Cihuacoatl survived the conquest intact and in some senses became scarier yet.66 But, as I have noted, the Codex Magliabechiano was primarily a Hispanic text, with the images performing an illustrative role. Still, according to Dominican friar Diego Dur\u00e1n, an astute observer of Nahua gods and rituals, Cihuacoatl's open mouth and tongue signified her lust for the hearts of men.67 At the same time, the tongue in much Nahua discourse signified a lascivious nature.68 We see again the relationship between warfare, sacrifice and feminine sexuality. Here the Spanish narrative says that Cihuacoatl celebrates the festival of the dead.69\n\nFigure 7 Cihuacoatl.\n\nReprinted from Codex Magliabechiano (facsimile). Published as The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans, Zelia Nuttall, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1903), f. 45r.\n\nHow do we understand the ever-present tongues of the god(desse)s? We must turn to the rather ambiguous tzitzimime, death figures and underworld gods that art historian Cecelia Klein convincingly argues related closely to Cihuacoatl, their controlling god(dess), and whose flint-knife-like tongues appear prominently in their images.70 As we can see in Figure 8, from the Codex Magliabechiano, a snake appears to emanate from beneath the tzitzimitl. The cognate image from a related codex, the Codex Tudela, which was created from the same prototype as the Codex Magliabechiano, contains no snake; instead, blood comes from the tzitzimitl's open mouth, pouring down the front of the image, ending in an arrow-like point between the figure's legs.71 The blood signified the tzitzimitl's power, which stemmed from the figure's ability to get Nahuas to engage in sacrifice. The blood moving from the open mouth, between the legs, to the ground, replicates the positioning of the tongue, liver and snake on the body of the Magliabechiano tzitzimitl.\n\nFigure 8 Tzitzimitl.\n\nReprinted from Codex Magliabechiano (facsimile). Published as The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans, Zelia Nuttall, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1903), f. 76r.\n\nThe Spanish text describing this figure in the Codex Magliabechiano says that the tzitzimitl is a 'dead man'.72 Yet we see that he wears a huipil, the top worn by Nahua women. His huipil covers his bony body, but the snake emanates prominently from beneath him to show his phallic power, just as he wears a necklace of hearts (with a liver at the centre) to show his ability to get people to engage in sacrifice for him.\n\nNahuas called these figures tzitzimime, underworld gods most often characterised as male. As we shall see, such a characterisation mistakes a colonialist re-inscription for pre-conquest reality. According to a wide variety of sources, Nahuas feared the tzitzimime in a similar manner as they feared the cihuateteo, women who became god(desse)s when they died in childbirth.73 The tzitzimime and the cihuateteo would come from the underworld and lurk in the forests, waiting to steal hearts. Only sufficient sacrifice could satisfy them.\n\nThese fearful (highly masculine?) figures thus signified the draw of the underworld, and they appropriately became recoded as demonic figures in the Nahua world.74 Or did they? Klein has shown that these figures in the pre-conquest imaginary appear female. In addition to the huipil, the tzitizmime wore skirts laced on the bottom with shells. The image from the Codex Tudela also has a red back panel laced with shells at the bottom \u2013 Nahua women wore both the skirt and the back panel. The lacing of the bottom with shells appears reminiscent of Cihuacoatl's costume. A few early colonial documents describe the tzitzimime as female. In fact, Klein shows that texts declaring the tzitzimime as male appear to actively and consciously seek to alter the identity of the tzitzimime to make them demonic. As the devil is male, likewise the tzitzimime became male.75\n\nIn Nahua cosmology, these tzitzimime did not signify as male, or as purely evil. They could help one with cures just as easily as they could kill an individual. But let us explore for a moment the reason that these figures became both male and demonic, at least in the Hispanic mind, during the early colonial period. First, as underworld gods who created mischief for people on earth, in the imaginations of Catholic priests it made great sense to categorise them as types of demons, ignoring the fact that Nahuas did not view them as universally evil. Second, as deities pictured with properties presumed phallic, the Spaniards could easily categorise them as male, ignoring sartorial codes that would problematise such a gender categorisation. These two rationales, though, suggest more of an unconscious process at work than the conscious re-categorisation process promoted in some of the secondary literature: in other words, it was not so much that the priests made an effort to re-categorise these individuals to fit into their agendas. Rather, they witnessed images that they automatically coded in their minds as demonic male figures, and they acted accordingly.\n\nCihuacoatl closely relates to the tzitzimime and the other death figures through her tongue. Figure 7 prominently displays Cihuacoatl's tongue, ready to penetrate the heart for which she waits. Further, as a warrior god(dess), she carried the name of 'woman serpent', a reference to one key phallic figure. We also see in her pre-conquest image the prominent role of her tongue, which in Figure 9, from the Mexica version of the calendar, is simply a flint knife, much like the tongue of the tzitzimitl in the Magliabechiano image. The flint knife, the phallic signifier of sacrifice, becomes equated with Cihuacoatl's tongue in the collective memory produced in this state-sponsored display.\n\nFigure 9 Cihuacoatl, from a Nahua calendar. Photograph by Pete Sigal.\n\nWe can also note the relationship of sexuality to the portrayal of the hair of Cihuacoatl and the tzitzimime. In another image, Cihuacoatl's hair is made up of centipedes, scorpions and other insects \u2013 all signifiers of sexual excess.76 Pre-conquest and colonial iconography consistently related such animals of the earth to excess.77 These relate to the common theme in Nahua sources: women portrayed as sexually excessive had tousled hair. The knives in the hair of the tzitzimime seem likely to portray a similar relation.\n\nThe sources prominently displayed the tongues of certain deities, and these tongues meant different things under different circumstances, but in each case the tongue signified a ritual element of excess unmistakably absent from accepted daily practices. Witness the tongues of the tzitzimime. These tongues present the excess related to feasting upon blood and heart. The tongue of Tlazolteotl signified her lascivious nature. In Figure 9, Cihuacoatl's flint-knife tongue signified her importance in sacrifice.\n\nThe tongue in each of these images presents us with a narrative related to power. The individual with the exposed tongue has power over others, and that tongue consistently signifies the excesses of ritual, prohibited in daily life. These phallic tongues, related closely with Cihuacoatl and other deities, suggest that god(desse)s have power over people.\n\nWhile Cihuacoatl was hardly a typical god(dess), she signified what all others did: a coming together of two principles, the feminine (fertility and feminine sexuality) and the masculine (warfare and masculine sexuality). It is this coming together of variously gendered phenomena that may force us to question whether these god(desse)s can be characterised as goddesses at all.\n\nIn pre-conquest times we find significant gender ambiguity in the positions of many supernatural figures. In the Codex Laud, the presence of the phallus asserted a dynamic power relationship between the phallicised deity and the humans portrayed in the act of childbirth. In two images from this codex, we find related death figures with both loincloths and skirts (see Figures 10 and 11).78\n\nFigure 10 Death figure.\n\nReprinted from Codex Laud (facsimile), Ferdinand Anders, ed. (Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1994), p. 27.\n\nFigure 11 Death figure.\n\nReprinted from Codex Laud (facsimile), Ferdinand Anders, ed. (Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1994), p. 30.\n\nIn Figure 10, we see that the death figure has his sacrificial knife pointed at the woman who appears to hand over her child. The obvious suggestion that this child will be sacrificed is less important to us than the phallic nature of the death figure. The symbolic role of sacrifice and the power of the sacrificial knife relate back to the loincloth \u2013 not necessarily seen as hiding a penis, but certainly as a symbolic registration of the phallic power of the death figure, here containing both male (loincloth) and female (skirt) attributes.\n\nIn another case, Figure 11, we see the same death figure, this time without a sacrificial knife, as the child has yet to be born. The death figure points to a naked pregnant woman. We also see a snake's tail pointing toward the woman, and a bird enters her mouth. Again, the death figure, with both skirt and loincloth, relates to the system of sacrifice (as well as the dangers of childbirth).\n\nThe images of the gods connect the loincloth closely with the power of the actor. Each deity maintains his or her power through the presence of some sign of the phallus. And in each case these phallic signifiers relate closely to sexual excess. I argue that the phallus placed on the body of the god(dess) asserts a type of (feminine) sexual power in the cosmological realm.\n\nWe witness these power dynamics further as we explore the relationship between the god(desse)s. As Chalchiuhtlicue had the identity of the 'precious jade skirt', and the skirt in Nahua discourse signified female, despite her penis in Figure 4, she appears to remain female.79 We must note that we have found few images of Nahua women with loincloths, so the portrayal of god(desse)s with loincloths, snakes and other phallic signifiers appears not to have extended to human women.80\n\nIndeed, the Nahuas viewed the bulk of the god(desse)s as combined warriors and fertility figures. The authors of these texts signify the roles of these god(desse)s through the representation of images of fertility (including presenting them as giving birth, but most often simply showing them with elements to spin or weave cotton, or with maize, as Nahuas linked both cotton and maize to fertility) and images of war (most often, as with the case of Cihuacoatl, with shields and bundles of arrows, but also including knives and other implements of sacrifice).\n\nNone of this will surprise those with knowledge of Nahua notions of childbirth. Nahuas provided a woman giving birth to a child the title of 'warrior'. In the Florentine Codex, a midwife exhorted the pregnant woman, about to give birth, to 'grasp well the little shield. My daughter, my youngest one: be an eagle woman. Face it. Imitate the eagle woman, Cihuacoatl'.81 The reference to 'eagle woman' (quauhcihuatl) referred to the eagle designation of an acclaimed warrior.82 The shield referred to Cihuacoatl's shield. Thus Cihuacoatl became the god(dess) who protected women during childbirth. Her warrior personality became the personality of the woman giving birth to the child.\n\nTlazolteotl also helped women through the process of childbirth, and her image suggests a similar combination of gendered attributes. But, unlike Cihuacoatl, who combined sartorial images of femininity with external accoutrements of masculinity, many other god(desse)s, including Tlazolteotl, 'played' with concepts of sexual excess and the human body while also asserting the coming together of genders. Thus we witness, in Figure 12 (from the Codex Laud), Tlazolteotl's exposed breasts signifying the sexed female body, while other elements signify a coming together of two genders and a phallic symbolism.83 We see that Tlazolteotl wears a skirt, a feminine cueitl, but even on the skirt we note a problematic notion: the bones signify her role in sacrifice, largely considered a masculine ritual sphere. Still, many sacrifices occur for the god(desse)s, so even though male priests and victims dominate most of the ceremonies from the vantage points of the viewers, the god(desse)s play a major role. Further, the cihuateteo commonly wore such skirts.84 More centrally, emanating from beneath Tlazolteotl's skirt, we find a loincloth, a seemingly exclusive signifier of the male body, intended to evoke the male member. As we rarely see penises in any Nahua texts, one might suggest that the author intends the loincloth to evoke the penis; to suggest its presence without directly showing it. The loincloth is thus a signifier without a signified.\n\nFigure 12 Tlazolteotl.\n\nReprinted from Codex Laud (facsimile), Ferdinand Anders, ed. (Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verla- gsanstalt; Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1994), p. 29.\n\nThe signifier (loincloth) is a creative application of the signified (phallus) that does not exist in any place but the symbolic sphere. Thus, while a Nahua individual can imagine the possibility of a penis beneath Tlazolteotl's loincloth, just as that individual can imagine the possibility of a penis beneath the man's loincloth, in both cases the Nahua cultural and linguistic frames intend the loincloth not to assert such an imaginary, but rather to leave a symbolic imprint that relates to the power and prestige of the individual wearing the loincloth. The tlacuilo does not intend to make the Nahua commoner believe that Tlazolteotl's loincloth hides her penis. Rather, these authorial voices intend the loincloth to evoke a certain sense of awe at the power (encoded as phallic) of the individual thus portrayed.85\n\nBut Tlazolteotl cannot be coded as male. She gives birth to children, and she signifies a feminine sexuality that seems at one moment out of control and at another moment not only in control but also leading to the continuation of society. In another image from the Codex Laud (Figure 13), we see Tlazolteotl in much of her traditional costume and headdress.86 Here she holds cotton-spinning implements in one hand and sacrificial implements in the other. She wears a cueitl, but instead of the loincloth we saw above, she here has a serpent coming out from beneath her skirt. The serpent's head encloses the head of a man also seen on the other side of the image. The man wears the mask of Ehecatl, the god of wind. The man's head connects with a body that seems to disappear into a glyph that contains some serpent-like creatures. The man points a (beckoning? accusatory?) finger at Tlazolteotl. All the while, underneath the man, we see an unusual image of a naked woman in a squatting (childbirth?) position, with her pubic hair highlighted. This woman has many of the features of Tlazolteotl, but she lacks the facial paint and the identifying markers associated with spinning cotton. The woman connects with the highly feminine Tlazolteotl, who herself connects with the phallic figure, the god of wind. All together, they signify a coherent, if excessive, unity. Tlazolteotl becomes at once a phallic aggressor (using Ehecatl to have sex with the woman?) and a god(dess) engaged in feminine sexuality (being the woman, having sex with Ehecatl?).\n\nFigure 13 Tlazolteotl.\n\nReprinted from Codex Laud (facsimile), Ferdinand Anders, ed. (Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1994), p. 39.\n\nThus, for Tlazolteotl, her character as a god(dess) stems from her excessive activity, seemingly in both the masculine and feminine sexual spheres. Her phallus, whether as a snake or as a loincloth, never entirely obscures her skirt. Both are necessary for her to engage in her excessive behaviour.\n\nTlazolteotl's sexual excess, a central part of her character, points to her position as a gender-indeterminate deity. With her secondary sexual characteristics often shown, we must categorise her as a goddess. Yet here I have argued that the more important categorisation is the grammatically impossible position of the god(dess), one who signified the power of both genders, but primarily through symbolic structures and sexual excesses. If we are to 'separate gender and sexuality analytically to more accurately reflect their separate social existence', we fail to analyse Tlazolteotl, at least as she existed before the Spanish arrived. If instead, we use this theoretical intervention as a point of contention, we may be able to find a 'traffic in women' that is loaded with phallic significance \u2013 and colonial context.\n\nRemembering Cihuacoatl\n\nIn 1539 in the Nahua town of Culhuacan, the leader of the community led his people in the worship of a series of deities among the most prominent fertility gods, at a place called Xochitlan ('Flower Land'), probably referring to Tamoanchan, the home of the gods.87 Xochitlan related to a cave in Culhuacan in which they performed the ceremonies. The cave, signifying the womb of the earth god(dess), was the place where they worshipped Tezcatlipoca (a warrior god) and Cihuacoatl.88 There, several priests dressed in the (unspecified) clothes of the gods began to sacrifice their own blood. Then they performed a heart excision sacrifice of a youth, feeding his heart and his blood to Tezcatlipoca and Cihuacoatl.89\n\nAs little assimilation would have occurred by 1539, the promotion of such deities is unsurprising. Even in 1629, though, we find that Cihuacoatl survived in the memories and imaginations of some Nahuas. In an idolatry investigation, we find Nahuas worshipping this god(dess). There the god(dess) helped to capture deer and engage in curing rites.90\n\nHow is it possible that Nahua leaders promoted a religion devoted to Cihuacoatl and the others? How is it possible that commoners worshipped her and other fertility god(desse)s with such vigour? The seventeenth-century Nahua commoners produced a memory of fertility god(desse)s not because of the needs of an obscure pre-conquest system that we remember as the Aztec empire, but rather because of their contemporary needs and desires. They needed to make the earth fertile and to produce cures for disease. They desired gods that would aid them in sexual performance. Catholicism could not do this, so Nahua commoners used oral and written practice to keep re-producing their fertility god(desse)s. The commoners in particular imagined Cihuacoatl as a god(dess) linked closely with both warfare and fertility. And she promoted feminine sexuality.\n\nWe fail, though, to understand her position if we promote a strict division between gender and sexuality. Indeed, neither of these categories is adequate to describe and analyse the positions of the god(desse)s, their changes through colonialism and their ritual purposes. Rubin's call to separate gender and sexuality from each other becomes, in the story of the Nahuas, an incomplete project. While we must analyse sexuality as a unit distinct from gender, we cannot do so for non-western peoples unless we develop different theoretical and methodological frameworks for understanding the positions of Nahua deities and people.\n\nVictor Turner argues that the liminal space of ritual is likened to the womb, bisexuality and other elements.91 'Betwixt and between' and 'bisexual' sound like good ways to contextualise Nahua beliefs in Cihuacoatl, Tlazolteotl and the others. But Turner himself used this place to analyse not deities, but rather human participants in ritual performance. Moreover, the deities signify not liminality, but rather large containers, bundles of attributes that had the power to transform all. Through a close analysis of the ritual process, writ large and small, we can determine the ways in which the deities become entities that exceed gender and transform sexuality. Hence, as we re-enter the Nahua world in order to develop a better analysis of sexuality as it presents itself in non-western societies, we necessarily move beyond not only the all-encompassing category of gender, as Rubin advocates, but also the supposedly stable category of sexuality.\n\nNotes\n\n1. For the purposes of this chapter, I use the term 'Nahua' to refer to the bulk of the indigenous population of central Mexico, those who spoke the language of Nahuatl, at the time of the Spanish conquest. I will refer to the people from Tenochtitlan, the capital of the 'Aztec empire' in power when the Spaniards arrived, by the name that they used at the time, 'Mexica'.\n\n2. Diego Dur\u00e1n, Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar, ed. and tr. Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), p. 210.\n\n3. Many have challenged this concept of a rigorous separation, but the mythology still prevails. For two very different types of challenges, see Inga Clendinnen, Aztecs: An Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood and Robert Haskett (eds), Indian Women of Early Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).\n\n4. While a complete answer to such a question would require a book (and the reader would remain unsatisfied even then), a few notes are warranted here.\n\n5. See Thelma D. Sullivan, 'Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina: The Great Spinner and Weaver', in Elizabeth Hill Boone (ed.), The Art and Iconography of Late Post-Classic Central Mexico (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982).\n\n6. Gayle Rubin, 'Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality', in Carol S. Vance (ed.), Pleasure and Danger (Boston: Routledge, 1984), here p. 308.\n\n7. See especially, Eve Kosovsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990); Michael Warner, The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life (New York: Free Press, 1999); Lee Edelman, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004).\n\n8. While the Nahuas did not have terms that easily translate as either 'gender' or 'sexuality', they did have concepts that related to these two. See Pete Sigal, 'Latin America and the Challenge of Globalizing the History of Sexuality', American Historical Review 114 (2009), pp. 1340\u201353.\n\n9. On the Nahuas before the conquest, see Cecelia Klein, 'The Shield Women: Resolution of An Aztec Gender Paradox', in Alana Cordy-Collins and Douglas Sharon (eds), Current Topics in Aztec Studies: Essays in Honor of Dr. H. B. Nicholson (San Diego, CA: San Diego Museum of Man, 1993); Cecelia Klein, 'Fighting with Femininity: Gender and War in Aztec Mexico', in Richard C. Trexler (ed.), Gender Rhetorics: Postures of Dominance and Submission in History (Binghamton: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1994); Sharisse D. McCafferty and Geoffrey G. McCafferty, 'The Conquered Women of Cacaxtla: Gender Identity or Gender Ideology', Ancient Mesoamerica 5 (1994), pp. 159\u201372; Susan Kellogg, 'The Woman's Room: Some Aspects of Gender Relations in Late Pre-Colonial Tenochtitlan', Ethnohistory 42 (1995), pp. 563\u201376. On post-conquest Nahuas, see esp. the articles in Schroeder, Wood and Haskett, Indian Women of Early Mexico. For a view that places a stronger emphasis on gender hierarchy, see Steve J. Stern, The Secret History of Gender: Women, Men, & Power in Late Colonial Mexico (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).\n\n10. See Noem\u00ed Quezada, Amor y magia amorosa entre los Aztecas: Supervivencia en el M\u00e9xico colonial (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, 1975).\n\n11. Several scholars have analysed the fertility rituals and the ways in which they allowed the Nahuas to connect different realms of existence. Particularly one can note the methods of these religious rituals in expressing a position for the performers that is in between the different realms described. See Alfredo L\u00f3pez Austin, Hombre-dios: Religi\u00f3n y pol\u00edtica en el mundo n\u00e1huatl (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, 1973); Y\u00f3lotl Gonz\u00e1lez Torres, El sacrificio humano entre los mexicas (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1985); Silvia Lim\u00f3n Olvera, Las cuevas y el mito de origen: Los casos inca y mexica (Mexico City: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1990); Serge Gruzinski, Man Gods of the Mexican Highlands: Indian Power and Colonial Society, 1520\u20131800 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); David Carrasco, City of Sacrifice: Violence From the Aztec Empire to the Modern Americas (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000); Clendinnen, Aztecs.\n\n12. David Carrasco makes this point in City of Sacrifice. While he provides far too much of a functionalist explanation for rituals of violence, his point linking governance with fertility rites seems particularly apt. See also Pete Sigal, The Flower and the Scorpion: Ritual and Sexuality in Early Nahua Culture (Durham: Duke University Press, forthcoming).\n\n13. Louise Burkhart, The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989).\n\n14. See Burkhart, Slippery Earth, pp. 98\u2013110, 181\u20133; Gruzinski, 'Individualization and Acculturation'.\n\n15. See Hugo G. Nutini and John M. Roberts, Bloodsucking Witchcraft: An Epistemological Study of Anthropomorphic Supernaturalism in Rural Tlaxcala (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993); James M. Taggart, Nahuat Myth and Social Structure (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983).\n\n16. For an example of such a historical reading in a western tradition, see Leo Bersani and Ulysse Dutoit, Caravaggio's Secrets (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1998).\n\n17. For two excellent examples of such contextual reading, see Gordon Brotherston, Painted Books from Mexico: Codices in UK Collections and the World They Represent (London: British Museum Press, 1995); Jeanette Favrot Peterson, The Paradise Garden Murals of Malinalco: Utopia and Empire in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993).\n\n18. On the pre-conquest tlacuilo, see Eduard Seler, Collected Works in Mesoamerican Linguistics and Archaeology: English Translations of German Papers from Gesammelte Abhandlungen Zur Amerikanischen Sprach- Und Alterthumskunde, ed. Charles P. Bowditch, 5 vols (1939; Culver City: Labyrinthos, 1990); Karl Anton Nowotny, Tlacuilolli: Style and Contents of the Mexican Pictorial Manuscripts with a Catalog of the Borgia Group, ed. and tr. George A. Everett, Jr and Edward B. Sisson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005); Donald Robertson, Mexican Manuscript Painting (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959); Brotherston, Painted Books from Mexico; Gordon Brotherston, Feather Crown: The Eighteen Feasts of the Mexica Year (London: British Museum Press, 2005); Elizabeth Hill Boone, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000); Patrick Johansson K., 'La imagen en los c\u00f3dices nahuas', Estudios de Cultura N\u00e1huatl 32 (2001), pp. 69\u2013124. On his post-conquest iteration, see Serge Gruzinski, La colonisation de l'imaginaire: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s indig\u00e8nes et occidentalisation dans le Mexique espagnol, XVIe\u2013XVIIIe si\u00e8cle (Paris: Gallimard, 1988); James Lockhart, The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992).\n\n19. For examples of interpretations from the Borgia group, along with the Mixtec codices, see Elizabeth Hill Boone (ed.), The Art and Iconography of Late Post-Classic Central Mexico: A Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, October 22nd and 23rd, 1977 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982).\n\n20. See particularly K. A. Nowotny's commentary, in Tlaculolli, on the Codex Borgia.\n\n21. Robertson, Mexican Manuscript Paintings; Brotherston, Feather Crown.\n\n22. Robertson, Mexican Manuscript Paintings.\n\n23. See Walden Browne, Sahag\u00fan and the Transition to Modernity (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000); Pete Sigal, 'Queer Nahuatl: Sahag\u00fan's Faggots and Sodomites, Lesbians and Hermaphrodites', Ethnohistory 54 (2007), pp. 9\u201334.\n\n24. On the importance of the tlatoani and the cihuacoatl, see Susan Gillespie, The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992); Robert Haskett, Indigenous Rulers: An Ethnohistory of Town Government in Colonial Cuernavaca (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991).\n\n25. Dur\u00e1n, Book of the Gods, p. 217.\n\n26. Cecelia Klein, 'Rethinking Cihuacoatl: Aztec Imagery of the Conquered Woman', in J. Kathryn Josserand and Karen Dakin (eds), Smoke and Mist: Mesoamerican Studies in Memory of Thelma D. Sullivan (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1988).\n\n27. Codex Borbonicus (facsimile) (Madrid, Vienna, Mexico City: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 1991), pp. 21, 24, 25, 34. The image is from p. 34.\n\n28. See Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999); Clendinnen, Aztecs; McCafferty and McCafferty, 'The Conquered Women of Cacaxtla'; Rosemary Joyce, Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000).\n\n29. Codex Borbonicus, p. 21.\n\n30. Clendinnen, Aztecs; Klein, 'Fighting with Femininity'.\n\n31. Klein, 'Rethinking Cihuacoatl', p. 239.\n\n32. Klein, 'Rethinking Cihuacoatl'.\n\n33. It is of course a phenomenon of interest in the game of statehood and alliances, as often Mexica princesses married powerful leaders of other states that had been conquered or to whom the Mexica were allied.\n\n34. See Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino (facsimile) (Florence and Mexico City: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana and Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n, 1979), book 2, fol. 68r.\n\n35. Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino, book 2, fol. 69v.\n\n36. See Ross Hassig, Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988). See also Kay Read and Jane Rosenthal, 'The Chalcan Woman's Song: Sex as a Political Metaphor in Fifteenth-Century Mexico', Americas 62 (2006), pp. 313\u201348.\n\n37. See Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino, book 3, fol. 2r.\n\n38. See Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino, book 3, fols 2v\u20133v.\n\n39. Those who have looked at Coyolxauhqui as a feminist heroine have largely ignored the implicit and explicit critique of feminine sexuality in Coyolxauhqui's presence. While her dismembered body was remembered in the Nahua universe as feminine subordination, and thus may be resurrected in some way to assert feminist agency, one cannot ignore the sexually repressive nature of her role in this battle. See Gloria Anzald\u00faa, Borderlands\/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987); Alicia Arriz\u00f3n, Queering Mestizaje: Transculturation and Performance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006).\n\n40. Alfredo L\u00f3pez Austin, Tamoanchan, Tlalocan, tr. Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997), pp. 235\u20138; Michel Graulich, 'Les grandes statues azteques dites de Coatlicue et de Yollotlicue', in Raquel Thiercelin (ed.), Andes et M\u00e9so-Am\u00e9rique: Cultures et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Aix-en-Provence: Universit\u00e9 de Provence, 1991). See also Susan Milbrath, 'Decapitated Lunar Goddesses in Aztec Art, Myth, and Ritual', Ancient Mesoamerica 8 (1997), pp. 185\u2013206.\n\n41. See Cecelia Klein, 'A New Interpretation of the Aztec Statue Called Coatlicue, \"Snakes-Her-Skirt\"', Ethnohistory 55 (2008), pp. 229\u201350. Klein argues persuasively that the decapitated Coatlicue signifies not the woman punished in this battle, but rather the goddess who engages in self-sacrifice to serve humanity.\n\n42. The image comes from the Templo Mayor, an excavation of the main temple of Tenochtitlan.\n\n43. See Sigal, Flower and the Scorpion.\n\n44. On the Spanish, there is a vast literature. See particularly Ann Twinam, Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).\n\n45. See Schroeder, Wood and Haskett, Indian Women of Early Mexico; Susan Kellogg, Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America's Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).\n\n46. Gayle Rubin, 'The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex', in Rayna R. Reiter (ed.), Toward an Anthropology of Women (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), here pp. 173\u20137.\n\n47. See Jacques Lacan, 'The Signification of the Phallus', in \u00c9crits: The First Complete Edition in English, tr. Bruce Fink (1966; New York: Norton, 2002).\n\n48. See Klein, 'Rethinking Cihuacoatl'.\n\n49. Tonalamatl of Aubin (facsimile), <<http:\/\/www.famsi.org\/research\/loubat\/Tonalamatl\/thumbs0.html>> (accessed 21 May 2010), p. 5.\n\n50. Codex Borbonicus, p. 3.\n\n51. Codex Telleriano-Remensis (facsimile), in Eloise Qui\u00f1ones Keber (ed.), Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), p. 170; Sullivan, 'Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina'.\n\n52. See Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino, book 1, fols 5r\u20136v.\n\n53. Codex Telleriano-Remensis, p. 171.\n\n54. Codex Telleriano-Remensis, pp. 170\u201371.\n\n55. See Codex Borgia (facsimile), ed. Gisele D\u00edaz and Alan Rodgers (New York: Dover, 1993), p. 65. See also the parallel image on p. 67, where a masculine god appears in the same position as Chalchiuhtlicue.\n\n56. Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlazolteotl together create a future. Through the figure of the phallic god(dess), we find that Nahua community will survive.\n\n57. Codex Borgia, plate 74.\n\n58. The flower signified the fertility of the world, and when connected with Tlazolteotl, related closely to sexual excess. On Tlazolteotl and all of the other goddesses in the Codex Borgia, see Mar\u00eda de los Angeles Ojeda D\u00edaz, Las Diosas en los C\u00f3dices del Grupo Borgia: Arquetipos de las mujeres del postcl\u00e1sico, <<http:\/\/www.arts-history.mx\/diosas>> (accessed 4 April 2009). On Tlazolteotl's relationship to the birthing process, see Ernesto De La Torre, 'El nacimiento en el mundo prehisp\u00e1nico', Estudios de Cultura N\u00e1huatl 34 (2003), pp. 369\u201390.\n\n59. See Cecelia Klein, 'Wild Woman in Colonial Mexico: An Encounter of European and Aztec Concepts of the Other', in Claire Farago (ed.), Reframing the Renaissance: Visual Culture in Europe and Latin America, 1450\u20131650 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).\n\n60. See Sullivan, 'Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina'; Patrice Giasson, 'Tlazolteotl, diedad del abono, una propuesta', Estudios de Cultura N\u00e1huatl 32 (2001), pp. 135\u201357.\n\n61. Hernando Ruiz de Alarc\u00f3n, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to this New Spain, 1629, ed. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), p. 136.\n\n62. Ruiz de Alarc\u00f3n, Treatise on Heathen Superstitions, p. 136.\n\n63. See Pete Sigal, 'The Cuiloni, The Patlache, and the Abominable Sin: Homosexualities in Early Colonial Nahua Society', Hispanic American Historical Review 85 (2005), pp. 555\u201394.\n\n64. Codex Magliabechiano (facsimile) (Vienna: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1970), p. 155.\n\n65. Ruiz de Alarc\u00f3n, in Treatise on Heathen Superstitions, pp. 137\u20138, states, 'Finally, it occurs to me that in this bath our Enemy has intended to imitate the Holy Sacrament of baptism since (as we Christians believe that by this means we attain the purity of the soul and the remedy against all the harms of faults and their results) this old and astute Enemy seeks that these unfortunate people, blind in their heathen errors, believe and persuade themselves that by these feigned baths they can attain the cleanliness of the body and free themselves of the diseases of temporal pains and harms. May God, through his mercy, disillusion them and bring them to a true knowledge, by inspiring in his ministers new fervors for the teaching of such a blind and barbarous people, in order that everything be converted into His great power and glory. Amen.' Here he repeats a common Catholic formula, often repeated in the Inquisition when Inquisitors pursue witches: the devil works to mimic Christian ritual in order fool people into believing that they are serving God. This is in fact what makes the devil so dangerous. For comments on this type of thought and the way it fits into conceptions of witchcraft, see Laura Lewis, Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003).\n\n66. Codex Magliabechiano, p. 91.\n\n67. Dur\u00e1n, Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar, p. 210.\n\n68. See Klein, 'Fighting with Femininity'.\n\n69. Codex Magliabechiano, p. 90.\n\n70. See Cecelia Klein, 'The Devil and the Skirt: An Iconographic Inquiry into the Prehispanic Nature of the Tzitzimime', Ancient Mesoamerica 11 (2000), pp. 1\u201326.\n\n71. Codex Tudela (facsimile) (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hisp\u00e1nica, 1980), fol. 46r; Codex Magliabechiano, p. 153.\n\n72. Codex Magliabechiano, p. 152.\n\n73. See Klein, 'Devil and the Skirt'.\n\n74. See Lisa Sousa, 'The Devil and Deviance in Native Criminal Narratives from Early Mexico', Americas 59 (2002), pp. 161\u201379; Fernando Cervantes, The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).\n\n75. Klein, 'Devil and the Skirt'.\n\n76. See Klein, 'Devil and the Skirt', p. 14.\n\n77. Klein, 'Rethinking Cihuacoatl'.\n\n78. Codex Laud (facsimile) (Vienna: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1966), pp. 27, 30.\n\n79. See F\u00e9lix B\u00e1ez-Jorge, La voces del agua: El simbolismo de las Sirenas y las mitolog\u00edas americanas (Xalapa: Universidad Veracruzana, 1992).\n\n80. In the standard image of a Nahua woman, she is represented by her skirt and often her huipil, but not by a loincloth, a prototypical male signifier.\n\n81. Sahag\u00fan, C\u00f3dice florentino, book 6, fol. 142r.\n\n82. See Hassig, Aztec Warfare.\n\n83. Codex Laud, p. 29.\n\n84. Indeed, Klein ('Devil and the Skirt', p. 10) notes, following Caso, that the skull and crossbones specifically signify the cihuateteo.\n\n85. This view of the phallus as a signifier without a signified, or as intended to play a role only in the symbolic sphere \u2013 to assert power rather than the penis in the social sphere, relates to Lacan's analysis of a very different society and time period. The phallus in the Nahua world was a key signifier, as we can witness in the variety of phallic images in the pre-conquest texts. While one cannot provide a Lacanian analysis of texts that do not fit into the society and timeframe of Lacan, I note the important parallels. For example, at one point Lacan argues, while critiquing another analyst's view of a particular woman, that nature and anatomy are irrelevant to analysis: 'Of course... [the phallus is] symbolic. It is in so far as the woman is in a symbolic order with an androcentric perspective that the penis takes on this value. Besides, it isn't the penis, but the phallus, that is to say something whose symbolic usage is possible because it can be seen'. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 2: The Ego in Freud's Theory and the Technique of Psychoanalysis, tr. Sylvana Tomaselli (1978; New York, Norton, 1991), p. 272. Thus the signifier does not necessarily link to a signified anatomy, though one may imagine such a bodily portrayal, but rather must link to the symbolic world through which the signifier derives meaning. The phallus, the place of desire in the androcentric perspective of the western world, becomes for the Nahuas not necessarily the signifier of desire, but instead the central place of fertility in the Nahua cosmological universe. Thus we will see the presence of the phallus as a sign that fertility goes well beyond the signified use of male (or female) anatomy.\n\n86. Codex Laud, p. 39.\n\n87. See L\u00f3pez Austin, Tamoanchan, Tlalocan.\n\n88. On the symbolism of the cave and the womb, see F\u00e9lix B\u00e1ez-Jorge, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and Jacques Galinier, El lugar de la captura: Simbolismo de la vagina tel\u00farica en la cosmovisi\u00f3n mesoamericana (Miradores del Mar: Editora de Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, 2008); Lim\u00f3n Olvera, Las cuevas y el mito de origen.\n\n89. Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n, Mexico City, Inquisici\u00f3n 42, 18; Luis Gonz\u00e1lez Obreg\u00f3n, Procesos de Indios Id\u00f3latras y Hechiceros (Mexico City: Secretar\u00eda de Relaciones Exteriores, 1912), pp. 177\u201384.\n\n90. Ruiz de Alarc\u00f3n, Treatise on Heathen Superstitions, pp. 98, 205.\n\n91. Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), p. 95.\nChapter 2\n\nPower and Historical Figuring: Rachael Pringle Polgreen's Troubled Archive\n\nMarisa J. Fuentes\n\nScandal and excess inundate the archive... the libidinal investment in violence is everywhere apparent in the documents, statements and institutions that decide our knowledge of the past.1\n\nSaidiya Hartman\n\nHistory reveals itself only through the production of specific narratives. What matters most are the process and conditions of such narratives... Only through that overlap can we discover the differential exercise of power that makes some narratives possible and silences others.2\n\nMichel-Rolph Trouillot\n\nIt may be precisely due to Rachael Pringle Polgreen's 'exorbitant circumstances' during her life as a free(d) woman of colour in late eighteenth-century Bridgetown, Barbados, that her narrative has not changed since she appeared in the 1842 novel Creoleana.3 Apart from an important critique by Melanie Newton of the political and historical context of J. W. Orderson's Creoleana, the recounting of Polgreen's life story \u2013 her triumphs, extraordinary relationships and visual depictions \u2013 remains untouched since the nineteenth century. Thus, the archive and secondary historical accounts beg re-examination. She was a woman of colour, a former slave turned slave owner, and many stories circulate that she ran a well-known brothel without much legal controversy.4 The persistent historical representations of her life draw from an archive unusual for many free(d) and enslaved women of colour in eighteenth-century slave societies. Polgreen left a will and her estate was inventoried by white men upon her death \u2013 a process reserved primarily for the society's wealthier (white) citizens. Her relationships with elite white men and the Royal Navy are well documented in newspaper accounts and most significantly, in the nineteenth-century novel written by a resident of Bridgetown who may have been well acquainted with Polgreen. In the 1770s and 1780s, Polgreen appears in Bridgetown's tax records as a propertied resident and her advertisements in a local newspaper allude to the importance she placed on property. From a caricatured 1796 lithograph to the folkloric accounts of Prince William Henry's (later King William IV) rampage through her brothel, Polgreen's story has in many ways been rendered impermeable, difficult to revise and over-determined by the language and power of the archive.\n\nThe archive conceals, distorts and silences as much as it reveals about Rachael Polgreen. J. W. Orderson's 1842 novel, Creoleana, in which a 'complete' dramatised life story of Polgreen is narrated, provides a tantalising solution to gaps and uncertainties for historians who struggle with the fragmented and fraught records of female enslavement marked by the embedded silences, the commodified representations of bodies, and the epistemic violence of slavery's archive. However, for Polgreen, it is perhaps her hyper-visibility in images and stories that continues to obscure her everyday life, even when the archive appears to substantiate certain aspects of that life. I contend that such powerful narratives, visual reproductions and archival assumptions erase the crucial complexities of her personhood and obfuscate the violent and violating relationships she maintained with other women of colour in Bridgetown's slave society. The challenge then, is to track power in the production of her history while recognising that Polgreen's historical visibility is also an erasure of the lives of those she enslaved.\n\nIn the scholarship of slavery and slave society in Barbados, the lives of Polgreen and other free(d) women of colour are centred on narratives about business acumen and entrepreneurship. Several historians discuss the significant role prostitution played in the local and transnational market economy. Indeed, in many of the eighteenth-century Caribbean and metropolitan Atlantic port cities prostitution was rampant, serving a significant mobile military population as well as providing local 'entertainment'.5 'During the 1790s', Melanie Newton states, 'the symbol of non-white business success in Barbados was the female hotelier'.6 A number of free(d) women found slave owning and prostitution economically viable routes to self-sustenance as they and other free(d) people of colour in slave societies were systemically excluded from many other roles and opportunities.7 Though many references to free(d) women of colour mention their involvement in the sexual economy of port cities, we must also note that in Bridgetown there was a unique demographic of a majority white female population by the beginning of the eighteenth century. This white female (and mostly slave-owning) majority tended to own more women than men, and set the precedent for the selling and renting out of enslaved women for sexual purposes.8 Moreover, in a town setting with little arable land, white women profited from a surplus of domestic labourers by hiring them out to island visitors.9 It is thus within Bridgetown's bustling port environment of slaves, sailors, Royal Navy officers and other maritime traffic that Rachael Polgreen made her living.\n\nPolgreen necessarily appears in histories of gender and slavery in Barbados as she lived a remarkable life within a slave society. However, the other enslaved and freed women who lived in similar circumstances during her time are eclipsed and silenced by her seductive narrative. This article is a meditation on tracking how material and discursive power moves through the archive in the historical production of subaltern women.10 Moreover, revisiting the documentary traces of Polgreen's life and death illuminates several contradictions or historical paradoxes that make it problematic to characterise Polgreen or enslaved and free(d) women's sexual relations with white men as unmediated examples of black female agency. How does one write a narrative of enslaved 'prostitution'? What language should we use to describe this economy of forced sexual labour? How do we write against historical scholarship that too often relies upon the discourses of will, agency, choice and volunteerism, which reproduce a troubling archive that cements enslaved and free(d) women of colour in representations of 'their willingness to become mistresses of white men'?11 If 'freedom' meant free from bondage but not from social, economic and political degradation what does it mean to survive under such conditions?\n\nIn an analysis of the processes by which Polgreen is historically confined, I challenge previous assumptions about her lived experiences by attending to the ways in which enslaved and free(d) women enter history.12 The first part of this article sets the scene of Barbados and Bridgetown in the late eighteenth century in order to give context to the lives of these Afro-Barbadian women. Second, I re-examine the secondary literature and present new archival traces of Polgreen's material life to reveal an image incommensurate with a triumphant narrative. Engaging with secondary sources on Barbados illuminates the specific gendered and sexual representations of women in Caribbean slave societies, and demonstrates how these images are reproduced in the historiography. Presenting previously unexamined archival material from Barbadian deeds and British parliamentary debates on Caribbean slavery, this article demonstrates the ways in which Polgreen's 'agency' depended upon the sexual subjugation of other black women and supported a system of slavery established and perpetuated by the white colonial authority. At stake in this discussion of Rachael Polgreen's power (inhabited and represented) is the desire to make plain how the archive and historical production facilitate the survival of particular stories and the erasure of others.\n\n* * *\n\nBy the second half of the seventeenth century, Barbados was considered the 'crown jewel' of the British Caribbean colonies. As the first point of disembarkation for British slaving vessels and a significant port of call for the British military, the colony of Barbados was pivotal in the networks of trade and profit which propelled Britain to economic prosperity. According to Richard Dunn, Barbados dominated the sugar and shipping markets beyond any other British colony.13 In order to sustain sugar production, Barbados planters and merchants bought into and sustained the trade in African captives throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By 1670, Barbados was firmly established as an economy dependent upon enslaved labour.14 Bridgetown, the capital port city in which Rachael Polgreen resided, received hundreds of ships a year laden with material products and captive Africans, who supplied the labour for sugar plantations as well as domestic labour in town. Although demographic sources are rare for the eighteenth century, Jerome Handler estimates that in 1786 there were approximately 62,115 slaves, 16,167 whites, and 838 free people of colour living in the colony.15 In the 1770s and 1780s, Bridgetown's free population of colour remained relatively small but experienced significant growth by the turn of the nineteenth century.16 This small group of 'free coloured' men and women survived through economic activities including store keeping, huckstering, shipbuilding, and in some cases prostitution. The military infrastructure built to support the Royal Navy in and around Bridgetown perpetuated the demand for an informal sexual economy beyond that which the white Barbadian slave-owners had already seized from enslaved women's bodies. As a former slave of a white owner who was possibly her own father, it is probable that Polgreen herself experienced or witnessed the sexual violations of black women that were an inherent part of their enslavement.17\n\nThe gender demographics of Barbados and Bridgetown were unique for a Caribbean colony. Though enslaved men tended to dominate in British plantation societies, there is evidence that Barbadian planters sought to balance the sex ratios amongst the labouring African population and, according to one historian, the island had actually attained a majority female enslaved population by the early eighteenth century.18 Moreover, and equally anomalous, white women constituted a slight majority among the white population during the same period (51 per cent according to the 1715 census) and remained so until the era of emancipation (1834\u201338).19 In Bridgetown, these female majorities influenced the character of urban slave society. For example, Hilary Beckles's scholarship challenges Caribbean historiography that focuses on the planter 'patriarch', showing that '58 per cent of slave owners in [Bridgetown] were female, mostly white... [and] women owned 54 per cent of the slaves in town'. Furthermore, he points out that 'white women also owned more female slaves than male slaves'.20 Thus, female slave-owners like Polgreen made up much of the landscape of urban life. However, Polgreen's business of brothel keeping reveals a divergence from white female slave-owners. Although many white women engaged in 'hiring-out' their female slaves for sexual purposes, there is no evidence suggesting that they engaged in running houses of prostitution in Bridgetown. While Polgreen's ability to accumulate wealth was comparable to her white counterparts, her avenues for profit restricted her to an arena that seems likely to have been shameful and disreputable to white women.\n\nDue to a shift in Caribbean historiography in the mid-1970s, the subject of gender and slavery has received a considerable amount of attention. The scholarship of Hilary Beckles and Barbara Bush opened a field into the study of enslaved and free(d) women of colour across the Caribbean. Out of this commendable effort emerged several studies in which enslaved and free(d) women were 'centred' in historical scholarship.21 For studies focused on Barbados specifically, Jerome Handler's two publications, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (1974) and 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen: Petty Entrepreneurs' (1981), laid the blueprint for later discussions of Rachael Polgreen, free women of colour and prostitution.22 'The first of the Bridgetown taverns owned by a freedwoman', Handler asserts, 'appears to have begun operating in the early 1780s and said to have belonged to Rachael Pringle Polgreen'.23 Handler's discussion continues by recounting Polgreen's enslavement by William Lauder, her freedom and rise to 'business' woman \u2013 a story drawn directly from the nineteenth-century novel Creoleana:\n\nBorn around 1753, Rachael was the daughter and slave of William Lauder, a Scottish schoolmaster, and an African woman whom he purchased not long after emigrating to Barbados around 1750... [by] her 'juvenile days', Rachael was a \"remarkably well-made, good-looking girl, possessing altogether charms that [awakened] the libidinous desires of her [father] who made many [unsuccessful] attempts at her chastity.24\n\nIn describing her adult life, Handler uses Creoleana to explain that:\n\nRachael was bought from her father, and then manumitted, by a British naval officer whose mistress she had become; the house he provided for her in Bridgetown ultimately became her celebrated 'Royal Navy Hotel'. At her death in 1791, Rachael owned 'houses and lands' and nineteen slaves, six of whom were to be manumitted by the terms of her will.25\n\nUnderstandably, subsequent historical work has drawn extensively on Handler's authority on Polgreen and free(d) people of colour in Barbados.26 Indeed, several texts mention Polgreen's property accumulation, her relationships with white male elites, her shrewd business management and her demurring yet assertive challenge to the British prince.27 Barbados historian Pedro Welch examined Rachael Polgreen's emergence as a property owner, using the St Michael Levy Books from 1779, to describe the economic possibilities available to enslaved and freed women in town.28 For Welch, Polgreen exemplified resistance. Based on the logic of capitalism, he contends that hoteliers' property ownership 'managed [to] challenge the economic hegemony of whites'. Welch also argues 'that even where alternatives might have existed some slave and free coloured women either prostituted themselves or provided prostitution services for the financial and status gains which derived from such activities'.29\n\nWhile contemporary historians of Barbados have rightly characterised Polgreen as part of a 'coloured elite' who owned property \u2013 including slaves \u2013 and were able to maintain a standard of living comparable to their white counterparts, they do not deal critically with the ways in which 'discourses of seduction obfuscate the reality of violation'.30 By this, I mean to problematise how studies of slavery might too easily equate black female agency with sexuality. Discussions of black women, free or enslaved, using white men as an avenue to freedom often erase the reality of coercion, violence and the complicated positions black women were forced to inhabit in this system of domination. It would seem, based on the current scholarship, that women of colour wielded an inordinate amount of power in these sexual encounters. What is at stake in these interpretations is teasing out how discourses of 'resistance', 'sexual power' and 'will' shape our understanding of female slavery. How is will, as Hartman asks, 'an overextended approximation of the agency of the dispossessed subject\/object of property or perhaps simply unrecognizable in a context in which agency and intentionality are inseparable from the threat of punishment?' What kind of power is gained from the systematic sexual violation of other women? What does this reveal about slavery's system of domination, and Rachael Polgreen's role within it?\n\nMichel-Rolph Trouillot writes of historical power, arguing that history represents both the past (facts and archival materials) and the story told about the past (narrative).31 Polgreen's archival remains and the histories written about her clearly represent this interaction between the processes of historical production and demonstrate her limited power in self-representation (epitomised by her status as a woman of colour, her illiteracy, her former enslavement and engagement in the sex trade), as well as how authors of her subsequent narratives represented her agency through her material success. Throughout her life and afterlife, she served the agendas of divergent political discourses: she was used in the nineteenth century as a motif to remind white society that black women's sexuality must be contained; later, for the postcolonial Barbados elite, she exemplified loyalty to Britain, accommodation and peaceful negotiation.32\n\nWhat documents and processes, then, informed the making of archival records that fashion 'truths' about her experiences? What does it mean that discourses of commodity (that is, her material accumulations) constitute the most accepted sources of Polgreen's significance? In other words, Polgreen's inner self \u2013 her fears and confidences \u2013 remain difficult to retrieve using documents which were produced within a slave society limited by capitalist and elite perspectives.33 A critical re-engagement with the sources elucidates the complexities and contradictions she embodied.\n\nAlthough no existing birth record survives, historians contend that Rachael Polgreen was born Rachael Lauder sometime around 1753.34 Her burial was recorded on 23 July 1791 at the Parish Church of St Michael.35 At her death, her estate was worth 'Two Thousand nine hundred & thirty Six pounds nine Shillings four pence half penny', an amount comparable to a moderately wealthy white person living at the same time.36 According to her inventory, along with ample material wealth in the form of houses, furniture and household sundries, Polgreen owned thirty-eight enslaved people: fifteen men and boys, and twenty-three women and girls.37 In her will, Polgreen freed a Negro woman named Joanna, bequeathing to her an enslaved Negro woman named Amber. Joanna was also given her own son Richard, who was still enslaved. Polgreen also freed a 'mulatto' woman named Princess and four 'mulatto' children (not listed in familial relation to any 'parents'). Polgreen ordered that the rest of her estate \u2013 including William, Dickey, Rachael, Teresa, Dido Beckey, Pickett, Jack Thomas, Betsey, Cesar, a boy named Peter and nineteen other enslaved people \u2013 was to be divided among William Firebrace and his female relatives, William Stevens and Captain Thomas Pringle, all white people with whom she had social ties. The bequest (the enslaved as property) was to them and 'their heirs forever'.38\n\nThe above information survives precisely because of the value placed upon property. Thus, produced through her materiality, Polgreen's archival visibility relies upon the logic of white colonial patriarchal and capitalist functions, reproducing the terms of the system of enslavement. Her burial in the Anglican churchyard of Saint Michael's parish did not, as a triumphant narrative might argue, exemplify transcendence over racial and gendered systems of domination, but rather illustrates the power of her social connections, without which permission for a church burial would not have been granted. We may speculate on the limited degrees of her integration into the white Anglican religious community of Bridgetown, given her profession as a brothel owner. We can also surmise that Polgreen's participation in the sociality of slave ownership and the general acceptance of her economic position by the white community granted her unusual power.\n\nBeyond her will and estate inventory, a lithograph produced by the British artist Thomas Rowlandson and printed in 1796 is another remarkable surviving document (Figure 1).39 This image depicts a large and dark-skinned Rachael Polgreen seated in front of a house purported to be her 'hotel'. Her breasts are revealed through a low-cut dress as she sits open-legged and bejewelled. In the background of the lithograph are three other figures, a young woman and two white men. The young woman is pictured similarly dressed. Her bodice is cut lower, however, than that worn by the seated Polgreen. She stares, almost sullen-faced, at a large white man appearing to the rear of the picture in a tattered jacket and hat.40 Observing the young woman from the right side of the picture is a younger white man wearing a British military uniform. He is a partial figure, shown in profile only. A sign posted behind Polgreen reads: 'Pawpaw Sweetmeats & Pickles of all Sorts by Rachel PP'.41\n\nFigure 1 Illustration by Thomas Rowlandson, published by William Holland (London, 1796), from the collection of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society.\n\nIn 1958, an anonymous editorial preceded the first 'scholarly' article about Polgreen in the Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. The editorial read the image as a narrative about her life, contending that 'a gifted [caricaturist] such as Rowlandson would not... have placed as a background to the central figure of Polgreen in her later and prosperous years characters such as \"a tall girl in a white frock\", etc. and an officer looking through a window, which had no relation to her or to her career'.42 In the writer's view, the figures in the background represent a young Polgreen, averting the repulsive advances of her master\/father. The young military man represents her 'saviour', Captain Pringle, the man who is credited with granting her freedom. Corresponding with the most pervasive narrative about her life, Polgreen is said to have taken the name Pringle after Captain Pringle who allegedly purchased her from her father\/master William Lauder (d.1771). After settling Polgreen in a house in Bridgetown, Captain Pringle left the island to pursue his military career and in his absence, Rachael Pringle took the name of Polgreen.43\n\nThe editorial does not, however, read into the explicit sexual tone of the sign posted above Polgreen. 'Pawpaw Sweetmeats & Pickles of all Sorts' advertised more than the culinary items available for purchase. Free(d) and enslaved women in towns played a significant if not dominant role in the informal market economy, selling a variety of ground provisions to locals and incoming ships, and the sign above Polgreen clearly situates her within a well-established market system. She can easily assume the part of a market woman seated outside her 'shop'.44 However, the artist's phallic references on the sign also allude to the sexual services offered inside. The language of the consumption of 'Sweetmeats & Pickles' worked to both mask and advertise the sexually overt activities within the tavern. At the same time, the image reinforces the positionality of enslaved black women as sexually available, consenting, consumable and disposable. Many of Rowlandson's works depict London and maritime scenes, filled with sexual references.45 These include sailors and prostitutes in various sexual acts and stages of undress. It may not be surprising then, to find him dedicating an entire collection to what was then described as 'erotic' art.46 Rowlandson's caricature of Rachael Polgreen depicts an extravagant woman of colour in various stages of her life. In one frame, Polgreen is racialised, discursively and visually sexualised starting from her younger lighter self to an older, darker, larger self seated in the foreground. This visual production represents Polgreen's race, gender and sexuality and a complete narrative of her life story as the artist imagined her.\n\nThe material fragments of Polgreen's existence evident in her will, inventory and this visual depiction exemplify Trouillot's concept of archival power.47 Operating on two levels, archival power is present in influencing what is possible to know or not to know about her life. In the first instance, power is present in the making of the archival fragments during her particular historical moment. Her will, recorded by a white male contemporary, leaves evidence only of what was valued in Polgreen's time \u2013 the material worth of her assets in property. She left no diary or self-produced records.48 Second, illustrated by the lithographic representation, Polgreen's image and life history were imagined by a British man whose own socio-economic and racial reality limited and informed what he produced about a woman of African descent.\n\nIn 1842, nearly fifty-one years after Polgreen's death, Creoleana, or Social and Domestic Scenes and Incidents in Barbados in the Days of Yore by J. W. Orderson was published in London. Orderson was born in Barbados in 1767 and grew up in Bridgetown. His father, John Orderson, owned the Barbados Mercury (a local newspaper) and J. W. became its sole proprietor in 1795.49 Thus, he would have been a teenager when many of the events he included in Creoleana occurred, although he wrote about them when he was seventy-five years old. It was likely, as evidenced in numerous newspaper advertisements Polgreen made in his paper, that J. W. Orderson knew Polgreen.50\n\nIt is important to read Creoleana as a 'sentimental' novel of its time, for the historical context and the literary conventions within which the novel was written are as pertinent as Orderson's characterisation of Polgreen. The novel was, as Newton suggests, both 'a revision of slavery and a moral reformist tale to guide behaviour in postemancipation society'.51 Slavery and apprenticeship had officially been abolished in the British-colonised Caribbean by 1838, only four years prior to its publication. Orderson was clear about his nostalgia for a time in which the enslaved were 'happier' in their bondage than in freedom.52 Melanie Newton's critical reading of the novel enables an entr\u00e9e into the consequences of Polgreen's historical (re)production:\n\nIn the postslavery era, as had been the case during slavery, stereotyped and sexualized representations of women of colour, especially the 'mulatto' woman, often served as the means through which white reactionaries expressed both antiblack sentiment and fear of racial 'amalgamation'.53\n\nAcknowledging the pro-slavery project constituent to such representations raises questions about how to use a text like Creoleana as a primary source for Polgreen's historical 'reality'. This is not to dismiss completely the novel's potential to historically inform, but rather to offer insight into its distorting representations of Polgreen. At the moment when the British and North American anti-slavery movements were storming across the Atlantic and into the Caribbean, Orderson articulated his pro-slavery beliefs while condemning the 'perversion' of inter-racial sex.54 In a pamphlet published in 1816, Orderson responded to British parliamentary debates concerning the illicit international trade in Africans and gradual abolition of slavery in their colonies, but his remarks centre specifically on the growth of the free population of colour in Bridgetown. Using less symbolic language than that of the novel to describe his abhorrence of inter-racial sex and unions, Orderson explicitly expressed his opinions guided by his own 'moral' ideologies. Beyond even his disapprobation for the public display of inter-racial coupling between military men and women of colour, he remarks upon his belief in the moral decline of white society through 'licentious intercourse' with women of colour:\n\nI would, however, clearly be understood as deprecating in the highest degree every attempt to introduce such connections between [free women of colour] and the white inhabitants; for here, I own, the West India prejudice is sufficiently implanted in my mind to render such a connection, not only repugnant to my feelings, but contrary to my ideas of morals, religion and polity.55\n\nIt was precisely Orderson's disapproval of inter-racial sexual and social relations that led, ironically, to his contention that free(d) people of colour should be awarded rights in Barbados society. He argued that if they were given social and economic rights, removing the incentive for material rewards with white men, women of colour would return to seeking legitimate relationships among their own. More importantly, his discourses served to silence any coercion on the part of the white men he accused of moral decline. Orderson essentially silenced the women of colour sexually coerced by white men and erased even the possibility of their violations. At issue here then is illuminating Orderson's investment in pro-slavery and 'antiblack' discourses and their consequences that can be read in his representations of women of colour in his fiction. Furthermore, our own reproductions of Polgreen's historical experiences from his texts must be critically situated.\n\nThe novel Creoleana centres on the lives of two white characters, Jack Goldacre and Caroline Fairfield. A shadow character of Caroline's is a young 'mulatto' girl named Lucy, whose tragic death results from her 'voluntary' sexual encounter with an Irishman. Lucy's story remains encapsulated in an oft-reproduced trope of the virtuous white woman and the 'tragic mulatta' (read as illicit inter-racial sex, immorality and death). Though Rachael Polgreen is not a main character of the novel, Orderson includes a brief life-sketch of her bondage, abuse, humiliation, redemption and triumph. '\"Miss Rachael\" [was] the daughter and slave of the notorious William Lauder, a Scotch schoolmaster and an African woman he owned'.56 Orderson described how Polgreen was frequently abused by her owner\/father, a result of her physical 'charms that touched not the heart, but awakened the libidinous desires'.57 The author imagined Lauder's many 'unsuccessful attempts on her chastity' and recounted his resort to public punishment by the town 'jumper' for her disobedience.58\n\nIt is necessary here to interrogate the possibilities of what Lauder's sexually violent relationship to his 'daughter' exposes, as well the absence of previous scholarly attention to these incidents. What does the narrative of incest reveal about the author of Polgreen's 'history', the depths of her subjection and the erasure of her African mother? What of the liminal place in which her incestuous experiences remain, encapsulated within a novel (and perhaps Rowlandson's lithograph) but consequently outside of historical 'reality'? What also is at stake when the representations of such violent acts continue to elude the historian's critical gaze? Orderson regards the act of incest upon one's family member as the point at which the brutal nature of slavery is illuminated:\n\nLauder's conduct to his offspring, is a damning proof how debasing to the human mind is the power given us over our fellow creatures by holding them in bondage! The ties of consanguinity were all merged in the authority of the master, and he saw but the slave in his own daughter!59\n\nThe legal parameters of slavery and the violence which protected its existence severed the ties of 'family' for the enslaved.60 Elucidating a complicated formulation, literary scholar Hortense Spillers touches upon the nature of female enslavement, sexual violation and the disruption of the 'family' in slavery. The act of incest relies on a recognisable and legal biological bond that the laws and logic of slavery make impossible. The role and relationship of the 'father' to the 'daughter', in this instance Lauder to Polgreen, are confused and denied here. Essentially, incest performed or threatened in a system of slavery with 'its imposed abeyance of order and degree' cannot really exist. Or, as Spillers contends, this moment can speak for or illuminate the extant 'losses' of family and 'confusions' of the status of the enslaved person as both object and subject \u2013 person and property.61 Polgreen was at once non-human, daughter, woman, chattel and sexual object. Ultimately, it is only through the revelation of her abuses and the desecration of her body in a 'sentimental novel' that Polgreen's subjectivity is represented beyond her material accumulation in other archival fragments. Thus, the act of incest provokes recognition of Polgreen's humanity that is at the same instant destabilised by the laws of slavery.62\n\nImmediately following Orderson's discussion of incest, his sensational account of Polgreen's whipping implicitly sexualised her body, connecting it to her rescue by a white seaman:\n\nShe was already 'tucked up', in the indecorous manner of those days, and the brutal hand of the mercenary whipper, armed with the fatal 'cowskin', stretched forth to lay on the unpitying merciless lash, when a British tar! A gallant seaman rushed on the relentless executioner, seized the whip from his grasp, and rescuing his panting victim, carried her off in triumph amidst the cheers of a thronging multitude!63\n\nOrderson ends Polgreen's story with the visit of Britain's Prince William Henry to the island in 1789.64 As Barbadians celebrated the prince's presence by illuminating the town with lights, he used Polgreen's hotel as his on-land base from which to make his rounds dining with various planters and merchants. During his visit, the prince led a regiment on a drunken rampage through Polgreen's hotel, destroying nearly all of her property by 'breaking the furniture, &c., the very beds [were] cut up, and their contents emptied into the street, and the whole neighbourhood strewed with feathers'.65 As a final act, epitomising the pinnacle of patriarchal colonial power, 'he bid [Polgreen] 'good night', and to crown his sport, upset her and chair together, leaving her unwieldy body sprawling in the street, to the effable amusement of the laughing crowd'.66 Polgreen's narrative response, through Orderson's ventriloquism, leaves her in her place, 'calling out in her sweetest dulcet tones, \"Mas Prince! Mas Prince; you come ma-morning, to see wha' mischief you been do!\"'67 In closing, Orderson tells of Polgreen's industriousness, how she took immediate account of the damage to her property and sent a bill to the prince upon his departure of the island \u2013 'which was duly paid'.68 Not allowing the reader to remain long with her humiliation and abuse, Orderson's narrative forces Polgreen into an embodiment of triumph and guile. Through Creoleana, Orderson produced a distorted, disfigured and silenced Polgreen; creating an almost unchangeable snapshot of Polgreen's (imagined) intimacies by fixing her into a bounded frame of identity. For historians this novelistic representation has become the central understanding of her identity \u2013 its narrative power so pervasive as to inform most other historical representations of her life.69\n\nThe power of this novelistic representation has proven seductive, and several attempts have been made to historicise Polgreen's encounter with the prince. An editorial published in the Barbadian (1842) acknowledging the publication of Creoleana provided circumstantial evidence to support the novel's depiction of events. Yet, the editorial powerfully (re)fixed Polgreen's bodily image within the text of the newspaper and into the nineteenth century:70\n\nMany of the scenes [Orderson] has remarked we have a distant recollection of. We well remember the wild frolics and pranks of Prince William Henry [who] probably little thought that one of the Barbadians would, at this distant period of 55 years, amuse the world with his mischievous tricks at old Rachael Lauder's alias Rachael Pringle. We perfectly recollect this immense mass of flesh (she was nearly as big as a sugar hogshead) walking with the Prince, actually leaning on the Royal Arm, and accompanied by other Naval Officers, and a host of mulatto women.71\n\nHere Polgreen's archive is reproduced through an anonymous editorial. Referred to as 'an immense mass of flesh' Polgreen's post-mortem dehumanisation becomes her mytho-history and the despicable captivation she inspired in Barbadian lore implacably passes through time. Transparently despised in this moment of recollection, 'actually leaning on the Royal Arm', the author of this editorial degrades the memory of Polgreen. He shifts our understanding away from Orderson's victim-to-trickster representation to a Polgreen whose arrogance and audacity violated nineteenth-century mores.72 Aghast at the possibility that a woman of colour would take such liberties with royalty, the editorial discursively caricatures Polgreen and implicitly disempowers her role in relation to such a figure as a late king. Moreover, in this nineteenth-century moment, Polgreen's body is aged and reduced to mere flesh, 'as big as a sugar hogshead' refiguring the terms of her commodified captivity \u2013 literally and symbolically. Reduced to an object of commerce, the editorial deconstructs Orderson's representation of Polgreen as embattled yet empowered.\n\nPerhaps unsettling Orderson's novel as mere fiction, another important trace of Polgreen is revealed in an advertisement she had placed in the Barbados Gazette 31 January \u2013 4 February 1789:\n\nLost by subscriber, a small filigree waiter, scalloped round the edge, and bordered with a vignette, seven silver table spoons, seven tea-spoons; marked S.B. in a cipher, also two dessert spoons marked R.P. in a cipher. Whoever had found the same, and will deliver them to her or the printer of this paper, shall receive FOUR MOIDORES reward, or, in proportion part. Silver-Smiths and others are requested to stop the above articles if offered for sale.\n\nRACHAEL-PRINGLE POLGREEN73\n\nThis archival fragment coincides with Prince Henry's 1789 visit and according to Barbados historian Neville Connell, may represent the 'contents emptied into the street', during the prince's violent sweep through the hotel.74 Upon closer scrutiny, Polgreen's advertisement troubles a triumphant narrative of compensation from the prince. Merely being compensated for damage did not, it would seem, completely satisfy Polgreen's sentimental attachment to certain items. Furthermore, her call to the public for assistance in recovering these items illustrates that the significant impact of the damage, humiliation and theft lingered beyond the alleged payment.\n\n* * *\n\nTracing the manner in which Polgreen enters the historical record and accounting for the power with which her story is reproduced allows us to understand the productive nature of history \u2013 and illuminates what is silenced in the process. The following archival pieces were created in the midst of the trans-Atlantic abolition movement, while debates over ending the slave trade raged in the chambers of the British parliament. Historians have noted that 'abolitionist literature frequently contained gruesome depictions of drunkenness and acts of cruelty, especially rape and flogging, being committed against slaves, usually by white men'.75\n\nAlthough the following fragment cannot necessarily be characterised as abolitionist propaganda, it does reveal the dynamics of intra-racial and intra-gendered power.76 In an interview between a British military officer named Captain Cook and members of the Privy Council in 1791, a harrowing image of Polgreen appears. It reads:\n\n[Captain Cook, of the 89th Regiment of Foot, called in; and examined]\n\nWere you ever in the West Indies?\n\nYes.\n\nWhen, and in what islands?\n\nIn the years 1780 and 1781, in Barbados, St Lucia, St Christopher's &c.\n\nDid the Negro Slaves in general appear to you to be treated with mildness or severity?\n\nIn the towns I thought with very great severity.\n\nDo any particular instances occur to you of [slaves] being treated with severity?\n\nMany; one was an instance of a female Slave belonging to a woman named Rachael La[u]der, who I saw beat in a most unmerciful manner; She beat her about the head with the heel of her shoe, till it was almost all of a jelly; she then threw her down with great force on a child's seat of a necessary, and there attempted to stamp her head through the hole; she would have murdered her had she not been prevented by the interposition of two officers. [The girl's] crime was, not bringing money enough from aboard ship, where she was sent by her mistress for the purpose of prostitution.77\n\nThe system of slavery in which Polgreen operated provided her the power to enact violence upon the bodies of those she enslaved. Yet this incident described by a British officer reveals both Polgreen's power and the limits of her power. It is not known whether she was indicted upon the beating of this enslaved woman, but the toleration of 'prostitution' within the city and her position as a slave owner supports the assumption that she held a form of power over her slaves similar to white slave-owners. From the details Captain Cook provides about a 'child's seat of a necessary [toilet]', and the fact that two other military 'officers' \u2013 not the town's constable \u2013 intervened, it is possible that this violent scene occurred inside Polgreen's hotel. The officers, like Captain Cook (probably patrons of the brothel), were struck by the extreme violence perpetuated by Polgreen against this unnamed woman and were eager to recount this story.\n\nIn a gesture towards an alternative image of Polgreen's constructed history, we might also ask if this fragment draws us nearer to the otherwise invisible women she owned and the nature of their sexual labour tragically encapsulated by the 'libidinal investment in violence' characterising so much of slavery's archives.78 For the woman beaten by Rachael Polgreen, the labour demanded by her enslavement would have required her to find transportation (most likely by rowing boat) to the unknown lawless space of the ship in harbour, in order to secure a willing white patron who would pay for sexual acts.79 Not satisfying the patron could result in returning to her owner without the expected compensation. Moreover, due to her enslaved status, this beaten woman could never guarantee payment for her services in such a society. There were no laws to protect even Polgreen's expectation of profit.\n\nThe intensity of the beating also suggests a passion that went beyond the recovering of money, a willingness to murder a woman whose productive value she relied upon. Generally, violence against one's own property was not punishable by law, but Polgreen maintained her economic interests outside the law which did not support her status as 'citizen'. Due to her own liminality, Polgreen perpetuated her own discipline: she was her own overseer, labour negotiator and a slave master. At further inquiry, this incident also reveals the nature of Polgreen's agency: that which depended upon the subjugation of others. What does this scene expose about the very nature of this slavery? What does it mean that the beaten woman's labour required daily access to her sexualised body? What are the configurations of her labour \u2013 her enslavement? How can we make careful distinctions between the 'jobbing' slaves in town who scrambled for windows of autonomy in an urban landscape and women forced into selling their bodies only for the material gain of their owners? Through the enslaved women she owned, Polgreen amassed a small fortune. Her 'production of pleasure' for the sailors and military men she entertained, as well as the sexual labour she demanded from her slaves, hint at the many layers of her agency. The women she owned were forced into an 'economy of enjoyment' that they did not control. The performative nature of such an economy \u2013 'pleasurable' sexual service \u2013 must be carefully interrogated.\n\nIf we consider the brothel as a microcosm of racial and gendered social relations of eighteenth-century Barbados, we might understand it as a site where varying degrees of power are played out. Polgreen inhabited a liminal space within broader Bridgetown society. Though free, she was a woman of colour whose racial, gendered and sexual markers confined her to a particular economic function. She could have never inhabited the role of 'wife' as did white women of her time, and she sustained a vulnerability to white society's legal and social regulation and control of black bodies. Through her will, we understand she made connections with elite white males and their families. She also acquired the means to survive at a higher economic level than many of her free peers. This too depended upon her buying into a system of slavery from which she was not far removed. Within her brothel then, racial and gendered meaning (that is, hierarchies based on race and gender) sustained her liminal place within Bridgetown while further subjugating the women and men she owned.\n\nHenri Lefebvre argues that 'the city and the urban cannot be understood without institutions springing from relations of class and property'.80 Thus, the brothel cannot be imagined as a space where enslaved women were empowered by the mode of (sexual) production. Imagining the space in this way extricates both the site of the brothel and the women who laboured therein from the social and racial hierarchies that made the brothel possible in the first place. These relations between enslaved sexual labourers and their patrons depended upon hierarchical racial and gendered codes that placed enslaved women in subjugation and rendered them lascivious, sexually deviant and whorish. Moreover 'sexual intercourse, regardless of whether it is coerced or consensual, comes to describe the arrangements, however violent, between men and enslaved women'.81 And in the historical literature, sexual intercourse becomes the means by which enslaved women are ascribed power.82\n\nThe trans-Atlantic context of prostitution illuminates the expectation of the men who employed enslaved and free women in sexual services. By the late eighteenth century, prostitution was widespread in British port cities such as London and Liverpool.83 The sailors and military men sailing to the West Indies carried expectations of paid sexual services from experiences with prostitutes in such British cities. Most of the women who worked as prostitutes in London were lower-class white women. They too performed pleasure to the expectations of their patrons. Central to my argument is to elucidate the strikingly different nature of enslaved prostitution in the case of women, whose racial, gendered and non-class status kept them in a particularly subaltern position. These acts thus reproduced not an equal relation of power, but rather that of owner and owned; patriarch and submissive female. Put another way, the men who purchased sex from Polgreen's enslaved women purchased the illusion of consent \u2013 an imaginary erotic of mutuality that was performed in spite of their enslavement and powerlessness. In essence, enslaved women forced to prostitute for the pleasure of white males (re)produced degrading and violating racialised inequality. For the enslaved black women forced to labour in this particular manner, their 'personal desire or erotic interests' could not exist.84 Such labour forced enslaved women to serve the desires of the paying male without compensation and without a guaranteed avenue to 'freedom'. It is precisely due to the type of labour extracted from an enslaved female body that denies the possibility of pain or pleasure, rape and violence. I argue therefore that we cannot collapse this particular form of sexualised labour into definitions of 'prostitution'. Even as we search for 'in-between' categories inhabiting space between rape and consent, we are in effect re-inscribing the very terms which fundamentally fail to account for the sexual experiences of these enslaved women. Therefore, we must be critical when ascribing agency to enslaved women in these contexts.\n\nWe clearly see through this meditation how silences in the archive of women of colour in slave societies bury narratives of the most subaltern. Overshadowed by Polgreen's meta-narrative of material success, nearly all of the women owned by Polgreen disappear as quickly as they are mentioned in her will. However, this article presents new research from late eighteenth- century deeds that enable a fuller revision of Polgreen's narrative by shifting the focus to a woman she owned. As previously stated, in her will Polgreen requested that four women be freed upon her death. One of the women, Joanna (who was given her own son still enslaved, and also a woman named Amber) appears in succession several times in the register of deeds for this period. There are many aspects of Joanna's and Amber's lives we will never know. Indeed, Amber disappears completely from the historical record. These fleeting glimpses from an historical aperture that closes too fast make it nearly impossible to string together events in a neat narrative. Nevertheless, the information in these documents and the time frame of their production allude to Joanna Polgreen's destitute circumstances in 'freedom', her complicated labour negotiation and relationship with her former owner, the role of the military in the support and perpetuation of brothel culture, and the vulnerability of free people of colour to white legal and economic power.\n\nOn 20 July 1793, two years after Rachael Polgreen's death, Captain Henry Carter (mariner) and William Willoughby (gentleman) gave a deposition affirming that in 1779 or 1780,\n\nthey knew a certain Negro or Mulatto Slave named Joanna who had been the property of Rachael Pringle Polgreen & by her Sold or conveyed to one Joseph Haycock who was a Servant to General Ackland or Soldier in the Regiment... And that the Said Joseph Haycock did manumit and set free by Deed of Manumission the Said Joanna now known by the name of Joanna Polgreen.85\n\nThe purpose of this deposition by Carter and Willoughby was to act as witnesses to Joanna's freedom as, 'they have heard & been told by the Said Joanna Polgreen that it is alleged that her manumission was lost in the Hurrycane' of October 1780, and so 'at her particular request the Deponents came forward to prove and maintain the freedom of the Said Joanna Polgreen'.86\n\nAt first glance, this deposition appears to support the narrative of enslaved women and their 'room to manoeuvre' towards freedom in an urban slave society.87 Consistent with the literature on the military in Barbados and the sexual uses to which enslaved women were subjected, Maycock probably met Joanna in Polgreen's brothel and arranged for her purchase. Joanna's agency here might be easily linked with her ability to achieve her freedom through her sexual interactions with white men. However, another deed recorded earlier complicates what 'freedom' actually meant for many black women and reveals the cost of their survival in this slave society. On 3 December 1783, three years after her freedom was 'secured', Joanna set her mark of X to a deed asking Rachael Polgreen to legally and formally honour a contract of indenture while supplying Joanna with food, drink and clothing:\n\nI the underwritten do by these Presents Bind myself in the Capacity of an apprentice for and during the term of Twelve years from the date hereof unto Mrs. Rachael Pringle Polgreen... to be in her Service and Direction... And the Said Rachael Pringle Polgreen do by these presents for the respect She bears [Joanna] do hereby agree for her better maintenance to find her Victual, and Drink & [a] couple Suits of Decent apparel for her.88\n\nBased on this evidence, we must assume that if Maycock did in fact free Joanna he apparently did not provide for her maintenance. Joanna must not have been able to survive on her own. The dates of these documents and the time frame of their production allude to Joanna's destitute circumstances in 'freedom', forced to commit herself back into an unusually long (twelve-year) indenture binding her again to Polgreen.89 We can speculate that Joanna's use of this legal avenue stemmed from a mistrust of Polgreen's verbal promises. The language ('for the respect she bears for her') appealed to Polgreen's conscience to honour Joanna's request for material support. That it was necessary to ask for clothing and food forces us to consider whether Polgreen adequately provided for her slaves. It is curious too, that Joanna took Polgreen's last name, perhaps to establish her status as a free black woman. However, Joanna Polgreen's short-lived 'freedom' (1779\/1780 to 1783) and her 'voluntary' indenture challenges narratives of success and privileges afforded to free(d) women of colour in the urban context.\n\nIn his short biography of Rachael Polgreen, historian Jerome Handler described Joanna's relationship to Polgreen in the following terms: 'two other slaves [Richard and Amber] were bequeathed to a slave woman [Joannah] who won her freedom under the terms of Rachael's will'.90 But these additional sources show that Joanna's freedom was not so easily 'won' or retained. What then, did 'freedom' mean in such a society? Joanna sought to indenture herself in 1783 for the period of twelve years. Polgreen died before the end of Joanna's contract and in her will freed 'my Negro Woman Joanna' with no language clarifying the nature of Joanna's status. Was she to be freed from contract or from slavery? Perhaps, even more troubling, Joanna sought to substantiate her freedom based on circumstances outside of Polgreen's will \u2013 from her manumission by Joseph Maycock c.1780. Had she been freed in Polgreen's will there would have been no need for Joanna to elicit the testimony of two white men in an effort to prove her free status \u2013 this status of freedom, always ever under suspicion and under the threat of being stolen. If the executors of Rachael Polgreen's will had in fact performed her bequests, then Joanna would have been freed in 1791 thereby terminating the labour contract she had negotiated in 1783.91\n\nGiven Joanna's complicated legal entanglements, I ask us to re-examine what it means to valorise Polgreen's 'successes' in the face of the violence she may have endured herself in slavery and certainly the violence she may have perpetuated. Planters, merchants, white elites and the British colonial government created a system of economic development which set the terms of success in Barbados: slave ownership and material accumulation based on white supremacy and the bodily exploitation of 'other(ed) humans'. This system also depended upon the systematic sexual exploitation of enslaved women. The military complex, sustained by the Royal Navy, whose presence in the eighteenth-century West Indies protected British economic and political interests, was serviced by the informal sexual economy of enslaved prostitution.\n\nCentral to debates on 'enslaved agency' and resistance in contemporary scholarship on slavery are the ways in which agency has been gendered and sexualised concerning enslaved women and women of colour in slave societies and their sexual relations with white men.92 Moreover, even a feminist intervention on the definitions of agency might be revised if we focus specifically on Rachael Polgreen. Her status rested upon the axis of different types of power. First, the archive that produces her material life was created and sustained by white colonial power. This power is replicated in subsequent narratives of her lived 'experiences' in the secondary literature. In addition, the power attributed to Polgreen as slave holder and brothel keeper must be understood within the context of the processes (techniques, mechanisms and strategies) that enable a formerly enslaved woman to own other women of similar racialisation, and to coerce them into a sexual economy from which the benefits for them were not necessarily freedom and economic independence.93 It is not my intention to separate Polgreen from the system of racial and gendered domination within which she lived. Instead, I want to emphasise the particularities of that system that rendered her choices and the limits of her actions therein. A glance back at the system of slavery operating in eighteenth-century Bridgetown reveals the racial and gendered hierarchies in place (where white colonial power dominated and black women were placed at the bottom of the social hierarchy), and the implicit (white) societal desire for a sexual outlet for white men, both resident and transient. Polgreen's power and agency 'are not the residue of an undominated self that existed prior to the operations of power but are themselves the products of these operations'.94 In other words, Polgreen's economic and social power was produced by the system of slavery in place and was not harnessed by her in an effort to subvert that system.95\n\nThe scholarship of Rachael Polgreen centres on her success as a businesswoman. Certainly, she was an iconic figure whose life story has captivated historians' attention into the twenty-first century. Yet I would argue that understanding how she came by her 'success' is just as important as the unusual position she occupied in eighteenth-century Bridgetown \u2013 a quintessential slave society ruled by the commodification of black bodies. If the nature of her success depended on slave owning and the sexual labour she demanded from the women she enslaved, then those enslaved women's stories are also vital to understanding the nuances of gender and power in slave societies.\n\nIn this chapter, I argued that knowing more about Rachael Polgreen's relationships with women whose labour she owned changes the way we imagine Polgreen and also questions narratives of black women's 'success' within slave societies. But even more, I argue, unravelling Polgreen's seemingly unyielding story forces us to also reconsider how we produce histories of enslaved and free(d) women of colour in the Atlantic world using archives that significantly limit our efforts to access their lives. Their core experiences, shaped by sexual violence and impossible choices, are not necessarily fully elucidated by progressive notions of agency. Without discounting the imperative in historical scholarship since the 1960s to recover enslaved agency against attempts to render the enslaved as passive and utterly dominated, I ask us to consider now what other facets of enslaved lives can we discover beyond these heroic stories of resistance and survival. Agency cannot be examined outside the constraints of slavery's systematic mechanisms of domination. Joanna's desperate circumstances, read in tandem with Polgreen's 'success', make it difficult to write of Polgreen in isolation from her troubling power. Despite the effort to recover enslaved women from the 'archive's mortuary', those most disposable in their exchangeability and commodification \u2013 the thirty-seven other men, women and children owned by Polgreen at her death \u2013 remain confined by slavery's archive.\n\nNotes\n\nMany generous readers have provided valuable feedback on various iterations of this chapter. To name but a few I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers and Kristen Block, Tina Campt, Saidiya Hartman, Jennifer Morgan, Gunther Peck, Patricia Penn Hilden, Kennetta Perry, Suzanna Reiss, Jennifer Spear, Ula Taylor and my colleagues at the Charles Warren Centre for Studies in American History at Harvard University. The CWC fellowship and support from the departments of women's and gender studies and history at Rutgers provided the resources to complete this chapter.\n\n1. Saidiya Hartman, 'Venus in Two Acts', Small Axe 26 (2008), pp. 1\u201314, here p. 5.\n\n2. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), p. 25.\n\n3. I take the term 'exorbitant circumstances' from Hartman, 'Venus in Two Acts', p. 2, where she describes how the invisibility of enslaved women in the archive is sometimes disrupted by 'an act of chance or disaster'. For the literary representation of Polgreen, see J. W. Orderson, Creoleana: Or, Social and Domestic Scenes and Incidents in Barbados in the Days of Yore and The Fair Barbadian and Faithful Black, ed. John Gilmore (1842; Oxford: Macmillan, 2002). See also Melanie J. Newton, The Children of Africa in the Colonies: Free People of Colour in Barbados in the Age of Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), pp. 258\u201362. I employ the term free(d) here and throughout the chapter to refer to the status of people of colour like Polgreen who became free through manumission, in an effort to encompass the varied possibilities of 'status' in Bridgetown's slave society.\n\n4. See Orderson, Creoleana. See also Jerome S. Handler, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Roger Norman Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies: Society and the Military in the Revolutionary Age (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998); Hilary Beckles, Centering Woman: Gender Discourses in Caribbean Slave Society (Kingston: Ian Randle, 1999); Pedro Welch and Richard Goodridge, 'Red' & Black Over White: Free Coloured Women in Pre-Emancipation Barbados (Bridgetown: Carib Research and Publications, 2000); Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies; Pedro Welch, Slave Society in the City: Bridgetown, Barbados 1680\u20131834 (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2003).\n\n5. See Handler, Unappropriated People; Buckley, British Army in the West Indies; Beckles, Centering Woman; Welch and Goodridge, 'Red' & Black Over White; Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies; Welch, Slave Society in the City.\n\n6. Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, p. 61.\n\n7. Free(d) and enslaved women's predominant participation as 'hucksters' in the produce and commodity informal markets in town exemplified the alternative to prostitution. See Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies.\n\n8. See Hilary Beckles, 'White Women and Slavery in the Caribbean', History Workshop Journal 36 (1993), pp. 66\u201382.\n\n9. Beckles, Natural Rebels: A Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989) pp. 143\u20134.\n\n10. Gayatri Spivak, 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in Lawrence Grossberg and Carl Nelson (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 271\u2013315.\n\n11. Buckley, British Army in the West Indies, p. 165.\n\n12. Hartman, 'Venus in Two Acts', p. 6.\n\n13. Handler, Unappropriated People, p. 8.\n\n14. See Beckles, Centering Woman; Richard Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the British West Indies (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972); Handler, Unappropriated People; Welch, Slave Society in the City.\n\n15. Handler, Unappropriated People, pp. 18\u201319.\n\n16. Handler, Unappropriated People, pp. 15\u201328; Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, pp. 27\u20138.\n\n17. For the original iteration of this narrative, see Orderson, Creoleana, p. 76.\n\n18. Beckles, Natural Rebels, p. 9. See also Jennifer Morgan, Labouring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).\n\n19. Beckles, Natural Rebels, pp. 14\u201315.\n\n20. Beckles, 'White Women and Slavery in the Caribbean', pp. 69\u201370.\n\n21. See Hilary Beckles, Natural Rebels; Barbara Bush, Slave Women in Caribbean Slave Society 1650\u20131838 (Kingston: Heinemann, 1990). Deborah Gray White's text, Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), pioneered in the effort to document the experiences of enslaved women in the antebellum US and Jennifer Morgan made an important link between reproduction and slavery in Labouring Women.\n\n22. Handler, Unappropriated People; Jerome Handler, 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen: Petty Entrepreneurs', in David Sweet and Gary Nash (eds), Struggle and Survival in Colonial America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 376\u201392.\n\n23. Handler, Unappropriated People, p. 134.\n\n24. Handler, 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen', p. 383.\n\n25. Handler, 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen', pp. 134\u20135.\n\n26. See e.g., Beckles, Centering Woman; Welch, Slave Society in the City; Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies.\n\n27. See Orderson, Creoleana; Sir Algernon Aspinall, 'Rachel Pringle of Barbados', Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society (JBMHS) 9\/3 (1942), pp. 112\u201319; Joel Augustus Rogers, Sex and Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing in All Ages and All Lands (New York: J. A. Rodgers, 1944); Neville Connell, 'Prince William Henry's Visits to Barbados in 1786 & 1787', JBMHS 25 (1958), pp. 157\u201364; Handler, Unappropriated People; Karl S. Watson, 'The Civilised Island, Barbados a Social History, 1750\u20131816' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Florida, 1975); F. A. Hoyos, Barbados: A History from the Amerindians to Independence (London: Macmillan, 1978); Handler, 'Joseph Rachel and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen'; Hilary Beckles, Black Rebellion in Barbados: The Struggle Against Slavery, 1627\u20131838 (Bridgetown: Antilles Press,1984); Beckles, Natural Rebels; Warren Alleyne, Historic Bridgetown (St Michael: Barbados Government Information Service, 2003); Welch, Slave Society in the City. For contemporary visual depictions of Polgreen's sexuality, see the blog entry by Stuart Hahn, 'Rachel Pringle, The Notorious Barbados Madame', 2 February 2006, <<http:\/\/thebookmann.blogspot.com\/2006\/02\/rachel-pringle-notorious-barbadian.html>> on Richard Bolai's website 'Timeless-TheBookMan-Feinin, <<http:\/\/thebookmann.blogspot.com\/>> (accessed 19 February 2007). See also Cecily Jones, Engendering Whiteness: White Women and Colonialism in Barbados and North Carolina, 1627\u20131865 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007); Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies.\n\n28. Welch, Slave Society, p. 170.\n\n29. Welch, Slave Society, pp. 48, 89.\n\n30. See Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror and Self-Making in Nineteenth Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Darlene Clark Hine, 'Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance', in Beverly Guy-Sheftall (ed.), Words of Fire: An Anthology of African American Feminist Thought (New York: New Press, 1995), pp. 380\u201388.\n\n31. Trouillot, Silencing the Past, p. 29.\n\n32. I thank anonymous reviewer two for bringing this important historiographical point to my attention.\n\n33. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, p. 10.\n\n34. Handler, 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen', p. 383.\n\n35. Barbados Department of Archives (hereafter BDA), RL1\/5, Records of Baptisms and Burials, St Michael Parish Church, 23 July 1791, p. 538. William Lauder was her owner and her last name was presumably given by him.\n\n36. BDA, Estate Inventory of Rachael Pringle Polgreen, 13 August 1791. For a discussion of the monetary accumulation of free women of colour in Bridgetown, see Welch, Slave Society, pp. 166\u201381.\n\n37. This calculation is based solely on the Estate Inventory of Rachael Pringle Polgreen. Jerome Handler wrote in Unappropriated People that Polgreen owned nineteen slaves from his reading of Polgreen's will. In order to address this inconsistency, I used the inventory list as opposed to the more general language of Polgreen's will, wherein she refers to her unnamed enslaved people (those not explicitly freed) as 'All the Rest, Residue and Remainder of my Estate, real and personal, here or elsewhere'. BDA, RB6\/19, Will of Rachael Pringle Polgreen, 21 July 1791, pp. 435\u20136.\n\n38. BDA, RB6\/19, Will of Rachael Pringle Polgreen, pp. 435\u20136. In an attempt to track the manumissions of the women Polgreen requested be freed by her will, I traced manumission payments in the St Michael Parish Vestry Minutes from 1780 to 1788 and 1789 to 1805, BDA. Any slave holder wishing to manumit an enslaved person was to pay fifty pounds to the Church Vestry in the Parish which she\/he resided (this fee was raised to three hundred pounds in 1800 to discourage manumissions). I found no evidence that such manumission fees were paid for those Polgreen wished to free during the above-mentioned years. As J. W. Orderson explains, 'white men, who in general (it being often a stipulation with their favourite) purchase [enslaved women] of their owners, in many instances their own parent \u2013 and subsequently giving a certificate on the back of the deed of sale, annulling their right of property in the person of their favourite, in like manner give them a freedom not recognized by the laws'. New York Public Library (NYPL), J. W. Orderson, Cursory Remarks and Plain Facts Connected with the Question Produced by the Proposed Slave Registry Bill (London: Hatchard, Piccadilly, Hamilton, Paternoster Row and J. M. Richardson, 1816), p. 16.\n\n39. See Gilmore (ed.), 'Introduction' to Creoleana, p. viii; Handler, Unappropriated People, p. 135.\n\n40. Gilmore (ed.), 'Introduction' to Creoleana, pp. 1\u201318.\n\n41. Aspinall, 'Rachel Pringle of Barbados', p. 114.\n\n42. Editorial, 'Polgreen of Barbados', JBMHS 9\/3 (1942), p. 109.\n\n43. We know very little of how she acquired this name. In the historical works that write of Rachael Polgreen, none have ventured to find out Mr Polgreen's identity. For a summary sketch and unverifiable speculation of his life, see John Gilmore's notes to Creoleana, pp. 235\u20139. Additionally, a James Polgreen appears in the Bridgetown levy records in 1780 as the owner of several properties, but no clear linkage between he and Rachael Polgreen has been established. It is possible, however, that Rachael Polgreen forged a relationship with a Mr Polgreen similar to her 'relationship' with Captain Thomas Pringle.\n\n44. See Beckles, Natural Rebels, pp. 72\u201389; Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, pp. 34\u20135, 105\u20136. Similar to the experiences of free women of colour in the United States during slavery, free(d) Afro-Barbadian women faced stigmatism for their 'public' visibility. Due to racial and gendered stereotypes of their immorality stemming from their public roles as market women and tavern keepers, some Afro-Barbadian women sought to distance themselves from these images through philanthropic and religious work. I thank anonymous reviewer two for bringing this point to my attention.\n\n45. Thomas Rowlandson (1757\u20131827) was a half-French, half-British portrait, landscape and social-satirist painter of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. He was a contemporary of William Hogarth, whose work influenced many of Rowlandson's scenes of Georgian British life.\n\n46. Editorial, 'Polgreen of Barbados'.\n\n47. Trouillot, Silencing the Past, pp. 28\u20139.\n\n48. Polgreen signed her will with an 'X', indicating that she was probably illiterate.\n\n49. Gilmore, 'Introduction' to Creoleana, p. 3.\n\n50. Though Polgreen lacked literacy, she clearly understood the power of the written word. Over the course of three years, she placed at least three advertisements in the Barbados Gazette or the General Intellegencer. The first appeared in the 26\u201330 January 1788 edition advertising a lost gold ring. The next was for a raffle of 'paintings in oil' as well as her hosting a portrait taker named T. G. who offered accurate portraits to customers 'nothing required', 4\u20137 February 1788. Finally there was the advertisement of lost silverware, 31 January \u2013 4 February 1789, Bridgetown Public Library (BPL).\n\n51. Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, p. 259.\n\n52. See Orderson, Creoleana, pp. 91\u20132, describing the tale of a young African boy named Prince who in the service of a ship is given the chance to return to his kinsmen in 'Dahome'. Instead of accepting freedom, Prince returns to Barbados and enslavement proclaiming that, 'he liked the white people's ways, and their victuals and dress, and all that something in backara country, which he no have in he own'. See also Orderson, Cursory Remarks, pp. 9\u201310 wherein he contends that West Indian slavery exposed Africans to civilisation and skills with which they were better off than their counterparts who remained in Africa.\n\n53. Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, p. 259. See also pp. 259\u201362 wherein Newton critically engages the gendered and racial context and content of Orderson's Creoleana.\n\n54. See also Gilmore, 'Introduction' to Creoleana, p. 13.\n\n55. Orderson, Cursory Remarks, p. 22.\n\n56. Orderson, Cursory Remarks, p. 22.\n\n57. Orderson, Cursory Remarks, p. 22.\n\n58. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 76. The town 'jumper' referred specifically to a person who earned money by being hired to whip 'disobedient' slaves.\n\n59. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 76.\n\n60. Hortense Spillers, '\"The Permanent Obliquity of an In(Pha)llibly Straight\": In the Time of the Daughters and the Fathers', in Hortense Spillers, Black, White, and in Colour: Essays on American Literature and Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 230\u201350, here p. 249.\n\n61. Spillers, 'Permanent Obliquity', p. 249.\n\n62. See also Doris Garraway's discussion of incest and miscegenation in the eighteenth-century French Caribbean in Doris Lorraine Garraway, The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005) pp. 34, 278\u201381.\n\n63. Orderson, Creoleana, pp. 76\u20137.\n\n64. Orderson, Creoleana, pp. 76\u20138.\n\n65. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 78. See also Connell, 'Prince William Henry's Visits to Barbados'.\n\n66. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 79.\n\n67. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 79.\n\n68. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 79.\n\n69. See e.g., Handler, Unappropriated People; Welch, Slave Society.\n\n70. This editorial, found in the original 1842 issue of the Barbadian, was located with information gleaned from Connell, 'Prince William Henry's Visits to Barbados'.\n\n71. 'Editorial', 21 May 1842, Barbadian, BPL.\n\n72. Gilmore (ed.), 'Introduction', in Creoleana, p. 16.\n\n73. 'Advertisement by Rachael Pringle-Polgreen for a lost gold ring', in the Barbados Gazette, Or the General Intellegencer, Saturday 31 January \u2013 Wednesday 4 February 1789, BPL. This advertisement was also found with information from Connell's article.\n\n74. Orderson, Creoleana, p. 78; Connell, 'Prince William Henry's Visits to Barbados', p. 164.\n\n75. Newton, Children of Africa in the Colonies, p. 169.\n\n76. This testimony was gathered by the Privy Council of the British parliament on the slave trade and slavery in the colonies. House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Sheila Lambert, vol. 82 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1975).\n\n77. Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Lambert, vol. 82, p. 203. Throughout Polgreen's archive, she is referred to as Rachael Pringle, Rachael Pringle Polgreen, Mrs Pringle Polgreen (in one newspaper advertisement referring to her hotel) and Rachael Lauder. The fact of her multiple namings in various sources reflects perfectly the archival power to which Polgreen had little access.\n\n78. Hartman, 'Venus in Two Acts', p. 5.\n\n79. See BDA, Estate Inventory of Rachael Pringle Polgreen, 1791. Upon her death she also owned three boats.\n\n80. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 106. Emphasis in original.\n\n81. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, p. 85.\n\n82. See e.g., Jerome Handler, Unappropriated People; Buckley, British Army in the West Indies; Douglass Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica 1750\u201386 (Barbados: University of the West Indies Press, 1999); Trevor Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and his Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).\n\n83. See Tony Henderson, Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730\u20131830 (New York: Pearson, 1999).\n\n84. Julia O'Connell Davidson, 'The Rights and Wrongs of Prostitution', Hypatia 17\/2 (2002), pp. 84\u201398, here p. 86.\n\n85. BDA, RB3\/40, p. 442, Recopied Deed Record Books.\n\n86. BDA, RB3\/40, p. 442, Recopied Deed Record Books.\n\n87. See Welch, Slave Society in the City, p. 89.\n\n88. BDA, RB3\/40, p. 441, Recopied Deed Record Books.\n\n89. Typically indenture contracts for this time period were between four and seven years. I thank my colleague Gunther Peck for bringing to my attention the significance of the unusually long time frame of this indenture.\n\n90. Handler, 'Joseph Rachell and Rachael Pringle-Polgreen', p. 387. My emphasis.\n\n91. A final document further complicates Joanna(h)'s story. In a deed dated 1800 Joanna(h) frees her son Richard Braithwaite. This important document sheds light on Joanna(h)'s relationship to her son and the years she likely laboured in order to free him. See BDA, RB3\/40, p. 445.\n\n92. For important discussions of 'agency' in slavery scholarship, see Hartman, Scenes of Subjection; Walter Johnson, 'On Agency', Journal of Social History 37\/1 (2003), pp. 113\u201324; Diana Paton, No Bond but the Law: Punishment, Race and Gender in Jamaican State Formation, 1780\u20131870 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004).\n\n93. Saba Mahmood, Politics of Piety: Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 17.\n\n94. Mahmood, Politics of Piety, p. 17.\n\n95. Mahmood, Politics of Piety, pp. 5\u20139.\nChapter 3\n\nGender, Sexuality and the Formation of Racial Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Anglo-Caribbean World\n\nBrooke N. Newman\n\nSince the mid-1990s, a growing interest in the centrality of sex\/gender and racial ideologies to British, and particularly English, settler colonialism in North America and the Caribbean has transformed the historiography of the Anglo-Atlantic world. By integrating the provisional hierarchies of gender, class and colour formed within localised but interconnected colonial cultures in the British Atlantic community, historians including Kathleen Brown, Kirsten Fischer, Jennifer Morgan, Trevor Burnard and Cecily Jones have identified strong links between gendered social identities and emerging systems of racial domination.1 Likewise, scholars adopting feminist, poststructuralist and deconstructive approaches in their research on Britain and the empire, most notably Ann Laura Stoler, Catherine Hall, Felicity Nussbaum and Kathleen Wilson, have revealed how the entangled axes of gender, sexuality and race became fused with and helped legitimate power regimes and identity processes throughout the British imperial world, as well as in Britain itself.2 Attending to the marking of difference across early America and the British empire has revitalised both of these fields, complicating our understanding of gender, race and national belonging during the long eighteenth century.\n\nMultitudes of heavily gendered and racialised identities (individual as well as national) arose from and were transformed by the aggregate social contexts and interactions of diverse peoples \u2013 diverse by language, religion, ethnicity, culture, appearance and country of origin \u2013 that characterised the British Atlantic empire.3 In the Caribbean island colonies, where minority populations of free West Indian slaveholders sought metropolitan recognition of their claim to British liberty, law and identity, citizenship became firmly linked to concepts of whiteness over the course of the eighteenth century.4 By the end of the Seven Years' War (1756\u201363), to self-identify as a 'British' West Indian, entitled to the same rights and privileges as a freeborn, essentially English subject at home, was necessarily to be 'white'. That Creole, or native-born, West Indian elites formulated a distinctly colonial version of white British identity does not mean, however, that this articulation went uncontested in the metropole.5 Rather, many contemporary observers believed that immersion in Caribbean slave society, with its predominantly African population, high mortality rates, endemic violence, deep-seated instability and sexual excesses, precluded British West Indian whites from identifying fully with either whiteness or Britishness.\n\nThis chapter explores how the daily interactions and intimate collisions of free Europeans and mostly enslaved Africans in the colonial Caribbean endangered evolving concepts of British national identity, as imagined and idealised in law and collective discourse, and as experienced and understood at the level of the individual. It takes the form of a series of theoretically informed accounts of personal experiences and views related to gender, racial mixture and the historical construction of whiteness in the Anglo-Caribbean world. Examining multiple overlapping levels of analysis, including social structure, culturally constituted meaning, everyday practices and subjectivity, the chapter illustrates the extent to which racialised anxiety about sex became wedded to concerns about colonial expressions of British identity from the mid-eighteenth century onwards.6 In this case, the lives and perspectives of marginalised individuals seeking closer ties with England, specifically free people of colour and middling Scots, provide crucial insight into the historical development of white British subjectivities in the Atlantic empire.\n\nSection one considers the relationship between freedmen and women and 'whiteness' as a legal identity marker in Jamaica, Britain's leading sugar colony, demonstrating the porous and shifting nature of eighteenth-century articulations of race and citizenship. The second section explores how intimacy across the colonial colour line affected white West Indians' status as Britons and shaped metropolitan understandings of human difference, mediated through discourses of poetry, travel and history produced between the 1760s and the 1790s. This critical transition period saw war, revolution, the rise of British anti-slavery and the hardening of racial boundaries, just as imperial administrators grappled with the legal, social and cultural complexities posed by large numbers of non-white, non-European populations to be absorbed into the expanding empire \u2013 not as slaves but as subjects.7 Section three draws on contemporary travel diaries, linking the everyday social practices of slavery in the colonial Caribbean to the gendered racial distinctions developing in British culture. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the psychology of Dr Jonathan Troup, a Scottish physician who practised in Dominica between 1789 and 1791, keeping a detailed account of his experiences there as a young doctor attached to a large medical practice, the clientele of which consisted of men, women and children across the spectrum of plantation social relations. The language of Troup's journal suggests how the colonial system of slavery interacted with metropolitan prescriptions to influence sexual behaviour and identity formation at the level of the individual.\n\nStructuring the colour lines in a British Caribbean slave society\n\nIn June 1763, Lovell Stanhope, agent for Jamaica, wrote a letter to John Pownall, the secretary of the Board of Trade, outlining reasons on the basis of which colonial authorities in Jamaica had justifiably passed major legislation two years earlier severely limiting the rights of free people of colour. Designed to protect white privilege, the 1761 'Act to prevent the inconveniences arising from exorbitant grants and devices to negroes' redefined who could pass officially as 'white' \u2013 only offspring, preferably legitimate, four degrees removed (rather than three) from an African ancestor \u2013 and prohibited all non-whites from inheriting or purchasing property in excess of \u00a31,200.8 In arguing the case of the parties interested in the statute, Stanhope commented at length on the growing disproportion of blacks to whites, focusing particularly on Jamaica's small number of white women, whose fatigue and disinterest due to the extreme heat of the climate 'has introduced, to a most scandalous degree, an unlawful commerce with Negro Slaves; which habit reconciles, and numbers sanctify'.9 As Stanhope saw it, white men's infatuation with women of colour was one thing; their devising of property to such 'Savages or their Bastard spurious progeny', necessarily distinguished in law from British subjects, was another thing entirely.10 The mere existence of political opposition to an act intended to check unauthorised 'fornication and concubinage', thus encouraging 'the legal propagation of Children by marriage' and the '[transmission] of property and power to a pure and legitimate race', served as clear evidence, he insisted, 'of the ascendency which the Mulattoes, especially the females, have already in that Country over dissolute Minds, and of the necessity which there is of restraining them'.11\n\nIf Lovell Stanhope meant to link the liberties associated with Britishness more firmly to the untainted white racial identity claimed by West Indian settlers, his letter pointed to something else entirely: the problematic nature of the British racial inheritance in the colonial Caribbean. The transference of this purportedly exclusive birthright to Susanna Augier, a wealthy free woman of colour, exemplifies the shifting meanings of whiteness and the uncertain place of white West Indians in the British empire during the second half of the eighteenth century. One of those allegedly manipulative mulatto seductresses, whom Stanhope and his ilk feared had entered the beds \u2013 and pocket books \u2013 of Jamaica's planter and merchant elite, Susanna Augier's story began in 1722, when her white father, the planter John Augier, freed her and her four other mulatto sisters, Mary, Jenny, Frances and Jane, in his will and granted them each a share of his estate.12 Like other persons of colour manumitted by will or deed, the Augiers received a limited sort of freedom; irrespective of sex, freed slaves could not vote, sit in the legislature, give evidence against whites or free-born persons of colour, serve on a jury, or participate fully in the economic life of the colony.13\n\nFaced with limited prospects and an ambivalent racial identity, it is unsurprising, then, that the Augier sisters chose to supplement their incomes by participating in Jamaica's informal concubinage system. As mistress first to Peter Caillard and later to Gibson Dalzell, both prosperous Kingston merchants, Susanna Augier attained the wealth and social connections necessary to become a respectable, accepted member of the white community. On 19 July 1738, in recognition of this transformation, the Jamaica legislature passed a private act entitling Augier and her two daughters, Mary and Frances, 'to the same Rights and Privileges with English Subjects born of White Parents'.14 This Act granted Susanna, Mary and Frances Augier, as well as 'their Issue hereafter born in this Island and begotten by white men', limited civil liberties and the legal right to pass as 'white'.15 Accordingly, the Augiers and their descendents would be tried for crimes, misdemeanours or offences, and allowed to give evidence at civil and criminal trials, 'as if they and every of them were free and natural born subjects of the crown of Great Britain and were descended of and from White Ancestors... any Law Custom or Usage to the Contrary notwithstanding'.16\n\nIt is important to emphasise that official grants of white status to private individuals were incredibly rare in Jamaica and accorded to only the lightest-skinned and most well-to-do mulattoes. Despite superficially inclusive language in the printed version of the law, few persons of African descent actually met the terms of a restrictive voting act passed in 1733, which permitted a select number of affluent Christian mulattoes above three degrees removed from their African ancestor(s) to assume formally a 'white' racial identity and enjoy its accompanying privileges.17 As Samuel and Edith Hurwitz's careful study of the manuscript legislation has uncovered, the Jamaica legislature passed a total of 128 private bills granting white privileges to free persons of colour during the eighteenth century, only four of which 'provided for the grant of all the rights of white men, including suffrage and office holding (subject, as in the case of whites, to property and religious qualifications)'.18 And it is clear that the majority of these remarkable cases involved the offspring born to the enslaved mulatto mistresses of white Creole men. Edward Long, the most important contemporary commentator on eighteenth-century Jamaica, noted that mulattoes receiving white privileges by private acts of assembly 'have chiefly been granted to such, who were inheritors of large estates in the island, bequeathed to them by their white ancestor'.19\n\nSusanna Augier and her descendents owed the official stripping-away of their mixed racial heritage to the generosity of three separate British West Indian white males: first, that of John Augier, who freed his daughter from slavery and left her property; and subsequently that of her lovers, Peter Caillard and Gibson Dalzell.20 In Caillard's will, dated 8 March 1727, he granted Augier a majority interest in both his real and personal property, worth an estimated \u00a326,150 8s. 1d. According to the calculations of James Lewis, clerk to the Jamaica Assembly, this significant entail included 'a valuable Penn in the parish of Saint Catherine, a profitable Mountain at May Water in the Parish of St. Andrew, [and] sundry houses in the Town[s] of Kingston and Saint Jago de la Vega', with the residuum to pass to Peter and Mary Augier. The Augier family apparently enlarged both their numbers and their fortunes further in 1755, when Dalzell devised a significant share of his personal estate, valued at \u00a36,854 1s. 3d., to Robert and Frances Dalzell, 'his reputed children by [a] Mulatto Woman named Susanna Augier'.21\n\nBy the mid-eighteenth century, such complicated cross-racial unions, lineages and inheritance practices had become relatively commonplace in Jamaica, a patriarchal slave society that afforded white men considerable sexual freedom and elevated the coloured female body as an object of desire. As the West Indian historian Bryan Edwards remarked in 1793, women of colour 'such as are young, and have tolerable persons, are universally maintained by White men of all ranks and conditions, as kept mistresses'. White Creoles frowned upon interracial marriage, however. 'No White man of decent appearance, unless urged by the temptation of a considerable fortune, would condescend to give his hand in marriage to a Mulatto! The very idea is shocking', Edwards proclaimed.22 Caribbean historians have long speculated that the prevalence of sexual relationships between white men and coloured women owed much to the coercion inherent in slavery, the absence of anti-miscegenation laws,23 the link between white women and the reproduction of freedom, and, most importantly, demographics.24 In Jamaica, where unmarried or widowed men made up the vast majority of the largely immigrant white community, pervasive interracial liaisons had a statistically significant effect on the complexion of the free population.25 Edwards estimated that in 1789 freedmen and women constituted 10,000, or 3.5 per cent, of Jamaica's 291,400 residents, the vast majority of whom were enslaved.26 Similarly, in the whole of the Leeward Islands in 1788, free persons of colour accounted for 1.6 per cent of the total population, or roughly 1,450 of the islands' 91,000 residents.27 In Barbados during the 1770s, by comparison, a reported 528 free coloureds made up 0.6 per cent of the island's nearly 88,000 inhabitants.28\n\nIn 1760, Tackey's revolt, a devastating slave insurrection that cost the lives of sixty whites and at least 400 slaves, prompted the passage of new legislation in Jamaica designed to firm up the colour line and bolster white hegemony.29 In the months following the rebellion, the Jamaica legislature redefined whiteness as a legal category; restrained the devises made to non-whites; ordered freedmen and women to register with their respective local parish; and, on paper at least, required persons of colour to wear a badge and carry a certificate of their freedom signed by the governor.30 Such measures worked to marginalise free persons of colour and keep them below or just above the poverty line, socially and economically subordinate to even the poorest whites.31 A handful of white Jamaicans complained about the statute limiting devises to persons of African descent, arguing that it undermined property rights \u2013 the cornerstone of British liberty \u2013 and placed an unnatural restraint on familial affection, 'by prohibiting all persons, under severe penalties, from giving any property beyond a certain value to their own offspring, even tho' they should be removed three Degrees from the Negro Ancestor, and consequently are seven eights white, and not distinguishable from white Persons'.32 Nonetheless, in a colony concerned with safeguarding white power on the one hand and maintaining credible claims to a British identity on the other, such arguments fell on deaf ears. As Lovell Stanhope, the voice of the majority of the Jamaica Assembly, retaliated:\n\nSo many large Estates have been of late devised to Negroes and Mulattoes, & the practice growing so common, it calls for the Aid of the Legislature to prevent the evil before it grows too enormous... Power ever follows property, and whenever they shall become possessed of the largest share of the Property, then it will be absurd and impossible to keep them out of Power; the Laws against them must be repealed... and the Island become a Colony of Negroes & Mulattoes.33\n\nAlthough changing legal constructions of race and citizenship enabled Jamaica's elites to reverse the hitherto provisional accommodations granted to free persons of colour in civic society, such institutional efforts principally demonstrated the vulnerability of whiteness in the colonial Caribbean. When considered alongside colour ascriptions used in official records post-1761, Susanna Augier's earlier elevation to the status of a 'white' subject of the British empire aptly demonstrates how the historical process of racial identification is, to borrow from Stuart Hall, 'lodged in contingency'.34 Legislative efforts to regulate and repress free persons of colour in Jamaica after Tackey's revolt testify to the insecurity of not only the lives but also the identities of British West Indian whites operating in remote colonial settings ruled by African chattel slavery.35 Moreover, these institutional changes are indicative of the growing importance of whiteness as a marker of British national identity in the context of a rapidly expanding overseas empire.\n\nThe cultural application of meaning: maintaining a 'white' British identity\n\nThe deep-seated, multifarious tensions that underlay plantation slave societies, shaping the intricacies of gender and racial identities in Jamaica and elsewhere in the Anglo Caribbean, found expression not only in the increasing structural advantages afforded to members of the white community, but also in cultural representations issued from the metropolis from mid-century onwards. Owing to an urban explosion fuelled by population growth and improved rates of capital available for the expansion of commerce and manufacturing in both England and Scotland, the later eighteenth century saw a profound transformation of British society, culture and economy.36 New consumption patterns and improved literacy rates paved the way for a more educated middle class with an insatiable taste for colonial commodities, especially tea and sugar, as well as visual images and secular forms of literature associated with Britain's overseas territories and trading partners.37 Emerging from within an imperial culture fully supported by colonial slavery, yet increasingly apprehensive about its implications for British national identity, texts by John Singleton, Edward Long and J. B. Moreton, among others, explored how the system of slavery intersected with Creole gender norms and sexual proclivities to influence the development of a West Indian racial order that had far-reaching implications.\n\nDeploying a highly gendered and eroticised discourse, British authors, many of whom had visited or formerly lived in the West Indies, introduced metropolitan readers to the local peculiarities of Caribbean slave societies, in which over a century's worth of amalgamation between Europeans and Africans had produced innumerable gradations of colour and hence complex categories of identity. Contemporary commentators agreed that West Indian colour lines, though some of the first to be drawn in the Atlantic empire, were regularly transgressed by white Creole males, 'too oft allur'd by Ethiopic charms', to use Singleton's phrasing.38 These interconnecting discourses surrounding sexuality, gender and racial mixture in Britain's island colonies are worthy of note precisely because they enhance our understanding of how representations are, like identities themselves, always in process, momentarily wedded to particular cultural, temporal and spatial contexts.39 Building on the increasingly racialised fears of unfamiliar, threatening or peripheral peoples that characterised seventeenth-century England, such texts also demonstrate how concepts of whiteness helped link Britons throughout the late eighteenth-century imperial world.40\n\nRepresentations of British West Indian societies simultaneously communicated ideas about the supremacy of whiteness and the strength of mind necessary to maintain its imagined purity. First printed in Barbados in 1767, John Singleton's quarto-volume blank-verse poem, A General Description of the West Indian Islands, celebrated the splendour and success of British colonisation in the Caribbean while decrying the illicit conduct of the resident white Creoles. In verse omitted from the abridged versions of the poem published in London in 1776 and 1777, Singleton portrayed white West Indians as crude miscreants whose reckless behaviour towards their black slaves and one another betrayed minds overcome by dangerous passions.41 'Awake at Nature's, Virtue's call, awake! Shun the false lure of Ethiopic charms', he urged white West Indian men.42 Yet in a tone indicating concern that his advice would fall unheeded, Singleton also posed the following: 'Or, can the frightful negro visage charm Thro' vague variety, or wanton lust, Whilst the blind fool an angel's bosom quits, To pillow in a fiend's unnat'ral arms, Where the fond master oft succeeds his slave?'43 For Singleton, the consummation of unauthorised interracial desire heightened the distinction between white and black, creating a circumstance of 'traded identity', as Roxann Wheeler has described in another context, in which master and slave, Briton and African, become 'exchangeable figures'.44 Such a frightening scenario was not rectified 'Tho' the lewd spark the tawny shou'd prefer To shining jet,' for 'Alas! that tawny draws Its copper hue from such an odious source'.45 Critically, Singleton held white Creole women \u2013 rather than the transgressors themselves \u2013 accountable for the most grievous sins of slave society. Observing that an unfaithful husband was, above all, 'sinful made by an impetuous wife', he advised Creole wives to refrain from fiery exhibitions of jealousy, lest marital strife should drive a loyal husband to seek 'looser joys abroad'.46\n\nJohn Singleton's depiction of white West Indian womanhood is similar to that of many other eighteenth-century British authors, the majority of whom found white Creole women sorely lacking in the virtues and refinements associated with the metropolitan feminine ideal.47 Writing in 1774, the former planter Edward Long argued that the pervasiveness of settled concubinage in Jamaica owed as much to the undesirability of white Creole women as to the masculine inclination 'to give loose to every kind of sensual delight'. Although, as Long explained, Jamaican whites were far from having 'converted into black-a-moors', as commonly supposed in England, white West Indian women's 'constant intercourse from their birth with Negroe domestics' made them entirely unfit marriage partners for sensible Britons.48 Writing nearly twenty years later, the historian J. B. Moreton, who spent five years as a bookkeeper in Jamaica, reinforced this derogatory image of the white Creole female as a type tainted by her close association with black domestics. Too many Creole women, he claimed, 'receive their education amongst negroe wenches, and imbibe great part of their dialect, principles, manners, and customs'. Moreton proposed that white Creole parents preserve their daughters' purity by sending them away to school, where they would be prevented from engaging in 'any intercourse, if possible, with any of the black or tawny race'.49 Only degradation would result for the white female confined to the society of the Creole household, where one commonly found, as Long maintained, 'a group of white legitimate, and Mulatto illegitimate, children all claimed by the same married father, and all bred up together under the same roof'.50\n\nThe writings of Singleton, Long and Moreton linked cultural and sexual miscegenation in the West Indies with the alleged degeneration of an uncorrupted British, and specifically an English, collective white identity. Appropriating the distinctive new racial vocabulary characteristic of late eighteenth-century philosophical and scientific discourse, they represented Caribbean racial mixture as posing a danger not only to the laws of matrimony and Christian civilisation, but also to the endurance of an undiluted whiteness that secured Britain's place at the pinnacle of the global racial hierarchy.51 Though defensive of Jamaica's white Creoles, Long lamented the frequency with which one found white men of every rank 'cohabiting with Negresses and Mulattas, free or slaves'. Nothing beneficial to society resulted from these 'goatish embraces', but rather 'a vast addition of spurious offsprings of different complexions', a 'tarnished train of beings', who 'for their own parts, despise the Blacks, and aspire to mend their complexion still more by intermixture with the Whites'. Worse still, he lamented, children only three degrees removed from their African ancestors 'are called English, and consider themselves as free from all taint of the Negroe race', even though incalculable generations would 'hardly be sufficient to discharge the stain'.52\n\nThough extreme, Moreton's barefaced diatribe against people of mixed heritage in 1793 is indicative of a growing apprehension in Britain that the sexual practices of West Indians had opened up a Pandora's box of racial identities on the frontiers of the Atlantic. Integrating the diverse colour gradations of Caribbean society under the umbrella term 'Mongrel', Moreton reasoned that while so-called 'Mongrels' might resemble illiterate white Creoles, only 'more negrofied', the process of racial amalgamation could never fully remove the stain of African ancestry. Hence 'Mongrels, though thirty generations distant from blacks['] blood, cannot be real whites'.53 Yet the vehemence of his attack on a particular woman of colour, whom he labelled 'a letcherous [sic] tawny whore', intent on seducing white men with her 'luring and lascivious invitations', suggests Moreton's locus in what Robert Young characterises as 'the ambivalent axis of desire and aversion: a structure of attraction, where people and cultures intermix and merge, transforming themselves as a result, and a structure of repulsion, where the different elements remain distinct and are set against each other dialogically'.54 In other words, the titillation underlying the discursive desire for the coloured female body met the dangerous transgression of fragile racial boundaries in its execution.55\n\nWhat these British authors seemed to abhor most, as each in turn contemplated the fragility of whiteness in the colonial Caribbean, was the idea that an empire undergirded by hardening racial distinctions might be imperilled by its own desires. Their nascent sense of racial superiority rested on notions of national difference, chiefly from the Spanish, whom Edward Long accused of producing a 'vicious, brutal, and degenerate breed of mongrels' as a result of Spanish male settlers' inability to control their passions in the Americas. If interracial sex was capable of bringing down the Spanish empire, then it would 'be much better for Britain, and Jamaica too, if the white men in that colony would abate of their infatuated attachments to black women, and... perform the duty incumbent on every good citizen, by raising in honourable wedlock a race of unadulterated beings'.56 Long's contention that the fulfilment of the white marital and procreative imperative in Jamaica would eradicate the proliferation of an Africanised mongrel breed of Britons reveals a great deal about the intersection of gender, race and sex in discursive formulations. At the level of meaning, metropolitan models of colour difference held enormous classificatory power both at home and in the wider imperial world, serving to define the social and sexual practices of colonial slavery as anomalous stains on an otherwise uncontaminated collective British self.57 Perhaps the most telling message of all in these late eighteenth-century popular texts is that centre and periphery are mutually constitutive and hence equally vulnerable to dislocations of identity.58\n\nThe practice of everyday life: race mixing on the periphery\n\nThe predominance of racial mixture in the British Caribbean colonies brought gender relations and sexual practices, as the origins of dangerous new categories of identity, to the forefront of Georgian cultural representations of white West Indians. Collectively, these discourses served to define interracial sex as a font of contagion responsible for polluting British national identity and destabilising its real and symbolic power on the world stage. Still, meaning is also organised within and emergent from social interaction, in the material practices through which gender, sexuality and race are constituted, enacted and continually renegotiated in specific temporal and spatial contexts. Racial identities are not simply constructed through gendered and eroticised discourse and prescription, but produced at yet another level\u2014that of everyday practices, through which individuals anchored to material reality attempt to identify with the key social impulses sustaining a diversity of cultural norms and activities.59 While daily processes are more difficult to trace than restrictions and representations, we might think of them, as Diane Richardson suggests, as 'performative practices' or routine behaviours capable of creating the illusion of permanence and stability.60\n\nPrivate travelogues by outside observers can help to illuminate the way overlapping categories of identity animated the practice and meanings of West Indian everyday life. In the cases of Antigua in the Leeward Islands and Dominica in the Windward Islands, portraits of plantation life written by two Scots, Janet Schaw and Jonathan Troup, both visitors to the sugar islands during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, reveal how gendered social practices developing around chattel slavery shaped whiteness as a lived category of human difference. Long after the 1707 Union, Schaw and Troup joined the thousands of Scots who set sail for the West Indies to engage in planting, trading, warfare, politics and medicine. Scottish involvement in transatlantic networks linking them to metropolitan and North American business partners and family members helped forge a unity among Britons in the Atlantic empire.61 Schaw's and Troup's interaction with white Creoles and enslaved and free persons of colour, and their growing sense of self-awareness and superiority to these colonial populations, highlight how the experience of unfamiliar cultural milieus in two different British Atlantic slave societies facilitated the identification of these Scottish observers with the metropolitan centre.62\n\nWhen Janet Schaw arrived in Antigua in December 1774, she paid close attention to the appearance and manners of the men and women she encountered, emphasising the most characteristic aspects of the island's central racial types: white Creole, black slave and mulatto. Reminiscent of many other eighteenth-century travel writers whose paths intersected momentarily with those of geographically and historically separate persons in what Mary Louise Pratt calls the 'contact zone', Schaw tended to highlight differences rather than points of commonality.63 She directed her most sustained attention to the bodies, traits and habits of the island's female inhabitants, drawing contrasts among the white, black and brown women in Antigua as well as between white women in the West Indies and those in Britain. Like her male contemporaries, Schaw approached the colonial encounter through a gendered lens.64 Drawing a sharp distinction between the appearance of white Creole women and those of African ancestry, for example, she described how 'the black women, wear little or no clothing, nothing on their bodies, and they are hardly prevailed upon to wear a petticoat'.65\n\nJanet Schaw remarked that white Creoles lived their lives strictly according to local gender conventions, one of which prevented white women from 'ever walk[ing] in this Country'. Another West Indian custom whereby white women ate little and drank nothing stronger than lime juice was observed to such an extreme that the Creole ladies would rather 'faint under it than transgress this ideal law'. Schaw determined that their strict adherence to a collective West Indian feminine ideal had reduced Antigua's local women to 'spiritless and indolent creatures'.66 These dull Creole women fell far short of the refined yet lively British female type idealised by late eighteenth-century metropolitan periodicals.67 Take the April 1771 issue of the Lady's Magazine, for instance, in which the editors lauded 'the fair sex' for exhibiting an admirable combination of qualities ranging from 'polite conversation, an agreeable vivacity' and 'a genteel and easy carriage' to 'delicacy of sentiment'.68 The social identity of white Creole womanhood thus posed a challenge to Schaw's understandings of proper British femininity, exaggerated by her singular exposure to metropolitan culture. Indeed, much of her discussion of white Creole women revolved around the contradiction between their embrace of localised gender norms and their dangerous attempts to emulate women in Britain by whitening their skin with harsh solvents.69\n\nJanet Schaw reported a similar feeling of disapproval with regard to white Creole men's voracious appetite for 'young black wenches', who, she alleged, consequently 'lay themselves out for white lovers, in which they are but too successful'. Her observations led her to determine that black women's desire to live as concubines to white men 'prevents them from marriage with their natural mates, and hence a spurious and degenerate breed [results], neither so fit for the field, nor indeed any work, as the true bred Negro'. Paralleling the observations of Edward Long, Schaw noted that while white Creole women strove desperately but failed to measure up to the metropolitan feminine ideal, the West Indian embodiment of British masculinity had everything to recommend it \u2013 save for white Creole men's indulgence for and immoderate attachment to black women. The towns of Antigua certainly displayed the results of 'their licentious and even unnatural amours', she emphasised, 'from the crouds of Mullatoes, which you meet in the streets, houses and indeed everywhere; a crime that seems to have gained sanction from custom, tho' attended with the greatest inconveniences not only to Individuals, but to the publick in general'.70\n\nThe private musings of such visitors to the Caribbean provide a window on more than just everyday life; they also tell us about the meanings metropolitan individuals may have attributed to the culturally specific behaviours, norms and attitudes found in early British slave societies. For Janet Schaw did not simply regard persons of African ancestry as 'others'. Her journal entries depict gendered West Indian social relations, particularly the sexual expression of white Creole manhood, as a threat to developing metropolitan classifications, capable of blurring boundaries between white and black, Briton and African, person and object. Most importantly, Schaw's diary suggests that she, like other contemporary commentators, found the social practices of West Indian slavery detrimental to the expansion and preservation of Britishness abroad.\n\nDr Jonathan Troup's detailed chronicle of his experiences in Dominica is even more revealing, as his gender enabled him to join the Creole men in mixing \u2013 socially and sexually \u2013 with the island's coloured women. Arriving in Dominica's capital city of Roseau in May 1789, Troup joined the practice of a fellow Scottish physician, Dr Fillan, and set about tending to the medical needs of the colony's free and enslaved populations.71 Offering an exclusive glimpse at one of Britain's younger Caribbean islands, his manuscript journal details the customary and blas\u00e9 race mixing that underlay plantation society in Dominica, an underdeveloped colony composed in 1787 of approximately 1,236 free Europeans and nearly 15,000 enslaved Africans.72 As a young unmarried white male, Troup participated quite readily in Dominica's masculine, heterosexual and sexually exploitative Creole culture. He frequented Roseau's popular mulatto balls, where there were often 'Parties of Girls young & old' at dances held on different nights of the week. At these interracial gatherings, visiting marines, merchants and sailors, as well as resident white Creole men, paid to interact with women of colour, who trolled, in effect, for white lovers and potential husbands in a safe intercultural zone with 'very few white women' present, according to Troup.73\n\nThrough his daily interactions with the doctors attached to his medical practice, Troup soon accustomed himself to the local Creole custom of keeping mulatto mistresses and sexually sharing black slave women. He described how Dr Fillan and his partner Dr Clark had '6 Children from Mullatoe Girls called always after the Man who takes them in keeping'. Not all men held ownership of their mixed-race offspring. Troup noted how one Creole, Mr Carson, 'has a child 5 months old to a handsome black girl of Dr Clarks a native of Antigua \u2013 it is a Mullatoe, a girl \u2013 he does not own it'.74 Some white West Indian males with little property regarded keeping a coloured mistress as a prohibitively costly proposition. 'I spoke w[ith] young Daniel', Troup noted, 'he finds it expensive to maintain Mullattoes & he is thinking of fixing himself in the matrimonial noose'.75 Despite the high costs purportedly attending the concubinage system, marriage was nonetheless poorly regarded in Dominica; when Creole men did marry, they often did so to improve their financial situation, continuing their sexual relations with coloured or black women on the side.76 Dr Fillan informed Troup at dinner one night that the gentlemen of Dominica rarely uttered the phrase 'his wife' in mixed company, for 'that is not but a vulgar expression & is never used by a man of breeding'. Troup's sketch and description of 'a veiled white woman carried on a Pole by two Negroes' is certainly suggestive of white Creole women's restrictive social lives and critical role as the reproducers of a 'legitimate' white identity in the tropics.77\n\nThe length of the racial continuum in Dominica amazed Jonathan Troup, although he considered himself an astute observer of human difference. 'But the complexions are very various here', he wrote; 'Jet black to European whiteness 8 or 9 different degrees very perceptible upon numerate examination \u2013 A mulattoe black & white interchanging alternately produces 6 different species these 6 uniting with W[hite] & Black 3 \u00d7 6, 18 different varieties'.78 When Troup, like the authors of popular British texts, contemplated the most undesirable consequences of racial mixture, he turned his attention to women of colour. The character summation he scribbled next to a watercolour sketch of a mulatto woman is a case in point: 'They are slaves too most of them \u2013 taken as housekeepers make shirts are very prolific at times when she is chaste if not many abortions are consequence \u2013 They are very cruel to the Blacks from whence they spring & a Black would do anything before they had her for her mistress'. Based no doubt on available published accounts as well as his own personal experiences, Troup stated that women of colour 'have quite immodest discourse all of them whores & they throw themselves into a number of tempting positions \u2013 sometimes almost quite naked... in a word nothing gives them shame'.79\n\nWhile Jonathan Troup may have had nothing positive to say about black or coloured women, less than a month after his arrival he reported that he had acquired a venereal disease from a 'Negroe wench of Dr C[lark]'. Venereal diseases were some of the most noticeable consequences of the widespread sharing of sexual partners in Roseau. Troup's particular case of 'virulent gonorrhea' put him in 'a great deal of pain' and made walking difficult for some time.80 Such agonising symptoms did not stop him from continuing to 'make love to a number of girls in my drunkenness', as he noted in his journal on 17 August 1789.81 Troup typically blamed drink for his behaviour, yet he also pointed to the realities of life for a white man residing in an uncultured slave society. He apparently agreed when a Mr Thorp remarked at dinner later, 'what can a young man do here to loose his time in evenings, he can't apply to books. Whores & money must be his Rescurer & cause of most of his misfortunes'.82 It is through Troup's own interracial liaisons, moreover, that he himself contributed to what some metropolitan observers might have regarded as the degeneration of whiteness: shortly before leaving the island for Britain, Troup learned that he had impregnated Nancy, a coloured woman.83 By describing how white men in Dominica regularly treated black and coloured women as their sexual property, Troup produced a vivid account of the ways in which Creole males negotiated their culturally determined gender role in a British West Indian colony. Additionally, Troup unintentionally provided documentation of the possibilities available to black, white and brown women, the ways they may have navigated an even more limited racialised gender role in a patriarchal slave society designed solely for the purposes of harnessing the physical, sexual and reproductive capabilities of the black body. Thus while Troup most likely did not intend for his personal experiences to reach a wider audience, his diary reveals the complications and intersections of gender norms, sexual practices and racial formations at the periphery of the British empire in the late eighteenth century.\n\nIndividual subjectivity: Jonathan Troup and the process of identification\n\nJonathan Troup's journal offers more than just a record of West Indian daily life and material practices; it also grants us access to the mind of an eighteenth-century British man torn between the societal expectations associated with his gender role in the metropolis, namely to marry, mix socially with refined ladies and uphold codes of polite sociability, and his philandering with black slaves and mulatto concubines in Dominica.84 His journal is suggestive of the extent to which the dynamic interplay among gender, sexuality and race occurs most radically at the level of individual subjectivity. On the one hand, Troup's account of race mixing in West Indian slave society gives strength to the representations produced by authors such as Edward Long and J. B. Moreton, and confirms the descriptions of other metropolitan travellers like Janet Schaw. His journal also takes us into new territory. Unlike other eighteenth-century male diarists like Thomas Thistlewood, who embraced Creole socio-sexual habits, Troup was reflective: he exhibited increasing levels of disgust with West Indian slave society.85 By virtue of his reflexivity, Troup's journal helps to demonstrate that the gendered sexual self is never a finished or fixed identity, but is continuously being recreated.86\n\nIt is Jonathan Troup's fixation with gaining the affections of an English woman named Mary Ford that grants us limited access to an individual psychology troubled by the prevalence of racial intermixture in the tropics. After meeting Mary Ford in Plymouth on his way to Dominica, Troup quickly placed her on a proverbial pedestal; he wrote love letters to Ford and waxed eloquently about her on numerous occasions. She represented everything he wanted in a marriage partner: sweetness, innocence, a mild and pliant mind, and skin unblemished by the rays of the sun. 'If I can get Mary & a moderate Livelyhood God bless us I'm content', he jotted.87 Mary Ford's imagined perfection stood in stark contrast to Troup's mental image of the white Creole women he encountered. Explaining why he had no desire to pursue a 'Miss Lee', for example, he described her as 'a pleasant enough girl but a large mouth rather clumsy habit & dark skin indeed the country will reduce her'.88 Troup evidently assumed that Miss Lee or any other white Creole woman for that matter would fall victim to the climate and imbibe the barbarous habits and sable countenance of the island's Africanised population.\n\nDominica's coloured and white Creole women became the objects of much criticism in Troup's journal. He complained of the indolence of the ubiquitous 'mulatto wenches' kept by the white overseers, yet noted 'how necessary it is to gain the favour of the women and how dangerous it is to incur their displeasure'.89 He described how Polly Armourer and Polly Clark, the mulatto daughters of Drs Clark and Armourer, treated their slaves appallingly and forced their own children to simulate the sex act. 'I have seen them when idle take their boys aged 2\u20133 years old and make a little black girl of the same years lie down and make them move as if they were in the act of copulation', Troup detailed.90 Just as women of colour had internalised the cruellest and most degrading aspects of slave society, so too had white Creole women degenerated in the tropics: 'The Creoles are impervious overruling women know nothing but Eat Drink Game Curse & beat the Negroes whereas the mild temper of Mary will sooth my pain in affliction & make the World's cares sit easy on my mind'.91 His unquestionably English Mary Ford, by contrast, embodied the metropolitan feminine ideal; her character and appearance suited the ambitions of an upwardly mobile Scot. Troup's burning desire to possess Ford pervaded his thoughts even while he wrote about acts of coercive interracial sex in his journal, as on the occasion when he described how 'Mrs Murray's Mullattoe Lydia come down to Mrs Laing's Kitchen, I suspect she has been try'd & to prevent any discovery make her Common \u2013 I dare say Mr Baird will have at her altho' he has his black Sabina \u2013 God grant I may have my mild Mary Ford \u2013 I'll wait for her two years & if I be then akin & her I shall have or want her'.92\n\nThe above passage hints that Jonathan Troup, though a full participant in Dominica's racially mixed slave society, was often, in his own mind at least, thousands of miles away \u2013 in metropolitan Britain. To put it another way, Troup may have acted like a white Creole male during his residence in the West Indies but he continued to think like a Scotsman eager to occupy a position of importance much closer to the centre of empire. The practice of his everyday life in Roseau, which included an exhibition of an explicitly debauched, creolised version of British manhood, accounts for only the most visible aspect of his individual subjectivity. Underneath Troup's surface behaviour was a psyche at once attracted to and repulsed by the gendered and racialised power relations evident in the British West Indies. As such, despite his personal enjoyment of white men's nearly limitless access to the bodies of coloured women in Dominica, Troup's journal indicates that he felt deeply discomforted by interracial sexuality and the brittle, artificial nature of racial\/national boundaries.\n\nOver time, Troup became convinced that West Indian social patterns and gender relations, predicated as they were on racial mixing, made it impossible for him to conform to metropolitan notions of polite manhood or to imbibe anything other than savagery, excess and vulgarity from Dominica's white, black and brown women.93 No small matter in an age when, as a number of scholars have demonstrated, developing articulations of gender, national and racial identities remained at risk in Britain, since the very links with the empire that facilitated the solidification of these categories also threatened their imminent disruption and potential collapse.94 Hence, Jonathan Troup's private journal is historically as well as theoretically important, in that it allows us to explore the extent to which the gendered racial self could be experienced and understood in the midst of such multiplicity, flux and metamorphosis.\n\nDetailed accounts written by contemporary visitors reveal how structural forces granting white Creole males institutional power and privilege intersected with cultural representations that eroticised the coloured female body and denigrated white Creole womanhood, guiding both gender relations and sexual practices in the Anglo Caribbean. At the same time, the violence of West Indian slavery, the distortion of metropolitan gender and sexual conventions and the embodied evidence of still permeable colour lines \u2013 in the form of a diverse array of racial identities in the tropics \u2013 led to a growing association of British West Indian whites with physical and moral degeneration rather than with Britishness. Far from cultivating the Anglicisation of the Atlantic world, white Creoles, both male and female, appeared to be growing more barbarous, tawny and Africanised by the day. With such inconsistencies between metropolitan and West Indian demographics, social structures, gender relations and sexual mores, it is no wonder Jonathan Troup's encounter with slave society in Dominica left him ambivalent and yet more resolved than ever with regard to the stability and superiority of his own identity as a white metropolitan Briton. By the final decade of the eighteenth century, the social, structural and intimate practices arising from African slavery in the Anglo-Caribbean world had given birth to not one but many contested and racialised understandings of Britishness.\n\nNotes\n\nI am grateful to Trevor Burnard, Dana Rabin, Gregory D. Smithers, Jennifer M. Spear and the anonymous readers at Gender & History for commenting on earlier drafts of this chapter.\n\n1. The seminal works on gender, sex and race in early British America, including the West Indies, are Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Kirsten Fischer, Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002); Jennifer Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Trevor Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Cecily Jones, Engendering Whiteness: White Women and Colonialism in Barbados and North Carolina, 1627\u20131865 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007).\n\n2. This rich, influential body of new imperial scholarship includes Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830\u20131867 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003); Felicity Nussbaum, Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Felicity Nussbaum, The Limits of the Human: Fictions of Anomaly, Race, and Gender in the Long Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire, and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Routledge, 2003); Kathleen Wilson (ed.), A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660\u20131840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); Philippa Levine, Prostitution, Race and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (New York: Routledge, 2003); Philippa Levine (ed.), Gender and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).\n\n3. Colonial self-fashioning is discussed in John H. Elliott, 'Introduction', in Nicolas Canny and Anthony Pagden (eds), Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500\u20131800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 3\u201313; Christer Petley, '\"Home\" and \"this Country\": Britishness and Creole Identity in the Letters of a Transatlantic Slaveholder', Atlantic Studies 6 (2009), pp. 43\u201361.\n\n4. On the increasing significance of whiteness to Creole identity, see David Lambert, White Creole Culture, Politics and Identity during the Age of Abolition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 1\u20139; Jones, Engendering Whiteness, esp. pp. 1\u201312; Deirdre Colman, 'Janet Schaw and the Complexions of Empire', Eighteenth-Century Studies 36 (2003), pp. 169\u201393.\n\n5. I use the term 'Creole' throughout to indicate native-born West Indians whose identities were formed through the complex process of cultural and linguistic hybridisation and expansion known as 'creolisation'. On creolisation, see Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), pp. 1\u201332; David Buisseret and Steven G. Reinhardt (eds), Creolization in the Americas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), pp. 3\u201318; Charles Stewart (ed.), Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory (Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2007); Ralph Bauer and Jos\u00e9 Antonio Mazzoti (eds), Creole Subjects in the Colonial Americas: Empires, Texts, Identities (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), pp. 1\u201351.\n\n6. My approach here is influenced by feminist and sociological attempts to understand how interrelated social, cultural and biological factors determine personal identity. See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 3\u201344; Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 1\u201356; Stevi Jackson, Heterosexuality in Question (London: Sage, 1999), pp. 1\u201328; Diane Richardson, 'Patterned Fluidities: (Re)Imagining the Relationship between Gender and Sexuality', Sociology 41 (2007), pp. 457\u201374; Stuart Hall, 'Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities', in Les Back and John Solomos (eds), Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 144\u201353; Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay (eds), Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), esp. pp. 1\u201317.\n\n7. Bruce P. Lenman, 'Colonial Wars and Imperial Instability, 1688\u20131793', in P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 163\u20137.\n\n8. 2 Geo. III. c. 7, 19 December 1761, Jamaica, An Abridgement of the Laws of Jamaica; being an Alphabetical Digest of all the Public Acts of Assembly now in Force (St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1793), p. 105.\n\n9. The National Archives (TNA), Kew, CO 137\/33\/34, Lovell Stanhope, Agent for Jamaica, to the Board of Trade, 13 June 1763, Jamaica, Colonial Office Series, Original Correspondence, 1762\u20131765.\n\n10. TNA, CO 137\/33\/37.\n\n11. TNA, CO 137\/33\/39.\n\n12. I thank Trevor Burnard for sharing the earlier details of Susanna Augier's life with me. See Trevor Burnard, '\"A Very Nuisance to the Community\": The Ambivalent Place of Free People in Jamaican Free Society in the Eighteenth Century', unpublished paper, pp. 29\u201330.\n\n13. Bryan Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 2 vols (London: printed for John Stockdale, 1793), vol. 2, pp. 18\u201320. On Jamaica's free coloureds, see Gad Heuman, Between Black and White: Race, Politics and the Free Coloureds in Jamaica, 1792\u20131865 (Westport and Oxford: Greenwood Press, 1981), esp. pp. 3\u201320; Gad Heuman, 'The Free Coloreds in Jamaican Slave Society', in Gad Heuman and James Walvin (eds), The Slavery Reader (London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 654\u201367.\n\n14. TNA, CO 139\/15\/20, An Act to intitle Susanna Augier a Mulatto woman of the Parish of Kingston and Mary Augier and Frances Augier two of the Children of the said Susanna Augier to the same Rights and Privileges with English Subjects born of White Parents, 19 July 1738, Jamaica Acts, March 1738 to October 1741.\n\n15. University of Aberdeen Special Collections and Archives (UASCA), MS 3175\/Z\/198\/1, Papers of Gibson Dalzell, Duff House\/Earls of Fife Papers, 1734\u20131759, Copy ratification of an Act of Governor, Council and Assembly of Jamaica allowing mulatto woman Susanna Augier and two of her children to have the same rights and privileges as English subjects born of white parents, 1741.\n\n16. TNA, CO 139\/15\/20.\n\n17. TNA, CO 139\/13\/139\u201342, An Act to Secure the Freedom of Elections... and to ascertain who shall be Deem'd Mulatto's for the future, 25 April 1733, Jamaica Acts, February 1731 to February 1733. The less detailed printed version is listed in Jamaica, An Abridgment of the Laws of Jamaica; being an Alphabetical Digest of All the Public Acts of Assembly now in Force (St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1793), p. 273. For an interpretation of these private acts based solely on the published collections of Jamaican laws, see Winthrop D. Jordan, 'American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies', William and Mary Quarterly 19 (1962), pp. 183\u2013200, esp. pp. 198\u201399.\n\n18. Samuel J. Hurwitz and Edith F. Hurwitz, 'A Token of Freedom: Private Bill Legislation for Free Negroes in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica', William and Mary Quarterly 24 (1967), pp. 423\u201331, esp. pp. 424\u20135.\n\n19. Edward Long, The History of Jamaica, 3 vols (London, 1774), vol. 3, p. 320.\n\n20. Susanna Augier, Peter Caillard and Gibson Dalzell are discussed in Lucille Mathurin Mair, A Historical Study of Women in Jamaica: 1655\u20131844, ed. Hilary McD. Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2006), p. 91.\n\n21. TNA, CO 137\/33\/46\u201347, Vera Copia, James Lewis, Clerk to the Assembly, [1763].\n\n22. Edwards, History, Civil and Commercial, vol. 2, p. 22.\n\n23. It is doubtful whether officials ever enforced Antigua's anti-miscegenation law (1644). See TNA, CO 154\/1\/55\u201356, An Act against Carnall Coppulation between Christian & Heathen, Antigua, 20 November 1644, Laws of the Leeward Islands till 1672.\n\n24. On interracial sex in colonial Jamaica, see Trevor Burnard, 'The Sexual Life of an Eighteenth-Century Jamaican Overseer', in Merril D. Smith (ed.), Sex and Sexuality in Early America (New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 163\u201389; Trevor Burnard, '\"Do Thou in Gentle Phibba Smile\": Scenes from an Interracial Marriage, Jamaica, 1754\u20131786', in Darlene Clark Hine and David Barry Gaspar (eds), Beyond Bondage: Free Women of Color in the Americas (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), pp. 82\u2013105; Trevor Burnard, 'Inheritance and Independence: Women's Status in Early Colonial Jamaica', William and Mary Quarterly 48 (1991), pp. 93\u2013114; esp. pp. 110\u201311; Patricia Mohammed, '\"But Most of All Mi Love Me Browning\": The Emergence in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Jamaica of the Mulatto Woman as the Desired', Feminist Review 65 (2000), pp. 22\u201348; Henrice Altink, 'Deviant and Dangerous: Proslavery Representations of Jamaican Slave Women's Sexuality, ca. 1780\u20131834', Slavery and Abolition 26 (2005), pp. 271\u201388.\n\n25. Trevor Burnard, 'A Failed Settler Society: Marriage and Demographic Failure in Early Jamaica', Journal of Social History 28 (1994), pp. 63\u201382; Trevor Burnard, 'European Migration to Jamaica, 1655\u20131780', William and Mary Quarterly 53 (1996), pp. 769\u201396, here p. 772.\n\n26. Edwards, History, Civil and Commercial, vol. 1, p. 230.\n\n27. Elsa V. Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 85, 96.\n\n28. Jerome Handler, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), pp. 18\u201319.\n\n29. Tackey's revolt is detailed in TNA, CO 137\/32\/1\u201332, Jamaica, Original Correspondence, 1760\u20131762.\n\n30. TNA, CO 139\/21\/47, Jamaica Acts, 1760; Jamaica, An Abridgment of the Laws of Jamaica, pp. 104\u20135. See also Gad Heuman, 'White Over Brown Over Black: The Free Coloreds in Jamaican Society During Slavery and After Emancipation', Journal of Caribbean History 14 (1981), pp. 46\u201369.\n\n31. Heuman, Between Black and White, pp. 23\u201332; Douglas Hall, 'Jamaica', in David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene (eds), Neither Slave Nor Free: The Freemen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World (Baltimore: University of Maryland Press, 1972), pp. 192\u2013213.\n\n32. TNA, CO 137\/33\/40.\n\n33. TNA, CO 137\/33\/35.\n\n34. Stuart Hall, 'Who Needs Identity?', in Hall and Gay (eds), Questions of Cultural Identity, pp. 1\u201317, here p. 3.\n\n35. Trevor Burnard, 'Not a Place for Whites? Demographic Failure and Settlement in Comparative Context: Jamaica, 1655\u20131780', in Kathleen E. A. Monteith and Glen Richards (eds), Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture (Mona: University of the West Indies Press, 2002), pp. 73\u201388, here p. 82.\n\n36. Richard Brown, Society and Economy in Modern Britain, 1700\u20131850 (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 232\u20135; Maxine Berg, 'Consumption in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Britain', in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol. 1: Industrialisation, 1700\u20131860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 357\u201387, esp. pp. 362\u20134; Christopher A. Whatley, Scottish Society, 1707\u20131830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), pp. 96\u201399, 219\u201321; Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies (Barbados: Caribbean Universities Press, 1974), pp. 27\u201331.\n\n37. Margaret Hunt, 'Racism, Imperialism, and the Traveler's Gaze in Eighteenth-Century England', Journal of British Studies 32 (1993), pp. 333\u201357; Kathleen Wilson, 'The Good, the Bad, and the Impotent: Imperialism and the Politics of Identity in Georgian England', in Ann Bermingham and John Brewer (eds), The Consumption of Culture, 1600\u20131800 (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 237\u201362.\n\n38. John Singleton, A General Description of the West-Indian Islands, As far as Relates to the British, Dutch and Danish Governments, from Barbados to Saint Croix. Attempted in Blank Verse (Barbados: Esmand and Walker, for the author, 1767), p. 147, IV. 453.\n\n39. For representation as a cultural process, see Stuart Hall, 'The Work of Representation', in Stuart Hall (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 13\u201374.\n\n40. On racialised fears of the 'other' in seventeenth-century England, see Kim F. Hall, Things of Darkness: Economies of Race and Gender in Early Modern England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994); Margo Hendricks and Patricia A. Parker (eds), Women 'Race', and Writing in the Early Modern Period (New York: Routledge, 1994); Sujata Iyengar, Shades of Difference: Mythologies of Skin Color in Early Modern England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005); Ania Loomba, Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). For the development of eighteenth-century British racial categories, see Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006); Roxann Wheeler, The Complexion of Race: Categories of Difference in Eighteenth-Century British Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); Beth Fowkes Tobin, Picturing Imperial Power: Colonial Subjects in Eighteenth-Century British Painting (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), esp. pp. 139\u201373.\n\n41. John Gilmore discusses these omissions in his article, '\"Too oft allur'd by Ethiopic charms\"? Sex, Slaves and Society in John Singleton's A General Description of the West-Indian Islands (1767)', Ariel 38 (2007), pp. 75\u201395.\n\n42. Singleton, A General Description, p. 151, IV. 526\u20137.\n\n43. Singleton, A General Description, p. 152, IV. 547\u201351.\n\n44. Roxann Wheeler, 'Colonial Exchanges: Visualizing Racial Ideology and Labour in Britain and the West Indies', in Geoff Quilley and Kay Dian Kriz (eds), An Economy of Colour: Visual Culture and the Atlantic World, 1660\u20131830 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 36\u201359, here p. 37.\n\n45. Singleton, A General Description, p. 153, IV. 553\u20135.\n\n46. Singleton, A General Description, p. 147, IV. 454, 459.\n\n47. Changing ideals of femininity in Britain are analysed in Ingrid H. Tague, Women of Quality: Accepting and Contesting Ideals of Femininity in England, 1690\u20131760 (Rochester: Boydell Press, 2002), pp. 18\u201348; Robert W. Jones, Gender and the Formation of Taste in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1\u201336.\n\n48. Long, History of Jamaica, vol. 2, pp. 274, 278\u20139.\n\n49. J. B. Moreton, West India Customs and Manners: Containing Strictures on the Soil, Cultivation, Produce, Trade, Officers, and Inhabitants; with the Method of Establishing and Conducting a Sugar Plantation (Printed for J. Parsons et al.: London, 1793), pp. 120\u201321.\n\n50. Long, History of Jamaica, vol. 2, p. 330.\n\n51. On the emergence of racial taxonomies in the British empire, see Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 90\u2013117; Gregory D. Smithers, Science, Sexuality, and Race in the United States and Australia, 1780s\u20131890s (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 15\u201343.\n\n52. Long, History of Jamaica, vol. 2, pp. 328, 332, 261, respectively.\n\n53. Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, pp. 123\u20134.\n\n54. Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, p. 127; Young, Colonial Desire, p. 19.\n\n55. Young, Colonial Desire, p. 108.\n\n56. Long, History of Jamaica, vol. 2, p. 327.\n\n57. On the Spanish American 'whitening' process, see Ann Twinam, 'Racial Passing: Informal and Official \"Whiteness\" in Colonial Spanish America', in John Smolenski and Thomas J. Humphrey (eds), New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 249\u201372; Ann Twinam, 'Purchasing Whiteness: Conversation on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of Empire', in Andrew B. Fisher and Matthew D. O'Hara (eds), Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Spanish America (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), pp. 141\u201366; Jennifer M. Spear, Race, Sex, and Social Order in Early New Orleans (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).\n\n58. The key discussion of centre and periphery as mutually constitutive is Ann Laura Stoler and Frederick Cooper, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in Ann Laura Stoler and Frederick Cooper (eds), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 1\u201356.\n\n59. Jackson, Heterosexuality in Question, p. 5.\n\n60. Richardson, 'Patterned Fluidities', p. 471.\n\n61. Douglas J. Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World 1750\u20131820 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), pp. 4\u20135; S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648\u20131838 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 8\u20139.\n\n62. For empire as a means of Scottish identification with Britain, see Eric Richards, 'Scotland and the Uses of the Atlantic Empire', in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan (eds), Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 67\u2013114; Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740\u20131800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), esp. pp. 1\u201345; Ned C. Landsman (ed.), Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600\u20131800 (London: Associated University Presses, 2001), pp. 15\u201335.\n\n63. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 7.\n\n64. For examples of the gendered gaze, see part 3 in Hendricks and Parker (eds), Women 'Race', and Writing, pp. 161\u2013240.\n\n65. Janet Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality; Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the West Indies, North Carolina, and Portugal, in the years 1774 to 1776, ed. Evangeline Walker Andrews and Charles Maclean Andrews (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), p. 87.\n\n66. Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality, pp. 78, 80.\n\n67. N. T. Phillipson, 'Politics, Politeness, and the Anglicisation of Early Eighteenth-Century Scottish Culture', in Roger A. Mason (ed.), Scotland and England 1286\u20131815 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1987), pp. 226\u201346.\n\n68. The Lady's Magazine; Or Entertaining Companion for the Fair Sex, Appropriated solely to their use and Amusement. vol. 1 (London: printed for J. Wheeble, Pater-Noster Row, 1770\u201371), p. 411.\n\n69. Colman, 'Janet Schaw and the Complexions of Empire', pp. 176\u20139.\n\n70. Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 112.\n\n71. Troup's medical life in Dominica is detailed in Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1660\u20131834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 302\u20135.\n\n72. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves, p. 302; Thomas Atwood, The History of the Island of Dominica (London, 1791), pp. 208\u20139.\n\n73. UASCA, MS 2070, Journal of Jonathan Troup, 1788\u20131790, fol. 12v.\n\n74. UASCA, MS 2070, fols 11, 13.\n\n75. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 133v.\n\n76. Mair, Historical Study of Women in Jamaica, p. 97; Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands, pp. 84, 215.\n\n77. UASCA, MS 2070, UA, fol. 29. The link between white womanhood and freedom is discussed in Hilary McD. Beckles, 'White Women and Slavery in the Caribbean', History Workshop 36 (1993), pp. 66\u201382.\n\n78. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 77v.\n\n79. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 107v.\n\n80. UASCA, MS 2070, fols 17, 19, 22.\n\n81. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 45.\n\n82. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 47.\n\n83. UASCA, MS 3027, Journal of Jonathan Troup, Physician, Dominica, West Indies, and Aberdeen, 1790\u201397, fol. 1.\n\n84. On polite manhood, see Philip Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, Britain 1660\u20131800 (Harlow: Longman, 2001), pp. 53\u201387; John Tosh, 'The Old Adam and the New Man: Emerging Themes in the History of English Masculinities', in Tim Hitchcock and Mich\u00e8le Cohen (eds), English Masculinities, 1660\u20131800 (Harlow: Longman, 1999), pp. 217\u201338; Mich\u00e8le Cohen, Fashioning Masculinity: National Identity and Language in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 42\u201353, 98\u2013110.\n\n85. Burnard, 'Sexual Life of a Jamaican Slave Overseer', p. 170.\n\n86. Jackson, Heterosexuality in Question, p. 24.\n\n87. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 82.\n\n88. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 173.\n\n89. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 68.\n\n90. UASCA, MS 2070, fols 115\u2013115v.\n\n91. UASCA, MS 2070, fols 123\u20134.\n\n92. UASCA, MS 2070, fol. 157v.\n\n93. Carter, Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, pp. 66\u201370.\n\n94. See esp. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707\u20131837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Kathleen Wilson, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715\u20131785 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Wilson, Island Race; Wheeler, Complexion of Race; Nussbaum, Limits of the Human; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self.\nChapter 4\n\nXing: The Discourse of Sex and Human Nature in Modern China\n\nLeon Antonio Rocha\n\nWe begin with a straightforward question: 'What is the Chinese word for \"sex\"?' A Chinese speaker will reply, 'xing'! In Modern Chinese, xing is the character most frequently used to denote matters related to sex, gender and sexuality. Compounds associated with xing include xingjiao (sexual intercourse), xingbie (sexual difference), xingyu (sexual desire) and xing quxiang (sexual orientation). Professor Li Xiaojiang of the Centre of Gender Studies at Dalian University, one of the first institutions of its kind in China, claims:\n\nEverything seems crystal-clear: xing (sex) is purely bodily and hence primordial, whereas xingbie (gender), as its lexical structure indicates \u2013 xing \\+ bie, meaning 'difference' \u2013 refers to social identity produced, so to speak, by the bodily xing. Sex is the basis upon which rests gender... it is already physiological and nature-endowed.1\n\nLi goes on to comment on the sex\/gender distinction in the Chinese context. She points out the seeming 'crystal-clearness' of xing as a sex that is already endowed by nature. But she overlooks the historicity of the character, the convoluted career of xing. In Classical Chinese, the character meant 'human nature', and only in the early twentieth century came to signify both sex and human nature. How did this happen, and what was the significance of this? This chapter will begin with an etymological investigation, through which it will emerge that, in China in the late 1910s and early 1920s, sex became, to borrow Foucault's words, 'a kind of natural given which power tried to hold in check' and simultaneously 'an obscure domain which knowledge tried gradually to uncover'.2\n\nThe intellectuals of the May Fourth New Culture period (c.1915\u201337), who were responsible for translating and introducing sexological and sex education texts from Europe, America and Japan, reconceptualised sex as the index to human character, the originary, psychical truth. Xing became a new keyword, the point of anchorage for a sexual politics that regarded sex \u2013 and by extension human nature \u2013 as cruelly repressed by a 'hypocritical', 'feudalist', even 'cannibalistic' sexual morality of the 'Old China'. There was a concomitant intensification of attempts to produce 'real', 'truthful' knowledge on sexuality \u2013 a proliferation, an explosion of discourse. Sex became a panacea for China's weakness and degeneracy, and a revolution of the relationships between men and women, the reformulation of love and desire, and the adoption of eugenics and birth control practices, were perceived as ways to enable the Chinese nation to 'catch up' with the west and to become ready to participate in a global modernity. It is against this backdrop that we should think about sex and gender in this tumultuous period of Chinese history, as we seek to understand the motivations behind Chinese intellectuals' various inquiries into sex.\n\nKeywords, globalisation and translation\n\nMy approach here is modelled on Raymond Williams's classic Keywords (1976). Williams's project began life as an appendix to Culture and Society (1958) but evolved into a standalone publication which provided generations of scholars with short and concise discussions relating to a range of important terms which had delimited and circumscribed our thinking. Williams's intention is not to fix meanings; Keywords 'is not a dictionary or glossary of a particular academic subject', nor is it 'a series of footnotes to dictionary histories or definitions of a number of words'. Williams's book demonstrates that the semantics of a word changes in response to new socio-political situation and needs, and the way historical actors negotiated and struggled with their use of language to express new experiences. It is 'the record of an inquiry into a vocabulary: a shared body of words and meanings in our most general discussions, in English, or the practices and institutions which we group as culture and society'.3\n\nWilliams's inquiry is limited to European languages and predominantly British English, as pointed out by Tony Bennett and others in their 'sequel' to Keywords.4 It is necessary to point out that discussions of culture and society, including sex and gender, have flowed across national boundaries. My investigation of xing should absolutely not be regarded as a mere curiosity, appendage or even a supplement to more 'mainstream' work on the history of sexuality in Europe and America. It is not simply contributing to the world history of sexuality by adding the 'Chinese case' to the cauldron. Rather, following Ann Laura Stoler, I propose that it is impossible to appreciate the global nature of modernity, to comprehend the depth and power of empire and colonialism, to understand the spatialisation of scientific and medical knowledge, without a thorough consideration of the circulation of ideas and concepts between the 'west' (perceived as 'centre', 'primary', thus prioritised) and the 'east' (presumed 'peripheral', 'marginal', 'minority', 'secondary').5\n\nIn my thesis, I analyse the tremendous cacophony of scientific, medical, philosophical and literary discourses which Chinese intellectuals in the 1920s creatively appropriated in their political projects.6 Many of these cosmopolitan thinkers travelled abroad, studied in prestigious universities around the world, were fluent in a number of languages and brought back to China all sorts of new ideas which they thought would help their troubled, divided, 'backward' motherland. They invited European and American intellectuals to come to China to disseminate their ideas to the Chinese public, to engage in cultural exchange (involving celebrities such as John Dewey, Bertrand Russell, Hans Driesch, Margaret Sanger and Magnus Hirschfeld). What emerges is a complex picture of the globalisation of sexual knowledge, one that precedes the story told by Dennis Altman's Global Sex.7 Globalisation here should not be taken to entail homogenisation; the fact that ideas about sex had travelled from Europe, America and Japan to China by no means meant that everyone ended up believing the same things or acting in the same way.8 It resolutely does not bring us back to the old trap of 'authenticity' and 'imitation' that has often plagued conventional historiographies of colonialism \u2013 that people in the Third World merely copied, parroted, were 'interpellated' by or inflicted with the discourse of the colonising Other. Globalisation is always already accompanied by localisation and indigenisation; any historian should be obstinately committed to pointing out specificities, the situated character of knowledge, but at once concerned with a transnational stratosphere of discourse, the traffic and flow of ideas from one place to another. Xing here serves as an excellent example: although the conflation of sex with human nature into one word may be a response to the rhetoric of repression and emancipation found in western sexological texts, xing \u2013 qua both sex and human nature \u2013 is a particular Sino-Japanese linguistic innovation, a keyword manufactured and propagated by a network of translators, intellectuals and scientific practitioners in East Asia. To put this another way, a consequence of the global proliferation of a certain ideology of sexuality \u2013 sex as fundamental property of humanity \u2013 was that the conception of sexuality emerging in early twentieth-century China became quite similar to that found in the human sciences of Europe and America, which Michel Foucault analyses in the first volume of his History of Sexuality.9\n\nThrough the discussion of the history of xing, I would like to highlight the question of translation. It will be an extremely fruitful inquiry for historians of sexuality to take up Raymond Williams's Keywords project, and incorporate the problematic of translation and transmission, to study how different cultures tackled new terminologies such as 'sexuality' (and 'heterosexuality', 'homosexuality', 'sadomasochism', 'libido'), 'gender', 'science', 'race', 'class', 'revolution', 'movement' and so on.\n\nWe should ask: did intellectuals, academics and translators emphasise the alienness of these terms by inventing new characters or using unfamiliar compounds? Did they highlight their untranslatability or incommensurability, by using transliterations or leaving the word in its original form? Did they draw parallels with tradition and precedence, or deny the novelty of something, or domesticate a foreign term, by adopting a familiar character and subtly\/overtly stretching its semantics? Did they (de)emphasise the processes of negotiation? How did they standardise or claim ownership of new terminologies and neologisms through dictionaries, encyclopaedias and glossaries? How did they recruit other actors to speak using their new vocabularies, adhere to their terms of engagement? What would constitute a 'faithful' translation, and how were translations accepted or resisted? What resources (foreign philosophy, comparative linguistics, classical philology, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Classical Chinese) were mobilised? These are all crucial questions addressed in the Chinese context by Lydia Liu and Haun Saussy. For them, translation is one of the privileged sites in understanding colonialism and global modernity, communications, transmissions, interactions and exchange between the Chinese and the non-Chinese in history, and for me, a highly productive way to write multiple, comparative histories of sex and gender that are simultaneously sensitive to local conditions and yet never lose sight of the larger picture of transnational movements.10\n\nXing as human nature\n\nIn English-speaking academia, Frank Dik\u00f6tter, Judith Farquhar, Zhong Xueping and Deborah Sang have picked up on the strange life of xing; they all mention in passing that before the twentieth century xing did not mean sex. Zhong and Sang each dedicate a paragraph and two small footnotes, while Dik\u00f6tter, in his tremendously influential study of sex in modern China, skirts over this issue in a single sentence.11 There is no evidence cited or exploration accompanying these academics' assertions. Farquhar's treatment of xing is the more detailed amongst the four, yet she does not explain the mechanisms through which xing came to mean sex and human nature. Many Chinese-speaking scholars who write prolifically on the history of sexuality in China, and who are otherwise extremely sensitive to language, never seem to detect or deem it necessary to unpack the historicity of xing.12 This chapter should be read as an intervention in two important ways. First, the obvious: by drawing attention to the rich significances embedded in just one Chinese character, I attempt to prevent the story of the usage of xing from degenerating into a factoid, endlessly reiterated and assumed in the footnotes of academic monographs but never analysed.\n\nSecond, my historicisation of xing speaks to Tani Barlow's examination of the discourses of fun\u00fc and n\u00fcxing in her Question of Women in Chinese Feminism.13 Fun\u00fc and n\u00fcxing were two Chinese words, both used in the Chinese feminist movements in the twentieth century. Whereas fun\u00fc, an earlier term, situated women in the network of family and kinship relations \u2013 their responsibilities as childbearers and mothers of the nation \u2013 n\u00fcxing, literally 'woman' plus 'sex\/human nature' (n\u00fc plus xing) was a neologism for a biologically sexed woman. The neologism came into being also in China in the 1920s. The discourse of fun\u00fc in Chinese feminism pointed to the participation of women in public life and their rights in society, but tended to ignore, suppress, suspend or even sometimes erase the differences between men and women. The discourse of n\u00fcxing, on the other hand, sought to highlight women's repressed sexuality and sexual difference, and attempted to create a new and revolutionary subjectivity for women, different from that of men. N\u00fcxing therefore complicated the discourse of universal liberation and emancipatory politics promoted by the male May Fourth New Culture intellectuals, by introducing the question of sexual difference \u2013 since men and women were fundamentally different in sex and nature, therefore the pathways for men's liberation and women's liberation had to be different too. My present analysis of xing therefore aims to achieve something more primary than Tani Barlow's analysis. The construction of the discourse of n\u00fcxing relied fundamentally on xing being both sex and human nature in the first place. To put this another way, before it was possible to have a discourse of woman based on her sexual, biological, natural differences (that is, n\u00fcxing), sex had to first become human nature through the creation of the neologism xing.\n\nIf one opens the New China Character Dictionary (Xinhua zidian, 10th edn, 2004), the most popular reference work in China, one can see an elaborate entry on the character xing:\n\n(i) Natural instincts, inherent tendencies, the heavenly endowment in humans\n\n(ii) The nature of something (or of someone), its substance, its fundamental character\n\n(iii) Life \u2013 equivalent to the character sheng \u2013 living, or fate or destiny\n\n(iv) Disposition, temperament\n\nAnd further, (v) xing as sex, and compounds such as xingjiao (intercourse), xingbie (sexual difference), and (vi) xing in Modern Chinese as a suffix, roughly equivalent to '-ity' or '-ness' in English. For instance, 'possible' is keneng and 'possibility' is kenengxing, 'permanent' is yongjiu and 'permanence' becomes yongjiuxing.\n\nThe first four definitions are accompanied by sources in Classical Chinese. For the first usage of xing, 'natural instincts', the cited source is the Confucian text Mencius, in the chapter titled 'Gaozi' in which the eponymous philosopher engages in a protracted argument with Mencius on human nature. Gaozi states that the appetite for food and sex forms part of human nature, summed up in the famous phrase shi se xing ye. Here, sex is not represented by the character xing, but by se. Mencius rejoins that human nature (xing), which is heaven-endowed, consists of men's capabilities to act morally, rather than basic, animalistic needs for nourishment and procreation. Mencius's view on human nature as innately good became the orthodox definition of xing as laid down, for instance, in Explaining Simple and Analysing Compound Characters (Shuowen jiezi), a second-century dictionary. Deborah Sang astutely points out that xing in Classical Chinese had 'only a tangential, if not reverse, relation to sexuality'.14 Further instances of xing as human nature include: 'What Heaven has conferred is called \"Nature\"\/xing' from Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong); 'What cannot be learnt, and what requires no application to master, in human beings is called \"human nature\"\/xing' from the philosophical treatise Xunzi (third century BCE).15\n\nFor xing's second definition \u2013 the nature of something \u2013 the Xinhua once again cites Mencius, and further points out that xing was used to translate the Sanskrit words svabh va, prakrti and pradh na: 'the nature interpreted as embodied, causative, unchanging; independent or self-independent; fundamental nature manifestation or expression; the Buddha-nature immanent in all beings, the Buddha heart or mind'.16 Xing is contrasted to xiang, the superficial appearance of all things. The Chronicles of Zuo (Zuozhuan, fourth century BCE) contained the primary example of the usage of xing for 'life': 'The people enjoy their lives [xing], and there are no enemies or thieves' or 'New palaces are reared... the strength of people is taxed to an exhausting degree... the people feel that their lives [xing] are not worth preserving'. Finally, the 'Gaozi' chapter from Mencius supplies the source for xing as disposition and temperament: 'When Heaven is about to give someone a great responsibility, it first makes his mind endure suffering... Heaven stimulates his mind, stabilises his temper [xing] and develops his weak points'.17\n\nCrucially, the definitions of xing pertaining to sex, and the use of xing as a suffix, are both supplied without a single classical source. Lydia Liu and Federico Masini both assert that the use of xing as a suffix was introduced from the Japanese, though they do not comment on whether xing as sex came from the Japanese as well.18 Farquhar consulted Taiwan Academia Sinica's Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Chinese Language (1973) and found that xing as sex lacked a classical source.19 Another standard reference, the Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage (1972), does not cite a classical source for the sex definition of xing, whilst Luo Zhufeng's Hanyu da cidian (2001) cites a 1989 article on sex education for the etymology. I consulted China Books' (Zhonghua shuju) Zhonghua dazidian (edited by Xu Yuangao, Lufei Kui and Ouyang Pucun), published between 1915 and 1923, and sex was nowhere to be found under the eight definitions of the character xing. The sex definition was altogether absent in the 1912 New Dictionary (Xin zidian).\n\nThe Zhonghua dazidian of Xu et al. was in turn based on the Kangxi zidian, commissioned by Qing Emperor Kangxi in 1710 and released in 1716. In the 1887 edition of Kangxi Dictionary, published by the Combined Literature Book House (Tongwen shuju), there is no mention of sex under the entry for xing. The 1916 Commercial Press's movable-type edition of Kangxi also lacked xing qua sex. In all the ancient Chinese dictionaries, such as the aforementioned Shuowen jiezi and Broadening the Refined (Guangya), there was no connection between xing and sex. If one takes for granted that dictionaries attempt to record usages of a certain word in common currency, then xing until the twentieth century continued to signify what Heaven had decreed; xing named an unsexed, ungendered concept of innate human nature or essence.\n\nMy thesis is that in the late 1910s and early 1920s, sex was implanted, slipped into, invested into xing \u2013 to the extent that the meaning of the character, as simultaneously sex and human nature (and thus sex as human nature) has by now become familiar, naturalised. A native Chinese speaker in the twenty-first century, upon hearing the utterance of xing or seeing it in print would think of sex, the crux of human nature, and would not usually be aware that this xing\/sex\/human-nature complex was a recent product: the process of linguistic engineering has been forgotten, de-emphasised. It is, however, paramount to clarify that the Chinese had had a host of words to denote matters related to sex before xing was endowed with a new sexual meaning, and a large number of these terms are still in regular use.\n\nFrom the obscene to the natural?\n\nYin was traditionally a character used to qualify sexual behaviours. Yin conjures a connotation of excess, an image of flooding or soaking, and is often combined with other characters to represent illicit sexual relations: yinf  (adulterer), yinf\u00f9 (adulteress or promiscuous woman), jianyin (adultery), shouyin ('illicit sex with hand', masturbation), zhengyin (incest). Yin points to the licentious, wanton, salacious, lascivious: yingui ('lewd demon', man obsessed with sex), yincong ('lewd pest'), yinnian (immoral thoughts), yinn\u00fce (obscene jokes), yinshu (pornographic book), yinxie (pornographic), yinshui ('waters of lust', genital fluids). Yin connotes excess as in: yinwei (despotic power), yinyi (debauchery, indulgence, greed), yinxing (torture). Committing acts of yin is deeply harmful to one's physical and spiritual wellbeing and disrupts the social order, so yin always already incorporates a moralistic warning, a normative prescription of what counts as legitimate sexual activity (reproductive, not overly frequent, with the correct partner). Late Qing revolutionary Tan Sitong (1865\u20131898) complained that yin became an overly broad term and expressed the urgent need to reform the Chinese mentality that all sex was necessarily yin and thus inherently dirty and evil. From Tan's Exposition of Benevolence (Renxue, 1897):\n\nSexual intercourse [nann\u00fc, literally 'man-woman'] is given the term 'lust' [yin]. This is how 'lust' is defined. Since the inception of mankind, the name yin has, through custom, continually been in use and has remained unchanged ever since. Hence we are used to regarding intercourse [yin] as evil. If since the inception of human beings, we had been accustomed to yin as, say, a rite practised in audiences at court, in imperial feasts, in imperial temples, in cities and towns, and before large crowds \u2013 like deep bowing with clasped hands and genuflection in China, or embracing and kissing in the west \u2013 and that, the custom had survived until the present, who would think that yin was evil?... Some may argue that the genitals [nann\u00fc zi ju, literally 'instruments of man\u2013woman relations'] born concealed, seldom seen by people, they therefore are different from the openly practised rites; yin is thus considered to be evil. By this line of reasoning, then rites and yin differ only in whether concealed or open, and not in whether they are good or evil. If, since the inception of human beings, their genitals had not been concealed, but appeared on the face, to be easily seen by raising one's eyes, yin would then be regarded as no more than a greeting. How could yin then be considered evil?20\n\nNote that Tan never used the term xing to denote sex anywhere. Instead, he was attempting to reclaim and rehabilitate yin. In 1898, sex had not yet acquired its 'scientific', supposedly 'natural' and 'neutral' name. Tan's passage here demonstrates the importance of language, getting the terms right, in an attempt to defamiliarise the character yin from its negative image.\n\nSe is another major character to describe sex. Whereas yin automatically suggests the obscene and abnormal sexual relations, se suggests lust, temptation and seduction, though there are overlaps between se and yin: seqing xiaoshuo (also a pornographic or erotic novel), segui (someone obsessed with sex), haose (someone who indulges in sex), se mimi (observing someone with a lustful look), jiese (abstinence), sexiang (sex appeal). Yu is desire; yinyu and seyu are carnal desires. Yuhuo is 'a flame of desire': a dangerous, all-consuming fire that can 'incinerate' someone's mind and body if not properly controlled. Rou is 'meat'\/'flesh', often placed in diametric opposition to the spiritual, ling. A crucial part of the rhetoric of radical May Fourth intellectuals is the reconciliation of the flesh and the spirit (lingrou yizhi). Love between a man and a woman should not simply remain on a spiritual level, and should not be about the sublimation of very real desires into something asexual, or 'Platonic'. They argue that this traditional ideal is contrary to xing, to human nature. The modern, perfect relationship must incorporate physical intimacy, sexual attraction and a deep level of emotional connection. Love and marriage are thus subsumed under xing, and are sexualised, eroticised.21\n\nThe Classical Chinese term for sex between a married couple was dunlun, from the Book of Rites (Liji). Sex was also 'business in the bedchamber': fangshi, xingfang, dongfang. The 'Art of the Bedchamber' is fangzhong shu. The characters ru and tong, quite simply 'enter' and 'go through', might also be used, as well as nann\u00fc, literally 'man and woman'. Sex was also described as the act of uniting, transferring, combining, bringing something together: thus jiaohe and jiaogou. More poetic expressions included: yunyu ('clouds and rain'), a reference to a fairy maiden in the Szechuan gorges who commanded clouds and rain; yuanyang xishui ('pair of mandarin ducks playing in water'); daofeng dianluan ('topple the male and female phoenixes'); tiandi ronghe, describing the coming together and harmonisation of Heaven (designated yang, male) and Earth (yin, female). Meanwhile, the older terms for different elements of the sexual script like oral sex were: pinxiao, 'savouring' or 'tasting with discrimination' a Chinese flute (fellatio), or pinyu, 'savouring jade' (cunnilingus). These came from the seventeenth-century novel Plum in the Golden Vase (Jin Ping Mei).22\n\nSame-sex relations were described in Classical Chinese as duanxiu, fentao\/yutao, longyang.23 Duanxiu, 'cutting the sleeve', was a reference to Han Emperor Ai (first century BCE) and his male concubine Dong Xian. When Dong Xian fell asleep on the emperor's sleeve, the emperor ordered his sleeve to be cut so he could leave the bed without waking his beloved. Fentao, 'sharing the peach', was recorded in Hanfeizi (third century BCE). Duke Ling of Wei had a beautiful boy called Mi Zixia, who once offered a peach, already bitten, to the duke. This would normally be a serious offence, but the duke showed his appreciation, suggesting the intimate bond between the two. Finally, longyang is a reference to the eponymous duke from the Warring States period. The duke went fishing with the Wei emperor, and when the emperor caught ten fish, the duke started weeping. The duke explained that the emperor, having caught larger fish, would then discard the smaller ones he previously captured. By analogy, once the emperor met other beauties, he would abandon the duke. The emperor was deeply touched and declared that, if anybody dared introduce more beauties to him, he would execute that person and eliminate his kin. Longyang or longyang pi (pi meaning 'obsession') thus became terms for same-sex relations between men. For female same-sex relations, two metaphors were used: mojing ('polishing\/rubbing the mirror') and duishi ('facing each other eating'). Duishi, implying mutual cunnilingus, referred to the sexual practices between women in the imperial harem. Mojing was an allusion to tribadism (mutual masturbation involving a woman rubbing her vulva against that of her partner). In Classified Collection of Anecdotes on the Qing Dynasty (Qingbai leichao, 1916), Xu Ke describes 'mirror-rubbing' as a common practice among the members of a man-loathing sisterhood in Shanghai in the late nineteenth century.24 One could contrast these with the terminologies for homosexuality and lesbianism in circulation in biology and sexology texts from the 1920s: tongxing lian\/ai\/lian'ai \u2013 composed of 'same' (tong), 'sex' (xing) and 'love' (lian\/ai\/lian'ai) \u2013 which evacuated the elaborate literary and historical references.25\n\nThis kaleidoscopic, perhaps bewildering, tour of older terms is by no means exhaustive, and cannot do justice to the massive vocabulary available in Chinese to talk about sexual behaviours, seriously or jokingly, approvingly or contemptuously, under different circumstances, at different audiences. In casual conversations today, sex may be simply shui ('sleep'), guanxi ('relationship'), zhao'ai ('make love'), shangchuang ('getting in bed'), gan ('do'\/'fuck') or even na'ge ('that thing'). Etymological research is difficult and time-consuming in Chinese and Japanese because of a shortage of reference works that provide genealogies on a character's historical usage; by contrast, in English, the Oxford English Dictionary supplies a brief, though not always comprehensive, chronology for most entries. Nor is there a work in Chinese comparable to Julie Coleman's masterly Love, Sex and Marriage: A Historical Thesaurus,26 which allows historians to trace the evolving usage of a term and to locate it within semantic fields. This is without diving into complications arising from regional variations. Cantonese speakers, for instance, have their own baffling set of insults, profanities and colloquial coinages to talk about sex, unintelligible to non-Cantonese speakers. Yet none of these 'non-serious' terms have the symbolic value invested in the 'respectable' xing \u2013 the standard word in circulation in scientific discussions ever since the 1920s.\n\nTo sum up this section, the purpose of discussing yin, 'cutting the sleeve' and so forth is to show how the older Chinese lexicon for sex might be classified: first, as terms which always already carried a negative, moralistic connotation, suggesting obscenity, excess, dirtiness; second, as euphemisms containing rich literary, mythical and historical allusions. The twentieth-century word xing and its associated compounds were, for the May Fourth New Culture generation, about 'neutrality'; they referred to biological facts of nature, they were 'modern'. To use xing for sex was to 'call a spade a spade': if sex was human nature, there ought not to be any shame in talking about it in a plain, straightforward, honest, unpretentious and immediate language, and there was no need to veil sex underneath thick layers of metaphors. But the point of xing-talk is that it is precisely not value-neutral at all. The 'sex\/human nature' complex embedded in xing mobilises a humanistic ideological weapon which Foucault calls the 'Repressive Hypothesis', that links together 'the revelation of truth, the overturning of global laws, the proclamation of a new day to come, and the promise of a certain felicity'.27 It is the conviction that the 'Old World' had painstakingly repressed and denied people's sexuality and their fundamental nature, and what was therefore most needed to transform society and nation was the fullest affirmation and liberation of human instincts. For the Chinese iconoclasts and modernisers, 'Confucian propriety' had produced nothing but prudishness, dishonesty and obfuscation surrounding sex which xing-talk would defy. A history of sexuality written in the vein of the Repressive Hypothesis would claim that there had never been a non-repressive discourse of sex and it would be up to the progressive scientific experts, the serious and rigorous investigators, to uncover\/recover the truths of our being and to inaugurate a language of xing. The lack of 'neutral' words for sex would then be construed as evidence supporting the claim. This mirrors the May Fourth conception that the history of China itself had been nothing but the history of repression, until the intellectuals took on the mission to emancipate (jiefang) the human spirit from the 'ironhouse'.28 I cannot possibly attempt something as ambitious as a complete analysis of the history of Chinese sexuality to address Foucault's 'first doubt': 'Is sexual repression truly an established historical fact?'29 What I can point out is that the repression\u2013liberation narrative, propounded in the 1920s and later deployed to legitimate the rule of the communist regime (the justification of radical social engineering and transcendence of the rule of law to 'liberate the masses'), has been directly attacked through many case studies.30 One should avoid inserting oneself into the 'critical discourse that addresses itself to repression' that may be 'in fact part of the same historical network as the thing it denounces (and doubtlessly misrepresents) by calling it \"repression'\".31 While it is doubtless difficult to resist the temptation to see the past as more 'repressed', 'conceited', 'close-minded' and 'hypocritical' than the present, one must stay sober in the discussion of the language of xing to avoid reproducing the teleology and rhetoric of progress embraced by our historical actors. For now, let us turn our attention to xing again, and track it down in Chinese texts in the early twentieth century.\n\nTracing xing\n\nAccording to Jai Ben-ray, Ye Dehui's (1864\u20131927) 'Preface to The Classic of the Plain Girl' (1907) contained possibly the earliest use of xing qua sex and human nature.32 The Classic of the Plain Girl (Su n\u00fc jing), a sex manual dated from the third to second century BCE, was reconstructed by Ye from the fragments recorded in one of the thirty volumes of Ishinp , the oldest surviving medical work from Japan. Ye Dehui, a local official, book collector and bibliographic scholar, regarded the resurrection of these 'Art of the Bedchamber' texts as 'part of a modernising project to bring sex into public discourse. China's ancient sexual love was firmly connected to the serious issue of ensuring the nation's social fitness through reproductive success'.33 In 1903, Ye published Plain Girl and other texts as The Double Plum Sun and Shadow Anthology (Shuang mei jing an congshu).\n\nPlain Girl was a dialogue between the eponymous maiden and the legendary yellow emperor, who sought wisdom on sexual practices. In this ancient text, sexual activity was described as a pleasurable practice which could contribute greatly to health and longevity, but excessive sex might lead to the depletion of the male essence (jing), grave illness and death. Ye Dehui, subsequently castigated as a pornographer spreading obscenity and superstition, had the same aims as May Fourth New Culture intellectuals, but ended up with a different project: instead of championing western sexology and denigrating older Chinese medical texts, Ye argued that China had always already had solutions to its own problems. He wrote:\n\nToday, western scholars in hygiene [weisheng] from afar, investigate and speculate on the subtle and hidden causes behind eating, drinking and sexual relations [yinshi nann\u00fc], and their works are translated as new books such as Genitalia [Shengzhi qi], New Theories on Sexual Intercourse [Nann\u00fc jiaohe xinlun], The Hygiene of Marriage [Hunyin weisheng xue]. The ignorant treated them as treasures, not knowing that the descendants of China's sacred emperors and ancient sages already discussed this learning four thousand years ago. For instance, The Record of Confucius Closing Off the House [Kongzi bifang ji] mentioned in the apocryphal texts [weishu], although it is not passed on through the generations, we know how ancient this study [of sex] is. Or the ancient methods of foetal education [taijiao] recorded in the Abundant Dew on the Spring and Autumn Annals [Chunqiu fanlu] and Records of Ritual Matters by Dai Senior [Da Dai liji], it is invariably about the rectification of character [xingqing] of the parents, multiplication of descendents and continuation of the progeny of the family [guangsi xu], to maximise the function of orderly cultivation [weiyu]. The spirit of the study of sex [xingxue], how could the pedantic Confucian scholars possibly be able to see its essence?34\n\nHere, the Chinese character xing appears twice. The first xing from xingqing means 'character' or 'temperament'. The second xing in xingxue directly refers to the study or scholarship of sex \u2013 xingxue became the standard translation of terms such as sexology, sexual sciences and sex research (sexologie\/Sexuologie, Sexualwissenschaft\/Sexualforschung). Ye's argument was that ancient China had an extremely sophisticated discourse on sex, and as such, the current translations of western texts that he encountered \u2013 Genitalia, New Theories on Sexual Intercourse and so on \u2013 were 'old news from afar'.35 This would be a source of national pride as China was superior to the west in the innovation of ideas. Another aim of Ye Dehui's rhetoric was to legitimise his own investigations \u2013 since sex was what people in the west were talking about, then of course the Chinese had to look into xing too.\n\nThe 1900s and 1910s were a transitional period. Intellectuals wrote about sex with a mixture of old categories \u2013 the aforementioned yin, se and yu \u2013 along with occasional uses of xing constructions. From a sample of articles on the women's movement written between 1842 to 1911, sex was described variously as rou ('flesh'), roujiao ('transactions of the flesh'), rouyu ('carnal desire'), fayu ('arousal'), nann\u00fc zhi yu ('desire between man and woman'), jiaohe (exchange, combine, come together).36 In 'The Relationship Between the Two Sexes' (Nann\u00fc liangxing de guanxi), published in the April 1907 issue of China's New Woman's World Magazine (Zhongguo xin n\u00fcjie zazhi), liangxing was used to describe the opposite sexes. Another early instance of xing in China could be found in the 1900 Chinese translation of a Japanese text, Fukuzawa Yukichi's On the Interactions Between Men and Women (Danjo k sai ron, 1886).37 There, the translator, following Fukuzawa, used the character xing to mean intercourse, an essential component of a relationship between a man and a woman.38 Yet, within the same article, sex was also called tijiao\/tipo zhi jiao ('bodily exchange'), showing that xing had not yet displaced the older categories, and some authors (for example Lufei Kui) continued to use exclusively se and yin in 1910.\n\nIn his influential article on polygamy in the August 1911 issue of Eastern Miscellany (Dongfang zazhi), Du Yaquan writes:\n\nThe key to the preservation of progeny (baozhong)... is to regulate sexual desire (xingyu)... if the system (jiguan) of sexual desire is overused, then other bodily systems will become atrophied (weisuo)... On the other hand, if sexual desire is well regulated, then other systems will prosper ( fada). To have a healthy body and a refined morality and passing these qualities to the offspring \u2013 this is the citizen's (guomin) duty to the future generation.39\n\nDu's article contains one of the earliest uses of the phrase xingyu for 'sexual desire'\/'libido', as opposed to the older yinyu. He writes about sex in the language of drives and instincts emerging from the European psychological sciences, which treat sex as one of the many vital and natural systems of the body. Xingyu is just as important as shiyu, the desire for food and drink. The careful balance of input and expenditure of energy in the bodily economy is key to the development of a healthy, moral human being, and the responsibility of a citizen (guomin, also a new 1920s term) in the Chinese nation is to prevent overspending in sex, achieved through the prohibition of polygamy and concubinage. For Du, sex is a perilous drive and its vigilant monitoring is of individual and collective interest, but to deploy the vocabulary of xing means that sex is no longer something dirty or taboo \u2013 the shift to xing-constructions is a symptom of the emerging discourse of sex qua natural property of all human beings in the early decades of republican China.\n\nIn another article in Eastern Miscellany, Gu Shaoyi explored the relationship between the olfactory sense and sexual desire. Gu similarly equated sexual desire to something that was fundamental to all humans, and adopted the phrase xingyu, which appeared thirty-three times in the text. Xing, as sex and human nature, appeared as a standalone character five times. The older terms seyu and qingyu still featured, but only employed eight and two times respectively, reflecting that Gu's intended audience, the emerging bourgeoisie in urban China, would be expected to understand the new usage of xing.40 By 1919 and 1920, some articles used only xing to refer to sex: for instance, two articles in Morning Light (Shuguang) by Wang Tongzhao and Wang Qirui, and Pan Gongzhan's 1920 review of Maurice Alpheus Bigelow's Sex Education: Knowledge of Sex in its Relation to Human Life (1915) in Education Magazine (Jiaoyu zazhi). If we survey the Comprehensive Catalogue of Republican Period Books, the major index of publications between the late Qing period and the communist takeover, the character xing (meaning sex) began to appear in book titles from 1920 onwards, and out of the 408 books on sex published, 263 were released in this decade.41\n\nThe alien nature of xing as a signifier of sex was often emphasised by the use of quotation marks. For instance, in Zhang Jingsheng's advertisement titled 'The Best Pastime for the Winter Vacation \u2013 An Announcement Made on Behalf of the \"Eugenics Society\"', which appeared in the literary supplement of Capital Daily (Jingbao fukan) in February 1926, quotation marks framed terms including sex (xing), sex histories (xing shi) and sexual knowledge (xing zhishi).42 Another case of the use of quotation marks or a different typeface to highlight the novelty of xing is Chen Dongyuan's influential History of Women's Lives in China (Zhongguo fun\u00fc shenghuo shi, 1926). When commenting on Margaret Sanger's visit to Peking University, Chen notes, '[Sanger] makes Chinese people become aware that matters related to \"xing\" are actually worth discussing using the Scientific Method!'43\n\nThe most suggestive clue to xing's linguistic career could be found through Zhang Dongmin, a writer and translator of popular science who published The Worship of Sex (Xing de congbai) in June 1927. In his book, which drew extensively from O. A. Wall's Sex and Sex Worship (1919), Zhang Dongmin argued that sex, in an unspecified primitive past, was something that was clean and decent, but became something evil and threatening under China's sexual morality. The underlying purpose of Zhang's book was to contrast sexual practices and attitudes in the past, perceived to be more relaxed and 'closer to nature', against the repression that Zhang saw in contemporary China. Of particular importance to us is the manner in which Zhang creatively appropriated the first two verses of the Three Character Classic (San zi jing, circa thirteenth century), which stated the central tenet of Confucianism as developed by Mencius: ren zi chu, xing ben shan; xing xiang jin, xi xiang yuan. The common translation for this would be, 'people at birth, are naturally good; their natures are similar, their habits make them different'. Here, 'naturally' and 'human nature' are represented by xing. Zhang Dongmin however interprets xing here as sex: 'The ancients had said, \"in the beginning, sex was decent\". This clearly stated that when human begins were in their primitive, beginning epochs, for them everything concerning sex was originally regarded as good and decent'.44 Zhou Zuoren, in his review of Zhang Dongmin's book, criticises this reading of xing as either a wilfully anachronistic interpretation or a mistake:\n\nLet us not for now go into a discussion on xing [as sex] as a new noun from Japan... [Zhang Dongmin] thinks that this xing [in the first verse of the Three Character Classic] is the xing in xingjiao [coitus], in fact this is clearly a mistake.45\n\nJapanese connections and return graphic loans\n\nLet us ignore Zhou Zuoren's advice, and now go into a discussion on xing as a new noun from Japan. We begin with the obligatory point of passage for all inquiries related to Japanese use of Chinese characters \u2013 kanji in Japanese \u2013 Morohashi Tetsuji's (1883\u20131982) Dai kanwa jiten, the definitive work of reference on Japanese and Chinese. In the 1984\u201386 edition, the entry on the kanji contains definitions such as temperament, nature, personality and sex; these correspond to the meanings of xing found in any contemporary Chinese dictionary. However, there are three possible pronunciations of the character in Japanese, as opposed to just one in Chinese. When used to refer to sex, the pronunciation is sei. The other two are shou and saga, used in compounds referring to character and nature. Deborah Sang, who cited the opinion of sexologist Zhang Minyun, stated that the 'importation of German sexology to Japan began in the late Meiji period (1868\u20131912) and reached its peak in the Taisho era (1912\u201326)'.46 This statement is broadly correct, as demonstrated by the work of Sabine Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck and Oda Makoto.47 Sang added that it was during the Meiji when 'Japanese intellectuals began to use sei [the character called xing in Chinese] to mean sex'. Unfortunately, neither Zhang nor Sang went any further beyond stating the sex-sei-xing connection.48\n\nA look at the most widely circulated dictionaries published in Japan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would give us some hints about the trajectory of sei. In the famous Sea of Words \u2013 Genkai (1891), edited by lexicographer Otsuki Fumihiko, there was no record of sei-sex, as with: Owada Tateki's Nihon da jiten (1897); Shozaburo Kanazawa's Forest of Words \u2013 Jirin (1907); Shigeno Yasutsugu's Sanseido kanwa dajiten (1910); Matsui Kanji and Uedo Kazutoshi's Fuzanbo dainihon kokugo jiten (1915). The 1920s however were a watershed, as sei-sex was institutionalised in Japanese reference works for the first time. In Ochiai Naobumi and Haga Yaichi's Fountain of Words \u2013 Gensen (1927), the fourth definition of the character reads, 'Sei. English: sex, the differences in the psychological and physical qualities of men and women'.49 The 1923 Shokai kanwa daijiten by Hattori Unokichi and Oyanagi Shigeta also included the sei-sex definition. The inclusion of the sex definition was by no means uniform across all dictionaries: the revised edition of the aforementioned Forest of Words (1925) and the expanded version of Sea of Words (Gensen, 1932\u201337) were two cases where a sei-sex entry could not be found. On the other hand, some English\u2013Japanese dictionaries recorded sei-sex well before the 1920s. For instance, Shibata Shoukichi and Koyasu Takashi's Eiwa jii (1873) defines sex and sexuality as sei, as with: the Japanese translation of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (1888) by Tanahashi Ichiro and Frank Warrington Eastlake; Kanda Naibu's Mohan shin eiwa daijiten (1911) and Shuchin konsaisu eiwa jiten (1922). The pattern that emerges is that, until the twentieth century, the character called xing in Chinese was used in Japanese to also signify nature, life and so forth, and from the 1870s to 1880s, the kanji was used to signify sex and this new usage became more popular in the 1920s, displacing older words such as iro (the Japanese equivalent of the Chinese se). This corroborates Furukawa Makoto's finding that sei (as sex) became a fashionable word in the 1920s.50 From the chronology of the dictionaries investigated, combined with Zhou Zuoren's remark, we could venture the hypothesis that the Japanese used the kanji called xing in Chinese to translate 'sex' and 'sexuality' before the Chinese. To explain what is going on here, it is crucial to understand the structure of the Japanese language and its development.51\n\nThere are three systems of writings in Japanese: the syllabaries katakana and hiragana, and the ideogram system kanji ('Han characters'). The characters were appropriated by the Japanese around the fifth to sixth centuries from Buddhist scriptures and Chinese philosophical texts. By the seventh century, the Chinese characters mutated into two separate species in Japan: jun kanbun ('genuine writing') and hentai kanbun ('deformed writing'). Texts were written with various marks to inform the reader as to the particular arrangement of the kanji in each phrase so that a Japanese reading could be possible. The ability to do Japanese readings of Chinese characters was in turn the result of two methods of adaptation \u2013 the first was to use the Chinese characters semantically, and then give them Japanese sounds (kun reading). The second was to do the opposite: employ characters as phonemes and put together new words in Japanese with little regard for the original meaning of the Chinese symbols (on). The Japanese literati were very fond of bringing back neologisms in Chinese back to their home country, and invented idiosyncratic uses of ideograms which often bore no relationship to the characters' meanings in Chinese. Each Chinese character thus acquired a whole range of pronunciations, some of which were invented by the Japanese and some possibly Chinese pronunciations which fell out of use in China but survived in Japan.\n\nIn Japan, Chinese was the language of the elite. The literati would compose essays and poems in Chinese. Officials used it in government documents and the religious hierarchy to maintain manuscripts. By the ninth century, the clerics developed a separate system of diacritical marks placed alongside Chinese characters to clarify the way texts were supposed to be read. The marks were simplified forms or fragments of Chinese characters, and these were called kana. By the eleventh century, they were developed into two systems of writing Japanese sounds: katakana and hiragana. By the thirteenth century, hiragana became the syllabary used with kanji to form the backbone of the writing system. The katakana, meanwhile, acquired its principal use \u2013 the phonetic rendering of new foreign words, particularly heightened as a result of colonial encounters. As a result, modern Japanese writing is a melting pot of Chinese characters, hiragana and katakana: layer upon layer, permutations and combinations of sounds, images, semantics and annotations.\n\nWhat is supremely important to us is the process of neologistic construction in Japanese and Chinese. According to Lydia Liu, the influx of calques and other loanwords into Chinese in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century followed a typical pattern: 'the Japanese used kanji (Chinese characters) to translate European terms, and the neologisms were then imported back into the Chinese language'. These borrowings fall under three headings: (1) two character compounds made up of Chinese characters that are found only in pre-modern Japanese and do not appear in Classical Chinese; (2) Classical Chinese expressions used by the Japanese to translate western terms that were then imported back into Chinese with a radical change in meaning, such as geming [revolution; in Japanese kakumei], wenhua [culture; bunka], jingji [economy; keizai], kexue [science; kagaku]; (3) modern Japanese compounds that have no equivalent in Classical Chinese, such as zhongzu [race; in Japanese shuzoku], meishu [art; bijutsu], meixue [aesthetics; bigaku], guoji [international; kokusai]. The second of these types of borrowings is called return graphic loans. To clarify, the modern meaning of the Chinese compound wenhua, 'culture', is derived from the Japanese compound, written in exactly the same way but pronounced bunka, and it is through the process of borrowing from the Japanese that an equivalence was established between wenxue and 'culture'. In Classical Chinese, wenhua denoted 'the state of refinement or artistic cultivation as opposed to military prowess, carrying none of the ethnographical connotations of \"culture\" in today's usage'. Kexue, on the other hand, meant 'studies for the civil examinations' in Classical Chinese, but after the Japanese appropriation (kagaku), kexue became 'science' in twentieth-century China.52\n\nThe motivations for the Japanese in using Chinese characters are multiple. Yanabu Akira explains that, in large part, it is due to what he calls the cassette effect. A cassette here is a casket for jewels, letters or other precious items, itself made with a valuable material and richly ornamented. Chinese characters were held by the Japanese as valuable repositories and carriers of meaning. Moreover, these 'cassettes' drew a reader's attention to the newness and alien nature of the foreign, imported bits of knowledge. It was an act of linguistic engineering. Particularly for Meiji intellectuals who argued that the modernisation of the nation required the appropriation of modern thought, the acknowledgement of the power of language meant that such modern thought had to be expressed with new words, and the older terms had to be superseded. In China this was also the case, as Edward Gunn demonstrated in his work on the 'rewriting' of Chinese in the 1920s.53 For Yanabu, the cassette effect leads to the blind acceptance of loanwords and neologisms without interrogation of what they 'really' mean \u2013 the splendour, glamour, elegance of the cassettes dazzled and charmed readers into ignoring their contents. In that sense, a cassette becomes more akin to a Trojan horse, facilitating the 'smuggling' of ideas. As the new words become adopted and reiterated, readers 'feel' as though they know what they are talking about, or begin to be only capable of thinking about a certain problem through these terms, and are thus constrained by a linguistic straitjacket, become 'spoken' by a discourse.54 Yanabu's cassettes include 'society' (in Chinese shehui; in Japanese shokai), 'individual' (geren; kojin), 'love' (lian'ai; ren'ai), 'being' (cunzai; sonzai), 'nature' (ziran; shiran), 'liberty' (ziyou; jiyuu) and 'right' (quanli; kenri). One should note that all of Yanabu's cassettes also ended up as return graphic loans, reintroduced into China around the early twentieth century through Chinese translations of Japanese translations of European and American texts.55 These new words were mobilised by May Fourth New Culture intellectuals, circulated in what I call the 'marketplace of ideas' in 1920s China, institutionalised in dictionaries, glossaries and encyclopaedias, and entered public discourse.\n\nXing is precisely one of these 'return graphic loans'. Though it is difficult to pinpoint exactly who first used sei to mean sex (probably as a transliteration), Oda Makoto credits Mori Ogai (1862\u20131922) for popularising its use in Japan.56 Mori, a Japanese physician and novelist who studied public health in Germany, was one of the most important Meiji writers on sex and hygiene. Around 1902\u201303, Mori published a series of articles in Public Health (Koushuu iji) which discussed sex drive, menstruation, contraception, spermatorrhea and hygienics. Mori uses sei and its compounds throughout; his argument is that the sex drive is fundamentally a fact of human nature, and its suppression can lead to grave nervous illnesses. In 1909, Mori published Vita Sexualis (Wita sekusuarisu), a frank semi-autobiographical book in which the narrator describes his psychosexual development. Vita Sexualis was a clear expression of Mori's view that the desire for sex cannot be suppressed or silenced, and the open discussion of sex is necessary for the sake of self-improvement and one's mental health.57 The return of sei back to China was the result of translations of Japanese sexological texts and textbooks by Chinese and Japanese intellectuals, for instance the work of Fukuzawa Yukichi and gynaecologist Habuto Eiji's (d. 1929) New Sex Education.58 What these works achieved was to put sei\/xing and the double meaning of xing (sex\/human nature) into circulation.\n\nConclusion\n\nWhen sex, through xing, became the centre of human life, this necessitated rational, systematic inquiry into its 'true' nature. The aim of a science in sex was not simply descriptive \u2013 the classification of behaviours \u2013 but always prescriptive and normative. For British sexologist and social reformer Havelock Ellis, widely admired by republican Chinese intellectuals, the point of collecting and displaying all kinds of sexual fauna was to foster tolerance and acceptance. Since what was observed in the world 'out there' in nature was necessarily 'natural', homosexuality for instance ought to be accommodated as part of the diversity of all human beings, ultimately as unremarkable as differences in height or weight.59 There were equally men of science who believed that there was one 'true' human nature and one 'true' kind of sexuality, and all other behaviours would be pathological, opposed to 'Nature's Way', and thus had to be eliminated.\n\nThe various paradoxes arising from the mobilisation of 'nature' for political ends and to legitimise moral outlooks through 'biologisation' or 'naturalisation' have been analysed by many.60 On the one hand, nature is about spontaneity, something that one has always already 'known', or just there to be found and appropriately named because it is 'universal', deeply ingrained, an inherent tendency or immutable drive. Something appears to be 'natural' if one is compelled to do it or helpless against it; a person is absolved of moral responsibilities for acting in a certain way because there is never a conscious choice. On the other hand, the mass of sex manuals which provide detailed descriptions on how to behave 'naturally' or 'scientifically' can imply: what is 'natural' can after all be altered; or there is a possibility that human beings can act contrarily to nature; or that their drives may be corrupted, misaligned by 'culture' or 'society' and must be corrected, reformed, re-educated, rechanneled. The aim then is to redirect a person's energies to more useful ends, to restore the natural order of things, to eliminate any restraints which may hold back human beings from realising their true potential, from fulfilling their biological destiny, from playing their rightful roles. This position is absolutely crucial to the rhetoric of 1920s Chinese intellectuals and iconoclasts: the artificial pathological obstacle that had to be dismantled at all costs was 'Confucianism'. The symptoms of the 'Sick Man of Asia', twisted by 'Confucian ethics' included: treating sex as a taboo subject, not to be spoken about or only ever through euphemisms; wanton excesses in brothels and polygamous households; the mutilation of the female body through footbinding and chestbinding; the 'poor' quality of reproduction which led to a 'poor' quality of the population. A healthy, brand new sexual morality, erected on the modern edifice of western science, anchored in the direct, no-nonsense language of xing, would be the way to administer and manage people's lives, to rejuvenate a nation under siege. Effectively, xing became a new vessel, a placeholder given different shapes depending on the political project; it was up to intellectuals to fill the content of xing, writing sex\/human nature into being.\n\nThrough xing, some of the key developments in science and humanities in 1920s China make a good deal of sense. Why was there, for instance, an explosion of autobiographical writing, an effervescence of confessional novels written in the first person with frank, startling revelations of sexual lives? And why were there so many 'problem novels' (wenti xiaoshuo) which dealt with sex-related issues of the day such as premarital sex, pregnancy before marriage, same-sex desire? Why did intellectuals encourage the masses to keep diaries, to read up on questions like chastity and divorce, some even going as far as asking the general public to submit personal stories of sexual development and to compile case histories for all to scrutinise? Sex was 'implanted into bodies, slipped in beneath modes of conduct, made into a principle of classification and intelligibility, established as a raison d'\u00eatre and a natural order of disorder'.61 Sex became the locus of truth and a person's subjectivity, and so it would be an obligation upon all the Chinese people to speak out, to have one's voice registered in the world, to share one's painful sufferings: the public was invited not to feel ashamed or guilty, but to leave absolutely nothing unsaid \u2013 in short, it was an 'incitement to speak', an attempt to construct a 'machinery for producing true discourses about sex'.62 The foundation of human sciences in Chinese universities, the interest in anthropology, sociology and ethnography for the collection and comparison of everyone's daily lives and sexual customs, dovetails with the intellectuals' project of the 'Discovery of Man' (ren de faxian) and the liberation of his spirit. The 'facts of life' extracted from these inquiries were presumed to help the Chinese to work out rational strategies to transform the political economy of the body: they came up with something as grand as the compulsory sterilisation of the 'undesirables' or the control of reproduction of the 'invalids' in the Chinese population, or as seemingly trivial as washing one's genitals with soap and putting on clean underwear before going to bed. Contraceptive technologies, alongside the rules of dating and the virtues of French kissing, were vigorously debated in magazines such as Ladies' Journal (F\u00fcnu zazhi), New Women (Xin n\u00fcxing), New Family (Xin jiating), New Culture (Xin wenhua), Sex Magazine (Xing zazhi) and Sex Science (Xing kexue). Key foreign works on sex were translated: Key's Love and Marriage in 1923, Stopes's Married Love and Wise Parenthood in 1924, Carpenter's Love Coming-of-Age in 1922, parts of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex in 1927, and Freud around the mid-1920s. All of these phenomena were connected to the frantic drive to determine, to alter, to fix the content of xing, of sex and human nature.\n\nTo end, I would like to emphasise again the fruitfulness of studying cross-cultural exchange and the global circulation of the language and keywords of sex. Xing\/sei and sex\/human nature are not just a Sino\u2013Japanese phenomenon. We may equally want to ask how and when, for instance Russians, Turks, Filipinos, Indonesians came to adopt the term seks \u2013 a transliteration of sex \u2013 and expelled the older vocabulary? What sort of things did they do to\/with their words? In what ways were these stories connected to the global migration and mutation of sexual and biological knowledge \u2013 or biopower and governmentality \u2013 under the backdrop of imperialism and colonial modernity? Instead of focusing on how different parts of the sexual spectrum \u2013 heterosexuality, gay and lesbianism, transgender \u2013 manifest themselves in different parts of the world, as regional histories of sexuality have often tended to do, I propose that we may all start off with a much simpler question, 'What is the word for \"sex\" in this particular language, and why?'\n\nGlossary\n\n'1920 niandai de lian'ai yu xing xingdaode lunsu \u2013 cong Zhang Xichen canyu de sanchi lunzhan tanqi'\n\nNotes\n\nThe author is grateful to Susan Daruvala and John Forrester for their support, and to Eric Hayot and Haun Saussy for their time spent discussing the question of translation and linguistic innovation. Thanks also go to Sabine Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck, Peter Kornicki, Angus McLaren, Gregory Pflugfelder, Thekla Wiebusch, Theodore Jun Yoo and the participants of the Birkbeck Institute for Gender and Sexuality Seminar, University of London, for their advice, particularly on Japan. Finally, the author thanks the Wellcome Trust and the D. Kim Foundation for the History of Science and Technology in East Asia for their generous funding, and the original journal's anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments.\n\nNote on romanisation and East Asian characters: The pinyin system of romanisation has been used throughout this chapter, except for: first, a few spellings best known outside China in another form, such as Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen, Kuomintang, Peking University and Tsinghua University; second, names of Taiwanese persons which are often written with the Wade-Giles system. A glossary of Chinese and Japanese characters is supplied at the end of this chapter.\n\n1. Li Xiao-Jian, 'Xingbie or Gender', in Nadia Tazi (ed.), Keywords: Gender (New York: Other Press, 2004), pp. 87\u2013103, here p. 89. The correct romanisation of the author's name is Li Xiaojiang. However in Tazi's edited volume, Li's name is spelt idiosyncratically as Li Xiao-Jian.\n\n2. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: Will to Knowledge, tr. Robert Hurley (1976; London: Penguin, 1978), p. 105.\n\n3. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Croom Helm, 1976), p. 13.\n\n4. Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg and Meaghan Morris (eds), New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).\n\n5. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995); Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).\n\n6. Leon Antonio Rocha, 'Sex, Eugenics, Aesthetics, Utopia in the Life and Work of Zhang Jingsheng (1888\u20131970)' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010).\n\n7. Dennis Altman, Global Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).\n\n8. This is precisely Lisa Rofel's worry in her attack on Altman's 'emergence of a western-style politicised homosexuality in Asia', that is, the thesis that 'the ubiquity of western rhetoric means that many Asian gay men describe their realities and their own feelings through this rhetoric'. Rofel fears that this 'universalist' line of reasoning serves to negate differences and the erasure of Chinese voices of gay activism. See Lisa Rofel, Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality and Public Culture (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), pp. 88\u201391.\n\n9. A similar argument can be found in Howard H. Chiang, 'Rethinking \"Style\" for Historians and Philosophers of Science: Converging Lessons from Sexuality, Translation, and East Asian Studies', in Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40 (2009), pp. 109\u201318, esp. pp. 112\u201315.\n\n10. Lydia H. Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity \u2013 China, 1900\u20131937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Lydia H. Liu (ed.), Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translations in Global Circulations (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999); Haun Saussy, Great Walls of Discourse and Other Adventures in Cultural China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).\n\n11. Frank Dik\u00f6tter, Sex, Culture and Modernity in China (London: Hurst, 1995), p. 68; Judith Farquhar, Appetites: Food and Sex in Post-Socialist China (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 250\u201355; Zhong Xueping, Masculinity Besieged? Issues of Modernity and Male Subjectivity in Chinese Literature of the Late Twentieth Century (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), p. 54; Deborah Tze-lan Sang, 'Translating Homosexuality: The Discourse of Tongxing'ai in Republican China (1912\u20131949)', in Liu (ed.), Tokens of Exchange, pp. 276\u2013304, here p. 299.\n\n12. Jiang Xiaoyuan, Yun yu: Xing zhangli xia de Zhongguo ren [Clouds and Rain: The Chinese People Under Sexual Tension] (Shanghai: Dongfang chuban zhongxin, 2005); Liu Dalin, Xing de lishi [The History of Sexuality] (Taipei: Commercial Press Taiwan, 2001); Ma Boying, Zhongguo yixue wenhuashi [A History of Medical Culture in China] (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1994); Ruan Fangfu, Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture (New York: Plenum Press, 1991); Pan Suiming, Zhongguo xing xianzhuan [The Current State of Sex in China] (Beijing: Guangming ribao chubanshe, 1995); Li Yinhe, Fun\u00fc: Zui manchang de gemin [Women: The Longest Revolution] (Beijing: Zhongguo fun\u00fc chubanshe, 2007); Wang Yi-cha, Xing, wenming yu huangmiu [Sex, Civilisation and Absurdity] (Taipei: Ye'e chubanshe, 1994).\n\n13. See Tani E. Barlow, The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), esp. pp. 49\u201355; Tani E. Barlow, 'Theorising Woman: Funu, Guojia, Jiating', in Angela Zito and Tani E. Barlow (eds), Body, Subject, and Power in China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 253\u201389.\n\n14. Deborah Tze-lan Sang, The Emerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 103.\n\n15. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) 1, in James Legge (tr. and ed.), The Chinese Classics, vol. 1 (London: Tr\u00fcbner & Co., 1861), p. 247; Xun Zi 23, 'Man's Nature is Evil' (Xing'e) 4, in John Knoblock (tr. and ed.), Xun Zi\u2014A Translation and Study of the Complete Works, vol. 3, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 151.\n\n16. William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodous, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, with Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit\u2013Pali Index (London: Kegan Paul, 1937), p. 258.\n\n17. The Chronicles of Zuo (Zuozhuan), 'Duke of Zhao Year XIX' (Zhao Gong shijiu nian) 1, in James Legge (tr. and ed.), The Chinese Classics, vol. 5 (London: Tr\u00fcbner & Co., 1872), p. 674; The Chronicles of Zuo (Zuozhuan), 'Duke of Zhao Year VIII' (Zhao Gong ba nian) 1, in Legge (tr. and ed.), The Chinese Classics, vol. 5, p. 620; Mencius (Mengzi), 'Gaozi II' 35, in James Legge (tr. and ed.), The Chinese Classics, with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 5 (London: Tr\u00fcbner & Co., 1861), p. 323.\n\n18. Liu, Translingual Practice, p. 348; Federico Masini, The Formation of Modern Chinese Lexicon and its Evolution Toward a National Language: The Period from 1840 to 1898, Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph 6 (Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis, 1992), p. 140 n. 30; Gao Mingkai and Liu Zhengtan, Xiandai hanyu wailai ci yanjiu [Studies of Loanwords in Modern Chinese] (Beijing: Wenzi gaige chubanshe, 1958).\n\n19. Farquhar, Appetites, p. 251.\n\n20. Tan Sitong, An Exposition of Benevolence: The Jen-hs\u00fceh of T'an Ssu-t'ung, tr. Chan Sin-wai (1897; Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1984), pp. 81\u20132. See also Luke S. K. Kwong, T'an Ssu-t'ung, 1865\u20131898: Life and Thought of a Reformer (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 158.\n\n21. See discussions in Lee Haiyan, Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900\u20131950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 172\u20138; Hsu Hui-chi, '1920 niandai de lian'ai yu xing xingdaode lunsu \u2013 cong Zhang Xichen canyu de sanchi lunzhan tanqi' ['A Discussion of Love and the New Sexual Morality of the 1920s \u2013 via the three debates Zhang Xichen participated in'], in Jindai Zhongguo fun\u00fc shi yanjiu [Research on Women in Modern Chinese History] 16 (2008), pp. 29\u201392.\n\n22. Naifei Ding, Obscene Things: The Sexual Politics in Jin Ping Mei (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 207.\n\n23. Wenqing Kang, Obsession: Male Same-Sex Relations in China, 1900\u20131950 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), pp. 19\u201340; Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 34\u201354.\n\n24. Sang, Emerging Lesbian, pp. 17, 104, 119.\n\n25. Sang, Emerging Lesbian, pp. 102\u20136.\n\n26. Julie Coleman, Love, Sex and Marriage: A Historical Thesaurus (Amsterdam: Rodolpi, 1999).\n\n27. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 7.\n\n28. The 'ironhouse' metaphor comes from the Preface to Call to Arms (Nahan). Lu Xun, The Complete Stories of Lu Xun, Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang (trs.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), p. ix. See also Leo Ou-fan Lee, Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).\n\n29. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 10; Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 126.\n\n30. I am referring to the growing\/glowing body of revisionist scholarship which challenges the historiography of repression. Zhang Yanwen, The Social Life of Opium in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Gail Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Matthew Sommer, Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000); Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush and Joan R. Piggott (eds), Women and Confucian Cultures in Pre-Modern China, Korea and Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Li Chenyang (ed.), The Sage and the Second Sex: Confucianism, Ethics, and Gender (Chicago: Open Court, 2000); Charlotte Furth, A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Dorothy Ko, Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).\n\n31. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 10.\n\n32. Jai Ben-ray, 'Zhongguoren xing guan chutan' ['A Preliminary Investigation of the Chinese View on Sex'], in Si yu yan [Thought and Language] 33 (1995), pp. 27\u201375.\n\n33. Charlotte Furth, 'Rethinking van Gulik: Sexuality and Reproduction in Traditional Chinese Medicine', in Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White (eds), Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 125\u201346, here p. 130.\n\n34. A very truncated and mistranslated version of this passage appeared in Furth, 'Rethinking van Gulik', p. 130.\n\n35. Nann\u00fc jiaohe xinlun [New Theories on Sexual Intercourse] is probably Sexual Science (1870) by phrenologist Orson Squire Fowler (1809\u20131887), translated by 'Youyazi'\/Yuashi into Chinese from a Japanese translation.\n\n36. Here I used the classic Li Yu-ning and Chang Y\u00fc-fa (eds), Jindai Zhongguo N\u00fcquan Yundong Shiliao 1842\u20131911 [Historical Materials on the Women's Movement in Modern China 1842\u20131911], 2 vols (Taipei: Juanji wenxue she, 1972).\n\n37. On Fukuzawa, see Carmen Blacker, Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964); Alan Macfarlane, The Making of the Modern World: Visions from the West and the East (London: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 139\u2013248.\n\n38. Fukuzawa Yukichi, Danjo k sai ron (translated into Chinese as Nann\u00fc jiaoji lun) [On the Interactions between Men and Women], in Liang Qichao (ed.), Qingyibao quanbian [Complete Edition of the Journal of Disinterested Criticism] vol. 5, juan 20 (1886 [1900]; Taipei: Wen Hai Press, 1987), pp. 20\u201327 [pp. 542\u20139].\n\n39. Du Yaquan, 'Lun xuqie' ['On Keeping Concubines'], in Dongfang zazhi [Eastern Miscellany] 8 (1911), pp. 16\u201320.\n\n40. Gu Shaoyi, 'Xiujue yu xingyu de guanxi' ['The Relationship between the Olfactory Sense and Sexual Desire'], Dongfang zazhi [Eastern Miscellany] 15 (1918), pp. 33\u20137.\n\n41. Beijing tushuguan [Beijing Library] (ed.), Minguo shiqi zong shumu [Comprehensive Catalogue of Republican Period Books], 20 vols (Beijing: Shumu wenxian, 1991\u201397), esp. 1995 volumes Ziran kexue: yiyao weisheng [Natural Sciences: Medicine and Hygiene] and Shehui kexue: zonglei bufan [Social Sciences: General Section].\n\n42. Zhang Jingsheng, Xingshi [Sex Histories] (1926; Taipei: Dala, 2005), pp. 24\u20137.\n\n43. Chen Dongyuan, Zhongguo fun\u00fc shenghuo shi [History of Women's Lives in China] (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1926), p. 408.\n\n44. Zhang Dongmin, Xing de congbai [The Worship of Sex] (Shanghai: Beixin shuju, 1927), p. 5.\n\n45. Zhou Zuoren, 'Tan xing de congbai' ['On The Worship of Sex'], in Zhou Zuoren shuhua [Zhou Zuoren on Books], Zhou Zuoren quanji [The Complete Works of Zhou Zuoren], vol. 1 (1927; Taipei: Landeng wenhua chuban, 1993), pp. 103\u20135.\n\n46. Sang, Emerging Lesbian, p. 299.\n\n47. Sabine Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck, Colonising Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 83\u2013115; Oda Makoto, Ichigo no jiten: sei [Dictionary of One Word: Sex] (Tokyo: Sanseido, 1996), pp. 54\u201367.\n\n48. Sang, Emerging Lesbian, p. 299; Zhang Minyun, Xing kexue [Sexual Science] (Shanghai: Shanghai wenyi chubanshe, 1988), pp. 50\u201351.\n\n49. Ochiai Naobumi and Haga Yaichi, Fountain of Words: Comprehensive Japanese Dictionary (Gensen nihon dai jiten) (Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Senta, 1927), p. 2295.\n\n50. Furukawa Makoto, 'Ren'ai to seiyoku no daisan teikoku' ['The Third Empire of Love and Sex'], Gendai shiso [Modern Thought] 21 (1993), pp. 110\u201345; Saito Hikaru, 'Niju nendai Nihon yuseigaku no ikkyokumen' ['One Side of Japan's Eugenics during the 1920s'], in Gendai shiso [Modern Thought] 21 (1993), pp. 128\u201358.\n\n51. I rely on Scott L. Montgomery, Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Centuries and Time (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 190\u201399.\n\n52. Liu, Translingual Practice, pp. 32\u20134. Liu points out that the etymological routes of these loans may be even more complicated, involving early\/mid-nineteenth-century Protestant missionaries and their Chinese assistants. These might have had limited impact in China at the start, but their Japanese adoption then catalysed its spread in China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Liu calls this, 'round-trip dissemination of autochthonous neologisms'.\n\n53. Edward Gunn, Rewriting Chinese: Style and Innovation in Twentieth-Century Chinese Prose (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).\n\n54. Yanabu Akira, Honyakugo seiritsu jijo [The History of Translating Words in Modern Japan] (Tokyo: Nihon Honyakuka Yosei Centre, 1982); Yanabu Akira, Modelnizierung der Sprache, tr. Florian Coulmas (Munich, Iudicium, 1991); Yanabu Akira, Kindai nihongo no shiso: honyaku buntai seiritsu jijo [Thoughts on Modern Japanese: Circumstances around the Establishment of Translation Styles] (Tokyo: Hosei Daigaku Shuppankyoku, 2004).\n\n55. Liu, Translingual Practice, pp. 302\u201342.\n\n56. Oda, Ichigo no jiten [Dictionary of One Word], pp. 39\u201340.\n\n57. Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck, Colonising Sex, p. 78.\n\n58. Wang Xuefeng, Jiaoyu zhuanxin zhi jin: ershi shiji shangbenye zhongguo de xing jiaoyu shixiang yu shijian [Mirror of the Education Paradigm Shift: Theories and Practices of Sex Education in China in Early Twentieth Century] (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press China, 2006), p. 81; Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck, Colonising Sex, p. 106.\n\n59. Paul Robinson, The Modernisation of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), p. 24.\n\n60. Williams, Keywords, p. 219; Lorraine Daston and Fernando Vidal, 'Doing What Comes Naturally', in Lorraine Daston and Fernando Vidal (eds), The Moral Authority of Nature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), pp. 1\u201320. See also Fa-ti Fan, 'Nature and Nation in Chinese Political Thought: The National Essence Circle in Early Twentieth Century China', in Daston and Vidal (eds), Moral Authority of Nature, pp. 409\u201337; Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths, and Modern Sexualities (London: Routledge, 1985), pp. 61\u201395; Leonore Tiefer, Sex Is Not a Natural Act and Other Essays (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 31\u201340; Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (1993; New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004).\n\n61. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 44.\n\n62. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 69.\nChapter 5\n\nEpistemic Modernity and the Emergence of Homosexuality in China\n\nHoward Chiang\n\nIn 1950, the Time Bookstore in Shanghai published a book titled Sexual Science by Zhang Minyun.1 In nine chapters, the book summarises contemporary scientific research on animal and human sexuality, including perspectives from psychology, biomedicine, ethnology and sociology. Although the book provides no biographical information about the author, Zhang's familiarity with the history of sexual sciences outside China is demonstrated by his eloquent discussion of their developments in Japan, the part of Asia where the writings of European sexologists had made the deepest impression since the late nineteenth century.2 Zhang clarifies his authorial intention in the opening chapter: 'Especially in the east (such as in China and Japan), people have yet to fully appreciate sexual science. So the author has decided to compose this book: providing Chinese people with a reliable understanding of sexology is precisely the intent of the author'.3 According to Zhang, because the scientific study of sex was so underdeveloped in China, it was high time for the introduction of sexology to Chinese experts and laypersons.\n\nZhang's assertion, nonetheless, overlooked an entire generation of thinkers and cultural commentators who promoted sexological studies in the aftermath of the New Culture movement (1915\u201319). Among the famous May Fourth iconoclastic intellectuals, some not only translated texts and adopted methodological rigour from European sexology, but they also developed their own theories of human sexual behaviour and desire. They frequently engaged in heated debates over the meaning, principles and boundaries of a science of sexuality. Questions of competence, credentials, expertise and authority preoccupied those of the early twentieth-century urban intelligentsia who spoke seriously about sex in public. By the 1930s, disparate efforts and conversations converged in the founding of such periodicals as Sex Science. For the first time in China, sexuality was accorded a primacy of scientific 'truthfulness'.4\n\nThis chapter focuses on the intellectual journey of two pivotal figures in this rich tradition of Republican Chinese sexology: Zhang Jingsheng   and Pan Guangdan  . Historians have regarded Zhang's commentary on proper heterosexual conduct as a key feature of his sexological enterprise, especially as it was stamped by his controversial theory of the 'third kind of water'.5 Meanwhile, studies of Pan's contribution to Chinese sexology have typically focused on his annotated translation of Havelock Ellis's Psychology of Sex, which grew out of his lifelong interest in promoting eugenics in China.6 Less well studied, however, is their discussion of same-sex desire.7 From the early 1920s, Zhang and Pan also debated vociferously about each other's legitimacy as a scientist of sex. Frequently joined by an extended cast of sex educators, such debates reflected the complexity of their sexological manoeuvres. Moving away from the heteronormative and eugenic emphases of their work, I will draw from these examples a snapshot of the broader epistemic context in which the concept of homosexuality emerged as a meaningful point of referencing human difference and cultural identity in twentieth-century China.\n\nThe emphasis on homosexuality and the relevant stakes of scientific disciplinarity revises the limited scholarly literature on the history of Republican Chinese sexology. In his earlier study of the medico-scientific constructions of sex, Frank Dik\u00f6tter argues that early twentieth-century Chinese modernising elites did not fully grasp or reproduce European concepts of sexual 'perversions', including homosexuality.8 More recently, in response to Dik\u00f6tter, other scholars such as Tze-lan D. Sang and Wenqing Kang have exposed the ways in which selected May Fourth intellectuals \u2013 through various ideological debates \u2013 actually contributed to the increasing awareness of foreign categorisations of human sexuality in Chinese mass culture.9\n\nNonetheless, taken together these studies tend to depict Republican Chinese sexology as a unified field that treated homosexuality merely as a social, rather than a personal, problem.10 According to Kang, for example,\n\nWhereas in the West, sexological knowledge pathologized homosexuality as socially deviant, thus reducing it to an individual psychological problem, in China sexology as a form of modern knowledge was used more to diagnose social and national problems... As Chinese writers and thinkers introduced Western sexology to China, male same-sex relations were stigmatized more as a disruptive social deviance than a personal medical condition.11\n\nSang's analysis, too, seems to support the claim that no effect similar to the European 'individualisation' of homosexuality took place in Republican China. In the context of the May Fourth era, Sang observes, 'tongxing ai [same-sex love] is primarily signified as a modality of love or an intersubjective rapport rather than as a category of personhood, that is, an identity'.12\n\nIn this chapter, I suggest that this interpretation is an oversimplification. The view that homosexuality was only a social problem was not consistently shared by such pivotal sexologists as Zhang Jingsheng and Pan Guangdan. In the process of establishing sex as an appropriate object of scientific inquiry, they held different opinions on the etiology, prevention and significance of same-sex love. They even disagreed on the fundamental principles of sexological research. Given the multiple perspectives competing at the time, it is perhaps more compelling to suggest that homosexuality appeared to Chinese experts and popular audiences as much a personal problem as it was a social one \u2013 an explicit issue of personhood, subjectivity and identity. Open communications between 'sexperts', their readers and other 'sexperts' further enriched this incitement of a discourse that found truth in sex. Sexology in Republican China was indeed a new system of knowledge in which, literally, new subjects were made.\n\nUltimately, participants of this new discourse established for China what Michel Foucault has called scientia sexualis, which first distinguished itself in nineteenth-century Europe: a new regime of truth that relocated the discursive technology of the sexual self from the theological sphere of pastoral confession to the secular discourse of science and medicine.13 Contrary to previous studies, I argue that from the 1920s to the 1940s, the conceptual space for articulating a western-derived homosexual identity emerged in China precisely from the new regime of truth circumscribed by the arrival of European sexology. Moreover, whereas Dennis Altman, Lisa Rofel and Judith Farquhar have respectively claimed that 'gay identity' and scientia sexualis first appeared on the China scene only during the post-socialist era, my historicisation suggests that both have deeper roots that can be traced to an earlier epistemic turning point \u2013 in the Republican period.14\n\nPart of my disagreement with previous studies stems from the absence of a theoretical vocabulary that fully registers the complexity of sexological claims in this period. Chinese sexologists' conviction that western science held the key to effective modernisation suggests that claims about tradition and modernity were embedded within claims of sexual knowledge. Though distinct, these two layers of the production of sexual truth are somewhat confounded in the analyses of Dik\u00f6tter, Sang and Kang: for them, sexological research into homosexuality in the Republican period itself marked a condition of modernisation, rather than a condition that permits further referential points of argumentation about the authenticity, traditionality and modernity of Chinese culture. This conflation rests on the assumption that broader trajectories of historical change \u2013 such as modernisation and nationalisation \u2013 are more immediately relevant to the formation of a discourse of sexology in Republican China. But what if the stakes of the formation of such a discourse depended as much on these broader processes of historical change as on its internal disciplinary tensions and epistemic frictions? As generations of science studies scholars have shown, such dissonances are crucial to the consolidation of any kind of scientific valuation.15\n\nIn order to differentiate the two levels of truth production on which sexological claims operated, this chapter proposes and develops the analytic idea of 'epistemic modernity'. My application of 'epistemic modernity' in this chapter refers to an apparatus in the Foucauldian sense that characterises a historical moment during which a new science of sexuality gained epistemological grounding in Chinese culture. In the next section, I make even more explicit the historiographical rationale for implementing this theoretical neologism, including an operational definition appropriate for the purpose of this study. The main body of this chapter consists of three interrelated sections, each of which features an aspect of epistemic modernity. Together, they help reveal a macro, multidimensional picture of East Asian scientia sexualis: the creation of a public of truth, in which the authority of truth could be contested, translated across culture and reinforced through new organisational efforts, constitutes the social\u2013epistemic foundation for the establishment of sexology in Republican China. I conclude by coming back to the central issue of how homosexuality emerged as a meaningful category of experience in this context. Its comprehensibility, I argue, depends on a new nationalistic style of argumentation that arose from the interplay between the introduction of a foreign sexological concept and the displacement of an indigenous paradigm of same-sex desire.\n\nHistoriographical rationale\n\nThe rich history of male homoeroticism in traditional China has been a topic of in-depth scholarly discussion.16 This history, however, is not static but dynamic: over the years, the social significance of same-sex relations in pre-modern China evolved according to the relevant historical factors. As Matthew Sommer's work on Chinese legal history has shown, sodomy appeared in formal legislation in China only in the late imperial period. During the eighteenth-century Yongzheng reign (1723\u201335), male same-sex practice was for the first time directly 'assimilated' to heterosexual practice under the rubric of 'illicit sex'. This Qing innovation, according to Sommer, fundamentally reoriented the organising principle for the regulation of sexuality in China: a universal order of 'appropriate' gender roles and attributes was granted some foundational value over the previous status-oriented paradigm, in which different status groups were expected to hold unique standards of familial and sexual morality.17 But whether someone who engaged in same-sex behaviour was criminalised due to his disruption of a social order organised around status or gender performance, the world of imperial China never viewed the experience of homosexuality as a separate problem. The question was never homosexuality per se, but whether one's sexual behaviour would potentially reverse the dominant script of social order. If we want to isolate the problem of homosexuality in China, we must jump to the first half of the twentieth century to find it.\n\nThe relationship between forms of experience and systems of knowledge thus occupies a central role in this historical problem, if not only because what we have come to call 'sexuality' is a relatively recent product of a system of medico-scientific knowledge that has its own unique style of reasoning and argumentation.18 In the European context, Arnold Davidson has identified the emergence of sexuality from the new conceptual space conditioned by the nineteenth-century shift from an anatomical to a psychiatric style of medical reasoning. 'Before the second half of the nineteenth century', according to Davidson, 'anatomical sex exhausted one's sexual identity', because 'the anatomical style of reasoning took sex as its object of investigation and concerned itself with diseases of structural abnormality'. Hence, 'as little as 150 years ago, psychiatric theories of sexual identity disorders were not false, but rather were not even possible candidates of truth-or-falsehood. Only with the birth of a psychiatric style of reasoning were there categories of evidence, verification, explanation and so on, that allowed such theories to be true-or-false'.19 'Indeed', Davidson claims, 'sexuality itself is a product of the psychiatric style of reasoning'.20 The historical specificity and uniqueness of sexual concepts cannot be overstated, especially since our modern formulation of homosexuality, as the classicist David Halperin reminds us, does not anchor on a notion of object\u2013choice, orientation, or behaviour alone, but 'seems to depend on the unstable conjunction of all three'.21\n\nIf understanding the historical relationship between sexuality and knowledge claims in the western context involves such careful historicism, the situation in East Asia requires at least one additional layer of consideration. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the social situation of China was characterised by an increasingly conspicuous struggle to reconcile the existing canon of traditional Chinese medicine with foreign western biomedical knowledge. This preoccupation with bringing together two coexisting but often competing systems of medical epistemology was overwhelmingly articulated within a larger socio-political project conceived in terms of nationalism. Ideas and practices of nation-making would come to acquire the centre stage in Chinese political and cultural discourses, especially following the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u201395).22\n\nTherefore, it is important to acknowledge that, unlike its western counterpart, the Chinese context of sexual knowledge does not represent a somewhat epistemologically sealed situation in which a previous anatomical style of reasoning actually existed, against which the nineteenth-century psychiatric style of reasoning could be so neatly juxtaposed. To ask the very least, why did modernising thinkers like Zhang Jingsheng, Pan Guangdan and others use western sexological ideas rather than traditional Chinese medical theory as a way to pathologise same-sex desire? What are the broader historical implications? The relationship between systems of knowledge and notions of modernity in East Asia requires problematisation as we historicise the concept of homosexuality itself. In order to carefully account for the historical condition under which homosexuality became a meaningful category in China, we need to complicate the epistemological and historiographical issues that we wish to address concerning the relation between sexuality and science in Chinese history.\n\nTo that end, I find what I call 'epistemic modernity', which builds on Prasenjit Duara's notion of 'the East Asian modern', particularly useful. When proposing the idea of 'the East Asian modern' in his groundbreaking study of Manchukuo, Duara aims to address two concomitant registers of historical production: how 'the past is repeatedly re-signified and mobilised to serve future projects' and the transnationality of 'the circulation of practices and signifiers evoking historical authenticity in the region'. The concept allows Duara to treat 'the modern' as a 'hegemonic' project, 'a set of temporal practices and discourses that is imposed or instituted by modernizers... rather than a preconstituted period or a given condition'.23 The emergence of homosexuality in early twentieth-century China reflects a parallel moment of contingent historicity.\n\nIn trying to highlight similar aspects of the transnational processes, flows and interactions of regimes of cultural temporality and specificity in East Asia, my notion of 'epistemic modernity' refers to the discursive apparatus that governs the implicit status of knowledge or truth claims about traditionality, authenticity and modernity: it essentially defines the index of imbrication in people's simultaneous preoccupation with the epistemology of scientific valuation and the determination of what counts as traditional, authentic or modern. The analytic rubric enables a perspective on the historical question of, to cite Tani Barlow from a different context, 'how our mutual present came to take its apparent shape' in 'a complex field of relationships or threads of material that connect multiply in space-time and can be surveyed from specific sites'.24 As such, epistemic modernity does not merely denote a system of knowledge; rather, it is a set of ongoing practices and discourses that mediates the relationship between systems of knowledge (for example, Chinese or western medicine) and modalities of power (for example, biopower) in yielding specific forms of experience (for example, sexuality) or shaping new categories of subjectivity (for example, homosexual identity).\n\nBy treating traditionality and authenticity as not ontologically given but constructed as such through the ongoing modernising technologies of nationalistic processes, I thus follow Duara's attempt to offer sharper insights concerning the regional mediation of globally circulating discourses, categories and practices in twentieth-century East Asia. The history of homosexuality in China, based on this model, is a history of how globally circulating categories, discourses and practices were mediated within that particular geobody we call 'China'. A major aim of this chapter is to show that, in the context of early twentieth-century China, homosexuality was precisely one of these categories; sexology exemplifies this kind of discourse; and the articulation of a western psychiatric style of reasoning about sexuality represents one of these practices. A relevant case in point is Ruth Rogaski's study of 'hygienic modernity', for one can understand the hygiene\u2013public health nexus as an exemplary model of how globally circulating discourses (of hygiene) and practices (as defined by public health campaigns) were mediated by the discursive apparatus of epistemic modernity in the historical transition from late imperial to national Republican China.25\n\nWhether our analytic prism is sexuality or hygiene, epistemic modernity presents an opportunity to take the growing global hegemony of western conceptions of health and diseases seriously without necessitating a full-blown self- or re-orientalisation, by which I mean an intentional project that continually defers an 'alternative modernity' and essentialises non-westernness (including Chineseness) by assuming the genealogical status of that derivative copy of an 'original' western modernity is somehow always already hermeneutically sealed from the historical apparatus of westernisation.26 Now that studies in the history of sexuality in non-western regions have begun to mature,27 historians should be even more cautious of any effort to view the broader historical processes of epistemic homogenisation as being less significant than forms of local (or 'oriental') resistance.28\n\nWhat I am concerned with, then, is not a social history of homosexuals in China 'from below', but an 'epistemological history' in the Foucauldian sense that 'is situated at the threshold of scientificity'. In other words, this is a study of 'how a concept [like homosexuality] \u2013 still overlaid with metaphors or imaginary contents \u2013 was purified, and accorded the status and function of a scientific concept. To discover how a region of experience [such as same-sex intimacy] that has already been mapped, already partially articulated, but is still overlaid with immediate practical uses or values related to those uses, was constituted as a scientific domain'.29 The rest of this chapter is devoted to examining closely the historical condition whereby the concept of same-sex desire came to fall within the realm of Chinese scientific thinking. Each of the following sections features an aspect of the cultural apparatus I call 'epistemic modernity': a public of truth, a contested terrain of authority and an intellectual landscape of disciplinarity. Each helps distinguish the two levels of truth production on which sexological claims operated: one concerning explicit claims about the object of scientific knowledge (for example, sexuality) and another concerning implicit claims about cultural indicators of traditionality, authenticity and modernity (for example, ways of narrating sexual truth). Operating together within the governing apparatus of epistemic modernity, they anchored the ways in which same-sex sexuality crossed the threshold of scientificity and reveal the very foundations upon which a scientia sexualis flourished in the cultural context of Republican China.\n\nMaking truth public\n\nNo other point of departure serves the purpose of our inquiry better than the sex education campaign that began to acquire some formality in the 1920s. In order to make sex a legitimate object of scientific inquiry and education, modernising elites of the time discussed human sexual behaviour and desire predominantly in the language of biology and psychology. In doing so, they taught people how to think about sexuality in scientific terms. They typically received advanced academic degrees at European, American or Japanese institutions. Upon returning from abroad, many of them participated in the sex education movement, which benefited from the broader cultural environment of the May Fourth intellectuals, by looking up to the British sexologist Havelock Ellis as a role model. They especially praised Ellis's seven-volume encyclopedic Studies in the Psychology of Sex as the epitome of scientific research on human sexuality. One of these modernising thinkers who emulated Ellis's work was China's own 'Dr Sex', Zhang Jingsheng (1888\u20131970).\n\nA university professor and a sex educator, Zhang Jingsheng treated his own sexological treatise, Sex Histories (Xingshi), as a Chinese adaptation of Ellis's Studies.30 After earning his doctorate in philosophy from the University of Lyon, Zhang returned to China in 1920 and initially taught at the Jingshan Middle School in Guangdong. For being educated abroad, Zhang was very much part of the work\u2013study movement promoted in the 1910s. Based on the close ties he had established in France with anarchists of the Guomingdang party such as Wang Jingwei and Cai Yuanpei, Zhang participated in the founding of the Sino-French Education Association, branches of which, by 1919, could be found in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hunan, Shandong and Fujian.31\n\nZhang's participation in the association and the early work\u2013study movement significantly shaped his intellectual outlook. When he was forced to resign from his post at the Jingshan Middle School in 1921, Cai Yuanpei offered him a teaching position at Peking University, the epicentre of the May Fourth movement. Throughout the second half of the 1910s, the Sino-French Education Association actively promoted the view that overseas study in France offered a rare opportunity for Chinese people to learn European science and humanist thinking without relying entirely on Japan. Adopting this vision, Zhang saw in Cai's offer to teach at Peking (at the peak of the May Fourth era) a unique opportunity to enlighten the Chinese public. His first two books, A Way of Life Based on Beauty (1924) and Organizational Principles of a Society Based on Beauty (1925), expressed his conviction that the Chinese nation should be strengthened by learning from Europe, the United States and Japan, especially on the topics of economic structure and military organisation. Championing positive eugenics, Zhang even encouraged interracial marriage (and breeding) between Chinese people and those races that possessed strength where the Chinese race was weak, including the Europeans, Americans, Russians and even the Japanese.32\n\nFollowing these two well-received books, Zhang's publication of Sex Histories in 1926 earned him the popular title 'Dr Sex'. Sex Histories consists of seven life histories written in the form of first-person narrative by those who responded to Zhang's 'call for stories', which was originally published in the supplemental section of the newspaper Jingbao in early 1926. This 'call for stories' asked young people to contribute stories and any other relevant information about their sex lives.33 It also indicated that these stories would be 'psychoanalysed' and would help serve the purpose of 'hygienic' intervention.34 Zhang studied these life histories carefully and provided commentaries at the end of each story he included in Sex Histories. Therefore, Zhang's book adopted a case-study format similar to the way western sexologists typically organised and presented their research finding.\n\nIndeed, when Zhang published Sex Histories, he demanded that the book should be treated as 'a piece of science, because it documents facts'.35 For Zhang, there was nothing obscene or inappropriate about his compilation of people's sexual thought and behaviour. 'To keep a strict record of how things happened in the way they did is the type of mindset that any scientist should have', Zhang insisted.36 He ended the book with a reprint of the 'call for stories' entry, which also solicited collaborators for a project that he had envisaged on translating the Studies by Havelock Ellis.37 In sum, Zhang felt rather strongly that what he was doing in China resembled what the European sexologists were doing on the other side of the world.38\n\nZhang's appropriation of the methodological empiricism of western sexology \u2013 as exemplified by his case studies and effort to 'document facts' \u2013 illustrates a straightforward example of epistemic modernity: implicit in his self-proclaimed expertise on human sexuality lies a claim of another sort concerning referential points of tradition and modernity in Chinese culture. In Zhang's sexological project, knowledge about sexuality involves a modern phenomenon of narrating one's life history in a truthful manner. Whereas literature (fiction, poetry and so on) had been the traditional vehicle for the cultural expression of love and intimacy (including homoeroticism) in late imperial China, according to Zhang's sexology, this mode of representation was no longer appropriate in the twentieth century. His empirical methodology posited a new way of confessing one's erotic experience in the name of science, the domain of modernity in which the truthfulness of sexual desires was to be archived, investigated and explained.\n\nBy encouraging people to talk about their sexual experience, Zhang hoped to achieve more. As the 'call for stories' makes clear, narrators who were brave enough to speak up and report their sex life were rewarded with the unparalleled opinion of a 'sexpert' who, according to the entry, possessed the kind of enlightening scientific knowledge about sexuality from which laypersons could learn and benefit. So drawing on his academic training in philosophy and the empirical approach he had adopted from European sexologists, Zhang framed the modernism of his sexual science with another epistemological tool: theoretical innovation. He did this by developing a coherent set of guiding principles in human sexual conduct based on concepts from the western biosciences.\n\nHis theory of a 'third kind of water' is the most famous and controversial example. According to this theory, the female body produces three kinds of water inside the vagina: one by the labia, another by the clitoris and a third from the Bartholin glands. The release of all three kinds of water, especially the 'third kind', during sex would benefit the health and pleasure of both partners. Reflecting its eugenics underpinning, the theory claims that the release of this 'third kind of water' at the right moment, which normally means twenty to thirty minutes into sexual intercourse as both partners achieve simultaneous orgasm, is crucial to the conception of an intelligent, fit and healthy baby.39 At least one other self-proclaimed 'sexpert', Chai Fuyuan, author of ABC of Sexology (1928), supported Zhang's idea of female ejaculation.40\n\nInterestingly, besides portraying women as active agents in heterosexual intercourse (through such means as 'vaginal breathing'), Zhang also held them responsible for reducing male homosexual behaviour in China.41 In Sex Histories, for instance, Zhang reasoned that since the anus lacked 'momentum' and any kind of 'electrolytic qi', it could not compete with the vagina, which was filled with 'lively qi'. As long as women took good care of their vaginas and used them properly for sex, such as by following his theory of the 'third kind of water'; the 'perverted', 'malodorous', 'meaningless' and 'inhumane' behaviour of anal intercourse among men could be ultimately eliminated.42 This example powerfully illustrates the subtle ways in which male same-sex practice was coming to be discussed in the language of biological science: although not the direct cause of homosexuality per se, according to Zhang's theory the properties, quality and physiological mechanism of female reproductive anatomy were nonetheless understood as a key determinant of the prevalence of male homosexual conduct. Meanwhile, in prioritising western biology as a modernistic discourse for the cultural appreciation of female sexuality, his theoretical project implies the burden of Daoist alchemy as a symbol of tradition in conceptions of sexual health in Chinese culture.\n\nZhang ultimately sought to create a new public of truth about sex. The stories he included in Sex Histories was a major step in this endeavour. In his capacity as the editor of the popular magazine New Culture, he published translations of excerpts from Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The periodical soon became a venue for other kindred spirits to present the science of sexology to a popular audience and to establish their own 'sexpertise'. But most importantly, New Culture was not an exclusive forum devoted to the voice of experts; it published readers' responses to not only its most controversial articles, but also any contemporary issues that seemed relevant to the scope of the magazine, including sexuality-related subjects.\n\nReaders, presumably many of whom resided in urban areas where Republican publications were most readily accessible, seized the opportunity to respond to Zhang's provocative writings. Some felt the need to confirm the scientific value of his work. One reader, for example, interpreted Sex Histories as an 'outstanding scientific piece of \"sex research\"'.43 Another even urged him to publish more sexological treatises like Sex Histories by asking 'why have you published only one volume of Sex Histories? Have you accomplished your goal with that single contribution?'44 Others similarly maintained that Sex Histories 'definitely cannot be viewed as a pornographic piece of work. Its content is all valid research material on sexual activities'.45\n\nAt the same time, the scientism of Dr Sex's advice did not seem problematic to all interested readers. From the outset, many took for granted that his words already constituted science. One woman wrote to Zhang:\n\nThere is one part of your advice that said 'the female partner should try to become excited, so that there will be a great amount of water released in the vagina. The male partner could then gradually insert his penis into her vagina... and rub it back and forth smoothly and easily'. This part, I think, is a little bit too idealistic. In fact, it cannot be accomplished: although I am a woman who has been married for over a year, if I follow your suggestion, I think it certainly will not work. This is because people who are impatient, men or women, would quickly lose sexual interest in the process. As for those who prefer to take it slow, they probably would start getting tired and annoyed of the process, and this might even have a negative effect on two persons' love for each other. What do you think?46\n\nThough disagreeing with Zhang's initial advice, the author still regarded him as the ultimate authority on matters related to sex. In fact, the letter squarely conveys her desire to contribute to Dr Sex's science by providing a personal perspective, which bears a similar empirical value to the case studies collected in Sex Histories. Another reader, Xu Jingzai, even offered Zhang his own insight concerning the proper way of 'sexual breathing'.47 Others similarly respected what Zhang had to offer, but either wanted to learn more about his theory of the 'third kind of water' from a male-centred perspective or expressed frustration with its impracticality based on their own experience in the bedroom.48\n\nSeveral readers directly responded to Dr Sex's brief discussion of homosexuality. Supporting Zhang's effort in promoting sex education on scientific grounds, a lady named Su Ya argued that the prevalence of undesirable sexual behaviours would decline once adequate sex education becomes common in China. Su wrote to Zhang, 'As long as sex education continues to be promoted and advanced, all the illegal sexual behaviours, such as rape, homosexuality, illegal sex, masturbation, etc., could be eliminated'.49 Miss Qin Xin, however, disagreed: 'Homosexuality is not a natural sexual lifestyle. It is a kind of perversion and derailment in human sexuality, so it should not have any proper place in sex education'.50 Another reader asked, 'It seems that homosexuality exists among both men and women, but could these people's \"sexual happiness\" be identical to the kind of enjoyment experienced in sexual activities with the opposite sex?' Zhang simply answered no: 'Other than being a personal hobby, homosexuality cannot be compared to the kind of happiness one achieves in heterosexual intercourse. Since on the physical level it cannot generate the kind of electric qi found in heterosexual mutual attraction, homosexuality also does not provide real satisfaction on the psychological level'.51 Zhang's response thus reminded his readers of the importance of knowing and practising the correct form of heterosexual intercourse, implying the paramount significance of following his theory of the 'third kind of water' that defined women's proper sexual performance, attitude and responsibility.\n\nTherefore, starting in the 1920s, under the influence of Dr Sex, some Chinese urbanites began to treat heterosexuality and homosexuality as scientific categories of discussion and sexology as a serious discourse of expertise knowledge. In 1927, one individual who worked for the Fine Arts Research Society (Meishu yanjiuhui) observed that 'due to the recent progress in academia, there is a new independent scientific field of study that surprises people. What kind of science is it? It's sexology'.52 In particular, Zhang Jingsheng's theory of the 'third kind of water' simultaneously biologised and psychologised sex. It biologised sex because it discussed people's erotic drives and motivations in the framework of the somatic functions of male and female reproductive anatomy. Zhang's theory psychologised sex by explaining people's sexual behaviour and activities in terms of what they thought and how they felt.\n\nThe methodological framework of these processes of knowledge production was consistent with the empirical approach of contemporary western sexology. Among the field's other founding fathers, Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Iwan Block, Max Marcuse and Magnus Hirschfeld all discussed, classified, understood, theorised and, in essence, made knowledge claims about human sexuality by collecting and studying individual life histories. This approach bears little resemblance to the statistical\u2013sociological method later adopted by Alfred Kinsey, the American sexologist who would assume an international reputation by the mid-century.53 As reflected in their correspondences, the Chinese Dr Sex and his readers faithfully believed that sexuality \u2013 hetero or homo \u2013 was something to be known scientifically, and that both the experts and non-experts mutually relied on one another for valuable information. In his attempt to enlighten the public with reliable and 'accurate' knowledge about proper heterosexual conduct, Zhang's sexological ethos gave true or false statements of homosexuality an unprecedented scope of conceptual comprehensibility in China.\n\nCompeting authorities of truth\n\nAs we have seen, the public dissemination of knowledge about sexuality was a hallmark of Zhang Jingsheng's 'utopian project', to borrow the phrase from Leon Rocha.54 In pushing for the public circulation of private sexual histories, Zhang's sexological enterprise simultaneously defined certain aspects of China's sexual culture as traditional or modern, whether in terms of modes of narration (literary vs scientific) or theoretical foundations (Daoist alchemy vs western biology). In this new public of truth, the nature of human desire and passion was openly debated by experts and their readers. But the cast in these debates included other public contenders as well. This section of the chapter extends the foregoing by highlighting another aspect of 'epistemic modernity' crucial to the epistemological grounding of scientia sexualis in Republican China: a public platform on which authorities of truth competed.\n\nWhereas a great majority of the urban mass idolised Zhang by calling him the 'Dr Sex', other mainstream scholars publicly gainsaid his teaching. These critics ridiculed Zhang's sexological work mainly for its lack of scientific integrity. The author of an article in Sex Magazine called Zhang's sexological theory 'fraudulent science' (weikexue) because Zhang 'does not even understand the most basic workings of human physiology'.55 Even though Zhou Jianren (1888\u20131984), the youngest brother of Lu Xun, had praised Zhang's first two books for their sound philosophical argument, he too attacked Zhang's theory of the 'third kind of water' immediately after the publication of Sex Histories. Author of numerous popular life-science books and an editor at the Shanghai Commercial Press, Zhou argued that Zhang's theory did not correctly account for the biological process of ovulation in the menstrual cycle. Zhou noted that if the female body produces an ovum only on a periodic basis, Zhang's advice for women to voluntarily release an egg and the 'third kind of water' in each sexual intercourse was evidently 'pseudo-scientific' at best. Another sex educator, Yang Guanxiong, even described Zhang as a public figure destructive to the entire sex education movement. For modernisers of the sex education movement like Zhou and Yang who were familiar with contemporary developments in the western natural sciences, the most problematic aspect of Zhang Jingsheng's sexology was its inaccurate grounding in human biology.56\n\nOf the many critics of Zhang, the most vociferous was probably Pan Guangdan (1899\u20131967), the famous Chinese eugenicist who also considered himself a loyal devotee of Havelock Ellis's work in sexology. Pan received his bachelor's and master's degrees in biological science, respectively, at Dartmouth College in 1924 and Columbia University in 1926. In light of his high academic performance, Pan was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa honour society upon his graduation from Dartmouth.57 His educational experience in New York coincided with the peak of the American eugenics movement, the centre of which was located in the upper-class resort area of Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island. In 1904, the Station for Experimental Evolution was established there under the directorship of Charles Davenport with funds from the Carnegie Institution of Washington.58 In the summer of 1923 and between his undergraduate and graduate studies, Pan visited Davenport's Eugenics Record Office (founded in 1910) to learn more about human heredity research.\n\nAfter returning to China in 1926, Pan did not conduct experimental research in biology (given his interest in eugenics, experimentation with human breeding was of course not an option). Like most European and American eugenicists, he spent most of his time studying the ethno-social implications of sex instead by constructing extended family pedigrees and collecting other types of inheritance data.59 His Research on the Pedigrees of Chinese Actors (1941) is an exemplary outcome of his eugenics research.60 Like the Anglo-American eugenicists who he tried to emulate, Pan also prioritised the making of an 'eugenic-minded' public.61 He did this by delivering numerous lectures around the country and publishing extensively in both academic journals and the popular press to promote his positive vision of eugenics.62 The Chinese public in general viewed him as a trustworthy intellectual in light of his impressive academic credentials. Through Pan, 'eugenics' quickly became a household term in China in the late 1920s and 1930s.63\n\nHaving the same intellectual worries as Zhou Jianren, Pan regarded Zhang Jingsheng's writings on human sexuality as 'fake science'. Pan was particularly disdainful of anything Zhang had to say about the relationship between sex and eugenics, because he despised Zhang's lack of formal training in biological science. Even though Zhou, like Zhang, had a background in philosophy, his writings on evolutionary biology proved his erudition in the life sciences. On the contrary, in Pan's view, Zhang's ideas about human sexuality demonstrated an apparent failure in communicating principles of human biology. Responding to Zhang's theory of a 'third kind of water', Pan remarked in 1927:\n\n[Zhang] claims that he has discovered a 'third kind of water', but we do not know what it is. He has indicated that it simply refers to the secretion of the Bartholin glands. If that is the case, then it is really nothing new to any educated person with some familiarity with the physiology of sex... One of the functions of the Bartholin secretions is to decrease resistance during sexual intercourse. The amount of secretion increases as the female partner becomes more aroused, so the quantity of secretion depends entirely on the intensity of her sexual desire and arousal... Since this function is present in most females, one wonders on what statistical basis does [Zhang] claim that women in our nation usually do not release this third kind of water. When he claims that this kind of water is more typically released in the body of European urban women, one is equally suspicious about the kind of statistical evidence he relies on, if there is any at all. If he has none yet still speaks so confidently in these words, his intentions are dubious in making these unsupported claims.64\n\nPan subsequently attacked Zhang's understanding of eugenics by directly citing the statistical data collected in the works of Charles Davenport and Francis Galton. Pan even accused Zhang of having overlooked Galton's work completely: 'Since the Englishman Francis Galton published his Hereditary Genius in 1869, the book has become immensely useful; and the recent developments in intelligent testing have grown exponentially. Why doesn't [Zhang] consult these works a bit more? He probably is not even aware of the existence of these studies; one really cannot understand why someone would speak about eugenics so elaborately without some basic familiarity with these texts'.65\n\nIn his reply, Zhang showed no acquiescence. He pointed out that Pan's comments 'have in fact proven the scientific aspect of my theory. The third kind of water is, of course, something present in every woman... I am merely bringing people's attention to this kind of water and teaching them how to release it'.66 Zhang even described Pan's recourse to the work of Francis Galton as evidence of poor research and understanding of eugenics: 'In terms of heredity and eugenics, [Pan's] knowledge in these subjects is even more limited. He is familiar with Francis Galton's work, but Galton's theory does not seem well-grounded... Three years ago, I had already indicated in my book, A Way of Life Based on Beauty, that Galton's eugenic theory is not real science, but what we want is real science... Please allow me to invite [Pan] to study my work more carefully in addition to Galton's'.67 To Zhang, Pan was the one who lacked scientific and scholarly integrity.\n\nThis public correspondence between Pan and Zhang offers a window onto the ways in which, from the 1920s to the 1940s, experts defined and debated the boundaries of a scientific discourse of sexuality. An important aspect was the mutual contestation of the credibility and validity of expertise, as in any other scientific discipline. For Pan, formal training in the biological sciences represented a crucial feature of sexological credibility. Even if an expert lacked this credential, sexological competence could still be achieved by acquiring western scientific knowledge faithfully and refraining from making empirically unsubstantiated claims about sex. This is why he regarded Zhou Jianren as a better equipped sex educator and a more respectable scientist than Zhang Jingsheng. To Zhang, Pan had obviously misinterpreted what he was trying to do. In fact, Pan's oversight of Zhang's earlier scholarly output indicated a weakness of Pan's research and scholarship. In turn, Zhang even encouraged Pan to study his own writings more carefully in addition to the work of foreign scientists like Galton. Since he had already built a foundation of sexological expertise, Dr Sex believed that this foundation should be studied, or at least acknowledged, by incomers to the field of sex science such as Pan.\n\nThe debates between Zhang and his critics thus reveal the larger evolving context in which homosexuality became a matter of scientific discussion. This contested terrain of authority denotes a public platform on which self-proclaimed experts in sexology competed and challenged each other's scientific legitimacy. This 'legitimacy' comprised a host of criteria, including academic credentials (whether someone is trained in the humanities or sciences and in what discipline), methodological approach, accuracy in understanding and communicating the specific contents of western scientific knowledge, and evidence of candid research experience (including familiarity with previous scholarship), among others. In this regard, East Asian sexology, as a regionalised global discourse marked by the trends and currents of 'epistemic modernity', reflected the broader stakes of scientific disciplinarity looming over Chinese culture at the time. Similar to the famous 1923 'science versus metaphysics' controversy, debates over sexual knowledge contributed to the increasingly hegemonic intellectual agenda in which the interrogation of the very meaning of science became a preoccupation unique to the early Republican period. In a double move of sorts, the growing currency of debates on scientism \u2013 itself a new marker of modernity \u2013 contextualised the gradual process by which the category of homosexuality absorbed the dominant frame of thinking about same-sex desire in twentieth-century Chinese culture.68\n\nIntellectual translation and disciplinary consolidation\n\nIn addition to the invention of a new public of truth and a contested terrain of authority, the grounding of scientia sexualis in Republican China involved a third endeavour: the consolidation of its disciplinarity through the translation and reinforcement of specialised authority across culture. The novelty of Zhang Jingsheng's Sex Histories was highlighted in its incitement of a new Chinese discourse in which the truth of people's sexual experience was negotiated in public; but the book's cultural legacy and significance was even more pronounced in the way it reproduced the social dynamics between the observer (the sexologist) and the observed (sexual desire and behaviour) that characterised western sexual science. The criticisms levelled against him, by Pan Guangdan and others, broadened the purview of such power dynamics. They made public not only people's sex life, but also each other's (in)competence to speak about the scientific nature of sex. By the 1930s, through translating, reinforcing and re-contextualising the cultural authority of sexology, Chinese sex scientists accomplished more than disclosing sexual truths and the contested nature of their 'sexpertise' in public: they introduced, on the level of epistemology, a new style of reasoning about sexuality and, in the social domain, an unprecedented forum for intellectual debates that defined their project as culturally relevant, socially legitimate and disciplinarily independent.\n\nAt the point where Sex Histories had undergone numerous reprints and could be found in almost every corner of Shanghai and Beijing, it seemed urgent to sex educators that the study of sexuality required a more rigorous scientific grounding. This drew the line between Dr Sex, who was primarily concerned with popularising his 'theory of the third kind of water', and his critics, who increasingly viewed his work as narrow and unscientific. Again, this is exemplified by the difference between Zhang Jingsheng and Pan Guangdan in their approach to the empirical study of sex, including homosexuality.\n\nDespite their shared interest in emulating Havelock Ellis, Pan is considered by many as a more pivotal figure in pioneering the introduction of western sexology to China. For one, Zhang rarely offered insights concerning human sexuality other than heterosexual intercourse. In 1929, the author of an article, 'The Problem of Same-Sex Love', explained that he wrote the piece to illuminate 'the most unimaginable secret of sex \u2013 homosexuality', since even 'Professor Zhang's discussion of sex never falls outside the boundaries of male\u2013female sexual relations'.69 In contrast, Pan often discussed a wide range of 'deviant' sexual practices in writing and lectures. For critics of Dr Sex, investigation into diverse topics of human sexuality not limited to 'normal' heterosexual practice was a cornerstone of European sexology that Zhang Jingsheng had obviously missed.\n\nPan also translated more western sexological texts. While claiming that the facts and personal histories he solicited from readers formed the scientific basis of his sexological writing, Zhang translated a relatively modest quantity of foreign sexological works into Chinese. And even though Zhang frequently cited Ellis,70 Pan translated at least three monograph-length studies by Ellis, including the entire manuscript of Psychology of Sex: A Manual for Students.71 Pan was so intrigued by Ellis's discussion of sexual inversion that at the end of his annotated translation of Psychology of Sex, he even included an appendix on 'Examples of Homosexuality in Chinese Literature'.72 For the Ming\u2013Qing period, Pan listed twelve cases of male homosexuality and one case of female homosexuality.73 Other classics by prominent turn-of-the-century European sexologists such as Marie Stopes, August Forel and Solomon Herbert were also translated into Chinese, and they provoked similar public interest on the topic of same-sex affect.74 This was an endeavour beyond the intellectual concerns of Dr Sex.\n\nApart from topical diversity and the actual number of translated texts, Chinese sex scientists also valued the role of historical information in their appropriation of the cultural authority of sexology. If the hallmark of sexology for Dr Sex was merely the empirical understanding of sexual behaviour through compiling and collecting actual life histories, it also involved for Pan the rendition of historical data on sexual variations so as to illumine better their relevance in contemporary Chinese society. Elsewhere, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, other writers followed Pan in looking back on same-sex practice in ancient societies (most notably that of Greece) and discussing its implications for the modernisation and nationalisation of China.75 Though both valued empiricism, Zhang and Pan adopted contrasting approaches to emulating Havelock Ellis: whereas Zhang was more concerned with collecting and responding to the contemporary 'stories' or 'cases' that people had provided him about their sexual experience, Pan devoted more effort to translating Ellis's work, a project supplemented by his own historical, sociological and ethnological insights.\n\nBut besides Havelock Ellis, Pan also introduced Freud's ideas on human sexuality to the Chinese public. If American eugenicists like Davenport paid no attention to Freud,76 Pan certainly embraced Freudian psychoanalysis wholeheartedly and used it as a legitimate scientific theory to explain sexual desire. For example, in his psycho-biographical study of the late Ming poetess Feng Xiaoqing (1595\u20131612), Pan psychoanalysed Feng's writings and concluded that she had narcissistic tendencies.77 Other sinologists have viewed this effort as an early example of how psychoanalysis was transferred to China in the early twentieth century.78 According to Haiyan Lee, for instance, 'In [the hands of western-educated May Fourth intellectuals], psychoanalysis was divorced from its clinical setting and retooled as a critical hermeneutic strategy. It served the enlightenment agenda of displacing both the Confucian moral discourse of sex\/lust and the cultivational discourse of health\/generativity with a scientific discourse of sexuality'.79\n\nIndeed, Pan consistently used psychoanalysis in his writings as a modernising scientific tool for diagnosing the sexual problems of Chinese society. In his annotated translation of the chapter on 'Sexual Education' from Ellis's Sex in Relation to Society (the sixth volume of Studies in the Psychology of Sex), Pan, in a footnote, recapitulated a five-stage understanding of psychosexual maturation that he first articulated in his psycho-biographical study of Feng: '\"primary identification between mother and son\", \"maternal desire\", \"narcissism\", \"homosexuality\", and \"heterosexuality\"'.80 Two years later, in an article called 'Sexuality Today', Pan reiterated an identical pathway of psychosexual development: 'it is necessary for the development of sexual desire to go through several stages: (1) primary identification, (2) the objectification of the mother's body and the desire for her, (3) the realisation of self-awareness and narcissism, (4) homosexuality as a result of the expansion of narcissism, and (5) heterosexuality as the result of the maturation of sexual physiology and sexual psychology'.81 When his translation of Ellis's Psychology of Sex appeared in 1946, he would refer to this process of psychosexual development again in explaining the one case of female homosexuality he included in the appendix.82\n\nIn his 1910 revision of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Freud added the following footnote on homosexuality:\n\nIn all the cases [of sexual inversion] we have examined we have established the fact that the future inverts, in the earliest years of their childhood, pass through a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation to a woman (usually their mother), and that, after leaving this behind, they identify themselves with a woman and take themselves as their sexual object. That is to say, they proceed from a narcissistic basis, and look for a young man who resembles themselves and whom they may love as their mother loved them.83\n\nTherefore, it appears that, from the 1920s to the late 1940s, Pan had completely endorsed Freud's explanation of homosexuality. Pan insisted throughout his publications that psychosexual maturation 'is like a stream of water, and two changes could occur in the middle of this process: arrested or reversed development'.84 Readers who found Pan's psychoanalytic explanations convincing would thus interpret same-sex desire in Freudian terms as an arrested or reversed phase of sexual maturation and as an inadequately developed psychological condition due to early childhood experience. As such, the absorption of the socio-cultural meaning of 'same-sex desire' by the scientific category of 'homosexuality' was in part enabled by the new conceptual framework of psychoanalysis.\n\nOther medical and scientific experts shared a similar view. In 1936, after returning from her psychiatric training at Johns Hopkins University, the practising gynaecologist Gui Zhiliang wrote in her widely read The Life of a Woman that 'homosexuality is a kind of intermediate or preparatory stage to heterosexuality; it is necessary for people to go through it'. According to Gui, those who are 'normally' developed would 'transit' (guodu) through homosexuality, but others would 'get blocked' (zuai) or 'bogged down' (tingzhi) in the process and express 'abnormal homosexuality' (buputong de tongxing'lianai). As Freud insisted as early as 1903, Gui did not think that homosexuality was necessarily 'treatable' or 'correctable'.85 Unlike Zhang Jingsheng's somatic-oriented interpretations of sexuality, the importation of Freudian psychoanalysis in the 1920s and 1930s offered a strictly psychogenic way of explaining same-sex desire. Serving as a new conceptualising and modernising tool, psychoanalysis operated as another cultural technology that made homosexuality an important candidate of scientific thinking, a subject whose truth-and-falsehood became debatable among doctors and scientists of sex.\n\nOne of the major debates on homosexuality in the 1920s and 1930s concerned the question of whether it could be treated or cured. Besides Gui, many other participants in the debate, who had either translated foreign (western or Japanese) sexological texts into Chinese or written about sex from a 'scientific' viewpoint themselves, did not consider homosexuality necessarily curable. In an article that appeared in the periodical Sex Science in 1936, for instance, the translator Chang Hong defined 'sexual perversion' as 'those expressions of sexual desire that neither accompanied male\u2013female love nor established procreation as its ultimate goal'.86 The author presented homosexuality as one among the many existing types of sexual perversion (others included bestiality, fetishism, sadism and masochism) and remarked that 'if a man expresses both feminine and homosexual tendencies, no natural treatment is effective. At the same time, there is no pharmaceutical cure for this kind of situation'.87 Despite this explicit acknowledgement that no effective treatment of homosexuality was available, the article still construed same-sex desire and behaviour as undesirable, especially by emphasising their categorical similarity to other kinds of sexual perversion like sadism, fetishism and bestiality.\n\nChang's translated piece offered just one among the many perspectives circulating in a thematic issue of Sex Science devoted to the topic of homosexuality. Another translated article with the title 'Can Real Homosexuality be Cured?' advocated a less stigmatising position. The author claimed that 'recent scholars have come to believe that the nature of homosexuality is inborn, congenital, and immutable. The only situation in which an individual's homosexual desire could be changed is if it is an \"acquired\" or \"fake\" homosexuality. I agree with this perspective'.88 Elsewhere in the same issue, treatment methods for homosexuality such as surgical castration or psychological hypnosis were often cast in a highly suspicious light.89\n\nBy and large, however, essays in this thematic issue of Sex Science emphasised the likelihood of homosexuality being acquired. While acknowledging that most experts had agreed on the inborn nature of homosexual tendencies, they nonetheless paid more attention to the prevalence of homosexual behaviour in unisex social settings, such as schools, dormitories, factories, military camps and prisons.90 Yang Kai, a doctor who earned his medical degree at the University of Hamburg in Germany, noted that the number of homosexuals 'among female students, employees, and workers is especially large in the present time'. At the same time as he recognised that the main cause of this 'perversion' is 'inherited', Yang still attributed the high frequency of homosexual practice to 'habits and the environment'.91 This was congruent with the impression one would get from reading the popular sexological handbook, ABC of Sexology, in which the author Chai Fuyuan noted that male same-sex love was more prevalent in schools, the military and temples, and that the incidence of female homosexuality was especially high in the workplace and factories.92 According to another lengthy (translated) article in this special issue of Sex Science, 'The Study and Prevention of Homosexuality',\n\nThe question of how homosexuality can be prevented is an empty question. Since homosexuality is widely recognized as a congenital situation, preventive methods are certainly very ineffective. But a hygienic social environment could suppress the occurrence of acquired, immature, or temporary homosexuality. Schools should be the primarily targets of hygienic intervention, because this could prevent the spreading of homosexuality on campuses.93\n\nBut this must be done with great caution, as the opening essay of the forum warned its reader: if the surveillance policies of school dormitories were too strict and rigid, students might become 'overly sensitive to sexual stimuli', and this would lead to a situation in which students were actually 'more likely to engage in masturbation and homosexuality'.94 Hence, most of the articles in this special issue of Sex Science recommended more opportunities of opposite-sex social interaction as a way to control or prevent homosexuality, implying that most same-sex erotic behaviours are perhaps more correctable than assumed.95\n\nCorrectable or untreatable, inborn or acquired, same-sex desire was now indisputably discussed via the western psychiatric style of reasoning. The acquisition and articulation of this novel style of reasoning gave same-sex desire a new epistemological grounding in twentieth-century China. In 1932, Gui Zhiliang, author of The Life of a Woman, stated in her book, Modern Psychopathology, that 'Some experts in psychopathology claim that homosexuality is the cause of paranoia... but although homosexuality could possibly induce paranoia, it does not have to be the sole cause of it'.96 Gui's allusion to the famous Freudian association of male homosexuality with paranoia reveals that the western psychiatric style of reasoning completely exhausted the linguistic meaning and comprehensibility of same-sex eroticism in the context of this knowledge claim by the early 1930s. When twentieth-century Chinese commentators used 'homosexuality' as a conceptual blueprint for understanding same-sex relations, they had completely displaced any of its non-pathological connotations in the pre-modern context. What they translated was not merely the vocabulary of homosexuality itself, but a whole new style of reasoning descended from western psychiatric thought about sexual perversion and psychopathology.\n\nIt should be noted that sex was not new to conceptions of health in traditional Chinese medicine. Concerns about the dangers of undisciplined sexual activities can be found in the very opening chapter of the Inner Canon's Basic Questions:\n\nThe people of archaic times who understood the Way modelled [their lives] on [the rhythms of] yin and yang, and accorded with the regularities imposed by disciplines [of self-cultivation]. Their eating and drinking were controlled, their activity and rest were regular, and they did not exhaust themselves capriciously... People of our times are not like that. Wine is their drink, caprice their norm. Drunken they enter the chamber of love, through lust using up their seminal essence (jing), through desire dispersing their inborn vitality (zhenqi)... Devoted to the pleasures of the heart and mind, they reject the bliss that accompanies cultivation of the vital forces.97\n\nUnlike the western psychiatric style of reasoning about sexual disorders, this passage makes it evident that traditional Chinese medical thinking conceptualised sexual desire and activity in quantitative terms, conveying a general rubric of 'sexual economy'.98 This economy of sex follows the idea of an orderly life, stressed by medical scholars since the first millennium, that requires strict moral self-regulation and a spiritual life lived in harmony with the environment. In this cosmically ordered world of imperial China, as Charlotte Furth reminds us, 'no kind of sex act or object of desire was singled out in medical literature as pathological'.99 To paraphrase Arnold Davidson, then, we can confidently say that as little as one hundred years ago, western psychiatric notions of sexual identity (for example, homosexuality) were not false in China, but rather were not even possible candidates of truth-or-falsehood. Only after the translation and introduction of a psychiatric style of reasoning by the modernising thinkers from the 1920s onwards were there ways of arguing, verifying, explaining, proving and so on that allowed such notions to be true-or-false.\n\nThe translation, mediation and introduction of this new psychiatric style of reasoning hinges on an intellectual landscape of sexological disciplinarity. Though priding itself on being a symbol of modernity, Zhang Jingsheng's Sex Histories soon triggered an opposite effect. His critics defined his sexological project as unscientific and attempted to move beyond its limitations. The scope of Pan's sexology, for example, included a broader range of topics not limited to 'normal' heterosexual intercourse, translated a significantly higher quantity of foreign sexological literature, sought and drew on historical data for valuable insights concerning contemporary sexual problems, introduced a purely psychological account of human sexuality in the language of Freudian psychoanalysis and thereby enabled debates on the etiology and prevention of 'deviant' sexual practices. The convergence of all these efforts formed the social\u2013epistemic foundations upon which sexology came to be established as an independent scientific discipline. This in turn provided sufficient grounds for bringing a foreign psychiatric style of reasoning into comprehensibility in Chinese culture. In depicting Zhang's sexological enterprise as hopelessly out of date, sex educators and scientists used it as a foil against which new measures of being 'scientific', 'modern' and by extension 'traditional' could be juxtaposed.\n\nNo other example illustrates the outcome of this epistemic modernity better than the existence of an academic periodical called Sex Science in 1930s China. At least a 'Chinese Academy of Health' was named as its official editorial governing board on the front page of each issue, and a 'Shanghai Sexological Society' was listed as the editorial collective of another periodical called Sex Magazine (Xing zazhi). Although there is no doubt that many modernising intellectuals at the time viewed human sexuality through the lens of social problems, the presence of these learned societies and disciplinary journals suggests that sexual problems were considered as topics worthy of serious investigation in their own right. In addition to providing a more focused venue for the translation of foreign sexological literature, Sex Science offered Chinese 'sexperts' an unique opportunity to publish original contributions and opinion pieces in direct dialogue with one another. Like its western counterparts such as the Journal of Sexual Science in Germany and Sexology in the United States, Sex Science functioned as a textual archive, reinforcing the specialised authority of sexology across culture. Its founding and circulation thus marked an important episode in the intellectual translation and disciplinary consolidation of scienta sexualis in Republican China.\n\nEast Asian scientia sexualis and the birth of a nationalistic style of argumentation\n\nIf Foucault was correct in asserting that western civilisation was 'the only civilization to practise a scientia sexualis', such practice had certainly spread to the East Asian world by the early twentieth century like never before.100 But this chapter has also attempted to show that the historical significance of this proliferation rested on a level deeper than the superficial transfer of ideas across cultural divides. The epistemological grounding of scientia sexualis in Republican China was governed by a discursive apparatus that I call 'epistemic modernity', in which explicit claims of sexual knowledge were imbricated with implicit claims about cultural indicators of traditionality, authenticity and modernity.101\n\nIn the context of Zhang Jingsheng's sexology, whether it is the dualism between literary representations of love versus scientific truthfulness of sex, or the juxtaposition between Daoist cultivational ideas in Chinese medicine versus the bio-psychological language of western biomedicine, epistemic modernity helps delineate the two registers of truth production on which sexological claims operated: one concerning explicit claims about the object of scientific knowledge (human sexuality), and the other concerning implicit claims about cultural markers of traditionality, authenticity and modernity (modes of narrating sex, theoretical frameworks of medicine, etc.). But Zhang's project quickly turned into the antithesis of science and modernity in the eyes of his contemporaries. Moving beyond the limitations of his work, they aimed to establish an independent discipline with greater resemblance to European sexology. By the mid-1930s, disparate efforts to make sexuality a legitimate subject of scientific discussion and mass education culminated in such projects of disciplinary consolidation as the founding of Sex Science. These unprecedented endeavours gave rise to a radical reorganisation of the meaning of same-sex desire in Chinese culture around a new psychiatric style of reasoning.\n\nIn the politically volatile context of Republican China, the introduction of western sexology often reframed same-sex desire as an indication of national backwardness. In his Sexual Science, after documenting the prevalence of homosexual practice in different western societies, Zhang Minyun concluded that 'the main social cause for the existence of homosexuality is upper-class sexual decadence and the sexual thirst among lower-class people'.102 This, according to Zhang, should help shed light on 'the relationship between homosexuality and nationality'.103 'For the purpose of social improvement', according to another concerned writer, 'the increasing prevention of homosexuality is now a pressing task'.104 Pan Guangdan expressed a similar nationalistic hostility towards the dan actors of traditional Peking opera: since they often participated in sexual relationships with their male literati patrons, Pan described them as 'abnormal' and detrimental to social morality. He explained that their lower social status prevented them from participating in the civil examination system, implying that a modernising nation in the twentieth century certainly had no place for them.105 The physician Wang Yang, known for his expertise in human sexuality and reproduction, went so far as to identify homosexuality as 'a kind of disease that eliminates a nation and its races'.106\n\nTherefore, if we take the insights of Lydia Liu and others seriously, the apparatus I call epistemic modernity that mediated the transmission of scientia sexualis into China ultimately characterises a productive historical moment.107 When Republican Chinese sexologists viewed the dan actors and other cultural expressions of homoeroticism as signs of national backwardness,108 they in essence domesticated the western psychiatric style of reasoning and turned it into a new nationalistic style of argumentation about same-sex desire.109 In addition to staging certain elements of the Peking opera field as being out of time and place, epistemic modernity occasioned an entrenched nationalistic platform, on which other aspects of this cultural entertainment also functioned as powerful symbols of quintessential Chinese tradition and authenticity. Rendered as a prototypical exemplar of the modern homosexual, the twentieth-century dan actor became a historic figure signifying a hybrid embodiment of the traditionality and what Duara aptly calls 'the regime of authenticity' of Chinese culture.110\n\nIt is therefore possible to contrast this new nationalistic style of argumentation with the culturalistic style of argumentation that underpinned the comprehensibility of same-sex desire in the late imperial period.111 For this purpose, we can turn to the late Ming essayist and social commentator, Zhang Dai, who reflects on his friend Qi Zhixiang's fondness for a young man, named Abao, in his Tao'an mengyi (dream reminiscence of Tao'an). Tao'an is Zhang's pen name, and this collection of miscellaneous notes serves as a good window onto literati lifestyle circa the Ming\u2013Qing transition, since Zhang is often considered as an exemplar of literati taste of the time. The title of this passage is 'The Obsession of Qi Zhixiang', and because it places seventeenth-century male same-sex love in the context of multiple desires, it is worth quoting in full:\n\nIf someone does not have an obsession (pi), they cannot make a good companion for they have no deep passions; if a person does not show some flaw, they also cannot make a good companion since they have no genuine spirit. My friend Qi Zhixiang has obsessions with calligraphy and painting, football, drums and cymbals, ghost plays, and opera. In 1642, when I arrived in the southern capital, Zhixiang brought Abao out to show me. I remarked, 'This is a divine and sweet voiced bird from [the paradise of] the western regions, how did he fall into your hands?' Abao's beauty was as fresh as a pure maiden's. He still had no care for decorum, was haughty, and kept others at a distance. The feeling was just like eating an olive, at first bitter and a little rough, but the charm is in the aftertaste. Like wine and tobacco, the first mouthful is a little repulsive, producing a state of tipsy lightness; yet once the initial disgust passes the flavour soon fills your mind. Zhixiang was a master of music and prosody, fastidious in his composition of melodies and lyrics, and personally instructing [his boy-actors] phrase by phrase. Those of Abao's ilk were able to realize what he had in mind. In the year of 1645, the southern capital fell, and Zhixiang fled from the city to his hometown. En route they ran across some bandits. Face to face with death, his own life would have been expendable, but not his treasure, Abao. In the year of 1646, he followed the imperial guards to camp at Taizhou. A lawless rabble plundered the camp, and Zhixiang lost all his valuables. Abao charmed his master by singing on the road. After they returned, within half a month, Qi again took a journey with Abao. Leaving his wife and children was for Zhixiang as easy as removing a shoe, but a young brat was as dear to him as his own life. This sums up his obsession.112\n\nThis passage also sums up what a man's interest in young males meant in the seventeenth century remarkably well: it was perceived as just one of the many different types of 'obsessions' that a male literatus could have \u2013 a symbol of his refinement. For Zhang, a man's taste in male lovers was as important as his 'obsessions' in other arenas of life, without which this person 'cannot make a good companion'. Despite all the hardship, the romantic ties between Qi and Abao still survived, and perhaps even surpassed Qi's relationship with his wife and children.113\n\nLet me now bypass roughly three centuries. For the most part, there was a distinct absence of discussion about same-sex sexuality in the numerous sex education pamphlets published throughout the late 1940s and 1950s.114 But in the few instances where homosexuality was actually mentioned, the way it was described and the specific context in which it was brought up would appear so strange and foreign to Ming\u2013Qing commentators on the subject. In a sex education booklet for adolescents published in 1955, the author wrote:\n\nCertainly, sometimes 'same-sex desire' is only psychological and not physical. For example, a girl might be very fond of another girl classmate, to the extent that she even falls in 'love' with her. Their relationship could be quite intimate, and they could possibly even have slept together on the same bed and felt each other, but there is actually nothing beyond that. For this type of same-sex love\/desire, it is easily curable. As long as they get married separately, whatever happened could be easily forgotten.115\n\nThe author, Lu Huaxin, went on to describe a symmetrical situation for those adolescent boys who have developed a similar kind of affection for same-sex classmates. But Lu insisted that 'as long as [these] teenager[s] get married, the pathological feelings will disappear'.116 Only for certain teenagers whose 'lifestyle has become decadent' and who 'really start pursuing abnormal sexual gratifications', Lu continued, 'their brain then really needs to be treated. Because their brain is unhealthy and filthy; they have been infected by the pornographic virus. If an individual of this type is identified, friends should encourage everyone to offer him help and assistance'.117\n\nBy the mid-twentieth century, same-sex desire had acquired a set of social meaning and cultural significance completely different from the way it was conceived before the onset of epistemic modernity. For one, the relationship between same-sex desire and heterosexual marriage is viewed as incommensurable or incompatible, even antithetical. One could not possibly be married to a member of the opposite sex while still passionately desiring someone of the same.118 In fact, according to Lu, heterosexual marriage is precisely the most useful 'cure' of same-sex desire. Same-sex desire now also means a pathological \u2013 and not just abnormal \u2013 tendency, based on which an autonomous relationship between two persons of the same sex is conceivable regardless of their social status. Lu located the seat of this deviant subjectivity inside the brain, via a vague notion of viral infection, which underscores the 'pathological' or 'unhealthy' nature of its psychological status. Again, as same-sex desire now represents something that is 'curable', heterosexual marriage could serve that function of cure most powerfully. No longer understood simply as one of the many 'tastes' or 'obsessions' a man of high status could have, erotic preference for someone of the same sex became something that could be eliminated with the help of friends, as opposed to something that could be appreciated by them.\n\nTo assess the epistemological transformation of same-sex desire in Chinese culture from an internal historical perspective, then, we can begin to reconstruct some of the polarised concepts that constitute two opposed styles of argumentation. We are presented, for instance, with the polarities between literati taste and sick perversion, refined obsession and pathological behaviour, cultural superiority and psychological abnormality, markers of elite status and signs of national backwardness. The first of each of these pairs of concepts partially makes up the culturalistic style of argumentation about same-sex desire, while the second of each of these pairs helps to constitute the nationalistic style of argumentation. These polarities therefore characterise two distinct conceptual modes of representation, two conceptual spaces, two different kinds of deep epistemological structure. It follows that the discursive apparatus of epistemic modernity has not merely mediated the introduction of the foreign sexological concept of homosexuality, but in doing so it has simultaneously catalyzed an internal shift in the conceptual paradigm of Chinese same-sex desire.\n\nAccording to Larissa Heinrich, in the nineteenth century China metamorphosed from being identified as 'the Cradle of Smallpox' to a pathological empire labelled as 'the Sick Man of Asia' with growing intensity.119 My analysis suggests that this transformation took another turn in the early Republican period. After the introduction of European scientia sexualis in the 1920s, the Chinese body could no longer be conceived in mere anatomical terms. It became rather appropriate, and perhaps even necessary, for us to conceptualise the Chinese body as explicitly sexual in nature. Chinese corporeality is now always linked to implicit claims of psychiatric reasoning and nationalistic significance. Put differently, a distinct problem in modern Chinese historiography has been the question of why, starting in the Republican period, Chinese modernisers began to view earlier expressions of same-sex eroticism (and gender transgression) as domestic indicators of cultural deficiency. And what I am suggesting is that, much as the gradual acceptance of an intrinsically pathological view of China helped the reception of western-style anatomy in nineteenth-century medicine, the epistemic alignment of pre-nationalistic homoeroticism with the foreign notion of homosexuality precisely undergirded the appropriation of a new science of western-style sexology in twentieth-century China.120\n\nWhat I call epistemic modernity, then, is more than just an example of 'translated modernity'; rather, it refers to a series of ongoing practices and discourses that could generate new ways of cultural comprehension and conceptual engagement, allowing for possible intersecting transformations in history and epistemology. If we ever wonder how to make sense of the prevalence of same-sex sexual practice in imperial China before the rise of an East Asian scientia sexualis, we only need to remind ourselves that, as little as a century ago, the question of sexual identity did not even fall within the possible parameters of Chinese thinking \u2013 for in China there is no such thing as homosexuality outside epistemic modernity.\n\nNotes\n\nThis chapter was the co-recipient of the 2010 Gregory Sprague Prize from the American Historical Association's Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History. The author wishes to thank Benjamin Elman for his careful and insightful comments on an earlier version of this chapter, and Prasenjit Duara for his enthusiastic encouragement on the theoretical pursuit of this project at its inceptive stages. This chapter has especially benefited from the astute criticisms of Petrus Liu, Hongwei Bao and Wenqing Kang, and the meticulous reading of the original journal's two anonymous reviewers. The author alone is responsible for any remaining flaws. Research for this project was supported by pre-dissertation research grants from the East Asian Studies Program, the Department of History, and the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies at Princeton University. The author also wishes to thank participants at various conferences, seminars and workshops for their perceptive and pointed questions.\n\n1. Zhang Minyun, Xing kexue (Shanghai: Shidai shuju, 1950).\n\n2. See Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire: Male\u2013Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600\u20131950 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Sabine Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck, Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Michiko Suzuki, Becoming Modern Women: Love and Female Identity in Prewar Japanese Literature and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009).\n\n3. All translations in this chapter are mine, unless indicated otherwise. Zhang, Xing kexue, p. 2.\n\n4. I have in mind, specifically, the notion of truthfulness used by Bernard Williams in Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002). In this regard, I take my cue from Ian Hacking and use 'truth' in this chapter as a formal (as opposed to a strictly realist) concept. See Ian Hacking, Scientific Reason (Taipei: National Taiwan University Press, 2008), pp. 1\u201348.\n\n5. Charles Leary, 'Sexual Modernism in China: Zhang Jingsheng and 1920s Urban Culture' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Cornell University, 1994); Hiroko Sakamoto, 'The Cult of \"Love and Eugenics\" in May Fourth Movement Discourse', Positions: East Asia Cultures and Critique 12 (2004), pp. 329\u201376; Jing Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature: The Making of Modern Chinese Identity, 1895\u20131937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), pp. 128\u201366; Haiyan Lee, 'Governmentality and the Aesthetic State: A Chinese Fantasia', Positions 14 (2006), pp. 99\u2013129; Wang Xuefeng, Jiaoyu zhuanxing zhi jing: Shiji shangban shi zhongguo de xingjiaoyu sixiang yu shijian (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006), pp. 249\u201365; Leon A. Rocha, 'Zhang Jingsheng (1888\u20131970): Love, Sex, Aesthetics, Eugenics, Utopia' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010). Leary's and Rocha's studies are the most detailed and comprehensive treatments of Zhang's life and work to date.\n\n6. Frank Dik\u00f6tter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Gerald H. J. Lee, 'Pan Guangdan and the Concept of Minzu' (unpublished master's thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996); Yuehtsen Juliette Chung, Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Context, 1896\u20131945 (London: Routledge, 2002); Ruth Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 225\u201353; Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature, pp. 98\u2013166; Sakamoto, 'The Cult of \"Love and Eugenics\"'; Wang, Jiaoyu zhuanxing zhi jing, pp. 197\u2013232; Thomas S. Mullaney, 'Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification and Scientific Statecraft in Modern China, 1928\u20131954' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Columbia University, 2006); Haiyan Lee, Revolution of the Heart: A Genealogy of Love in China, 1900\u20131950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 186\u2013217. The only published biographies of Pan to date are L\u00fc Wenhao, Pan Guangdan tuzhuan (Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 2006); Wang Yanni, Guangdan zhihua (Wuhan: Changjiang wenyi chubanshe, 2006).\n\n7. For a brief analysis of Pan's sexological writings on homosexuality, see Tze-lan D. Sang, The Emerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 120\u201322. A more extended study can be found in Wenqing Kang, Obsession: Male Same-Sex Relations in China, 1900\u20131950 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), pp. 52\u20138.\n\n8. Frank Dik\u00f6tter, Sex, Culture, and Modernity in China: Medical Science and the Construction of Sexual Identities in the Early Republican Period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), pp. 143\u20135.\n\n9. See Sang, Emerging Lesbian; Kang, Obsession.\n\n10. Dik\u00f6tter, Sex, Culture, and Modernity, pp. 140\u201341; Chou Wah-shan, Tongzhi: Politics of Same-Sex Eroticism in Chinese Societies (New York: Haworth, 2000), p. 50; Sang, Emerging Lesbian, pp. 7, 118; Kang, Obsession, pp. 42\u20133. For an account that stresses the role of western psychiatry and general political trends but does not touch on the significance of the translation of 'homosexuality', see Jin Wu, 'From \"Long Yang\" and \"Dui Shi\" to Tongzhi: Homosexuality in China', in Vittorio Lingiardi and Jack Drescher (eds), The Mental Health Professions and Homosexuality: International Perspectives (New York: Haworth, 2003), pp. 117\u201343.\n\n11. Kang, Obsession, pp. 42\u20133.\n\n12. Sang, Emerging Lesbian, p. 118.\n\n13. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, tr. Robert Hurley (1976; New York: Vintage, 1990).\n\n14. Dennis Altman, Global Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); Lisa Rofel, Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007); Judith Farquhar, Appetites: Food and Sex in Post-Socialist China (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002). See also Loretta Wing Wah Ho, Gay and Lesbian Subculture in Urban China (London: Routledge, 2010); Travis Kong, Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi, and Golden Boy (London: Routledge, 2010); Joanne Mcmillan, Sex, Science and Morality in China (London: Routledge, 2006); James Farrer, Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). On the argument for an emphasis shift in modern Chinese historiography to the Republican era, see Frank Dik\u00f6tter, The Age of Openness: China before Mao (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); and my argument about turning points in the history of sexuality in Howard Chiang, 'Liberating Sex, Knowing Desire: Scientia Sexualis and Epistemic Turning Points in the History of Sexuality', History of the Human Sciences 23 (2010), in press.\n\n15. For important examples in the history of the French life sciences, see Toby A. Appel, The Cuvier\u2013Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); John Farley and Gerald L. Geison, 'Science, Politics and Spontaneous Generation in Nineteenth-Century France: The Pasteur\u2013Pouchet Debate', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48 (1974), pp. 161\u201398.\n\n16. Robert H. van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China (Leiden: Brill, 1974); Xiaomingxiong, Zhongguo tongxing'ai shilu (Hong Kong: Fenhong sanjiao chubanshe, 1984); Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a lucid analysis that situates Xiaomingxiong's study in proper historical context, see Helen Leung, 'Archiving Queer Feelings in Hong Kong', Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 8 (2007), pp. 559\u201371.\n\n17. Matthew Sommer, Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000). For earlier works that look at the legal construction of sodomy in China, see Marinus J. Meijer, 'Homosexual Offences in Ch'ing Law', T'oung Pao 71 (1985), pp. 109\u201333, reprinted in Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson (eds), Asian Homosexuality (New York and London: Garland, 1992); Vivian W. Ng, 'Ideology and Sexuality: Rape Laws in Qing China', Journal of Asian Studies 46 (1987), pp. 57\u201370; Vivian W. Ng, 'Homosexuality and State in Late Imperial China', in Martin B. Duberman, Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey (eds), Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (New York: New American Library, 1989), pp. 76\u201389.\n\n18. I distinguish 'styles of argumentation' from 'styles of reasoning' more carefully in the conclusion. See also note 109.\n\n19. Arnold I. Davidson, The Emergence of Sexuality: Historical Epistemology and the Formation of Concepts (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 36.\n\n20. Davidson, Emergence of Sexuality, p. 37.\n\n21. David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 131.\n\n22. See e.g., Prasenjit Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Rebecca Karl, Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002); Karl Gerth, China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003); Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature.\n\n23. Prasenjit Duara, Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 3, 6 n. 6.\n\n24. Tani E. Barlow, 'Introduction: On \"Colonial Modernity\"', in Tani E. Barlow (ed.), Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), pp. 1\u201320, here p. 6.\n\n25. See Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity.\n\n26. For a recent reflection on the problem of Chinese self- or re-orientalisation, see Chu Yiu-Wai, 'The Importance of Being Chinese: Orientalism Reconfigured in the Age of Global Modernity', Boundary 2 35 (2008), pp. 183\u2013206. For an informative set of essays dealing with the problem of 'alternative modernity' in the context of modern Chinese history, see Madeleine Yue Dong and Joshua Goldstein (eds), Everyday Modernity in China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).\n\n27. In addition to the works cited above, other notable examples include Dorothy Ko, Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Afsaneh Najmabadi, Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Dror Ze'evi, Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500\u20131900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).\n\n28. See e.g., Dennis Altman, 'Rupture or Continuity? The Internationalization of Gay Identities', Social Text 14 (1996), pp. 77\u201394; Dennis Altman, 'Global Gaze\/Global Gays', GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3 (1997), pp. 417\u201336; Peter Drucker, 'Introduction: Remapping Sexualities', in Peter Drucker (ed.), Different Rainbows (London: Gay Men's Press, 2000), pp. 9\u201342; Linda Garber, 'Where in the World Are the Lesbians?', Journal of the History of Sexuality 14 (2005), pp. 28\u201350; Afsaneh Najmabadi, 'Beyond the Americas: Are Gender and Sexuality Useful Categories of Analysis?', Journal of Women's History 18 (2006), pp. 11\u201321; Evelyn Blackwood, 'Transnational Discourses and Circuits of Queer Knowledge in Indonesia', GLQ 14 (2008), pp. 481\u2013507; Peter A. Jackson, 'Capitalism and Global Queering: National Markets, Parallels among Sexual Cultures, and Multiple Queer Modernities', GLQ 15 (2009), pp. 357\u201395; and my reappraisal of similar issues in Howard Chiang, 'Empire of Desires: History and Queer Theory in an Age of Global Affect', Critical Studies in History 1 (2008), pp. 50\u201371, reprinted in InterAlia: A Journal of Queer Studies 3 (2009).\n\n29. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, tr. A. M. Sheridan Smith (1969; New York: Pantheon, 1972), p. 190.\n\n30. The edition that I rely on for this article is Zhang Jingsheng, Xingshi 1926 (Taipei: Dala, 2005).\n\n31. Paul Bailey, Reform the People: Changing Attitudes towards Popular Education in Early 20th Century China (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990), p. 236.\n\n32. Zhang Jingsheng, Meide renshengguan, in Jiang Zhongxiao (ed.), Zhang Jingsheng wenji, vol. 1 (Guangzhou: Guangzhou chubanshe, 1998), pp. 24\u2013138; Zhang Jingsheng, Meide shehui zuzhifa, in Jiang (ed.), Zhang Jingsheng wenji, vol. 1, pp. 139\u2013264. On Zhang's eugenic perspective, see Charles Leary, 'Intellectual Orthodoxy, the Economy of Knowledge, and the Debate over Zhang Jingsheng's Sex Histories', Republican China 18 (1994), pp. 99\u2013137; Leary, 'Sexual Modernism in China'; Sakamoto, 'The Cult of \"Love and Eugenics\"'; Lee, 'Governmentality and the Aesthetic State'; Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature, pp. 128\u201366; Wang, Jiaoyu zhuanxing zhi jing, pp. 249\u201365.\n\n33. Zhang Jingsheng, 'Yige hanjia de zuihao xiaoqian fa', reprinted in Zhang, Xingshi, pp. 24\u20137.\n\n34. Zhang, Xingshi, p. 26.\n\n35. Zhang, Xingshi, p. 31.\n\n36. Zhang, Xingshi, p. 31.\n\n37. Zhang, Xingshi, p. 27.\n\n38. See Hsiao-Yen Peng, 'Sex Histories: Zhang Jingsheng's Sexual Revolution', in Peng-hsiang Chen and Whitney Crothers Dilley (eds), Critical Studies: Feminism\/Femininity in Chinese Literature (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), pp. 159\u201377.\n\n39. See Zhang Jingsheng, 'Disanzhong shui yu luanzhu ji shengji de dianhe yousheng de guanxi', New Culture (Xin wenhua; hereafter XWH) 1\/2 (February 1927), pp. 23\u201348. Zhang claims that there is even a 'fourth kind of water' produced inside the uterus\/womb. See Zhang, 'Disanzhong shui', p. 26; Zhang Jingsheng, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/2 (February 1927), p. 111.\n\n40. Chai Fuyuan, Xingxue ABC (Shanghai: Shijie shuju, 1928), p. 42.\n\n41. On 'vaginal breathing', see e.g., Zhang Jingsheng, 'Xingbu huxi', XWH 1\/4 (May 1927), pp. 21\u201332; Zhang Jingsheng, 'Xingbu yu dantian huxi', XWH 1\/5 (July 1927), pp. 1\u201323.\n\n42. Zhang, Xingshi, pp. 110\u201311.\n\n43. Konggu, 'Tongxun', XWH 1\/1 (January 1927), p. 49.\n\n44. Zhengyi, 'Tongxun', XWH 1\/1 (January 1927), p. 47.\n\n45. Shifen, 'Tongxun', XWH 1\/1 (January 1927), p. 51.\n\n46. He Zhifen, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/2 (February 1927), p. 100.\n\n47. Xu Jingzai, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), pp. 59\u201363.\n\n48. On requests for a 'male-centered perspective', see Nan Xi, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), pp. 66\u20137; Zhi Jun, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), p. 73. For examples of frustration with the impracticality of Zhang's theory, see Chang Xuan, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), pp. 69\u201370; Kuang Sheng, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), p. 71.\n\n49. Su Ya, '\"Xing\" zhishi pupian le jiu meiyo \"qiangjian\"', XWH 1\/2 (February 1927), p. 104.\n\n50. Miss Qin Xin, 'Tongxing lian'ai taolun', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), pp. 63\u20136, here p. 63.\n\n51. SSD, 'Xingyu tongxin', XWH 1\/3 (March 1927), pp. 71\u20133.\n\n52. Tang Hao, 'Lian'ai yu xing de jiqiao zhi meishuhua', Sex Magazine (Xing Zazhi; hereafter XZZ) 1\/2 (June 1927), pp. 1\u20136, here p. 1 (my emphasis).\n\n53. For a discussion of the epistemic tension between Kinsey's statistical notion of sexual normality and American psychiatrists' framework of psychopathology around the mid-twentieth century, see Howard Chiang, 'Effecting Science, Affecting Medicine: Homosexuality, the Kinsey Reports, and the Contested Boundaries of Psychopathology in the United States, 1948\u20131965', Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 44 (2008), pp. 300\u201318.\n\n54. Leon Rocha, 'Zhang Jingsheng's Utopian Project' (paper presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Rochester, New York, 11\u201313 April 2008).\n\n55. Han, 'Wuhu! Zhang Jingsheng de luanzhu', XZZ 1\/1 (April 1927), pp. 1\u20133, here p. 2. Another writer for the periodical devoted twelve pages to a discussion of 'what the third kind of water exactly is' and concluded that 'Professor Zhang's understanding of the third kind of water as the secretion of the Bartholin glands is obviously incorrect'. See Qianqian, 'Disan zhongshui de yanjiu', XZZ 1\/2 (June 1927), pp. 1\u201312, here p. 10.\n\n56. See e.g., Zhang Jingsheng, 'Da Zhou Jianren xiansheng \"Guanyu Xingshi de jiju hua\"', Ordinary (Yiban) (November 1926), reprinted in Jiang (ed.), Zhang Jingsheng wenji, vol. 2, pp. 420\u201322; Zhou Jianren, 'Da Zhang Jingsheng xiansheng', Ordinary (November 1926), reprinted in Jiang (ed.), Zhang Jingsheng wenji, vol. 2, pp. 423\u20136; Yang Guanxiong, Xing jiaoyu fa (Shanghai: Liming shuju, 1930), pp. 150, 166. The only biography of Zhou to date is in Chinese: see Yang Dexian, Zhou Jianren pingzhuan (Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1991).\n\n57. L\u00fc, Pan Guangdan tuzhuan, p. 46.\n\n58. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), p. 45.\n\n59. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, pp. 45\u20136.\n\n60. Pan Guangdan, Zhongguo lingren xieyuan zhi yanjiu (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1941), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 2 (Beijing: Peking University Press, 1994), pp. 73\u2013303. Pan has presented a similar view concerning Chinese musicians in an earlier article. See Pan Guangdan, 'Lujiang Huangshi de yinyuecai', Eugenics Monthly (Yousheng yuekan) 2\/2 (15 February 1932), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 8, pp. 409\u201310. See also the impressive series of pedigrees that he constructed in 1937 and 1938: Pan Guangdan, Cunren xhuwu lishi renwu shixi biaogao, reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 4.\n\n61. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, p. 60.\n\n62. For Pan, individual and social health depended first and foremost upon heredity and not behaviour. He encouraged marriage and breeding among those deemed genetically superior, which would in turn strengthen the health of the nation. Both Frank Dik\u00f6tter's study on the Chinese conception of race and Ruth Rogaski's book on health and hygiene in Tianjin have situated the significance of Pan's eugenic visions within the larger social and cultural expressions of modernisation during the Republican period. See Dik\u00f6tter, Discourse of Race in Modern China; Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity, pp. 225\u201353. See also Chung, Struggle for National Survival.\n\n63. Frank Dik\u00f6tter, 'Eugenics in Republican China', Republican China 15 (1989), pp. 1\u201317.\n\n64. Pan Guangdan, 'Jinri zhi xingjiaoyu yu xingjiaoyuzhe', Shishi Xinbao Xuedeng (5 May, 14 June, 24 June 1927), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 1, pp. 401\u201312, here pp. 402\u20133.\n\n65. Pan, 'Jinri zhi xingjiaoyu', p. 406.\n\n66. Zhang Jingsheng, 'Youchu yige guaitou', XWH 1\/4 (May 1927), pp. 126\u20138, here p. 126.\n\n67. Zhang, 'Youchu yige guaitou', p. 127.\n\n68. For other analyses of the debates between Zhang Jingsheng and people like Zhou and Pan on the proper meaning of 'sex science' and 'sex education', see Leary, 'Sexual Modernism in China', pp. 236\u201380; Chung, Struggle for National Survival; Wang, Jiaoyu zhuanxing zhi jing, pp. 267\u201374. On scientism in Republican China, see e.g., Wang Hui, 'Scientific Worldview, Culture Debates, and the Reclassification of Knowledge in Twentieth-Century China', Boundary 2 35 (2008), pp. 125\u201355.\n\n69. Yang Youtian, 'Tongxing'ai de wenti', Beixin 3\/2 (1929), pp. 403\u201339, here p. 403.\n\n70. One should also note that as the editor of New Culture, Zhang did publish several translated excerpts of Ellis's work (by himself or others) in the journal. One of these is an article on female homosexuality taken from Ellis's Sexual Inversion. See Xie Se (tr.), 'N\u00fc xuesheng de tongxing ai', XWH 1\/6 (1927), pp. 57\u201374. But in general, Zhang's effort in translating Ellis's work was neither as comprehensive nor as extensive as Pan's.\n\n71. Pan Guangdan (tr.), Xing xinli xue (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1946), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 12, pp. 197\u2013714.\n\n72. For an extensive study of this appendix, see Kang, Obsession, pp. 52\u20138.\n\n73. Pan, Xing xinli xue, p. 701.\n\n74. See e.g., Hu Buoken (tr.), Women de shenti (Shanghai: Kaiming shudian, 1933); Zhang Xishen (ed.), Xindaode taolunji (Shanghai: Liangxi tushuguan, 1925); Zhu Jianxia (tr.), Xing zhi shengli (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1928), esp. pp. 108\u201313.\n\n75. My sources are replete with examples of this sort. See e.g., Cheng Hao, Jiezhi shengyu de wenti (Shanghai: Yadong tushuguan, 1925), pp. 148\u201353; Zhang Dongmin, Xing de chongbai (Shanghai: Beixin shuju, 1927), pp. 46\u20137; Bin (tr.), 'Tongxing'ai', Sex Science (Xing kexue; hereafter XKX) 1\/2 (January 1936), pp. 92\u20134; Zhou Guangqi, Xing yu fanzui (Shanghai: Zhenzhong shuju, 1936), p. 58.\n\n76. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, p. 53.\n\n77. Pan initially wrote a draft of this essay as a term paper for a history survey course taught by Liang Qichao at Qinghua University. See Nicole Huang, Women, War, Domesticity: Shanghai Literature and Popular Culture of the 1940s (Leiden: Brill, 2005), p. 181. He later revised it and published it as a book with additional material in 1929 after returning from the United States. Pan Guangdan, Feng Xiaoqin: Yijian yinglian zhi yanjiu, reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 1, pp. 1\u201366.\n\n78. Tsu, Failure, Nationalism, and Literature, pp. 98\u2013166; Lee, Revolution of the Heart, pp. 186\u2013217. On the importation of Freudian psychoanalysis in early twentieth-century China, see also Jingyuan Zhang, Psychoanalysis in China: Literary Transformations, 1919\u20131949 (Ithaca: Cornell University East Asia Program 1992); Dik\u00f6tter, Sex, Culture, and Modernity; Leo Ou-fan Lee, Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of a New Urban Culture in China, 1930\u20131945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999); Shu-mei Shih, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917\u20131937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).\n\n79. Lee, Revolution of the Heart, p. 189.\n\n80. Pan Guangdan (tr.), Xing de Jiaoyu (Shanghai: Qinnian xiehue shuju, 1934), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 12, pp. 1\u201399, here p. 98.\n\n81. Pan Guangdan, 'Xingai zai jinri', Huanian 5\/45, 5\/49, 5\/50 (21 November, 19 December, 26 December 1936), reprinted in Pan Guangdan wenji, vol. 9, pp. 370\u201387, here pp. 375\u20136.\n\n82. Pan, Xing xinli xue, pp. 705\u20136.\n\n83. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, tr. and ed. James Strachey (1905; New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 10\u201311 n. 1.\n\n84. Pan Guangdan, 'Xingai zai jinri', p. 376.\n\n85. Gui Zhiliang, N\u00fcren zhi yisheng (Beijing: Zhengzhong shuju, 1936), pp. 63\u20136. But it seems that Gui did not entirely agree with Freud on the interpretations of other types of psychopathology. This is most evident in her textbook, Gui Zhiliang, Xiandai jingshen bingxue (Shanghai: Xinyue shudian, 1932). On Freud's view, see Henry Abelove, 'Freud, Male Homosexuality, and the Americans', in Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale and David M. Halperin (eds), The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 381\u201393; Davidson, Emergence of Sexuality, pp. 66\u201392.\n\n86. Chang Hong (tr.), 'Biantai xingyu yu qi liaofa', XKX 2\/1 (May 1936), pp. 3\u20137, here p. 4.\n\n87. Chang, 'Biantai xingyu', p. 6.\n\n88. Jian (tr.), 'Zhenzheng de tongxing'ai keyi zhiliao ma?', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 4\u20138, here p. 6.\n\n89. Mo (tr.), 'Tongxing'ai de yanjiu he fangzhi', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 15\u201326, esp. pp. 23\u20134.\n\n90. See Ping (tr.), 'Jiachong huo xide de tongxing'ai de tezhi', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 9\u201311; Hong (tr.), 'N\u00fcxing de tongxing'ai he xing de biantai', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 13\u201315. On sexuality in the prison environment, see also Xi Tuo (tr.), 'Meiguo qiufan de xing shenghuo', XKX 4\/1 (July 1937), pp. 51\u20137.\n\n91. Yang Kai, 'Xing de diandaozheng \u2013 tongxing'ai', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 11\u201313, here p. 12.\n\n92. Chai, Xingxue ABC, p. 117.\n\n93. Mo, 'Tongxing'ai de yanjiu', p. 23.\n\n94. Kong Kongzhang (tr.), 'Xuesheng jian tongxing'ai yu fumu shizhang de jiaoyu', XKX 2\/4 (November 1936), pp. 2\u20134, here p. 3.\n\n95. There is evidence that the readers of these sexological writings very much shared this view. See e.g., Miss Qin Xin, 'Tongxing lian'ai taolun', pp. 64\u20136.\n\n96. Gui, Xiandai jingshen bingxue, p. 32.\n\n97. Translated and cited in Nathan Sivin, Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1987), p. 98.\n\n98. This is the phrase that Ruth Rogaski uses to characterise discussions of sex in traditional Chinese medicine. See Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity, pp. 37\u201340.\n\n99. Charlotte Furth, 'Androgynous Males and Deficient Females: Biology and Gender Boundaries in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century China', Late Imperial China 9\/2 (1988), pp. 1\u201331, here p. 6 (emphasis added). See also Paul Goldin, The Culture of Sex in Ancient China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002).\n\n100. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 58. For a fuller articulation of this problem, see also Howard Chiang, 'Double Alterity and the Global Historiography of Sexuality: China, Europe, and the Emergence of Sexuality as a Global Possibility', e-pisteme 2\/1 (2009), pp. 33\u201353, reprinted as 'The Historical Formation of Sexuality: Europe, China, and Epistemic Modernity Global', Critical Studies in History 2 (2009), pp. 2\u201318; Chiang, 'Liberating Sex, Knowing Desire'. For another in-depth study of Republican Chinese scientia sexualis, see Howard Chiang, 'The Conceptual Contours of Sex in the Chinese Life Sciences: Zhu Xi (1899\u20131962), Hermaphroditism, and the Biological Discourse of Ci and Xiong, 1920\u20131950', East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 2 (2008), pp. 401\u201330.\n\n101. In some ways, Sean Lei has done something similar for statements about 'experience' in the history of Chinese medicine. See Sean Hsiang-lin Lei, 'How Did Chinese Medicine Become Experiential? The Political Epistemology of Jingyan', Positions 10 (2002), pp. 334\u201364.\n\n102. Zhang, Xing kexue, p. 78.\n\n103. Zhang, Xing kexue, p. 75.\n\n104. Yang, 'Tongxing ai de wenti', p. 436.\n\n105. Pan, Xing xinli xue, pp. 708\u20139. See also Pan, Zhongguo lingren xieyuan zhi yanjiu, pp. 255\u20138.\n\n106. Wang Yang, Fufu xing weisheng (Shanghai: Zhongyang shudian, 1935), pp. 49, 53.\n\n107. Lydia Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Cutlure, and Translated Modernity \u2013 China, 1900\u20131937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Lydia Liu (ed.), Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999).\n\n108. On the association of male homosexual practice with national backwardness in the Republican period, see also Kang, Obsession, pp. 115\u201344; Cuncun Wu and Mark Stevenson, 'Male Love Lost: The Fate of Male Same-Sex Prostitution in Beijing in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries', in Fran Martin and Larissa Heinrich (eds), Embodied Modernities: Corporeality, Representation, and Chinese Cultures (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006), pp. 42\u201359.\n\n109. On the epistemological applicability of 'style', see also Howard Chiang, 'Rethinking \"Style\" for Historians and Philosophers of Science: Converging Lessons from Sexuality, Translation, and East Asian Studies', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40 (2009), pp. 109\u201318.\n\n110. Prasenjit Duara, 'The Regime of Authenticity: Timelessness, Gender, and National History in Modern China', History and Theory 37 (1998), pp. 287\u2013308. On the complicated historical layering of the dan figure, see John Zou, 'Cross-Dressed Nation: Mei Lanfang and the Clothing of Modern Chinese Men', in Martin and Heinrich (eds), Embodied Modernities, pp. 79\u201397; Joshua Goldstein, Drama Kings: Players and Publics in the Re-Creation of Peking Opera, 1870\u20131937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).\n\n111. For a classic discussion of the transformation from 'culturalism' to 'nationalism' in the Chinese political sphere, see Joseph R. Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965).\n\n112. Zhang Dai, Tao'an mengyi (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1982), pp. 35\u20136, as translated [with my own modifications] and cited in Cuncun Wu, Homoerotic Sensibilities in Late Imperial China (London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), pp. 42\u20133.\n\n113. I am aware of Sophie Volpp's astute critique of historians' tendency to read literary accounts of male homoeroticism as evidence of its greater social tolerance in late Ming China. See Sophie Volpp, 'Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-Century Vogue for Male Love', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 61 (2001), pp. 77\u2013117; Sophie Volpp, 'The Discourse on Male Marriage: Li Yu's \"A Male Mencius's Mother\"', Positions 2 (1994), pp. 113\u201332; Sophie Volpp, 'The Literary Circulations of Actors in Seventeenth-Century China', Journal of Asian Studies 6 (2002), pp. 949\u201384. In many ways, Volpp supports Timothy Brook's argument that male homoeroticism was fashionable only among a small class of male literati elites. See Timothy Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 229\u201333. In contrast, Giovanni Vitiello argues that 'male homoeroticism in late Ming culture can best be appraised when placed within the broader context of male homosociality. By relegating homoeroticism to elite or isolating it from other discourses on male relations and by stressing its ephemerality, we risk failing to appreciate its place and ramifications within the plot of late Ming culture and beyond'. Giovanni Vitiello, 'Exemplary Sodomites: Chivalry and Love in Late Ming Culture', Nan N\u00fc 2\/2 (2000), pp. 207\u201358, here p. 256. In other words, the emphasis need not be on the practice or description of homoeroticism per se, but the wider cultural context that was congenial for its literary or social expression. To me, whether same-sex behaviour was only practised among a small class of male elites or was much more culturally pervasive in late imperial China remains an interesting debate. I should emphasise, however, that my concern does not rest strictly on the level of social acceptance or tolerance of same-sex intimacy. In quoting the above passage by Zhang Dai, my more immediate task in this chapter has been to study the epistemological reconfiguration of same-sex desire in China. On a related note, historian Wenqing Kang has argued that preexisting Chinese ideas about male favorites and pi 'laid the ground for acceptance of the modern western definition of homo\/heterosexuality during [the Republican] period in China'. His first explanation is that 'both the Chinese concept pi (obsession) and western sexology tended to understand same-sex relations as pathological'. He then relies on Eve Sedgwick's model of the overlapping 'universalizing discourse of acts and minoritizing discourse of persons' to show that indigenous Chinese understandings shared a comparable internal contradiction in the conceptualisation of male same-sex desire. In his words, 'The concept pi which Ming literati used to characterize men who enjoyed sex with other men, on the one hand implied that men who had this kind of passion were a special type of people, and on the other hand, presumed that the obsession could happen to anyone'. My reading of Zhang Dai's passage on pi suggests that isolating both a pathological meaning and this internal conceptual contradiction of pi represents an anachronistic effort that reads homosexuality into earlier modes of thought. Zhang's remark precisely reveals the multiplicity of the meaning and cultural significance of pi that cannot be comprehended through a single definition of pathology or an independent lens of same-sex relations decontextualised from other types of refined human desire. Treating the discursive nature of discourse seriously necessitates paying closer attention to how old words take on a new meaning (and a new life) in a different historical context, rather than imposing later familiar notions on earlier concepts. Kang, Obsession, p. 21. For Sedgwick's original formulation, see Eve K. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). My disagreement with Kang in part can be viewed as the resurfacing of an earlier debate between Sedgwick and David Halperin, with whom my analysis sides, on the genealogy of homosexuality in western culture. For Halperin's response to Sedgwick, see Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality.\n\n114. Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China: Female Sexuality and Gender since 1949 (New York: Continuum, 1996), p. 206.\n\n115. Lu Huaxin, Shaonan shaon\u00fc xingzhishi (Hong Kong: Xuewen shudian, 1955), p. 53.\n\n116. Lu, Shaonan shaon\u00fc xingzhishi, p. 53.\n\n117. Lu, Shaonan shaon\u00fc xingzhishi, p. 54.\n\n118. I am being careful and specific when discussing 'marriage to a member of the opposite sex', because other scholars have unearthed the popularity of same-sex 'marriages' in eighteenth-century China, especially in the region of Fujian. See Michael Szonyi, 'The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality', Late Imperial China 19\/1 (1998), pp. 1\u201325.\n\n119. Larissa Heinrich, The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008).\n\n120. In Obsession, Kang has refrained from advancing a claim about the occasioning of an epistemological break in the Republican era by showing that earlier concepts associated with male same-sex sexual practice (e.g., nanse or pi) jostled alongside and informed the new sexology discourse. But, again, I would argue that the congruency between earlier and later understandings of same-sex practice is itself a cultural phenomenon unique to the Republican period and not before (see note 113). Despite how Pan Guangdan's condemnation of the homosexuality of dan actors (and their patrons) was informed by the long-standing and still-continuing practices of male prostitution, his condemnation was made possible (and comprehensible) only by the arrival of a psychiatric style of reasoning that construed same-sex relations in stigmatising terms. Therefore, Chinese sexologists' establishment of an epistemic continuity between the foreign concept of homosexuality and earlier examples of homoeroticism does not undermine the kind of Foucauldian epistemological rupture this chapter substantiates, but actually exemplifies it.\nChapter 6\n\nOvercoming 'Simply Being': Straight Sex, Masculinity and Physical Culture in Modern Egypt\n\nWilson Chacko Jacob\n\nDear Cupid:\n\nI am a young man twenty-three years of age who is a foreigner in these lands. I began my working life at sixteen, that is, at puberty, and I used to think a lot about increasing my knowledge of the second sex at that time. Since then, sexual feelings have been raging through me. However, I was so shy my heart would start beating rapidly at the thought of speaking to a girl, even if it were just polite conversation. I slept in my own room and after my parents locked all the doors I'd spend the nights staying up. Some nights I'd stand at the window after midnight hoping to find women passing by alone or accompanied by a young man. If my wish were fulfilled, then I'd curse them both for their freedom and for enjoying [their] love safe from the eyes of censors. Then my blood would boil and I'd become like a madman. I sought freedom. Not much time had passed with me in this state before I was struck with fits of coughing, my body grew thin, and my eyes became hollow. I attracted pity from the family. I was always nervous about doctors prescribing too much medication with no benefit, so I travelled to Cairo with its renowned doctors and stayed for nearly six months.1\n\nThese are the first tortured lines penned by 'A.Y.D.' (alif ya dal) in a long letter dispatched from 'the extreme western border of Sudan', sent to the Egyptian magazine Physical Culture (al-Riyada al-badaniyya) and published in March 1936.2 The young man's epistle, titled 'A Voice from Unknown Africa', occupied more than three full pages of a letters section called 'What Would You Do in this Situation?'3 Physical Culture began publication in 1929, continuing until the early 1950s.4 A.Y.D.'s letter was one of hundreds from readers with similar concerns about love, sex and intimate relationships published in the magazine during the course of the highly unstable decade of the 1930s. Indeed, during different phases of its lifespan, the magazine featured multiple letters sections in the same issue; for example, appearing alongside 'What Would You Do in this Situation?' was a 'Health Advice' section fielding questions on exercise, masturbation and venereal diseases, where answers were proffered by none other than 'Hippocrates'.\n\nThis chapter considers Physical Culture as an artefact of colonial modernity, as a watermark of an ineffable style of performing gender and sexuality that has been in emergence all over the world since the second half of the nineteenth century.5 Accordingly, and ignoring its own protestations to the contrary, the magazine's national character is not explored here except to indicate the extent to which 'Egypt' appeared to contemporaries as a problematic limit to the materialisation of a universal subject of physical culture.6 In other words, that the actual cultivation of healthy and desirable bodies was constrained by Egypt's asymmetrical location in a global economic and political order constituted by colonialism was a well-established fact of social life by the end of the 1920s; consequently, the problem of the modern subject in Egypt was posed in terms that were not exclusively nationalist and examined in terms that were keenly attuned to the circulation of global cultural forms and discursive practices. Thus, precisely because many of the trappings of capitalist modernity and national sovereignty were absent from the Egyptian landscape, Physical Culture contributed to the vibrant public culture of the interwar period a forum in which the fantasy of the modern sovereign subject could be expressed in myriad ways that most frequently centred on a proper conception of sex and masculinity.7\n\nThree interrelated themes are examined here, all of which directly or indirectly address the problematic of deploying gender and sexuality as analytical categories across time and space, the special theme of this volume. I argue that Physical Culture constituted a virtual community of Arabic-speaking bourgeois subjects simultaneously inhabiting national, colonial and diasporic spaces; that sex was the grounding discourse tacking together these otherwise non-contiguous locations; and that gender formed the problem space of modernity as a civilisational norm. In a more speculative manner, this chapter also considers the point at which gender and sexuality as modern discourses confront their 'pre-modern' others, life forms that defy the terms of intelligibility of those discourses. To that end, I question this cultural medium shaped under the terms of colonial modernity about its silences: what was suppressed or subtracted in order thereby to produce an intelligible subject of the modern world, and do the exclusive terms of that discourse unwittingly repeat themselves in the historical narrative, which is itself a cultural form of a similar genealogy?\n\nBetween pedagogic and performative modernity: the subject of Physical Culture8\n\nTime for a new magazine\n\nIn late 1927, the lawyer Muhammad Fa'iq al-Jawhari and his brothers, Mukhtar and Ra'uf, opened the Physical Education Institute (ma'had al-tarbiyya al-badaniyya). In the same year, the Young Men's Muslim Association, with its own athletic facilities, was established not far from their location at 28 Sharia Fuad in Cairo.9 The following year, the brothers launched the monthly magazine Physical Culture. Its main focus was the care of the body \u2013 the literal translation of the Arabic expression al-riyada al-badaniyya. Under this rubric, the editor, Muhammad al-Jawhari, made it the magazine's mission to educate the Egyptian reading public about sex, love and physical beauty. Although the figure of the nation certainly made regular appearances as a legitimising trope, the magazine was part of a much broader modernist project and was intensely conscious of its role as a 'technology' in the process of self-fashioning.10\n\nThat consciousness was long in the making, the product of a complex apparatus of physical culture that had begun to take shape in the late nineteenth century and was by the mid-1920s a normal part of Egyptian social life serving as a marker of the emergent effendiyya class. The members of this class were professionals, government civil service employees, students, those occupied in the new business trades, and their spouses, sons and daughters.11 Physical culture was a story of the effendiyya's formation as a gendered site of bourgeois culture as much as it was a story of colonialism and nationalism.12 It took root in the 1880s and 1890s, as anti-colonial nationalists and reformers diagnosed the weak and sick bodies of Egyptian men as the cause of their subjugation by another power, and saw in physical culture a panacea for all the nation's ills.13 From the start, the engagement with practices and ideas associated with physical culture had a dynamic of its own apart from its ideological deployments, which ensured its proliferation and popularity.14 Indeed it was at its height after Egypt was granted nominal independence in 1922. While it would be easy to attribute this expansion of the field of physical culture to the rise of new social forms that were an outcome of the intersection of global capitalism and colonial modernity, an analysis of the magazine Physical Culture demonstrates the need for caution when explaining its determinations exclusively in terms of the social.\n\nWhile there are no circulation figures available, the provenance of the magazine's letters to the editor suggests an impressive distribution.15 The intended audience was quite clearly the effendiyya and its cognates in other global locations. It was read in every major city and several smaller towns throughout Egypt. Beyond Egypt, the letters to the editor suggest that it had readers in Sudan, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Bilad al-Arab (Arabian peninsula). The magazine may have circulated even among the Arabic-speaking diaspora in far-flung places like Brazil, Gambia, Sierra Leone and India.\n\nWithin Cairo (the most historically verifiable segment of the magazine's readership), the urban geography that was the proximate setting for the birth of Physical Culture had changed dramatically. The street on which the Jawharis established their institute in 1927 was a major artery in the heart of modern Cairo. By the First World War, the city had already experienced significant growth in terms of built space due to the expansion of habitable land through the construction of the first Aswan Dam in 1902 and an extensive tramway system by 1917. But it was after the war that Cairo truly became a major city in terms of population and geography. The demographic expansion of Cairo's population, matched by a startling expansion of its built space, created new administrative and policing concerns as well as new ways of imagining the city, which I explore extensively elsewhere.16 Significant additions to the urban landscape and urban culture included new kinds of spaces \u2013 the department store, the movie theatre, the theme park \u2013 and an expansion of the number of cafes and nightclubs. The tramway system enabled the geographic growth of Cairo and transformed physical movement within the city into an entirely new practice for all classes; by the end of the war, the system served 75 million passengers a year.17\n\nA self to call modern\n\nHow did the modern fantasy of a self-governing body within colonial space appear in a place like Egypt? From the evidence provided by Physical Culture, one could use labels like masculinist, patriarchal and heterosexist \u2013 not to mention classist and racist \u2013 but these should be avoided for now in order to bypass the conventional referent of such signifiers: the history of a Euro-American social order. This is easier said than done given the magazine's self-conscious mimicry of the terms, logics and vision deployed by metropolitan social-scientific discourses.\n\nThe last issue that I have of the magazine dates from October 1940, although in that issue the editor set forth his plan to launch an expanded version of the magazine in 1941. Arguably, the longevity of this 'sports' magazine \u2013 at a time when the lifespan of a new periodical often did not exceed a few months \u2013 was due precisely to its treatment of a controversial subject like sex. The magazine was organised into scientific sections presenting articles on health, sports and sex (abhath sihhiyya, abhath riyadiyya and abhath jinsiyya) and into fictional\/autobiographical sections presenting stories and letters from readers concerning love and marriage. Photographs of readers and of luminaries in the physical culture domain were often printed alongside articles and letters as illustrations of exercises, examples of achievement of goals and so forth.\n\nThe majority of the articles that pertain to sexuality, including the letters and stories, can be grouped along an axis that spans the distance between permissible desire and correctable deviance. In the letter with which we began this chapter, A.Y.D. continued by elaborating for the readers of Physical Culture the depths of his moral depravity and the resultant physical suffering he endured.18 Indeed the young man averred that he was only able to find his way back to the straight and narrow when he started reading Physical Culture. A concerned friend had mailed him some back issues of the magazine from 1933 and 1934, while he was hospitalised for a lengthy period after contracting a severe case of gonorrhea:\n\nI started to read through it and quickly fell in love with it. When I could finally leave the hospital, I was filled by this truthful idea [al-fikra al-sahiha] about life. I read a lot about harmful habits and the excesses of sexual relations; I found in front of me a guide to show me the way \u2013 through honest information about the second sex, which I had been yearning to learn. I left the hospital in better health, and I made the issues of Physical Culture my first priority. I used to read it every day, mastering the exercises. I got used to showering in cold water daily followed by a massage and sunbathing in the nude. My health improved and my weight increased from 122 pounds to 134 in less than two months. I also made friends who would play sports and take long walks with me.19\n\nAlthough the author of this letter appeared to have resolved his sexual crisis through the ingestion of new knowledge about sex and the practice of alternative physical activities, he remained in an ethical dilemma. Before becoming ill, he believed he had impregnated a woman he was in love with and with whom he was having a sexual relationship. After an initial period of confusion and as the news of her pregnancy began to spread, they agreed (according to the author it was a mutual decision) to maintain a distance. In fact, the author claimed his lover insisted that he move on and that he seek another companion. And being ever so compliant, this was how he found himself in the hospital with gonorrhoea. However, after leaving the hospital, he learned that his lover had delivered a black ('abd) baby who had 'a broad nose like the uncircumcised (qalalif) and eyes like the devil' \u2013 most definitely not his son:\n\nHere is where I ask you for the answer, Mr Cupid, or the honourable male readers \u2013 not females \u2013 to the [question]: Is it correct to subscribe to Schopenhauer's philosophy, mentioned in the November 1935 issue of your magazine, on women, their wiles, short-sightedness and ignorance \u2013 that all that was given to women in terms of talent are cunning and deception in order to be wooed and courted; she does not strive for the capacity to benefit humanity [al-insaniyya], rather to extract from a man an expression of interest in her so that she can reign over him. I ask you for a reply to this problem of mine. It will determine what I will do with this woman. Present [the problem] to them. Tell them that I haven't forgotten that my relationship with her was illicit, but they need to overlook whether it was licit [mashru'a] or illicit [ghayr mashru'a] and look at the issue from the perspective of a purely sexual relationship, which, if it takes hold of a young man leaves him no room to think about what is licit and illicit. So, does a woman deserve all of our respect and reverence and does she deserve that we submit our hearts to her in love and trust her with this love or with our offspring? Answer this question dear sir for it is the source of my problem, my confusion, and my misery.20\n\nNormally the responses of the readers and Cupid's own evaluation of the situation would appear in the following issue of the magazine. Unfortunately, I did not have access to a copy of Physical Culture from April 1936, so the reactions to A.Y.D.'s situation must remain a mystery for now.21 Nevertheless, it is safe to say that compared to others, the richness of this letter in terms of detail must have provoked a massive response from readers. There were nearly a thousand responses to another situation that was far less interesting, a case of marital infidelity in which the wife wanted to know from the public if she should stay with her cheating husband who her family was pressuring her to leave. The majority (790) enjoined 'Mrs S' to persevere and patiently reform her husband's ways by making herself more attractive to him! It is perhaps important to note that 185 respondents did encourage her to leave her husband.22 Readers' letters came from far and wide; one Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Attar from Bombay was awarded fifth prize for his opinion. First prize went to an unnamed male reader who confessed to having been in her husband's shoes; he advised her to remain the devoted wife and to try to obtain a transfer for her husband so they could move to another town.23\n\nIt was Cupid's role as the forum moderator to select the best solutions or analyses of the preceding month's problem and to award their authors prizes, ranging from one Egyptian pound for first place to various publications relevant to physical culture for second, third and so on. When this letters format was introduced in 1931, for the first few issues the magazine's editors ran the following explanatory note about the new forum which they labelled 'A Parliament for Readers': 'Do the people... around you understand you and do they provide you with compassion and support when you need it? If your answer was in the negative then you are in need of Cupid. He is ready to serve you in times of confusion, pain, and unhappiness'.24 Mrs S, like numerous others, certainly felt that her family did not understand her and turned to this virtual community of strangers for 'compassion and support'. According to the editors, Cupid answered most of the letters privately, and only the most 'complicated' problems were published. Indeed, the problems were sometimes too complicated for this 'parliament' to resolve.\n\nIn the same issue in which A.Y.D.'s letter was presented to the Physical Culture audience, the readers responded to a young woman's problem from a previous issue. Very briefly, this young woman had developed intense feelings for a classmate during their school years together. When the classmate went on to get married, she discovered that her feelings must be love since she had never been attracted to any of the boys she knew and since the thought of her friend betrothed to a man appeared to her as a loss that was utterly devastating. In this case, which Cupid billed a 'psychological problem deserving study and analysis', none of the responses were deemed to be a 'useful solution' and most were dismissive of her situation, although Cupid does add that several young women wrote in indicating how they could 'understand her psyche' and offered their consolation.25\n\nExperts: talking sex and gender\n\nA primary concern \u2013 it would not be an exaggeration to say an obsession \u2013 of the magazine evident in practically every issue was the problem of abnormality and the possibility of straight sex. In general, the domain of 'sexual deviancies' was delimited according to Physical Culture's mission to promote sex education (al-tarbiyya al-jinsiyya), hence the targets were most often masturbation and venereal diseases.26 Unsurprisingly, medical expertise \u2013 foreign and Egyptian \u2013 was regularly marshalled to demonstrate the harms of sexual activity outside the legitimate bonds of marriage. In the interwar period, scientific knowledge established itself as both the legitimate mode of inquiry into matters of concern for the nation and a means of legitimation: at times for nationalist politics but perhaps more importantly, in the long term, for the constitution of the social as the location of private problems ranging from agricultural techniques to reproduction.27 It is against this backdrop and through the frequent appearances of their articles and interviews in popular forums like Physical Culture that figures like Dr Fakhri Faraj and Dr Sabri Jirjis became familiar household names and images.28 The space that these figures occupied was at once a new public sphere of expanding media forms (print, radio and cinema) and a contested terrain of truth claims in which once hegemonic Islamic modalities of knowledge production were forced onto the defensive, muted or pressed into the service of modernist projects like Physical Culture.29\n\nIn a 1932 interview with Dr Faraj, he was presented to the readers as a pioneer in Egyptian medicine who had long called and worked for sex education.30 He launched his crusade in 1921 with a lecture at the Egyptian University, which apparently was not well received. For years after, the only venue that allowed him to lecture about sexual health issues was Ewart Hall of the American University in Cairo.31 However, he was not prevented from publishing extensively before he became a regular contributor to Physical Culture. He had written several volumes on female sexuality, reproduction, prostitution, venereal diseases, the woman question and sexual impotence.32\n\nWhen the interviewer asked whether his efforts had made a difference, he admitted that both at the government and popular levels only limited progress had been made. In a report on the spread of prostitution and ways to combat it, which he had submitted to King Fuad and to the first parliament in 1924, he recommended sex education programmes in government schools. His plan was partially implemented by the Ministry of Education: lessons on plant and animal reproduction were added to the primary school curriculum but the human reproduction component, which was meant for secondary schools and university, was not incorporated. Although he performed what he termed his 'civic duty' (wajibi al-ijtima'i) through his public lectures delivered at the American University, he acknowledged that the audience was not the mass of the population.\n\nFor the masses, especially the young, cases of sexually transmitted diseases were on the rise.33 According to Dr Faraj, this was commensurate with their total ignorance about sex: 'I am probably not exaggerating if I said that they don't know any of its details except for what is [necessary] to fulfil their sexual cravings. They are not different in this respect from their companions \u2013 wild animals'.34 Despite this state of sexual ignorance inhabited by the majority of Egypt's (peasant) population, Dr Faraj expressed his abiding confidence that 'the spirit of Egypt's intellectual renaissance' and 'the spirit of [its] leap forward' could not but address this problem too. He cited anecdotal evidence of doctors in the provinces imbued with this spirit, who were undertaking on their own initiative programs to educate the people about sex and sexually transmitted diseases.\n\nAlthough the politics of sex education was not addressed directly in this interview, it did rear its head when Dr Faraj mentioned in passing opposition from 'the guardians of public morals'. According to the editor, the magazine was constantly subjected to erroneous charges of encouraging immorality.35 Muhammad al-Jawhari introduced his editorial comments a few months after the interview with Dr Faraj by reflecting on the historical case of the European Wars of Religion as an example of fighting for a cause \u2013 of the principled assault. He contrasted this to the attacks on the magazine, which he deemed hypocritical because of their intentional misrepresentation of its educational mission to enlighten people about the dangers of abusing their bodies sexually. It is when one wonders who was doing the attacking \u2013 since they go unnamed \u2013 that the example drawn from European history becomes intelligible. Unlike the Wars of Religion, wherein questions of belief were ostensibly at the heart of conflict, the editor of Physical Culture was suggesting that his magazine was being attacked in the name of religion by people who should and did know better. In other (unuttered) words, Islam was being twisted to meet ends that were not necessarily Islamic.36\n\nEven the American University was not impervious to the reach of the 'guardians of public morals'. Dr Faraj was taken to court for a lecture he delivered there (presumably) in 1931 about the need to revise personal status codes to reflect the advances of modern civilisation. Although I was unable to discover the specific charges, it is likely from the context that he was accused of offending the 'revealed religions'. After the court acquitted him, the lecture was serialised in Physical Culture, with a preface emphasising the good doctor's courage in carrying out his civic duty.37 The radical aspect of Dr Faraj's lecture seemed to lie in his criticism of the 'Eastern Christian authorities' for their antiquated approach to divorce and inheritance rights. Although only the Catholic Church was named in his critique, his call for a unified civil code on personal status issues implicated Copts and Muslims as well.38 This was a position that was sure to stir up controversy as the religious establishments were struggling merely to hold ground lost over the preceding decades to an interventionist state, but it did not necessarily correspond to a belief in gender equality.39 His major concern, as an expert on venereal disease, was the consequence to society of women who became prostitutes or bad mothers simply because of insufficient legal safeguards that did not prevent their impoverishment in cases of death or divorce.40\n\nOn the issue of equality between men and women, he expressed indignation at those who would even pose such a question and accused them of living in a 'fantasy world'. Ostensibly, the little political responsibility women already had was a burden too heavy for them. Echoing the late nineteenth-century discourse on motherhood, Dr Faraj pointed to Egyptian men marrying foreign women as a sign of the failure of Egyptian women in their nationalist duty to raise sons with good nationalist values.41 In any case, according to Faraj, nature and biology had already invalidated the very possibility of equality. For motherhood was a natural right given only to women, through which they had power over others: children, husband, family. Men could never possess this right, thus denying them that route to power.\n\nThe other regular contributor to the magazine's pedagogic mission, Dr Sabri Jirjis, offered his expert knowledge on abnormal and deviant sexuality. He was first introduced to the readers of the magazine in August 1931 as a new 'volunteer' member of the 'Physical Culture family'. Dr Jirjis practised at the VD clinic in Bani Suwayf, south of Cairo. The editor described him as a 'young sportsman' (shab sbur). A letter from the good doctor followed the introduction. He praised the magazine for its dual mission of bringing physical culture and sex education to the youth of Egypt. About physical culture, he wrote:\n\nIts share in the prosperity of European states is well known, and its influence in moulding the character of [their] youth is evidently clear. We perceive it every day when we read the news of pilots, swimmers, and athletes. It has, thanks to God and serious effort, begun to penetrate the hearts of boys and girls in this country.42\n\nDr Jirjis, it turned out, was extremely well read in contemporary European theories on sexuality and sexual disorders. Indeed, one of the reasons behind his desire to join Physical Culture's 'virtual family' was his search for a venue to present his Arabic translation of the oft-cited 1905 study by the Swiss sexologist August Forel, The Sexual Question (al-Mas'ala al-Jinsiyya).43\n\nJirjis noted the resistance to sex education in Egypt and commended Physical Culture for staying the course:\n\nSex education, despite the newness of research on it in Europe, has taken major strides in the last few years such that today it has become a science with its [own] rules and principles. However, in Egypt, tradition \u2013 or say a false shame \u2013 has prevented us from producing a reformer, an intellectual, or a parent who would discuss with his children sexual matters scientifically and truthfully.44\n\nThe effect of this pedagogic neglect was utter 'moral chaos'; that is:\n\nUntil you [al-Riyada al-Badaniyya] advanced onto the field \u2013 [where] previous weak attempts were crushed and died in their cradles without anyone noticing \u2013 and continued fighting and struggling in an environment [wasat] not acclimated to revolting against tradition [al-thawra 'ala al-taqalid], until you emerged victorious through the force of the truth, the conviction of the believer, and the steadfastness of the confident. Meanwhile, the columns on sex education in your magazine became the principle [source] that a young man can read and benefit from rather than just be entertained. That, I swear, is a major victory in a short time.45\n\nAside from the blatant self-serving flattery, Jirjis's letter points to the emerging relationship between medical science and social reform. His contributions over the years would illustrate the quest for a scientific cure for the persistent sense of uncertainty about the future of the national community. With the progress of time, ambiguities surrounding Egypt's political and cultural identity only seemed to proliferate; hence securing a proper order in the domain of gender and sexuality became all the more important. Through the course of the 1930s and especially in the 1940s, better theories and better science were seen as the key to resolving protracted social and political crises.46\n\nJirjis supplemented his medical knowledge with a critical social-scientific lens for better viewing the relationship between sex-gender and social progress. The intellectual tools available to Dr Jirjis were revealed in a very interesting article titled 'On Politics and Political Economy'.47 He began by explicating the difference between the two:\n\nPower and wealth were always the two objects targeted by politics. However, political-economy [al-iqtisad al-siyasi] is a science that studies the different conditions of [groups of] people, and all of its theories are based in history, statistics, and observations. Its aim is to determine laws for organizing production and distribution of products, for the division of labour, and for the social regulation of peoples in terms of public health, population (over or under), and rates of birth and death (increase or decline).48\n\nHe proceeded to identify a significant absence in political economy, which he labelled 'natural history' \u2013 by this he meant the history of the body and psychology as they related to sex and reproduction. It was this lacuna that undermined the ability of political economy to produce solutions for the imminent population crisis. His next move was to trace the roots of eugenics to Malthus and theories of rational selection, agreeing with the current view that people like the Chinese posed a threat to humanity's future if they continued to breed like rabbits. It was on a Social Darwinist basis that Dr Jirjis advanced his support for sex education and women's rights.49\n\nHe rejected what he termed the traditional tendency to explain any strange or extraordinary social developments with an injunction to 'examine women' (ibhath 'an al-mar'a). Women were not left out of the equation altogether, but the starting point, according to Dr Jirjis, should be to 'examine the sexual impulse' (ibhath 'an al-dafi' al-tanasuli). Such an investigation was warranted, he maintained, since desire and emotion (ahwa' wa 'awatif) were more common determinants of human action than reason and logic, with the sexual impulse being the most powerful. The 'role of women' was essential here in connecting sex to the social and political. Only through the liberation of women (tahrir al-mar'a) would society advance. Reversing Faraj's argument, Jirjis maintained that by making women equal partners with men in social life through encouraging their participation in work and granting women the right to vote and be elected, the sexual relationship would necessarily be transformed as women's object status was eliminated. Moreover, as the sex act became elevated from the depths of selfish lust and was redirected at smart reproduction, it would be aligned more with the social good.50\n\nDr Jirjis's writing on sexuality and deviance exemplified the work of Physical Culture towards the normalisation of heterosexuality as a key to Egyptian modernity. Essential to this goal was the scientific constitution of society as an object that could be acted upon; conversely, the localisation of social problems in the individual human body, in this case in the male sex, made possible the administrations of Physical Culture.51 As noted, the male subject of Egyptian modernity had been problematised since the late nineteenth century as lacking the proper qualities of masculinity. After a lull in the discourse around the revolutionary years following 1919, Egyptian masculinity returned in the pages of magazines like Physical Culture facing a new endangered future, sapped by excessive masturbation and the contraction of venereal diseases.\n\nThe magazine mainly concentrated its critique on forms of deviance (al-shudhudh) resulting from what it considered a lack of masculine self-control or willpower; that is, the individual exerting excessive sexual energy, either upon himself or with a partner of the opposite sex (making prostitution a favourite object of criticism). More monstrous forms of deviance were left lurking in the shadows. For example, the figure of the cross-dressing male performer, the khawal, who still seemed to have made appearances even at elite wedding parties as late as the 1930s, was never treated explicitly by this discourse.52 One possible explanation for this absence is that the scientific tools available to Egyptian social commentators were not calibrated to deal with this form of home-grown difference. Thus it appeared only as a passing unnamed reference.53\n\nDr Jirjis, however, did write about homosexuality as a form of sexual deviance. His article 'Homosexuality' (rendered as 'ishq al-jins) from March 1933 was part of a series he did on 'Psychosexual Illnesses' in which he presented translated excerpts of Dr Forel's The Sexual Question.54 In fact, he seemed to have coined the expression 'ishq al-jins to capture the scientific significance of 'homosexuality' as an illness deserving public sympathy and serious medical attention and care.55 He also addressed the desire for same-sex marriage in his article on 'Prostitution and Civil Marriage'.56 His objective here was to advocate for the legal recognition of a system of heterosexual marriage based on love between two 'companions' (rafiqan). In the case of those 'afflicted with same-sex desire', for whom there was no marriage provision at all within law, he ventriloquised Forel's argument, that as long as there was no injury to a third party and as long as neither of the partners was 'normal', then the law should simply overlook them; in other words, let them live out their (literally sick) fantasies as long as they did not spread their disease.57\n\nIn short, sex education and a rational regime of caring for the self were prescribed as the way to achieve proper gender relations and a healthy sexuality. Even homosexuality, a deviation from the person's nature, could be averted through this programme.58 The magazine was, however, ambivalent in its advocacy for the prohibition of prostitution, mainly because it recognised that demand created supply in this instance. This also explains why the problem of prostitution was often routed through the discourse on marriage and sexuality. In 'Prostitution from a Medical Perspective', an unnamed expert on venereal diseases disagreed with those calling for a ban on official prostitution arguing on the one hand that there was no correlation between rising numbers of STDs and prostitution, and on the other that a sudden prohibition would cause more harm than good.59 Another article blamed misogyny inherent in the laws for the failure to curb prostitution; it attacked as 'social cowardice' the implementation of laws that only punished one partner and highlighted the complicity of male lawmakers with male clients of prostitutes.60 Ultimately the magazine's position was one of self-help; the resolution to these social problems lay in the process of cultivating properly disciplined subjects.\n\nWhat may appear as striking about these engagements with contemporary European theories on sexuality was a blatant disconnection from Egyptian social and sexual realities. The absent presence of the multitude of labouring bodies \u2013 women, khawal, peasant \u2013 in this 'modern' discourse is only one, perhaps 'extreme', indicator of how the emergence of the effendi as a representative masculine subject depended on the suppression or erasure of other disruptive figures. However striking it may be, this pattern of exclusion\/inclusion was not specifically Egyptian and neither was the lack of fit or distorting distance between categories of knowledge, their subjects and objects. This was the work of colonial power in the constitution of the modern subject the world over. The difference of metropole and colony was surely a matter of political-economic asymmetry, but that alterity had to be figured somehow in the prevailing liberal discourse to effect its own historical legibility as unique to one civilisation while simultaneously keeping open the possibility of universal emancipation into, and identity with, the modern.\n\nBeyond pedagogic and the performative modernity: the limit of Physical Culture\n\nOn the one hand, Physical Culture's assemblage of texts \u2013 of letters, articles, stories and photos (not discussed here) \u2013 points to a pedagogical project that sought to normalise a global bourgeois conception of heterosexuality and its attendant gendered subject for a national project; on the other hand, read critically, it may illustrate a 'creative adaptation' of that discourse to the local conditions of colonial modernity.61 The hybrid nature of Physical Culture, however, as a material object between the pedagogic and the performative becomes intelligible only when desire, the colonial and the modern are situated as a part of and apart from the Egyptian social reality of the interwar period. In other words, this object \u2013 as magazine with pages, text and images and as a particular discourse of sexuality and self \u2013 existed in tension with both the 'local' and the 'foreign', stood for and against normative sexuality, circulated in spaces that were colonial, national and diasporic at once, and produced a virtual (and, somewhat anachronistically, transnational) field of desiring subjects and discursive engagements with unpredictable outcomes. Accordingly, the discourse of gender and sexuality that took shape in and around the pages of Physical Culture was not willed into existence solely through the interests of the editors and authors of the magazine. Furthermore, the full significance of that discourse would be missed if viewed exclusively as the product of economic and political change, wherein the latter is conceived as a reality prior to discourse. Neither can its emergence be explained through ahistorical psychological states of 'anxiety' or 'crisis'. It was through continuous repetition in forums like Physical Culture and movement through various social and spatial networks that the terms of a new corporeality, gender and sexuality overlapped, producing by the 1930s an ostensibly seamless normative sphere of heterosocial and heterosexual life.62\n\nDespite the complex history enabled by this polyvocal source, the possibilities for imagining Egypt's past as plural and its history as open-ended only emerge when its privileged subject \u2013 effendi, nationalist, masculine, modern and so on \u2013 no longer appears as a historically foregone conclusion.63 For example, the historical translation of desire into respectable heterosociality and sexuality, which came to define effendi-national culture of the interwar period, might be made legible historically without eliding the fact that it was only one possible representation of sexual desire, one possible worlding of love \u2013 albeit the ultimately dominant one. Indeed it was in the very slippage between moral and immoral (acts, images and thoughts) that Physical Culture managed to stake its claim on Egypt's modernity. Scantily clad foreign cover girls and bare-chested local muscle men were juxtaposed with narratives and epistolary tales of libidinal excess, all of which were used in a pedagogic mission \u2013 perhaps sincere, perhaps not \u2013 to produce the necessary bodies for a sovereign Egypt of the future. Yet, the charges of immorality levelled at the magazine for its sexual rhetoric also hint at the 'unanticipated' use of the magazine as a masturbatory aid.\n\nPhysical Culture might still reveal more than the existence of this somewhat obvious space between modernist intentions and acts, pedagogy and performance. Another question to this source could have been about the fantasy it organised around a silence \u2013 a silence that was perhaps ironically the outcome of a boisterous colonial programme to police homosexuality. Was the discourse of physical culture serving as a 'masquerade that has screened away something more'?64 The supplement here might be represented in shorthand as the impossible subjects of colonial modernity, the suppressed history of which was, and is, contingent on reading this moment exclusively as a struggle between the norm and its deviation.\n\nThe realm of bourgeois masculinist fantasy represented by Physical Culture conforms to and confounds Judith Butler's rearticulation of the relationship between gender and the norm in terms of the emancipatory 'work of fantasy' which attempts 'to rework the norms by which bodies are experienced'.65 The performativity of gender reads quite differently and is at cross-purposes in a colonial context.66 The discourse of physical culture in Egyptian colonial modernity was a bodily investment in advancing a broader claim to humanity that was paradoxically both more inclusive and more exclusive than in the preceding era. The new national public sphere of citizen-subjects was indeed informed by a universality that at least promised another world from the previous 'religio-political' order with its paternalistic and patriarchal hierarchies. However, the burden of producing the human central to realising this modern order was compounded and consistently deferred by the colonial.67\n\nWithin this constellation of figures \u2013 coloniser, colonised, citizen, universal human \u2013 the particular histories of Egyptians that neither fit within this 'system' nor within the construction of the prior order of despots and aliens was subject to erasure. An example of the historical repetition of modernity's silences is my own marginalising to a footnote of the fragmentary sighting of the khawal (alluded to above). Indeed, in this case, the khawal did not even bear its proper name but was rather subsumed under the category of 'awalim: female entertainers who sang, danced and played instruments at weddings and other ritual occasions.\n\nThe occasion for this appearance was a monthly advice column, 'The Tales of Venus', in the August 1932 issue of Physical Culture. The special topic for this month was 'The Wedding Night' (laylat al-dukhla). 'Venus', using a highly satirical and bourgeois moralistic tone, set out to expose the vanity and excessive folly of all classes \u2013 but specifically of women \u2013 when it came to marriage celebrations. The potential for disorderly conduct of various kinds was persistently underscored. After narrating a series of untoward happenings at weddings that Venus had attended over her lifetime, ranging from the competition among women to be the best-looking to fights breaking out over trivial matters, she arrived at the most scandalous and most prevalent wedding phenomenon: the 'awalim, in her own ironic words, 'the most important group upon which a wedding celebration depends'.68 Venus cautioned against inviting this lowliest of life forms into respectable homes because of the 'awalim's foul language and their even fouler deeds, the most brazen of which could be the seduction of the groom. Venus went on:\n\nBut the strangest of all was when I attended a wedding where I happened to be seated near the 'awalim. My gaze landed on one of them with her ambiguous [munakkara] shape and unpleasant face. She ended up talking to me without pause about one thing or another until she asked me about the gown I was wearing and just as I was about to answer her, with all politeness of course, one of my acquaintances whispered in my ear advising me to distance myself from this woman because she was... watch out... a man! I was stunned by her words and left him angrily. I went to the hostess and told her that it was absolutely improper of her to allow a man entry into a gathering of women. I was beyond shock when I saw that she was bemused by what I had said and then replied that there was no need for all this anger since the 'aalima or the 'aalim that I was talking about although biologically differed completely from the biology of our sex, he was closer to [being] a woman than he was to a man.69\n\nIn spite of Venus's apparent shock and indignation, it is telling that no memory of men dressed as women in performance could be recalled bearing its proper name, that her language could not accommodate this difference. Was this because khawal as signifier had already undergone its second semantic transformation: first, from slave and servant as it appeared in the medieval lexicon Lisan al-'Arab to male performer in drag by the nineteenth century; then to faggot, as the term is derogatorily deployed in Egypt today?70 Perhaps. But how may we historicise and critically grasp this specific failure of language beyond its own dominant signifying practices?\n\nOne might begin by regarding the rigid divisions between gender and sex established above as heteronormative and by contrasting it with the more fluid understanding allowed by a 'religious' figure like Rifa 'a Rafi' Tahtawi in the nineteenth century. The latter described the androgyny of boys that made them attractive to men during the pre-pubescent stage (mabda' shabubiyya) without any apparent sense of disapproval. Indeed, at least three major new works using a variety of sources demonstrate that pre-colonial Islamic societies were practically if not juridically more tolerant of deviances such as pederasty and gender crossings.71 Given Dr Jirjis's approach to homosexuality as an illness in the same way it was treated in Europe, it seems that the object field for gender normativity had begun to crystallise in interwar Egypt as medical practitioners and others earnestly advocated a relatively protestant approach to sex and marriage. Indeed between the rare discursive deployment of homosexuality and the frequent performative reiterations of heteronormative masculinity and femininity, the spectral presence of the cross-dressing khawal as late as the 1930s sheds light, however faint, on another terrain of gender, sexuality and sociality that was in the process of rapidly receding.\n\nIn the exchange above between Venus and the host of the wedding, we might, if we strained, hear a whisper of the unspeakable of colonial modernity: otherwise gendered lives that were seemingly intelligible but were in the process of being moved from the domain of the real to the unreal, indexing perhaps the loss of their purchase on communal norms that had ensured their persistence in the past. Additionally, rather than producing the conditions for a resignification with the aim of expanding the purview of the human, the colonial genealogy of gender as a norm conditioned and reproduced by the apparatuses of modern regulatory power has consistently narrowed the confines of the subject and foreclosed possibilities for subjective proliferation.\n\nPut this way, the disappearance and return of the khawal in twentieth-century Egypt pushes to the forefront the imperial context in which norms of gender and sexuality were constituted in both metropoles and colonies, First and Third Worlds and presently in the global north and south. One should be attentive to the historical specificities of the moments mapped by these loose spatial designations, but conceiving the relational dynamic of gendered subject formations across these spaces can productively complicate performative theories and extend the range of history. It does so by inquiring into the asymmetries of power that effect the material conditions for the iterability and potential resignification of norms governing the subject. The affect of colonial modernity in Egypt \u2013 overcoming simply being \u2013 was implicit in the vanishing sociality of the cross-dressing khawal, but the category was not extinguished altogether. Indeed, following Butler, there occurred a resignification that momentarily allowed the posing of a question that cannot be answered: who are you? Although it is only in the interstices of questions and answers that were intelligible, in penumbral corners, for fleeting moments, and between the lines of a quintessentially modern text that one might virtually dwell with the silent other, that possibility, however much a chimera, might bespeak other beings and other dwellings in time.\n\nConclusion\n\nPhysical Culture was essentially a 'sports' magazine and significantly a site of fantasy. Its broad condition of possibility in either incarnation was colonial modernity, the material and discursive frame with no originary location and within which the world was made singular and plural at once. It marked a specific moment in the historical trajectories of culture as a form of nationalist pedagogy and as site of global performances, wherein a particular national horizon was constituted and exceeded. Thus, the subject of Egyptian colonial modernity as inscribed in the pages of Physical Culture was contingent on multiple and polyvalent sources for its formation.72 However, the stakes of producing such a subject \u2013 sovereignty and freedom \u2013 required submission to the modern terms of gender and sexuality which, even though coming from everywhere, appeared originally western, rendering their translation and authorisation within the Egyptian context a fraught process by the interwar period.73\n\nIn this chapter, rather than erasing the tension between originals and copies of modernity, which the benefit of hindsight and sophisticated historical methods have exposed as narrative fictions, I have tried to redeploy it as a technique for reading the ambivalences of the physical culture discourse in Egypt. That is, rather than resolve the problem of authenticity, which became a crucial issue in cultural debates from the second half of the 1920s, I have tried to read along the grain of those linguistic performances, regarding what they did in what they said or could not say. Hence, on the one hand, by the interwar period, the legitimacy of physical culture understood as sports and fitness was no longer in question; on the other hand, the concerns of the magazine Physical Culture demonstrate that expanding its bailiwick to include sex education was a problematic move. The reproduction of beautiful bodies was easily assimilated to a nationalist horizon, whereas the problem of sex, even when elaborated in terms of public health and the collective good, stirred up opposition. Perhaps even more telling, however, was the less active form of resistance to Physical Culture's normalising project that was silently present as an absence, in unnameable forms of deviance. It would be tempting to explain the latter problem as being a result of poor translations. That however presupposes an original which, under the terms of colonial modernity, was an impossibility, since gender and sexuality were shaped globally through repeated encounters within the imperial social formation. In fact, the coeval proliferation of sexuality around the globe was contingent on a process of diagnosing and documenting pathologies and perversions which, as the example of Dr Jirjis demonstrates, was familiar terrain for Physical Culture.74\n\nThus, colonial modernity as an explanatory instrument reaches a similar impasse to that reached by Physical Culture in the 1930s in the face of the unintelligible subject. Although thinking through the joining of the colonial and the modern are historically and theoretically generative, especially in the study of gender and sexuality, colonial modernity is intrinsically incapable of envisioning its outside. While re-conceptualisations of the colonial encounter in terms of interaction, mutual constitution, creative adaptation and so on have been crucial for debunking Eurocentric historical models of cultural creativity and diffusion, the modern subject stubbornly retains its libratory inscription that belies particular liberal notions of sovereignty and freedom. Accordingly, the subject presupposed or mapped in studies of colonial modernity tends to resemble the desirable subject figured in Physical Culture to the extent that they inhabit similar positions in relation to the future. That future of human being is exclusively narrativised as a movement from bondage to freedom driven by a dynamic of domination and resistance, or subjugation and resignification in a poststructuralist register.75 Other forms of political and ethical life remain invisible or impossible to theorise. That the modern subject would run up against limits is by itself a banal point. However, for the historiography of gender and sexuality, considering the limit and its implications is crucial for giving an account of life forms such as the khawal, that are marked by a temporality and conception of the self which seem to exceed the bounds of intelligibility in colonial modernity. Thus, approaching the past as plural and envisioning a broader horizon for the human in the present would require critically attending to colonial modernity as a history of overcoming simply being.\n\nNotes\n\nThis chapter has benefited greatly from the sharp readings of too many people to name individually, but I must thank Walter Armbrust for his especially incisive and detailed comments. I also want to express my gratitude to the 'Formation of National Culture in Egypt' conference, and specifically to Walter Armbrust, Ron Nettler and Lucie Ryzova for inviting me to Oxford University and granting me the all-too-rare opportunity to exchange ideas with specialists in the field. Presentations of previous versions at Cornell and McGill have also provided valuable feedback that has helped with the revisions for this chapter.\n\n1. All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.\n\n2. Henceforth, when it appears in the body of the text, the name of the magazine will be rendered only in its translated form. In notes, it will appear as RB. Titles of articles and other sources that were in Arabic in the original appear only in translation, unless they are deemed major texts, in which case the Arabic and its translation are both provided.\n\n3. RB, March 1936, pp. 333\u20136.\n\n4. I am uncertain as to when exactly its run came to an end, but it seems not to have survived long past the Second World War. Walter Armbrust has located issues of the magazine from 1951.\n\n5. Colonial modernity is used here in a specific manner to indicate a mutually constitutive space\/time, not an alternative modernity that is colonial. For an elaboration of this point, see Tani E. Barlow, 'Introduction: On \"Colonial Modernity\"', in Tani E. Barlow (ed.), Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), pp. 1\u201320.\n\n6. Due to space constraints, rather than elaborate 'the subject' (of discourse) here, it is hoped the intended meaning will become clear through usage in context. For a fuller discussion of the modern subject as a discursive formation and of its Egyptian historical context, see Wilson Chacko Jacob, Working Out Egypt (Durham: Duke University Press, forthcoming 2011).\n\n7. Fantasy, as it is used here, does not index a realm absolutely separate from reality; rather, following Judith Butler's elaboration of subject formation in language, it is conceived as a performative space in which the real and the unreal are mutually constitutive and distinguished through a relation to norms, which cohere and are potentially destabilised through their repetition. In this formulation of fantasy, the subject does not exist prior to its expression in language but only in and through its enactment. See e.g., Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex' (New York: Routledge, 1993).\n\n8. 'Performative' is used here in the sense of a formation (social and linguistic) whose determinations and outcomes are not fixed even as its pronouncement simultaneously produces a reality in fact. 'Pedagogic' is used in the sense of instruction but with an allusion to regulatory discourses in general. Performative modernity, unlike pedagogic modernity, cannot be located in originary moments, places, or persons and remains open to resignification through repeated acts.\n\n9. This was the address of the institute in 1938; I was not able to establish whether it was always in the same location. Interestingly, the YMMA continues to exist and operate in the same location while the ma'had has disappeared entirely, even from memory.\n\n10. There are obvious echoes here of the process of subject constitution that Foucault critically elaborates on in Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, tr. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990), see esp. 'The Deployment of Sexuality', pp. 124\u20136.\n\n11. Effendiyya may be read loosely to signify 'middle class' or 'bourgeois' in the cultural sense, and an effendi is a male member of the class. There is no female equivalent. To some extent, an effendi in the interwar period was any male (and theoretically, female) who could effect the proper style and possessed the right repertoire.\n\n12. In Working Out Egypt, using the rubric of 'effendi masculinity' I map the formation of Egypt's desired subject in performances of physical culture that range from early textual elaborations of its nationalist benefits to its manifestations in activities such as competitive sports and the Scouts.\n\n13. Egypt, which had been a province of the Ottoman empire since 1517, was occupied by the British in 1882, ostensibly with the intention to leave once European financial interests had been secured (they ended up staying for seventy years).\n\n14. Early translations index physical culture's mode of circulation across the imperial social formation and show that its ideas, practices and objects were all of interest to the effendiyya. So, one may find expositions on the best use of weights for exercise alongside the biography of English strongman performer Eugen Sandow alongside Frenchman Edmond Demolins's widely disseminated assessment of British public school education (which included a rigorous programme of physical training) as the secret to their imperial success. See Jacob, Working Out Egypt, chapter 3.\n\n15. This information was culled from the 'letters to the editor' and the magazine's own statements about its distribution. By 1937, RB had formal arrangements with agents in Luxor, Khartoum, Port Sudan, Mecca, Jaffa, Akka, Gaza, Damascus, Aleppo, Tripoli, Basra and Baghdad.\n\n16. Wilson Chacko Jacob, 'Eventful Transformations: Al-Futuwwa between History and the Everyday', Comparative Studies in Society and History 49 (2007), pp. 689\u2013712.\n\n17. Andr\u00e9 Raymond, Cairo, tr. Willard Wood (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 324.\n\n18. The author of the letter explicitly requested that Cupid, the mediator of this epistolary forum, only solicit advice on his problem from male readers of Physical Culture.\n\n19. RB, March 1936, pp. 335\u20136.\n\n20. RB, March 1936, p. 336.\n\n21. Although unsatisfactory, one could speculate based on the reactions to analogous situations about the solutions readers may have offered A.Y.D. Answers would for the most part have been very pragmatic, in which A.Y.D. would have been told to move on, to forget the traitorous woman, to have his parents find him a proper partner, and to remain vigilant on his new path to good health and virtuous living.\n\n22. These numbers indicate letters received; only a handful of letters were ever published. Even if the figures were highly inflated by the magazine's editors, the claims of the existence of an interested public with differing opinions about intimate issues in a stranger's life is not only intrinsically interesting but also points to an important aspect of the discursive constitution of 'the public'.\n\n23. RB, May 1932, pp. 120\u201324.\n\n24. RB, May 1931, p. 108.\n\n25. RB, March 1936, p. 333.\n\n26. This very same source has been read through its visual images of women as peddling soft-core porn in the guise of exercise and health. See Lucy Ryzova, '\"I Am a Whore But I Will Be a Good Mother\": On the Production and Consumption of the Female Body in Modern Egypt', Arab Studies Journal (2004\/2005), pp. 80\u2013122. While this may well have been true, and might indeed partially account for the longevity of the magazine, the textual evidence suggests a very different reality closer to its stated goals of promoting smart, modern and healthy sexuality. That said, if the male images were read along the same erotic lines, then there was a definite subversion of these stated goals and the ideology of heteronormativity. Nevertheless, these transgressive 'readings' would reinforce the point that norms of gender and sexuality needed to be reconstituted as a condition of possibility for a 'modern' Egyptian subject.\n\n27. Omnia El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007). The publicity of private issues was not in itself new. Matters of sex and reproduction had been of central concern to Islamic society for over a millennium, as attested to in laws and customs surrounding gender roles, marriage and inheritance. What was new was the partial displacement of the regulation of sex and gender onto a reconstituted social body (in and for which laws were discerned by modern science) while paradoxically predicating the private individual as the condition of possibility for the social.\n\n28. Other contributing medical experts included Dr Husayn 'Izzat, Dr Muhammad Kamil al-Khuli, Dr Muhammad Abd al-Hamid Bey, Dr Husayn al-Harawi and Dr Muhammad Shahin Pasha.\n\n29. On the development of a mass culture during this period through popular magazines and cinema, see Walter Armbrust, Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).\n\n30. 'Sex Education: An Hour with Dr Fakhri Faraj, The Famous Doctor of Venereal Diseases', RB, May 1932, pp. 6\u201312.\n\n31. Bruce Dunne discusses the role of the AUC and Faraj's lecture series in the dissemination of knowledge about sexual health as part of colonial and national efforts to 'civilize' Egyptians in chapter six of his thesis 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Modern Egypt' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Georgetown University, 1996).\n\n32. Fakhri Faraj, al-Mar'a wa falsafat al-tanasuliyyat (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-'Asriyya, 1924); Fakhri Faraj, Taqrir 'an intishar al-bagha' wa al-amrad al-tanasuliyya bi al-qutr al-misri wa ba'd al-turuq al-mumkin itba'uha li- muharabatihima (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-'Asriyya, 1924). I could not locate the following works by Fakhri Faraj: al-Tanasul fi al-hayawan wa al-insan wa al-nabat; Hal tatasawi al-mar'a bi al-rajul fi al-huquq wa al-wajibat?; al-Amrad al-tanasuliyya wa 'ilajuha; al-Du'f al-tanasuli fi al-dhukur wa al-anath wa 'ilajuhu.\n\n33. Given the absence of much statistical data related to sexually transmitted diseases from this period, it is very difficult to corroborate this claim. Making it his life's work suggests at least that it was a major concern for Dr Faraj and not solely a rhetorical device.\n\n34. RB, May 1932, p. 9.\n\n35. Muhammad Fa'iq al-Jawhari, 'The Honourable Attack', RB, October 1932, pp. 4\u20135. Interestingly, criticism also seems to have been launched against the magazine from a third position that found the magazine's message of chastity puritanical and outdated. For a defence of their philosophy on sex education, see 'Girls and Diminished Morals', RB, February 1935, pp. 113\u201314. Essentially, the magazine maintained that knowledge about sex would encourage self-control, which was what distinguished humans from animals. An important component of their philosophy was the belief that there was a causative element to sex-knowledge and the outcome was ultimately empowerment.\n\n36. This reading is supported by the magazine's inclusion of religious experts alongside the medical experts to opine on issues related to sexuality and the right to research and discuss them publicly. Another likely proposition is that the editor was manipulating religion just as interestedly as his opponents in order to enhance magazine sales that depended on 'sexual' content.\n\n37. Fakhri Faraj, '[Part I] Why Women Have Revolted?' RB, December 1932, pp. 33\u20138; '[Part III] Motherhood and a Social and Intellectual Life', RB, February 1933, pp. 43\u20138; '[Part IV] The Duties and Rights of Women', March 1933, pp. 65\u201371. I was not able to obtain the January 1933 issue of RB and thus could not consult Part II of Dr Faraj's lecture.\n\n38. RB, March 1933, pp. 65\u201371.\n\n39. The gradual transformation of the law in the nineteenth century, from a hybrid of Islamic and western forms to one based predominantly on the Napoleonic Code, relegated 'religious' law to the domain of personal status issues. For the possible repercussions of voicing too loudly a call for equal inheritance rights, see Margot Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 134.\n\n40. For another angle on this problem, see Mukhtar al-Jawhari, 'Prostitution and the Problem of Orphans: How We Can Overcome [the Problems] through Proper Sex Education', RB, November 1932, pp. 6\u20139.\n\n41. Hanan Kholoussy, 'Stolen Husbands and Foreign Wives: Mixed Marriage, Identity Formation, and Gender in Colonial Egypt, 1909\u20131923', Hawwa 1 (2003), pp. 206\u201340.\n\n42. RB, August 1931, p. 122.\n\n43. Forel's text was originally composed in German; Jirjis based his Arabic translation on an English edition by C. F. Marshall (which edition however is not clear). August Forel, The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological Study, tr. C. F. Marshall (1905; New York: Medical Art Agency, 1911). It may be noted that 1905 was also the year in which Sigmund Freud's first rendition of The Theory of Sexuality appeared.\n\n44. RB, August 1931, p. 123.\n\n45. RB, August 1931, p. 123.\n\n46. On the science of population, see Omnia El Shakry, 'Barren Land and Fecund Bodies: The Emergence of Population Discourse in Interwar Egypt', International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005), pp. 351\u201372. For a broad survey of the place of social science and its practitioners in discursively producing and practically managing Egypt, see Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). See also El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory.\n\n47. Dr Sabri Jirjis, 'On Politics and Political Economy', RB, March 1934, pp. 15\u201321.\n\n48. Jirjis, 'On Politics and Political Economy', p. 15.\n\n49. The major figure propounding Social Darwinism during this period was Salama Musa, whose work Jirjis must have read. See Joseph Massad, Desiring Arabs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 128\u201341.\n\n50. Massad, Desiring Arabs, pp. 20\u201321.\n\n51. The use of the body as a social and political metaphor was of course already quite old by then. Its modern use to describe national communities in Egypt can be traced to at least as far back as Rifa'a Rafi' Tahtawi's al-Murshid al-Amin lil-banat wa al-banin [The Trusted Guide for Boys and Girls] (1872; Cairo: Supreme Council for Culture, 2002). One of the most explicit and extended treatments of the 'organic body' (jism 'udwi) as both a metaphor for and constitutive of modern society was Ahmad Amin's al-Akhlaq [Morality] (Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta'lif wa al-Tarjama wa al-Nashr, 1920).\n\n52. This point is elaborated below. See Venus, 'The Wedding Night', RB, August 1932, pp. 81\u20134. Evidence of the khawal as a historically important figure on the Egyptian sexual landscape at the end of the nineteenth century appears in the memoirs of Ibrahim Fawzi. See Wilson Chacko Jacob, 'History and the Masculine Subject of Colonialism: The Egyptian Loss of the Sudan', in Lahoucine Ouzgane and Robert Morrell (eds), African Masculinities: Men in Africa from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present (New York: Palgrave, 2005), pp. 153\u201369.\n\n53. For a survey of expanding state powers and the policing of sexuality from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, see Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\"'. For a treatment of how the disavowal of sexual difference constituted an Arabic canon, see Massad, Desiring Arabs.\n\n54. RB, March 1933, pp. 30\u201337.\n\n55. On the complexity of sexual terminology in pre-modern and modern Arabic, see Everett Rowson, 'The Categorization of Gender and Sexual Irregularity in Medieval Arabic Vice Lists', in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 50\u201379; Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lagrange, 'Male Homosexuality in Modern Arabic Literature', in Mai Ghoussoub and Emma Sinclair-Webb (eds), Imagined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East (London: Saqi Books, 2000), pp. 169\u201398.\n\n56. RB, November 1933, pp. 14\u201322.\n\n57. It is hard to tell whether Jirjis believed this or was 'simply' acting as a translator. These are Forel's words from The Sexual Question, p. 378.\n\n58. 'Sexual Deviance', RB, October 1934, pp. 19\u201321.\n\n59. RB, March 1935, pp. 18\u201321.\n\n60. RB, November 1936, pp. 1008\u201309.\n\n61. Dilip P. Gaonkar, 'On Alternative Modernities', in Dilip P. Gaonkar (ed.), Alternative Modernities (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), pp. 1\u201323.\n\n62. The emergence of a discourse on monogamous marriage and the proper household has been traced to the 1870s, which tentatively can serve as the birth date for the ideology of bourgeois heteronormativity that silently subtended the physical culture discourse of the 1930s. See Kenneth M. Cuno, 'Ambiguous Modernization: The Transition to Monogamy in the Khedivial House of Egypt', and Mary Ann Fay, 'From Warrior-Grandees to Domesticated Bourgeoisie: The Transformation of the Elite Egyptian Household into a Western-style Nuclear Family', both in Beshara Doumani (ed.), Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), pp. 247\u201370, 77\u201397 respectively. See also Lisa Pollard, Nurturing the Nation: The Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing and Liberating Egypt, 1805\u20131923 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2005), p. 44.\n\n63. Of course, in a sense, it was never the case anyway. The desire for a resolution to the instability surrounding the future of the effendi marked and formed the condition of possibility for new cultural productions such as Physical Culture. But locating the ambivalence in its discourse of gender and sexuality \u2013 that on the one hand acknowledged the deviance of Egyptians and on the other refused its colonial implications \u2013 is a critical move in their resignification.\n\n64. This is from Afsaneh Najmabadi's formulation of how the standard narration of Iranian modernity as the simultaneous and conflicted struggle to secure cultural authenticity and progress figures gender exclusively within this tension \u2013 usually marked geographically between east and west \u2013 and consequently writes out the particularities of gender's ambiguity in Iran's 'pre-modern' history. In other words, histories of gender in Iranian modernity that leave untroubled the assumption of heterosexuality as a natural occurrence reproduces the 'historical erasure' of figures like the mukhannas\/amradnuma and the amrad. Afsaneh Najmabadi, Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 141.\n\n65. Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 28.\n\n66. For a critique of Butler's theorisation of performativity from a slightly different perspective, see Saba Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).\n\n67. For a brilliant new study that interrogates the colonial production of the human in modern law as a moment of rupture in Egyptian history, see Samera Esmeir, 'The Work of Law in the Age of Empire: Production of Humanity in Colonial Egypt' (unpublished doctoral thesis, New York University, 2005).\n\n68. RB, August 1932, p. 82.\n\n69. RB, August 1932, p. 84.\n\n70. Lagrange, 'Male Homosexuality in Modern Arabic Literature', p. 197 n. 58.\n\n71. Tahtawi, al-Murshid al-amin, p. 39. See also Najmabadi, Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards; Khaled el-Rouayheb, Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500\u20131800 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005); Dror Ze'evi, Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500\u20131900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).\n\n72. From a different context, Lisa Duggan has made a similar argument in terms of the subject of lesbianism. Lisa Duggan, 'The Trials of Alice Mitchell: Sensationalism, Sexology, and the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century America', Signs 18 (1993), pp. 791\u2013814.\n\n73. Khaled Fahmy has insisted on the different dynamics involved in borrowing ideas and practices from Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century, when it was a less loaded question (personal communication with author). Samia Mehrez has noted the difficulties in the present of translating gender into Arabic by contrasting the ease with which jins (genus, ethnicity, and later sex and nationality) was directly borrowed from ancient Greek during the establishment of the Islamic empire. Samia Mehrez, 'Translating Gender', Keynote Address at 'Gendered Bodies, Transnational Politics: Modernities Reconsidered' Conference, American University in Cairo, 12\u201314 December 2003; an expanded version was published in the Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 3\/1 (2007), pp. 106\u201327.\n\n74. Attempts to intervene positively in that discourse were subject to increasing repression from the late nineteenth century, accelerating in the 1930s. Indeed one of the first major book burnings organised by the Nazis targeted the collection of the Institute for Sexual Science, which had been established in Berlin in 1919 by Magnus Hirschfeld. Further highlighting the global dimension of the sexuality discourse during the interwar period, one of the anonymous reviewers of another version of this article noted that Hirschfeld visited Egypt during the winter of 1931\u201332 and delivered lectures at the AUC. I am grateful to the reviewer for drawing my attention to this fact.\n\n75. Mahmood, Politics of Piety.\nChapter 7\n\nMonitoring and Medicalising Male Sexuality in Semi-Colonial Egypt\n\nHanan Kholoussy\n\nThis chapter examines the ways in which Egyptian legislators and reformers drafted and debated new regimes of monitoring male sexuality in nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Egypt. An exploration of the state's legislation on marriage, prostitution and venereal disease reveals that the state assumed an unprecedented role in monitoring and medicalising the sexuality of Egyptian men. Its goal was to create 'healthy', disciplined men who would create fit and modern families that would serve as the foundation for a postcolonial nation free of socio-medical ills. In their attempts to medicalise male sexuality and regulate female prostitution, legislative reformers were delineating and gendering the normative heterosexuality of the healthy male colonial subject for the emerging nation.\n\nRecent scholarship has brought much-needed attention to the medicalisation of reproduction, prostitution and venereal disease in colonial and contemporary Egypt, but it has overwhelmingly focused on the health of females since they were the ones who bore and raised the future citizens of the nation.1 In contrast, this chapter analyses legislation that concentrated on the sexual practices of male colonial subjects to demonstrate how a new heterosexually normative male body became inextricably linked to the success of the emerging Egyptian nation. It highlights how Egyptian notions of sexual diseases were gendered and explains why certain diseases were an issue of concern only if men had contracted them. Specifically, it briefly reviews the Ottoman and colonial legislation related to female prostitution before it analyses Article 9 of Egyptian Personal Status Law 25 of 1920 \u2013 the last successful attempt of the interwar state to regulate male sexuality \u2013 which granted a wife the right to divorce her husband if he contracted a chronic ailment such as venereal disease. This chapter argues that the Egyptian monitoring and medicalisation of male sexuality was part and parcel of the larger worldwide eugenics movement in the early twentieth century that resulted in the medicalisation of sex, marriage and reproduction in many other parts of the world like colonial India, Bolshevik Russia, Nazi Germany and the American south. Not only did Egyptians participate in the international movement by cautiously deploying its various models in eugenics; perhaps more significantly, they departed from the global movement by localising various eugenic examples and drawing inspiration from medieval Islamic religious texts rather than western scientific treatises to fit their own unique socio-political and medico-legal context.\n\nThe Egyptian context\n\nAlthough Britain occupied Egypt in 1882 and established a new colonial regime, Egypt nominally remained a province of the Ottoman empire as it had been since 1517. As a result, Egyptians continued to maintain and oversee many of their indigenous institutions such as the Islamic courts whose jurisdiction had been limited mostly to issues of religious endowments and personal status (marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance) over the course of the nineteenth century.2 At the onset of the First World War in 1914, the British placed Egypt under a temporary protectorate, ending all remaining official ties with the Ottoman empire. When they failed to remove this protectorate status and grant Egypt political independence after the war, Egyptian nationalists initiated an intense struggle for independence beginning with the 1919 revolution. Three years of Anglo-Egyptian negotiations culminated in 1922 when the British abolished their protectorate over Egypt, conferred nominal independence and instituted a parliamentary monarchy. Under this new agreement, Egyptians assumed responsibility for their internal affairs, while the British retained a political and military presence to safeguard their interests and maintain influence over Egyptian affairs. All traces of British control ended when Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser led a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1952 and established a completely independent Egypt by 1954.3\n\nBecause of Egypt's awkward position of quasi-independence and semi-colonial British rule, its experiences with gender, sexuality and eugenics differed from those of other European colonies and western nations.4 Unlike in colonial India, for example, British officials did not reform the Islamic legal system in Egypt, despite their frequent criticisms of it.5 The Egyptian administration reformed this legal system of its own accord and drafted, debated and passed Islamic personal status legislation without any direct colonial interference.6 Gendered historiography of colonialism tends to concentrate on colonisers' assumptions and perceptions of marriage, gender and sexuality more than those of the colonised.7 While British colonial authorities legislated and supervised Egyptian female prostitution, the Egyptian state had been monitoring and medicalising the sexual and marital practices of its subjects decades before the British arrived. As a result, internal dialogues among Egyptians were not steeped in colonialists' debates on racial difference. The Egyptian discourse on marriage, sexuality and prostitution was part and parcel of the larger international movement of eugenics that engaged with various western discussions on diseased, colonised and minorities' bodies, but it also had its own indigenous roots long before the western eugenics movement began in the late nineteenth century.\n\nMonitoring male sexuality\n\nHalf a century before the term 'eugenics' was coined in Britain in 1883, Ottoman Egypt witnessed a broad array of public health campaigns.8 Muhammad 'Ali's state (r.1803\u201348) conducted many of these campaigns primarily to provide his building and military projects with the industrious, physically fit bodies that would both increase agricultural production and strengthen military prowess.9 Motivated mostly by his desire to develop the health and discipline of his burgeoning modern army, 'Ali banned prostitution in Cairo and all military camps, and banished prostitutes to Upper Egypt in 1834. While prostitution had been legal in the Ottoman province of Egypt, prostitutes had been taxed, monitored and registered by the state since the beginning of Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century.10\n\nThroughout the nineteenth century, syphilis was a 'frequent disease in every part of Egypt' amongst all social classes and by the 1830s it had become a significant problem in the army.11 Between 1847 and 1848, for example, more than 33 per cent of the patients at Cairo's main military hospital were treated for venereal diseases.12 Because treatment of venereal disease required infected soldiers to be removed from duty in order to undergo treatment, the military's physical and disciplinary problems were blamed on its soldiers' excessive sexual encounters with women. Their interactions with prostitutes were not viewed as the only sources of contagion, however. Even their conjugal relations with their wives came under state supervision. Military wives were no longer permitted to accompany their husbands on duty. Like prostitutes, they were forbidden from entering military barracks and, like soldiers, they became subjected to weekly medical examinations. By the mid-nineteenth century, soldiers were not even allowed to marry without securing official permission.13 While the history of Egyptian prostitution and sexuality often focuses on the policing of women, a look at Muhammad 'Ali's army reveals that state regulation of female sexuality was very much about attempting to control male sexuality. The protection of men's health, not the improvement of women's welfare or the safeguarding of public morality, was the state's underlying objective because it was men who provided the physical labour and military strength for the state's nation-building projects and its viceroy's expansionist imperial ambitions.\n\nWhen the British occupied Egypt in 1882, they legalised prostitution for the same reason that Muhammad 'Ali had restricted it half a century earlier: to protect the health of their military troops stationed in Egypt. By 1884, Egyptian female prostitutes (but not foreign female prostitutes, who held exclusive extraterritorial capitulatory privileges that exempted them from local laws) were forced to undergo weekly inspections.14 By 1885, these women were required to register with the government and carry health certificates verifying their medical clearance. British colonial authorities established a formalised system of control in 1905, and the Egyptian Ministry of Interior codified these regulations legalising prostitution and monitoring prostitutes. The Egyptian administration left these laws in place even after Egypt gained nominal independence in 1922 and throughout the widespread anti-prostitution campaigns in the interwar period. They did not outlaw prostitution until 1951. The regulations collectively limited prostitution to registered venues in certain neighbourhoods and mandated prostitutes, who had to be adult (post-puberty) women who obtained working permits, to undergo weekly examinations for venereal disease.15 Their (male) clients, whether British or Egyptian, were never subject to examination.\n\nAlthough Muhammad 'Ali's state and the colonial state were motivated by similar interests to protect male sexuality in their regulation of female prostitution, the former also monitored male sexuality while the latter did not. The British were only concerned with Egyptian sexuality when it could contaminate the purity of their own subjects, whether male or female.16 Hence, their main preoccupation was with the Egyptian female prostitutes who could infect their white men. Yet the Egyptian administration did not continue Muhammad 'Ali's surveillance of Egyptian male sexuality in the colonial period, perhaps because it felt pressured to follow its coloniser's example. While a few sporadic attempts were made to limit or eradicate prostitution in the 1890s and early 1900s, none sought to regulate male sexuality. After the editor-in-chief of Egypt's popular daily al-Ahram published a translation of a Greek study on the danger of venereal disease in Egypt in 1907, for example, a number of brothels were closed by the following year. According to the Egyptian Director of Public Security, the rate of infection of venereal disease rose so dramatically after the closure of these brothels in one Egyptian red light district that its subjects demanded the government reopen its regulated brothels.17\n\nSocial reformers also called for the abolition of prostitution long before their successors launched a vociferous campaign in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1893, for example, the prominent nationalist thinker 'Abdallah al-Nadim launched a vituperative press attack against prostitution, which he blamed exclusively on the British occupation in the pages of his newspaper, al-Ustadh. It was, however, Shaykh Muhammad 'Abdu, the prominent Islamic reformer and revered Grand Mufti of Egypt from 1899 to 1905, who exclusively blamed Egyptian male bachelors and not the British or even female prostitutes for the spread of venereal disease in British-occupied Egypt. In 1902, he wrote:\n\nThe so-called educated [bachelors]... have not benefited from [western] education except to learn how to speak a European language so that they can copulate with western prostitutes... instead of [marrying] honourable native women. If it were not for those educated, the market for prostitution would not have flourished in Egypt. If it were not for those educated, syphilis would not have appeared in the nation.18\n\nAccording to 'Abdu, educated bachelors used their western education to frequent the western prostitutes living and working in Egypt rather than marry moral Egyptian women. Egypt was a major terminus for European prostitutes, willing or forced, under British rule, but the expansion of the Mediterranean steamship service and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 drew a steady flow of European prostitutes to Egypt long before the inception of official colonial occupation.19 'Abdu's anti-colonial bent was more subtle, but nonetheless apparent in his ridicule of the utility of western education and his neglect to mention the Egyptian prostitutes who outnumbered the western prostitutes.\n\n'Abdu's contempt for western-educated bachelors was more explicit. He held them responsible for introducing prostitution and venereal disease to the struggling nation. He did not merely reproach these decadent men for prostitution and disease. He also held their immoral upbringing, western education and illicit activities responsible for their lack of manhood, as well as the British occupation: 'If you engage in premarital sex rather than marriage... you must struggle to improve yourself... if moral upbringing and education existed among us, we would have had [real] men... there would be [national] wealth and there would be independence'.20 As in anti-prostitution struggles in the United States and Europe, abolition advocates like 'Abdu believed marriage was an institution that would discipline men into productive citizens who would contain their sexual desires within marriage and rid the nation of venereal disease.21 Early twentieth-century Egyptian prostitution abolitionists argued that marriage would be 'morally and materially uplifting' because it would deter the social perversions of prostitution and illicit sexual relations, 'effectively normalising middle-class sexuality'.22 For these social reformers, men's natural, even uncontrollable, sexual appetite itself did not compromise an Egyptian subject's moral manliness if it was contained within marriage.23 In contrast, emerging hegemonic notions of masculinity in nineteenth-century European discourses repeatedly emphasised control of the passions, restraint of the appetites and moderation in marital sex, where puritans argued sex was solely for procreation.24 Early twentieth-century Egyptian discourses on prostitution, on the other hand, were merely calling for the containment of sex to marriage, where non-reproductive sexuality was condoned and celebrated in Islam.25 What Egyptian reformers shared with their European counterparts, however, was a belief that the government was responsible for outlawing prostitution, regulating sexuality and legislating marriage. As Michel Foucault observes, 'the marriage relation was the most intense focus of constraints' for most nineteenth-century European governments.26\n\nThe influx of prostitutes and boom in brothels and red light districts to serve the some 84,000 British, Australian and New Zealand troops stationed in Egypt during the First World War further spurred public concern over the spread of venereal disease. As more than 10,000 of these troops in Cairo were treated for venereal disease during the first five months of 1916, Egyptians worried that the rate of infection would increase among them. They anxiously followed the British debates over whether combating venereal disease demanded medical prophylaxis or moral restraint, as colonial military officials intensified their commitment of state medicine to social hygiene for the sake of national health and racial progress. Egyptian nationalists selectively appropriated, adapted and deployed British discourses of venereal peril, social purity and hygiene to fit their own constructions of the Egyptian nation and proper male sexuality. Venereal disease and prostitution were not only viewed as wartime problems of the military, but as affecting everyone all the time. As a result, Egyptian reformers applauded British authorities' efforts to reduce venereal disease and purify social space.27 Soon after, they too demanded that their own administration institute policing measures for the sake of its own (future) citizens as they struggled for national independence.\n\nThe medicalisation of marriage\n\nThroughout the 1920s and 1930s, social reformers in Egypt waged battles to ban female prostitution and medicalise marriage, in large part to prevent the venereal diseases that Egyptian men were purportedly contracting from prostitutes.28 Legislators and prostitution abolitionists shared a common fear that Egyptian bachelors who contracted venereal diseases from prostitutes would later infect their future wives and offspring, the next generation of Egyptian national subjects. They viewed colonial bachelors as a conduit through which moral and medical disease would spread through the body of the burgeoning nation.29\n\nThe anti-prostitution movement of the interwar period ultimately failed: prostitution remained legal until 1951 after state-licensed brothels had been closed in 1949. Despite the main objective of the interwar abolitionist campaigns, prostitution was not outlawed to protect the health of its subjects, male or female, on the eve of the 1952 revolution that removed all vestiges of British colonial power. The Egyptian state ultimately banned prostitution partly to present itself as the guardian of Egyptian and Islamic morality in the face of a surging conservative nationalist fervour following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the first Arab\u2013Israeli War and the Muslim Brotherhood's alleged assassination of Egypt's Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi in 1948. The government's decision to outlaw prostitution, which was closely associated with colonial subjugation because of the British military's use of brothels and the privileged status enjoyed by European prostitutes over their Egyptian counterparts, was also in response to its subjects' intense anti-British demonstrations in the late 1940s.30\n\nWhile the anti-prostitution campaigns of the interwar period failed to outlaw female prostitution, a significant state intervention in monitoring and medicalising male sexuality was made in 1920 before the widespread campaigns to outlaw female prostitution and medicalise marriage. Article 9 of Law 25 of 1920 granted a wife the right to divorce her husband if he contracted a chronic ailment such as venereal disease. This legal article was motivated by a rapidly growing Egyptian discourse on eugenics-inspired reform. It was not inspired by a women's rights discourse that sought increased female access to divorce as legal scholars have traditionally contended, especially as the 1920 law was passed three years before the Egyptian Feminist Union was founded in 1923, and its campaign to reform personal status law was not launched until the late 1920s.31\n\nWomen's studies scholars of modern Egypt generally view the 1920 personal status legislation, discussed in detail below, as institutionalising a patriarchal order that is responsible for the present subjugation of Egyptian women.32 When one interrogates how and why the 1920 law (as well as its 1929 amendment) was proposed, how the larger public reacted to it and where they fit into articulations of Egyptian nationalism, however, it becomes clear that state legislators did not necessarily intend to improve the lot of women or intentionally seek to oppress women. Rather, the Egyptian government sought to pass marital laws in order to take a more active role in creating a nationalist, nuclear, physically fit and 'modern' family.33 To rephrase Etienne Balibar's term, the intention of Egyptian legislators was the 'nationalisation of marriage', that is, the creation of married subjects who would form adult, permanent, preferably monogamous families that, in turn, would serve as the foundation for a modern nation free of social and medical ills.34 State officials made attempts to abolish or limit Islamic marriage and divorce laws that it deemed unfit for a modern healthy nation.\n\nIn a patriarchal society where many did not favour female-initiated divorce, Egyptian legislators deemed Article 9 of Law 25 of 1920 appropriate because its intention was to preserve the physical welfare of the family and by extension the nation. Egyptian discussions about the need for strong healthy bodies for the nation multiplied during the two decades preceding the introduction of the 1920 law as the Egyptian struggle for independence gained momentum. Egyptian nationalists, reformers and doctors started demanding that the government establish new means of monitoring the sexual and marital habits of the population to ensure that only adult Egyptians would marry and reproduce. Legislation designed to curtail the marriage of minors in 1914 and 1923, for example, was motivated by medical discourses that argued early marriage of girls led to premature and fatal pregnancies and nationalist discourses that claimed only physically mature and educated women were capable of producing and raising future citizens for the nation.35 These calls, however, were not limited to proposing minimum age limits to marriage.\n\nDuring the 1914 debates over the marriage of minors, for example, Ilyas al-Ghadban wrote to the editors of the popular daily al-Ahram to condemn families that married off their 'disease-ridden' sons and daughters, proposing that the government adopt a law that would require brides and grooms to submit a medical certificate testifying that they were not afflicted with disease for the sake of their offspring.36 Because a healthy family was seen as the cornerstone of the burgeoning nation, many implored the state to assume a central role in ensuring that only physically fit Egyptians had the right to marry and reproduce. Despite proposals in 1928 and 1941 to mandate medical examinations of couples before marriage to ensure their sexual and reproductive health and to protect the future generations of a nation that was ostensibly plagued with disease, the bill was never passed.37 The semi-colonial state, however, did manage to medicalise male sexuality through its 1920 personal status legislation.\n\nAs part of its ongoing effort to 'modernise' the emerging Egyptian nation, the Ministry of Justice codified nationwide a revised set of Islamic personal status laws in 1920, further amended in 1929, which largely continue to govern Egyptian marriage, divorce and the family to this day.38 Law 25 of 1920 institutionalised three official grounds on which women could sue for judicial divorce. Egyptian legislators departed from the Hanafi legal school \u2013 one of the four major Sunni schools of law, that formed the official law of the Ottoman empire and its Egyptian province for the preceding four centuries \u2013 and drew on the more liberal Maliki and Shafi'i schools to provide women with these additional grounds.39 The first two introduced specific circumstances under which a woman could seek judicial divorce if her husband failed to support her financially. These two articles, which have been discussed extensively by scholars, did not introduce innovative concepts to Egyptian Islamic law.40 The financial responsibilities of Muslim husbands toward their wives had been clearly elaborated in the 1875 Egyptian Hanafi Personal Status Code.41\n\nHowever, the third basis \u2013 disease \u2013 introduced a novel justification to Hanafi law, which did not view this as a valid justification for female-initiated judicial divorce. The only health-related condition under which Hanafi law permitted female-initiated judicial divorce was if a husband were sexually impotent, because a wife's sexual satisfaction and reproductive capability were paramount objectives of Islamic marriage.42 Article 9 of Law 25 of 1920 stated:\n\nThe wife is entitled to ask for a judicial divorce from her husband if she finds [in him] chronic defects, for which a cure is impossible or only curable after a long period of time and she cannot live with him without harm, such as insanity, leprosy and skin diseases. [This is the case] whether he had such a defect before the contract [of marriage] and she did not know about it or [whether it] occurred after the contract and she refuses [to live with him]. But if she married him knowing about the defect or if the defect occurred after the contract and she accepted it explicitly or implicitly, then judicial divorce is not permitted.43\n\nMarriage and divorce together functioned as a powerful social site where Egyptian legislators created new categories of disease and defect that \u2013 as scholars in disability studies have demonstrated \u2013 are social constructs that are intentionally ambiguously defined and used.44 It was thus that a new normative male body, defined as healthy and free from disease, became inextricably linked to the success of the emerging Egyptian nation. The broader socio-legal and medical debates regarding the health of Egyptian subjects to marry, reproduce and raise future citizens for the nation influenced the perceptions of the 1920 personal status committee to the point that its members introduced a completely new concept to Egyptian divorce legislation. They explicitly linked the emerging developments and understandings of medicine, health and eugenics to introduce a novel interpretation and formulation of female-initiated judicial divorce to traditional Egyptian Hanafi conceptions of Islamic law.\n\nDuring this same time period, various sexual hygiene reformists were calling for laws in a number of countries to limit or prohibit marriage by persons infected with venereal disease.45 The various western eugenics movements, which were followed closely in the Egyptian press, may have influenced the legislators of the 1920 law.46 The legislative committee included a mix of Islamic scholars and secular politicians: the Rector of al-Azhar University, the Shaykh of the Maliki legal school, the head of the Supreme Islamic Court, the Mufti of Egypt, the Minister of Justice, the President of the Cabinet of Ministers and the King of Egypt.47 The legislators did not, however, find inspiration for this new law in the west, but rather in medieval Islamic law. The committee could not devise laws prohibiting the marriage of infected men and women that had no basis in Islam, thus explaining why bills in 1928 and 1941 proposing that couples undergo medical examinations before marriage were never passed.\n\nConsidering how careful Islamic jurists and even secular politicians were to find a religious basis for their legislation, where did they find religious justification for the new pretext of a husband's disease as a valid reason for female-initiated divorce? Article 9 was taken almost verbatim from a twelfth-century Maliki legal manual. Like Hanafi law, Maliki law was one of the four Islamic schools of legal thought, but it was not the official law of the Ottoman empire and did not serve as the manual for Egyptian judges and lawyers as did the Egyptian Hanafi Personal Status Code, which the Ministry of Justice published in 1875.48 While the majority of Muslims in Upper Egypt personally adhered to the teachings of the Maliki legal school, an 1880 law had instructed Islamic judges to implement the Hanafi school of law, despite the personal affiliation of the litigants.49\n\nIn the twelfth century, long before modern movements of eugenics and nationalism materialised, the renowned Maliki jurist, philosopher and physician Ibn Rushd (d.1198), better known in the west as Averroes, decreed almost identical terms of a husband's disease for female-initiated divorce in his manual of Maliki law, which were spelled out practically verbatim in Article 9 of the 1920 law.50 Although twentieth-century Islamic conceptions of the body and its defects differed drastically from their medieval counterparts,51 Ibn Rushd's examples of defects (insanity, leprosy and skin disease) were identical to those listed in the 1920 law except for an additional example that Ibn Rushd provided, which the 1920 law did not: 'disease of the sex organ'.52 While venereal disease was not specified in Article 9, syphilis was often mistaken for leprosy in Egypt (and elsewhere) until only recently because the two contagious diseases, which were very widespread in Ottoman and semi-colonial Egypt, shared similar symptoms that typically manifested as 'skin diseases' and were not easily curable.53 The 1920 Egyptian personal status committee's examples of syphilis and skin diseases and overall vaguely worded stipulations of chronic defects in general enabled and facilitated wives to cite their husbands' venereal diseases as a cause for judicial divorce.54\n\nWhat was also so innovative about the committee's introduction of this Maliki clause in 1920 was that it was the first time the state deviated from Hanafi doctrine to ingeniously borrow and combine principles from the other schools of Islamic law in an eclectic and unprecedented manner.55 The committee that devised and passed the first major marital legislation largely followed, albeit after a gap of two decades, the judicial advice of Islamic reformers Muhammad 'Abdu and Qasim Amin56 to embrace this process of selectively employing other legal views and minority opinions such as adopting Maliki views of judicial divorce.57 It is likely that 'Abdu's views, as well as the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century socio-legal regulations of male sexuality and prostitution to eliminate sexually transmitted disease, encouraged the committee to adopt a law that would enable wives to divorce their husbands infected with venereal disease. In semi-colonial Egypt, the state perceived an infected husband who could contaminate his wife and their children, the future citizens of the nation, as a threat to his wife, their future family and by extension the emerging nation. Syphilis was particularly worrisome because of its inheritable nature, which was commonly believed to be the leading cause of Egypt's high infant mortality rate and the reason behind epilepsy, hysteria and insanity in offspring.58\n\nGendering the law, sexualising its subjects\n\nBritish and other western eugenics discourses often targeted and monitored only women to protect the health of men. By the mid-1870s, British administrators throughout the globe had established the Contagious Diseases (CD) ordinances and regulations that held female prostitutes solely responsible for venereal disease. While this system differed from colony to colony, female sex workers in nearly every British colony were forced to register officially as prostitutes with the colonial authorities and undergo weekly examinations designed to detect venereal disease.59 In Egypt, however, British administrators only required indigenous female prostitutes to register, undergo weekly medical examinations and carry medical certificates attesting to their health status. British and other European female prostitutes in Egypt were never required to undergo examinations. Their supervision of prostitution took on racist dimensions when they subjected only Egyptian prostitutes to their regulations and examinations. European women were granted immunity by the legal capitulations that the Ottoman regime established with various European powers to encourage and protect western interests from the sixteenth century onwards. While the Ottoman empire collapsed by 1918, the capitulations were not eliminated in Egypt until 1937.60 While protecting British male sexuality was of the utmost concern to the colonial authorities, they never mandated their subjects to any formal sexual regulation. The Egyptian administration, on the other hand, had made it part of state policy to monitor and regulate male sexuality, at least military male sexuality, from the early nineteenth century. Egyptian military men were subjected to regular medical examinations and they were not permitted to have their sexual partners \u2013 be they wives, girlfriends or prostitutes \u2013 accompany them on duty. Their female partners, whatever their status, were also subject to medical testing. Like the British, Egyptian state officials' concern was the physical protection of their men who provided labour for the state through military and other state-building projects. Unlike the British, though, they did not target females alone for the sake of men.\n\nEgyptian Muslim men, however, were the only targets of Article 9 of Law 25 of 1920. Why does this article speak only to the health status of men as husbands, and not to women? At first glance, the answer seems quite simple. Muslim men did not need a reason to divorce their wives. Islamic law granted only men the unilateral and unlicensed right to divorce their wives whenever, wherever and for whatever reason they wished.61 The 1875 Egyptian Hanafi Personal Status Code clearly stated that 'The husband and not the wife has the right to break, by repudiation, the tie of a validly contracted marriage'.62 In Islamic law, a woman did not have the right to divorce. Rather, a divorce had to be given to her either by her husband or by a judge because Islamic law viewed her as a passive participant in the dissolution of marriage. Prior to the introduction of Law 25 of 1920, an Egyptian Muslim woman had three possible, but often unachievable, avenues to divorce: first, she could ask her husband to stipulate her right to divorce in their marriage contract; second, she could ask the court to grant her a judicial divorce; or third, she could ask her husband to divorce her by mutual agreement.63 Before the 1920 law, then, an Egyptian woman married to a mentally or terminally ill man could not usually be granted a divorce on the basis of his condition alone.\n\nArticle 9 of the 1920 law did not target women's health specifically. But it highlights the way Egyptian notions of disease were gendered. Certain diseases were considered male diseases, or at least were only an issue of concern if men had contracted them. Despite its ambiguous wording, it becomes clear that venereal disease was the primary concern of Article 9 when the law is situated in the larger socio-political and medico-legal milieu of Ottoman and semi-colonial Egypt. Sexually active Egyptian women were not the concern here, because it was presumed that women who engaged in pre-marital sex or sex work and contracted venereal diseases would never be marriageable in a society that valued female virginity. These women would not and should not marry and reproduce. The health of a woman in this specific law was not a concern because of the already existing policing of her body and social world. Just as the state was supposedly expanding women's access to divorce, women were not the objects of the legislation and their best interests were not the intent of the legislation. Although the law may have sought to protect a wife from contracting her husband's disease, the aim appears to have been more about protecting her children, the future generation who would lead Egypt to full independence. The role that reformers and legislators wanted the Egyptian state to assume in monitoring and medicalising marriage and male sexuality confirms that the formation of the modern family was largely the result of medico-legal state intervention, that sought to consolidate and control the nuclear family as an apparatus to create 'the healthy, clean, fit body' in 'a purified, cleansed, aerated domestic space'.64\n\nConclusions: application and aftermath\n\nThe fact that the anti-prostitution movement, which was largely motivated by fears of the spread of venereal disease, gained major momentum during the two decades following Law 25 of 1920 suggests that the law did little to alleviate concerns over venereal disease in semi-colonial Egypt, regardless of whether or not its incidence was as high as British colonial officials and Egyptian prostitution abolitionists claimed. Complete statistics \u2013 impossible to obtain when men (as well as unlicensed prostitutes, foreign prostitutes and single sexually active women) were no longer forced to undergo any sort of medical examinations \u2013 were unavailable.\n\nFurthermore, Article 9 did not translate easily into practice. It appears that few women attempted to sue for judicial divorce from their husbands on the basis of venereal disease or any other type of defect in interwar Egypt.65 The paucity of such suits invites two plausible interpretations: either the incidence of disease (venereal and other) among Egyptian men was not nearly as high as the Egyptian state and press portrayed; or most wives knew that it would be very difficult to prove the chronic contagious condition of their husbands' illness. For the most part, those divorces that were granted on the basis of Article 9 were only given to wives whose husbands met all the conditions laid out therein. If the disease was curable, if the judge determined that the husband's illness did not cause his wife intolerable injury, if evidence suggested the wife knew about the ailment beforehand or had agreed to live with her husband regardless, or if the judge had reason to believe that her suit arose from an ulterior motive, then the judge did not grant the wife a divorce.66\n\nContrary to the opinion of Egyptian nationalists and contemporary legal scholars, Egyptian personal status legislation in 1920 (and its 1929 amendment) often made divorce more difficult, not easier, by codifying official grounds for divorce.67 Article 9 granting a wife a divorce based on her husband's disease is no exception. There is no doubt that this clause was vaguely worded \u2013 much more so than the other sections of Law 25 of 1920 \u2013 and used uncertain terms like 'chronic defect' or 'insanity'. While the legislators' ambiguity might lead us to believe that they were leaving the door open for judges to interpret the law loosely and consider modern diseases like syphilis, the opposite actually occurred. By providing only three examples of chronic disease, legislators ended up limiting the judges \u2013 government employees who were appointed, promoted, transferred, retired and paid a fixed salary by the Egyptian administration \u2013 who did not want to depart from hegemonic interpretations. Until the 1970s, for example, judges mostly granted divorces to wives whose husbands were proven to have had only leprosy or insanity \u2013 the only examples of illness specified in Article 9 \u2013 and no other disease that would make their wives' lives unbearable or infect their health.68\n\nNevertheless, the fact that the state even managed to list male disease as a pretext for female-initiated divorce in a society where most did not favour female-initiated divorce is noteworthy. A simple reading might lead us to believe that the emerging nation-state was attempting to expand women's access to divorce. A more nuanced reading of the law in its larger socio-political and medico-legal context, however, invites another explanation. Egyptian legislators deemed female-initiated divorce appropriate in this instance if its intention was to preserve the physical welfare of the family \u2013 the basic building block of the nation \u2013 and by extension the fitness of the nation. When Law 25 of 1920 is read in succession to earlier regulations regarding prostitution, male sexuality, venereal disease and marriage enacted in nineteenth-century Egypt, its continuities with the pre-colonial Egyptian state's attempts to monitor and medicalise Egyptian male sexuality become evident. The regulations and debates of the British colonial regime, as well as the international eugenics movements, all of which were closely followed by Egyptian reformers and legislators, also impacted their views on normative healthy male sexuality. However they refused to appropriate blindly western conceptions of healthy bodies and sexual and marital practices. Rather, they found inspiration in their own pre-colonial state practices and in medieval Islamic texts. As a result, other attempts to medicalise marriage that had no basis in Islam, like requiring couples to undergo medical examinations before marriage, failed to pass in semi-colonial Egypt. The only successful attempt of the interwar semi-independent Egyptian state to reconcile its nationalist vision of healthy modern men, marriages and families for the future nation with Islamic law was Article 9 of Personal Status Law 25 of 1920.\n\nNotes\n\nI would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable suggestions, which greatly improved this chapter. Special thanks are also owed to Omnia El Shakry, Richard Gauvain, Farida Makar, Caitlin McNary, Amy Motlagh and Sherene Seikaly for their critical insights. I alone, of course, am responsible for any oversights or errors.\n\n1. See e.g., Kamran Asdar Ali, Planning the Family in Egypt: New Bodies, New Selves (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002); Laura Bier, 'From Mothers of the Nation to Daughters of the State: Gender and the Politics of Inclusion in Egypt, 1922\u20131967' (unpublished doctoral thesis, New York University, 2006); Laura Bier, 'Prostitution and the Marriage Crisis: Bachelors and Competing Masculinities in 1930s Egypt' (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Middle Eastern Studies Association, San Francisco, CA, 20 November 2001); Bruce W. Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Georgetown University, 1996); Omnia El Shakry, 'Barren Land and Fecund Bodies: the Emergence of Population Discourse in Interwar Egypt', International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005), pp. 351\u201372; Omnia El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007); Omnia El Shakry, 'Schooled Mothers and Structured Play: Child Rearing in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt', in Lila Abu-Lughod (ed.), Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 126\u201370. See also Liat Kozma, 'Women on the Margins and Legal Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Egypt, 1850\u20131882' (unpublished doctoral thesis, New York University, 2006); Mario M. Ruiz, 'Intimate Disputes, Illicit Violence: Gender, Law, and the State in Colonial Egypt, 1849\u20131923' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Michigan, 2004); and Amira El-Azhary Sonbol, The Creation of a Medical Profession in Egypt, 1800\u20131922 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1991).\n\n2. Nathan Brown, 'Shari'a and State in the Modern Middle East', International Journal of Middle East Studies 29 (1997), pp. 359\u201376, here p. 360; Khaled Fahmy and Rudolph Peters, 'The Legal History of Ottoman Egypt', Islamic Law and Society 6 (1999), pp. 131\u20134.\n\n3. For general works on this period in Egyptian history, see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Gabriel Baer (ed.), Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969); Israel Gershoni and James P. Jankowski, Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900\u20131930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); P. M. Holt (ed.), Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt: 1850\u20131950 (London: Oxford University Press, 1968).\n\n4. Because Egypt was never officially a colony of Great Britain, because Egypt was considered somewhat sovereign from 1922 onwards and because Egyptians exercised great control over their internal affairs, especially over laws relating to marriage, gender and sexuality on which this chapter focuses, during much of the Ottoman and British presence in Egypt, I refer to Egypt during this period as 'semi-colonial' rather than 'colonial'. I would like to thank Khaled Fahmy and Zachary Lockman who encouraged me to question and rethink Egypt's muddled status during the early twentieth century.\n\n5. Nathan Brown, The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 38\u20139.\n\n6. It should be noted, however, that the reforms of the multiple Egyptian legal systems, introduction of western laws and privatisation of religion constituted part of a larger westernising reform movement that was partly responding to colonialism, even if it was undertaken by Egyptians. Laws pertaining to women, the family and sexuality, however, were to remain Islamic in semi-colonial and postcolonial Egypt. See Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 205\u201356.\n\n7. See e.g., Dipesh Chakrabarty, 'The Difference-Deferral of a Colonial Modernity', in David Arnold and David Hardiman (eds), Subaltern Studies VIII (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 50\u201388; Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (London: Zed Books, 1986); Philippa Levine, Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire (New York: Routledge, 2003); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995); Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).\n\n8. Marouf A. Hasian, Jr, The Rhetoric of Eugenics in Anglo-American Thought (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), p. 1.\n\n9. Ali, Planning the Family in Egypt, p. 25; Laura Bier, 'From Birth Control to Family Planning: Population, Gender and the Politics of Reproduction in Egypt' (paper presented at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 11 April 2003), p. 4 n. 2. For a detailed study of the disciplinary methods of the Ottoman viceroy's regime, see Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).\n\n10. Khaled Fahmy, 'Prostitution in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century', in Eugene Rogan (ed.), Outside In:On the Margins of the Modern Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 2002), pp. 77\u2013103, here p. 78.\n\n11. Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt', p. 82.\n\n12. LaVerne Kuhnke, Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 137.\n\n13. Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt', pp. 81, 83.\n\n14. Margot Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 195.\n\n15. Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, p. 196; Fahmy, 'Prostitution in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century', p. 87; Judith E. Tucker, Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 151\u20135.\n\n16. On British fears about sexual interactions between Egyptian men and British women, see Hanan Kholoussy, 'Stolen Husbands, Foreign Wives: Mixed Marriage, Identity Formation, and Gender in Colonial Egypt, 1909\u20131923', Hawwa: Journal of Women in the Middle East and the Islamic World 1 (2003), pp. 206\u201340.\n\n17. Emad Hilal, al-Baghaya fi Misr: Dirasa Tarikhiyya Ijtima'iyya, 1834\u20131949 (Cairo: al-'Arabi, 2001), pp. 202\u20133.\n\n18. Muhammad 'Abdu, 'al-Zawaj wa-Shubban Misr wa-Shawabbuha', al-Manar 5, no. 9 (5 August 1902), p. 340. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Arabic into English are my own.\n\n19. Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, pp. 192\u20134.\n\n20. Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, p. 343.\n\n21. See Levine, Prostitution, Race, and Politics; Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 86. Unlike in other nationalist rhetoric, an Egyptian fear of the possible homosexual tendencies of bachelors was rarely raised in the nationalist press. The silence, however, does not mean such a fear did not exist, but perhaps that it was too dangerous even to mention in a bourgeois public forum because of the overwhelming unacceptability of a supposedly deviant, unnatural practice that was religiously forbidden in the normative context of early twentieth-century Egypt. While heterosexual sex beyond the confines of marriage was also deemed religiously and socially unacceptable, it was at least considered a natural legitimate male desire as opposed to homosexual desire, which was deemed unnatural. On historic representations of Egyptian and Arab homosexuality, see Joseph A. Massad, Desiring Arabs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).\n\n22. El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory, p. 190.\n\n23. The observance of the uncontrollable licentiousness of colonised men has been examined in studies of masculinities in other colonial societies, which demonstrate how colonial discourses constructed the sexually controlled manliness of the coloniser in stark opposition to the excessive licentiousness of the 'effeminate' or 'savage' colonised male. See e.g., Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880\u20131917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity.\n\n24. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, tr. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978); George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985), pp. 23\u201347; Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995); John Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays on Gender, Family, and Empire (Harlow: Pearson, 2005), pp. 61\u201382.\n\n25. On the celebration of sexuality in Islam, see Basim Musallam, Sex and Society in Islam: Birth Control before the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).\n\n26. Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 1, p. 37.\n\n27. Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt', pp. 172\u20133, 181, 194, 262.\n\n28. Bier, 'Prostitution and the Marriage Crisis', p. 2. See also Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, pp. 192\u2013206; Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt', pp. 253\u2013313; Yunan Labib Rizk, 'A Diwan of Contemporary Life (393): Backroads', al-Ahram Weekly, 7\u201313 June 2001; Omnia El Shakry, 'Science: Medicalization, and the Female Body', in Suad Joseph and Afsaneh Najmabadi (eds), Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, vol. 3: Family, Body, Sexuality and Health (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp. 353\u20139, here p. 354. See also El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory, p. 173.\n\n29. Bier, 'Prostitution and the Marriage Crisis', p. 2.\n\n30. Scott Long, 'Appendix', in Human Rights Watch order, In a Time of Torture: The Assault on Justice in Egypt's Crackdown on Homosexual Conduct (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2004) available at <<http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/en\/node\/12167\/section\/10>> (accessed 22 June 2010). See also Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, pp. 195\u2013206.\n\n31. James N. D. Anderson, Islamic Law in the Modern World (New York: New York University Press, 1959), p. 26; John L. Esposito, Women in Muslim Family Law (1982; 2nd edn, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2001), p. 50.\n\n32. Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, p. 135; Selma Botman, Engendering Citizenship in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 23; Mervat Hatem, 'The Enduring Alliance of Nationalism and Patriarchy in Muslim Personal Status Laws: The Case of Modern Egypt', Feminist Issues 6 (1986), pp. 19\u201343, here p. 26; Amira El Azhary Sonbol, 'Introduction', in Amira El Azhary Sonbol (ed.), Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996), pp. 1\u201320, here p. 11.\n\n33. Hanan Kholoussy, 'The Nationalization of Marriage in Monarchical Egypt', in Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr, Amy J. Johnson and Barak Salmoni (eds), Re-Envisioning Egypt, 1919\u20131952 (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2005), pp. 317\u201350, here p. 319.\n\n34. Etienne Balibar, 'The Nation Form: History and Ideology', in Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein (eds), Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (London: Verso, 1991), pp. 86\u2013106, here pp. 101, 102.\n\n35. Kholoussy, 'Nationalization of Marriage in Monarchical Egypt', pp. 320\u201324.\n\n36. Ilyas al-Ghadban, 'Zawaj al-Mu'allin wa-Hal Min al-Amkan Mana'hu', al-Ahram 39, no. 10972 (31 March 1914), p. 2.\n\n37. El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory, p. 173.\n\n38. These personal status laws remained virtually unchanged throughout the remainder of the twentieth century until Law 1 of 2000, which slightly amended Law 25 of 1929. See Kenneth M. Cuno, 'Divorce and the Fate of the Family in Modern Egypt', in Kathryn M. Yount and Hoda Rashad (eds), Family in the Middle East: Ideational Change in Egypt, Iran, and Tunisia (New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 196\u2013216.\n\n39. James N. D. Anderson, 'Recent Developments in Shari'a Law V', Muslim World 41 (1951), pp. 278\u201388; Beth Baron, 'The Making and Breaking of Marital Bonds in Modern Egypt', in Nikkie R. Keddie and Beth Baron (eds), Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), pp. 275\u201391, here p. 285; Esposito, Women in Muslim Family Law, p. 51.\n\n40. See Kholoussy, 'Nationalization of Marriage in Monarchical Egypt', pp. 324\u201332 for an extensive analysis of the 1920 and 1929 personal status laws.\n\n41. Sections 150\u2013205 in Muhammad Pasha Qadri, Code of Mohammedan Personal Law According to the Hanafite School, tr. Wasey Sterry and N. Abcarius (London: Spottiswoode, 1914), pp. 41\u201351.\n\n42. Sections 298\u2013302 in Qadri, Code of Mohammedan Personal Law, pp. 75\u20136.\n\n43. 'Qanun Nimrat 25 li-Sennat 1920', in Majmu'at al-Qawanin wa-l-Marasim al-Mutalaqa bi-l-Shu'un al-'Amma lil-Thalathat al-Ashur al-Awla min Sennat 1920 (Cairo: Matb'a al-Amiriyya, 1921), pp. 37\u20138.\n\n44. See e.g., Simi Linton, Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity (New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. vii\u2013viii; Susan Wendell, The Rejected Body: Feminist Philosophical Reflections on Disability (New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 45.\n\n45. It is worth noting that although eugenicists agreed that the sexual hygiene laws helped their cause, they did not view them as strictly eugenic because venereal diseases were not hereditary. See Edward J. Larson, Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 22.\n\n46. El Shakry, The Great Social Laboratory, p. 149.\n\n47. See 'Qanun Nimrat 25 li-Sennat 1920', p. 36.\n\n48. See Muhammad Pasha Qadri, Kitab al-Ahkam al-Shar'iyya fi al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya 'ala Madhhab al-Imam Abi Hanifa al-Nu'man (Cairo: Ministry of Justice, 1875).\n\n49. Ron Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt: A Study Based on Decisions by the Shari'a Courts, 1900\u20131955 (Leiden: Brill, 1997), pp. 12\u201313.\n\n50. Ibn Rushd, The Distinguished Jurist's Primer: A Translation of Bidayat al-Mujtahid, vol. 2, tr. Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee (Reading: Garnet, 1996), p. 59.\n\n51. Sara Scalenghe, 'Being Different: Intersexuality, Blindness, Deafness, and Madness in Ottoman Syria' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Georgetown University, 2006), p. 13.\n\n52. Ibn Rushd, The Distinguished Jurist's Primer, p. 59.\n\n53. Kuhnke, Lives at Risk, p. 30.\n\n54. Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt, pp. 119, 125 n. 25; Ron Shaham, 'Revealing the Secrets of the Body: Medical Tests as Legal Evidence in Personal Status Disputes in Modern Egypt', Medicine and Law 22 (2003), pp. 131\u201354, here p. 136.\n\n55. Anderson, 'Recent Developments in Shari'a Law V', pp. 278\u201388; Baron, 'The Making and Breaking of Marital Bonds in Modern Egypt', p. 285; Esposito, Women in Muslim Family Law, pp. 29, 51; Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt, p. 14. This patchwork process has since become a permanent feature of Islamic legislation in Egypt. See Oussama Arabi, Studies in Modern Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001), p. 15.\n\n56. Qasim Amin is often inaptly considered 'the father of Arab feminism' because of his 1899 treatise, The Liberation of Women, that called for women's reform, which was believed to be written in part by his teacher Muhammad 'Abdu. See Soha Abdel Kader, Egyptian Women in a Changing Society, 1899\u20131987 (London: Lynne Rienner, 1987), p. 8; Juan Ricardo Cole, 'Feminism, Class, and Islam in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 13 (1981), pp. 387\u2013407, here p. 401; Yvonne Y. Haddad, 'Islam, Women and Revolution in Twentieth-Century Arab Thought', Muslim World 74 (1984), pp. 137\u201360, here p. 160; Robert Tignor, Modernization and the British Rule in Egypt, 1882\u20131914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 341. The following scholars have criticised the overemphasis on Amin because he was neither a feminist who called for full equality between the sexes, nor the only Egyptian intellectual of his generation calling for the advancement of women: Lila Abu-Lughod, 'The Marriage of Feminism and Islamism in Egypt: Selective Repudiation as a Dynamic of Postcolonial Cultural Politics', in Lila Abu-Lughod (ed.), Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 255\u201369; Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern in Debate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 162\u20133; Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, pp. 18\u201319; Beth Baron, The Women's Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 4\u20136; Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 111\u201313.\n\n57. For Muhammad 'Abdu's support for female-initiated divorce, see Muhammad 'Imara, al-Islam wa-l-Mar'a fi Rayy al-Imam Muhammad 'Abdu (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1979), pp. 25\u201331, 78\u201395; Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, Nizam al-Talaq fi al-Islam (1936; 2nd edn, Cairo: Dar al-Tab'a al-Qawmiyya, 1389 H. [1969\u20131970 AD]), pp. 9\u201311. For Amin's views, see Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women and the New Woman: Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism, tr. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2000), pp. 99\u2013100. See also Kholoussy, 'The Nationalization of Marriage in Monarchical Egypt', pp. 325\u20136.\n\n58. Dunne, 'Sexuality and the \"Civilizing Process\" in Egypt', pp. 278\u20139, 292. For similar concerns in early twentieth-century Iran, see Cyrus Schayegh, '\"A Sound Mind Lives in a Healthy Body\": Texts and Contexts in the Iranian Modernists' Scientific Discourse of Health, 1910s\u201340s', International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005), pp. 167\u201388, here p. 173.\n\n59. See Levine, Prostitution, Race, and Politics.\n\n60. Badran, Feminists, Islam, and Nation, pp. 193, 194\u20135, 199\u2013204.\n\n61. Musallam, Sex and Society in Islam, p. 11.\n\n62. Section 217 in Qadri, Code of Mohammedan Personal Law, p. 56.\n\n63. For an expanded discussion of Egyptian women's greater access to divorce prior to Law 25 of 1920 (and men's greater facility in divorce prior to Law 25's amendment of 1929), see Hanan Kholoussy, For Better, For Worse: The Marriage Crisis that Made Modern Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), pp. 49\u201376.\n\n64. Michel Foucault, 'The Politics of Health in the Eighteenth Century', in Power\/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972\u20131977 (Brighton: Harvester, 1980), pp. 173\u20136.\n\n65. Kholoussy, For Better, For Worse, pp. 49\u201376; Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt, p. 119; Shaham, 'Revealing the Secrets of the Body', p. 135.\n\n66. Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt, p. 125.\n\n67. Kholoussy, 'The Nationalization of Marriage in Monarchical Egypt', pp. 324\u201332.\n\n68. Shaham, Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt, p. 125 n. 45.\nChapter 8\n\nThe Volatility of Sex: Intersexuality, Gender and Clinical Practice in the 1950s\n\nSandra Eder\n\nDated January 1951, the admittance record listed the referring physician's observations: 'Could not tell if boy or girl, urinates often, drinks much, vomits occasionally'.1 The patient's parents had made the long journey from their home in the American northeast to Baltimore, Maryland to have Andy, their ailing newborn, treated at the Clinic for Pediatric Endocrinology (CPE) at Johns Hopkins's Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children (HLH). The child left the clinic in June with the life-threatening symptoms under control, thanks to the steroid cortisone \u2013 and re-assigned as a girl. In the hospital record, the name Andy was crossed out and replaced by 'Ann'. Between 1951 and 1959, Ann's parents would bring her back to the clinic at least six more times for treatment and study.\n\nAndy\/Ann's diagnosis was congenital adrenal hyperplasia, CAH for short. In CAH, the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient corticosteroids, producing instead considerable amounts of androgens, leading to disruption of salt metabolism, developmental problems in both sexes and ambiguous genitals in girls. The latter symptom put chromosomal female CAH patients in the category of female pseudo-hermaphrodites or, as we would say today, a person with intersex condition or disorder of sexual development (DSD).2 In chromosomal boys, the excess androgen production also leads to sexual symptoms such as sexual precocity manifested by premature growth of the penis and pubic hair.\n\nAndy\/Ann was brought to Hopkins at a crucial moment in the medical conception of sex. The head of the Clinic for Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr Lawson Wilkins, had just developed a new treatment for CAH using the steroid hormone cortisone. In 1951, he hired a young psychologist, John Money, to psychologically evaluate the treatment and to resolve the question of sex in patients who had contradictory biological and psychological sexual characteristics. Money proposed that the sex in which a child with an intersex condition was raised, rather than any single biological determiners of sex, determined whether it saw itself as man or woman. He called this one's 'gender role'.3 Gender role was learned, he argued, in a critical early phase and eventually became firmly 'imprinted' into the child's mind.4 Money, together with psychiatrists Joan and John Hampson, proposed a set of treatment guidelines for intersex patients, which recommended early and consistent assignment of one of two sexes, male or female, and which stressed that it was essential for the optimal gender development to fit a child's genitals as early as possible to the assigned sex. These recommendations would dominate the treatment of children with intersex for the next forty years, until intersex activists challenged them in the early 1990s.5\n\nHermaphroditism, Alice Dreger has argued, became increasingly medicalised in the late nineteenth century as scientific interest in ambiguous sex led to a surge in published case studies. At the same time, medical experts insisted that in most cases a person's 'true sex' could be determined via his or her gonads.6 Three trends emerge from recent scholarship. First, the gonadal gold standard of sexual differentiation was clinically impractical, because few technologies existed to determine the nature of the gonad in the living body. The 'truth' was often only revealed by autopsy.7 Even as medical and surgical techniques improved, a proliferation of biological sex variables such as hormones and chromosomes complicated the quest for a person's 'true sex', as they were often contradictory to a person's appearance or identity.8 Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches differed widely across and within disciplines. The decades before 1955 were a period of idiosyncrasy in which sex was often assigned on a case-by-case basis, until the coining of the term 'gender' at Hopkins created 'a mechanism of control and consolidation' in the treatment of intersexuals.9\n\nSecond, at the centre of concern stood the presumed threat of sex transgression and homosexuality. Physicians, it is argued, insisted on the binary of sex and tried to ensure heterosexuality in their patients. Genitals had to match sexual desire, and sexual desire had to be directed at the 'opposite sex'.10 Surgery to establish hermaphrodites within the heterosexual matrix had already become an acceptable procedure at the beginning of the twentieth century.11 The Hopkins protocols, as the publications that resulted from Money's study became known, created a sense of emergency that encouraged physicians to assign sex quickly and to alter the body surgically in order to achieve psychological healthiness in children with intersexual conditions.12 The ethics of these medical interventions have been criticised extensively, as adult patients started challenging the irreversible surgery and culture of secrecy and shame that had permeated their treatment.13 Money's thesis that gender was learned was quickly replaced by more biological determinant theories.14 Nevertheless, the practice of early surgical intervention continues to this day.\n\nThe third trend integrates medicine as a practice into scholarly analysis, and is illustrated by two recent contributions. Geertje Mak has suggested a 'praxiographic' approach to medicine, a move from epistemological criticism to an analysis of clinical practice, in order to investigate how sex is enacted within the clinical encounter. Sex is not situated in 'the antagonistic opposition between a medical gold standard of \"true\" sex and a personal \"true\" sex', but within a complex relationship between the two.15 Similarly, Katrina Karkazis in her ethnography of the medical management of intersexuality in the United States shows how clinicians became the 'specialised interpreters of the body' and transformed a problem of social gender into a biological anomaly.16 Acknowledging clinicians' strong motivation to help parents and children, she shows how the medical incentive to treat is situated within the binary framework of sex and of heterosexuality, which shapes conceptions of normality.17\n\nBuilding on Mak and Karkazi's focus on medical practice, I base my analysis of the introduction and incorporation of gender role into medical practice on twenty-five detailed records of CAH patients treated at the HLH. These previously unavailable sources provide a rare insight into the clinical practice of Wilkins and his team.18 Ranging in length from eight to 300 pages and in scope from a one-time visit to relationships lasting many decades, these records are a highly formalised yet strikingly intimate literary form, including patient histories, graphs, blood counts, chemistry lab and x-ray reports, pictures of the child, letters from parents and social workers. They provide a rare glimpse into how this clinic ran on a day-to-day basis, illustrating the physicians' specific medical logic that structured the clinical encounter between doctors, parents and patients. The pervasive logic of patient records clearly privileges the physicians' voice, and to a certain extent the narrative of the parents.19 A careful reading of the clinical records, however, shows how clinical practice structured enactments of sex and gender, of health and disease.\n\nI suggest that reframing the emergence of gender as an element in the development of a specific medical treatment for an endocrinological condition \u2013 rather than as the primary aim of a set of doctors \u2013 excavates the complex and contingent historical factors that led to the formulation of gender role in the Hopkins context. To be sure, surgical and medical procedures that shape the intersex body to conveniently fit the male\/female binary are profoundly normalising. They are, however, also situated within the medical attempt to cure what physicians perceived as a specific 'disease' with multiple symptoms.20 In this chapter, I focus on a specific endocrinological disorder, CAH, rather than on the category of 'intersex'. I show how sex and gender are folded into the diagnosis, treatment and maintenance of what Wilkins and his team defined as an adrenal dysfunction that caused many symptoms beside ambiguous genitals in girls. For them, CAH affected both chromosomally male and female children and demanded long-term medical management, as cortisone, though an effective treatment, was not a cure but part of life-long treatment of a chronic condition.\n\nAs George Canguilhem observed, medical treatment is always, in a sense, about normalising the body. 21 Vital norms, according to Canguilhem, stem from the normativity of life, the capacity of an organism to adapt to its environment. In this context, 'health' is a dynamic category denoting the ability to function in the world. Social norms, on the other hand, represent a particular order of society, and it is the incorporation of the social into the vital that I address here. Normalisation, as described by Foucault, becomes a process in which vital and social norms are conflated and integrated in a historically contingent manner into a notion of 'health'.22 In other words, both treating adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone to lower a patient's 17-Ketosteroid level, which Canguilhem would label a vital normative procedure, and surgical and psychological procedures to make the same patient appear and act more feminine, so as to satisfy social norms, become medical attempts to 'heal'.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nFounded in 1935, the paediatric endocrinology clinic of the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital was the first clinic of its kind in the US.23 Its founder Lawson Wilkins served as director of the clinic until his retirement in 1960. Paediatric endocrinology as a newly emerging specialisation was concerned with questions of development and growth, paediatric diabetes, sex differentiation, metabolism and various hormonal and glandular conditions in children and young adults.24 The care for children with hormonal disorders was still only a small subset of paediatric concerns and the setting of the clinic first enabled physicians to study a larger group of patients with rare (but scientifically interesting) diseases. In 1940, Wilkins published a case report on a three-and-a-half-year-old boy with symptoms of advanced growth, precocious development of male sex organs, darkening of skin and gums, salt craving and halted mental development.25 After only a few days in the hospital, the child died suddenly and the autopsy revealed hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Also, his androgen titers were those of an adult male, leading the authors to conclude, 'our case is the first of which at autopsy a diffuse bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenals has been found in the male causing a condition analogous to pseudohermaphroditism in the female'.26 This conclusion laid the foundation for Wilkins's systematic study of CAH.27 It also provided a definition of CAH that is mostly overlooked in the scholarship on intersexuality; an adrenal hyperplasia that occurred in both boys and girls, the females showing 'pseudo-hermaphroditism' and the males early development of secondary sex characteristics. The latter Wilkins termed 'macrogenitosomnia praecox'.28\n\nAndy\/Ann came to the clinic just as the steroid cortisone had been implemented as a successful treatment and diagnostic tool. Andy's case was typical in many respects. Born in November 1950, Andy 'seemed strong and vigorous at birth... but there was occasional vomiting during the first 8 days'.29 Further, 'abnormal external genitalia were noted at birth. There has been considerable difference of opinion with regard to the sex, but the general consensus seems to have been that the infant was male'. After Andy's discharge from the local hospital, the child started to rapidly lose weight and become dehydrated, so the treating physician recommended that the parents seek expert advice from Wilkins at Hopkins. At Andy's admittance, Dr John Crigler diagnosed the child as 'a well developed and moderately well nourished female pseudohermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia'. He also noted that Andy was a salt-loser, a symptom that alarmed the physicians because, in severe cases, children would die from adrenal shock or waste away from salt loss.\n\nWilkins and his colleagues diagnosed CAH by three markers: external genitals, metabolism and development. Genitals that looked ambiguous or precocious, growth of pubic hair in early infancy, feeding problems that could not be explained otherwise and precocious growth indicated the possibility of adrenal hyperplasia. The practitioners also paid attention to skin pigmentation, voice and body hair growth. Besides anatomical examination, the level of 17-Ketosteroids (17-KS) in the urine was a critical diagnostic tool. These substances, which form when the body breaks down androgens, were a measure of the level of androgens in the patient. Elevated 17-KS levels were the defining characteristic of CAH. If the elevated level was decreased by cortisone, the diagnosis of CAH was confirmed. Cortisone was thus both a diagnostic test and a treatment for CAH.\n\nWhile the life-threatening metabolic effects of CAH demanded immediate medical attention, children's ambiguous genitalia triggered another form of urgent intervention. Wilkins and his colleagues insisted on diagnosing the sex of their patients, a concern they shared with parents in cases such as Andy's where 'at the time of birth it was impossible to decide if the baby was boy or girl'.30 However, despite the uncertainty of sex, Andy's parents had given him a male name, tentatively leaning towards boy; perhaps because they had already lost their first child, a boy, to 'severe dehydration + vomiting' \u2013 suggesting that this child, too, had suffered from the severe, salt-losing form of CAH.31 Diagnosing a child's sex enabled Wilkins and his colleagues to design a specific treatment plan conditioned by gendered medical and social expectations.\n\nCases of doubtful sex were common in children with CAH, even if in most cases an answer was found quickly and sometimes this initial confusion is only present in a few lines in the record. Given that Wilkins and his colleagues believed that the child could only be either male or female, determining somebody's sex was a contentious task. Only in a few cases, such as Andy\/Ann, was it thought that one 'could not tell if boy or girl'. Rather, parents and local physicians often 'knew' the child's sex and only at admission to the clinic would Wilkins cast doubt on the original sex assignment. Diagnosis of the child's sex involved the doctors, the parents and the family. Through the early twentieth century, patients had played a yet more active role, because they had come in as adults, often to have a genital problem fixed before marriage and because of failure of the onset of menses or puberty.32 Physicians could only recommend but not force adult patients to change to their gonadal sex in case of erroneous sex assignment at birth.33 The new patient group \u2013 babies and small children \u2013 were brought in by their parents, sometimes on account of symptoms other than ambiguous genitalia, and had no say in terms of sex assignment.34\n\nClinical practices reveal the tentativeness of medical theories on sexual differentiation when confronted with a living patient. Determination of the 'true sex' of a patient also rested on the physician's techniques in the physical examination of the patient.35 Even in the mid-twentieth century, the diagnosis of the 'true sex' often still depended on the physicians' experience and the medical and surgical techniques and technologies available. A child's appearance could be deceiving and some of the diagnostic procedures were inadequate. In the patient records, the physicians still used palpating techniques, such as feeling for testes or ovaries, penetrating the urethra and anus with fingers and instruments to feel for a vagina or a womb. Feeling the inside of the body was, however, often misleading and the techniques to make the inside of the body visible through x-rays and insertion of liquids into body orifices sometimes were inconclusive. A laparotomy \u2013 surgically opening the abdomen and examining the body cavity for the presence of sexual organs \u2013 was the only way to know a child's sex for certain. Because the androgen exposure affected mainly the external genitals and the appearance of a CAH girl's body, the presence of uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes indicated female sex for the physicians. From 1952 onwards, the newly introduced Barr-Body test for sex chromosomes would become another diagnostic tool for sex. It, however, did not solve the puzzle of sex as the practitioners had hoped.36 Rather, sex chromosomes were added to the proliferation of sex, speaking a particular truth of the body.\n\nThe diagnosis of sex in CAH children was structured by the available medical technologies, the skill and experience of the physicians, the presenting symptoms of the endocrinological condition, the families' wishes and the already assigned sex of the child. Richard, for example, was born January 1949 and first came to Hopkins in summer of 1954.37 He had been diagnosed at the local hospital as a precocious boy with metabolic problems due to adrenal hyperplasia, with a history of convulsions. Richard's parents took him to Johns Hopkins's cardiac clinic to find out the cause of his convulsions and for evaluation of his cortisone therapy. When they arrived at the hospital, they did not doubt the sex of their son. In the general examination, a physician confirmed the child's sex as he examined and measured the penis and stated that the 'right testicle was palpable and of the size of a small olive. Left testes [sic] could not be felt'. Richard was diagnosed with the 'salt-losing type of adrenal hyperplasia'. He was discharged to the 'family physician's care'. Dr Judson Van Wyk, the treating physician in Wilkins's absence, was mainly concerned to control the accelerated growth caused by the boy's excess androgen level and thought that 'with adequate suppression he could probably attain a socially acceptable stature'. It was recommended that Richard should come back in the autumn or spring for further evaluation by Wilkins himself and for dosage adjustment.\n\nIn 1955, Richard returned and this time the testis, which had been felt at the boy's last visit, was nowhere to be found. Wilkins wondered whether Richard might be a female pseudohermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The previous year's testis might have been an 'inguinal lymph node' and 'in addition this boy's phallus does not seem to be as hypertrophied as most males with macrogenitosomia praecox due to adrenal hyperplasia'. Wilkins thought it wise 'to exclude' this possibility 'by means of a study of the sex chromatin pattern in skin biopsy and by urethroscopic examination to determine whether there might be a communicating vagina'. A Barr test for Richard revealed an 'apparently male pattern'.38 Dr Scott did a urethroscopic examination and found no evidence of a vaginal pouch. Despite the chromosomal proof of sex, Wilkins remained doubtful and at the next admission in the summer of 1956, Wilkins ordered an exploratory laparotomy and another chromosomal sex test \u2013 with surprising results. This time, the pattern was female and a Dr Rosenthal wrote that Richard 'had buccal mucosa smear this AM which revealed female sex chromosome pattern, so on [2 days later] at 10 AM will have laparotomy to remove female gonads'. It had taken two years for Wilkins and his colleagues to pinpoint Richard's sex and in the end genetic sex and the presence of a small uterus and ovaries \u2013 which now suddenly could be felt via rectal exam \u2013 indicated female.\n\nTrusting his experience with physical examination of CAH patients over gonadal and chromosomal evidence, Wilkins had remained sceptical about Richard's sex. Although genetically female, Richard had been raised as a boy, and on finding gonadal and chromosomal proof of his female sex, Wilkins and his team stuck to their diagnosis of Richard as male. No discussion is found in the record of the implications of ignoring the genetic sex of the child. The operating surgeon, Dr Howard Jones, simply stated, 'A routine total abdominal hysterectomy was then performed with excision of both tubes and ovaries. The vaginal vault was closed... in the usual manner'. 39 The post-operative diagnosis read: 'congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a genetic female with psychological sex of male'. For the physicians, psychological sex, or gender, and the fact that Richard had already lived as a boy for the last seven years supported the decision to keep him in the male sex. Once the decision was made, biological traces of femininity were surgically removed.\n\nParents sometimes challenged physicians' authority on matters of sex and gender. Charles was born in the autumn of 1955 and 'said to be a normal male infant at birth'.40 From the beginning, he was a poor feeder, vomiting frequently and his parents had 'noted \"for a long time\" that his penis was larger than that of his brother at similar age'. When Charles started growing pubic hair at the age of two, his parents took him to the local physician, where a Barr test revealed a female pattern. When he was admitted to the HLH in 1958, the emotional turmoil this announcement had caused still resonated in the patient history the attending physician was taking: 'The parents were told the findings, the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was made, and it was recommended that the patient undergo plastic repair and be raised as a female. Some family member objected to this approach and the pt [patient] was referred here for further evaluation and Rx [prescription]'. At the clinic, Charles was diagnosed with 'congenital adrenal hyperplasia, female pseudohermaphrodite, salt losing type'. The gynaecological examination revealed female reproductive organs and another Barr test confirmed the female pattern. To solve the issue, the mother met with Money, who was 'of the opinion that this entire family is strongly oriented in the direction of masculine gender for this patient'. Charles was only two-and-a-half years old, and with the advent of cortisone treatment the recommendation would have been to re-assign Charles as a girl.41 However, 'the parents seem to feel rather strongly about raising this child as a boy [their underlining]'. A few days later, Jones removed fallopian tubes, ovaries and the uterus. Charles's genitalia were consistently referred to in terms of penis, phallus and scrotum from the first day, though the anaesthesia record reads 'Diagnosis and operation: Female pseudohermaphroditism due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia'. At the top of the page, where the patient's sex was noted, F for Female was circled, crossed out and M for male was circled.\n\nAs the case records show, knowing a patient's sex for certain was a contentious task, which depended on the available medical technology and techniques as much as on the physician's experience of the specific condition and the manifold ways 'sex' presented itself to the observer. Even in the face of gonadal and chromosomal 'evidence' of a child's sex, Wilkins, who by the mid-1950s had observed eighty cases of CAH \u2013 sixty female and twenty male patients \u2013 relied on his experience.42 However, even if sex had finally been pinned down according to a chosen category \u2013 increasingly a genetic one \u2013 it often did not make sense to the parents and the physicians in the face of contradictory somatic and social variables.\n\nTreatment\n\nWilkins and his team addressed treatment in two stages: immediate interventions and long-term management of a chronic adrenal disorder. When Andy\/Ann came to the clinic, once the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was confirmed, the treating physicians had a twofold concern. The first was to control the salt loss: 'Obviously control of her electrolyte abnormality was the most important and primary object'.43 The physicians immediately placed Andy\/Ann on a special diet with extra salt. The next step was finding the right dosage of cortisone and to make sure the treatment would be continued after the child left the hospital. By 1955, Wilkins had established a therapeutic cortisone protocol, which had to be adjusted individually to each patient and \u2013 like insulin treatment \u2013 had to be monitored and evaluated.44 Children therefore faced long stays in the clinic during which Wilkins and his colleagues tried to find the right level of cortisone that successfully suppressed the 17-KS level. Once the right dosage was found, it was evaluated at least once a year. While Wilkins's first concern was the balancing of the metabolic disturbances caused by the adrenal hyperplasia, he also wondered how to balance his patients' contradictory sex variables.\n\nWilkins's studies of how to efficiently and adequately treat with cortisone was, from 1951 onwards, accompanied by Money's and the Hampsons' psychological evaluation of 105 intersex patients treated in the clinic, the biggest single group being CAH patients.45 Money and the Hampsons used the proliferation of sex to their advantage. Comparing five biological categories \u2013 gonadal, hormonal and chromosomal sex, external genital morphology and internal accessory reproductive structures \u2013 and sex of rearing with a person's gender role, they concluded that in case of contradictions of sex variables, a child's gender role was most likely to be congruent with the sex it had been raised in. Money specifically argued against the old gold standard of sex assignment, gonadal sex, and against the newly emerging biological determinant, sex chromosomes. During the study, a group of patients previously thought to be females with delayed development was identified to be chromosomally male. Money and the Hampsons stressed that these patients who had been uniformly reared as girls 'in all respects... fulfilled the cultural and psychological expectations of femininity so completely that it was, in each instance, impossible to envisage the person as a boy or man'.46 The newly achieved accessibility of chromosomal sex strengthened their argument that chromosomes did not determine gender role.\n\nThe first two publications were both focused on patients with hyperadrenocorticism and the specific therapeutic and psychological problems of CAH patients: 'hermaphroditism in the females, and virilising precocity in both males and females'.47 Untreated adult female CAH patients, they argued, had adapted to the sex they had been raised in: if raised female they identified as women, despite 'virilised' bodies; if raised male, they identified as men, despite female sex chromosomes and gonads. Money also discussed at length another psychological problem specific to CAH: children with CAH were precocious and looked much older than they actually were, raising expectations they could not meet \u2013 a problem which was addressed at every visit of the patients.48\n\nAt the time of Money's study, most CAH children who came into the hospital already had a sex picked by their parents and\/or local physicians. Wilkins and his team wondered whether to change an existing sex assignment now that cortisone would arrest the 'virilising' effects of the androgens. This ad hoc approach eventually turned into rigid treatment guidelines to assign sex early \u2013 ideally, before the age of two and a half years \u2013 and to rid the body of all visible contradiction, so that gender role could be acquired without disturbances.49 Implementation of the protocols was facilitated by their integration into the literature; they also filled a clinical vacuum providing a systematic multi-stage treatment plan that privileged sex of rearing over biological markers.50 Next most important were the child's genitals and whether they could be adapted to the chosen sex so that the child could grow into its gender role without facing any somatic contradictions.\n\nAs Bernice Hausman has shown, Money's and the Hampsons' work represents a gradual shift away from a person's 'true sex' towards the idea of the 'best sex', in the context of genital morphology and psychological make-up.51 Money's concept of gender role, I argue, made this move possible because as a category it was more fixed than the unstable bodies the practitioners were dealing with. Though I agree with Hausman that this move was enabled by newly developed medical technologies, the study's results emerged out of the specific context of the introduction of cortisone therapy for CAH. Cortisone worked beyond the usual surgical intervention targeting the underlying condition. Checking the androgens in CAH girls '(re-)feminised' their overall appearance and promoted breast growth and menstruation. It also arrested and reversed the problematic premature growth and disturbances in salt metabolism in both CAH girls and boys. Money's and the Hampsons' results balanced the dreaded plasticity of the hermaphroditic body through the introduction of a more rigid category: gender role.\n\nCAH, as defined by Wilkins, is determined biologically as much as it is culturally. Definitions of 'disease' are always the effect of pathology as well as of the social meaning they acquire in their historical context. Concepts of the body, medical technologies, clinical traditions, material conditions in the laboratory and clinic, and cultural notions of masculinity and femininity form a framework within which CAH became a seemingly purely natural disease entity. The pathological definition of CAH was hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, and Wilkins treated the multiple effects of the adrenal pathology as a comprehensive cluster of symptoms. Since he defined CAH as a specific endocrinological disorder, 'ambiguous sex or genitals' could be treated as simply one effect of CAH and gender role became part of the treatment regime.\n\nWilkins and his team attempted to control and if possible reverse the presenting symptoms of CAH such as virilisation and precocity, especially precocious growth in children of both sexes which made them appear much older than they actually were and eventually led to a premature arrestment of bone growth. To be sure, in this context excessive 'virilisation' was never a good thing, but for Wilkins the degree of intervention depended on the prescribed sex. In female CAH patients raised as girls, the prescribed goal of the physicians was to completely check all effects of excessive androgen through cortisone therapy and surgery. In CAH girls raised as boys, cortisone therapy was often reduced or supplemented with testosterone to get adequate virilisation, though carefully balanced so that growth would not be arrested prematurely. In CAH boys, who looked sexually mature beyond their age, cortisone therapy was aimed to arrest precocious virilisation and sexual development. Both genital symptoms caused a great amount of anxiety in physicians and parents who inquired and worried about erections and masturbation.\n\nIn boys, Wilkins and parents hoped that cortisone would arrest their 'precocious' sexual behaviour. Robert for example \u2013 a very precocious six-year-old with CAH \u2013 was referred to Wilkins in 1949.52 His mother, during his stay at Hopkins, came to see the medical social worker 'in great distress'. Robert 'had been having erections both during day and night'; these erections were reported to be 'painful' and kept him 'from sleeping'; they were 'also very noticeable'. The boy also masturbated frequently and his mother hoped that some 'hormonal' treatment would put an end to his behaviour. Wilkins also arranged a psychological evaluation for the child. Throughout the records, children's sexuality caused a high level of anxiety in parents, especially as they feared psychological problems.\n\nIn girls, special attention was paid to the enlarged clitoris, and surgical reduction or amputation was the usual intervention. Surgeons at Hopkins performed clitorectomies on CAH children who were raised as girls, a procedure that was neither discussed nor questioned in the patient records.53 In the sixteen cases in my sample where 'enlarged clitoris' was listed as one of the complaints, surgeons performed a clitorectomy at the earliest possible time after admission on all but one patient. Hopkins seemed to have had an already existing tradition of clitorectomies that persisted through the introduction of cortisone and Money's gender concept.54\n\nAs with boys, a major concern for physicians and parents was frequent erections of large clitorises and masturbation. Physicians regularly inquired after such behaviour and often parents addressed it themselves. This resonates with a longer medical tradition to cure masturbation (and insanity) through clitoral surgery.55 At the Hopkins clinic, this tradition was combined with the social concern that psychological difficulties might arise from growing up as a girl with an enlarged clitoris or phallus; it would raise doubts concerning her sex and trouble her gender role. Psychological adjustment justified depriving 'a patient of what some authorities have declared the most significant erotic zone in the female'.56 Again, the body was thought to be more flexible than a child's gender role. Clearly, an enlarged clitoris initially was more upsetting to parents and physicians than to the children themselves.57\n\nManagement\n\nCortisone was not a cure, but part of a life-long management strategy for a chronic condition. In his study of another chronic disease, diabetes, the historian and paediatrician Chris Feudtner has shown that insulin transformed this disease from acute to chronic with ironic results. While insulin was a virtual lifesaver, to live day by day with a chronic condition transformed all aspects of a person's life.58 The patient's life was constantly observed through the prism of his or her condition, and effective treatment translated into the living of a 'normal' life.59 However, 'disease' as defined by medicine, and 'illness' as experienced by patients and their family often come to carry radical different meanings.60 CAH treatment meant life-long management of the cortisone dosage and its effects as well as surgical adjustment of the child's body and psychological evaluation of its development. Considerable work was invested into effecting a 'normal' gender identity that fit the contemporary (heterosexual) standard of male and female.61\n\nChildren came in yearly, for evaluations and re-adjustments of cortisone dosage. During these sessions, behaviour and adaptation of gender role was evaluated and measured as well. Over the course of four years, Ann (n\u00e9e Andy) was admitted three more times for study and adjustment of the cortisone dosage as well as for surgery.62 Her stays always followed the same procedure applied to all patients in my sample: a patient history, usually taken from the parents; physical examination, with special attention to genitals and growth; an ad hoc assessment of behavioural adjustment; impression of feminine or masculine appearance and of gender role; blood and urine tests; x-rays to assess osseous development; and sometimes psychological evaluation including IQ tests. In the records, we find multiple assessments of Ann's developmental stage, accounts of her growth, mental abilities and general 'social adjustment' side by side with measurements of her gender role. 'She has a rare clitoral erection' and 'a 24h attack of vomiting'; 'she is still considered smarter than her other playmates. She has ridden a tricycle for 11\/2 year. She has been looking forward to hospitalisation and to seeing Dr Wilkins'. She is 'a happy, active, likeable child. Her shortness and round face give her an appearance very similar to her father'. 'She is more quick witted than the usual and her social adjustment is superior'. Gender assessment here is folded neatly into general assessment of development, sexuality and psychological adjustment.\n\nAnn's record ends in 1959, eight years after her first admittance. Other patients came to the clinic for twenty years and longer. The social aspects of medical intervention become increasingly visible in the practice around the life-long management of the condition. The communication between physicians and parents and later between physicians and patients reveals the integration of medical and social concerns. Physicians asked about the child's behaviour in kindergarten, in school and in college, they inquired about grades, dating and summer camp. The level of social integration was discussed even more when children grew into adults; the doctors checked endlessly whether the patients behaved according to their assigned sex and also whether they looked sufficiently male or female. Gender was always foregrounded, especially in those cases where contradictions between sex of rearing and one or more biological variable sex existed.\n\nRichard, who despite his chromosomal female sex remained a boy, returned to the clinic four more times until 1964 and his body and behaviour were observed for signs of maleness and femaleness.63 The treating physician described him as a 'large, somewhat clumsy male child appearing well' whose 'well proportioned hips have contours somewhat female in type with no deformity'. Dutifully reporting his progress in letters to the physicians, his mother wrote in 1960, 'He is all boy now, well adjusted with his playmates and will be in the 6th grade when he passes this June'. The treating physician commented, 'this patient is actually a female who has been ovariectomised' and wondered how best to balance the continuation of the cortisone treatment (to avoid precocious growth) and giving him testosterone for masculinisation. Four years later, the mother again confirmed her assessment of Richard's gender, by writing to the physicians, 'with exception of his height, he is an average boy of 15 years'. What is striking here is the mantra of gender, the reiteration of gender and sex that became a self-fulfilling prophecy.64 Correct gender role was folded into the management of CAH as one aspect of successful treatment. For Wilkins and his team, gender role was on a long list of physical and psychological markers to be checked in the process of normalisation.\n\nThe main proclaimed treatment\/management goal of the physician was to make the patients into what they perceived as psychologically well-adjusted and functional, clearly gendered men and women that could 'live a normal life'. For the physicians this meant to fit in socially, to be accepted as boy or girl, as man or woman, to succeed in chosen education or profession, to be happy and cooperative, to date and to get married. Deviation in gender role was marked down in the records in the same manner as elevated 17-KS levels. Gender role was measured by assessment of the child's behaviour during examination and by psychological interviews and tests. In the case of Carol, a patient who was first seen by Wilkins in 1941, long before cortisone treatment, Wilkins had been resigned to the increasing virilisation of CAH girls; he had told her mother that she would never marry.65 Indeed, before cortisone, Wilkins had thought girls with CAH doomed to progressive virilisation and even suggested that in some cases they would be better off being raised as boys.66 Carol's behaviour over the years was noted and closely followed during each admission as Wilkins and his colleagues assessed her appearance and her performance. In 1944, they wrote, 'She is a very bright, active, precocious child. Appears quite intelligent. Her appearance and actions seems to be quite feminine'. The following year Wilkins thought she had a 'very feminine appearance'. In 1946, he was worried that the 'child continues to grow and virilise at a rapid rate' but in his 'opinion the patient is not abnormal in her sexual interests and curiosity'. The question of sexual normality had come up because of 'the neighbourhood problem' \u2013 Carol's condition had put her at the centre of 'much sexual attention' by little boys. 'One of the neighbours has called on the mother to get more detailed information about [Carol]'s condition,' Wilkins wrote and advised the parents to move.\n\nWilkins assessed Carol's gender on every visit, noting in 1948 that she was a 'tomboy' and that 'she still will p[l]ay as easily with boys' toys as with girls, which causes her mother some concern'. 'The child in general,' he wrote, 'is hyperactive, rough in her play and has a rather deep voice'. Again, somatic effects of CAH (deep voice) were paired with assessments of behaviour and demeanour. After Carol was put on cortisone in 1950, the gender measurements became more consistent. Her 17-KS values were falling and Wilkins remarked 'there were no changes on physical examination'. However, 'her mother thought she was much less boisterous and more feminine in her actions but this could be reasonably ascribed to her long hospitalisation and its attendant benefits in the way of good discipline and mental hygiene'. The perceived behaviour change was of only short time, her mother thought that after her first bout of treatment 'she was more feminine in behaviour for a while but later became boyish again'.\n\nGendered behaviour was rarely detailed or evaluated; a child just behaved like a boy or a girl. It was measured by cultural tropes of gender and heterosexuality. Carol now had 'a boyfriend', Wilkins noted in 1954, 'who took her to a ball last night'. Two years later, she came to the examination 'wearing high heels and acting quite grown up' \u2013 all markers of a 'normal' female gender role in the 1950s. Cortisone and gender role made the goal of a 'normal life' possible, which was structured by physicians', parents' and often patients' belief in the existence of only two sexes, male and female.\n\nThe management of the multiple aspects of CAH was intertwined with all aspects of the patients' lives. Physicians and parents alike were concerned about the psychological adjustment of CAH children. While this was connected to the perceived 'problematic' sexual status of the children, it was also an effect of problems caused by patients living with a chronic condition. Again, this treatment goal was concerned with but not limited to sex. It also included social problems arising from CAH children looking 'different' not just sexually. Children with CAH looked much older than their chronological age, thus raising a set of social and intellectual expectations they could not fulfil. For CAH patients themselves and their parents, being healthy often meant not having any of the signs of visible difference, including height, auxiliary hair, acne, male baldness and masculine features in girls, weight \u2013 cortisone often led to obesity \u2013 and skin pigmentation. In complicated ways, some of these signs were connected to sex. But being healthy was always also about being able to function in the world.\n\nConclusion\n\nUsing patient records from the clinic of paediatric endocrinology where Money and the Hampsons coined the term 'gender role' and Wilkins introduced cortisone as a treatment for CAH girls, I have described the process of normalisation around the diagnosis, treatment and management of what physicians defined as a specific endocrinological pathology. My sources suggest that diagnosing and assigning sex at the clinic in the 1950s was sometimes a long and contentious enterprise as Wilkins and his team struggled to pinpoint sex. Furthermore, in one of two cases of CAH girls being raised as boys, it was the parents who insisted that their child was a boy and kept her, with the psychological sanctus of John Money, in the male sex.67 Treatment and management of CAH at the clinic was an enduring process that included quick medical interventions in the case of severe salt-wasting CAH and a life-long management of what was perceived as a chronic adrenal disorder. Physical development and hormonal levels, psychological adjustment and healthiness, and sexual appearance and gender role were checked and controlled in yearly evaluations. This way, finding and adjusting to the optimal gender role was folded into the management of CAH as one aspect of successful treatment. It was on a long list of physical and psychological markers to be checked in the process of normalisation.\n\nClearly, CAH's sexual symptoms, such as 'virilised' genitals in girls and precocious genitals in boys, caused anxieties in parents and physicians. Medical\/surgical intervention provided a solution to a social problem of ambiguous or precocious sex. It seemed easier to fix ambiguous bodies than rigid gender roles, which would become imprinted during the child's early years. Nevertheless, Wilkins and his team defined CAH as a complex endocrinological disorder caused by adrenal hyperplasia affecting the whole development of children of both sexes. They considered its sexual symptoms in conjunction with other the somatic effects of the adrenal hyperplasia. Physicians' and parents' main treatment goal became for their children to lead a 'normal' life \u2013 that is a life unhindered by what was defined as a chronic endocrinological condition. This goal was structured by the highly normative sexual roles of the 1950s as much as by the actual underlying adrenal pathology. Normalisation was a process in which treating somatic effects and assuring psychological healthiness were deeply enmeshed in the conviction that a normal life was only possible as a clearly gendered and sexed person.\n\nNotes\n\nI wish to thank Hester Betlem, Angela Craeger, Mary Fissel, Dan Todes, two anonymous reviewers, and especially Nathaniel Comfort, whose suggestions have greatly improved this text. Many thanks go to Judith Walkowitz and Mary Ryan, along with the other participants of the Gender Workshop of the Johns Hopkins History Department, who commented on an earlier version of this chapter.\n\n1. Case 8, Ann\/Andy. All details and quotes are taken from the Harriet Lane Home medical records. The identities of all patients are protected. I assigned each case a random number (1\u201325) and name. The key is available for other researchers at the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives at Hopkins according to the regulation of the Johns Hopkins Privacy Review Board.\n\n2. For a discussion of DSD as a new term, see Elizabeth Reis, Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), pp. 153\u201362.\n\n3. John Money, Joan G. Hampson and John L. Hampson, 'An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 97 (1955), pp. 301\u201319, here p. 302.\n\n4. John Money, Joan G. Hampson and John L. Hampson, 'Imprinting and the Establishment of Gender Role', Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry 77 (1957), pp. 333\u20136.\n\n5. Most notably the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) founded by Cheryl Chase, <<http:\/\/www.isna.org\/>> (accessed 28 June 2010). See also Alice D. Dreger and April M. Herndon, 'Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action', GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 15 (2009), pp. 199\u2013224; Sarah M. Creighton, Julie A. Greenberg, Katrina Roen and Del La Grace Volcano, 'Intersex Practice, Theory, and Activism: A Roundtable Discussion', GLQ 15 (2009), pp. 249\u201360.\n\n6. Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 29.\n\n7. Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex, p. 150.\n\n8. Bernice L. Hausman, Changing Sex: Transexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 77. See also Stephanie Hope Kenen, 'Scientific Studies of Human Sexual Difference in Interwar America' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of California, 1998), pp. 34\u2013209.\n\n9. See Alison Redick, 'American History XY: The Medical Treatment of Intersex, 1916\u20131955' (unpublished doctoral thesis, New York University, 2004), p. 9.\n\n10. Reis, Bodies in Doubt, p. 55.\n\n11. See Christina Matta, 'Ambiguous Bodies and Deviant Sexualities: Hermaphrodites, Homosexuality, and Surgery in the United States, 1850\u20131904', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48 (2005), pp. 74\u201383. On the role of surgery, see also Reis, Bodies in Doubt, pp. 82\u2013114.\n\n12. On intersex as social emergency, see Redick, 'American History XY', p. 8.\n\n13. Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority and Lived Experience (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2008). See also Suzanne J. Kessler, Lessons from the Intersexed (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Alice Domurat Dreger, Intersex in the Age of Ethics (Hagerstown: University Publishing Group, 1999); Sharon E. Preves, Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self (New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 2003).\n\n14. On the scientific construction of sexuality, see Rebecca M. Young, 'Sexing the Brain: Measurement and Meaning in Biological Research on Human Sexuality' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Columbia University, 2000). On biological determinism of gender, see also Marianne van den Wijngaard, Reinventing the Sexes: Feminism and Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity, 1959\u20131985 (Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Eburon, 1991).\n\n15. Geertje Mak, 'Doubting Sex from Within: A Praxiographic Approach to a Late-Nineteenth-Century Case of Hermaphroditism', Gender & History 18 (2006), pp. 332\u201356, here p. 351.\n\n16. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, p. 98.\n\n17. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, p. 115.\n\n18. My sample was taken from eighty-six patients listed on the Edward Park index cards at the Chesney Medical Archives; of these I could locate twenty-five patients born between 1933 and 1955; eight had their first admission at the clinic before 1950.\n\n19. On the specific nature of paediatric records, see Jonathan Gillis, 'Taking a Medical History in Childhood Illness: Representations of Parents in Pediatric Texts since 1850', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79 (2005), pp. 393\u2013429, here p. 417. On using patient records, see e.g., Guenter B. Risse and John Harley Warner, 'Reconstructing Clinical Activities: Patient Records in Medical History', Social History of Medicine 5\/2 (1992), pp. 183\u2013205. On the role of patient records in constructing the patient, see Marc Berg and Paul Harterink, 'Embodying the Patient: Records and Bodies in Early 20th-Century US Medical Practice', Body & Society 10\/2\u20133 (2004), pp. 13\u201341.\n\n20. On disease as a social entity, see e.g., Charles E. Rosenberg, 'What Is Disease? In Memory of Owsei Temkin', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77 (2003), pp. 491\u2013505; Charles E. Rosenberg, 'The Tyranny of Diagnosis: Specific Entities and Individual Experience', Milibank Quarterly 80\/2 (2002), pp. 237\u201360.\n\n21. See Georges Canguilhem, On the Normal and the Pathological, Studies in the History of Modern Science, vol. 3 (Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel, 1978).\n\n22. See Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, tr. Alan Sheridan (1975; New York: Pantheon, 1977).\n\n23. On the Harriet Lane Home, see Edwards A. Park, The Harriet Lane Home: A Model and a Gem (Baltimore: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 2006).\n\n24. On Paediatric Endocrinology, see Delbert A. Fisher, 'A Short History of Pediatric Endocrinology in North America', Pediatric Research 55 (2004), pp. 716\u201326. Lawson Wilkins wrote the first textbook of paediatric endocrinology. Lawson Wilkins, The Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (Springfield: Thomas, 1950). Dr Nathan Talbot, who established a paediatric endocrine clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1942, wrote the second textbook in 1952, N. B. Talbot, E. H. Sobel, J. W. McArthur and J. D. Crawford, Functional Endocrinology from Birth through Adolescence (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952).\n\n25. L. Wilkins, W. Fleischmann and J. E. Howard, 'Macrogenitosomia Precox Associated with Hyperplasia of the Androgenic Tissue of the Adrenal and Death from Corticoadrenal Insufficiency', Endocrinology 26 (1940), pp. 385\u201395.\n\n26. Wilkins, Fleischmann and Howard, 'Macrogenitosomia Precox', p. 394.\n\n27. Nathan Talbot at Massachusetts General also researched CAH. See Nathan B. Talbot, Allan M. Butler and R. A. Berman, 'Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia with Virilism: Diagnosis, Course and Treatment', Journal of Clinical Investigation 21 (1942), pp. 559\u201370, here p. 559.\n\n28. Wilkins, Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders, p. 224.\n\n29. Case 8, Andy\/Ann.\n\n30. Case 8, Andy\/Ann. On the physicians' and parents' role in sex determination, see Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 179\u2013215.\n\n31. Case 8, Andy\/Ann.\n\n32. See e.g., the case histories in Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. See also Hugh Young cases in Kenen, 'Scientific Studies of Human Sexual Difference in Interwar America'.\n\n33. Mak, 'Doubting Sex from Within', pp. 350\u201351.\n\n34. For changes in childbirth practices, see Charlotte G. Borst, Catching Babies: The Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870\u20131920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995). On the effects of these early interventions, see Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 89\u2013178.\n\n35. Mak, 'Doubting Sex from Within', p. 340.\n\n36. For the introduction of the Barr test into clinical practice, see Fiona Alice Miller, '\"Your True and Proper Gender\": The Barr Body as a Good Enough Science of Sex', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 37 (2006), pp. 449\u201383.\n\n37. Case 21, Richard.\n\n38. The 1948 Barr skin biopsy test for chromosomal sex was quickly introduced into clinical practice. See K. L. Moore, M. A. Graham and M. L. Barr, 'The Detection of Chromosomal Sex in Hermaphrodites from a Skin Biopsy', Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 96.6 (1953), pp. 641\u20138.\n\n39. Case 21, Richard.\n\n40. Case 22, Charles.\n\n41. Post-cortisone, XX CAH children were usually raised as girls. See Karkazis, Fixing Sex, p. 57.\n\n42. For patients' statistics, see Lawson Wilkins, Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders, pp. 9\u201310.\n\n43. Case 8, Ann\/Andy.\n\n44. Lawson Wilkins, 'The Diagnosis of the Adrenogenital Syndrome and Its Treatment with Cortisone', Journal of Pediatrics 41 (1952), pp. 860\u201374. For the first patient treated and published on, see L. Wilkins, R. A. Lewis, R. Klein and E. Rosemberg, 'The Suppression of Androgen Secretion by Cortisone in a Case of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 86 (1950), pp. 249\u201352.\n\n45. Money had already formulated his ideas in his dissertation on hermaphroditism. See John Money, 'Hermaphroditism: an Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Harvard University, 1952. The results of the study were first published during 1955 and 1956. Joan G. Hampson, 'Hermaphroditic Genital Appearance, Rearing and Eroticism in Hyperadrenocorticism', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 96 (1955), pp. 265\u201373; John Money, 'Hermaphroditism, Gender and Precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism: Psychological Findings', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 96 (1955), pp. 253\u201364; Money, Hampson and Hampson, 'An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts'; John Money, Joan G. Hampson and John L. Hampson, 'Hermaphroditism: Recommendations Concerning Assignment of Sex, Change of Sex and Psychological Management', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 97 (1955), pp. 284\u2013300; John Money, Joan G. Hampson and John L. Hampson, 'The Syndrome of Gonadal Agenesis (Ovarian Agenesis) and Male Chromosomal Pattern in Girls and Women: Psychologic Studies', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 97 (1955), pp. 207\u201326; John Money, Joan G. Hampson and John L. Hampson, 'Sexual Incongruities and Psychopathology: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 98 (1956), pp. 43\u201357.\n\n46. Money, Hampson and Hampson, 'Syndrome of Gonadal Agenesis', p. 218.\n\n47. Money, 'Hermaphroditism, Gender and Precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism', p. 253. See also Hampson, 'Hermaphroditic Genital Appearance'.\n\n48. Money, 'Hermaphroditism, Gender and Precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism', esp. pp. 256\u201364.\n\n49. See Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 47\u201363.\n\n50. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 60\u201362. The two publications are Wilkins, Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders; Howard Wilbur Jones and William Wallace Scott, Hermaphroditism, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1958).\n\n51. Hausman, Changing Sex, p. 79. Also referred to as the 'optimum gender of rearing' model. See Dreger and Herndon, 'Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement', p. 202.\n\n52. Case 5, Robert.\n\n53. These operations were mainly performed by Howard Jones and John Blizzard. See Jones and Scott, Hermaphroditism, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders. On history of clitoral anatomy, see Thomas Walter Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lisa Jean Moore and Adele E. Clarke, 'Clitoral Conventions and Transgressions: Graphic Representations in Anatomy Texts, c.1900\u20131991', Feminist Studies 21 (1995), pp. 255\u2013301; Darlaine Claire Gardetto, 'Engendered Sensations: Social Construction of the Clitoris and Female Orgasm, 1650\u20131975'(unpublished doctoral thesis, University of California, Davis, 1992).\n\n54. For earlier practices see Hugh Young, Genital Abnormalities: Hermaphroditism & Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1937). For a more cautious approach, see Talbot, Sobel, McArthur and Crawford, Functional Endocrinology from Birth through Adolescence, p. 234. For a discussion of clitorectomy, see Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 148\u20139.\n\n55. On clitorectomy, see Elizabeth Sheehan, 'Victorian Clitoridectomy: Isaac Baker Brown and His Harmless Operative Procedure', Gender Issues 5 (1985), pp. 39\u201353. On the emergence of gynaecology, see Ornella Moscucci, The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800\u20131929 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).\n\n56. Hampson, 'Hermaphroditic Genital Appearance', p. 270.\n\n57. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 158\u20139.\n\n58. John Christopher Feudtner, Bittersweet: Diabetes, Insulin, and the Transformation of Illness, Studies in Social Medicine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).\n\n59. For comparison of diabetes and DSD, see e.g., Ellen K. Feder, 'Imperatives of Normality. From \"Intersex\" to \"Disorders of Sex Development\"', GLQ 15 (2009), pp. 225\u201347, here p. 239.\n\n60. See e.g., Arthur Kleinman, The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition (New York: Basic Books, 1988).\n\n61. Feder, 'Imperatives of Normality', p. 237.\n\n62. Case 8, Ann\/Andy.\n\n63. Case 21, Richard.\n\n64. On the role of the parent, see Karkazis, Fixing Sex, pp. 179\u2013215.\n\n65. Case 4, Carol.\n\n66. Wilkins, Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders, esp. pp. 223\u20134.\n\n67. Case 22, Charles.\nChapter 9\n\n'A Certain Amount of Prudishness': Nudist Magazines and the Liberalisation of American Obscenity Law, 1947\u201358\n\nBrian Hoffman\n\nIn March 1947, the United States Post Office seized Sunshine and Health (S&H) from the mail in Chicago, New York, Philadelphia and several cities in Ohio. The coordinated action by local post offices across the country signalled an unprecedented effort to remove the flagship nudist magazine from the mail. While officials had long tolerated nudist representations that resembled the young attractive Vargas Girls of Esquire or the nude female centrefolds in Playboy, they objected to the recent effort by the magazine to show the genitalia of naked men, women and children as well as a range of body types not normally revealed in commercial publications. Officials asserted that permitting the magazine unrestricted access to American homes would be tantamount to accepting the 'rights of all kinds of pornography' to use the 'mails to destroy public morals'.1 Facing 'complete financial ruin', but unwilling to censor its images, the editors of S&H declared the looming court battle a 'challenge to every nudist, to every reader of this page, to every lover of freedom'.2 The legal debates that erupted around nudist magazines in 1947 and culminated in the US Supreme Court's decision in 1958 to stop the Post Office's censorship of S&H redefined what constituted obscenity in the United States.\n\nA legal history of nudism provides valuable insight into the long-running debate over what could be seen, displayed and consumed in the United States. In the twentieth century, a modern obscenity regime emerged that rejected the moral absolutism of the nineteenth century, but policed the moral boundaries of what John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman termed 'sexual liberalism'.3 The growing social, cultural and legal tolerance of heterosexual pleasure in American society, historians have argued, depended on the exclusion of threatening, violent or deviant forms of sex. Once-reviled material such as birth-control pamphlets, literature dealing with sexual themes and titillating men's magazines gained reprieve in the early 1930s with court rulings that protected material with literary or scholarly merit.4 Yet depictions of homosexuality, films dealing with interracial sex and burlesque shows that catered to male audiences endured greater scrutiny and suppression as the courts continued to use repressive nineteenth-century laws or subjective community standards to exclude materials that challenged heteronormativity.5 An analysis of the legal battles over the decency of nudist magazines shows that this modern obscenity regime quickly broke down as judges and juries found it increasingly difficult to disentangle so-called deviant material from examples of morally acceptable heterosexual display and behaviour. The variety of content included in S&H allowed for multiple readings and appealed to a variety of sexual identities. The magazine showed uncensored genitalia, non-white bodies and an assortment of body types that communicated the therapeutic and recreational orientation of nudism while also appealing to men and women of all sexualities. The nudist movement's struggle to negotiate the respectable and illicit in its flagship magazine created a 'grey area' in American obscenity law that precipitated the explosion of 'all kinds of pornography' in the last decades of the twentieth century.\n\nThe nudist movement considered the defeat of longstanding American obscenity laws essential to ensuring the physical and moral health of its members as well as the future stability of the movement. Nudism promoted therapeutic principles that directly challenged American assumptions that linked the body with shame and immorality. Nudists believed that knowledge of and familiarity with the body were essential to both physical and mental health. Recreational social nudity improved bone growth and prevented sickness by maximising the production of Vitamin D. It also served a hygienic purpose by removing clothing that blocked the excretory functions of the skin, collected sweat and restricted free-flowing movement by clinging to the body. In addition, going naked in front of the opposite sex satisfied the 'natural' curiosity to see and know about the body, promoted a 'wholesome' way of thinking and ultimately strengthened the relations between men and women.6 Efforts to censor and conceal the body from public view, according to nudists, resulted in illicit behaviours and thoughts that prevented men and women from receiving the therapeutic benefits that came from exposing the body to the fresh air and sun.\n\nThe nudist movement's effort to redefine nakedness as healthy and wholesome also exposed the racial assumptions that shaped the boundaries of sexual expression in mid-century America. Nudist leaders mobilised a discourse of racial liberalism to promote sexual liberalisation. In their legal battles with the Post Office, nudist advocates argued that American obscenity law discriminated against white nudist representations when censors permitted the display of non-white naked bodies in magazines like the National Geographic or in anthropological documentary films. The racial liberalism used by nudist leaders in the courtroom, however, failed to resonate with many members who felt threatened by the 'sexually promiscuous' African American woman and the violent male African American 'sexual predator'.7 The racial arguments made by nudist leaders proved to be ineffective in a society, and a movement, still divided along lines of race.\n\nThe anti-communist politics of the Cold War made the defence of S&H attractive to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) because the nudist movement advocated natural healing rather than radical politics. The institution of the Federal Loyalty Program on 21 March 1947 along with the sensational trials of suspected Soviet spies and political radicals made the ACLU vulnerable to anti-communist attacks from organisations such as the American Legion. To avoid controversy and political persecution, moderate ACLU leaders like Roger Baldwin and Morris Ernst shifted the organisation's focus away from the defence of political radicals to an agenda centred on civil rights, the separation of church and state and the issue of censorship.8 Yet the vocal resistance to public forms of sexuality in mid-century America also made the defence of S&H a risky proposition. Several leaders within the organisation feared that an extreme position in favour of sexual expression would produce adverse reactions from hostile local community groups. As a result, the ACLU followed the path of respectability that many other organisations and individuals deployed to publicly address issues of sexuality in post-war America.9 Although legal absolutists and nudists demanded that all forms of sexual display be protected under the first amendment, the moderate leadership of the ACLU used the therapeutic principles that defined American nudism to avoid the issue of communism and to distance S&H from commercial sexual display. The attempts by the ACLU to distinguish between good and bad representations of sex ultimately exposed the inability of the courts to maintain the contradictions of twentieth-century sexual liberalism.\n\n'Sunshine and Health'\n\nOrganised nudism burst onto the American scene in the early 1930s through a series of illustrated books that detailed the authors' experiences visiting German nudist parks. Nudism first emerged in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century as part of the German life reform movement (Lebensreform Bewegung) that advocated a return to the 'genuine forces of life through vegetarianism, anti-alcoholism, nature healing, land reform and the advocacy of garden cities'.10 After Germany's defeat in the First World War, nudism became increasingly popular as a way to strengthen the race and regenerate the nation.11 The growing popularity of the German nudist movement likely caught the attention of American publishing companies in desperate need of profitable books during the Great Depression. Alfred A. Knopf, a press known for printing leading European and American literary trends, and Garden City Publishing Company, a division of Doubleday Books, published a series of books introducing the practice of nudism as well as the movement's therapeutic principles and moral philosophy. Avoiding censorship with distant pictures displaying small naked figures, Maurice Parmelee's Nudism in Modern Life (1931), Frances and Mason Merrill's Among the Nudists (1931) and Nudism Comes to America (1932) and Jan Gay's On Going Naked (1932) sold several editions and generated a great deal of interest in nudism in the United States.12 Individuals, couples and groups began to organise meetings in urban gymnasiums and on isolated country farms across the nation.\n\nThe many books published on nudism in the early 1930s generated enthusiasm among immigrants who had participated in German nudism, health enthusiasts and sex reformers, but they provided very little information about how and where nudism might be practised in the United States. The need to communicate to groups and individuals scattered across large geographical spaces led the Reverend Ilsley Boone, a Baptist minister trained in theology at Brown University, to establish a monthly magazine dedicated to nudism. Boone began participating in nudism in 1929 as a member of Kurt Barthal's American League for Physical Culture, one of the earliest nudist organisations in the United States, and quickly became an avid proponent of organised social nudity. In 1933, Boone, who served as the editor of Missions, the National Organ of the Baptist Church, began publishing The Nudist to carry out the goals and principles of his International Nudist Conference (INC).13 Boone established the INC to place the 'experience of each group at the disposal of all', to campaign for the 'formation of an informed and understanding public opinion', and to aid in legal and legislative problems facing nudist groups.14 The monthly magazine, distributed through the mail and sold on newsstands around the country, published numerous articles, editorials and commentaries that introduced the philosophy and ideals of nudism to readers and provided information about an emerging network of nudist clubs. A 'letters to the editor' section also fostered a sense of community through the regular presentation of readers' thoughts and opinions from around the country. Through the INC and The Nudist, Boone transformed nudism into a distinctly American phenomenon defined by health, sexual expression and recreation.\n\nAlthough The Nudist provided crucial information for individuals interested in nudism, sales of the flagship nudist magazine far exceeded the total membership of the movement. Featuring numerous pictures on large glossy pages, the inaugural May 1933 issue sold 10,000 copies and the following month the magazine increased its readership five-fold to 50,000. Over the next few years, sales of the 25 cent magazine ranged between 40,000 and 100,000 a month. Of these, 6,000 to 8,000 went directly to mail subscribers, while newsstands distributed the other 30,000 to 60,000 issues.15 The large number of copies sold on newsstands especially signalled the availability of the magazine to a wider audience interested in sexual display. At the fifth annual meeting of the INC held in 1936, several leaders bemoaned the fact that many 'burlesque theatre managers, night club troupes, disorderly road houses and exposition side shows' used the terms 'nudist' and 'nudism' to 'further their own business enterprise in the field of commercialized pornography'. The findings committee then recommended that the organisation and its flagship magazine change its name to avoid associations with 'morbid and burlesque types of nakedness'.16 To promote the movement's emphasis on health and recreation, nudists adopted the new moniker American Sunbathing Association (ASA) to represent the national organisation and renamed The Nudist as Sunshine and Health (S&H). The renaming of the organisation and its magazine revealed that many readers saw S&H as another form of pornography.\n\nThe editor's effort to define the images in S&H as healthy and respectable appealed to readers who feared the social consequences of purchasing explicit pornography. Boone asserted that the numerous photographs dotting almost every page of S&H \u2013 whether as full-page inserts, as illustrations for specific articles, or in two-page monthly collages that brought together dozens of snapshots \u2013 exhibited the physical benefits that came from going naked and promoted the recreational activities of nudist camps. The images showed naked men, women and children \u2013 of all body shapes and sizes \u2013 playing volleyball, swimming, participating in group calisthenics, practising archery, taking a short hike or just sunbathing. Although Boone conceded that there was 'sex content to the illustrations... which appear in nudist magazines and books', he maintained that this content did not constitute obscenity. Only material that conveyed 'sexual impurity', such as publications designed to 'incite lust, suggest impure and libidinous thoughts, be offensive to chastity, pander to the prurient taste', should be considered obscene. The 'sex frankness' of the magazine, according to Boone, 'removes them [issues of S&H] at once from every vestige of suspicion that they are designed for any ulterior, base or unworthy purpose'.17\n\nThe immediate need to reach readers, however, forced Boone and the American nudist movement to compromise its commitment to sexual expression. In 1933, hoping to avoid costly delays and legal troubles, Boone submitted the first four issues of his magazine to the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV). Beginning in 1873, federal legislation gave Anthony Comstock, the head of the NYSSV, the power to remove from the mail any 'obscene book, pamphlet, picture, print, or other publication of a vulgar and indecent character'.18 Under the so-called Comstock Law, postal officials seized birth-control information, literature dealing with sexually explicit themes such as adultery and homosexuality, and images of the naked body. Throughout the first decades of the twentieth century, however, sex radicals, birth-control advocates and free speech proponents attacked the agency for denying adults access to legitimate materials because they might influence young or vulnerable readers. John Sumner, who assumed leadership of the NYSSV after Anthony Comstock's death in 1915, attempted to restore the authority of the infamous vice institution by recasting the agency as less prudish and puritanical. Rather than condemn S&H outright, he found the magazine to be 'non-violative [sic] of the statute [Comstock Law]' as long as it did not display 'genitalia and pubic hair'.19 Boone preferred to show the entire body but he lacked the financial resources and public support necessary to contest Sumner's criteria. For the next decade, he reluctantly removed the genitalia of men and women from the pages of S&H.\n\nThe censorship of genitalia severely restricted the types of pictures that could be used in S&H. The editors preferred to avoid airbrushing or scratching out the pubic area of men and women. This not only looked grotesque (see Figure 1), but, in direct opposition to nudist principles, communicated shame and scorn for the natural body. Instead, they relied heavily on posed images that hid the pubic area but still appeared natural. In requesting pictures from readers, the magazine's editors discouraged snapshots that seem to 'call undue attention' to the pubic area such as 'full front views'.20 Instead, they asked photographers to send in pictures using 'front quarter views and semi-side views' in order to 'produce a 100 percent nudist picture to which no adverse criticism can be brought'.21 The magazine also relied on action pictures that were 'usually distant enough to enable Mrs Grundy to look at them without passing out'.22 Using images that censored genitals and displayed awkwardly posed bodies, Boone gained access to the United States postal system and established S&H as the voice of the American nudist movement.\n\nFigure 1 The Nudist, and later Sunshine and Health, airbrushed the genitalia of men and women from many of its pictures to ensure the magazine would be sold on newsstands and delivered through the United States postal system. The February 1934 cover of The Nudist reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nA policy of self-censorship persisted until the Second World War threatened to end organised nudism in the United States. The war disrupted the growth of the movement when it forced individual camp owners as well as national leaders into combat, or to relocate for wartime employment.23 In addition, the 'necessary rationing of tires and gas' limited travel and vacationing opportunities across the country and reduced 'regular attendance to a minimum' at many camps.24 The growth of S&H leading up to the war offered a way for the struggling movement to support itself financially despite rationing and war mobilisation efforts. The 'educational and scientific' appearance and content of nudist magazines complemented Second World War military policies that attempted to satiate soldiers' sexual appetites with respectable female companions, rather than prostitutes who, in the First World War, were blamed for spreading venereal disease and undermining troop morale.25 The numerous articles dedicated to explaining nudism as a health movement and even the many pictures featuring awkwardly posed bodies or censored genitalia defined S&H as a harmless, perhaps even as a respectable, way for troops to see naked male and female bodies. In the September 1944 issue, the editors of S&H reported that 'several commanding officers' endorsed the publication's 'shipment to their commands abroad' and 'certified that nudist publications were in\n\nthe interests of the morale of the forces'.26 To support its struggling clubs and maintain its organisation during the Second World War, nudist leaders began to accentuate the erotic appeal of S&H by transforming the flagship nudist magazine to appeal to men of all sexualities.\n\nTo attract the American soldier, the images, content and style of S&H changed dramatically. Prior to the war, covers emphasised nature, communicated recreational activity through distinctly un-erotic movements and featured family groups that included men, women and children of all body types. During and after the Second World War, the editors began experimenting with 'full color, duotones, combination of line cut and half tone, crayon reproduction, water colors and oil paintings' on covers that almost exclusively featured voluptuous topless women in suggestive poses.27 The March 1947 issue, for example, featured a crayon sketch of a full breasted smiling woman with windblown hair from the chest up.28 The editors also began highlighting its 'Letters from Men Far Afield' section with the silhouette of a naked woman leaning against a globe and standing in front of a large image of the letter V (see Figure 2).29 The silhouette made little effort to mute the eroticism of the female body. It took the shape of a reclining woman with hair back, nipples erect, arms open and awaiting the embrace of a lover. The increasingly erotic images in S&H helped to allay public anxieties caused by the massive mobilisation of troops into sex-segregated environments where men might experiment with homosexuality.30 Displaying more graphic images than most pin-ups but under the guise of a health movement, S&H entertained troops while still maintaining the appearance of respectability.\n\nFigure 2 During the Second World War, the editors of Sunshine and Health changed the magazine's appearance to appeal to the sexual desires of heterosexual American soldiers. Page 3 of the May 1944 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nThe sexual objectification of women on the covers of S&H protected readers in search of male nudity and homoeroticism. Although very little homoerotic content appeared in the magazine during the 1930s, the growth of homosexual communities during the war resulted in images, articles and advertisements that appealed directly and indirectly to a gay audience.31 Allen Ellenzweig noted that physique magazines that had for a 'half century been variously marketed to health cultists and 'art appreciators... began more strongly than ever in the 1950s to target a specifically homosexual audience'.32 Unlike male physique magazines though, the depiction of nudist activities in S&H required the presence of both male and female bodies and shielded readers from accusations of homosexuality. In between images of attractive women sunbathing, children splashing in pools or mixed sexed groups playing volleyball, gay readers found large attractive images of naked young, athletic and muscled men flexing for the camera (see Figure 3). Readers might also find short homoerotic stories hidden amid the many articles detailing the physical and mental benefits of nudism. In one short expos\u00e9 titled, 'A Nude Night in Normandy', the magazine featured the romantic story of two male soldiers determined to sleep naked in a bunker being heavily bombed by Nazi forces. Alone and setting camp for the night, the two men planned to 'take off all our clothes, sleep in the nude above ground, and be really comfortable for a change'.33 With strong homoerotic tones, the article then described how the two soldiers 'crawled luxuriously down between the blankets, snuggled up against each other, and prepared for a really heavenly night'.34 The article alluded almost explicitly to a sexual encounter between the two men only to have bombs interrupt the scene.\n\nFigure 3 Other images in Sunshine and Health strongly resembled those in male physique magazines and probably appealed to homosexual readers. Inside cover of the March 1948 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nS&H also provided a space for homosexual readers to contact and communicate with one another. In the back of each issue appeared numerous classified advertisements offering private and confidential developing of uncensored 'art photos'. Martin Meeker found that gay men who feared arrest under the Comstock Law often exchanged nude images using terms like 'physique photos' or 'athletic model photos'.35 One advertisement for a 'graduate masseur' named Leo Lehman suggested that S&H ads also used coded language like 'body building' and 'Swedish Massage' to signal either a desire for photos, sexual contact or both. The advertisement, which began appearing in the July 1942 issue of S&H and ran continuously for the next five years, also listed an address that located him near a part of Los Angeles known by police as a 'gay pick-up ground'.36 Hidden behind covers of naked women, but placed next to images of nude men, articles like a 'Nude Night in Normandy' along with subtle classified advertisements revealed how S&H increasingly catered to a homosexual readership.\n\nThe growing eroticisation of male and female bodies during the war also caught the attention of individuals who desired images of pre-pubescent and pubescent youth. For nudists, the joy children exuded while going naked testified to the natural pleasures of nudity freed from the unnecessary modern social conventions that linked the body with shame. In addition, as will be discussed later in more detail, prior to the 1970s naked images of minors, especially those that appeared to represent youth and innocence, frequently evaded censorship laws.37 Free to display the naked child, the prominent exhibition of youth in S&H attracted members who occasionally acted on their desires for children's bodies. In Rock Island, Illinois, Stanley MacWilliams, a single fifty-two-year-old arms plant worker, resigned as the president of the Sunshine Club and confessed to local authorities after a seven-year-old girl's parents accused him of taking 'indecent liberties with children'.38 In Yelm, Washington, nudist leaders quickly took defensive measures to protect the movement when the police charged a member of the Cobblestone Suntanners with 'Carnal knowledge and having a 14-year old girl pose in the nude for him'.39 The display of children's bodies in S&H and the regular attendance of children at nudist parks led to instances of cross-generational sex. Although the magazine risked linking nudism to paedophilia, S&H continued to display images of naked children as a way of representing the body as healthy and free of shame.\n\nThe effort to recruit African Americans into the movement during the Second World War also threatened to erode the movement's respectability. The war against fascism as well as the migration of thousands of African Americans to urban centres where they worked in war industries influenced nudist leaders to challenge the racial divisions that structured American society and the nudist movement. Alois Knapp, long-time owner of Zoro Nature Park in Roselawn, Indiana and 1943 President of the ASA, called for nudists to have the 'courage' to accept people of all races into the movement since the 'blood of many of them [soldiers] mingles into one pool, oozing out of the body of the white man, Negro, Indian, yellow man, brown man'.40 He asserted that nudists could not 'seriously criticise the anti-social philosophy of our enemies until we ourselves get the all human viewpoint'.41 The following year, the editors of S&H published a series of articles by an African American veteran named E. J. Samuels who had recently joined a nudist park with his wife in San Diego. Samuels called on readers to accept African Americans at nudist parks, asserting: 'now that you have removed your clothing it will be just as easy to remove racial prejudices'.42 In 1951, Ebony magazine profiled the efforts of Mr and Mrs Samuels to integrate American nudism as an eccentric example of racial progress.43\n\nDespite the rhetoric of racial liberalism espoused by nudist leaders and presented in S&H, many nudists considered the participation of African Americans at nudist clubs a sexual threat that might also undermine the movement's respectability. The visible and physical transgression of African American bodies into intimate white spaces, such as the restrooms of wartime factories, public beaches or swimming pools, sparked the staunchest resistance to desegregation in northern and southern white communities.44 Many nudists were also 'fearful' that the interaction of naked white and non-white bodies would pose a physical threat to members and 'considered any discussion of this question as untimely'.45 One reader claimed that only a person with a 'sinister object in mind' would want to bring other races into nudist camps.46 Urging fellow members to 'keep the nudist camps free from scandals', he suggested that 'separate camps for Negro and separate camps for white [sic] can hurt no one'.47 The effort of nudist leaders to encourage the participation of African Americans, despite the objections of their own membership, revealed a strong commitment to question American attitudes towards race and sex.\n\nBoone hoped to maintain the recreational character of American nudism alongside the erotic content in S&H by making his daughter, Margaret A. B. Pulis, head editor. Also elected president of the ASA in 1948, Pulis, a mother, grandmother and an active member of her local Parent Teacher Association, countered the growing perception of nudism as a source of pornography and as a place to make sexual contacts with other men or even children. Pulis encouraged female nudists to participate in their local communities and to volunteer in organisations like 'state Mental Hygiene Associations, the Boy Scouts, the Parent Teacher Association, the YMCA and YWCA'. Here, members might contribute to 'building a broader and wider understanding of nudism in the minds of the general public' while also demonstrating that 'nudists are nice people, willing workers, valued members of the community'.48 As editor of S&H, Pulis included columns that took up the topics of pregnancy, childbirth, parenting, cooking, shopping and exercise. Articles sought to make the homemaker's daily routine a little easier or more enjoyable. Pulis's own column, 'Eat Healthy and Like It', listed recipes that 'reduce the homemaker's work' and save the family money.49 'Marge's Mail Mart' offered women advice on shopping and provided the option of purchasing domestic products such as flexiclogs, potholders, knife holders, bathroom tissue holders, matching his and her watches and a marriage medal, through the magazine.50 Although the voluptuous women that almost exclusively graced the covers of S&H continued to appeal to male readers, many of the magazine's pages also read like a woman's magazine.\n\nThe popularity of S&H among men and women of all sexualities during the war period emboldened nudists to further challenge the boundaries of acceptable representation. Readers had long voiced their disgust for the 'mutilated pictures' that regularly appeared in S&H.51 Numerous letters to the editor called for the publication to stop the practice, leaders within the movement felt it disgraced the natural body,52 and nudist photographers decried the omissions as unartistic.53 By the end of the war, the establishment of a regular readership interested in practising nudism as well as in consuming heterosexual and homoerotic visual display gave the editors of S&H the public support and financial security necessary to stop censoring images in the flagship nudist magazine. In the magazine's first ten years, 1933 to 1943, very few images of genitalia appeared in the nudist publication. In the next seven years, almost 370 images that included genitalia graced the pages of the magazine.54 Initially, the publishers sneaked a glimpse of pubic hair into the magazine amid the many pictures that avoided or airbrushed the region. It then began using uncensored images of men and women taken from a distance, gradually including pictures of women standing and facing the camera completely uncensored, and, by the end of the war, violating the taboo against showing close-up images of the male penis. The uncensored display of male and female genitalia reflected the movement's long-time goal to shamelessly exhibit the naked body while also satisfying many of its readers' desire for more explicit erotica.\n\nA prudish legal strategy\n\nThe transformation of S&H's content and appearance during and after the war caught the attention of the United States Post Office. In 1947, letter carriers began seizing the magazine at various points of delivery around the nation. Boone immediately demanded a hearing to determine the mailability of S&H and the Post Office appointed a trial examiner to evaluate the decency of the flagship nudist magazine. At these hearings, postal officials argued that the promotion of nudist principles in S&H concealed its commercial appeal to both heterosexual and homosexual readers. Calvin Hassell, who represented the Post Office, observed that with the 'exception of an occasional volleyball game and people gathered around a swimming pool' the images showed 'little activity \u2013 just naked people sitting or standing around'. He concluded that 'without the nude pictures the publication would have little if any sales appeal'. Hassell also targeted the subtle ways that homosexual men communicated with each other through the magazine's many classified advertisements. He believed the magazine acted as a 'clearinghouse for obscene matter' because it provided readers 'information directly and indirectly' about obtaining 'obscene, lewd, lascivious and indecent matter' in 'blind advertisements', 'pen pal advertisements' and 'photo lab advertisements'. Hassell singled out the 'wording of the photo developing advertisements' because he suspected that homosexuals used coded language to make sexual contacts. He believed advertisements for 'nude art photos' offering 'confidential' service and promising readers that no pictures 'would be altered or refused' revealed the 'intentions of the advertisers' to exchange photos more graphic than those displayed in the magazine. The Post Office disregarded the mission of S&H and argued that the magazine constituted pornography.\n\nThe ACLU saw S&H as the official publication of a social movement and considered the Post Office's seizure of the magazine an attack on freedom of speech and the press. Roger Baldwin, one of the central figures involved in the founding of the ACLU and a moderate voice within the organisation, saw the defence of nudist magazines as a way to avoid associations with communism during the Cold War. Not wanting to link the ACLU to radical ideologies, Baldwin explained that he did not 'sponsor or endorse the beliefs of nudists'. Rather, he 'supported their [nudists'] right to pursue their health ideas'.55 He then devised a legal strategy that built on the nudist movement's contention that 'commonplace nudity, far from stimulating immorality... serves to diminish prurience' and approached the seizure of S&H as a 'freedom of press issue... far different from that raised by a nude calendar or an entertainment magazine'.56 Baldwin believed that 'a certain amount of prudishness' would remove the magazine from the 'terms of the statutes and the court decisions and thus free it in the mails'.57 To highlight the absence of commercial sexual display and the movement's commitment to health and sexual frankness, Baldwin solicited the opinion of several hundred expert witnesses including doctors, academics, publishers and businessmen. He asked if they thought the images in S&H 'incite the average person to lustfulness or thought of sexual impurity', and requested that the witnesses compare these representations to the 'lurid photographs in tabloid newspapers, and suggestive advertisements and illustrations widely seen today'.58 Trying to distinguish nudist magazines from pornography, Baldwin presented S&H as tame compared to the racy images of tabloid newspapers.\n\nLegal absolutists within the ACLU along with nudist leaders took issue with Baldwin's strategy to distance nudism from sexually explicit material. The Reverend Ilsley Boone wanted a 'definite gauge of obscenity as clear and distinct as a yard stick' that would end the 'constant and unbearable litigation'.59 He believed that tolerating the censorship of certain indecent materials would leave nudists vulnerable to future censorship. Elmer Rice, a playwright and free speech activist in the ACLU, objected to Baldwin's strategy on different grounds. He feared that it set up standards of 'propriety and impropriety' when the ACLU should be striving to defeat all standards of obscenity. He asserted that it was 'completely out of line with ACLU policy' to tolerate the censorship of lustfulness. He did not like the 'prudishness' of this strategy and urged him to approach the issue of free speech and press with the 'same objectivity that we do all others'.60\n\nBoone employed a more confrontational approach that furthered the movement's commitment to sexual frankness and challenged the racial assumptions behind censorship. Although most Americans violently opposed the intimate interaction of black and white bodies and many nudists voiced fears about admitting African Americans into nudist clubs, Boone used images of the indigenous non-white body to argue that the censorship policies of the Post Office discriminated against white nudist representations. When it seized the March 1947 issue of S&H, the Post Office announced a policy that 'the breasts of white women but not the breasts of coloured women' should be censored from the mail.61 The assumed illicit sexuality of non-white bodies had long given licence to discussions and depictions of sex. According to Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins, colonial racial assumptions combined with the National Geographic Magazine's scientific and literary prestige to make it one of the 'few mass culture venues where Americans could see women's breasts'.62 In protest, Boone juxtaposed the images of a white topless woman next to a similarly naked African American woman and asserted that the National Geographic Magazine had 'published thousands of breasts of coloured women without the slightest objection on the part of the post office' (see Figure 4).63 Boone explained in the African American newspaper the New York Amsterdam News that he published the two photographs to 'force a showdown from the department' that would ultimately free his magazine from the obscenity statutes.64 Boone's dramatic display of white and non-white bodies clashed with Roger Baldwin's effort to distinguish nudist images from commercial sexual display.\n\nFigure 4 In a dramatic full page layout, the Reverend Ilsley Boone protested against the Post Office's policy that 'the breasts of white women but not the breasts of colored women' should be censored from the mails. Pages 14 and 15 of the July 1947 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\n'It is filthy, it is foul, it is obscene'\n\nThe ACLU's strategy to distance S&H from pornography initially proved successful in the courts. Since 1947, the Post Office seized issues of S&H at random points of delivery and relied on local hearings administered by its own trial examiners to avoid formal legal proceedings with Boone. In several high-profile post-war congressional hearings, Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield claimed that numerous children received 'pornographic filth in the family mailbox', and in 1953 the local post office in Mays Landing, New Jersey, where Boone published and distributed S&H, stopped the mailing of the magazine at the point of origin.65 This action allowed Boone to seek an injunction against the Post Office in the DC Circuit Court. At trial, Boone and the ACLU argued that the pictures in S&H showed 'people practicing nudism in a normal and healthy environment and in the happy enjoyment of thoroughly innocent activities' and were the 'antithesis of anything suggestive or pornographic'.66 On 23 June 1953, the majority of judges ruled that the magazines 'were not likely to promote lustful feelings or excite sexual passions' and granted a permanent injunction blocking the Post Office from seizing S&H from the mail.67 The Post Office feared that this decision threatened to limit the powers that Congress granted it to censor materials under the 1873 Comstock Act and immediately appealed the decision asserting that the lower court 'incorrectly substituted its own opinion for the determination of the postmaster general'.68 Boone and the ACLU argued before the DC Circuit Court of Appeals that the Post Office's seizure of S&H constituted a 'prior restraint upon the freedom of the press' and, as a result, violated the First and Fourth Amendments of the Constitution. On 16 December 1954, the majority of judges affirmed the lower court's injunction because the actions of the Post Office posed 'grave constitutional questions'.69 The New York Times announced the significance of the decision when it declared in a headline: 'Post Office Power as Censor Curbed'.70\n\nThe Post Office reacted to the DC Circuit Court of Appeals decision by immediately defying it. On 23 December 1954, two days before Christmas and only a week after the DC Circuit Court of Appeals' decision, the postmaster in Mays Landing seized 400 copies of the 1955 February issue of S&H. Boone and the ACLU, confident that the courts would once again rule in their favour and bolster the legal status of S&H, filed a civil suit against the Post Office in the DC Circuit Court. Judge Kirkland, who presided over the trial, saw the seizure of S&H as an issue of obscenity rather than a challenge to the First or Fourth Amendments. Kirkland intended to establish 'what is art on the one hand, pornography on the other; what is decent on the one hand as what is indecent on the other'.71 Kirkland's detailed written opinion provided the legal precedent that the US Supreme Court would ultimately use to reshape modern American obscenity law.\n\nKirkland rejected Boone's argument that the nudist movement's commitment to sexual frankness legitimated the display of the naked body in S&H. He particularly objected to images that attempted to represent the 'normal, natural person and reveals her as she was in fact'. One 'unusual picture' taken 'within 12 feet of the camera' displayed two women in their 'late twenties or early thirties', one of whom stood 5 foot 7 and weighed 'in the neighbourhood of 250 pounds', and who Kirkland described as 'exceedingly obese' with 'elephantine breasts that hang from her shoulder to her waist' and thighs which were also 'very obese' (see Figure 5). The effort to frankly show a range of body types in S&H challenged the increasingly dominant preference for the slender female body in the early twentieth century. The transition from the moral maternalism of the Victorian period to a modern conception of womanhood that emphasised sensuality and consumerism resulted, as historian Peter Stearns has argued, in a 'misogynist' emphasis on the thin female form achieved through rigorous dieting regimens designed to constrain the indulgences of the new woman.72 Judge Kirkland, as a result, considered nudist representations that did not conform to the idealised white slim female body to be indecent.\n\nFigure 5 The effort to show frankly a range of body types in Sunshine and Health challenged the increasingly dominant preference for the slender female body. Page 29 of the February 1955 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nThe February 1955 cover, conversely, did not warrant censorship despite displaying a woman wearing heels with wind blowing in her hair, smiling widely with her chest pushed outwards, and positioned against a rocky grey background that made her soft pale skin stand out (see Figure 6). Although the ACLU attempted to distinguish S&H from similar examples of commercial sexual display, Kirkland saw no reason to object to the photograph because it did not show the 'pubic area and there is no show of the genitalia by the angle at which the picture is shot'. He acknowledged that the photographer used 'shadowing on her chest' to create the effect of a 'bosom larger by far than normal' and saw that it was 'shot at such an angle as to elongate and make quite massive the breast as distinguished from the very small nipple', but he reasoned that the 'plunging neckline has been accepted in the mores of the people' and that the 'revealing of the breast would not in itself be obscene'.73 According to historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg, the breasts represented a 'particular preoccupation of Americans in the years after World War II'. Movie stars known for their bust line, like Jayne Mansfield, Jane Russell and Marilyn Monroe, dominated the 1950s box office.74 Similar naked female images in S&H that pleased the male heterosexual gaze posed little threat to public decency.\n\nFigure 6 Images of young svelte naked women did not draw the objections of Judge Kirkland. Cover of the February 1955 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nJudge Kirkland also did not object to the exposure of the nude non-white body. At trial, Boone again objected to obscenity laws that permitted the display of non-white naked bodies in publications like National Geographic and wondered if the judicial system had 'grown up enough' not to 'draw a distinction because the picture happens to be of a white person rather than a Negro'.75 In response, the Post Office asserted that 'we are a clothed people' and that the practices of indigenous people in 'Africa or some other foreign country in some other time is not the standard by which we should judge these pictures'.76 Judge Kirkland agreed with the Post Office and rejected nudist attempts to make comparisons to a documentary film titled La Tuka. Nudist attorneys argued that it should not make 'any difference' that the film showed life in an African tribe rather than everyday Americans, only to have Judge Kirkland retort that 'people... living on the tropical belts would not be relevant'.77 In his final written decision, Judge Kirkland made the racial politics of obscenity clear when he found nothing indecent about a 'suggestive picture' of what appeared to be a 'woman of Mexican birth, a very dark complexioned woman'.78 Entrenched racial stereotypes of non-white bodies as primitive, accessible and hyper-sexual permitted the exhibition of the naked racial other. Since naked indigenous bodies probably aroused audiences just as much as those in S&H, the racial arguments made by nudist advocates did little to mute the magazine's eroticism.\n\nKirkland, however, ruled unequivocally that any photographs that showed the penis 'obviously have no place even in illustrating the principles of nudism'.79 Judge Kirkland probably considered the images of naked men to be directed towards gay male readers since many so-called beefcake photos in the post-war period masked their homoerotic content by embracing a rhetoric of health or bodybuilding that resembled the nudist movement's promotion of health and fitness.80 In addition, Thomas Waugh has argued that since the nineteenth century the public has associated the 'homosexual artist' and homoeroticism with the 'representation of the male nude'.81 Recognising this historic relationship, Kirkland described the 'corona' of the penis in one photo as 'clearly discernable' to the point that one can see that the 'man is circumcised' and, despite the very small size of the man in the photo, he strongly condemned the image, decrying: 'it is filthy, it is foul, it is obscene, and the Court will hold such as a matter of fact'82 (see Figure 7). Although small, captured from a distance, or not the main focus of the camera, the penis stood out as an exceptionally offensive image since it attracted homosexual desire.\n\nFigure 7 In contrast, photographs showing full frontal male nudity drew the objections of the court despite the subject's distance from the photographer. Page 9 of the February 1955 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nJudge Kirkland, the Reverend Ilsley Boone and the ACLU did reach a consensus regarding the decency of naked children's bodies. Kirkland ruled that 'photographed children of the front view which reveals the diminutive and underdeveloped genitalia' should not be considered obscene 'by virtue of their age of innocence'.83 He supported this decision by stating that 'such a view' represented the 'common acceptance of the American people'.84 Evaluating an image of a young naked girl sitting on a swing with her 'labia majora' clearly discernible, Judge Kirkland asserted that one would have to be 'prudish to hold that was an obscene picture'85 (see Figure 8). Judge Kirkland's permissive policy towards the display of children reflected an emerging effort by child psychologists to encourage a non-repressive attitude towards the child's body. Many post-war parenting guides relied on Freudian psychoanalysis to recommend a permissive response to childhood sexuality. In the 'Facts of Life' section of his bestselling The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1957), Dr Benjamin Spock addressed the topic of nudity in the home by recognising that the 'excessive modesty' of the Victorian period had given way to 'today's casual attitude that is a lot healthier'.86 The effort to avoid psychological maladjustment through a permissive attitude towards childhood sexuality influenced Judge Kirkland to allow the display of naked children.87\n\nFigure 8 Many judges did not object to photographs of children that displayed genitalia. Page 7 of the February 1955 issue of Sunshine and Health reprinted with the permission of Courtney Bischoff.\n\nAlthough Judge Kirkland did not object to the display of attractive women, non-white bodies or children's genitalia, he ultimately dismissed the ACLU's strategy to distance S&H from commercial sexual display when he ruled that the inclusion of full-frontal male and female nudity constituted the main criteria for judging obscenity. He did not oppose artistic, medical or scientific journals, books, magazines and literature that showed the 'human form merely in the nude and beyond that not revealing the pubic area or the male or female genitalia'. The fact that the nudists offered S&H 'freely for sale to the general public who are not members of the nudist organisation' while also exhibiting photographs 'clearly revealing genitals, breasts and other portions of the body normally covered in public' revealed the profit motive of the magazine and, according to Judge Kirkland, made it obscene and non-mailable.88\n\nRoth v. United States\n\nThe ACLU and Boone hoped to reverse the Kirkland decision when the US Supreme Court, after almost three decades of silence, took up the issue of obscenity in a case involving a notorious smut dealer named Samuel Roth. Since the Supreme Court ruled in Ulysses (1933) that literature dealing with sexual themes and that exhibited scholarly merit should not be considered obscene, courtrooms around the country struggled to reach a consensus on the issue of obscenity. Chief Justice Warren observed that judges determined obscenity based 'largely upon the effect that the materials have upon those who receive them', and as a result the 'line dividing the salacious or pornographic from literature or science is not straight and unwavering' and 'may have a different impact, varying according to the part of the community it reached'.89 The lack of a clear national obscenity standard compelled the justices of the US Supreme Court to hear Roth v. United States in 1957.\n\nDespite Roth's established pornography business, the ACLU followed the strategy it used to defend S&H and shied away from taking an absolutist position against Post Office censorship. The Post Office considered Samuel Roth 'one of the biggest dealers in obscenity in the nation',90 and in 1956 federal prosecutors arrested him for advertising and selling a publication called American Aphrodite which contained literary erotica and nude photography. The ACLU, as it had done in its defence of S&H, made arguments implying that certain forms of sexual expression warranted censorship. In its amicus brief, ACLU attorneys contended that the US Supreme Court should not uphold Roth's arrest since the prosecutors had not introduced any evidence that his publications 'will probably and immediately cause anti-social conduct'.91 This argument assumed that the introduction of evidence showing the danger of pornography justified postal censorship.\n\nIn a six to three decision, the US Supreme Court upheld Roth's conviction and instituted a legal test of obscenity that distinguished acceptable representations of sex from commercial sexual display. Writing for the majority, Justice William Brennan stated that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity. He ruled that the decency or indecency of materials should be determined according 'to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interests'. Stating that 'sex and obscenity are not synonymous', Justice Brennan echoed the moderate legal strategies used by the ACLU in Roth and in its defence of S&H. Limiting censorship to commercial representations of sex, Brennan explained that the 'portrayal of sex in art, literature and scientific works is not sufficient reason to deny material the constitutional protection of freedom of speech and press'.92 Other justices, however, thought any restrictions placed on the First Amendment, especially a test that relied on community standards, still defined obscenity too broadly. In his dissent, Justice William O. Douglas asserted that the First Amendment should 'allow protests even against the moral code that the standard of the day sets for the community'.93 The US Supreme Court upheld Roth's conviction because the materials he distributed through the mail appealed directly to so-called 'prurient interests' rather than to an academic or scholarly audience. In its Roth decision, the justices of the US Supreme Court intended to limit the types of materials considered obscene without granting full First Amendment protection.\n\nDespite the intentions of the justices, the federal courts used Roth to further restrict sexual expression. Boone and the ACLU argued that Judge Kirkland violated the First Amendment when he declared many of the pictures in S&H to be obscene and non-mailable. The DC Circuit Court of Appeals, however, asserted that the pictures 'speak for themselves' and found Kirkland's 'extensive, particularised descriptions of the offending and offensive material' to be 'amply sustained'. They ruled that S&H 'deals with \"sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest\" and hence is obscene, as Roth tells us'.94 The DC Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the Kirkland decision because it equated S&H with the types of materials that Samuel Roth sent through the mails. The decision by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed the fears of First Amendment advocates like Justice Douglas and the Reverend Ilsley Boone.\n\nFor the US Supreme Court, however, the variety of content and images in S&H did not constitute obscenity under the test it established in Roth. Filing a writ of certiorari with the US Supreme Court to review the recent decision issued by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals, the ACLU continued to argue that the display of naked men, women and children in S&H did not constitute commercial sexual display. Just as he had done in the Kirkland decision, Boone supplied the US Supreme Court with copies of the 1955 February issue of S&H and on 13 January 1958, in a unanimous decision, the US Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari and reversed the ruling of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals. Citing only Roth v. United States in its opinion, the justices ordered the lower court to take into account the therapeutic and recreational character of nudism when deciding on the decency of the pictures the movement displayed in its magazine.95 In his concurring opinion in Roth, Chief Justice Warren reasoned that 'it is not the book that is on trial; it is the person' and asserted that the 'conduct of the defendant is the central issue'.96 As a known publisher of pornography, the materials Samuel Roth sent through the mail constituted obscenity. S&H, on the other hand, displayed similar images while also promoting the therapeutic benefits of going naked. According to the justices, this placed the publication outside the test it established in Roth. The US Supreme Court's approval of S&H redefined the boundaries of acceptable sexual display.\n\n'Gray can be a very drab and dirty color'\n\nGovernment censors and political leaders took notice when the US Supreme Court ruled that the Post Office did not have the power to deny nudist magazines mailing privileges. In 1961, the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service held several hearings to re-evaluate the issue of 'Obscene Matter Sent Through the Mail'.97 In her opening statement, Representative Kathryn Granahan, a Democrat from Pennsylvania and chair of the committee, expressed concern about the new threat posed by 'gray area products' like nudist magazines.98 In her interpretation, the recent US Supreme Court decisions on obscenity benefited publications that 'pussyfoot around the edges but shrewdly stay just clear of subjecting themselves to prosecution'.99 Granahan considered magazines like S&H to be 'more poisonous in their appeal to young boys and girls' since they 'tend to overcome home and church and civic guidance'. She declared that 'Gray can be a very drab and dirty color'.100\n\nMany long-time nudist leaders joined Granahan in expressing concern about the movement's legal victories. Although the nudist movement took advantage of the recent US Supreme Court decision to display the naked body without the shame communicated by censorship, many leaders feared that the original ideals and principles of nudism would be lost to an unregulated market of magazines that linked nudity and nudism to the commercialisation of sex. In the years after the movement's legal victories, the understated sensuality that had long played a role in defining nudism exploded in the United States. New magazines, all claiming to represent nudist ideals and principles, flooded newsstands. Magazine publishers, some with only slim ties to the movement, used the familial character and health-oriented principles of nudism to include erotic images and content. Testifying before the committee, the Reverend Henry Huntington, the first president of the National Nudist Council, regretted that S&H's 'pictures, especially on the cover' promoted the 'suggestion of the girly-girly magazine'. Huntington declared that the pictures made him 'quite furious inside because really the movement is the essence of good health'.101 Other nudist leaders also continued to cling to the image of respectability that had helped the movement defeat the censorship of its magazines. In response to the renewed opposition of the Granahan Committee, for example, Ilsley Boone, his son Berton Boone and his daughter Margaret A. B. Pulis all testified to the respectable character of American nudism. Referring several times to Boone as 'Dad', Pulis answered questions about the images in S&H by invoking her status as a daughter, mother, grandmother and member of the PTA.102 The three long-time nudist leaders wanted to maintain the family-oriented image of the movement.\n\nIronically, the continuing effort to position S&H within the heteronormative boundaries of sexual liberalism precipitated the flagship nudist magazine's bankruptcy in 1963. The growing acceptance of the naked body at newsstands meant that the movement's continuing promotion of health, nature and family no longer seemed necessary or relevant to most readers. Committed to advancing the therapeutic ideals and familial orientation of nudism, the flagship nudist publication that began in 1933 and fought to defeat censorship laws across the country could no longer compete in a marketplace that offered even more explicit material uninterrupted by nudist principles and philosophy. The nudist movement's legal victories and the bankruptcy of its flagship publication signalled the fall of modern sexual liberalism and the explosion in eroticism that became a central feature of late twentieth-century American society.\n\nNotes\n\nI would like to thank Mark Leff, Elizabeth Pleck, Leslie J. Reagan, Elizabeth Watkins and the anonymous readers for their advice and comments on various drafts of this chapter, and the editors of Gender & History for their assistance. I am also especially grateful to Helen Fisher for giving me full access to the unique materials at the American Nudist Research Library (ANRL) in Kissimmee, Florida, and Courtney Bischoff for granting me permission to use Sunshine & Health.\n\n1. William O'Brien, 'Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department', National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland (hereafter NARA\u2013CP), RG 21, US District Court for DC, Civil Action #74\u201355, Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, Box 1578, tabbed, 16W3\/17\/32\/02, p. 93.\n\n2. 'Publisher's Desk \u2013 In Temporary Mourning', Sunshine and Health, May 1947, p. 1.\n\n3. Rochelle Gurstein, The Repeal of Reticence: A History of America's Cultural and Legal Struggles Over Free Speech, Obscenity, Sexual Liberation, and Modern Art (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996); Marjorie Heins, Not in Front of the Children: 'Indecency', Censorship and the Innocence of Youth (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001); Alison M. Parker, Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873\u20131933 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 222\u201374.\n\n4. Leigh Ann Wheeler, Against Obscenity: Reform and the Politics of Womanhood in America, 1873\u20131935 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004); Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002); Molly McGarry, 'Spectral Sexualities: Nineteenth Century Spiritualism, Moral Panics, and the Making of U.S. Obscenity Law', Journal of Women's History 12 (2000), pp. 8\u201329; Nicola Beisel, Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997); Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York: Grossman, 1976).\n\n5. Marc Stein, 'Boutilier and the U.S. Supreme Court's Sexual Revolution', Law and History Review 23 (2005), pp. 491\u2013536; Andrea Friedman, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909\u20131945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867\u20131973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890\u20131940 (New York: Basic, 1994); Whitney Strub, 'Black and White and Banned All Over: Race, Censorship and Obscenity in Post War Memphis', Journal of Social History 40 (2007), pp. 685\u2013715; Leigh Gilmore, 'Obscenity, Modernity, Identity: Legalizing The Well of Loneliness and Nightwood', Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1994), pp. 603\u201324.\n\n6. 'Principles and Standards', The Nudist, May 1933, p. 3.\n\n7. Miriam G Reumann, American Sexual Character: Sex, Gender, and National Identity in the Kinsey Reports (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 115; Mary L. Dudziak, 'Josephine Baker, Racial Protest, and the Cold War', Journal of American History 82 (1994), pp. 543\u201370; Regina Kunzel, 'White Neurosis, Black Pathology: Constructing Out-of-Wedlock Pregnancy in Wartime and Post War United States', in Joanne J. Meyerowitz (ed.), Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945\u20131960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), pp. 304\u201333.\n\n8. The American Civil Liberties Union formed in response to the Red Scare of 1919 in order to oppose anti-union government policies and to defend the civil liberties of political radicals. Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), pp. 11\u201345; Judy Kutulas, The American Civil Liberties Union and the Making of Modern Liberalism, 1930\u20131960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1\u201315.\n\n9. Joanne J. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s\u20131970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).\n\n10. George Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: H. Fertig, 1985), p. 50.\n\n11. John Williams, Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900\u20131940 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007); Josie McLellan, 'State Socialist Bodies: East German Nudism from Ban to Boom', Journal of Modern History 79 (2007), pp. 48\u201379; Chad Ross, Naked Germany: Health, Race and the Nation (Oxford: Berg, 2005); Karl Eric Toepfer, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910\u20131935 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Brandon Taylor and Wilfred van der Will (eds), The Nazification of Art: Art, Design, Music, Architecture and Film in the Third Reich (Winchester: Winchester School of Art Press, 1990).\n\n12. Maurice Parmelee, Nudism in Modern Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931); Frances and Mason Merrill, Among the Nudists (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931); Francis and Mason Merrill, Nudism Comes to America (New York: Garden City, 1932); Jan Gay, On Going Naked (New York: Garden City, 1932).\n\n13. Hugh C. Lester, Godiva Rides Again: A History of the Nudist Movement (New York: Vantage Press, 1968), p. 61.\n\n14. 'INC', The Nudist, May 1933, p. 2.\n\n15. Calvin W. Hassell, 'In the Matter of the Mailability of the May and July 1948 Issues of Sunshine and Health Under the Provisions of 18 US Code 334', American Civil Liberty Union Archives 1950\u20131990, History and Philosophy Library, University of Illinois Urbana\u2013Champaign, 7 (hereafter ACLU\/UIUC), Box 759, Folder 2, Sunshine and Health 1947\u201350, p. 7.\n\n16. 'Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Nudist Conference (Newly Named the American Sunbathing Association)', The Nudist, November 1936, p. 7.\n\n17. Ilsley Boone, 'On the Obscenity of Nudist Pictures', Sunshine and Health, October 1942, p. 28.\n\n18. Quoted in Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex, p. 358.\n\n19. Ilsley Boone, 'Defense Statement at U.S. Post Office Department Hearing', 28 July 1947, ACLU\/UIUC, Box 759, Folder 3, Sunshine and Health Cont., pp. 3\u20134.\n\n20. 'Photography Guide for S&H', Sunshine and Health, October 1944, p. 30.\n\n21. 'Photography Guide for S&H'.\n\n22. Herbert Webb, 'A Nudist Photographer Talks', Sunshine and Health, January 1942, p. 13.\n\n23. 'The Five Year Plan and the Annual Meeting', Sunshine and Health, August 1942, p. 22.\n\n24. 'The Five Year Plan Moves On', Sunshine and Health, March 1943, p. 6.\n\n25. Marilyn Hegarty, Victory Girls, Khaki-Wackies, and Patriotutes: The Regulation of Female Sexuality during World War II (New York: New York University Press, 2007), p. 85; Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 31\u20137; Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1980); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900\u20131918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).\n\n26. 'Editorial Comment', Sunshine and Health, September 1944, p. 9.\n\n27. 'Publisher's Desk', Sunshine and Health, January 1947, p. 1.\n\n28. Sunshine and Health, March 1947, cover.\n\n29. 'Letters From Men far Afield', Sunshine and Health, May 1944, p. 3; 'Letters From Men far Afield', Sunshine and Health, June 1944, p. 3.\n\n30. Despina Kakoudake, 'Pinup: The American Secret Weapon in World War II', in Linda Williams (ed.), Porn Studies (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), pp. 335\u201369.\n\n31. John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940\u20131970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Leisa Meyer, Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).\n\n32. Allen Ellenzweig, The Homoerotic Photograph: Male Images from Durieu\/Delacroix to Mapplethorpe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992); Tracey Morgan, 'Pages of Whiteness: Race, Physique Magazines and the Emergence of Public Gay Culture', in Brett Beemyn and Mickey Eliason (eds), Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bissexual and Transgender Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 1996), pp. 280\u201397.\n\n33. 'A Nude Night in Normandy', Sunshine and Health, March 1945, p. 6.\n\n34. 'A Nude Night in Normandy'.\n\n35. Meeker, Contacts Desired, p. 26.\n\n36. Whitney Strub, 'The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles', American Quarterly 60 (2008), pp. 386\u20139.\n\n37. James Elias, Veronica Diehl Elias, Vern L. Bullough, Gwen Brewer, Jeffrey J. Douglas and Will Jarvis (eds), Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1999), p. 501.\n\n38. 'Girls' Charges Jail President of Nudist Club', Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 July 1943, p. A10; 'Nudists Facing Rough and Chill Reception', Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 July 1943, p. 15.\n\n39. Letter from Fred Burnett to Norval Packwood, 5 January 1957, American Nudist Research Library, Kissimmee, Florida.\n\n40. Alois Knapp, 'President's Message', Sunshine and Health, June 1943, p. 25.\n\n41. Knapp, 'President's Message', p. 25.\n\n42. E. J. Samuel, 'On Negro Nudism', Sunshine and Health, August 1945, p. 21.\n\n43. Herbert Nipson, 'Nudism and Negroes', Ebony, March 1951, pp. 93\u2013111.\n\n44. Jeff Wiltse, Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 121\u201380; Strub, 'Black and White and Banned All Over'; Eileen Boris, '\"You Wouldn't Want One of 'Em Dancing with Your Wife\": Racialized Bodies on the Job in World War II', American Quarterly 50 (1998), pp. 77\u2013108.\n\n45. 'Is There a Color Line in Nudism', Sunshine and Health, June 1943, p. 9; 'Readers' Forum, For Racial Segregation', Sunshine and Health, January 1946, p. 3; Steve Brenton, 'A Plan for Colored Nudists', Sunshine and Health, June 1945, p. 7.\n\n46. 'Is There a Color Line in Nudism'.\n\n47. 'Is There a Color Line in Nudism'.\n\n48. Margaret A. B. Pulis, 'President's Message', Sunshine and Health, December 1948, p. 25.\n\n49. Margaret A. B. Pulis, 'Eat Healthy and Like It', Sunshine and Health, April 1948, p. 21.\n\n50. 'Marge's Mail Mart', Sunshine and Health, September 1956, p. 22.\n\n51. 'A Nudist Photographer Talks'.\n\n52. 'On the Obscenity of Nudist Pictures'.\n\n53. 'Photography Guide for S&H'.\n\n54. I arrived at this number by systematically counting the images in Sunshine and Health from 1933 to 1963.\n\n55. Roger Baldwin, 'Affidavit: In the Matter of Sunshine and Health, May 1948 Issue', June 1948, ACLU\/UIUC, Box 759, Folder 3, Sunshine and Health Cont., Annex A.\n\n56. Baldwin, 'Affidavit'.\n\n57. 'Letter to Mr Elmer Rice from Roger Baldwin', 7 January 1948, ACLU\/UIUC, Box 759, Folder 2, Sunshine and Health, 1947\u201350.\n\n58. Baldwin, 'Affidavit'.\n\n59. 'Letter to Roger Baldwin from Ilsley Boone', 14 October 1947, ACLU\/UIUC, Box 759, Folder 2, Sunshine and Health, 1947\u201350.\n\n60. 'Letter to Roger Baldwin from Elmer Rice', 2 January 1948, ACLU\/UIUC, Box 759, Folder 2, Sunshine and Health, 1947\u201350.\n\n61. 'Letter to Roger Baldwin from Elmer Rice'.\n\n62. Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 172\u20138.\n\n63. Sunshine and Health, February 1955, p. 14.\n\n64. 'Nude Bodies Pose Problem', New York Amsterdam News, 28 June 1947, p. 1.\n\n65. Quoted in Andrea Friedman, 'Sadists and Sissies: Anti-Pornography Campaigns in Cold War America', Gender & History 15 (2003), p. 216.\n\n66. Summerfield v. Sunshine Book Company, No. 12,026, DC Cir., 221 F. 2d 42 (1954), p. 4.\n\n67. Summerfield v. Sunshine Book Company, p. 5.\n\n68. Summerfield v. Sunshine Book Company, p. 44.\n\n69. Summerfield v. Sunshine Book Company, p. 48.\n\n70. Luther Huston, 'Post Office Power as Censor Curbed', New York Times, 17 December 1954, p. 22.\n\n71. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 128 F. Supp. 564 (1955).\n\n72. Peter Stearns, Fat History: Bodies and Beauty in the Modern West (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 71\u201388.\n\n73. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 570.\n\n74. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls (New York: Vintage, 1997), pp. 108\u20139; Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Breast (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), pp. 191\u2013202.\n\n75. John Rogge, 'Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department', NARA\u2013CP, RG 21, US District Court for DC, Civil Action #74\u201355, Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, Box 1578, tabbed, 16W3\/17\/32\/02, pp. 58\u201359.\n\n76. O'Brien, 'Official Transcript of Proceedings before the Post Office Department', pp. 46\u20137.\n\n77. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 'Proceedings', NARA\u2013CP, RG 21, US District Court for DC, Civil Action #74\u201355, Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, Box 1578, tabbed, 16W3\/17\/32\/02, pp. 29\u201330.\n\n78. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 573.\n\n79. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 571.\n\n80. Maria Wyke, 'Herculean Muscle! The Classicizing Rhetoric of Body-Building', Arion 4 (1997), pp. 59\u201360.\n\n81. Thomas Waugh, Hard To Imagine: Gay Male Eroticism in Photography and Film from their Beginnings to Stonewall (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 9.\n\n82. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 571.\n\n83. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 570.\n\n84. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 570.\n\n85. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 571.\n\n86. Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1957), p. 379.\n\n87. Henry Jenkins, 'The Sensuous Child: Benjamin Spock and the Sexual Revolution', in Henry Jenkins, The Children's Culture Reader (New York: New York University Press, 1998), pp. 209\u201330.\n\n88. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield (1955), p. 573.\n\n89. 'Supreme Court of the United States, No 582 and 61 Mr. Chief Justice Warren, concurring in the Result', Earl Warren Papers, Library of Congress, Washington DC, Box 437, Folder 1, p. 2.\n\n90. 'Dealer in Obscenity Gets a 5-Year Term', New York Times, 8 February 1956, p. 26.\n\n91. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, p. 234.\n\n92. Roth v. United States, 354 US 476 (1957).\n\n93. 'Supreme Court of the United States, Nos 582 and 61, Mr. William O. Douglas, dissenting in the Result', William O Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington DC, Box 1183, Folder 4, p. 6.\n\n94. Sunshine Book Company v. Summerfield, 101 US App DC 358 (1957).\n\n95. On the same basis, the Supreme Court also ruled in favour of nudist magazines in Mounce v. United States, 355 US 180 (1957), a companion case that involved the seizure of imported magazines.\n\n96. 'Mr Chief Justice Warren, concurring in the Result', p. 2.\n\n97. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Obscene Matter Sent Through the Mail: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Postal Operations, 87th Congress, 1st Sess., 1961.\n\n98. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, p. 2.\n\n99. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, p. 2.\n\n100. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, p. 2.\n\n101. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, p. 106.\n\n102. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, pp. 311\u201313.\nChapter 10\n\nCold War Conflicts and Cheap Cabaret: Sexual Politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women's Year Conference\n\nJocelyn Olcott\n\nDomitila Barrios de Chungara, a Bolivian tin miner's wife and leader of the Housewives' Committee of the Siglo XX miners' union, recalled her enthusiastic anticipation of the non-governmental organisation (NGO) tribune of the United Nations' 1975 International Women's Year (IWY) conference in Mexico City. Having missed the tribune's first few days, she and an Ecuadorian compa\u00f1era crowded into a packed conference hall, anxious to make up for lost time. She hoped to 'hear things that would make me get ahead in life, in the struggle, in my work'.1 She harboured a sense of her responsibility to represent the voz popular of Bolivian workers and expected to confer with 'people like me... people with similar problems, you know, poor people'.2 Instead, however, she experienced a profound sense of alienation at the IWY tribune, an alienation that she linked most explicitly to participants' discussions of sexuality \u2013 in particular of lesbian sexuality, prostitutes' rights and reproductive control. Such responses generate discomfort among feminists and progressive historians, who often ascribe an organic radical egalitarianism to subaltern actors such as Barrios de Chungara and have minimised or elided this aspect of her testimony.3\n\nIn her co-authored memoir, Barrios de Chungara recalls that just as she and her new Ecuadorian friend squeezed into the crowded room, 'at that moment a gringa went over to the microphone with her blond hair and with some things around her neck and with her hands in her pockets, and she said to the assembly: \"I've asked for the microphone so that I can tell you about my experience. Men should give us prostitutes a thousand and one medals because we, the prostitutes, have the courage to go to bed with many men\"'.4 They fled the room amid applause and shouts. 'Well', she recalled:\n\nmy friend and I left because there were hundreds of prostitutes in there talking about their problems. And we went into another room. There were the lesbians. And there, also, their discussion was about how 'they feel happy and proud to love another woman... that they should fight for their rights'. Like that. Those weren't my interests. And for me it was incomprehensible that so much money should be spent to discuss those things in the Tribunal.\n\nHaving come prepared to represent the political and economic challenges she witnessed in Bolivia, these concerns seemed superfluous. 'I felt a bit lost', she explained to her interviewer.\n\nWe need to read Barrios de Chungara's account, however, not as a transparent recounting of events but rather as a quintessential example of testimonio \u2013 the witness-bearing representations that gained traction amid Latin American counterinsurgency campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s and that by the 1990s precipitated anxious debates about subaltern truth-telling.5 Comparison of her description with the documentary record of these events at the tribune, elaborated below, reveals that she has jumbled events here and carefully marked sexual rights as a western issue, stressing the prostitute's blond hair.6 Barrios de Chungara's testimonio offers a representation of her own political performance at the IWY tribune, but she was hardly alone in misreading the politics of sexuality. As the conference neared its conclusion, for example, the Ecuadorian activist Marisa de los Andes \u2013 quite possibly the same Ecuadorian who accompanied Barrios de Chungara for her disorienting arrival at the tribune \u2013 confronted the US liberal feminist Betty Friedan, decrying that Friedan 'only cared about prostitution and lesbianism', failing to address the issues of imperialism, exploitation, transnational corporations and US policies towards Chile and Cuba.7 This would be the same Betty Friedan who notoriously dubbed lesbians a 'lavender menace' and completely disavowed prostitutes' rights, who at the IWY tribune had been far more vocal in her criticism of transnational corporations than in her support for lesbian liberation.8 Surely something had been lost in translation.\n\nThis antagonism persists in contemporary political activism. 'In development circles', the anthropologist Ara Wilson notes, 'the issue of sexuality often gets pitted against economic issues, in a pie model of struggle that presents gains for sexual rights as losses for more substantial economic concerns. After Beijing, for example, US NGO workers told me that the advance of lesbian and sexual rights at the UN conference came at the expense of economic justice'.9 Although Wilson concentrates her attentions on the post-Cold War period, her call for a historicist approach certainly pertains to the 1975 conference. Indeed, the far more extensive scholarship about post-Cold War international conferences and NGOs offers ready comparisons to demonstrate the historical contingency of these debates as well as the continuities across the chronological rubicon of the falling Berlin Wall. While terms such as globalisation and imperialism conveyed quite different meanings in 1975, the objections at the IWY tribune presaged an enduring divide. 'What seems to be informing their critiques', Wilson observes, 'is the sense that sexual rights are part of the very problem they are battling: that is, globalization, Westernization, or imperialism... What is clear is that sexual rights are associated with the forces of global capitalism'.10\n\nThat the Marxist left offered some of the most virulent attacks has become a point of chagrin as rights around sexual identity have become a staple of progressive politics. At the IWY, many Marxists \u2013 including Barrios de Chungara \u2013 conflated lesbians and prostitutes and allowed issues of sexuality, sexual agency and reproductive freedom to signify the self-indulgence and dissolution of western feminism, depicting a zero-sum game in which gains for sexual rights detracted from other agendas.11 The intransigence of this zero-sum model creates an urgency to understand why it emerged and how it is reproduced.\n\nThe performance theorist Diana Taylor would describe Barrios de Chungara's testimonio as the archival version of the more ephemeral and embodied events that she dubs 'repertoire', which transmits knowledge through the performance of meanings and identities.12 The significance of performances such as those at the IWY tribune hinges upon their attendant scenarios, the 'meaning-making paradigms that structure social environments, behaviours and potential outcomes'.13 Building on the more familiar historical concept of context, the scenario \u2013 the costumes and sets and locales that surround the acting \u2013 informs expectations by gesturing to well-known plots and story lines. 'The scenario makes visible, yet again, what is already there: the ghosts, the images, the stereotypes', Taylor explains. 'The scenario structures our understanding. It also haunts our present, a form of hauntology that resuscitates and reactivates old dramas. We've seen it all before. The framework allows for occlusions; by positioning our perspective, it promotes certain world views while helping to disappear others'.14 While performances naturalise identities and actions, their meanings changed or became unintelligible within a scenario such as the NGO tribune that had its own scripts and assumptions and that included performances imported from still other scenarios. Deracinated from the scenarios that generated them, inserted into a newly fabricated scenario and communicating with multiple audiences at once, the performances at the IWY tribune produced a confusion of meanings. As Barrios de Chungara noted, 'We spoke very different languages, no?'15 William Sewell reminds us, however, that it is precisely amid this Geertzian 'confusion of tongues' that 'social encounters contest cultural meanings or render them uncertain'.16\n\nThe IWY events offered an unusual opportunity for performances \u2013 both ontological and representational \u2013 not only of political identities but also of womanhood itself.17 This chapter, which draws on research from a book on the IWY conference, explores how participants' postures regarding sexuality signified politically as struggles over sexual rights and recognition became proxy wars in larger battles over incipient neoliberalism and its attendant emphasis on individualism and commodification. Critics of sexual rights frequently linked \u2013 as Barrios de Chungara did \u2013 issues of lesbianism, prostitution and birth control. Perhaps because of its novelty in public discussions, lesbianism drew the most notice and will receive the most attention here. Examining three prominent performances at the NGO tribune \u2013 those of Friedan, Barrios de Chungara and the Mexican lesbian activist Nancy C\u00e1rdenas \u2013 reveals the stakes of these performances and how their historically contingent readings and misreadings fuelled tensions over sexuality and sexual rights.\n\nThe IWY scenario and anti-imperialist hauntology\n\nIn mid-June 1975, thousands of people converged on Mexico City as the IWY conference opened with considerable fanfare, drawing some 1,200 delegates to the intergovernmental conference and an estimated 6,000 more to the NGO tribune. While observers may disagree about whether the IWY conference ended up as the 'greatest consciousness-raising event in history' \u2013 as its organisers billed it \u2013 most concur that it marked a watershed moment in transnational feminism.18 Although hardly the first instance of international women's organising, it witnessed a significant expansion, achieving a more global reach in terms both of regions represented and of social sectors involved.19 As the first major international women's organising effort since the near-universal granting of women's political rights, the IWY events not only drew a motley bunch but also included many women who had received political educations either formally or through their labour unions and community organisations. They arrived in Mexico City ready to do battle over a broad range of issues that informed women's lives, expanding the agenda considerably from customary emphases on pacifism, child welfare and labour reform. The organisers had structured the conference around the themes of equality, development and peace \u2013 with the expectation that these themes loosely represented the concerns of the industrialised nations, the growing Third Worldist movement and the Soviet Bloc \u2013 but peace seemed to drop out of most planning discussions, leaving the focus on balancing equality and development.\n\nOnce underway, the events quickly became stages for political performances directed not only at an international audience but also at audiences in participants' home countries and communities, resulting in a cacophony of mingling performances rooted in different contexts and intended not only for fellow tribune participants but, perhaps more importantly, for an array of allies and rivals not present. Performances ranged from the sartorial \u2013 with some attendees wearing national or ethnic attire and others donning European-style suits \u2013 to the ideological \u2013 pitting Soviet Bloc countries against NATO supporters, anti-colonial revolutionaries against pro-investment liberals and Zionists against Palestinian nationalists. Bodies served as sites to express politics, nationalism, ideology and ethnic identity, and observers offered constant commentary on women as embodied political subjects, including not only remarks upon women's dress, adornment and hair styles but also discussions about the comparative beauty of first ladies Leah Rabin and Jihan al Sadat or US feminists Gloria Steinem and Kate Millett.\n\nThe intergovernmental conference offered an unprecedented opportunity to put women at the centre of international policymaking, while the less decorous and more free-wheeling NGO forum became what the New York Times described as 'the scene of much shouting, scheming, plotting and general hell-raising'.20 The events featured an international all-star cast of prominent intellectuals, activists and political leaders, and every major metropolitan newspaper ran regular articles about the conference and its attendant parties, press conferences and diplomatic manoeuvres. This extensive media coverage generated both excitement and apprehension among participants, who expressed particular concern about how the 'mass communications media' represented the IWY events and women in general. Mexican organisers touted the conference press office to increase visibility and facilitate reporting, and tribune organisers put particular energy into producing a daily newspaper, Xilonen, to inform participants and shape the historical record.21 As participants debated topics ranging from abortion to Zionism, media coverage extended the reach of these performances, heightening anxieties around the still-taboo subject of women's sexuality.\n\nPerhaps unsurprisingly, the more staid intergovernmental conference barely touched on issues of sexuality, deliberating only the issue of prostitution and its coercion. When the Thai delegate proposed legalising voluntary prostitution, the Cuban delegation immediately responded with a call for the complete eradication of the sex trade.22 French Minister for Women Fran\u00e7oise Giroud glibly told reporters that prostitution was 'not a problem of women at all, but of men' and that she would 'gladly help any women who didn't like the life, but some seemed to enjoy it' and it might be 'looked on as an advantage that women had this power to make money'. Marie-Pierre Herzog, the director of UNESCO's Human Rights Coordination Unit, called for investigations into cases where women and girls were imprisoned and tortured in brothels. 'We are not speaking here of so-called free prostitution', she assured the New York Times.23\n\nQuestions of sexuality arose more frequently at the NGO tribune. As only the third UN conference with a parallel NGO tribune, the IWY conference witnessed a turning point in NGOs' role in international activism, organising and governance, creating opportunities for historically marginalised groups, including those agitating for sexual rights, to gain access to financial and logistical assistance but also privatising \u2013 and to some extent commodifying \u2013 democratic processes.24 The more established NGOs such as International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) enjoyed official consultative status with the UN and disdained the upstart organisations that overwhelmed the tribune, but these smaller, more nimble organisations had strategic advantages and greater popular support. 'The conference served to open the UN to many more NGOs', recalls one UN activist. 'While earlier it was the bigger, more established NGOs that attended the international conferences, at Mexico City, many smaller, South-based non-traditional NGOs found a meaningful space for themselves that went beyond tokenism'.25 The consultative NGOs, with a highly developed sense of UN protocol, had defined the tribune's formal agenda, centring it on themes such as education and training opportunities, nutrition and health care, and promoting artisanal production. It was the smaller non-consultative NGOs \u2013 with a more radical, participatory sense of democratic process and an impulse to shake up 'the establishment' \u2013 that pushed issues of sexuality through informal gatherings and participant-initiated sessions.\n\nBarrios de Chungara's lament apparently refers to two events that followed a standing-room-only session on 'attitude formation and socialization processes' that occurred the morning of her arrival, where 'participants crowded to the microphones' to express their views about everything from impotence to lesbianism. The Bangladeshi panellist Rounaq Jahan lamented that women remained too 'submissive in bed', while Laurie Bebbington of the Australian Student Union insisted, 'amid whistles and jeering', that liberation was not only economic but also sexual and inverted the notion of lesbianism as deviance, arguing instead that obligatory heterosexuality perverted the process of socialisation and that homophobia resulted from cultural imperialism.26\n\nThe following day, Mexican theatre director Nancy C\u00e1rdenas acceded to the exhortations of some 'visiting lesbians' to lead an open, participant-initiated forum on lesbianism, which filled the auditorium and initially barred reporters and photographers. C\u00e1rdenas recalled her dismay at hearing about her comrades' behaviour during the previous day's sexuality forum. 'They told me that the Communists, my own compa\u00f1eras from earlier in the party, abandoned the conference hall when an Australian girl said \"I'm a lesbian feminist\"', she recalled later in an interview. 'They said, \"Throw out the sickos, we're out of here\" and abandoned the hall. That seemed to me to give an incomplete image of Mexico, because I was also a leftist militant, was a lesbian, and I had another position and raised my finger'.27 The forum featured Mexico's first lesbian manifesto, naming sexual recognition as a critical form of social liberation, tantamount to struggles against imperialism, apartheid and racism.28\n\nBebbington and others participated in the forum, but C\u00e1rdenas drew reporters' attention as the most recognisable participant. According to security reports, neighbourhood women picketed her presentation with signs reading 'Out with that Antisocial and Disoriented C\u00e1rdenas', 'Out with the Lesbians and Homosexuals' and, most alarmingly, 'Death to Nancy C\u00e1rdenas'.29 (Reading even these performances poses difficulties; a US-based feminist newsletter reported that C\u00e1rdenas introduced herself to the picketer calling for her demise, and the protester explained that the chief of the Cuauht\u00e9moc delegation police department had paid her to demonstrate.)30 C\u00e1rdenas remembered reporters descending upon her as she left the room. 'Suddenly, I had forty or fifty reporters around me', she recalled, 'like Sophia Loren in Via Appia! I couldn't think. The assault was aggressive: are you a lesbian? Who else is? Why did you agree to come? What does this mean? It was one question after another. I couldn't even answer. The only thing I managed to tell them was: so long as the laws of my country do not offer guarantees for homosexuals, neither I nor anyone can answer your questions'.31\n\nAs C\u00e1rdenas fended off reporters and protesters, Margo St James and Flo Kennedy, the high-profile leaders of the San Francisco-based prostitutes' rights group COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics) similarly provoked both fascination and denunciations. In an interview, St James explained, 'sex is a biological necessity, as much in men as in women, [but] a hypocritical society has hidden this. We perform an essential service, and we ask that we be recognized, since it is as natural as eating, sleeping and defecating'.32 Indicating that they did not want the government to serve as their pimp (pachuco), they demanded social security, retirement benefits and taxes for themselves and their clients. 'We are supported by the feminist solidarity of all the groups that struggle for women's emancipation', insisted Kennedy. 'We are all one woman, and we do not cease being women because we are prostitutes'. When security guards instructed St James and Kennedy to leave the conference hall and cease distributing their pamphlet, the COYOTE leaders \u2013 quite possibly with an ironic wink at public expectations \u2013 responded that they would return the following day, this time with the lesbians who had spoken up earlier in the day.33\n\nJust as the C\u00e1rdenas and COYOTE episodes challenge the assumption that sexual rights stood apart from solidarity movements, the climate of the mid-1970s also belies the presumed opposition between sexual freedom and human rights. Much like political dissidents, gay men (and to a lesser extent lesbians) faced violence and police repression in Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro as well as New York City and San Francisco. Advocates of sexual rights frequently also participated in struggles against racism, imperialism and human-rights abuses.34 A year earlier, COYOTE had boycotted a Chilean ship docking in San Francisco, indicating that it had been used by the Pinochet regime the year before as a 'floating prison'.35 NOW roundly condemned the 'sexual torture' of Chilean women political prisoners, and the US feminist press included particularly lurid accounts of women political prisoners being raped and tortured, occasionally even sending activists to report from Santiago.36 Meanwhile, a Mexican magazine article about the widely syndicated Argentine cartoon Mafalda described how the title character openly mocked women who expressed horror at the growth of mariconer\u00eda (faggotry).37\n\nFurthermore, notwithstanding de los Andes's and Barrio de Chungara's objections, questions of women's sexuality received relatively little attention at the IWY events. As one Mexican activist recalled, after the lesbianism forum, 'the Tribune and the conference did not talk further about lesbianism or take any actions to support the issue which most still viewed as outrageous'.38 The tribune programme included only one formal session and three informal participant-initiated sessions on sexuality.39 The exhibition hall, which displayed materials from dozens of participating organisations, reportedly included no materials depicting women's sexuality. What is surprising in de los Andes's and Barrios de Chungara's descriptions, then, is the centrality they give to issues of sexuality in a setting where these issues barely arose and were quickly swept aside.\n\nBefore the opening session, journalists anticipated conflicts between 'Third World women', who tended to focus on structural problems of economic inequality, and 'western feminists', who concentrated their energies on sex-specific issues such as reproductive freedom, wage equity and women's educational and professional opportunities. The New York Times noted, 'Observers agree that the major goal set out by the organizers \u2013 improving the status of women \u2013 is not going to be an easy one in light of the political arguments that are expected to erupt between delegates of the industrialized countries and the third world'.40 More pointedly, Pacifica Radio titled its interview with Friedan, 'Betty Friedan versus the Third World'.41 In Mexico City, Friedan emerged in media representations as a metonym for Cold War liberalism, personifying expectations of the 'reactivated drama' of a Third World\u2013First World showdown.\n\nBetty Friedan and the cultivation of unity\n\nWell before the IWY events were under way, Friedan found herself fighting a battle on many fronts. The threat of anti-feminist backlash loomed, and even NOW \u2013 to say nothing of the more radical feminist organisations \u2013 had taken the feminist movement in directions she disparaged, particularly around questions of sexuality.42 Campaigns for lesbian recognition and prostitutes' rights as well as regular seminars on sexuality and sexual fulfilment had reinvigorated the flagging feminist movement. The New York City NOW chapter, with which Friedan maintained ties, reported throughout 1974 and 1975 that events on sexuality drew larger attendance \u2013 generating more revenue and new members \u2013 than any other NOW activity.43 NYC\u2013NOW's ad hoc committee on sexuality aimed to 'encourage every woman to define, explore and enjoy her own sexuality' to 'end discrimination based on sexual preference'.44 To activists animated by labour, civil-rights and decolonisation movements \u2013 who imagined a collective or even global scale of transformation and a constant struggle against the liberal impulse to individualise both problems and solutions \u2013 such campaigns seemed like only so much vulva-gazing. To Friedan, this development extended the intrusion of 'sex\/class warfare' \u2013 demands for recognition by lesbians, sex workers and women of colour \u2013 that distracted feminists with issues better left to civil-rights and civil-liberties organisations.45\n\nHaving spearheaded a campaign to gain UN consultative status for NOW, Friedan saw the IWY tribune as an opportunity for NOW to play an expanded role and for Friedan to regain her footing on the more comfortable terrain of demands for equality in education and employment.46 Friedan clearly perceived herself as a conference puppeteer. Describing herself to New York Times Magazine editor Gerald Walker as the 'symbol' of the women's movement, she predicted that activists and officials alike would look to her for leadership. 'I am obviously going to be in the thick of it', she explained, 'out front in the non-governmental Tribune and privy to the behind-the-scene maneuvering of the official conference, where the new women-politics cuts across the usual lines'.47 Friedan, then, gauged her performance to establish her role as a broker and a model for feminists around the world steering women's activism back towards what she perceived as core women's issues.\n\nFriedan's dominant role, however, raised the ire of many participants who saw the NGOs' growing role not as democratisation but rather as the consolidation of a power bloc against incursions by the hoi polloi. 'I think we are going to see the fruition of their efforts to pre-empt, co-opt, obfuscate and distort the feminist vision at that Mexico City UN Conference in July', Los Angeles-based feminist Carol Downer wrote to Robin Morgan.\n\nI expect to see Friedan, the World YWCA, the Population Crisis Committee (a similar organization to [Gloria] Steinem's) running the show. Planned Parenthood has footed most of the bill, of course. We will find ourselves in the interesting position of being on the outside of the outside (the Tribune is the parallel non-governmental conference). Of the several thousand American women who are attending, I doubt that most of them will perceive the contradictions... We will be staying with a small, beleaguered band of feminists in Mexico City who are disgusted with the whole thing.48\n\nEvoking Friedan as a caricature \u2013 and lumping her in with her rivals \u2013 allowed Downer to insert herself into the drama alongside the 'beleaguered band of feminists' who apparently shared a particularly developed political consciousness.\n\nLatin American participants and reporters cultivated a somewhat different caricature once the tribune was under way, accusing her of fomenting a counterproductive battle between the sexes. Diplomats and the professionalised activists of the consultative NGOs had referenced concerns that Friedan was seen as a 'radical'.49 Notably, the tribune newspaper Xilonen labelled NOW as a radical organisation in the Spanish \u2013 but not the English \u2013 version of an article describing the tribune.50 When the Mexican Attorney General, Pedro Ojeda Paullada, was elected to preside over the intergovernmental conference, Friedan dismissed the choice as 'outrageous' and chalked it up to holding the conference in the 'land of machismo'.51 The Mexican press \u2013 referring to Friedan with a dizzying array of Semitic names and dubbing her Betty 'La Terrible' \u2013 responded with a spate of interviews with Latin American women, who insisted that the dispositive factor was not sex but rather effective advocacy for women's rights. Mexico City politician Marta Andrade del Rosal dismissed Friedan's 'rabid feminism', and the federal deputy Aurora Navia Mill\u00e1n pointed out that Ojeda Paullada (unlike his US counterpart) had ushered through a constitutional amendment putting Mexican women 'at the vanguard in terms of jurisprudence'.52 The Venezuelan delegate Martha Regalado averred, 'I think that Friedman [sic] errs in saying that it is an insult that a man presides over the meeting, since that is how they discriminate against our problems'.53\n\nHalfway through the conference, Friedan endeavoured to represent the tribune, assuming the role of global feminist leader and leveraging her notoriety to meet with UN leaders. The Argentine Edith Reinaldo protested, 'Mrs. Friedan does not represent the Tribune. [She] arrived here with an aura of fame from her book, The Feminine Mystique, which she has exploited'. Barrios de Chungara objected that 'only the bourgeoisie' enjoyed the right of representation at the UN and that Friedan made 'mostly feminist points, and we [the Latin American caucus] didn't agree with them because they didn't touch on some problems that are basic for Latin American women'.54\n\nFriedan and other NOW leaders had steeled themselves for such criticism, perceiving it within the scenario of anti-patriarchal struggle. 'Already, it is clear', she wrote to Walker:\n\nthat the Communist, Arabs and the Vatican are joining in a line that 'women's liberation', 'equality' and the like are Western imperialist inventions, irrelevant to the interests of the majority of women of the world, especially the Third World women who 'need to have 12 children', as the line goes, 'are happily integrated into feudal economies, extended families, and tribal cultures whose ingrained values of male supremacy must be respected, etc'. The proponents of this line want to turn the whole International Women's Year into a promotion of a 'new economic order', or 'down with western imperialism'. They do not want any discussion of women's concrete situation at all, especially in their own countries in fact, from tales around the UN, the last months, one sometimes gets the idea that the main 'enemy' from which they want to protect their women is the likes of me: the feminists.\n\nKaren DeCrow, the president of NOW's National Board, had similarly warned in preparation for IWY that there would be 'not too many feminists' there. 'It is essential that the feminists of the world get together to discuss (not foreign affairs) but ways in which we can cooperate to assure legal rights for women, the right to choose abortion, child care, equal opportunities in education and training, getting feminists into politics and government, and so forth'.55 To DeCrow and Friedan, any agenda outside what they considered proper 'women's issues' threatened to 'politicise' the tribune and distract it from its true objectives. Elaine Livingstone reassured Friedan and other NOW leaders that the UN's draft World Plan of Action 'contains many of our objectives: equality of economic and educational opportunities, equal sharing between men and women of household and child rearing duties, day care centres, etc'.56\n\nFriedan's anxiety could only have mounted as anti-imperialist politics at the IWY threatened to eclipse these issues. Waves of decolonisation had made the normative liberal subject a minority at the UN, calling into question the most fundamental practices and protocols that formerly distinguished politics from citizenship. Mexican President Luis Echeverr\u00eda openly aspired to succeed Kurt Waldheim as UN secretary-general and touted his leadership advocating the New International Economic Order (NIEO), calling for national sovereignty over natural resources.57 At a Caracas planning meeting, Mexican diplomats campaigned to make the IWY conference into a forum for NIEO reforms, provoking objections from the US State Department.58 As the IWY events progressed and debates over the NIEO and Zionism indeed overshadowed issues of women's literacy and public health, Friedan grew increasingly frustrated. She told reporters that only the tribune addressed women's concerns and that the intergovernmental conference 'made political football out of women's problems'.59 Dissatisfied with what she saw as the chaotic tumble of the NGO tribune and concerned that the CIA fomented division, Friedan launched her own lunchtime caucus, 'to get something out of this conference we can present each other and our governments with. Let's forget the dirty linen of each government delegation, and get on with what concerns us'.60 Who counted among 'us', however, remained unclear. 'Despite every effort to keep the women divided', she later recounted, 'including violent disruptions played up by the media \u2013 we women united in Mexico City \u2013 women from the Third World, Latin-Americans, Africans in turbans, Indians in saris, antifascists from Greece, feminists from Japan, Australia, Mexico and women who didn't want to be called feminists from Nigeria and Ecuador, as well as Americans, black, brown and white \u2013 to insist that women's equality couldn't wait on a \"New Economic Order\"'.61\n\nIf for Friedan the tribune scenario reactivated dramas of CIA conspiracy and sexual liberation that she had hoped to leave behind in New York, Friedan herself \u2013 or the caricature of Friedan \u2013 also played an important role in the hauntologies of other participants. Whether for feminists like Downer or labour militants like Barrios de Chungara, the conjured image of Friedan allowed them to position themselves relationally as the beleaguered feminist disdaining the establishment or as the committed labour militant dismissing feminism as a bourgeois distraction from class struggle.\n\nNancy C\u00e1rdenas and cheap cabaret\n\nIf Friedan fought against sexual liberationists and anti-imperialists on her left to insist on feminist unity, Nancy C\u00e1rdenas's political performance required her to balance carefully between exploiting the support and solidarity of 'visiting lesbians' and insisting that Mexican lesbians were not simply dupes of cultural imperialism.62 US activist Charlotte Bunch, who did not attend the tribune for fear of 'dominating it as gringas', recalled, 'I followed the reports from Mexico feeling proud that the word lesbian had made it onto the floor and sad that it was dismissed by many as outrageous and western'.63 The Mexican feminist movement, as Marta Lamas describes it, remained a small, middle-class movement of women with high levels of education and politics that trended to the left.64 Most distanced themselves from the IWY events, viewing them as government-orchestrated publicity stunts without much to offer a movement rooted in the dissident student movements of 1968 and deeply suspicious of all things official. Despite scepticism, the IWY events arguably offered a useful moment of feminist consolidation and created an opening for frank discussions of women's sexuality. Albeit cynically, Echeverr\u00eda had used the occasion to pass an equal-rights amendment to the constitution and provided substantially more resources than, for example, the United States, to support IWY programs and commissions; more than 2,000 Mexican women registered to attend the tribune, and others showed up to participate; and 1976 witnessed the unification of two leading feminist organisations and the launching of two major feminist magazines, Revuelta and Fem.\n\nNotably, Mexican lesbian feminists do point to the IWY as a pivotal moment, and many trace a new candour about women's sexuality precisely to the session that most alienated Barrios de Chungara \u2013 the session in which C\u00e1rdenas and others presented the lesbian manifesto.65 Although activist Claudia Hinojosa laments Mexican lesbians' reluctance to enter the fray at the IWY tribune, she credits the episode with shoving Mexican lesbian organisations out of the closet and into the street. 'It's true that nobody anticipated that this conference would be converted into the forum for the first public discussion of lesbianism in Mexico', she recalls. 'I remember that I observed all those incidents, surprised and confused, from the darkest corners of the closet'.66 The first year of Fem included a special issue on women's sexuality, and in 1977 and 1978 respectively, the open lesbian organisations Lesbos and OIKABETH came onto the scene. In the summer of 1975, however, C\u00e1rdenas could not have foreseen the coming changes. She struggled to maintain alliances not only amid hostility from feminist organisations but also with gay men's organisations.67 Only a week before the IWY events, she had vocally protested against the arrest of roughly 300 gay men during a police raid of a local bar.\n\nPerhaps because of her theatrical training, C\u00e1rdenas clearly understood the performative aspects of these encounters, stressing the importance of reiterating and witnessing performed sexuality, writing sexuality into the mainstream political scripts, and reaching a broader audience by forming coalitions linking sexual rights with other demands. During the open forum on lesbianism, several organisers attempted to bar the press from the meeting, arguing that it was not a media event and that they should make room for the women left standing outside, unable to squeeze into the packed meeting hall. C\u00e1rdenas disagreed. 'Compa\u00f1eras', she argued, 'it is necessary for the press to be here, since in a country as machista as Mexico, we must openly discuss these themes and make them known'.68 C\u00e1rdenas understood the importance not only of performing a particular brand of deliberative activist feminism at the IWY tribune but also of having an audience for that performance; it required recognition in order to generate significant social change.\n\nDespite C\u00e1rdenas's efforts, the Mexican press generally either ignored or disdained sexual-rights campaigns in general and lesbian activism in particular. As El Universal columnist Roberto Blanco Moheno quipped, 'They should have made a rule for the meeting with the aim of not allowing to slip in so many marimachos [dykes] who indeed look like men, which is horribly disagreeable. All my homage, my respect, my love for the woman \u2013 the woman who knows the dignity of woman. To the marimachos...'.69 The ruling party newspaper El Nacional downplayed the episodes, covering the lesbianism forum under an obfuscating headline about rural poverty, and the government's monthly IWY magazine published no articles on sexuality and included no coverage of the tribune sessions on sexuality.70 El Universal, meanwhile, demonstrated a certain ethnographic fascination: in addition to interviews and photographs of the flashy COYOTE leaders, its coverage included articles explaining the 'causes' of lesbianism, anecdotes and interviews about lesbians' life experiences and photographs of unnamed audience members and speakers at the lesbianism forum, as if to exhibit the curiosity of actual lesbians. The El Universal article in the forum also featured a photograph of Marisa de los Andes, along with a caption lamenting that the tribune 'didn't deal with the problems that really affected the feminine sex'.71\n\nWhat must have most dismayed C\u00e1rdenas, however, was the particularly vitriolic response from the Mexico City daily Exc\u00e9lsior, which went beyond disdain, resorting to pathologising and vilifying prostitutes and lesbians together. The newspaper had valiantly defended the 1968 student protesters in the face of official repression, and its editor, Julio Scherer Garc\u00eda, was widely considered among Mexico's most ethical newsmen and was a close friend of the prominent gay-liberation supporter, Carlos Monsiv\u00e1is. The day after the lesbianism forum, Exc\u00e9lsior columnist Guillermo Jordan, chiding that the only liberation on the horizon was liberation from IWY itself, openly mocked Bebbington for defending lesbianism and for pleading that 'society cease to consider people with this deformation as \"forbidden and invisible\". At this moment, nobody could ignore them, since many wore shirts with the visible slogans \"Radicalesbians\", \"Equality for Homosexuals\" and the like'.72 Another columnist grumbled, 'The lamentable thing about the Conference is that many groups of women abandoned their issues to allow themselves to be manipulated by political interests of the left or right... Certain North Americans have broken the record, such as the \"radicalesbians\" as well as those who promote the oldest profession in the world'.73\n\nCosmopolitan lesbianism emerged as the opposite number to nationalist maternalism, a public celebration of Mexican motherhood as a national treasure not to be adulterated by foreign materials. Nationalist discourses served the objectives not only of Echeverr\u00eda's personal ambitions but also of the broader Third Worldist NIEO agenda. Within this context, any insistence on the emancipatory potential of western-identified cosmopolitanism posed a threat to a global political project of anti-imperialism that had only recently gained control of the General Assembly. A particularly hostile columnist, Pedro Gringoire, argued, 'some extremists have assumed the exorbitant pretension of converting woman into a marimacho, totally repudiating maternity and home'.74 Bemoaning feminists' efforts to replace men with artificial insemination and public childcare, Gringoire called for a return to celebrations of motherhood. 'We cannot help but view with sorrow', he continued,\n\nhow certain feministoid groups \u2013 we call them that because the authentic feminism has very positive values \u2013 has put, even more than the Conference, the Tribune at risk of being converted, morally speaking, into a cheap cabaret or an indecorous carnival. Groups that, in the name of the 'emancipation of women', have come to give exhibitions of cynicism and shamelessness, as if emancipation had only one aim: to give free rein to all the passions, including the most aberrant and depraved.\n\nAppalled that organisers had dedicated an entire workshop to lesbianism, Gringoire went on to challenge the 'repugnant form' in which lesbians demanded rights and suggested that they seek medical or psychiatric treatment for their 'pathetic and pathological deviation'. In a perverse attempt at humour, he suggested that they had wandered into the wrong room at the Centro M\u00e9dico, where the tribune took place.\n\nThese discussions raised the thorny question of agency \u2013 of being versus becoming \u2013 within women's sexual subjectivity. Gringoire attributed lesbianism to 'glandular deficiency or a hormonal imbalance' or, more often, 'an important gap in their upbringing [educaci\u00f3n]', while the Brazilian sociologist Jo\u00e3o Guilherme Corr\u00eaa de Souza repudiated lesbianism as a failure of upbringing rather than a 'biological aberration'.75 Participants in the lesbianism forum, however, encouraged women to choose lesbianism as an empowering option. Pointing to the ways that heterosexuality reinforced a patriarchal status quo, International Lesbian Caucus spokespeople Fowler and Lease asserted, 'For these reasons, lesbianism is more than a bedroom issue. It is a highly political position that many women choose to take'.76 Charlotte Bunch, writing retrospectively about an experience in July 1971, said she 'had become a lesbian six months earlier in the context of the women's movement in Washington, DC'.77\n\nThe rhetorical intensity of observers like Gringoire, then, reflects not an unfamiliarity with women's sexual rights but rather mounting anxiety over their increasing prominence within Mexican women's activism, sparking fears precisely that the 'context of the women's movement' would induce Mexican women to 'become lesbians'. The prevailing narrative of the lesbianism forum reinforces this expectation. Norma Mogrovejo asserts that the 'presence of foreign lesbians during the [IWY conference] brought lesbian issues to the fore'.78 Activist Yan Mar\u00eda Yaoy\u00f3lotl Castro attributes developments later in the 1970s to the 'pressure' applied by European and North American feminists at the IWY events.79 Hinojosa explains that C\u00e1rdenas 'recalled being nearly \"pulled from the closet\" by circumstances [at the IWY tribune] \"which simply surpassed me\". So it was for many lesbians at the time of the Mexico conference'.80\n\nHinojosa's statement leans on a bit of hyperbole, however. By 1975, C\u00e1rdenas \u2013 rather than being 'pulled from the closet' \u2013 was arguably Mexico's most prominent lesbian. Having attended UNAM and the Yale School of Drama, she travelled and studied in Europe and then, upon her return to Mexico City, became actively involved in the political upheaval, even getting arrested during the 1968 student protests. After helping to establish the Frente de Liberaci\u00f3n Homosexual in 1971, C\u00e1rdenas publicly proclaimed herself a lesbian in a nationally televised 1973 interview on the popular talk show 24 Horas. C\u00e1rdenas's biography seemed to lend credibility to Gringoire's argument that foreign influences \u2013 in her case, a restless cosmopolitanism \u2013 fuelled the 'becoming' of Mexican lesbianism. C\u00e1rdenas recalled in an interview, 'We got all the foreign lesbians together and I invited them to a meeting in my house to introduce Mexican lesbians to them... When they told me that they too had been unable to overcome [the men-versus-women] problem, a feeling of relief swept over me. It was not my personal clumsiness'.81\n\nThis support from 'foreign lesbians' signified, depending on the scenario, transnational solidarity or cultural imperialism. C\u00e1rdenas clearly intended her performance to highlight the former, linking her campaign to progressive internationalism. Nevertheless, after her presentation to the lesbianism forum, a coalition of Latin American leftist feminist groups staged a press conference inviting participants and reporters to a counter-conference protesting that the themes of lesbianism and prostitution had distracted attention from 'others of importance and transcendence'.82 According to security reports, nearly 1,000 people attended this three-hour event focusing on abuses by the Pinochet regime and ending with a chorus of the 'Internationale'.83 The implication that lesbian rights could only come at the expense of ignoring Chilean atrocities bolstered assumptions of a zero-sum rivalry between sexual rights and human rights.\n\nDomitila Barrios de Chungara and the family drama\n\nLike C\u00e1rdenas, Barrios de Chungara also struggled in a political scenario informed by nationalist maternalism, but she lived and worked in a milieu where gender complementarity \u2013 and the gender discipline it entails \u2013 had profoundly material consequences. Housing in the tin mining communities, for example, depended upon a male continuing to work for the mining company. 'Our position is not like the feminists' position', she explained in her testimonio. 'We think our liberation consists primarily in our country being freed forever from the yoke of imperialism... For us, the important thing is the participation of the compa\u00f1ero and the compa\u00f1era together. Only that way will we be able to see better days, become better people and see more happiness for everyone'.84 Even as she describes her husband drinking and beating her, belittling her and impeding her activism, she never deviates from her insistence that they must struggle shoulder-to-shoulder; the archived performance of her testimonio showcases women's union militancy on a par with (or even exceeding) men's. Distancing herself from both feminism and sexual liberation shored up her bona fides as a trustworthy Marxist unionist.\n\nSexuality remains conspicuously absent from Barrios de Chungara's testimonio. Despite having seven children by the end of her narrative, she never recounts a moment of intimacy or even tenderness with her husband. She insists on the union movement's asexuality, denying that her compa\u00f1eras were union officials' mistresses. She references sexuality most explicitly as a tool of abuse, as when a colonel's son indicated that her activism evidenced her husband's failure to satisfy her or when the local subprefect broadcast over the radio that all women participating in demonstrations must be prostitutes.85 As participants jockeyed for space and media attention at the IWY tribune, Barrios de Chungara saw discussions of sexuality not only as a filibuster against any meaningful discussion of the life-or-death struggles she faced in Bolivia, but also as an assault on gender complementarity that, for most poor women, played a critical role in their survival strategies. 'In one way or another', she recalled, 'they tried to distract the Tribunal with problems that weren't basic. So we had to let the people know what was fundamental for us in all of that'.86\n\nThe contemporary emphasis on family planning in both feminist activism and development policy only heightened this anxiety. Population control formed a central tenet of development programmes, but widespread evidence of forced sterilisations of poor women and women of colour made the policies look more like genocide than development.87 While middle-class feminists saw family planning and reproductive freedom as indispensable to women's efforts to control their own lives and opportunities, poorer women saw these measures as state- and elite-led efforts to police their bodies and a dehumanising campaign to cast the poor as unworthy to consume resources. Barrios de Chungara took issue with 'the women who defended prostitution, birth control and all those things', arguing that the Bolivian government resorted to 'indiscriminate birth control' to avoid addressing issues of resource distribution and starvation wages.88 Abortion became a particular lightning rod for conflict, especially with delegates from the Vatican, and served as a measure for women's emancipation, especially among educated urban women, in many parts of the world.89 Indeed, at the precise time that roughly 1,000 communists had collected near the city's historic centre at the Teatro Hidalgo, another 700 communists and socialists met five miles to the east in Chapultepec Park to demand legal state-funded abortion.90\n\nPopulation control campaigns, combined with the outspokenness of lesbians and prostitutes, opened a challenge \u2013 implicit but clearly perceived \u2013 to conventional heteronormative family structures. The prominent Mexican sociologist Rodolfo Stavenhagen published a lengthy editorial just prior to the IWY inauguration calling for a wholesale restructuring of family life, preferably following a collectivised model such as the Israeli kibbutz or the Chinese commune.91 In a tribune session on family organisation, the Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven also advocated dramatically reconceptualised family formations. 'There are many groups upon which an individual might depend and live', he explained. 'And the individual will have to have the ability and the capacity to choose and to depend upon more extensive nuclei than the traditional family, since we cannot say that that structure is the best'.92\n\nMany participants responded to even these tentative challenges to traditional family structures with a definitive reassertion of gender complementarity and conventional heteronormative nuclear families. In an open letter circulated among tribune participants, a group of Mexican activists insisted, 'The objective and purpose of this International Meeting of Women should be to sustain the following principles: a) The human couple [pareja] is the unity; b) This couple forms the vital cell; c) From this cell derives the family; d) From the family derives the state and all forms of social organization'.93 Conference secretary-general Helvi Sipil\u00e4 'denied that it is necessary to change the modern family to end women's domestic slavery'.94 Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka insisted in her plenary statement, 'We must not think of the man and the woman separately but rather of the couple'.95 Mexican First Lady Mar\u00eda Esther Zuno de Echeverr\u00eda similarly asserted, 'Man and woman cannot be considered in isolation nor as signifying antagonism. They should fulfil themselves through integration and reciprocity... Man and woman are not rivals; man and woman do not substitute for one another; man and woman signify unsurpassed complements; man and woman are the very essence of equality, development and peace'.96\n\nZuno de Echeverr\u00eda invoked a long-standing Latin American feminist tradition of stressing gender complementarity to highlight women's social, cultural and economic worth. Many Latin American activists saw liberal individualism and equality campaigns as blunting their most effective weapon: a politics structured around highly essentialised and biologised gender differences. The long-time Uruguayan activist Dr Sof\u00eda de Demicheli warned women to proceed cautiously with their own liberation. 'The woman who wants to compare herself to man in everything either speaks from rote or doesn't know what she says', she chided. 'The result is so absurd that the man that she wants seems in all ways like a woman. Women in pants, men in skirts. Unisex. Hijo de mi vida, those are aberrations'.97 These 'aberrations' \u2013 not only the 'gender trouble' but also the efforts to remake family structures \u2013 threatened to undermine both support networks and the long-held feminist strategy of claiming gender complementarity as a means to gain recognition for the vast amounts of uncommodified labour performed overwhelmingly by women.\n\nTaking place during the UN's Second Decade for Development, the IWY events cultivated a productivist ethos that stressed incorporation of women into labour markets and erased women's massive contributions to food production and other subsistence labour.98 Amid prevailing Marxist paradigms and developmentalist emphases on 'productive' labour, women like Barrios de Chungara struggled for recognition of their own labours. In a subsequently written didactic pamphlet, Barrios de Chungara would later describe going on strike and withholding her household labour to convince her husband to support her activism.99 She recounts how Siglo XX women kept track of their hours spent performing domestic labour and then presented their compa\u00f1eros with a bill, highlighting the value of their reproductive labour. In both this pamphlet and her testimonio, Barrios de Chungara simultaneously stresses both her organisation's ongoing struggle to recognise women's political and domestic labours and its rejection of feminism. Describing the challenges they faced in forming the housewives' committee, she recalled the Siglo XX men whistling and shouting at them, 'Go home! Cook, clean, do chores!' and women tut-tutting that the committee members neglected their domestic obligations.100\n\nIf 'housewives' committee' sounded to US feminists like a prim ladies' auxiliary or the Junior League, they were sorely mistaken.101 The group's first action had been a hunger strike, launched to demand the release of their compa\u00f1eros from prison, and it maintained a record of radical actions throughout the 1970s.102 Indeed, Barrios de Chungara recounts two harrowing periods of imprisonment for her militancy.103 The committee always functioned, however, as an adjunct to the tin miners' union, and its members conceptualised their demands and their actions as part of a programme in concert (if also sometimes in tension) with the union. They agitated within a scenario where the 'reactivated drama' recalled a struggle against transnational corporations backed by an authoritarian government. In her pamphlet, Barrios de Chungara described feminism as an ideology of moneyed women whose idea of liberation was to be able to 'party like men', and she described machismo as an invention of capitalists to divide men and women. 'For this reason, the capitalists also created feminism', she explained, 'so that men and women would fight each other'. As if to leave nothing to the imagination, this argument was accompanied by a cartoon of a 'feminist' dressed in leggings and a midriff-bearing bustier and smoking a cigarette, and another of a lanky, spread-eagled Uncle Sam holding men and women apart from one another.104 The separatist arguments of the International Lesbian Caucus or the Radicalesbians would have conjured the hauntology of this feminist imaginary \u2013 of a world not so materially structured around gender complementarity.\n\nApocrypha and excess in IWY accounts\n\nRetrospective accounts of the IWY events focused on an apocryphal confrontation between Friedan and Barrios de Chungara, which stands as a synecdoche for the anticipated standoff between western liberal feminism and non-western (non-white) revolutionary nationalism.105 In most accounts, Barrios de Chungara stands as the authentic voice of the subaltern, and her bravery in speaking truth to power at the UN tribune marks the turning point in transnational feminism when 'Women of diverse cultures and ethnicities and social and economic strata became aware of the urgency and immediacy of one another's concerns'.106 According to the extensive coverage in the Mexican press, however, this altercation never occurred. In the tribune's closing days, Barrios de Chungara confronted not Friedan but rather the Mexican feminist Esperanza Brito de Mart\u00ed, the president of the Movimiento Nacional de Mujeres and arguably Friedan's Mexican counterpart.107 According to one newspaper account, while Brito attempted to deliver her address, 'a tubby, dark, toothless woman in humble clothing emerged from the audience and advanced confidently toward the microphone'.108 Cutting off Brito's calls for feminist unity, Barrios de Chungara exclaimed, 'How can we women be equals when we, the wives of labourers, are thrown in jail for organizing to protest their imprisonment? We cannot speak of equality between games of canasta. Women cannot be equals any more than poor and rich countries can be equals'.\n\nThe ex post facto ascendance of the imagined Friedan\u2013Barrios de Chungara encounter appears ironic when viewed in light of their views on sexuality and sexual rights. Both expressed open homophobia and little patience with prostitutes' rights campaigns; both insisted that men and women collaborate rather than work against one another; and both blamed transnational corporations for women's continued oppression. Certainly, if Friedan and Barrios de Chungara stood in for the dominant official themes of equality and development, then C\u00e1rdenas remained outside this imaginary. Even as they each struggled to ventriloquise an 'authentic' women's voice, neither saw C\u00e1rdenas within the bounds of what they might represent. In the invented scenario of the IWY tribune, however, their interventions reactivated the dramas of imperialism and exploitation, casting Barrios de Chungara in the role of the authentic subaltern and Friedan as the defender of lesbians and prostitutes.\n\nBrito's and Friedan's calls for unity and their search for an authentic feminist subject \u2013 the subject concerned with the imagined 'women's issues' \u2013 only begged the question, however.109 Each of these performances tried to shape the scenario, conjuring particular histories and languages that would locate themselves within an imagined trajectory of social and political transformation. As the feminist theorist Elizabeth Grosz has observed, 'Questions about culture and representation, concepts of subjectivity, sexuality, and identity, as well as concepts of political struggle and transformation all make assumptions about the relevance of history, the place of the present and the forward-moving impetus directing us to the future'.110 These assumptions manifest at the IWY as enactments and projections of imagined political scripts. The tenor of these different performances took on increased importance amid persistent concerns at the IWY events about what constituted legitimate women's issues \u2013 and what distinguished them from the more interested domain of politics \u2013 and produced particularly acute anxiety and uncertainty when they touched on questions of sexuality.\n\nThe performances at the NGO tribune were shaped as much by scenarios in participants' home communities as by the atmosphere in Mexico City. Whereas for many US activists their insistence on sexual rights marked them as pushing feminism in radical new directions, for Latin American leftists, establishing their political credentials required an emphasis on combating racism, imperialism and economic injustice. For many US feminists, the gender complementarity of Barrios de Chungara would have conjured the essentialising 'cultural feminism' they struggled to keep at bay, and her homophobia would have seemed an attack on the hard-fought gains of the early 1970s. In the US scenario, her political performance followed the script not of a radical or revolutionary but rather of a liberal or even a conservative. In the Mexican scenario, it became increasingly untenable to contain the contradictions between sexual rights and gender complementarity. As Marta Lamas notes, the feminists' rejection of official politics restricted their bargaining power, and 'the weakness of the movement also stems from the fact that although many people and political organizations incorporate the feminist thesis, they do not accept that it is identified with lesbianism and abortion'.111 By the end of the decade, the Mexican national women's movement that had consolidated in 1975 would splinter over the issue of lesbian rights as the communists, who had played a critical role in mobilising women, broke with the women's liberation movement.\n\nNotably, apart from the literature on Mexican lesbianism, Nancy C\u00e1rdenas drops out of retrospective accounts. Her politics exceeds the available paradigms, which centre principally on the 'global south' struggling against the neo-imperialist north, followed by a rapprochement between these two camps at the 1995 Beijing conference. C\u00e1rdenas's dissident cosmopolitanism has no role in this script. But if a homophobic posture and antagonism towards sexual rights continues to constitute a critical performative aspect of anti-capitalist or anti-imperialist politics, it remains necessary to historicise the political foundations for this hostility rather than chalking it up to traditionalism, provincialism, or the conservative influence of the Catholic Church or the Communist Party \u2013 or even to a visceral or subconscious repugnance. Instead, we should remain attuned to the contingencies as well as the structures of political performance \u2013 to the ways in which the multiple audiences for these performances appropriated and transformed their meanings. Even as various actors engaged in a complicated politics of gesture and self-representation that resisted facile categorisations, participants, activists and scholars have tried to reinsert them into more legible scenarios.\n\nNotes\n\n1. Domitila Barrios de Chungara and Moema Viezzer, Let Me Speak! Testimony of Domitila, a Woman of the Bolivian Mines, tr. Victoria Ortiz (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978), pp. 198\u2013201.\n\n2. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, p. 197.\n\n3. Francesca Miller, Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1991), pp. 199\u2013201; Bina Agarwal, 'From Mexico 1975 to Beijing 1995', Indian Journal of Gender Studies 3 (1996), pp. 87\u201392.\n\n4. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, p. 198.\n\n5. On testimonio and its reconsideration, see especially John Beverley, 'The Real Thing (Our Rigoberta)', Modern Language Quarterly 57 (1996), pp. 129\u201339; Diane Nelson, 'Indian Giver or Nobel Savage: Duping, Assumptions of Identity, and Other Double Entendres in Rigoberta Mench\u00fa Turn's Stoll\/En Past', American Ethnologist 28 (2001), pp. 303\u201331.\n\n6. In the original Spanish version of the testimonio, Barrios describes the speaker as 'una gringa con su cabellera bien rubia'. Moema Viezzer, 'Si me permiten hablar...': Testimonio de Domitila, una mujer de las minas de Bolivia (Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno, 1979), p. 220. The 'prostitution workshop' was led by the decidedly not-blonde COYOTE organisers Margo St James and Flo Kennedy.\n\n7. El Nacional, 1 July 1975, p. 8. The Mexico City newspapers mention Marisa de los Andes speaking up at the session on 23 June 1975.\n\n8. Betty Friedan, 'Up from the Kitchen Floor', New York Times Magazine, 4 March 1973, pp. 8\u20139, 28\u201335, 37; El Nacional, 21 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n9. Ara Wilson, 'The Transnational Geography of Sexual Rights', in Mark Philip Bradley and Patrice Petro (eds), Truth Claims: Representation and Human Rights (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002), pp. 251\u201365, here pp. 257\u20138.\n\n10. Wilson, 'Transnational Geography of Human Rights', p. 258. See also Ara Wilson, 'NGOs as Erotic Sites', in Amy Lind and Suzanne Bergeron (eds), Queering Development (forthcoming).\n\n11. Walter Benjamin famously discusses the prostitute and the lesbian as divergent icons of modernity in The Arcades Project, tr. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1999). See Susan Buck-Morss, 'The Fl\u00e2neur, The Sandwichman, and the Whore: The Politics of Loitering' and Esther Leslie, 'Ruin and Rubble in the Arcades', in Beatrice Hanssen (ed.), Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project (London and New York: Continuum, 2006), pp. 33\u201365, 87\u2013112, respectively.\n\n12. Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). The NGO forum presents particular methodological challenges since it issued no official statements and allowed no one to represent the sentiment of the tribune. Thus the documentary record privileges the professionalised activists who organised the tribune, ran its daily newspaper and produced the final reports on the proceedings.\n\n13. Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire, p. 28.\n\n14. Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire, p. 28.\n\n15. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, p. 199.\n\n16. William H. Sewell, Jr, Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 196.\n\n17. Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire, pp. 53\u201378; Judith Butler, 'Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory', Theatre Journal 40 (1988), pp. 519\u201331; Rosalind C. Morris, 'All Made Up: Performance Theory and the New Anthropology of Sex and Gender', Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), pp. 567\u201392.\n\n18. The scholarship indicating the IWY conference marked a turning point in transnational feminism is too extensive to cite here. It ranges, however, from literary critic Jean Franco, Plotting Women: Gender and Representation in Mexico (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 184\u20135 to the sociologist Myra Marx Ferree, 'Globalization and Feminism: Opportunities and Obstacles for Activism in the Global Arena', in Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp (eds), Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights (New York: New York University Press, 2006), pp. 3\u201323, here p. 11. Journalists and organisers alike referred to the IWY events as a global consciousness-raising session. Margaret Bruce, the head of the UN's Commission on the Status of Women, told a meeting of the AAUW at the UN that 'IWY, it is hoped, will result in a worldwide consciousness raising'. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland (hereafter NARA\u2013CP), RG 220, Records of the US Center for International Women's Year, Subject Files, 1973\u20131975, A\u2013AS; Box 1, Folder 'AAUW'. See also 'International Women's Year World Conference Opening in Mexico', New York Times, 19 June 1975, p. 41; 'Women in the News', Nation, 19 July 1975, p. 36.\n\n19. Bonnie Smith has pointed out that this proliferation of forms of women's activism requires us to consider feminisms in the plural. Bonnie Smith, Global Feminisms since 1945: A Survey of Issues and Controversies (New York: Routledge, 2000).\n\n20. New York Times, 29 June 1975, p. 2.\n\n21. Organisers expressed concerns about countering 'aggressive activity by women lib groups in North America, many of which have their own well-established media outlets', Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA (hereafter SSC), International Women's Tribune Centre Records (IWTC), undated internal memo, 'Aide Memoire for Discussions in New York: Mexico City Newspaper Project, Some Considerations for IPPF', Box 3.\n\n22. Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n (AGN), Mexico City, Direcci\u00f3n Federal de Seguridad (DFS), 27 June 1975, Exp. 9\u2013342\u201375, Leg. 9, Hoja 13\u201318.\n\n23. Xilonen, 25 June 1975, p. 3.\n\n24. Akira Iriye sees the 1970s as a turning point in the expansion of numbers and influence of international NGOs. Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). For a discussion of the growing role of NGOs in international governance, see Elisabeth J. Friedman, Kathryn Hochstetler and Ann Marie Clark, Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005). For a reconsideration of NGOs' role, see Sonia E. Alvarez, 'Beyond NGO-ization? Reflections from Latin America', Development 52 (2009), pp. 175\u201384.\n\n25. Devaki Jain, Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2005), p. 68.\n\n26. El Nacional, 24 June 1975, p. 7; El Universal, 24 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n27. Norma Mogrovejo, Un amor que se atrevi\u00f3 a decir su nombre: La lucha de las lesbianas y su relaci\u00f3n con los movimientos homosexual y feminista en Am\u00e9rica Latina (Mexico City: Centro de Documentaci\u00f3n y Archivo Hist\u00f3rico L\u00e9sbico (CDAHL), 2000), p. 67.\n\n28. Claudia Hinojosa attributes the unsigned Declaraci\u00f3n de las lesbianas de M\u00e9xico to C\u00e1rdenas. Claudia Hinojosa, 'Gritos y susurros: Una historia sobre la presencia p\u00fablica de las feministas lesbianas', Desacatos 6 (2001), p. 179.\n\n29. AGN, DFS, 26 June 1975, Exp. 9\u2013342\u201375, exp. 7, p. 156.\n\n30. Sister: A West Coast Feminist Newsletter, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 3; El Universal, 25 June 1975, p. 21.\n\n31. Hinojosa, 'Gritos y susurros', p. 180.\n\n32. El Universal, 24 June 1975, p. 19.\n\n33. AGN, DFS, Exp. 9\u2013342\u201375, exp. 7, p. 10; El Nacional, 25 June 1975, p. 8.\n\n34. James N. Green, '(Homo)sexuality, Human Rights, and Revolution in Latin America', in Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Greg Grandin, Lynn Hunt and Marilyn B. Young, Human Rights and Revolutions, (2000; 2nd edn, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), pp. 139\u201354.\n\n35. Washington Post, 21 June 1974, p. A3.\n\n36. Tamiment Library\/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University Libraries, NYC\u2013NOW Papers (hereafter NYC\u2013NOW Papers), President's Report, 19 December 1974 meeting, Box 8, Folder 4. See also, 'Chile: Before and After the Coup', Sister: A West Coast Feminist Newspaper, vol. 4, no. 10, p. 10; 'Torture of Women in Chile', What She Wants September 1974, p. 3; Peace and Freedom (WILPF newsletter), vol. 34, no. 2 (February 1974), p. 1.\n\n37. Mar\u00eda del Carmen Conroy, 'Identif\u00edcate: \u00bfMafalda o Susanita?' Rumbo (Mexico City), March\u2013April 1975, p. 23.\n\n38. Charlotte Bunch and Claudia Hinojosa, Lesbians Travel the Roads of Global Feminism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University, Center for Women's Global Leadership, 2000), p. 6.\n\n39. The programme included 34 official sessions, and the final report on the tribune stated that 192 informal sessions took place \u2013 a number that included only meetings that secured a room through the tribune organisers. SSC, IWTC, 'Report, International Women's Year Tribune \u2013 1975', November 1975, Box 3.\n\n40. New York Times, 19 June 1975, p. 41. US State Department officials anticipated a similar conflict. Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Posts, 22 May 1975, <<http:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1969-76ve14p1\/d178>> (accessed 15 May 2010).\n\n41. Pacifica Radio Archives, Betty Friedan vs. the Third World (North Hollywood: Pacifica Radio Archives, 1975), sound recording.\n\n42. On Friedan's work with NOW around IWY, see NYC\u2013NOW Papers, 'Minutes of the NOW\u2013NY Chapter General Meeting of February 20, 1975', Box 2, Folder 15; NYC\u2013NOW Papers, Karen DeCrow's report to the national board, 29 March 1975 Box 25, Folder 2; Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women, Radcliffe Institute for Advance Study, Betty Friedan Papers (hereafter, Friedan Papers), Elaine Livingstone to Arlie Scott, Betty Friedan, Karen DeCrow and Jackie Ceballos, 22 March 1975, Box 107, file 1247.\n\n43. By February 1975, the sexuality committee reported that it regularly turned away about fifty people per week from their Saturday evening rap sessions (informal discussion groups), and that five or six new members signed up every week. NYC\u2013NOW Papers, Minutes of the NOW\u2013NY Chapter General Meeting of 20 February 1975, Box 2, Folder 15. The Boston Area Socialist Feminist Organization also established a Gay Liberation Work Group, although apparently with a considerably less enthusiastic response. Tamiment Library, Leslie Cagan Papers, January 1975 newsletter, Box 1, Folder 13.6.\n\n44. NYC\u2013NOW Papers, Box 6, Folder 4.\n\n45. Friedan, 'Up from the Kitchen Floor', p. 33.\n\n46. Friedan Papers, Livingstone to Scott et al., 22 March 1975, Box 107, File 1247.\n\n47. Friedan Papers, Friedan to Walker, 19 May 1975, Box 107, File 1248.\n\n48. Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collections Library, Durham, NC, Robin Morgan Papers, Carol Downer to Robin Morgan, 3 June 1975, Box C5.\n\n49. US Ambassador to Secretary of State, 4 April 1975, <<http:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1969-76ve14p1\/d177>> (accessed 15 May 2010); Fran Hosken to Mildred Persinger, 10 March 1975, IWTC, Box 2.\n\n50. 'Tribuna: La voz del Movimiento Feminista', Xilonen, 19 June 1975, p. 1 (compare with 'Tribune \u2013 Where All Are Experts' on same page). Funded by the Ford Foundation and run by the Philadelphia-based editor Marjorie Paxson, Xilonen usually offered sympathetic depictions of US feminists.\n\n51. Washington Post, 22 June 1975, p. A12.\n\n52. El Nacional, 22 June 1975, pp. 6, 9. In late December 1974, Echeverr\u00eda had pushed through an amendment to Article 4 of the Mexican constitution, declaring men and women equals before the law \u2013 a development that highlighted the Equal Rights Amendment's continued floundering.\n\n53. El Universal, 22 June 1975, p. 9. The El Universal article insisted that in a 'survey' (of unspecified size and method) of Latin American women, 99 per cent responded similarly.\n\n54. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, pp. 201\u20132.\n\n55. NYC\u2013NOW Papers, Report to the National Board, 29 March 1975, Box 25, Folder 2.\n\n56. Friedan Papers, Livingstone to Scott et al., 22 March 1975, Box 107, File 1247.\n\n57. The UN General Assembly affirmed the NIEO in December 1974 in the Charter on the Economic Rights and Duties of States, which Mexican diplomats dubbed the 'Carta Echeverr\u00eda'.\n\n58. Summary of Caracas meeting available in: UN Economic Commission for Latin America, Annual Report, vol. 1, supplement 9, E\/CEPAL\/989\/Rev.1, p. 152. State Department correspondence: Ruth Bacon's report to Henry Kissinger regarding the IWY tribune, 24 July 1975; telegram from Curtis H. Taylor (head of US mission to UN) to Secretary of State, 9 May 1975; all in NARA\u2013CP, RG 220, Records Relating to the UN IWY World Conference, Mexico City, June\u2013July 1974, Subject File A\u2013G, Box 22.\n\n59. El Nacional, 28 June 1975, p. 7.\n\n60. Washington Post, 25 June 1975, p. A27; New York Times, 29 June 1975, p. 2.\n\n61. Betty Friedan, 'Scary Doings in Mexico City', in 'It Changed My Life': Writings on the Women's Movement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 440.\n\n62. Contemporary lesbian groups conspicuously gesture towards national icons such as Sor Juana In\u00e9s de la Cruz and Frida Kahlo to establish themselves as legitimately autochthonous. Anahi Russo Garrido, 'Field Note: \"And We Were Mexicans\": Notes on the Use of National Symbols by Lesbian Groups in Mexico', Women's Studies Quarterly 35 (2007), pp. 226\u20139.\n\n63. Bunch and Hinojosa, Lesbians Travel, p. 7.\n\n64. Marta Lamas, 'Fragmentos de una autocr\u00edtica', in Griselda Guti\u00e9rrez Casta\u00f1eda (ed.), Feminismo en M\u00e9xico: Revisi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cr\u00edtica del siglo que termina (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Programa Universitario de Estudios de G\u00e9nero, 2002), pp. 71\u20139, here p. 72.\n\n65. Many websites mention this moment as pivotal; most of them cite Hinojosa, 'Gritos y susurros'. See also Mogrovejo, Un amor que se atrevi\u00f3 a decir su nombre, pp. 65\u20139. Elsewhere, I have pointed to this moment as the 'event' of the Mexican lesbian, in Alain Badiou's sense of the constitution of a coherent, identifiable political subject. 'Pulled From the Closet? International Women's Year and the Event of the Mexican Lesbian', paper presented to the Princeton Program in Latin American Studies, 23 September 2009.\n\n66. Hinojosa, 'Gritos y susurros', p. 179.\n\n67. Yan Mar\u00eda Yaoy\u00f3lotl Castro, 'El movimiento l\u00e9sbico feminista en M\u00e9xico: Su independencia respecto a los movimientos feminista heterosexual y gay y su mision hist\u00f3rica', paper presented to the VI Encuentro de Lesbianas Feministas de Latinoam\u00e9rica y El Caribe, Mexico City, 2004, pp. 14\u201315.\n\n68. El Universal, 25 June 1975, p. 8. When contemporary activists point to this moment's importance in lesbian history, they highlight the importance of having the word 'lesbian' appear in the mainstream Mexico City press. See e.g., Ochy Curiel, 'El Lesbianismo Feminista: Una propuesta pol\u00edtica transformadora', La Agencia Latinoamericana de Informaci\u00f3n \u2013 ALAI, <<http:\/\/alainet.org\/active\/show_text.php3?key= 17389>> (accessed 9 May 2010); Hinojosa, 'Gritos y susurros', pp. 177\u201386.\n\n69. El Universal, 23 June 1975, p. 4.\n\n70. El Nacional, 25 June 1975, p. 8. M\u00e9xico 75: A\u00f1o Internacional de la Mujer ran from January to December 1975.\n\n71. El Universal, 24 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n72. Exc\u00e9lsior, 25 June 1975, p. 7\u2013A.\n\n73. Exc\u00e9lsior, 3 July 1975, p. 7\u2013A.\n\n74. Exc\u00e9lsior, 1 July 1975, p. 6\u2013A. Pedro Gringoire was the pen name of evangelical Methodist and public intellectual Gonzalo B\u00e1ez-Camargo (1899\u20131983), who borrowed the name from Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris.\n\n75. Exc\u00e9lsior, 1 July 1975, p. 6\u2013A; El Universal, 25 June 1975, p. 8; El Nacional, 25 June 1975, p. 8.\n\n76. Xilonen, 27 June 1975, p. 4.\n\n77. Bunch and Hinojosa, Lesbians Travel, p. 7.\n\n78. Norma Mogrovejo, 'Sexual Preference, the Ugly Duckling of Feminist Demands: The Lesbian Movement in Mexico', in Evelyn Blackwood and Saskia Wieringa (eds), Female Desires: Same-Sex Relations and Transgender Practices across Cultures (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 308\u201336, here pp. 319\u201320.\n\n79. Castro, 'El movimiento l\u00e9sbico feminista en M\u00e9xico', p. 15.\n\n80. Bunch and Hinojosa, Lesbians Travel, p. 6.\n\n81. Cited in Mogrovejo, 'Sexual Preference, the Ugly Duckling of Feminist Demands', p. 320.\n\n82. AGN, DFS, 26 June 1975, Exp. 9\u2013342\u201375, exp. 7, p. 156.\n\n83. AGN, IPS, Caja 1163\u2013A, vol. 1, Hoja 579\u201386.\n\n84. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, p. 41.\n\n85. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, pp. 143, 73, respectively.\n\n86. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, p. 200.\n\n87. Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).\n\n88. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, pp. 199\u2013200.\n\n89. Xilonen, 27 June 1975, p. 3; El Universal, 21 June 1975, pp. 5, 11; El Universal, 22 June 1975, p. 7; El Universal, 2 July 1975, p. 5; Exc\u00e9lsior, 19 June 1975, p. 7\u2013A.\n\n90. AGN, IPS, Caja 1163\u2013A, vol. 1, Hojas 587\u201390.\n\n91. Exc\u00e9lsior, 17 June 1975, p. 7.\n\n92. Exc\u00e9lsior, 28 June 1975, p. 19\u2013A.\n\n93. Carta abierta a las participantes de la Conferencia Mundial del A\u00f1o Internacional de la Mujer, con sede en M\u00e9xico (1975).\n\n94. El Universal, 16 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n95. El Universal, 21 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n96. Exc\u00e9lsior, 16 June 1975, p. 1.\n\n97. El Nacional, 26 June 1975, p. 5.\n\n98. Jocelyn Olcott, 'The Battle within the Home: Development Strategies and the Commodification of Caring Labors at the 1975 International Women's Year Conference', in Leon Fink (ed.), Workers, the Nation-State and Beyond: Essays in Labor History Across the Americas (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).\n\n99. Domitila Barrios de Chungara, La mujer y la organizaci\u00f3n (La Paz: UNITAS, CIDOP, CIPCA, 1980), pp. 17\u201323.\n\n100. Moema Viezzer, 'El \"Comit\u00e9 de Amas de Casa del Siglo XX\": Una experiencia pol\u00edtica boliviana', Nueva Antropolog\u00eda 2\/8 (1977), pp. 33\u20134.\n\n101. Debates among US feminists over whether housewives could develop feminist consciousness became particularly pronounced amid the wages-for-housework debates. See e.g., Carol Lopate, 'Letter to the Movement: Women and Pay for Housework', Liberation, May\/June 1974, pp. 8\u201311; Carol Lopate, 'Unpaid Labor: The Wages for Housework Perspective', Hera: A Philadelphia Feminist Publication 1 (1975), p. 16.\n\n102. By 1971, Barrios de Chungara herself was prominent enough to feature in the internationally circulated documentary 'El Coraje del pueblo' (1971) by the Bolivian filmmaker Jorge Sanjin\u00e9s.\n\n103. Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, pp. 120\u201332, 42\u201355, respectively.\n\n104. Barrios de Chungara, La mujer y la organizaci\u00f3n, pp. 7, 24.\n\n105. Miller, Latin American Women, p. 200; G\u00f6ran Therborn, Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 1900\u20132000 (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 103.\n\n106. Miller, Latin American Women, p. 201.\n\n107. Barrios de Chungara describes this confrontation in Barrios de Chungara and Viezzer, Let Me Speak!, pp. 202\u20133. On the MNM, see Ana Lau Jaiven, La nueva ola del feminismo en M\u00e9xico: Conciencia y acci\u00f3n de la lucha de mujeres (Mexico City: Editorial Planta, 1987), p. 18.\n\n108. El Universal, 1 July 1975, p. 1; El Nacional, 1 July 1975, p. 1.\n\n109. Gayatri Spivak points to the elaborate 'theatre' feigning women's unity at the 1995 UN Beijing women's conference to eclipse growing inequalities. \"'Woman\" as Theatre: United Nations Conference on Women, Beijing 1995', Radical Philosophy, May\/June 1996, <www.radicalphilosophy.com\/default.asp?channel_id=2187&editorial_id=10716> (accessed 15 October 2008).\n\n110. Elizabeth A. Grosz, Time Travels: Feminism, Nature, Power (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), p. 1.\n\n111. Grosz, Time Travels, pp. 76\u20137.\nChapter 11\n\nGender and Sexuality in Latina\/o Miami: Documenting Latina Transsexual Activists\n\nSusana Pe\u00f1a\n\nTransgender studies is emerging as a distinct field of study that, according to Susan Stryker, 'claims as its purview transsexuality and cross-dressing, some aspects of intersexuality and homosexuality, cross-cultural and historical investigations of human gender diversity, myriad specific subcultural expressions of \"gender atypicality\", theories of sexed embodiment and subjective gender identity development, law and public policy related to the regulation of gender expression and many similar issues'.1 In the 1990s, the term 'transgender' gained more widespread usage, and Stryker remarks upon the 'startling rapidity with which the term itself took root'.2 Since then, transgender has been used to refer to numerous practices, identities and political agendas in a range of geographical settings and historical periods. Although Stryker presents a widely inclusive definition of transgender studies as a field of study, David Valentine argues that as a 'collective category of identity... transgender identification is understood... to be explicitly and fundamentally different in origin and being from homosexual identification'.3 It is precisely this border between homosexual and transgender identity that this chapter seeks to explore.\n\nMy interest in transgender issues emerges out of my previous research on Cuban American gay male cultures in Miami, Florida. In this research, I argue that male homosexuality in Cuba was historically associated with 'gender transgressions'.4 This association between gender expression, sexual practice and identity was, of course, not distinct to Cuba. In his summary of the extensive literature on male homosexuality in Latin America, Tom\u00e1s Almaguer argues that whereas sexual object choice is the primary determinant of one's sexual identity in the United States (a man who chooses to have sex with another man is 'gay' or homosexual while a man who desires to have sex with a woman is 'straight'), in Latin America sexual aim (the desire to penetrate or be penetrated) forms the primary determinant of identity. According to this system, the penetrated partner \u2013 referred to by terms such as pasivo, maric\u00f3n, mariposa, or loca \u2013 is much more stigmatised than the active\/penetrating man.5\n\nThe point I highlight in my work is that these sexual roles (active\/passive) are assumed to correspond to outward gendered manifestations that are socially visible. The revolutionary Cuban state in the 1960s and 1970s specifically targeted visible male homosexuality, a construct whose 'characteristics' included a wide range of gender transgressive practices, including, but not limited to, long hair, tight pants, colourful shirts, 'effeminate' mannerisms, 'inappropriate clothing' and 'extravagant hairstyles'.6 Therefore, although the system Almaguer describes highlights sexual role, it is gender identity that most often speaks to that sexual role and its corresponding sexual identity. In other words, in most Latin American social contexts, men exhibiting characteristics socially associated with women or socially defined as 'effeminate' are assumed to be members of socially marked category of maricones and assumed to be passive. On the other hand, men who appear masculine are less likely to be accused of being a maric\u00f3n, more often assumed to be an activo, and less likely to be stigmatised as a homosexual \u2013 even if they have sex with men. The importance of gender appearance lies not so much in its correspondence with sexual role. Rather, gender markers become significant insofar as how they mark or mask sexual difference to others.\n\nThese visible markers were not just a way of facilitating enforcement of homosexual repression. Rather, visibility and gender transgressions themselves formed a central part of the problem identified by the revolution. Even in the severest period of enforcement, Marvin Leiner reminds us, private homosexual expression was never the main target. Rather, 'during this period of the camps and public arrests, the major concern, as it had always been, was with the public display of homosexuality'.7 The gravest crime was not same-sex sexual acts per se but rather transgressing gender norms in ways associated with male homosexuality, or in other words, being visibly or 'obviously' gay. It should therefore not be surprising that after the severest period of Cuban persecution, a concentration of gender transgressive homosexual men left Cuba in the 1980 Mariel Boatlift.8\n\nAs I put this research on Cuban American gay male culture in dialogue with the field of transgender studies, a troubling question emerges with respect to the interplay of what is categorised as gay male\/homosexual expression as opposed to transgender expression. Many of the signs that marked a man as homosexual within a Cuban and Cuban American social context \u2013 wearing women's attire, having long hair and walking with a stride deemed effeminate, for example \u2013 are characteristics that might be associated with transgender communities today. Put another way, these characteristics may be seen as signs of non-normative gender identity unrelated to sexual orientation. As I think of the case of Cuban American gay male culture in relationship with transgender studies, I am intrigued by a set of questions: if outward manifestations that we would now call 'transgender' were understood in other historical and cultural contexts as 'homosexual', how do we label such manifestations today? By labelling them as homosexual, are we simply reinscribing the marginalisation of transgender individuals? On the other hand, by labelling them as transgender, are we anachronistically imposing a contemporary category and thereby performing another kind of intellectual violence?\n\nIn a survey article on Latino\/a transpopulations, Marcia Ochoa directly critiques my work for misusing the term gay men to refer to gender transgressive populations:\n\n[Pe\u00f1a] collapses transgender (MTF) Marielitas [Cuban Americans who arrived on the Mariel Boatlift] into the category of 'gay men'... preferring to focus on performativity and public visibility rather than on transgender experience... [Pe\u00f1a] includes mentions of 'drag queens' and locas but although transgender Marielitas have been documented elsewhere, Pe\u00f1a's analytic lens, like those of many researchers, keeps MTF Marielitas within the category 'gay'. I argue this practice makes trans experience invisible.9\n\nAlthough I do not want to make trans experience invisible, Ochoa is right to note my hesitation in calling gender transgressive Marielitas transgender or transg\u00e9nero because I find no evidence that 'transgender' as an identity category or community group had any relevance to Cubans and Cuban Americans in Miami in 1980. Rather, my research indicates that gender expressions we identify today as transgender played a central role in structuring homosexual\/queer self-identifications. In other words, many homosexual men understood gender transgression as a socially recognisable way to mark himself or herself as homosexual. While it is clear that some gender transgressive Marielitas now define themselves as transgender and\/or transsexual \u2013 best known is probably the case of Adela Vasquez documented in the graphic novel Sexile \u2013 many others continue to understand their gender expression as specifically related to male homosexuality.10 If we say, using contemporary categories, that the gender transgressive practices of Cuban immigrants in 1980 are transgender, does it follow that the individuals exhibiting them were or are not homosexual men?11 I do not mean to suggest that there were not Cubans who understood their gender nonconformity as unrelated to sexual desire and orientation. However, I am suggesting that one would not be able to distinguish these individuals from those who understood themselves as part of a homosexual culture simply based on their outward gender manifestations.\n\nToday, transgender seems increasingly relevant to Latina\/o communities, and scholars and activists are increasingly using the terms 'trans' and 'transgender' to discuss Latin American and US Latino\/a communities.12 It is important to note that the terms trans, trans-, transgender and\/or transg\u00e9nero are used slightly differently in these texts. For example, Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes defines transloca performers as those who explore 'homosexuality, transvestism, and spatial displacement' even as he acknowledges the slang definition of loca as an 'effeminate homosexual'.13 This usage resonates with my discussion of contemporary Cuban American gay male practices in that it examines gender transgression as a cultural element of expression among some male homosexual Latinos and\/or Latin Americans. Therefore even though 'trans-' is increasingly relevant to Latino\/a and Latin American populations, I believe we should be cautious about what precisely such usage implies about the relationship among transgender, homosexual and\/or queer. In his ethnographic exploration of the category of transgender, for example, Valentine juxtaposes the meanings of transgender among primarily white activists (who see gender identity as distinct from homosexuality) and primarily poor and working-class people of colour (whose identifications suggest that they understand gender expression as related to sexual identity). To some of the activists, these working-class people of colour are 'laboring under \"false consciousness\" because they are unable to distinguish their \"gendered\" and \"sexual\" identities'.14 Valentine begins Imagining Transgender with a quote from Fiona, an African American male-bodied person who identifies as a woman and as gay ('indexing her attraction to other male-bodied people'). According to Valentine, transgender social service providers and activists he worked with believed:\n\nFiona's view of gendered and sexual identity was not merely an alternative categorisation but a false one. In their view, Fiona was using an outmoded view of gendered and sexual identity that conflates or confuses her transgender identity with homosexual desire. This is a result, they argue, of class, racial, or cultural inequalities which have left Fiona and her peers outside the conversations and historical developments which make this distinction possible.15\n\nThis assertion involves a:\n\nmodernist telos wherein the recognition of gendered and sexual identification as separate... is more accurate, more true, more valid. Thus, the Meat Market fem queens like Rita become almost figures of premodernity, people who have not been 'educated', who adhere to the 'mistaken' belief that homosexual identification involves cross-gender identification.16\n\nValentine found that among working-class people of colour, it was quite common to understand gender and sexual identity to be related to one another, and that although they were hailed under the umbrella term 'transgender', they rarely used the term to define themselves.\n\nThis chapter explores the borderlands between the concept of 'homosexual' and 'transgender' with a particular focus on Latina\/o communities in Miami, Florida. My previous work on Cuban Americans lead me to identify Miami, the US city with the largest concentration of Cuban Americans, as a research site. Latina\/o Miami, is not, however, all Cuban. Therefore, this project expands on my previous questions and engages with the complexities of a multi-ethnic Latina\/o urban setting, where different national origin groups coexist. I have searched for Miami Latina political groups, organisations and representations explicitly labelled as 'transgender' or 'transsexual' by participants. I focus on the earliest case I have found, namely the activism of transsexual Latinas in early 1970s Miami, for transsexual activism is one important antecedent to contemporary transgender activism. Specifically, I analyse the rarely discussed Latina activists who participated in the Transsexual Action Organisation (TAO) \u2013 an early transsexual rights organisation. I am particularly interested in the complicated and contradictory identity practices of Latina TAO members, the ways they discussed the connections and distinctions between transsexual communities and other groups categorised by gender and sexuality such as feminists and gay male communities and the ways TAO invoked elements of Cuban culture (such as Santeria religious practices) to articulate a transsexual identity in Miami. In addition, I discuss TAO director Angela Douglas's conflicted relationship with Cuban Americans and other Latino\/as in Miami.\n\nBorderlands between transgender and gay\n\nAccording to Stryker, the current definition of transgender emerged in 1992 through Leslie Feinberg's Transgender Liberation and Sandy Stone's 'posttranssexual manifesto'. Feinberg called for a 'political alliance between all individuals who were marginalised or oppressed due to their difference from social norms of gendered embodiment and who should, therefore, band together in a struggle for social, political and economic justice'.17 An important antecedent to the Transgender Rights movement, transsexual and transvestite activists in the 1970s articulated a distinct agenda and actively distinguished themselves from gay\/lesbian and women's political movements. For example, Stonewall veterans Sylvia Rivera and Marsha Johnson formed Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) in 1970 after being marginalised by the gay political organisations.18\n\nThat same year, Angela Douglas founded the Transsexual Action Organisation (TAO) in Los Angeles.19 The organisation and its publications moved to Miami Beach, Florida in 1972. Joanne Meyerowitz describes TAO as one of only two transsexual organisations in the 1970s with a national presence, and Stryker adds that TAO was 'the first truly international grassroots transgender community organisation, with a worldwide mailing list and loosely affiliated chapters in various cities'.20 This chapter draws on the organisation's publications, Moonshadow and Mirage Magazine (1972\u201375) as well as Douglas's self-published autobiographical texts, Triple Jeopardy: The Autobiography of Angela Lynn Douglas (1983) and Hollywood's Obsession (1992).21 Latinas such as Colette Tisha Goudie, Tara Carn and Kimberly Elliot constituted an integral part of the public face of this pioneering transsexual organisation, often serving in leadership positions, appearing in pictorials in the organisation's publications and representing TAO in interviews with mainstream media outlets.\n\nThat transsexual Latinas were so prominent throughout this organisation and that documentation of their participation has survived is a great contribution to GLBT historical records that, by and large, tend to under-represent people of colour.22 This data set also poses serious limitations, the most challenging of which is the centrality of Angela Douglas's narratives and the absence of competing narratives. Douglas's accounts are highly eccentric, weaving together her sexual and gender journey with accounts of UFO sightings and the relationship between the struggles of transsexuals and extra-terrestrial beings. Her second autobiography is devoted to proving that representations of transsexuals in the media were mostly plagiarised variations of her story, hence the title, 'Hollywood's Obsession'. According to Stryker, Douglas 'suffered several psychotic breaks as a young adult' and was 'more of a gadfly and provocateur than a movement builder'.23 Meyerowitz describes Douglas as a 'disruptive figure' with a 'disruptive personality' whose '\"second wave\" radicalism put off many transsexuals whose politics differed from hers... Douglas lambasted the people who disagreed with her and made increasingly strange accusations that put off virtually everyone else'.24 I strive to highlight Douglas's work as a radical activist who was able to inject transsexual issues into local and national political debates, and I want to avoid reinforcing stereotypes of transsexuals (as crazy, unstable and dangerous) without omitting significant strands from her story.\n\nThe racial\/ethnic perspective provided by Douglas's account is another limitation of the data. My analysis of TAO's publications (in which several transsexual Latinas were regular contributors) is substantially complemented by Douglas's autobiographies. I use the lengthier accounts by the Anglo leader of this group in order to access a more textured description of Latina transgender activists and the social context in which TAO existed. This choice is not troubling because Douglas is Anglo per se, but rather because she has a very complicated relationship with race\/ethnicity and Cuban Americans in particular.\n\nA few details from Angela Douglas's biography will flesh out this point. From her earliest recollections, Douglas presents herself as someone with liberal attitudes about race who challenged the racist conceptions of family members, and she certainly had connections with Latinas and Latinos throughout her life.25 She also often interprets Latinos and blacks through a racist lens. When Douglas was fourteen, the Czinky family (Douglas's biological family) moved to the South Florida neighbourhood of Hialeah. In 2010, Hialeah, la ciudad que progresa, is over 90 per cent Hispanic. In the late 1950s, the neighbourhood's Hispanic population was much smaller but still significant. At Hialeah High School, Doug Czinky (Angela Douglas's name before transition) met his first love, Norma Arcadia Rodr\u00edguez, 'a Cuban-born beauty from Puerto Padre'. The Rodr\u00edguezes \u2013 including father Goduel, mother Onelia and brother Jackson \u2013 became Douglas's 'surrogate family'.26\n\nThe Czinky family opposed his marriage to a Cuban woman. As she narrates this story, Douglas reveals her evaluation of Cubans in general. She remembers responding that Rodr\u00edguez 'may be Cuban but has genius IQ'.27 Therefore, in Douglas's own tale of anti-racism she actually confirms her racist assumption that an intelligent Cuban is an anomaly. Czinky's descriptions of Norma focus upon her sexuality, calling her a 'sex goddess' and a 'Cuban bombshell' and describing letters Norma wrote as 'torrid, sexy, hard-core, [she] would have made a fortune writing porno novels'.28 Doug and Norma eventually married and had a rocky relationship that ended when Norma left him, pregnant with his child, to be with her lesbian lover, Joan Black. In Douglas's autobiographical texts, Norma is a recurrent theme.\n\nThe sexualised language used to describe Norma evidences one of the first revelations of the racialised way in which Douglas sees Cubans, Latinos and other racialised groups. Douglas underwent an extreme racist period during 1978\u201379 when she actively participated in US Nazi politics. During this period, Douglas's politics shifted to the far right and her racism was highly explicit and confrontational. She suggests that this activism might have been caused by mind control by her enemies. Rather than dwell on this period, I prefer to provide an example from outside the Nazi period of the discourse that characterises the majority of the autobiography. For instance, while critiquing the treatment of transsexuals in prison, Douglas makes the point that for transsexuals jail is much like the outside world because in jail, 'the most ignorant black, Latin, or anyone is still above us and can control our lives to a great extent, with the full weight of a sexist, callous Society and legal system on their side'.29 In general, Douglas uses racist language freely when harassed and provoked by blacks and Latinos. Douglas seems to view Cubans and Latinas with both a desiring and despising gaze.\n\nTAO and involvement of Latinas\n\nAngela Douglas describes 1972 as the 'Year of the Transsexual in Miami Beach: hundreds were there, from all over the nation, and many Puerto Ricans and Cubans'. In the drag bars and discos in South Miami Beach, 'the cha-chas became as thick as tourists; the Latin transsexuals were referred to as \"cha-chas\"'.30 It was in this Latina\/o and transsexual environment that Douglas reformed TAO. Therefore, it is not surprising that Latinas were a core part of the TAO leadership. Three out of six of the women tapped to participate in TAO Miami were Latina.\n\nI should clarify that I am identifying someone as Latina only if the text provides specific information indicating her ethnicity\/nationality \u2013 not by surname alone.31 The use of Spanish surnames, an already imprecise way of identifying Latinos, becomes further complicated among transsexual individuals who usually adopt a new name during gender transitioning. This renaming and re-identifying sometimes also involves shifting or blurring racial\/ethnic signifiers: most of the transsexual women I can unequivocally identify as Latina do not go by a Spanish surname. On the other hand, one woman I have not been able to identify in racial\/ethnic terms, Barbara Rosello, does have a Spanish surname well known in South Florida and the Caribbean. It is important to note that phenotypical features related to race could set limits on the amount of ethnic blurring a transsexual woman could achieve. For example, a lighter-skinned Latina who adapted an English surname could hope to be interpreted as Anglo\/white. A darker-skinned Latina adopting the same name might be interpreted as African American, an arguably more stigmatised group in South Florida.\n\nBelow I provide biographical sketches of three of the original Latina members of TAO Miami: Colette Tisha Goudie, Tara Carn and Kimberly Elliot. I model my biographical sketches on the presentations self provided on the pages of TAO magazine. Since all of the women were TAO officers and some were editors and contributors to the publications, I hope that the sketches reveal some of the ways in which they preferred to present themselves or self-identify. Although some of the details presented in these stories might run contrary to contemporary transgender preferences for self-identification, I include them in order to indicate the sets of concerns and characteristics Latina transgendered women in the 1970s chose to highlight in one venue.\n\nColette Tisha Goudie\n\nThe most prominent of the transsexual Latinas, Colette Tisha Goudie was the third president of TAO. She took over after the brief tenure of Barbara Rosello, who resigned due to family pressures and nerves. Goudie also served as TAO's vice-president and defense director (1973). Goudie, who had been living as a woman since 1969, was one of the more popular models in the magazines and her pictures were featured on several covers and many pictorials. Douglas describes Goudie as a 'very feminine, beautiful transsexual from Miami' whom she met during the 1972 protests of the presidential national conventions in Miami Beach. In her first published statement as president, Goudie says she had been an active TAO member since 1973 and that she was 'elated to be the third president' of the organisation. As president, she pledged to:\n\ncall demonstrations whenever necessary to protest our oppression and I hope you will support them as much as possible. We will also make ourselves more available to the media to explain about transexualism and transexual liberation, as education for the public is most important. When I served as Defense Director for TAO we held several actions, all of them fairly effective, and in a way, educational as well. TAO needs more members and officers who want to do more than see their names in print or their faces on television screens... I will do all I can to build TAO and help achieve liberation for all transexuals, transvestites, whether they are rich or poor, white or black, Cuban, Puerto Rican or whatever.32\n\nIn TAO publications, Goudie is not identified as Latina or Cuban American at first, but this aspect of her ethnic identity is eventually unveiled. The first time she appears in the magazines, Goudie is described as a twenty-six-year-old, pre-op transsexual 'student of the occult' who is 'originally from France'. In 1974, she is identified as having 'French Cuban extraction' and having 'lived in Florida for many years'.33 In the February 1975 issue that featured her on the cover, Goudie reiterates that she was born in France but adds that she 'was raised in Cuba as my mother is Spanish and then in Miami'.34 Goudie's mother's very Cuban nickname ('China') as well as her familiarity with Afro-Cuban religious practices suggests a strong Cuban American background. Although she describes studying the occult in general (including voodoo and satanism), she wrote about Afro-Cuban Santeria. Moonshadow's August 1975 issue featured Goudie on the cover and included an article on Chango-Santa Barbara, one of the 'transsexual and intersexual deities... found in Afro-Latin beliefs'. Written by Douglas and Goudie with help from someone identified only as 'Maria', the article explains that Chango 'is viewed as a transvestite by some cults, legend saying he assumed feminine dress to escape his enemies and liked it so well he continued'. The Catholic saint with whom Chango was syncretised, Santa Barbara, was a king who 'assumed feminine disguise, continuing to live as a woman off and on during the rest of his life'. Santa Barbara\/Chango is worshipped 'by many Latin Americans, particularly [by] Cubans'. The story discussed other Santeria deities including Yemaya that 'some say... is the protector of male and female homosexuals'.35\n\nAfter Douglas left Miami, she travelled throughout the country spending substantial amounts of time in California and Hawaii. Douglas's and Goudie's paths crossed repeatedly. Douglas admits she was 'madly in love with [Goudie although] she hardly returned the same amount of affection'.36 In the early 1980s, Douglas says she visited Goudie in her home in South Miami. Douglas had dinner with Goudie and her mother, China, and describes them as 'aloof'.37 Goudie had 'claimed' she had sex reassignment surgery, gone to college and visited Paris and Rome.38 Douglas describes being suspicious of all these claims; subsequently, they had their final break-up around this time when Goudie announced that she was a born-again Christian, did not want to see Douglas anymore, planned to tape their calls and refused to return copies of the magazine. After this, Douglas reportedly went to the local police to complain that Goudie was taping her calls and to the FBI to report her suspicion that 'Tisha and her mother were Castro agents, which I concluded for a number of reasons'.39\n\nTara Carn\n\nAccording to Douglas, Goudie's arch-rival was Tara Carn, a Puerto Rican-born, New York-raised transsexual woman who was also one of the original members of TAO Miami. In her autobiography, Douglas describes 'Tara Lopez Carn' as 'a gorgeous, very wild blonde Puerto Rican'. As in other descriptions of Latinas (both transsexual and not), Douglas's language reeks of stereotypes of the hot, highly sexual and passionate Latin spitfire. Douglas tells us that Goudie and Carn were 'both very beautiful and wild and hated each other with a hot passion. Getting them to work together was nearly impossible'.40\n\nCarn describes Miami as boring at times but acknowledges that she always came back to the city. When asked to appear in her first pictorial in Mirage, Carn reports that her boyfriend was 'terrified' because he did not want anyone to know that his girlfriend was a transsexual, but she 'felt differently'. She is quoted as saying: 'I'm proud of what I am, and I want to help anyway I can'.41 Although above she refers to a boyfriend, she is also quoted as saying that she is a 'lesbian at heart' because she likes 'other transsexuals and girls'.42\n\nDouglas describes Carn as one of the most militant of TAO members. At the beginning of the organisation she was a pre-op transsexual who had lived several years as a woman and had 'little trouble being accepted as a woman, although some people can't accept the fact that she is a transsexual'. She was a popular target of Miami Beach police officers who followed her around and harassed her by telling the men she picked up that she was 'a fag in a dress'. Douglas states that they 'loved to embarrass Tara, who was extremely womanly'.43 Carn developed an ingenious strategy to get back at the police:\n\nTo retaliate, the beautiful Tara sometimes went to a crowded beach, started dancing topless to music from a radio and after a crowd of applauding people surrounded her, would take off her bikini panties, display her male genitals and cause a near riot. Police would arrive and she'd shake her genitals at them, screaming 'you say I'm a man'... She was taken to jail, fined, and sometimes went back and repeated the performance.44\n\nLater in the 1970s, Carn underwent sex reassignment surgery. Both Douglas and Carn left Miami separately around 1976, and Douglas reports that she disbanded TAO at this time. Tara is only briefly mentioned again in Douglas's autobiography when their paths crossed in Hawaii. Douglas reports that Carn had gone to Honolulu based on her suggestion. When Douglas runs into Carn with Cynthia Platt (another former TAO member), she says they were 'dripping with expensive clothes and money' and 'were cold, unfriendly, and made it clear that they wanted nothing to do with me'. A few months after this encounter where Douglas felt snubbed, she read Carn had been arrested on a prostitution charge and escaped. 'I guess she is still running'.45\n\nKimberly Elliot\n\nKimberly Barreiro (who changed her name to Kimberly Elliot when she married Steve Elliot) was also one of the original Miami TAO members.46 Cuban-born Elliot served as TAO's Miami Beach director, a member of TAO's central committee and associate director of Mirage. Douglas described the young Elliot (only twenty-one in 1974) as 'tiny, bubbly'.47\n\nElliot was one of the first in the group to undergo surgery, and Douglas said that she transitioned fully in less than a year.48 In a 1974 pictorial, Elliot is quoted as saying she is 'elated with the results' of the surgery. 'I don't regret it all. But the pain was incredible. I don't know if I could go through it again'.49 Elliot was found dead in 1980 at Miami Beach's Midtown Plaza due to a drug overdose Douglas saw as suspicious. She was buried in North Miami Beach, and Douglas reports that 'many old TAO people attended her funeral'.50\n\nTranssexual Latina\n\nIn addition to documenting the lives of individual Latina transsexual activists, I also want to explore the ways in which race and ethnicity emerged in TAO and its publications. An imagined Latina\/o audience is signalled in a range of ways in the organisation's pages. Both Moonshadow and Mirage regularly included information about conditions faced by transsexuals in Latin America, and these reports occasionally came from TAO members who travelled to those countries.51 For example, Jennifer Raquel Otero, identified as the 'third place winner in the Miss Universe contest held in Caracas', reported that police harassment was 'intense' and 'hormone and silicone treatments are also illegal' in Venezuela.52 In addition, TAO publications included regular updates on prominent Latina transvestites Silvia Rivera and Holly Woodlawn, although their Latina descent is never mentioned.53 TAO publications also include other culturally significant references, like the previously mentioned full-page discussion of Chango and Santeria.\n\nSpanish language was used in a variety of ways in the publication \u2013 ranging from the use of short phrases to full stories being printed entirely in Spanish. One issue of Moonshadow features a line drawing of a woman with flowing wavy hair wearing a fashionable leisure suit looking over her shoulder at a map of Florida's east coast. A cartoon bubble indicates that she is remarking '\u00bfQu\u00e9 pasa?' The familiar salutary address (similar to 'What's up?') is so widely familiar to English monolingual speakers that its inclusion, in and of itself, does not suggest a Spanish-speaking audience. However, the fact that the phrase is properly punctuated and accented (with an inverted question mark and an acute accent) suggests that a Spanish speaker edited the text, taking care to make the Spanish 'correct', possibly with bilingual readers in mind.54\n\nAnother Moonshadow issue includes extensive use of the Spanish. The third page begins with the description of the magazine and TAO in Spanish \u2013 'Moonshadow es la publicaci\u00f3n oficial de la Transexual Action Organization, un efuerzo de liberaci\u00f3n transexualista fundado por Angela K. Douglas' \u2013 followed by the English language translation. Similarly, international news from Puerto Rico, Sweden and Canada was printed first in Spanish and followed by its English translation.55 On the outside cover of another issue, only two words appear: the title, 'Moonshadow' and 'gratis' indicating in Spanish that the publication is free. Inside we find a picture of Goudie identified as 'TAO President' and information about TAO, magazine distribution and TAO membership in several languages with Spanish appearing first.56\n\nTAO publications also critiqued Latino homophobia and transphobia. These critiques can be interpreted several ways. On the one hand, they might speak particularly strongly to Latina\/o readers who had themselves fallen victim to oppression from their compatriots, therefore drawing those readers in. Also, they acknowledge the cultural presence of Latinos as part of Miami's landscape. On the other hand, they can be understood to portray all Latino cultures in a derogatory way. These multiple effects are all demonstrated in one short piece, entitled 'Mariposa Mierda', that critiques a local Cuban American musical recording called 'Mariposa': 'Some Cuban morons have released a record called \"Mariposa\" (butterfly) which ridicules effeminate gays and TVs. Mariposa is an insult, like \"maric\u00f3n\" or \"pato\", i.e., faggot or queer. It's a best-seller in Miami'. The critique of Cuban homophobia quickly devolves into an anti-Cuban 'go-back-where-they-came-from' diatribe that resonates with much of Douglas's autobiography: 'Too bad they can't go back to Cuba, where they won't find many mariposas; we'll be glad to steal a boat for them. By the way, didn't they come to find liberty and justice? Apparently they don't know what it is'. The short piece ends somewhat incongruously with a shout out to the Santeria deities: 'Viva Inle and Yemaya'.57 This particular article seems addressed to someone unfamiliar with Cuban cultural references from someone who is familiar with them \u2013 therefore the need to explain a term like mariposa \u2013 a term that would be widely familiar to Cubans and other Spanish speakers in Miami. It also demonstrates knowledge about Cuban American culture and even ends with using Cuban cultural references to Santeria to critique Cuban homophobia. On the other hand, the centre of the argument involves sending ignorant Cubans 'back where they belong'.\n\nAlthough many Latinas were TAO members and\/or magazine contributors, it is unclear how much editorial control they exercised. Given that Douglas's lengthy autobiography is not countered by any similar type of document from Goudie, Carn or other TAO Latinas, it is difficult to answer this question. Clearly, in a visual sense, images of Latinas filled the pages of Moonshadow and Mirage. Whether actual photographs or line drawings adapted from photographs, the faces and bodies of transgendered Latinas like Goudie and Carn became the image of TAO.\n\nLikewise, when TAO spoke to the mainstream media, Latinas were almost always present. One of the significant accomplishments of TAO is that they were able to get mainstream media outlets to feature stories about transsexuals. While the stories are mixed and sometimes include denigrating language (like referring to transsexuals as 'boy girls'), they also included information about the day-to-day challenges faced by transsexuals.58 For example, in 1974 TAO appeared on the 'Marsh and Adams Show' on WKID television in Fort Lauderdale. Tisha Goudie was one of three TAO members featured. The show discussed some of the challenges faced by transsexuals: housing discrimination, police harassment, difficulties receiving proper medical attention and difficulties with getting identification.59 During June 1974, the Miami News published a series on transsexual issues. Two of the four featured transsexuals were Latina: Tara Carn and Colombian American Crystal Gresham. Previewing the interview before the story was published, Mirage reported that Carn and another transsexual, Sharon Martin, gave the journalist John Maguire and photographer Bill Rankin 'a long look at the wonders wrought by silicone and hormones'. Predictably, the Miami News story voyeuristically reported that they had 'breasts that rival a Playmate's' and that their faces 'epitomize[d] one ideal of classy looks'. The writer seemed most taken with Gresham (formerly Crystal Lein) who served as TAO's Miami Beach director. Gresham is described as a 'perfect lady' and 'personifying elegance in name, voice and gesture'. During the interview, 'she wore a lace dress with white earrings... Her appearance and demeanor were impressive'. According to the article, Gresham 'live[d] fully as a female except when teaching ballroom dance to elderly women in Miami Beach'.60\n\nOne of my original questions was how TAO defined their relationship with other political movements and social identities. Membership policies begin to answer this question. When founding the organisation on the west coast, Douglas conceived it as catering to both transvestites and transsexuals. However, she shortly reconsidered this position, so transvestites were not invited to be part of TAO Miami. In a published interview, Douglas asks then-TAO president Goudie how she feels about transvestites:\n\nI have nothing against them. Some transsexuals say they are transvestites because it's easier for the world to comprehend. But it's not the same. A transvestite is a man who dresses up like a woman for a little while and then becomes a man again. A transsexual, like you and me and so many others, live as we are all of the time. It is so different... I don't think it's good for both TVs and TSs to belong to the same groups, as the values are so different, the laws and problems are so different. In some ways the problems overlap, but not completely.61\n\nFor most of TAO's history, full membership was restricted to pre- and post-operative transsexuals, not a larger 'queer' community, and several issues suggest that 'proof' (such as medical documents or a note from a doctor) were required to receive a membership card. This relationship to medical technologies is one issue that distinguished transsexuals from transvestites. Although TAO critiqued the mainstream media's focus on 'medical aspects' of transsexualism at the expense of more severe problems, the magazine included regular information about the costs and accessibility of medical procedures. Do-it\u2013yourself medical technologies, while probably not uncommon among TAO members, were not discussed or promoted in TAO publications. As Meyerowitz points out, the 1970s marked the growth of the 'privatization of medical treatment' of transsexuals that exponentially increased access.62 Dr John Brown was a controversial figure (Meyerowitz said he 'won a well-earned reputation as a back-alley butcher') who provided cheaper and quicker surgeries for transsexuals who wanted it.63 Although when Douglas met Dr Brown in 1974 she did not yet decide to have surgery, she claims, 'he wanted to help aid me and came up with several thousand dollars cash to help publish Mirage Magazine. In exchange, I promoted him considerably'.64 Dr Brown's patronage, as well as the eagerness of transsexuals who had previously been denied access to surgical interventions and medical recognition, probably fuelled the inclusion of information about medical technologies.\n\nAlthough transvestites were not full members of TAO Miami, TAO added 'units' or associate memberships for non-transsexual members, including the lesbian and transvestite units, and in 1975 full membership was granted to intersexuals.65 As only one of many examples, one issue clarifies the relationship between TAO and other social movements related to gender and sexuality:\n\nTAO also strongly relates to the problems and efforts of transvestites, gay men and women and feminists. However, we consider transexualist values of paramount importance and are not subject to the values of other sociosexual liberationist movements, such as the feminist and gay liberation movements. We prefer to meet members in person.\n\nIn another article, Douglas describes 'transexual and transvestite liberation' as 'seeking full independence from the feminist and gay liberation movements'.66 As in the national political landscape, eruptions emerged between women's liberation activists and transsexuals because of the exclusion of male-to-female transsexuals from 'women's' spaces. When this issue came up in the pages of TAO's publications, group members mostly did not identify specific local instances of discrimination but rather referred to national and international issues, yet tensions with the gay\/lesbian movement did seem to respond to local issues. TAO broke off relationships with Gay Action Alliance (GAA-Miami) after the gay\/lesbian group refused to include transsexuals in a lawsuit countering police brutality in Miami Beach.67 This was particularly upsetting to TAO since, from their point of view, they had been the ones to take actions on the street level to challenge the police.68 As Douglas clarifies, the point of their actions was that transsexuals were targeted more than gay men and other groups. In an interview, Goudie explains that only transsexuals can 'really understand each other and help each other. We have our experiences and goals and non-transexuals have theirs... We do not really belong in the gay or women's movements, although I don't really care if people think I'm gay or not'.69 In response to a National Gay Task Force media issue, Joann Ocasio is quoted as saying: 'I am not a homosexual and do not want homosexuals representing me'.70 The article elaborates that this is the position held by most TAO members.\n\nI would say these positions represent the majority (although not all) of the positions expressed in TAO publications. A few issues complicate the assertion of an explicitly separatist agenda. A review of the articles, advertisements and Douglas's autobiographies suggests a very concentrated social space in which most transsexuals lived, worked and\/or socialised. This area of South Miami Beach, about nine square blocks around Twenty-first Street beach, was at the time also Miami's primary gay male neighbourhood. In her autobiography, Holly Woodlawn, the Puerto Rican-born actress best known for her role in Andy Warhol's Trash, describes her first encounter with Twenty-first Street beach in the early 1960s:\n\nI had stumbled upon the only gay beach in all of Florida... Loud Cuban salsa music blared from a nearby radio as all these men yukked it up, having the time of their lives. I had never before seen a real-life, honest-to-God homosexual \u2013 ever! Here were actual 'queers', 'fairies', 'pansies', 'Nancies' and 'fags'. And with that kind of terminology floating around my head, how could I have helped but assume that all homosexuals were nellie little darlings with poofy hair coiffed to perfection, their shoulders caressed by feather boas, wearing a rock on every finger and talking with a dead-giveaway lisp!? Boy, was I ever in for a surprise.\n\nThere they were, a smorgasbord of every type imaginable: exotic, outrageous, fabulous, decadent! Big, little, hunky, chunky.71\n\nTherefore, approximately a decade before TAO emerged in Miami Beach, Woodlawn describes a vibrant and diverse homosexual community at the beach. The presence of 'loud Cuban salsa music' and the description of 'exotic' men, suggests the presence of Latino homosexual men amid the scene. In the early 1970s (and well into the 1980s), this area was still a well-known gay male gathering place. The political tensions that emerged between transsexual activists and gay groups were probably a product of sharing this confined social\/urban space. In other words, the need to articulate a separate identity and political agenda emerged from the proximity and shared social space of these social groups (transsexuals, gay men and transvestites) rather than their social distance. Also, while Goudie sees herself as quite distinct from a transvestite, she and other TAO members knew that this distinction was meaningless in the eyes of the police. This blurring is evidenced by the regular reporting of violence and harassment of transvestites and cross-dressers as well as transsexuals in the pages of TAO publications.72 Miami Beach laws outlawing cross-dressing (which were found unconstitutional in 1972 but reportedly still enforced) were used to harass both transvestites and transsexuals. Even given this shared harassment, TAO clearly articulated the specificity of their experiences as transsexuals \u2013 taking pains to explain the ways in which transsexuals had needs and identities different from transvestites, gay men and feminists.\n\nEarlier, I asked how Cuban immigrants, especially those who migrated to the US in 1980, fit into these gender\/sexual schemas. After 1980, Miami underwent a demographic transformation with the mass immigration of Cuban and Haitian immigrants. Many Cuban gender transgressive (male-to-female) immigrants entered the United States as part of the 1980 Mariel Boatlift.73 This particular subgroup is probably the one most likely to be claimed as 'transgender', as Ochoa's pointed critique indicates. How did transsexual activists view these gender transgressive Mariel immigrants? Were they seen as part of the transsexual group? Soon-to-be-transsexuals? Homosexuals? Or something else? The accounts by TAO activists reveal that, prior to 1980, there existed a group of Latinas, including Cuban Americans, who saw themselves as transsexuals and understood themselves as different from gay men and transvestites.\n\nIn her autobiography, Douglas provides some sense of how newly arrived gender transgressive Cubans were seen. She describes the changes in South Miami Beach (what is now known as South Beach) when she returned to the city in 1981 and 1982, shortly after the Mariel migration:\n\nthe Beach was dying. Cuban refugees by the thousands had moved in and had turned ratty South Miami Beach into a Cuban slum... Italian and Jewish stores and restaurants had been taken over by Cubans, one by one. Lovely Lincoln Road had been transformed into a pathetic cheap-goods shopping mall run by Cubans. The Beach had deteriorated so badly I was horrified.74\n\nDouglas interprets the dramatic increase in the Cuban population as a negative turn for this Miami neighbourhood. During this time, Douglas lived in South Miami Beach's Drake Hotel. The Drake, like other South Beach hotel\/apartment buildings, had become home to gender transgressive migrants, many of whom arrived during the Mariel Boatlift, because they provided small, relatively inexpensive, rental units. Douglas felt tormented by the 'young gays and Cuban drag queens' with whom she lived at the Drake.75 A few pages later, Douglas repeats that 'a group of very idiotic, offensive young gays lived there, all prostitutes, and a bunch of Cuban drag queens lived there, too'.76 These quick references suggest that Douglas did not identify the newly arrived Cuban gender transgressive migrants as transsexuals, nor did she see them as part of a group to which she belonged. This outsider status is related to a combination of gender expression, sexual orientation, race\/ethnicity and immigrant status. Based on the framing of the Drake population as 'young gays' and 'Cuban drag queens', it also seems that Douglas did not see the gender transgressive Marielitos as part of the community of homosexual men who lived in Miami Beach prior to 1980. Other sources have commented on how gender transgressive Marielitos challenged the attitudes and lifestyles of gay men who already lived in Miami in part because of their class-based and ethnically distinct expressions.77\n\nTransgender studies demands that contemporary scholars analyse and not assume the relationships between communities and individuals marginalised due to gender and sexual non-conformity. Transgender studies provides two interrelated insights. First, sexual orientation and gender identity are not necessarily related, and we should not assume that a transgressive gender identity corresponds with sexual preference. Second (and perhaps conversely), it is important for scholars to think about relationships between gender transgressive groups that may not see themselves as members of the same identity groups or communities. In other words, transgender studies posits the relationships among a wide continuum of gender transgressive practices. People embodying some characteristics on this continuum might not see themselves as related to others along the continuum. Examining the possible (but not assumed) relationship between gender and sexual orientation and analysing the ways in which different manifestations of gender transgression function socially in relation to one another can only make our scholarship more precise.\n\nApplying these insights, however, is not the same as saying that individuals at different historical moments and in different cultural contexts were transgender. This statement would imply that individuals identified with a particular social identity that emerges from a different social context. My research highlights why we should not assume that 'transgender' identities and alliances existed in historical moments before the term was mobilised. For example, TAO publications reflect that organisation leaders saw a clear distinction between sexual orientation and gender identity. This is most clearly revealed by the tensions that emerged between more gender normative gay men in the area and the organisation. In this way, TAO members reflect a notion of transgender similar to the more socioeconomically privileged transgender activists Valentine discusses. On the other hand, TAO did not really embrace a continuum of transgender expressions either. They made clear distinctions between their members, defined as transsexuals, and other forms of gender transgressors including cross-dressers and transvestites. Also, it is unclear how the mass migration of gender transgressive Cubans was interpreted by the former TAO membership. Douglas's impressions survive, and they mark these recent immigrants as not one 'of us'.\n\nWhile there is still a lot of work left to be done to further explore this issue, it is important to remember that in places like Cuba (and in some US centres of Latino\/a concentration), gender expression was (and is?) seen as related to sexual orientation and sexual desires. As this chapter demonstrates, gendered homosexual identities coexisted with transsexual identities that participants understood as independent from their sexual orientation. While I think it is wrong to label TAO activists as 'homosexuals', I am still not convinced that all the gender transgressive Mariel immigrants were 'transgender'. To place individuals in these categories we need to know something about how they saw themselves, what communities they participated in and what social meanings were available to them in their socio-historical context. These are not always things we can access through the historical record, but I hope this study contributes to the project.\n\nNotes\n\nI am grateful to Susan Stryker for pointing me towards Angela Douglas and the Transsexual Action Organization's documents at the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Historical Society in San Francisco (GLBTHS). Without her original suggestion of these sources, this project would have never emerged. I met Susan as a result of my participation in the Social Science Research Council's Sexuality Research Fellowship Program, and I remain indebted to that program and its support from the Ford Foundation. Discussions and debates with Joelle Ruby Ryan, transgender studies scholar\/activist and my former advisee, helped me clarify my arguments. I want to thank the staffs at the University of Michigan's Labadie Collection and GLBTHS, especially Willie Walker of the latter who provided great assistance during my first visit to an archive. I am grateful to everyone who provided feedback on earlier versions of this chapter including Nancy San Martin, the co-editors of this book, Kevin P. Murphy and Jennifer M. Spear, two anonymous reviewers and those who attended my presentation at Oberlin College's '\"My Name is My Own\": Queering the Intersections of Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality' series. I want to especially acknowledge the thoughtful, engaged and thorough feedback provided by participants in the Newberry Library Seminar in Borderlands and Latino Studies.\n\n1. Susan Stryker, '(De)Subjugated Knowledges: An Introduction to Transgender Studies', in Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (eds), The Transgender Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 1\u201318, here p. 3.\n\n2. Stryker, '(De)Subjugated Knowledges', p. 2.\n\n3. David Valentine, Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), p. 4.\n\n4. Susana Pe\u00f1a, '\"Obvious Gays\" and the State Gaze: Gay Visibility and Immigration Policy During the 1980 Mariel Boatlift', Journal of the History of Sexuality 16 (2007), pp. 482\u2013514; Susana Pe\u00f1a, 'Visibility and Silence: Mariel and Cuban American Gay Male Experience and Representation', in Eithne Luibh\u00e9id and Lionel Cant\u00fa (eds), Queer Migrations: Sexuality, U.S. Citizenship, and Border Crossings (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), pp. 125\u201345.\n\n5. Tom\u00e1s Almaguer, 'Chicano Men: A Cartography of Homosexual Identity and Behavior', Differences 3\/2 (1991), pp. 75\u201398.\n\n6. Pe\u00f1a, '\"Obvious Gays\" and the State Gaze'; Pe\u00f1a, 'Visibility and Silence', p. 487. For examples of visible markers associated with homosexuality used by the state, see Marvin Leiner, Sexual Politics in Cuba: Machismo, Homosexuality, and AIDS (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 31\u20132; Luis Salas, Social Control and Deviance in Cuba (New York: Praeger, 1979), p. 155.\n\n7. Leiner, Sexual Politics in Cuba, p. 31.\n\n8. See Pe\u00f1a, '\"Obvious Gays\" and the State Gaze'; Pe\u00f1a, 'Visibility and Silence'.\n\n9. Marcia Ochoa, 'Latino\/a Transpopulations', in Marysol Asencio (ed.), Latina\/o Sexualities: Probing Powers, Passions, Practices, and Policies (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2010), here p. 234.\n\n10. Jaime Cortez, Sexilio\/Sexile, ed. Pato Hebert, tr. Omar Ba\u00f1os in consultation with Adela Vasquez (Los Angeles: Institute for Gay Men's Health, 2004).\n\n11. Discussion of sexual orientation within transgender studies literature usually identifies homosexual orientation in relation to the gender one presents in and identifies with, and not with gender of origin. Due to medicalisation of transsexuality in the United States, only transsexuals who claimed a future heterosexual orientation would be approved for sex reassignment surgery (SRS). In other words, a male-to-female candidate for SRS would be granted permission to transition surgically only if she sexually desired men and only men. Transgender rights activists are extremely critical of the medical policing of transgender populations. When Minter refers to 'transsexual people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual', he is referring to 'male-to-female transsexuals who are sexually attracted to women or female-to-male transsexuals who are sexually attracted to men'. Sharon Price Minter, 'Do Transsexuals Dream of Gay Rights?: Getting Real About Transgender Inclusion', in Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang and Sharon Price Minter (eds), Transgender Rights (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), p. 151.\n\n12. See Ochoa, 'Latino\/a Transpopulations'; Minter, 'Do Transsexuals Dream of Gay Rights?', p. 151. See also Mauro Cabral and Paula Viturro, '(Trans)Sexual Citizenship in Contemporary Argentina', in Currah, Juang and Price Minter (eds), Transgender Rights, pp. 262\u201373; Tim Retzloff, 'Eliding Trans Latino\/a Queer Experience in U.S. LGBT History: Jos\u00e9 Sarria and Sylvia Rivera Reexamined', Centro Journal 19\/1 (2007), pp. 140\u201361; Jessi Gan, '\"Still at the Back of the Bus\": Sylvia Rivera's Struggle', Centro Journal 19\/1 (2007), pp. 124\u201339; Salvador Vidal-Ortiz, 'The Figure of the Transwoman of Color through the Lens Of \"Doing Gender\"', Gender & Society 23 (2009), pp. 99\u2013103.\n\n13. Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, 'Entre Boleros, Travestismos y Migraciones Translocales: Manuel Ramos Otero, Jorge Merced y El Bolero Fue Mi Ruina Del Teatro Pregones Del Bronx', Revista Iberoamericana 71 (2005), pp. 887\u2013907; Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, 'Trans\/Bolero\/Drag\/Migration: Music, Cultural Translation, and Diasporic Puerto Rican Theatricalities', WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 36\/3\u20134 (2008), pp. 190\u2013209, here p. 194.\n\n14. Valentine, Imagining Transgender, p. 245.\n\n15. Valentine, Imagining Transgender, pp. 4\u20135.\n\n16. Valentine, Imagining Transgender, p. 245.\n\n17. Stryker, '(De)Subjugated Knowledges', p. 4.\n\n18. Susan Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley: Seal Studies, 2008), p. 86.\n\n19. Douglas went by the names Angela Keyes Douglas and Angela Lynn Douglas. Angela Douglas, Hollywood's Obsession (self-published, 1992), p. 5, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Historical Society, San Francisco (hereafter GLBTHS). In addition she went by the name Anita for a while because she feared being associated with the 'Communist' Angela Davis. Moonshadow (August 1975), GLBTHS. All issues of Moonshadow and Mirage from GLBTHS were compiled in a document titled 'Transsexual Action Organization Publications 1972\u20131975' that was 'created and published by Angela Douglas'. After cross-checking this compilation with individual issues archived at University of Michigan's Labadie Collection, it is clear that the collection at GLBTHS is selectively edited and compiled by Douglas. Apparently, Douglas blocked out pictures of herself she found unflattering, intentionally or unintentionally blocked out both lines and chunks of text and reordered pages so that pages from one issue appear to be in a previous issue.\n\n20. Joanne Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 237; Stryker, Transgender History, p. 88.\n\n21. Douglas, Hollywood's Obsession; Angela Lynn Douglas, Triple Jeopardy: The Autobiography of Angela Lynn Douglas (self-published, 1983), GLBTHS.\n\n22. Meyerowitz notes that when Douglas moved TAO to Miami in 1972, the new branch included 'several Latina (Cuban and Puerto Rican) members', but that is the extent of her discussion. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, p. 239.\n\n23. Stryker, Transgender History, pp. 88\u20139.\n\n24. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, p. 240.\n\n25. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 5.\n\n26. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 6.\n\n27. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 7.\n\n28. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, pp. 10, 14, 7 respectively.\n\n29. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 32.\n\n30. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 38.\n\n31. All the women discussed here are first generation immigrants.\n\n32. Colette Goudie, 'Statement by President Goudie', Moonshadow (September\/October 1974), p. 2, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor (hereafter UMLC).\n\n33. Mirage 1\/1 (1974), GLBTHS.\n\n34. Mirage 1\/4 (February 1975), GLBTHS.\n\n35. Moonshadow (August 1975), GLBTHS. This article is identified as part 1 of a series on 'Transexual and Intersexual Gods'. I have been unable to find any additional installments of this series. STAR founder Silvia Rivera also identified Santa Barbara as a kindred deity. She 'set up an altar with incense and candles where residents of the STAR House would pray to the saints, particularly to Saint Barbara (reputed to be the saint of queer Latinos)'. Gan, 'Still at the Back of the Bus', p. 134. Salvador Vidal-Ortiz discusses the role of Chango amongst Santeria practitioners who were sexual minorities, emphasising the hypermasculine nature of the god of thunder. He remarks that 'Chang\u00f3's Catholic deity form is Saint Barbara, who in some radical Catholic circles is not well respected because of the idea that Saint Barbara \u2013 not Chang\u00f3 \u2013 used to be a man'. Salvador Vidal-Ortiz, '\"Sexuality\" and \"Gender\" in Santeria: Towards a Queer of Color Critique in the Study of Religion' (unpublished doctoral thesis, City University of New York, 2005), p. 137.\n\n36. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 47. Also, Douglas describes Goudie's visit to Berkeley. Douglas believes Goudie was jealous because Douglas had undergone surgery, but Goudie had not. Douglas describes sending Goudie back to Miami on an aeroplane, p. 53.\n\n37. This is the second reference to Goudie's mother, China. This reference is notable since no other transsexual's parents are referenced in the autobiography, apart from Douglas's with whom she had a troubled and inconsistent relationship.\n\n38. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 67.\n\n39. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 68.\n\n40. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 39. In all issues of Mirage and Moonshadow, Tara is identified as 'Tara Carn'. However, in Triple Jeopardy, Douglas refers to her as Tara Lopez Carn. I have chosen to use the name used by the publications that involved the editorial input of Carn and other Latinas.\n\n41. Mirage 1\/1 (1974), GLBTHS.\n\n42. Mirage 1\/2 (1974), GLBTHS. Please note this issue does not correspond to the same issue found at UMLC.\n\n43. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, pp. 44\u20135.\n\n44. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, pp. 44\u20135. One of these incidents was also reported in Mirage 1\/2 (1974), GLBTHS and UMLC.\n\n45. Mirage 1\/2 (1974), p. 61, GLBTHS.\n\n46. Moonshadow reports that Elliot was one of the first TAO members legally to marry. In this issue, she expresses that she is seeking a divorce from her husband. See Moonshadow (August 1975), GLBTHS. However, I found no confirmation that she actually divorced.\n\n47. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 39.\n\n48. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 39.\n\n49. Mirage (Autumn 1974), pp. 24\u20135, GLBTHS.\n\n50. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 66. Reportedly Kimberly Elliot and her husband are mentioned in Art Kelps's Millbrook: A Narrative of the Early Years of American Psychedelianism (1994; rev. Austin: Original Kleptonian Neo-American Church, 2004), under the pseudonyms Kim and Steve Newell.\n\n51. Occasionally there was also information about gays and lesbians. For example, see story about lesbian visibility in Puerto Rico in Mirage Magazine (Autumn 1974), p. 6.\n\n52. Mirage (February 1975), p. 4, GLBTHS. Rodrigo Navarrete reports that the Miss Venezuela Gay pageant has been held in Venezuela since at least the 1970s. Winners went on to represent Venezuela in international competitions such as Miss Gay Universe. It is likely that the competition referred to in Mirage is Miss Venezuela Gay. Rodrigo Navarrete, 'En una noche tan linda como \u00e9sta: Misses y Misters en la econom\u00eda pol\u00edtica y simb\u00f3lica de la Venezuela actual', in Carlos Colina (ed.), Sabanagay: Disidencia y diversidad sexual en la ciudad (Caracas: Editorial Alfa, 2009), pp. 183\u2013206, here p. 201. Other TAO publications include brief references to Peru, Chile, Cuba, South American nations and Puerto Rico.\n\n53. Mentions of Silvia Rivera and STAR include: Moonshadow (August 1973), GLBTHS; Moonshadow (September 1973), UMLC; Mirage (February 1975), GLBTHS. Holly Woodlawn is mentioned in Mirage (March\/April 1974), GLBTHS.\n\n54. Moonshadow (January\/February 1974), GLBTHS and UMLC.\n\n55. Moonshadow (September 1973), UMLC.\n\n56. Moonshadow (November 1975), GLBTHS.\n\n57. Moonshadow (January\/February 1974), p. 17, GLBTHS and UMLC. Puerto Rico's Comunidad de Orgullo Gay also protested against a 'homophobic song called \"Las Mariposas\"' in 1975. Frances Negr\u00f3n-Muntaner, 'Echoing Stonewall and Other Dilemmas: The Organizational Beginnings of a Gay and Lesbian Agenda in Puerto Rico, 1972\u20131977 (Part II)', Centro Journal 4\/2 (1992), pp. 106\u20137.\n\n58. Article series by John Maguire appeared in the Miami News between 16 and 19 June 1974 and was reprinted in Mirage 1\/2, pp. 22\u20133.\n\n59. Mirage (Autumn 1974), GLBTHS. There is also a reference to a videocassette, Transexualism and TAO, featuring Colette Tisha Goudie and Joann Ocasio in Moonshadow (November 1975).\n\n60. The Miami News articles were reprinted in Mirage (February 1975), GLBTHS.\n\n61. Mirage (February 1975).\n\n62. As cited by Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, p. 239.\n\n63. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, p. 271.\n\n64. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 46. Dr Brown did operate on Douglas in the late 1970s.\n\n65. Moonshadow (October 1973), UMLC; Moonshadow (July\/August 1974), UMLC; Moonshadow (August 1975), GLBTHS.\n\n66. Angela K. Douglas, 'Transexual and Transvestite Liberation', Mirage 1\/2 (1974), pp. 15\u201316, GLBTHS and UMLC.\n\n67. In her autobiographies, Douglas repeatedly uses strongly derogatory language to refer to gay men and lesbians. For instance, when she confronts Norma's lover, Joan, she refers to her as a 'facsimile of a man'. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, pp. 16\u201317. Homosexual men are referred to as 'perverts', 'degenerates' and 'faggots' throughout the text.\n\n68. TAO members employed or threatened street protests on several issues. For example, when Miami Beach police threatened to rewrite an anti-cross-dressing ordinance that had been found unconstitutional by the lower courts, Kilo (also identified as Kilopelo and Ramon Lenoa), and 'other local transsexuals and TVs vowed street demonstrations'. 'Transreceiver', Mirage 1\/2 (1974), GLBTHS (does not correspond to same issue in UMLC). Kilo is described as a twenty-two-year-old pre-op TS who was a 'popular performer' who had appeared at the Stonewall club in a production of 'Wild Side Story'. Kilo died in a house fire in 1974\/1975, and specific information about her ethnicity is not provided. 'Transreceiver', Mirage 4 (1975), GLBTHS.\n\n69. Angela K. Douglas, 'Interview with Colette Goudie', Mirage 1\/4 (1975), pp. 9\u201312, GLBTHS.\n\n70. 'Other News', Moonshadow (August 1975), p. 6, GLBTHS.\n\n71. Holly Woodlawn with Jeff Copeland, A Low Life in High Heels: The Holly Woodlawn Story (New York: St Martin's Press, 1991), pp. 37\u20138. For more on Woodlawn, see 'From Puerto Rico with Trash' in Frances Negr\u00f3n-Muntaner, Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2004), pp. 87\u2013114.\n\n72. For example, Moonshadow reported that on 20 July 1973, Goudie and Carn were arrested on Twenty-first Street beach for disorderly conduct. Unlike most instances of police interaction reported on in TAO publications, Goudie and Carn 'reported they were treated well by the police'. Moonshadow (August 1973), GLBTHS.\n\n73. Pe\u00f1a, '\"Obvious Gays\" and the State Gaze'; Pe\u00f1a, 'Visibility and Silence'.\n\n74. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 67.\n\n75. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 68.\n\n76. Douglas, Triple Jeopardy, p. 70.\n\n77. Elinor Burkett, 'The Price', Miami Herald, 1 April 1990, pp. 9\u201317.\nIndex\n\nabortion\n\ngenitalia\n\nambiguous\n\nAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defence of Sunshine and Health magazine\n\nRoth v. United States\n\nanal intercourse\n\nAntigua\n\nAugier, Susanna\n\nBarbados\n\nBarrios de Chungara, Domitila\n\nbirth control\n\nBoone, Ilsley\n\nCAH see congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)\n\nC\u00e1rdenas, Nancy\n\nCaribbean slave societies\n\nabolitionist literature\n\nAntigua\n\nBarbados\n\nBritish national identity\n\nCreole identity\n\nCreoleana\n\nDominica\n\n'enslaved agency'\n\nfreed women of colour\n\ninter\u2013racial sex\n\nJamaica\n\nprostitution\n\nwhite status\/whiteness\n\nwhite West Indian women\n\nCarn, Tara\n\nCatholic Church\n\nand Nahua culture\n\ncensorship: nudist magazines\n\nchildbirth\n\nchildren\n\ninter\u2013racial\n\nsee also congenital adrenal hyperplasia\n\nChina\n\nfeminism\n\nMay Fourth New Culture period\n\n'Sick Man of Asia'\n\nChinese sexology\n\nclassical texts\n\n'epistemic modernity'\n\neugenics\n\nhomosexuality\n\nbiological and psychological argumentation\n\ncontrol and prevention\n\nhistorical and cultural context\n\ninfluence of Freud\n\npathological status\n\nsocial and nationalistic argumentation\n\ntreatment and cures\n\nlesbianism\n\nPan Guangdan\n\nscientific study of sex\n\nse\n\nsex education\n\nSex Science\n\nsexual difference\n\ntraditional Chinese medicine\n\ntranslation of foreign terms\n\ntranslation of foreign texts\n\nxing\n\nas human nature\n\nneologistic construction in Japanese and Chinese\n\nyin\n\nyu\n\nZhang Jingsheng\n\nCihuacoatl\n\ndepiction in the Codex Borbonicus\n\ndepiction in the Codex Magliabechiano\n\nhair\n\npriests\n\nritual defeat\n\nsacrifices to\n\nshield\n\ntongue\n\nworship of\n\nsee also Nahua culture\n\nclitoral surgery\n\ncolonialism\n\nanti\u2013imperialism and the UN International Women's Year Conference\n\nEgypt\n\nglobalisation and\n\nNahua culture and Spanish conquest\n\nsee also Caribbean slave societies\n\ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)\n\ndiagnosis\n\ngender role\n\nmanagement\n\ntreatment\n\nclitoral surgery\n\ncortisone\n\ncortisone\n\nCreole identity\n\nCreoleana\n\ncross\u2013dressing\n\nEgypt: the khawal\n\nNahua culture\n\nCuban American community\n\ngay male culture\n\nhomophobia\n\nreligious practices (Santeria)\n\nDavenport, Charles\n\ndivorce: Egyptian women's rights\n\nDominica\n\nDouglas, Angela\n\nEgypt\n\ncolonialism\n\ncross\u2013dressing: the khawal\n\neugenics\n\nmedicalisation of male sexuality\n\nmedicalisation of marriage\n\nnormative model of heterosexuality\n\nprostitution\n\npublic health campaigns\n\nsexually transmitted diseases\n\nwomen's rights\n\nsee also Islam; Physical Culture magazine\n\nElliot, Kimberley\n\nEllis, Havelock\n\neugenics\n\nChina\n\nEgypt\n\nfamily planning see birth control feminism\n\nChina\n\nIWY Conference 1975 see UN International Women's Year Conference\n\nlesbian feminists\n\nUN International Women's Year Conference\n\nMarxist feminists\n\nwestern sexual liberation agenda\n\nfertility goddesses\n\nfertility rites\n\nFoucault, Michel\n\nFreud, Sigmund\n\nFriedan, Betty\n\nGalton, Francis\n\ngender\n\nseparation from sexuality\n\nnon\u2013western peoples and\n\ntransgender and homosexual identity\n\ngender role\n\nfemininity and masculinity in:\n\nEgypt\n\nNahua culture\n\nCaribbean slave societies\n\nthe United States\n\nGermany: nudist movement\n\nglobalisation\n\nGoudie, Colette Tisha\n\nhermaphroditism (pseudo\u2013)\n\nheteronormativity\n\nAmerican nudist movement\n\nEgypt\n\nhistorical perspective\n\nsexual politics and the UN International Women's Year Conference\n\nhomonormativity\n\nhomophobia\n\nhomosexuality\n\nChina\n\nbiological and psychological argumentation\n\ncontrol and prevention\n\nhistorical and cultural context\n\ninfluence of Freud\n\npathological status\n\nsocial and nationalistic argumentation\n\ntreatments and cures\n\nCuban American gay male culture\n\nmagazine audiences\n\ntransgender identity and\n\nsee also lesbians\/lesbianism\n\nincest\n\nindigenous societies: Nahua see Nahua culture\n\nInternational Nudist Conference (INC)\n\nInternational Women's Year Conference see UN International Women's Year Conference\n\nintersex conditions: medical treatment\n\nsee also congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)\n\nIslam\n\nlaw and legal system\n\nmarriage and divorce\n\npersonal status legislation\n\nmedieval religious texts\n\nsexual morality\n\nJamaica\n\nJapanese language\n\nKinsey, Alfred\n\nLatina\/o transgender communities\n\nand homosexual identity\n\nCarn, Tara\n\nGoudie, Colette Tisha\n\nhomophobia and transphobia\n\npolice harassment\n\nSpanish language\n\nTranssexual Action Organisation (TAO)\n\nlaws and legal systems\n\nIslamic\n\nCaribbean slave societies\n\nmarriage\n\nprohibited sex acts\n\nprostitution\n\nsee also Islam: law and legal system; nudism and the law; obscenity\n\nlesbians\/lesbianism activism\n\nUN International Woman's Year Conference\n\nRelationship with Transsexual Action Organisation\n\nChina\n\nidentity\n\nterminology\n\nsee also homosexuality\n\nmagazines and periodicals\n\nmale physique magazines\n\nMirage (US)\n\nMoonshadow (US)\n\nNational Geographic\n\n(The) Nudist (US)\n\nPhysical Culture (Egypt) see Physical Culture magazine\n\nSex Science (China)\n\nSunshine and Health (US) see Sunshine and Health magazine\n\nMarielitas\n\nMarxist feminists\n\nmedicalisation of sex: Egypt\n\nmale sexuality\n\nmarriage\n\nMexico\n\nIWY Conference 1975 see UN International Women's Year Conference\n\nNahua culture see Nahua culture\n\nNahua culture\n\nabsence of gendered pronouns in Nahuatl\n\nCatholic Church and\n\ncihuateteo\n\ncross\u2013dressing and\n\ndeities\n\nChalchiuhtlicue\n\nCihuacoatl see Cihuacoatl\n\nCoatlicue\n\nCoyolxauhqui\n\ndeath figures and underworld gods: the tzitimime\n\nfertility goddesses\n\nHuitzilopochtli\n\nphallic figures\n\nsacrifices to\n\nTezcatlipoca\n\nTlazolteotl\n\ntongues\n\nworship of\n\ngender complementarity and hierarchy\n\npriests\n\nsexual honour and virtue\n\nsexuality and fertility\n\nsorcery\n\ntlacuilos : iconography\n\nwarriors\n\nNational Geographic magazine\n\nnudist movement\n\nhistorical context\n\nobscenity laws and\n\ndefence of Sunshine and Health magazine\n\nRoth v. United States\n\nracial liberalism\n\nSunshine and Health (US) see Sunshine and Health magazine therapeutic principles\n\nobscenity\n\nChinese sexology\n\nsee also nudism and the law\n\nOrderson, J. W.: Creoleana\n\npaedophilia\n\nPan Guangdan\n\nphallic figures\n\nPhysical Culture magazine\n\nintended audience\n\nreaders' letters\n\nsex education\n\nPolgreen, Joanna\n\nPolgreen, Rachael Pringle\n\narchive and secondary historical accounts\n\nCreoleana\n\nbirth and death\n\ndepiction\n\nencounter with Prince William Henry\n\nmanumission of Joanna Polgreen\n\nname\n\npower and agency\n\nsubjugation of other women\n\nwealth and estate\n\npopulation control\n\npornography\n\nnudist magazines and\n\nsee also Roth v. United States\n\nprostitution\n\nCaribbean slave societies\n\nEgypt\n\nMiami\n\nprostitutes' rights\n\nUN International Women's Year Conference\n\npsychiatry\n\npsychoanalysis\n\nracialised power relations\n\nLatina\/o transgender communities\n\nnudist movement and racial liberalism\n\nsee also Caribbean slave societies\n\nRoth v. United States\n\nRubin, Gayle\n\nSanteria\n\nSchaw, Janet\n\nsex education\n\nChina\n\nEgypt\n\nsex differentiation\n\nsee also gender role\n\nsex\/gender distinction\n\nsex reassignment surgery\n\nsexual liberation\n\nsexual politics\n\nsexuality\n\nseparation from gender\n\nnon\u2013western peoples and\n\ntransgender and homosexual identity\n\nsee also heteronormativity; homosexuality; lesbian\/lesbianism\n\nsexually transmitted diseases\n\nCaribbean slave societies\n\nEgypt\n\nSpock, Benjamin\n\nSunshine and Health magazine\n\narticles on health and homemaking\n\ncensorship of genitalia\n\ndefence by American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)\n\nefforts to show a range of body types\n\nhomosexual readers\n\nlegal victories and eventual decline\n\npictures of children\n\nSecond World War\n\nsexual objectification of women\n\ntlacuilos\n\ntransgender identity\n\nAfro\u2013Cuban deities\n\nhomosexuality and\n\npolice harassment of transsexuals\n\nsex reassignment surgery\n\ntransphobia\n\nTranssexual Action Organisation (TAO)\n\nCarn, Tara\n\nDouglas, Angela\n\nElliot, Kimberly\n\nGoudie, Colette Tisha\n\nMirage magazine\n\nMoonshadow magazine\n\nrelationship with other political and social identities\n\ntransvestites\n\nTroup, Jonathan\n\nUN International Women's Year Conference\n\nanti\u2013imperialism\n\nconflicting agendas\n\npresumed opposition between sexual freedom and human rights\n\nfamily planning and population control campaigns\n\ngender complementarity\n\nmedia coverage\n\nparticipants\n\nBarrios de Chungara, Domitila\n\nC\u00e1rdenas, Nancy\n\nFriedan, Betty\n\nNGOs\n\nprostitution and\n\nrecognition of women's domestic labour\n\nvenereal diseases see sexually transmitted diseases\n\nWilkins, Lawson\n\nWilliams, Raymond: Keywords\n\nxing\n\nas human nature\n\nneologistic construction in Japanese and Chinese\n\nZhang Dai\n\nZhang Dongmin\n\nZhang Jingsheng\n\nZhang Minyun\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaBook"}}
+{"text":"\n\n_White Bluffs, Hanford Reach National Monument_\n\n_Placid Swan Lake in the Okanogan Highlands_\n\n_Looking toward the Pend Oreille River valley from Sherlock Peak ridge_\n\n_Big Rock is prominent in the Dishman Hills Conservation Area._\n\n_Tall pines and firs silhouetted in evening light on the Shedroof Divide_\n\n_Fawn hunkered in meadows on Clackamas Mountain_\n\n_Palouse River careening through a basalt canyon_\n\n_Blue Mountain's forest fires scorched the edges of Middle Point Ridge._\n\n_Sunset at the Crowell Ridge trailhead below Sullivan Mountain Lookout_\n\n_There's gold in them thar hills (in October) in the Kettles._\n\nDAY HIKING\n\n# Eastern\n\nWashington\n\nKettles\u2013Selkirks\/Columbia Plateau\/Blue Mountains\n\nby Rich Landers   \n& Craig Romano\n\n  | **THE MOUNTAINEERS BOOKS**  \n _is the nonprofit publishing arm of The Mountaineers, an organization founded in 1906 and dedicated to the exploration,_ _preservation, and enjoyment of outdoor and wilderness areas._  \n---|---\n\n1001 SW Klickitat Way, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98134\n\n\u00a9 2013 by Rich Landers and Craig Romano\n\nAll rights reserved\n\nFirst edition: first printing 2013, second printing 2014\n\nNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.\n\nDistributed in the United Kingdom by Cordee, www.cordee.co.uk\n\nManufactured in the United States of America\n\nCopy Editor: Julie Van Pelt  \nBook Design: The Mountaineers Books  \nCover design and layout: Jennifer Shontz, www.redshoedesign.com  \nCartographer: Pease Press Cartography  \nAll photographs by authors unless otherwise noted.\n\nCover photograph: _Gypsy Peak, Eastern Washington's highest summit, as seen from the Salmo Divide Trail_ (Photo by Craig Romano)\n\nFrontispiece: _Copper Butte carpeted with wildflowers_ (Photo by Craig Romano)\n\n_Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data_  \nLanders, Rich, 1953\u2013\n\nDay hiking Eastern Washington : Kettles\u2013Selkirks, Columbia Plateau, Blue Mountains \/ by Rich Landers and Craig Romano.\n\np. cm.\n\nIncludes index.\n\nISBN 978-1-59485-494-1 (pbk)\u2014ISBN 978-1-59485-495-8 (ebook) 1. Hiking\u2014Washington (State), Eastern\u2014Guidebooks. 2. Washington (State), Eastern\u2014Guidebooks. I. Romano, Craig. II. Title.\n\nGV199.42.W2L36 2013\n\n796.51097971\u2014dc23\n\n2012042303\n\nMaps shown in this book were produced using National Geographic's TOPO! software. For more information, go to www.nationalgeographic.com\/topo.\n\nISBN (paperback): 978-1-59485-494-1  \nISBN (ebook): 978-1-59485-495-8\n\n## Table of Contents\n\n_Legend_\n\n_Overall Map_\n\n_Hikes at a Glance_\n\n_Acknowledgments_\n\n_Preface_\n\n_Introduction_\n\nColumbia Highlands: Okanogan Highlands\n\n1. Similkameen Trail\n\n2. Whistler Canyon and Frog Pond\n\n3. Mount Bonaparte via Antoine Trail\n\n4. Mount Bonaparte via South Side Trail\n\n5. Strawberry Mountain\n\n6. Big Tree Botanical Area\n\n7. Beth and Beaver Lakes\n\n8. Virginia Lilly Trail\n\n9. Pipsissewa Trail\n\n10. Clackamas Mountain\n\n11. Maple Mountain\n\n12. Fir Mountain\n\n13. Swan Lake and Swan Butte\n\n14. Golden Tiger Pathway\n\n15. Curlew Lake Nature Trail\n\nKettle River Range\n\n16. Gibraltar Trail\n\n17. Thirteenmile Canyon\n\n18. Thirteenmile Mountain\n\n19. Edds and Bald Mountains\n\n20. Snow Peak Cabin\n\n21. Sherman Peak\n\n22. Barnaby Buttes\n\n23. White Mountain\n\n24. Columbia Mountain\n\n25. Jungle Hill\n\n26. Wapaloosie Mountain\n\n27. Copper Butte via Marcus Trail\n\n28. Copper Butte via Old Stage Trail\n\n29. Midnight Mountain\n\n30. Mount Leona\n\n31. Ryan Cabin\u2013Stickpin Loop\n\n32. Sentinel Butte\n\n33. Taylor Ridge\n\n34. US Mountain\n\n35. King Mountain\n\n36. Sherman Creek and Log Flume Heritage Site\n\n37. Emerald Lake and Hoodoo Canyon\n\n38. Old Kettle Falls Trail\n\nSelkirk Mountains\n\n39. Frater Lake\n\n40. Big Meadow Lake\n\n41. Rogers Mountain and Gillette Ridge\n\n42. Sherlock Peak\n\n43. Abercrombie Mountain\n\n44. Mill Butte\n\n45. McDowell Lake\n\n46. Sullivan Mill Pond\n\n47. Elk Creek Falls\n\n48. Red Bluff\n\n49. Sullivan Lake Shoreline\n\n50. Hall Mountain\n\n51. Crowell Ridge\n\n52. Gypsy Peak\n\n53. Salmo River\n\n54. Shedroof Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\n55. Thunder Creek and Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\n56. Mankato Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\n57. Grassy Top Mountain\n\n58. Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars\n\n59. Little Grass Mountain\n\n60. Kalispell Rock\n\n61. Hungry Mountain\n\n62. Bead Lake\n\n63. Pend Oreille County Park\n\n64. Mount Spokane Summit\n\n65. Day Mountain\n\n66. Burping Brook Basin\n\n67. Quartz Mountain\n\nAround Spokane\n\n68. Antoine Peak\n\n69. Liberty Lake\n\n70. Saltese Uplands\n\n71. Iller Creek and Rocks of Sharon\n\n72. Eagle Peak\n\n73. Beacon Hill\n\n74. Downtown Spokane Bridges\n\n75. South Hill Bluff\n\n76. Fish Lake Trail\n\n77. James T. Slavin Conservation Area\n\n78. Palisades Park\n\n79. T. J. Meenach Bridge\u2013Fort George Wright (Spokane River)\n\n80. Fort George Wright\u2013Bowl and Pitcher (Spokane River)\n\n81. Bowl and Pitcher (Spokane River)\n\n82. Deep Creek Canyon\n\n83. Indian Painted Rocks\u2013Saint George's School (Little Spokane River)\n\n84. Little Spokane River Overlook\n\n85. McLellan Conservation Area\n\nColumbia Plateau\n\n86. Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge Auto Tour Trails\n\n87. Pine Lakes\n\n88. Frenchman Coulee\n\n89. Quincy Lakes\n\n90. Beezley Hills\n\n91. Steamboat Rock\n\n92. Northrup Canyon\n\n93. Fort Spokane\n\n94. Crab Creek (Columbia National Wildlife Refuge)\n\n95. Frog Lake\n\n96. Hanford Reach North\n\n97. Hanford Reach South\n\n98. Badger Mountain\n\n99. Chamna Natural Preserve\n\n100. Amon Basin\n\n101. Bateman Island\n\n102. Burbank Slough Wildlife Trail\n\n103. Juniper Dunes Wilderness\n\n104. Z Lake\n\n105. Twin Lakes\n\n106. Lakeview Ranch\n\n107. Crab Creek\n\n108. Hog Canyon\n\n109. Fishtrap Lake\n\n110. Escure Ranch\u2013Towell Falls\n\nPalouse Hills\n\n111. Kamiak Butte\n\n112. Palouse Falls\n\nBlue Mountains\n\n113. Lewis and Clark Trail State Park\n\n114. Mill Creek\n\n115. Deadman Peak\n\n116. Middle Point Ridge\n\n117. Sawtooth Ridge\n\n118. Twin Buttes\n\n119. Grizzly Bear Ridge\n\n120. Oregon and West Buttes\n\n121. Panjab Loop\n\n122. Tucannon River\n\n123. Diamond Peak and Sheephead Corral\n\n124. North Fork Asotin Creek\n\n125. Puffer Butte\n\n_Conservation and Trail Organizations_\n\n_Index_\n\nBUT WAIT! THERE'S MORE!\n\nStill need more hikes? See the appendix in the back of this book for information about access to 25 more hikes including:\n\nIn the Okanogan Highlands:\n\n\u2022 McLoughlin Canyon\n\n\u2022 Island Park\n\n\u2022 Fourth of July Ridge\n\n\u2022 Ten Mile Trail\n\n\u2022 Long Lake\n\nIn the Kettle River Range:\n\n\u2022 Profanity Trail\n\nIn the Selkirk Mountains:\n\n\u2022 Pierre Lake Trail\n\n\u2022 Newport Wolf Trails\n\n\u2022 Halliday Trail\n\n\u2022 Silver Creek Trails\n\nIn the Columbia Plateau:\n\n\u2022 Umatilla Rock\n\n\u2022 Blythe and Chukar Lake\n\n\u2022 Saddle Mountain\n\nAround Spokane:\n\n\u2022 McKenzie Conservation Area\n\n\u2022 Glenrose Conservation Area\n\n\u2022 Dwight Merkel Trail\n\n\u2022 Spokane River Centennial Trail\n\n\u2022 West Branch Little Spokane River Wildlife Area\n\n\u2022 Medical and West Medical Lakes\n\n\u2022 Columbia Plateau Trail\n\n\u2022 Sacajawea State Park\n\n\u2022 Badger Mountain (Waterville Plateau)\n\n\u2022 Odessa Craters\n\nIn the Palouse:\n\n\u2022 Lyons Ferry\n\n\u2022 Bill Chipman Palouse Trail\n\n## Hikes at a Glance\n\n## Acknowledgments\n\nWorking on _Day Hiking Eastern Washington_ was fun, exciting, and a lot of hard work. I couldn't have finished this project without the help and support of the following people. A big thanks to my co-author Rich Landers for bringing me onboard. It has been an honor working with you. A big thanks too to all the great people at Mountaineers Books; especially publisher Helen Cherullo, editor in chief Kate Rogers, and project manager Mary Metz for allowing us to hike all over Eastern Washington!\n\nI want to especially acknowledge once again, my editor, Julie Van Pelt. I have worked with her on all my Day Hiking books and I feel that we have hiked the state together. Your professionalism and attention to detail has greatly contributed to making this book a finer volume.\n\nWhile I spent a lot of time in my tent and the back of my pickup researching this book, it was nice to know that in Republic, I had a \"second home.\" A big thanks to Kathy Ciais of the Northern Inn for setting me up with a comfortable base camp in town!\n\nI want to thank the folks that accompanied me on the trail while researching this book: Alicia Glass, Ellen Picken, Joe Theisen, and especially Aaron Theisen. Aaron, you have been a vast source of knowledge on Eastern Washington and your love of the Kettles rivals mine! I look forward to working with you on an upcoming book!\n\nI want to thank God for once again watching over me while on the trail. And lastly, but most importantly, I want to thank my loving wife, Heather, for supporting me while I worked on yet another guidebook. Thanks for hiking with me too, to some of the special places in this book. The Kettles are our mountains!\n\n\u2014 ** _Craig Romano_**\n\nIn the Spokane area, special thanks for help from the Spokane Mountaineers, Inland Northwest Hikers, and fire lookout historian Ray Kresek.\n\n\u2014 ** _Rich Landers_**\n\n## Preface\n\nDay hiking is the root of all outdoor exploration. Before humans backpacked, rode bikes, toured on skis, launched ships, and took off in airplanes, they day hiked. Craig Romano and I explored all those modes of travel before joining to research and write this guidebook involving our most basic travel instinct. When we first met over coffee to chart a collaboration, we discovered we had similar passions for muscle-powered exploration. We're veterans of backpacking adventures in the Northwest, North America, and beyond. Both of us have ridden our bicycles across the United States, climbed the region's tallest mountains, and paddled extensively. We've done as much dirtbagging and sleeping on the ground as some critters that live in the forest.\n\nMost important, both of us settled in the Northwest with an obsession for exploring outback trails\u2014and taking notes along the way. Writing is our profession. Our craft is the vehicle for sharing the sweat equity we've invested in researching worthwhile routes and encouraging conservation of the land and water around them. We consider those our major qualifications, aside from being on our wives' top ten list for handsome men. Promoting day hiking is our way of exposing Eastern Washington's outdoor treasures to the widest base of people, young and old, whether they're trail veterans or taking their first steps out of town. We have enjoyed working together to share this with you.\n\n\u2014 **_Rich Landers_**\n\nIt was Rich Landers' _100 Hikes in the Inland Northwest_ that first lured me east of the Cascades in search of trails in 1989 (a mere four months after settling in Washington)\u2014and I've been an Eastern Washington disciple ever since! The Salmo-Priest Wilderness, Hanford Reach, Kettle River Range, and Blue Mountains rank right up there in my all-time hiking greats list with Mount Rainier, the Olympic Peninsula, and the Columbia River Gorge.\n\nNortheastern Washington in particular is a very special place to me. Curlew Lake State Park in Ferry County was the first place I went camping with a young woman I had met at the University of Washington (sorry Cougs). The Kettles became our mountains and that woman became my wife ten years later at Curlew Lake State Park.\n\nThe Pacific Northwest is blessed with an abundance of natural areas rife with excellent hiking trails\u2014the regions of Eastern Washington among them. But Eastern Washington often delivers more of a wilderness experience than the national parks and wilderness areas of the Cascades. In Eastern Washington, grizzlies, wolves, caribou, wolverines, and lynx still roam the backcountry. Just knowing these majestic megafauna are out there with me is one of the best attributes of hiking this area.\n\nRich and I are excited to share these trails with you. I am honored to be working with the person who first introduced me to the region. Now, with Rich's help, I'm paying it forward.\n\n\u2014 **_Craig Romano_**\n\n_Wetlands have been restored at the James T. Slavin Conservation Area near Spokane._\n\n## Introduction\n\nDay hiking has an attractive cost-benefit ratio compared with other means of venturing outdoors. It requires a minimal investment in equipment for traveling the widest variety of routes. Since day hikers often need little time for packing and planning, they have more time and incentive to discover new places. Carrying less weight, you can cover more ground and tackle more elevation than you could carrying a heavy backpack\u2014with a lower toll on your knees and other body parts. Day hikers are more likely than bikers, paddlers, and backpackers to \"stop and smell the roses\" or snap photos, identify a new bird species through binoculars, investigate a track or scat, take a side trail, or pause to harvest a quart of huckleberries.\n\nBottom line: Day hiking is so cheap and uncomplicated, even doubters are left with few excuses to stay inside. A gray sky and drizzle don't have to be deterrents, since a day hiker can enjoy the vibrant colors of a wet landscape with the promise of heading back to the comfort of a car camp, restaurant, or home. For many people\u2014perhaps all of us at one time or another\u2014this is the way to go.\n\nDay hiking is genuinely good low-impact exercise for the body and soul. It's equally rewarding solo or with a group; a chance to lighten up for a few hours or reflect on what's truly important. As America grows more urban and attached to electronics, day hiking is an attractive antidote to the temptation of being sedentary. Families in particular can take advantage of day hiking within limited budgets and busy schedules while still confronting the \"nature deficit syndrome\" afflicting our nation's youth.\n\nThis book is written to help you discover good walking routes that are virtually under your nose as well as those in choice places you may not have considered. For example, the route connecting eighteen bridges over the Spokane River in downtown Spokane (Hike 74) is so inspirational and handy for Spokane residents, coauthor Rich Landers and his wife annually invite friends to join them on this hike to celebrate their wedding anniversary. Badger Mountain, Chamna Natural Preserve, Amon Basin, and Bateman Island (Hikes 98\u2013101) are located within the Tri-Cities\u2014a place many hikers wouldn't immediately consider for day hiking.\n\nOn the other hand, serious backcountry isn't far away from anyone on the east side of the state. Day hikers with a yen to get away from it all will find fascinating oneday routes in the 7140-acre Juniper Dunes Wilderness just outside of Pasco (Hike 103). Or head to the remote, extreme northeast corner of the state into the 41,335-acre Salmo-Priest Wilderness. One highly rated route leads to a challenging scramble to the top of Gypsy Peak (Hike 52), the highest point in Eastern Washington.\n\nThis book also zeroes in on the best day hikes into more than 200,000 acres of roadless areas proposed for wilderness designation in the Okanogan-Wenatchee and Colville National Forests. Check out the Twin Sisters, Profanity, Snow-Bald, and Thirteenmile Canyon roadless areas of the Kettle River Range (Hikes 17\u201335) and see why proponents consider them wilderness-worthy. We have hiked these regions for years and still discovered new, exciting routes while researching this book. Eastern Washington is big on remote places.\n\nThe hikes in this guidebook are those you can do in a day. The hikes can be shortened or extended, and many can be converted into overnighters and explored as introductions to longer trips. Be our guests! Let these featured trips be your springboard to the best day hikes in the wide-ranging landscape of Eastern Washington, from the sagebrush-steppe flats and canyons of the Columbia Plateau to lush forests and fire lookout sites of past and present. You'll find something for every season of the year. Some of the hikes are in or near towns such as the Tri-Cities, Walla Walla, Lewiston-Clarkston, Republic, and Colville. One group of treks (Hikes 68\u201385) highlights the natural areas being protected in and near Spokane\u2014Washington's second-largest city.\n\nChoose from hikes that are perfect for children, ideal for old friends, welcoming to dogs, or notably splendid with birds or wildflowers. Explore trails of historical relevance or those of special interest to waterfall connoisseurs. Many hikes are likely places for observing wildlife. In time, these experiences will connect you with trails that lead to where you've never been before\u2014to the top of a mountain or another sort of high point in your life. Ultimately, we hope you find a connection with the land surrounding these routes too.\n\n### USING THIS BOOK\n\nThe Day Hiking guidebooks were developed to be easy to use while still providing enough detail to help you explore a region. They include all the information you need to find and enjoy the hikes but leave enough room for you to make your own discoveries. We have hiked every mile of trail described in _Day Hiking Eastern Washington_ so you can follow the directions and advice with confidence. However, conditions can change. More on that later in this introduction.\n\n### What the Ratings Mean\n\nEach hike starts with two subjective ratings: a rating of 1 to 5 stars for overall appeal, and a numerical score of 1 to 5 for a route's difficulty. This is purely subjective and based on our impressions of each route, though the assessments do follow a formula of sorts.\n\nThe overall **rating** is based on scenic beauty, natural wonder, and other unique qualities, such as solitude potential and wildlife-viewing opportunities.\n\n***** | Unmatched hiking adventure, great scenic beauty, and wonderful trail experience\n\n---|---\n\n**** | Excellent experience, sure to please all\n\n*** | A great hike, with one or more fabulous features to enjoy\n\n** | May lack the \"killer view\" but offers lots of little moments to enjoy\n\n* | Worth doing as a refreshing walk, especially if you're in the neighborhood\n\nThe **difficulty** score is based on trail length, overall elevation gain, steepness, and trail conditions. Generally, trails that are rated more difficult (4 or 5) are longer and steeper than average. But it's not a simple equation. A short, steep trail over talus slopes may be rated 5 while a long, smooth trail with little elevation gain may be rated 2.\n\n**5** Extremely difficult: Excessive elevation gain and\/or more than 5 miles one-way\n\n**4** Difficult: Some steep sections, possibly rough or poorly maintained trail\n\n**3** Moderate: A good workout but no real problems\n\n**2** Moderately easy: Relatively flat or short route with good trail\n\n**1** Easy: A relaxing stroll in the woods\n\nTo help explain the difficulty scores, you'll also find **round-trip mileage** (unless otherwise noted as one-way), total **elevation gain** , and **high point**. While we have measured the hikes using GPS and have consulted maps, a trip's distance can vary depending on how you customize the route. The elevation gain measures the _cumulative_ gain and loss you'll encounter on a trip, accounting for all significant changes in elevation along the way. As for the trip's high point, it's worth noting that not all high points are at the end of the trail\u2014a route may run over a high ridge before dropping to a lake basin, for instance.\n\nThe recommended **season** is a tool to help you choose a hike. Many trails can be enjoyed from the time they lose their winter snowpack right up until they're buried in fresh snow the following fall. But snowpacks vary from year to year, so a trail that's open in May one year may be snow-covered until July the next. The hiking season for each trail is an estimate. Contact land managers for current conditions.\n\nThe **maps** noted for each hike are usually 7.5-minute USGS topographical maps. However, we also list maps available from local groups, agencies, or national forests. USGS topo maps\u2014highly recommended for hikes in remote areas\u2014are available online and from some retail stores. The **contact** listed for each hike should have information about localized maps. Each hike lists the area's governing agency, along with website and\/or phone number, so you can get current access and trail conditions. **Notes** for each trip detail things like permits required, road conditions, possible hazards, and seasonal closures. Trailhead **GPS coordinates** are provided to help get you to the trail\u2014and back to the car should you wander off-trail.\n\nFinally, **icons** at the start of each hike give a quick overview of what each trail has to offer:\n\n  | Kid-friendly\n\n---|---\n\n  | Dog-friendly\n\n  | Exceptional wildflowers in season\n\n  | Exceptional waterfalls\n\n  | Exceptional old growth\n\n  | Fishing options\n\n  | Bird-watching\n\n  | Historical relevance\n\n  | Endangered trail (threatened with loss or closure)\n\n  | Saved trail (rescued from permanent loss)\n\nThe route descriptions tell you what might be found on the hike, including geographic features, scenic potential, flora and fauna, and more. Thorough driving directions from the nearest large town or geographic feature will get you to the trailhead. Options for extending your trip round out many hikes.\n\n### PERMITS, REGULATIONS, AND FEES\n\nHikers have a responsibility to know and abide by regulations governing the areas they explore. As our public lands have become increasingly popular, and as both state and federal funding have declined, regulations and permits have become components in managing our natural heritage. The US Forest Service, National Park Service, Washington State Parks, and other land managers have set sometimes complex regulations governing the use of these lands.\n\n_Beargrass blooms along Eagle Crest Trail in the Mount Spokane Nordic skiing area._\n\n**Federal lands:** National forests in Eastern Washington may or may not charge parking fees at trailheads. Most Umatilla and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest parking areas require that vehicles display a Northwest Forest Pass or federal equivalent (like the America the Beautiful Pass described below). The Colville National Forest does not require the Northwest Forest Pass, except at one site. The Northwest Forest Pass sells for $5 a day or $30 for an annual pass that's good throughout Washington and Oregon.\n\nHikers who frequent national parks and forests should consider buying the annual America the Beautiful Pass (<http:\/\/store.usgs.gov\/pass>) for $80. This pass grants the driver and three other adults in a vehicle access to all federal recreation sites that charge a day-use fee (children under sixteen are admitted free). These include national parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges, and Bureau of Land Management areas throughout the country. For example, without the American the Beautiful pass (or a federal Duck Stamp), visitors have to pay a $3 day-use vehicle entry fee to Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge (Hikes 86 and 87).\n\n**State lands:** Washington State Parks and other state lands adopted the Discover Pass (www.discoverpass.wa.gov) for vehicle access in 2011. This is a political solution to keep the underfunded state parks system alive. Until lawmakers find another solution, a Discover Pass costs $10 per vehicle per day or $30 for up to two vehicles annually. Purchase the pass online or at many retail outlets or, better yet, from a state park office to avoid a $5 handling fee.\n\n**Local areas:** Local parks, such as Liberty Lake County Park (Hike 69), may charge an entrance fee at certain times of year.\n\nAll required fees and permits (subject to change) are listed for each hike.\n\nWHOSE LAND IS THIS?\n\nAlmost all of the hikes in this book are on public land. That is, they belong to you and the rest of the citizenry. What's confusing, however, is who exactly is in charge of this public trust. More than half a dozen different governing agencies manage lands described in this guide.\n\nMost of the hikes are on land administered by the **US Forest Service**. A division of the Department of Agriculture, the Forest Service strives to \"sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.\" The agency purports to do this under the notion of \"multiple-use.\" However, supplying timber products, providing grazing allotments, managing wildlife habitat, and developing motorized and nonmotorized recreation options have a tendency to conflict with each other. Some of these uses may not exactly sustain the health of the forest either. Several areas within the forests featured in this book have been afforded stringent protections as federal wilderness (see \"Untrammeled Eastern Washington\" sidebar in the Blue Mountains section), barring development, roads, and motorized recreation.\n\nThe **US Bureau of Land Management** manages 245 million acres across the country, more than any other agency. Uses on these lands include development for energy, grazing, recreation, wildlife, and conservation. BLM areas featured in this book are off-limits to motorized recreation but open to limited livestock grazing.\n\nThe **National Wildlife Refuge System** is a network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and, where appropriate, restoration of the fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats. Recreation also is encouraged on most refuges, as well as limited hunting and fishing in some areas.\n\n**State and county park lands** are managed primarily for recreation and preservation.\n\n**State Department of Natural Resources lands** are managed primarily for timber harvest, with pockets of natural-area preserves.\n\n**State wildlife areas** , overseen by the Department of Fish and Wildlife, are managed primarily for protecting habitat while providing access to wildlife-related recreation, including hunting and fishing.\n\nBe aware of the agency that manages the land you'll be hiking on, for each agency has its own rules and fees. And remember, we have a say in how public lands are managed. Agencies have planning periods during which public participation can have a big impact.\n\n\u2014 _C. R._\n\n### WEATHER\n\nEastern Washington ranges from low elevations along the Snake and Columbia Rivers, through the open scablands, to high elevations in the Selkirk Mountains. You could experience the gamut, from T-shirt weather to a snow blizzard in a day's drive. The Juniper Dunes area near Pasco receives about 8 inches of rainfall a year, while the wet cedar forests in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness average around 50 inches of annual precipitation.\n\n_Summer storms build over Abercrombie and Hooknose Mountains._\n\nLate February into June are premier times to find the Columbia Plateau snow-free, welcoming spring migrant birds, and blooming with wildflowers. The heat that bears down on the Channeled Scablands of the plateau starting in late June through August spurs on the wildflower bloom and huckleberry crop in the mountains. Trails in the higher elevations of the Columbia and Okanogan Highlands, the Selkirks, and the Blue Mountains aren't snow-free until June or early July. September and October are the months when all of Eastern Washington is accessible and weather conditions are generally most inviting across the board.\n\nGeneralities aside, short-term forecasts are key to planning the safest and most enjoyable trip. A high-pressure system could offer a week of premier weather in May, while a low-pressure system could present a week of wetness in June. We have experienced snow in the high country in August two days after the temperatures soared into the 90s.\n\nPlan your hike according to your weather preference. But no matter where you hike in the region, the following should be standard procedure:\n\n\u2022 Check the National Weather Service forecast for the region before you go, and plan accordingly.\n\n\u2022 Pack raingear. Even in arid areas, being caught in a sudden rain and windstorm without adequate clothing can lead to hypothermia (loss of body temperature), which is deadly if not immediately treated. Most hiking fatalities related to hypothermia (exposure) occur during the milder months when hikers get caught in a sudden change of temperature accompanied by winds. Always carry extra clothing layers, including rain and wind protection.\n\nBEFORE LIGHTNING STRIKES\n\nThunderstorms are common throughout Eastern Washington, especially during the summer. The lightning produced by these powerful storms poses a threat worth taking seriously. If you hear thunder, you're within striking distance.\n\nWaste no time getting off summits or exposed ridges and away from water. Take shelter, but not under big trees or rock ledges. The taller an object is relative to its immediate surroundings, the more likely it is to be struck by lightning. Any tree can be a conductor, although hunkering in a grove of small trees or under a blowdown is a bit safer than being around an area's taller trees.\n\nAfternoon is prime time for thunderstorms during summer, especially in higher elevations. Savvy hikers and climbers time ascents to the high country for early morning so they can retreat before noon from open alpine areas where lightning is more likely to pound. The safest place to be in a lightning storm is sitting in your vehicle.\n\nIf you're caught in an electrical storm, seek the lowest point in the area; crouch down, making minimal contact with the ground; and wait for the boomer to pass. Remove metal-framed packs and ditch the trekking poles! Wrap yourself in raingear or a tarp for protection from the wind and rain. No, a foam sleeping pad will not insulate you from lightning that strikes the ground.\n\n\u2014 _R. L._\n\nEpisodes of rain and snow also create conditions and hazards to consider. River and creek crossings can be extremely dangerous after periods of heavy rain or snowmelt. Always use caution and sound judgment when fording.\n\nSnowfields left over from the previous winter's snowpack can be hazardous, especially for hikers who head into steep high-country slopes early in the hiking season. Depending on the severity of the past winter, and the weather conditions of the spring and early summer, some trails may not melt out until well into summer. In addition to treacherous footing and difficulties in routefinding, lingering snowfields can be prone to avalanches or slides. Use caution crossing them. You may need to review techniques for self-arrest.\n\nStrong winds can be a concern anywhere in the region. Avoid hiking during high winds, which carry with them the hazards of falling trees and branches.\n\n### ROAD AND TRAIL CONDITIONS\n\nTrails generally vary little year to year, but change can occur. A heavy storm can cause a river to jump its channel, washing out sections of a trail or access road in moments. Windstorms can blow down trees across trails by the hundreds, making paths unhikable. And snow can bury trails well into the summer. Avalanches, landslides, and forest fires can damage or obliterate trails. Lack of funding is also responsible for trail neglect and degradation.\n\nOn the other hand, some trails are created, improved or rerouted over the course of time. Groups such as the Washington Trails Association, Kettle Range Conservation Group, the Spokane Mountaineers, and friends groups for state parks and federal refuges have been sources of countless hours of volunteer labor, helping local, state, and federal crews build and maintain trails in this book. These groups and more are listed at the end of the book to help you connect with them\u2014and perhaps add some muscle power or other expertise to the cause.\n\n_Cedars border the gently graded trail into the Salmo River Basin._\n\nManagement decisions can have greater impacts than floods and fires. For example, as national forests have cut back on timber production for reasons ranging from watershed damage to political and market forces, many forest roads have been closed and some have been decommissioned (see Hike 59, Little Grass Mountain). This can be good\u2014as in providing more solitude for a person willing to walk away from motor vehicles. In many cases, closed forest roads can become excellent hiking routes. In other cases, a closed road can be an inconvenience, adding distance to the approach. In the worst cases, abandoned roads wash out or grow over, cutting off access entirely.\n\nSome trails are being neglected or abandoned because of budget shortfalls. In other cases, the usage of a trail might change from hiking to allowing motorized vehicles such as dirt bikes and ATVs. Only a few trails in this book are open to motorized vehicles, sometimes for short periods, such as at Towell Falls at Escure Ranch (Hike 110) or the Clackamas Mountain area (Hikes 10 and 11), where motorbikes are allowed but rarely encountered. The value of the routes override the possible disruption. Where motorized vehicles are prohibited, hikers still might share the route with mountain bikers and\/or equestrians. Occasional conflicts are possible, but it's more productive for hikers to think of these other trail users as allies in the cause for more and better trails.\n\nThis guide includes several trails that are in danger of becoming unhikable because of threats from motorized use, access, or other issues. These Endangered Trails are marked with a special icon in this book. On the other side of the coin, we've had some great trail successes in recent years, thanks in large part to a massive volunteer movement spearheaded by statewide and local organizations. These Saved Trails are marked too, to help show that individual efforts do make a difference. As you enjoy these Saved Trails, stop to consider the contributions made by fellow hikers. And consider getting involved.\n\nEach hike in this book lists the land manager's contact information so you can find out about current road and trail conditions prior to your trip.\n\n### WILDERNESS ETHICS\n\nEnsuring the long-term survival of our trails and the wildlands they cross requires a group effort. To avoid fouling our own nest, hikers have nourished a \"wilderness ethic\" to leave the land as good as or better than we found it.\n\nInstead of merely complying with no-litter rules, bring a bag and carve out time to pick up after others. Avoid creating unauthorized trails. Rest on rock and camp on bare ground when possible to avoid tramping down and killing vegetation in fragile dryland or alpine areas. Don't pollute streams or lakes with soaps or chemicals. In the words of others who've boiled the ethic down: Take only pictures, leave only footprints.\n\nWilderness ethics, most of which apply to visiting all public open-space lands, rise from attitude and awareness rather than rules and regulations. The following are the accepted principles of the Leave No Trace concept:\n\n**Plan ahead and prepare:** Know the regulations of the area you plan to visit. Call ahead for current conditions. Check the weather forecast. Bring proper gear. Plan for emergencies. Consider the abilities of your group. Assure that the group understands wilderness ethics. Protect food from bears and other critters to avoid turning them into nuisance\u2014or dangerous\u2014beggars.\n\n**Travel and camp on durable surfaces:** Stay on the trail. Avoid tramping parallel trails to talk with a companion or avoid mud. Don't cut switchbacks. Picnic and camp on hard, dry surfaces such as rock, sand, gravel, or pine-needle duff rather than on vegetation or meadows. Take special care to avoid tramping or camping within 100 feet of backcountry stream or lake shorelines.\n\n**Dispose of waste properly:** Pack out everything you pack in. Human food and trash is unhealthy for animals and leads to harmful habituation by animals to human presence and food. Bury human waste at least 100 feet from water sources, trails, or campsites. Use toilet paper sparingly and pack it out. A plastic bag confines odors effectively and double bagging it prevents any accidental contamination.\n\n**Leave what you find:** Wildflowers, fossils, and other natural objects of beauty or interest should be left for others to discover and enjoy.\n\n**Minimize campfire impacts:** Where fires are permitted, use existing fire rings if possible. Never cut live trees or branches for firewood. Most fires are not necessary, but if you must build one, be sure it's dead out when you leave. A small, thoughtfully built fire can be completely extinguished and the ashes removed or buried to leave no trace.\n\n**Respect wildlife:** Never feed wild animals or leave food available to them. This is for your own good and the protection of those who follow, regardless of the size of the critter. Observe from a distance, for your safety as well as to prevent the animal from unnecessary exertion or danger. Keep pets under control so they don't disturb wildlife.\n\n**Be considerate of other visitors:** Read on to find out how.\n\n### TRAIL ETIQUETTE\n\nWhile wilderness ethics hone our respect for the land, trail etiquette steers us into balance with others we might see along the way. Common sense and courtesy will smooth out the possible bumps in any encounter. Beyond that, here are a few guidelines:\n\n\u2022 **Right-of-way:** When meeting other hikers, the uphill group has the right-of-way. There are two general reasons for this. First, on steep ascents, hikers may be watching the trail and might not notice the approach of descending hikers until they're face-to-face. More importantly, it's easier for descending hikers to break their stride and step off the trail than it is for those who have gotten into a good, climbing rhythm. But by all means, if you're the uphill trekker and you wish to grant passage to oncoming hikers, go right ahead with this act of trail kindness.\n\n\u2022 **Moving off-trail:** When meeting other user groups (like bicyclists and horseback riders), the hiker should yield. This is because hikers are more mobile and flexible than other users.\n\n\u2022 **Encountering horses:** When meeting horseback riders, the hiker should step off the downhill side of the trail unless the terrain makes this difficult or dangerous. All hikers in a group should move to the same side of the trail. Remain visible and talk in a normal voice to the riders. This calms the horses. If hiking with a dog, keep your buddy very close and under control.\n\n\u2022 **Hiking with dogs:** Hikers should have their dog on a leash or under very strict voice command at all times while on the trail. Some areas require dogs to be on-leash, such as state and local parks, national wildlife refuges, and Spokane County Conservation Areas. One of the most contentious issues in hiking circles is whether dogs should be allowed on trails. Some people are uncomfortable with loose dogs that rush toward them\u2014and they may have had a bad experience to justify that. Respect their right to a dog-free space. On the other hand, a well-behaved leashed dog can help warm up these hikers to canine companions.\n\n_Rich Landers' English setter detects a dusky grouse on Crowell Ridge in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness._\n\n\u2022 **Never roll rocks off trails or cliffs:** You risk injuring someone or something below.\n\n### WATER\n\nAs a general rule, treat all backcountry water sources to avoid Giardia, waterborne parasites, and other aquatic nasties. Assume that all water is contaminated. Treating water can be as simple as boiling it, using an ultraviolet light purifier, chemically purifying it with iodine tablets, or pumping it through a water filter and purifier. Note: Pump units labeled as filters generally remove everything but viruses, which are too small to be filtered out. Pumps labeled as purifiers use a chemical element\u2014usually iodine\u2014to render viruses inactive after filtering out all the other bugs.\n\n### FISHING\n\nSome hikers consider a fishing rod essential gear in their daypacks. A fishing icon at the start of a hike in this book indicates the trip will bring you into the realm of angling opportunity. However, fishing is a highly regulated sport, with seasons, gear restrictions, and catch limits that can vary by fish species as well as by stream or lake. Anglers age fifteen and older must have a Washington State fishing license. Regulations and requirements are spelled out in the Sport Fishing Rules pamphlet available at the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife website (www.wdfw.wa.gov).\n\n### HIKING AMONG HUNTERS\n\nMany public lands are opened to hunting. The season dates vary, but generally big-game hunting begins in early August and ends in December. While hiking in areas frequented by hunters, it's best to make yourself visible by donning an orange cap and vest. If hiking with a dog, your buddy should wear an orange vest, too. The majority of hunters are responsible, decent folks (and conservationists who provide significant support for public lands), and you should have little concern when encountering them in the backcountry. Still, if being around outdoors-people schlepping rifles is unnerving to you, stick to hiking where hunting is prohibited, such as in national and state parks and county conservation areas.\n\nSAFETY AMONG PREDATORS: TOP FIVE TIPS\n\nSeveral notable \"hunters\" roam Eastern Washington, including bears, cougars, and wolves. Like their human counterparts, they rarely pose a threat to hikers. Keep it that way by following the top five tips experts suggest:\n\n**1. Bear spray** can be an effective deterrent in many tense wildlife encounters.\n\n**2. Store food and garbage** in vehicles or other places where wildlife won't be attracted to it.\n\n**3. Don't run** when confronted by bears, cougars, or wolves. This can trigger the predator's instinct to chase prey.\n\n**4. Keep dogs leashed** and under control.\n\n**5. Closely spaced groups** of four or more hikers are an effective deterrent in confrontations with bears, cougars, and wolves. A lone person far ahead or behind a group is at higher risk.\n\n\u2014 _R. L._\n\n### WILDLIFE\n\n### The Bear Essentials\n\nEastern Washington's forested areas harbor a healthy population of black bears, especially the Columbia Highlands and Selkirk Mountains in the northeast and the Blue Mountains in the south. The Selkirks have the bonus of being home to some grizzly bears.\n\nMost hikers consider themselves lucky to catch a glimpse of a bear's bottom as it reacts normally to human scent\u2014by running away. But occasionally a bruin may want to get a look at you. In very rare cases, a bear may act aggressively. To avoid an un-bearable encounter, heed the following advice compiled from bear experts:\n\n\u2022 **Respect a bear's need for space.** If you see a bear in the distance, make a wide detour around it. If that's not possible, leave the area.\n\n\u2022 **Avoid direct eye contact** if you encounter a bear at close range, and, most important, **do not run.**\n\n\u2022 **Talk in a low, calm manner** to the bear to help identify yourself as a human.\n\n\u2022 **Wave your arms slowly** above your head to make yourself look taller.\n\n\u2022 **Slowly move upwind** of the bear if you can do so without crowding the bear. The bear's strongest sense is its sense of smell, and if it can sniff you and identify you as human, it may retreat.\n\n\u2022 **Know how to interpret bear actions.** A nervous bear will often rumble in its chest, clack its teeth, and \"pop\" its jaw. It may paw the ground and swing its head violently side to side. If the bear does this, watch it closely (without staring directly at it). Continue to speak low and calmly.\n\n\u2022 **If you cannot safely move away from the bear, and the animal does not flee,** try to scare it away by clapping your hands or yelling.\n\n\u2022 **A bear may bluff-charge** \u2014run at you but stop well before reaching you\u2014to try and intimidate you. Resist the urge to run, as that would turn the bluff into a real charge and you will not be able to outrun the bear.\n\n\u2022 **In the case of a bear attack** , a human without the benefit of bear spray should react differently depending on whether the bear is being predatory or defensive. **In the case of a predatory confrontation** (more typical of the rare black bear that's stalking you), fight back aggressively. **In the case of a defensive confrontation** (more typical of grizzly encounters, especially sows with cubs or food caches), drop to the ground and play dead if contact is about to be made. Lie on your stomach, clasp hands behind your neck, and use your elbows and toes to avoid being rolled over. If the bear succeeds in rolling you over, keep rolling until you're on your stomach. Remain still and try not to struggle or scream. A defensive bear will stop attacking once it feels it has stopped the threat. Do not move until you're sure the bear has left the area.\n\nTHE BENEFITS OF BEAR SPRAY\n\nBear spray is highly recommended for people who hike in bear country, especially grizzly bear country. It's far more effective than a firearm, according to surveys conducted in Alaska. It's easier to hit the target, and both the humans and the bear have a good chance of coming out of an encounter alive. Win-win. Wildlife biologists also say it can be effective in the rare encounter with gray wolves, which are expanding in Washington.\n\nBuy cans labeled \"bear spray,\" not \"pepper spray.\" There can be a difference in the active ingredients as well as in the nozzle. Buy cans 12 ounces or larger that indicate they will spray for at least 9 seconds. Bear spray should be used in bursts. A bear that's deterred by the first burst could advance again, and you want to have more spray left in the can.\n\nCarry bear spray in a holster readily accessible on a pack strap or belt.\n\nIf bear spray must be deployed, use two hands and shoot a burst on the ground directly in front of the bear to form a cloud-like barrier that may deter the bear from advancing. Montana bear-spray experts who studied how people perform using bear spray found the force of the propellant usually pivoted the can in a user's hand so the spray was going into the air above the target. While they were shooting into the sky, disabling birds and butterflies, a bear would advance directly under the cloud, unaffected. The spray should be aimed down in front of the bear. When the spray hits the ground, it billows up and creates a barrier most bears will not want to penetrate. Stand your ground and continue shooting bursts of spray just ahead of the bear or into its face as needed.\n\nOnline information sources include the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (<http:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/living>) and the Center for Wildlife Information (www.centerforwildlifeinformation.org).\n\n\u2014 _R. L._\n\n### WHERE COUGARS ROAM\n\nCougars, also called mountain lions, are among the most secretive of the apex predators lurking in the wilds of Eastern Washington. They're linked to virtually anywhere deer are found in good numbers. Even though it's extremely rare even for avid outdoor folks to see a cougar, they're around. Therefore, it's wise to know a bit about _Felix concolor_.\n\nCougars are curious critters (after all, they're cats). They will follow hikers simply to see what kind of beasts we are, but they rarely (almost never) attack adult humans. Heed the following recommendations of the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife:\n\n**While recreating in cougar habitat:**\n\n\u2022 Keep small children close to the group, preferably in plain sight just ahead of you.\n\n\u2022 Don't approach dead animals, especially deer or elk; they could have been cougar prey left for a later meal.\n\n_The Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars protects 2000-year-old specimens._\n\n**If you encounter a cougar:**\n\n\u2022 **Stop, stand tall, and don't run.** A cougar's instinct is to chase. Pick up small children.\n\n\u2022 **Don't approach the animal** , especially if it's near a kill or with kittens.\n\n\u2022 **Try to appear larger than the cougar.** Don't crouch down or try to hide.\n\n\u2022 **Never take your eyes off the animal or turn your back.**\n\n\u2022 **If the animal displays aggressive behavior, shout, wave your arms, and throw rocks.** The idea is to convince the cougar that you are not prey, but a potential danger.\n\n### THE WOLF IS BACK\n\nAfter humans used guns, traps, and poison to extirpate the gray wolf from Washington and the rest of the West by the 1940s, endangered species legislation, followed by reintroductions in Yellowstone Park and Idaho wilderness areas in the mid-1990s, paved the way for a wolf comeback.\n\nWolves have not been released in Washington, but they are naturally moving in and staking out territories. Washington's first recovery-era breeding pack was documented in the Okanogan-Chelan County region in 2008. In 2012, wildlife biologists confirmed nine breeding packs and suspected other packs had been formed.\n\nWolf-country hikes in this book include those in the Columbia and Okanogan Highlands, the Selkirk Mountains\u2014which has the highest known concentrations\u2014and the Blue Mountains. Hikers who frequent these areas have a decent chance of hearing wolves howl. That said, resist the temptation to approach wolves, their kills, or dens.\n\nShould you have a close encounter with wolves while hiking, Washington Fish and Wildlife experts recommend the following:\n\n\u2022 **Stand tall** and make yourself look larger.\n\n\u2022 **Act aggressively** , making noise, throwing objects, waving clothing.\n\n\u2022 **Slowly back away.**\n\n\u2022 **Maintain eye contact** \u2014this is different than the recommendation for confrontations with bears.\n\n\u2022 **Don't run** or turn your back to a wolf.\n\n\u2022 **Keep dogs on-leash and under control.** This is critical in wolf country. Wolves view dogs as competitors or territorial intruders and have attacked and killed them, especially in remote areas.\n\n### GIVE MOOSE THEIR SPACE\n\nWashington's entire population of about a thousand moose lives in Eastern Washington, mostly in the northeast quarter. They can be found on many of the trails in this book, including those near Spokane. Despite their docile demeanor, moose can be aggressive, especially:\n\n\u2022 In late spring and early summer, when a cow feels her very young calf is in danger\n\n\u2022 In fall, when a breeding bull is competitive and agitated\n\n\u2022 In winter, when moose are hungry and tired from walking in deep snow\n\n\u2022 Anytime dogs chase or bark at them\n\n\u2022 Anytime people approach them too closely\n\nIf you encounter a moose, don't approach it. A moose that sees you and walks slowly toward you is not trying to be your friend. It's probably warning you to keep away (or looking for a handout if someone has been foolish enough to give it food). A moose can easily weigh more than 600 pounds and it's as unpredictable as a bison. Give it lots of space. Back off; change direction; look for the nearest tree, fence, building, or other obstruction to hide behind if the moose is becoming aggressive. Enjoy the animal from a distance.\n\n_Hiking to the summit of Mount Kit Carson in Mount Spokane State Park_\n\nIf you're charged by a moose, don't fall to the ground and play dead\u2014you'll get pummeled by hooves. If a moose knocks you down, it may continue running, or it could start stomping and kicking. Curl up in a ball, protect your head with your arms and hands, and hold still. Don't move or try to get up until the moose moves a safe distance away, or it may renew its attack.\n\n### PLANTS AND CRITTERS WITH A BITE\n\nPoison oak and poison ivy are found along hiking routes in Eastern Washington, as are ticks (especially in early season) and rattlesnakes (in certain areas during warm months). Don't be alarmed\u2014just be aware.\n\n**Rattlesnakes:** Rattlesnakes generally keep to themselves. If you get too close, they'll usually let you know by rattling their tails. Fair enough! Simply move away slowly and go widely around the snake. Problem solved.\n\nRattlesnake bites are very rare. The two most common scenarios in which a hiker might get bit are:\n\n\u2022 Climbing through rock outcroppings and accidentally stepping or reaching a hand to a ledge where a snake is resting.\n\n\u2022 Messing with a snake intentionally. Never try to catch, provoke, or pursue a rattlesnake.\n\nShould you be bitten by a rattlesnake, regardless of its size, remain calm. Wash the bite. Immobilize the limb. Apply a wet wrap. Seek medical attention immediately.\n\n**Ticks:** Ticks want blood. These hard-shelled arachnids wait in grass and on shrubs or leaves for the chance to cling onto any warm-blooded critter, including you. If they go unnoticed, they'll eventually attach and engorge themselves as they feed on the blood of their host. The main concern in Eastern Washington is their role as a vector for disease, such as relapsing fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\n\n_Female Rocky Mountain wood tick_ (Photo by James Gathany, Center for Disease Control)\n\nTicks are found throughout Eastern Washington. They become active as early as late February in the grass and sage of Columbia Basin's Channeled Scablands. From April well into June, they're notably active up into the low forest areas.\n\nDuring tick season, take precautions to keep ticks from gaining contact with your skin. Wear long sleeves, tuck pant legs into socks, and check yourself and your companions regularly (and your dog too). If you wear convertible hiking pants, check the flap of material that covers the zipper of the removable pant legs. Ticks will crawl up and snuggle under that flap.\n\nBefore going hiking, consider using permethrin to treat the lower leg and waist of your pants and the collar and sleeve cuffs of your shirt. Treated hats are helpful too. DEET repellent is effective.\n\nIf one of the little buggers has fastened himself to you, gently squeeze its head right next to the skin with your fingers or tweezers. Pull slowly and steadily and the tick will come free, mouth parts and all. Wash and disinfect the bite area. Monitor the bite. If a rash develops, see a doctor.\n\n**Poison oak and poison ivy:** Poison ivy, and poison oak to a lesser extent, is found in the lower elevations of Eastern Washington. The adage we all heard as kids still works: Leaves of three, let them be.\n\nBoth can grow as a vine, shrub, or brush, although poison ivy in this region tends to grow mostly along the ground. The leaves and twigs of these plants contain urushiol, a surface oil that causes an allergic reaction in most people who contact it with their skin. Symptoms range from mild itching to blistering, and the reaction can last up to two weeks, inflicting discomfort. Wearing long pants and long-sleeve shirts can help you avoid contact, but it's important to be able to identify the plants. Leaves of three is your first clue, but even the leafless, hairy stems contain the irritant oils.\n\n_Summer wildflowers on the Snow Peak Trail_\n\nIf your skin contacts poison ivy or poison oak, immediately wash the area with a high volume of water. Go into a stream or lake if possible so you can dilute the oil and get it off rather than just spread it around on your skin. By 30 minutes after contact, most of the oil has been absorbed into your skin and can't be washed off. Urushiol can also remain active on clothing and your dog. Both should be thoroughly washed if they come in contact with these plants.\n\n### DAY HIKING GEAR\n\nWhile gear is beyond the scope of this book (which is about where to hike, not how to hike) it's worth noting a few points. No hiker should venture up a trail without being properly equipped. Starting with the feet, a good pair of boots\u2014and good socks\u2014can make all the difference between a wonderful hike and a blistering affair. Keep your feet happy and you'll be happy.\n\nFor clothing, wear whatever is most comfortable unless it's cotton. Cotton is a wonderful fabric, but not the best for hiking. When it gets wet, it stays wet and lacks insulation value. In fact, wet cotton sucks away body heat, leaving you susceptible to hypothermia. Think synthetics and layering.\n\nWhile your gear list will vary from another hiker's, a few items should be universal in every daypack. Every hiker who ventures deep into the woods should be prepared to spend the night out, with emergency food and shelter. Mountain storms or whiteouts can whip up in a hurry, catching fair-weather hikers by surprise. And there's always the chance of an illness or injury that could prevent you from getting back to the trailhead immediately. Be prepared with the Ten Essentials.\n\n### The Ten Essentials\n\n**1. Navigation (map and compass):** Carry a topographic map of the area you plan to be in and knowledge of how to read it. Take a compass, too, and know how to use it.\n\n**2. Sun protection (sunglasses and sunscreen):** Even on gray days, carry sunscreen and sunglasses. The burning rays of the sun penetrate the clouds. At higher elevations your exposure to UV rays is much more intense than at sea level. Burning is significantly enhanced by the reflectiveness of snow and water.\n\n**3. Insulation (extra clothing):** It may be 70 degrees at the trailhead, but at the summit it can be 45 and windy. Even a summer thunderstorm can cool the air temperature by 40 degrees in minutes. Snow is possible any time at high elevations. Carry raingear, wind protection, and extra layers.\n\n**4. Illumination (flashlight\/headlamp):** If caught after dark, you'll need a headlamp or flashlight to follow the trail. If forced to spend the night, you'll need it to set up emergency camp and gather wood. Carry extra batteries too.\n\n**5. First-aid supplies:** At a minimum, your kit should include bandages, moleskin, gauze, scissors, tape, tweezers, pain relievers, antiseptics, and perhaps a small first-aid manual. Consider first-aid training.\n\n**6. Fire (firestarter and matches):** If you're forced to spend the night, an emergency campfire will provide warmth and light. Be sure you keep matches dry. Resealable plastic bags do the trick, but a hard plastic container is better. Firestarter can be purchased commercially. One homemade version is cotton balls swabbed in petroleum jelly and stored in a container. Tip: The Vaseline-coated cotton ball will glow with a better, longer-lasting fire-starting flame if you pull tufts of greased fibers out in every direction before lighting. A candle can come in handy too.\n\n**7. Repair kit and tools (including a knife):** A knife is helpful; a compact multitool is better, adding lightweight pliers and scissors to your options. A basic repair kit should include nylon cord, a small roll of duct tape, and a small tube of superglue. A few safety pins can work wonders too.\n\n**8. Nutrition (extra food):** Always pack more food than what you need for your hike. Energy bars are easy options for a pick-me-up or emergency rations.\n\n**9. Hydration (extra water):** Carry two full water bottles, unless you're hiking entirely along a water source. You'll need to carry iodine tablets or a purifying device on longer or remote hikes.\n\n**10. Emergency shelter:** This can be as simple as a large garbage bag, or something more useful and efficient such as a reflective space blanket. A poncho can double as an emergency tarp.\n\n### BEFORE YOU GO\n\nAlways tell somebody reliable\u2014best to write it down\u2014where you're going, what you're doing, and when you plan to be home. Also include which land manager, agency, or emergency operator to contact should you not return in a reasonable time.\n\n### TRAILHEAD CONCERNS\n\nSadly, crime occasionally occurs at trailheads. The most common issue is vehicle break-ins. Never leave anything valuable in a vehicle left at a trailhead. Avoid leaving anything, such as bags or even empty coolers, in sight that might tempt a vandal to break a window or punch a lock just to see if there's something valuable inside.\n\nViolence at trailheads in Eastern Washington is exceedingly rare, but not out of the question. Be aware of your surroundings. If something doesn't feel right, it probably isn't. If someone looks suspicious, take action by leaving the place or situation immediately. Record descriptions and license plate numbers and report them to authorities if necessary, but avoid confronting questionable situations in remote areas.\n\n### ENJOY THE TRAILS\n\nMost importantly, be safe and enjoy the thrill of discovery and exercise on the trails in this book. They exist for our enjoyment and for the enjoyment of future generations of hikers.\n\nIf you enjoy these trails, consider stepping up to be one of their advocates. Your involvement can be as simple as picking up trash, signing up for a volunteer work party, joining a trail advocacy group, educating fellow citizens, or writing a letter to Congress or your state representatives. Introduce children to our trails. We need to continue a legacy of good trail stewards. All of these seemingly small acts can make a big difference. At the end of this book is a list of organizations working on behalf of trails and wildlands in Eastern Washington. Many of them organize great group hikes into the areas covered by this book and beyond. Check them out.\n\nHappy hiking!\n\nA NOTE ABOUT SAFETY\n\nSafety is an important concern in all outdoor activities. No guidebook can alert you to every hazard or anticipate the limitations of every reader. Therefore, the descriptions of roads, trails, routes, and natural features in this book are not representations that a particular place or excursion will be safe for your party. When you follow any of the routes described in this book, you assume responsibility for your own safety. Under normal conditions, such excursions require the usual attention to traffic, road and trail conditions, weather, terrain, the capabilities of your party, and other factors. Because many of the lands in this book are subject to development and\/or change of ownership, conditions may have changed since this book was written that make your use of some of these routes unwise. Always check for current conditions, obey posted private property signs, and avoid confrontations with property owners or managers. Keeping informed on current conditions and exercising common sense are the keys to a safe, enjoyable outing.\n\n\u2014 _The Mountaineers Books_\n\n## columbia highlands: okanogan highlands\n\n_Curlew Lake State Park_\n\nReaching from the Okanogan River to Idaho, from the Canadian border to the Columbia Plateau, the Columbia Highlands are a sprawling region in the northeast corner of Washington. Part of the geological province known as the Okanogan Highlands, the Columbia Highlands consist primarily of two mountain ranges lining the Columbia River as it enters Washington from British  \nColumbia.\n\nWest of the Columbia, the Kettle River Range runs north\u2013south for approximately 75 miles. East of the Columbia, the Selkirk Mountains also run north\u2013south, but unlike the Kettles, which consist of a single high crest with radiating ridges, the Selkirks are composed of parallel subranges. Both the Kettle and Selkirk Ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. They form a transitional zone, rich in biological diversity, between interior ranges and the coastal Cascades.\n\nWhile the Okanogan Highlands generally refers to the geological province ranging from the Okanogan River to the Idaho border and north into British Columbia, in this book it describes the region between the Okanogan and Sanpoil Rivers. A sparsely populated region of isolated mountains, deep valleys, and open rolling hills, the Okanogan Highlands contain great mineral wealth and is dotted with mines (old and still active) and ghost towns. This region contains some of the least-known trails in the state, rewarding intrepid hikers who discover them with solitude, scenic splendors, and a few surprises.\n\n  Similkameen Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/1 | 7.2 miles | 245 feet\/1060 feet | Year-round\n\n**Map:** USGS Oroville; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N 48 56.302 W 119 26.647\n\n  _**Walk down a sage- and pine-scented canyon cut by the Similkameen River, along an old rail line that once transported ore from the mines of Hedley, British Columbia, to the now ghost town of Nighthawk. Pass frothy rapids and sunny ledges where lizards and snakes bask in the warm Okanogan sun. Reflect on the past with the help of interpretive displays\u2014and admire the power and beauty of the river from a gorge-spanning bridge.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow US Highway 97 north for 16.8 miles to Oroville, turning left onto 12th Avenue (near Frontier Foods grocery store). Proceed one block west and turn right onto Ironwood Street. Proceed one block north (passing Old Oroville Depot Museum and Visitors Center) and turn left onto Kernan Road. Continue 0.3 mile, passing soccer fields, to the trailhead (elev. 935 ft) located on your right.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nOpened in 2009 and slated to be part of the Pacific Northwest Trail (see \"North by Northwest\" sidebar), the Similkameen Trail is shaping up to be a recreational gem in the growing trail system near Oroville. Thanks to government agencies, local businesses, and dedicated volunteers, including local students, this trail is well maintained and lined with benches and interpretive signs. This route overflows with historical interest, and the bird-watching and spring flower gazing are pretty good too.\n\nFrom the trailhead walk a couple of hundred feet north to the old rail line. The Great Northern began construction on this line in 1909 and it remained in use until 1972. Now heading west, pass some apple warehouses and a couple of pines and cottonwoods. There isn't too much shade on this trail, so hike early or late in the day.\n\nAt about 0.3 mile, the Similkameen River comes into view. Starting in British Columbia's Manning Provincial Park, the river is named for a band of Okanogan First Peoples and means \"treacherous waters.\" It flows more than 120 miles into the Okanogan River at Oroville.\n\nAfter crossing a dirt road, the trail climbs a little, leaving its original right-of-way to bypass a vineyard. At 1.4 miles, come to the Taber trailhead (elev. 1025 ft) on Loomis\u2013Oroville Road\u2014an alternative start. Continue west, and then switchback east and wind down to the Girder Bridge (elev. 980 ft), which replaced the original trestle in 1952. The 375-foot span hovers 86 feet above the churning river in a tight chasm.\n\nContinue west, leaving crushed gravel tread for double-track, and start traversing open range (close gate after you). Pass through a cut where quails and the occasional rattler may be startled (or may startle you) and continue upstream, passing rapids and good views of Kruger Mountain across the river.\n\n_The Girder Bridge spanning the Similkameen River_\n\nNORTH BY NORTHWEST: THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST TRAIL\n\nDuring the backpacking boom of the 1970s, transplanted New Englander Ron Strickland was struck with a novel idea. How about adding another classic long-distance hiking trail to our country's trail inventory? One that would accompany and rival the likes of the Appalachian, Pacific Crest, and Colorado Divide Trails. Such began his quest to build the Pacific Northwest Trail (PNT), a 1200 mile path from Cape Alava on the Olympic Peninsula to Montana's Glacier National Park.\n\nSoon forming the Pacific Northwest Trail Association, Strickland and a good number of tireless volunteers set out to promote, construct, and maintain the new trail. Utilizing existing trails along with new tread, the PNT traverses a good chunk of northeastern Washington. And while parts of the trail still exist only on paper (following roadway where no tread yet exists), much of the Pacific Northwest Trail is currently hikable; and more than a handful of backpackers have already through-hiked it. The trail has been receiving more attention as the result of President Obama signing a bill in 2009 designating the Pacific Northwest Trail as our newest national scenic trail\u2014a status the PCT and the AT hold.\n\nMany hikes in this book follow portions of the Pacific Northwest Trail. They are a diverse lot and offer some of the best hiking in Eastern Washington. Among them: Similkameen Trail (Hike 1), Whistler Canyon (Hike 2), Antoine Trail (Hike 3), South Side Trail (Hike 4), Clackamas Mountain (Hike 10), Thirteenmile Canyon (Hike 17), Thirteenmile Mountain (Hike 18), Edds and Bald Mountains (Hike 19), Sherman Peak (Hike 21), Columbia Mountain (Hike 24), Copper Butte (Hikes 27 and 28), Ryan Cabin Loop (Hike 31), Sentinel Butte (Hike 32), Abercrombie Mountain (Hike 43), Crowell Ridge (Hike 51), Gypsy Peak (Hike 52), and Shedroof Divide (Hike 54).\n\nVisit the Pacific Northwest Trail Association online (www.pnt.org) for more information.\n\n\u2014 _C. R_.\n\nOld mines litter the surrounding hillsides. Pines and firs shroud the north-facing slopes to your left, contrasting with the sagebrush-steppe ridges to your right. At 2.8 miles, cross a side creek in a lush draw. Good bird observing here. At 3.2 miles, pass through a cut with glacial till left behind from the Ice Age.\n\nAt 3.6 miles, come to a gate (elev. 1060 ft) and the end (for now) of the line. Look northwest to the 1907-built Enloe Dam, with the river thundering over it. Once the dam is relicensed and the area surrounding it improved, trail advocates hope to open the second phase of this great trail, to Nighthawk and including a tunnel.\n\n  Whistler Canyon and Frog Pond\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 5.1 miles | 1250 feet\/1950 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Oroville, USGS Mount Hull; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to horses. Keep dogs under strict control so as to not disturb bighorn sheep; **GPS:** N 48 54.300 W 119 25.335\n\n  **_Whistlers? yes\u2014and ground squirrels too! But the biggest animal attraction is California bighorn sheep. The largest band in the state roams Whistler Canyon, and it's not unusual to see more than fifty at a time. Wildflowers and views of the Okanogan Valley also abound along this recently opened section of the Pacific Northwest Trail. And miles of connector trails entice you to explore farther._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow US Highway 97 north for 14.5 miles to the trailhead turnoff, signed and upgraded in 2012. The trailhead turnoff is about 0.3 mile north of the gravel pit at milepost 329. (From Oroville, the turnoff is 2.4 miles south of city center.) Continue 0.2 mile to trailhead (elev. 1000 ft) located in a field below some impressive ledges.\n\n_The trail to Whistler Canyon climbs out of the Okanogan River valley._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nColonies of ground squirrels greet you at the trailhead. And colonies of marmots\u2014aka whistlers\u2014greet you as the trail angles beneath rocky ledges. Thank the Back Country Horsemen, Pacific Northwest Trail Association, and other volunteers for the recently constructed, well-built trail. A private-property owner had closed the previous access point, putting this mostly public-lands trail off-limits. But that's all in the past\u2014so keep hiking.\n\nAfter winding along ledges and through a small pine grove, reach a junction (elev. 1200 ft) at 0.3 mile with the Frog Pond Trail. This is a mandatory side trip. Follow this rose-lined trail left, beneath a canopy of ponderosas and up through a rocky cleft. At 1 mile from the trailhead, reach a junction (elev. 1500 ft) with the 0.3-mile loop circling Frog Pond. More of a mosquito incubator (and therefore a frog feeder), the pond isn't much to look at. The real treat is the ledgy lookout on the west side of the loop: peer out at Oroville, Osoyoos Lake, and into British Columbia; and straight down at the oxbowing confluence of the Similkameen and Okanogan Rivers. Consider a trip at sunset.\n\nRetrace your steps to the junction and continue left, shortly intersecting an old road. Turn left and after a few steps follow a bypass around private property, returning to the old road at 0.5 mile from the trailhead. Now within BLM land, follow the road into Whistler Canyon. Whistler Creek tumbles below. Watch above for the bighorns and if you spot them (better chances early and late in the day), tread quietly in their presence. Look for deer, turkeys, cedar waxwings, and whistlers\u2014and rubber boas, a docile constrictor fairly common to these parts.\n\nAt 0.9 mile from the trailhead, pass a campsite (elev. 1600 ft) in a grove of pines and cottonwoods. Then leave the creek and angle left, traversing ledges with excellent viewing out over the Okanogan Valley, before switchbacking right and returning above the creek. Look for a semihidden waterfall below. The trail eventually enters a forest of pine and fir, reaching a gate (elev. 1950 ft) and national forest boundary at 1.7 miles from the trailhead. Just beyond, the trail\u2014now an old woods road\u2014crosses the creek. This is a good spot to turn around, savoring good valley views and perhaps catching sight of that band of bighorns.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe Whistler Canyon Trail continues in thick forest along Whistler Creek for 0.6 mile, before leaving the canyon, reaching FR 3525 more than 10 miles later near Summit Lake at 4200 feet. The trail is primarily used by equestrians and Pacific Northwest Trail through-hikers. Several side trails diverge, but routefinding can be tricky. Skip the steep McDonald Trail, which climbs in forest to a draw beneath McDonald Mountain before climbing a ridge to meet FR 5255. But consider the 2.5-mile Black Diamond Lake loop, which takes off left 0.6 mile from the suggested turnaround. The upper part of the loop\u2014after crossing and climbing out of the canyon\u2014traverses open slopes with nice views west to the Loomis State Forest high country and snowy North Cascades.\n\n  Mount Bonaparte via Antoine Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/5 | 15.2 miles | 3360 feet\/7257 feet | mid-June\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mount Bonaparte, USGS Havillah; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to horses, mountain bikes; **GPS:** N 48 48.115 W 119 11.882\n\n  _**It's a long way to the top of Eastern Washington's third-highest summit via the Antoine Trail. Why go this way when there's a much shorter route? For one thing, you'll follow a quiet trail carpeted in soft larch and fir needles instead of a rutted, dusty ATV track. And you'll see an old trapper's cabin, a couple of cool dark ravines fed by crashing creeks, groves of big firs, and miles of excellent furry-and-feathered-critter habitat. It's a good workout rewarded with extensive views from Bonaparte, or a pleasant walk in the woods if you just want to sample this quiet path in the Okanogan Highlands.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the junction of State Route 20 and US Highway 97 in Tonasket, head north on US 97 for 0.4 mile, turning right onto Whitcomb Avenue (signed \"Havillah 17\" and \"Sitzmark Ski Area\"). Immediately bear right onto Jonathan Avenue, which soon becomes Havillah Road (County Road 9467). Follow this good road for 15.4 miles, turning right (before reaching the hamlet of Havillah) onto Mill Creek Road (Forest Road 3230 and signed \"Highlands Sno-Park\"). At 1.3 miles, pass the Sno-Park and continue on FR 3230 for another 0.4 mile, coming to gated FR Spur 150 on your left. Park here; this is the trailhead (elev. 3900 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe most direct way to Mount Bonaparte, Mount Bonaparte Trail No. 306, can no longer be recommended. Back in the early 1990s, the Forest Service converted this once-pleasant path into an ATV track for transporting supplies to the fire lookout. What followed was unregulated motorized use that pulverized this path to dust. What a shame. In 2007, the Forest Service closed the trail to public motorized use, but a lack of rehabilitation and the occasional illegal motorized user still render it unacceptable. Except as a winter route, skip it and opt for the three other longer but appealing trails traversing this 9500-acre wilderness study area.\n\nThe way via Antoine Creek starts by following gated FR Spur 150. A logging operation several years past obstructed the lower part of the Antoine Trail, so it's wiser to walk the pleasant road instead of the original tread. Traversing an area selectively cut and grazed by cattle, the way winds around a small knob. The rolling terrain and territorial views warrant a return visit with skis in winter. At 2.6 miles, turn left and leave the road at an old logging landing (elev. 4400 ft).\n\nFollow an old jeep track, first through an old cut, then through old-growth western larch that are stunning come October. Admire new tread compliments of volunteers who welcomed the Antoine Trail as part of the newly designated Pacific Northwest Trail. At 3.3 miles, reach the dilapidated Napol Cabin, an old trapper's domicile. The Roggow Cabin on the Fourth of July Ridge Trail on Bonaparte's southwest slopes is in much better condition and is occasionally used by outdoors folks.\n\nJust beyond the cabin, at 3.5 miles, reach a junction (elev. 4850 ft) with the Napol Cabin Trail. This trail connects with the Fourth of July Ridge Trail in about 2.5 miles near the Roggow Cabin. It is used primarily by equestrians. For Bonaparte, continue left into a thick lodgepole pine forest, soon coming to a bridged crossing of a tributary of Antoine Creek. Now on bona fide trail, reach another tributary crossing (last reliable water) at 4 miles.\n\nThe way transitions into a Douglas-fir forest interspersed with big larches as you traverse a slope on good trail. At 5.1 miles, bear right at an unmarked junction (elev. 5400 ft) and begin steadily climbing to attain the ridge crest. Now through a forest of lodgepole pine, snag teaser views through the trees.\n\nContinue upward, and eventually the alpine-suited whitebark pines indicate you're getting close. At 7.1 miles, reach the Bonaparte Trail (elev. 6890 ft) just shy of the summit. Turn right and follow this dusty track (or pick up pieces of the old trail) for 0.5 mile to the broad 7257-foot summit. This stand-alone peak commands far-reaching views, but you'll need to climb the \"new\" fire lookout, built in 1961, to get them. Admire the Kettle Crest (east), Moses Mountain and the Columbia Plateau (south), the Okanogan Valley and North Cascades (west), and British Columbia's Baldy and Big White Mountains (north). When you're finished, marvel over the \"old\" fire lookout, built in 1914 from hand-hewn logs. It's on the National Register of Historic Places and one of our oldest lookouts still standing.\n\n_The 1914 lookout cabin still graces Bonaparte's summit._\n\n  Mount Bonaparte via South Side Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 10.8 miles | 2730 feet\/7257 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Bonaparte; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 48 47.913 W 119 04.175\n\n  _**Horizon-spanning 360-degree views await you from Eastern Washington's third-highest summit. A granite dome rising well above the surrounding ridges, 7257-foot Mount Bonaparte stands all alone. It's graced by two fire lookouts\u2014one built in 1914, a testament to the early days of the Forest Service, and one built in 1961, still staffed in the summer. This is not the shortest way to the Bonaparte's summit, but it's one of the nicer routes, complete with views, flowers, old forest, and solitude.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 20 miles, turning right onto CR 4953.) Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road (which eventually becomes Forest Road 32), bearing left at 8.5 miles onto FR 33. Continue 5.3 miles to a four-way junction (FR 34 and Lost Lake access). Proceed straight on FR 33 for another 0.4 mile, turning left onto FR Spur 100. (Alternatively, approach via Hike 3 directions, continuing 0.6 mile to Havillah instead of turning onto Mill Creek Road. Then turn right onto Lost Lake Road\/CR 4850, which becomes FR 33, driving 10.3 miles to FR Spur 100.) Follow FR Spur 100 for 4.7 miles (passing the upper trailhead for the Pipsissewa Trail at 4.3 miles) to the trailhead (elev. 4600 ft). Parking is tight; there is better parking at the Pipsissewa trailhead (Hike 9).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe shortest way to Mount Bonaparte, Mount Bonaparte Trail No. 306, is an unappealing mess from years of motorized use, even though the Forest Service closed it to public motorized access in 2007. Fortunately, other trail options exist within this 9500-acre wilderness study area. Unfortunately, accessing Bonaparte's summit from the south side still requires some hiking on the dusty north trail. But the views are well worth it.\n\nThe trip up Bonaparte from the south side was once much longer, having started from Bonaparte Lake. But FR Spur 100 severed the trail, knocking considerable distance and elevation off the hike. The lower trail still exists and has since been renamed the Pipsissewa Trail (Hike 9). With this in mind, ignore the trailhead sign that says the lookout is 8 miles away: The Forest Service moved this sign from the lower trailhead and never adjusted the mileage.\n\nThe way starts in a selectively cut forest, providing lots of warming sun. The grass-lined trail (be tick aware) steadily ascends. Mount Bonaparte is a _monadnock_ , an Abenaki word that means \"mountain standing alone\" (and the name of southern New Hampshire's historically prominent and well-loved Mount Monadnock). Geologists have since used the term in place of another, _inselberg_ , meaning \"isolated mountain\"\u2014which Mount Bonaparte is indeed!\n\nAt 0.6 mile, come to a spring (elev. 5000 ft) and an eroded section of trail. Tread improves as the way traverses first parkland forest, then dark forest of spruce and fir, then lodgepole pines punctuated with granite ledges and boulders. Steadily climbing, the way switches east to round a small ridge before resuming a westward direction. At 2.2 miles, cross Myers Creek (elev. 5750 ft) flowing through patches of huckleberry.\n\nReach a junction with the Fourth of July Ridge Trail (elev. 5825 ft) at 2.6 miles. Continue right, over big granite ledges. Slightly drop into a small gulch and reach the Mount Bonaparte Trail (elev. 5750 ft) at 3.4 miles. Now turn left on radically different tread\u2014wide and trenched and covered in dust. Just beyond the junction, a spur leads right 0.1 mile to a spring, the last reliable water.\n\n_The \"new\" fire lookout is still seasonally staffed._\n\nSlogging upward, the path cuts through dense stands of lodgepole pine. Some sections of the old trail along the way offer some relief from the dust. At 4.9 miles, come to a junction with the Antoine Trail (elev. 6890 ft). Continue left 0.5 mile through groves of whitebark pine (and look for Clark's nutcrackers fond of pine nuts), before approaching Bonaparte's broad granite summit from the east.\n\nAdmire the historic 1914 fire lookout and then head up the \"new\" lookout to take in the views. They're exceptional and reach as far as Mount Rainier on a clear day: Bonaparte Meadows and the monadnocks Mount Annie and Moses Mountain are closer to the south. Loomis country is to the west, with Chopaka Mountain's 6000-foot prominence above the Similkameen Valley. Lake Osoyoos and British Columbia's 7558-foot Mount Baldy are to the north. And to the east trace the entire Kettle Crest into Canada's Granby country.\n\n  Strawberry Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/2 | 3.4 miles | 890 feet\/4742 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Bonaparte; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikers; **GPS:** N 48 51.135 W 119 02.959\n\n  _**This is a sweet hike to the top of Strawberry Mountain, where you'll find Lost Lake twinkling below and bulky Mount Bonaparte rising above. Through pine and larch groves, wind up gentle slopes to this old fire lookout site. It's easy enough for young children and neophyte hikers and satisfying enough for hikers who want to stretch their legs more by combining it with the nearby Big Tree Trail (Hike 6).**_\n\n_Stands of western larch add a golden hue to Strawberry Mountain in the autumn._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 20 miles, turning right onto CR 4953.) Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road (which eventually becomes FR 32), bearing left at 8.5 miles onto FR 33. Continue 5.3 miles to a four-way junction. Turn left onto FR Spur 50 and drive 0.4 mile, turning right into the Lost Lake Campground. Park at the historic Civilian Conservation Corps guard station (elev. 3850 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAfter admiring the simple elegance of the old guard house, walk 0.1 mile south on FR Spur 50, along lovely Lost Lake, to the Strawberry Mountain trailhead. Begin gently climbing through open forest that was selectively cut. Deer are profuse. Pass an electric line and at 0.3 mile cross a logging road.\n\nContinue through larch, Doug-fir, and aspen groves. In autumn the forest is streaked yellow, while the trail is carpeted with soft golden needles. Gently ascending the broad forested peak, cross another road (elev. 4150 ft) at 0.6 mile; then return to open forest.\n\nAfter skirting an old selective cut, the way levels off before making a steep final pitch. Cross yet another road (this one old and making for some good wandering) and soon afterward emerge on the broad grassy summit (elev. 4742 ft).\n\nAll that remains of the fire lookout that stood here from 1934 to 1963 are four concrete foundation blocks, but you won't need a tower to enjoy the views. Lost Lake ripples directly below, with Mount Bonaparte's broad forested ridges providing an emerald backdrop. To the north, British Columbia's Mount Baldy hovers above golden hills. South you can catch a glimpse of Mount Annie and rows of rolling ridges.\n\nOn an evening hike in the summer, you might hear the eerie call of the loon echoing below. And yes, there are strawberries here, but just the small wild type ( _Fragaria virginiana_ ), favored more by woodland critters and birds than hungry hikers.\n\n  Big Tree Botanical Area\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 2.8 miles | 100 feet\/3850 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Bonaparte; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible; **GPS:** N 48 51.135 W 119 02.959\n\n  _**Hike to a pair of towering larches more than 900 years old. Saunter beneath ancient ponderosa pines. While the botanical preserve is more readily accessed from Forest Road 33, take the longer route from Lost Lake via the Big Tree Trail and enjoy one of the region's more peaceful walks. Well-graded and nearly level, it's ideal for all ages and perfect for an evening stroll if you're camped at Lost Lake.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 20 miles, turning right onto CR 4953.) Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road (which eventually becomes FR 32), bearing left at 8.5 miles onto FR 33. Continue 5.3 miles to a four-way junction. Turn left onto FR Spur 50 and drive 0.4 mile, turning right into the Lost Lake Campground. Park at the historic Civilian Conservation Corps guard station (elev. 3850 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBegin directly across the campground road from the Lost Lake Guard Station. Called both the Big Tree Trail and the Lost Lake Trail, the trail connects these two popular and lovely attractions. Start with a short descent and soon afterward cross FR Spur 50.\n\n_The Big Tree Trail weaves through towering larches, pines, and firs._\n\nContinue under a cool canopy supported by giant pillars of western larch. Pass (or sit and contemplate) the first of several inviting benches along the trail. At about 0.25 mile, a spur trail leads right, to a church camp. Continue left through a swinging gate, entering open range. Then continue through open larch and fir forest carpeted with pipsissewa.\n\nAfter crossing a forest road at 0.5 mile, the trail meanders through some impressive boulders and granite slabs. At 1 mile, reach FR 33 and the main trailhead (start here if you're short on time), complete with privy (elev. 3800 ft). Continue on a wheelchair-accessible trail, soon coming to a junction. The way loops from here. Continue right, dropping into a draw (elev. 3775 ft) and then out of it, reaching a junction at 1.3 miles. Absolutely head right on the 0.1-mile spur, dropping to a pair of giant ancient western larches more than 900 years old. Retrace your steps back to the loop and continue right. At 1.7 miles, close the loop. You know the way back to the trailhead from here.\n\n  Beth and Beaver Lakes\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/2 | 3.8 miles | 190 feet\/2850 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Bodie; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes; **GPS:** N 48 51.893 W 118 59.896\n\n_Evening reflections on Beaver Lake_\n\n  _**Hike through a cool narrow canyon along two slender lakes teeming with fish and anglers intent on luring them. Beth and Beaver Lakes are two of the popular high-country gems of the Tonasket Ranger District's Five Lakes Area. Each season offers its own delights, with fall being exceptionally nice, when western larches cast golden reflections across placid waters.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road (which eventually becomes FR 32) for 11.7 miles to Beaver Lake Campground (alternate trailhead), at the junction with CR 9480. Turn left and drive 1.8 miles, passing Beth Lake Campground (another alternate trailhead), to the trailhead (elev. 2800 ft). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 16.5 miles, turning right onto Toroda Creek Road\/CR 9495. Continue 13.5 miles, turn left onto CR 9480, and follow it 5.9 miles to the trailhead.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis is a nice little trail along two little, quiet lakes connecting two little, quiet campgrounds. While you can easily access this trail from the campgrounds, day-use parking is limited. It's best to begin at the northern trailhead if you're just out for the day.\n\nStart by crossing North Fork Beaver Creek on a small bridge and enter a forest of big larches and firs. The trail bends south to hug the western shore of Beth Lake. The road hugs the eastern shore of both lakes, but traffic is light, so frog and bird song, along with happy campers, are the sounds you'll likely hear. Travel through forest, occasionally crossing small scree slopes, nearly always within sight of water. Keep an eye out for handsome wood ducks.\n\nAt about 0.4 mile, the way climbs about 50 feet over a ledge and then drops back down to round the wider eastern half of the lake. Cross an earthen dam and reach Beth Lake Campground at 0.8 mile. Turn right on the campground road, and pick up the trail near campsite number 7.\n\nSkirt a wetland cove and arrive at Beaver Lake. Climb about 50 feet over a ledge, where the lake bends, and then drop closer to the water, resuming your shoreline strolling. The lake is murky, but it reflects the surrounding mature trees nicely. Scan for roosting eagles, and watch the lake surface for dippers.\n\nPass by an odd structure before crossing a small scree slope. Then climb 40 feet around a small rib near Beaver Lake's outlet. The trail winds down off it and crosses a little creek before terminating near campsite number 5 (elev. 2700 ft). Consider spending the night at one of the campgrounds and taking a moonlit stroll along this pleasant trail.\n\n  Virginia Lilly Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 3.5 miles | 900 feet\/4270 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Bodie; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Range area; **GPS:** N 48 49.392 W 118 55.772\n\n  _**Named not for a southern flower but for an Okanogan Highlands resident who cherished the region's threatened old growth and ecologically diverse landscapes, this delightful loop through parkland forest, wildflower meadows, and sun-kissed ridges is dedicated in her memory. Solitude is almost guaranteed here, on one of the least-hiked trails in the Mount Bonaparte area.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 20, miles turning right onto CR 4953.) Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road (which eventually becomes FR 32) for 7.1 miles, turning right onto FR 3240 (1.3 miles beyond Bonaparte Lake Campground). At 1 mile, bear left and continue on FR 3240 for another 5.7 miles to the trailhead on your left (elev. 4050 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAfter languishing for a few years, the Virginia Lilly Trail is finally getting a little upkeep. The new trailhead avoids driving a rough road, though you can still walk up the road to access the trail. And the Forest Service, in cooperation with several groups and individuals, put together a booklet to go along with the hike (more literary than field guide; download it from www.fs.fed.us\/outdoors\/naturewatch\/resources\/virginialilly-old-growth-trail.pdf). But don't believe the Forest Service's description of this trail as 2 miles long. It's nearly twice that length.\n\nHike counterclockwise to end going downhill. Head southwest across a selectively cut area, soon coming to a junction on an open hillside in about 0.25 mile. Now on the main loop, continue straight, across grassy slopes and through groves of big ponderosa pines. Watch for cows as you plod through this open range country.\n\n_Virginia Lilly Trail offers good views of the golden hills of the Okanogan Highlands._\n\nThe way turns north, makes a short climb, and then drops into a grove of firs. Make a short steep climb up an open knoll (elev. 4075 ft) with excellent views east to Bodie and Clackamas Mountains. Reenter forest and steeply descend 300 feet into a damp draw. With numerous cattle paths diverging from and intersecting the trail, it's easy to go astray here. Note trail markers.\n\nNow climbing again, the way cuts through meadows accented with stately pines and splotched gold in spring by arrowleaf balsamroot. Deer are profuse, and your approach will send them scampering. At 1.6 miles, top a grassy rocky knoll (elev. 4025 ft) with good views of the Toroda Creek valley east, Mount Bonaparte west, and the old mining town of Chesaw and new mining area of Buckhorn Mountain north.\n\nThe trail then loops back south, dropping back into forest to a cool draw (elev. 3800 ft), before once again climbing. At 2.5 miles, reach a cow-trampled, larch-encircled, cattail-sporting wetland. Then continue climbing to a 4100-foot bump. Turn right, following cairns through a lovely aspen grove before making a steep ascent up an open grassy knoll (elev. 4270 ft). Kick back and walk along the open hillock, coming to a post at 3.2 miles. To complete the loop, either continue straight across meadows, reaching the spur back to the lower trailhead, or turn right to reach the upper trailhead and walk a short distance on the spur road back to your car.\n\n  Pipsissewa Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 4.2 miles | 860 feet\/4420 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Bonaparte; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes; **GPS:** N 48 47.570 W 119 03.786\n\n  _**From the inviting shoreline of Bonaparte Lake to sunny ledges high above it, the delightful Pipsissewa Trail takes in stately pines, showy rock gardens, and breathtaking views of the Bonaparte Meadows. And pipsissewa? Also known as prince's pine, this small member of the heath family brightens the dry, cool woodlands in the summer with its pink and white flowers.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow State Route 20 east for 20 miles, turning left onto Bonaparte Lake Road (County Road 4953, signed \"Bonaparte Recreation Area\"). (From Republic, follow SR 20 west for 20 miles, turning right onto CR 4953.) Proceed on Bonaparte Lake Road for 5.8 miles, turning left into the Bonaparte Lake Campground. Continue 0.1 mile, passing the boat launch, to a small parking area near campsite number 27 and the hike's start (elev. 3560 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the campground loop, locate a sign indicating the trailhead is 500 feet away. Walk north on a quiet dirt road that leads to seasonal cabins. Soon after crossing the lake's outlet stream, come to the trail as it veers left into the forest. Bypass a row of cabins and moderately ascend above Bonaparte Lake.\n\nUnder a cool canopy of large ponderosa pines and western larches, the good trail continues to gain elevation along a couple of sweeping switchbacks. Cross several grassy openings, which in spring and summer display pretty floral arrangements. In fall, western larches and aspens add soothing touches of gold.\n\nThroughout most of the summer, the small delicate flowers of pipsissewa (incorrectly spelled on the trail signs) add touches of pink and white to the dry forest floor. This relative of the wintergreen family thrives across the northern states and southern Canada. Numerous First Peoples used it for medicinal purposes.\n\nContinue gaining elevation, traversing a few seeps and maneuvering around a couple of granite slabs. At 2.1 miles, the trail comes to its end at FR 33-100 (elev. 4420 ft). Yes, you could have driven here\u2014but why? You've instead earned the fantastic views from the sunny ledges here at trail's end: Bonaparte Lake twinkling below, piney hills and Bodie Mountain to the east, and the lush Bonaparte Meadows west to Mount Annie. On the return, consider sampling the waters of Bonaparte Lake by submersion!\n\n_Pipsissewa Trail ends at an excellent viewpoint of Bonaparte Lake._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe Pipsissewa Trail was part of the South Side Trail (Hike 4) until FR Spur 100 severed it. Challenge yourself with a 15-plus mile hike by subduing Mount Bonaparte from Bonaparte Lake. Consider spending a night in the family-friendly lakeside campground afterward.\n\n  Clackamas Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 9.4 miles | 2400 feet\/5450 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Wauconda Summit; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to horses. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 40.827 W 118 54.284\n\n  _**One of the finest ridgeline, wildflower, and larch hikes in the Okanogan Highlands\u2014and a loop too. Enjoy far-reaching views from this little-known peak. Centerpiece of a wilderness study area, Clackamas Mountain is excellent habitat for rare and threatened fauna and flora, including lynx and the Okanogan fameflower. This hike ascends via two long ridges, circling the Sweat Creek basin without making you expend too much sweat.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Tonasket, follow State Route 20 east for 31 miles. (From Republic, travel 8.5 miles west on SR 20.) Turn left into the Sweat Creek Picnic Area and trailhead (elev. 3550 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStarting from a former car campground, now a picnic area, hike north along Sweat Creek into a cool forest, coming to a junction at a stile at 0.1 mile. You'll be returning on the left-hand trail, so head right on the Sweat Creek Basin Trail, briefly following a power-line swath and fence line before turning northward. Start climbing an at-times open, at-times steep ridge that's cloaked in wildflowers in spring. Balsamroot, lupine, cinquefoil, daisy, arnica, desert parsley, larkspur, shooting star\u2014the list goes on!\n\nWhen your nose isn't to the ground, look up and out to Fir Mountain to the south. At about 1.8 miles, ascend a knoll and descend slightly as you walk along a ridgeline through parkland forest of old larches and Douglasfir. At about 2.5 miles, a short spur leads left to an outcropping (elev. 4850 ft) with views over the Sweat Creek basin.\n\n_A hiker heading through flowered parkland meadows on Clackamas Mountain_\n\nPass an old mileage post. This trail was one of many that once traversed the surrounding ridges and peaks straddling the Okanogan-Ferry County border. Most of them have faded into memory, but this trail is now part of the Pacific Northwest Trail.\n\nAt 3.5 miles, come to Hunter Spring and Camp (elev. 5000 ft) and the unmarked junction with the Maple Mountain Trail (Hike 11) just beyond it. Continue north through larches, cresting a rocky knoll (elev. 5200 ft) before descending slightly and passing a small wetland and open ledges with good views south and glimpses north.\n\nAfter a short steep drop into a 4800-foot saddle, start climbing again, to a junction (elev. 4850 ft) at 4.5 miles. The Pass Spring Trail heads left into the basin, following Sweat Creek for about 3 miles back to the trailhead. Keep hiking right, coming to another junction (elev. 5200 ft) at 4.8 miles. The trail right is the old West Fork Cougar Creek Trail, now part of the Pacific Northwest Trail. Continue left instead on the Clackamas Mountain Trail, reaching the forested 5450-foot summit at 5.3 miles.\n\nPass above a small frog pond, and after a few ups and downs start descending through open forest and on ledges. At 6.7 miles, emerge onto an open ridgeline (elev. 5250 ft) with excellent views south to Fir and Annie, west to Bonaparte, and east to the Kettle Crest. Savor the wildflowers too, perhaps spotting the indigenous Okanogan fameflower among the sedums. Be careful not to go astray on one of the many cattle paths here. Look across the Sweat Creek drainage to the ridge you hiked up\u2014Clackamas Mountain's southern ridges form a huge horseshoe.\n\nAt about 7.5 miles, the way crests a 4900-foot knoll, enters forest, and steeply drops. The tread is now sketchy in places, crying out for a maintenance party to pay a visit. The trail bends eastward, passing a spring (elev. 4200 ft) as it descends into the Sweat Creek basin. Pass big ponderosa pines, and at 8.9 miles come to the Pass Spring Trail at Sweat Creek among a confusion of windfall. Cross the creek (may be tricky early in the season) and soon afterward cross it again. Don't put dry socks on just yet, because you need to cross the creek one more time before coming back to the junction at the stile and closing your loop at 9.3 miles. Your vehicle awaits 0.1 mile to the right.\n\n  Maple Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 5.2 miles | 1750 feet\/5299 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Storm King Mountain, USGS Wauconda Summit; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to horses; **GPS:** N 48 41.888 W 118 49.948\n\n  _**The maples won't impress you on Maple Mountain, but the larches and Douglas-firs will. They're old, large, and profuse and represent some of the finest Inland Northwest ancient forests in the state. The views across the golden hills of the Okanogan Highlands aren't too bad either. Like its neighbors on Clackamas Mountain, this lonely but much admired trail has been saved from obscurity thanks to the Ferry County chapter of the Back Country Horsemen.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, travel 2.5 miles west on State Route 20, turning right onto Trout Creek Road (County Road 257). (From Tonasket, follow SR 20 east for 37 miles, turning left onto Trout Creek Road\/CR 257.) Drive north 0.7 mile, bearing left onto Sheridan Road (CR 253). Continue 4.1 miles (road becomes rough at about 2 miles; later becomes FR 2086) to the trailhead (located about 0.1 mile north of national forest boundary), on your left (elev. 3900 ft). Limited parking.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail starts in a forest of big firs and larches, slowly descending to a narrow valley cut by Granite Creek (elev. 3725 ft). At 0.5 mile, cross the creek on a fairly new and rather sturdy boardwalk (thanks volunteers!); then begin a steep climb.\n\nNo silly switchbacks here\u2014it's get down to business and scale that summit. Ascend grassy slopes shaded by a canopy of massive western larches (consider this hike in October). Pocket meadows with views east to Storm King Mountain (a name shared by countless summits from the Olympics to the Appalachians) give reason to pause and catch your breath.\n\nAt about 1.4 miles, cross a fence line (elev. 4500 ft), leaving Ferry County and Colville National Forest for Okanogan County and the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. After traversing glades of mature fir, the grade eases a little, now following along a ridgeline. Forest cover thins and views expand, especially east to Storm King and the Kettles, while stately Douglas-firs and western larches in this parkland forest hold up the sky.\n\n_Hikers pause to admire a towering western larch._\n\nAt 2.2 miles, the trail cuts across a steep open slope (elev. 4900 ft) beneath the 5299-foot summit of Maple Mountain. Take in good views down Maple Creek and out to Fir Mountain. In summer, this south-facing slope sports showy blossoms. Look for bitterroot, biscuitroot (a parsley), and the rare and endemic Okanogan fameflower (in the miner's lettuce family).\n\nThe trail continues across the open slope for about another 0.25 mile before descending. Continue, or consider summiting Maple Mountain, an easy 0.4-mile off-trail hike from this point. Just turn north and pick a route across the grassy ledges, climbing about 350 feet for good views and even better flower gazing.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nAdventurous hikers can continue on the Maple Mountain Trail all the way to Clackamas Mountain. From the flowered slopes, reach Maple Spring in about 0.4 mile, where the trail is easy to lose among cow paths. Angle above the spring and across a meadow to pick up tread again, and round a ridge (elev. 5000 ft) before dropping to a 4650-foot saddle. Then it's about 2.1 miles through larches and over and around open knolls to the Sweat Creek Basin Trail (elev. 5100 ft). Arrange a car shuttle and exit via one of the three trails down Clackamas to the Sweat Creek trailhead.\n\n  Fir Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/4 | 5.2 miles | 2200 feet\/5687 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Wauconda Summit; **Contact:** Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen; **Notes:** Open to horses. Range area. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 48 40.567 W 118 53.911\n\n  _**It's a stiff climb to this lonely peak in the heart of the Okanogan Highlands. Long gone is the fire lookout, but views from the rocky open summit remain in all directions. This short trail, though close to Republic, hasn't netted many visitors. Expect solitude, except for the deer\u2014they're prolific here. In summer, woodland wildflowers are abundant, and in autumn, larches brush the slopes gold.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, travel west on State Route 20 for 8.5 miles, turning left onto Forest Road 31 (directly across from Sweat Creek Picnic Area). (From Tonasket, head east on SR 20 for 31.5 miles, turning right onto FR 31.) Continue 0.5 mile to the trailhead (elev. 3500 ft) located on your right.\n\n_Clackamas Mountain, Maple Mountain, and Storm King Mountain viewed from Fir's open summit_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart by passing through a gate (and be sure to close it after you). Fir Mountain, like most of the Okanogan and Columbia Highlands, is open range country. After a short initial climb, the way gradually ascends through open forest that has been selectively logged. Plenty of big pines, firs, and larches remain. High grasses line the tread, so be tick wary early in the season. Abundant snags make this a good trip for spotting woodpeckers.\n\nAt 1.2 miles, cross a creekbed (elev. 4175 ft) that is usually dry by late summer. Next come some brushy sections, and the grade gets serious. Climb steadily and steeply to reach an open grassy area at about 2 miles. Teaser views east hint at what lies ahead. The trail works its way up, over, and around Fir's granite and gneiss ledges. Admire some unusual rock formations and use caution along the ledges, especially if they're wet, icy, or snowy.\n\nAfter traversing some open ledges and negotiating a small cleft that warrants a handhold or two, emerge just below the broad open summit. Head right, through a clump of evergreens hiding a privy long out of operation. Then pop back out onto open rock and make the final short ascent to Fir's 5687-foot summit at 2.6 miles.\n\nSome debris remains of the fire lookout last used in the 1950s. Mount Bonaparte dominates the view north, while British Columbia's Baldy and Midway Mountains can be spotted beyond. Just across SR 20, admire Clackamas, Maple, and Storm King Mountains, which share Fir's geological features. The jagged North Cascades line the western horizon, foregrounded by the rounded and gentler Mount Annie and Moses Mountain. South is Swan Butte, east the Kettle Crest. Lookout worthy to say the least.\n\n  Swan Lake and Swan Butte\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 3.1 miles | 360 feet\/3960 feet | mid-Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Swan Lake; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash except on beach; **GPS:** N 48 30.932 W 118 50.138\n\n  _**Hike around a lovely lake encircled by cool forest high above the sweltering Sanpoil River valley, with a jaunt to Swan Butte. A popular swimming hole, Swan Lake is also popular with breeding loons. Wander along the tranquil shoreline in early evening or morning to hear this threatened bird's primeval calls.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, follow State Route 21 south for 6.7 miles, turning right onto Scatter Creek Road (Forest Road 53). Follow it for 7.3 miles to Swan Lake Campground and another 0.3 mile to the day-use area and trailhead (elev. 3720 ft). Privy and camping available.\n\n_Loon cries can often be heard from Swan Lake's placid waters._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the day-use area, head down a stairway to the lakeshore (elev. 3660 ft) to pick up the trail, and start hiking right. Pass a swimming area and a rustic but charming kitchen shelter constructed by the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps. Then continue on the trail, rounding a boggy area.\n\nFree of gas-powered boats, the lake is serene, as is the surrounding forest. But the air is filled with the chatter of ground and Douglas squirrels and a cacophony of birdsong from nuthatches, chickadees, and warblers. The buzz of mosquitoes is also frequent in early season.\n\nTrace Swan's shoreline up and over ledges, through pine and fir groves, beneath big cottonwoods and larches, and across huckleberry patches. In late spring, arnica, lupine, penstemon, and wild strawberries brighten the way.\n\nAt about 0.6 mile, come to an area prone to early season flooding. Shortly afterward, come to some shoreline ledges perfect for lunching, sunning, and napping. Then round a cove, scamper across a floating bridge, and pass by another marshy area. Look for moose and beaver.\n\nAt 1.3 miles, after rounding a ledge providing excellent lake views, reach a junction. The trail right leads to Swan Butte in 0.5 mile\u2014take the flower-lined trail to the 3960-foot butte, with its tattered flag and decent views of the Kettle Crest.\n\nRetrace your steps to the junction and resume looping around the lake. The way passes by yet another quiet cove before utilizing an old road lined with cedars. At 2.7 miles (including the 1-mile butte round-trip), come to FR 53. Turn left. Pass the boat launch and find the trail once more as it travels 0.4 mile through the campground, back to the spur leading to the day-use area.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSpend the night at the inviting Swan Lake Campground and check out the nearby short trails along Fish and Long Lakes.\n\n  Golden Tiger Pathway\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 4.6 miles | 80 feet\/2435 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Map:** USGS Republic; **Contact:** Ferry County Trails Association, <http:\/\/fctrails.com>; **Notes:** Wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. ATVs, motorcycles permitted parallel to paved trail; **GPS:** N 48 38.744 W 118 43.281\n\n  _**Located on the eastern edge of the little gold-mining city of Republic, this short paved path is one of the most scenic rail trails in the state. Traversing sunny slopes, stately pine groves, and deep notches blasted into stubborn ledges, the Golden Tiger Pathway chugs along on a route once used for transporting ore to Canadian smelters. The path makes for a nice run or a leisurely hike with pauses at scenic overlooks of the pastoral Sanpoil River valley and the imposing Kettle River Range.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the junction of State Routes 20 and 21-south in Republic, head east on SR 20 for 0.6 mile (just past the high school) to the western trailhead (elev. 2425 ft) located on your right. Access for wheelchair users is on the left, 0.2 mile west of the main parking area. (From Kettle Falls, the eastern trailhead is 0.2 mile west of the SR 20\/21-north junction, on SR 20 at milepost 305.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis trail was named for Republic High School's mascot, and plenty of golden tigers and alumni use this trail that connects the high school to the Ferry County Fairgrounds. The trail uses just a couple of the 28 miles of a former Great Northern Railroad trunk line (built in 1902) that extended from Republic to Danville on the Canadian border. A coalition of trail users and citizens are working hard to keep the section beyond the Golden Tiger nonmotorized (see \"On Track with the Ferry County Rail Trail\" sidebar). The Golden Tiger is unique in that it has a nonpaved motorized section running beside it. Motorized use is light and should not dissuade you from enjoying this wonderful trail.\n\nCarefully cross the highway and come to a junction. The trail left leads to the wheelchair-accessible parking lot. Turn right and enjoy the old rail grade as it runs along sun-soaked south-facing slopes, home to ground squirrels, yellow-bellied marmots, lizards, and the occasional snake.\n\nPass groves of big ponderosas, through cuts below cliffs, and above creek-cradling ravines. Stop to read interpretive signs (the work of Eagle Scout Austin Thompson in 2008) and gaze out from numerous overlooks at the Sanpoil Valley below, and Gibraltar Mountain hovering above it (from this angle, resembling the big European rock of the same name). Enjoy, too, views of the rooftop of Ferry County\u2014the Kettle River Range\u2014off in the east.\n\nON TRACK WITH THE FERRY COUNTY RAIL TRAIL\n\nIn the golden hills and emerald mountains of Ferry County, a broad coalition of folks called the Ferry County Rail Trail Partners (FCRTP) are moving full-steam ahead trying to create the state's next great rail trail. Realizing the potential this trail has for four-season muscle-powered recreation (and other benefits, including as a safe nonmotorized route for schoolchildren and an economic driver spurring tourism) the partners have their hands full trying to convince critics of the plan and interests that would rather see the corridor opened to motorized recreation.\n\nThe partners see the former 28-mile rail line that once serviced timber and mining lands as ideal for hikers, cyclists, and cross-country skiers, taking them along a corridor from the historic gold-mining city of Republic to Danville on the Canadian border. They're also hoping to tie in to British Columbia's Kettle Valley Rail Trail, making the Ferry County Rail Trail the first international rail trail in the western United States.\n\nWith stunning views of the Kettle River and the lofty and wild Kettle River Range, the new trail has great potential to lure visitors and promote an economy based on sustainable ecotourism. A major highlight along the trail, Curlew Lake (Hike 15), is home to one of Washington's loveliest state parks, with lakeshore camping and wonderful swimming, fishing, and paddling opportunities. At the north end of the 7-mile-long lake is a historic trestle, destined to be a popular feature along the trail.\n\nFor more information, visit the FCRTP online (www.ferrycountyrailtrail.com).\n\n\u2014 _C. R_.\n\n_The Golden Tiger pathway makes a good running route as well as a fine hiking path._\n\nAt 1.3 miles, reach what we like to call Privy Depot, which aside from its obvious function as a pit stop also offers an excellent valley and mountains view. At 2.2 miles, the paved path bends right to leave the railroad grade, descending a little to reach the eastern trailhead (elev. 2355 ft) near the fairgrounds. It's worth it to walk the last 0.1 mile or so, as it skirts wildlife-rich wetlands fed by the Sanpoil River.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nWhile most of the Ferry County Rail Trail is currently better suited for mountain biking and cross-country skiing than hiking, the section on the north end of Curlew Lake sports a classic trestle spanning a cove on the lake. Access the trail from Kiwanis Road off of SR 21.\n\n  Curlew Lake Nature Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 1.6 miles | 160 feet\/2500 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Republic, state park map online (not accurate); **Contact:** Curlew Lake State Park, (509) 775-3592, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 48 43.069 W 118 39.847\n\n  _**Enjoy a leisurely hike over grassy bluffs and along a pine-scented shoreline in one of Washington's prettiest and remotest state parks. Cherished for its boating, fishing, and family-friendly camping, Curlew Lake State Park also has a couple of miles of wonderful trails. Walk beneath stately pines. Scout a quiet cove. And enjoy a sweeping view of the narrow lake cradled by golden hills.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 2.9 miles to a junction with SR 21 (just past the county fairgrounds). (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 40 miles to the junction.) Follow SR 21 north for 6 miles, turning left onto the state park road. Pass the ranger residence and bear left to reach a day-use parking area near a beach in 0.8 mile. The trailhead (elev. 2340 ft) is located just south of the restrooms in the campground loop.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nPick up the trail in the small campground. Within a few steps, the way splits. The trail left was once the main route\u2014now offering a shortcut. Veer right on newer tread cushioned with soft needles from the impressive ponderosa pines overhead.\n\nThe trail hugs the shore of the long, slender lake, coming to a nice point at 0.2 mile, complete with a bench for contemplation. When boats aren't present, this is a truly peaceful spot\u2014and a great vantage for bird-watching. Eagles, geese, osprey, and ducks can often be observed, and dragonflies usually flit about. Then hike alongside a quiet cove frequented by docile deer. The rocky-sandy soil of the hillside is moraine left from the great glaciers of the Ice Age.\n\nAt 0.4 mile, come to a junction. The trail left heads back to the trailhead. Continue right, soon coming to an observation deck. Come in the evening and sit still for the bird-watching. The largest North American shorebird, long-billed curlews favor dry grasslands like the ones found in this valley, but they're not common here despite the place name (try the Columbia Basin instead).\n\nContinue past the observation deck and follow a service road a short distance before picking up trail once more. At 0.6 mile, come to another junction (elev. 2400 ft). The loop continues left, but first go right for 0.2 mile\u2014an absolute-must side trip to a viewpoint (elev. 2500 ft) at the edge of an airstrip. Don't venture onto the runway, but do enjoy the sweeping view of Curlew Lake from this vantage.\n\n_Towering ponderosa pines grace Curlew's shoreline._\n\nRetrace your steps to the junction and continue straight, soon coming out to the park entrance road. Cross it and find the trail just to the right of the ranger residence. After 0.1 mile, you'll reach the main campground loop. Head left on the campground road to the boat launch. Pick up the trail for a final time and continue 0.3 mile along the lake-shore beneath a canopy of pines, returning to the beach and your vehicle.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nVenture by car to the north end of Curlew Lake for a short hike along the old railbed to an intact, historic, and highly scenic trestle. Park where the Ferry County Rail Trail crosses Kiwanis Road (1.7 miles from the junction with SR 21), and walk a short distance west.\n\n## kettle river range\n\n_Barnaby Buttes and White Mountain from alpine meadows on Bald Mountain_\n\nCorralled by the Kettle River in the north and northeast, the Columbia River in the east and south, and the Sanpoil River in the west, the Kettle River Range forms an imposing wall across the western Columbia Highlands, with several peaks exceeding 7000 feet. It's an impressive range, yet these peaks\u2014among the oldest in Washington\u2014are gentle giants. Their smooth contours and rounded ridges make them more like the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina than the North Cascades. The surrounding countryside resembles Montana, with its big-sky valleys, parkland pine forests, and golden grassy hillsides. Deer are profuse and other wildlife abundant too. The Kettles contain some of the largest roadless tracts of national forest lands in Eastern Washington. To the Colville First Peoples, these mountains were sacred\u2014a sanctuary for young warriors to engage in vision quests. With miles of excellent trails traversing them, including a 43-mile route across the range's rooftop crest, the Kettles offer some of the finest hiking in the state.\n\n  Gibraltar Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 3.2 miles | 550 feet\/4200 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Bear Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Trail is under construction. Call ahead for updates, closures. Completed trail will be 12+-mile loop connecting to Ferry County Fairgrounds; **GPS:** N 48 35.856 W 118 41.478\n\n  _**Locally known as Old Gib, 3782-foot Gibraltar Mountain rises 1200 feet above the quaint mining town of Republic. Long admired from the valley, now thanks to a consortium of recreationists this beloved local landmark is sprouting a network of scenic trails. The first few miles are in place, and you can amble along a rolling ridge bursting with wildflowers and sweeping views, from Republic nestled below to the nearby lofty Kettle Crest.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 7.3 miles, turning right onto Hall Creek Road (Forest Road 99) (4.3 miles beyond the junction with SR 21). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 36 miles, turning left onto FR 99.) Continue 0.3 mile and turn right onto FR 2053. Follow this good dirt road 5 miles to the trailhead (elev. 3675 ft) located on your left. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nNot since the 1930s, when the Civilian Conservations Corps was in full swing, has there been any major trail building in the hills above Republic. But all that changed in 2010 when recreation and conservation groups, in cooperation with the Forest Service, broke ground on a new trail network. Hard-working volunteers from Conservation Northwest, the Ferry County Trails Association, the Kettle Range Conservation Group, the Spokane Mountaineers, and the Washington Trails Association, along with trail crews from the Forest Service and the Curlew Job Corps (for disadvantaged youth), have constructed the first few miles of trail in what will eventually become a 12-mile loop with a connecting 6-mile spur to the Ferry County Fairgrounds.\n\nClose to town and open to hikers, equestrians, and mountain bikers, and with an elevation low enough to allow for early and late-season rambling, the Gibraltar Trail is sure to become a popular destination for locals and visitors alike. As of summer 2014, about half the trail has been constructed, including a short but highly scenic section to a 4200-foot knoll.\n\n_While the Kettles are shrouded in clouds, balsamroot embraces spring sunshine._\n\nIn the summer of 2013 the trail had not been built to the trailhead parking area. To reach the section of trail currently built, walk a short distance left on FR 2053 and then turn right onto a secondary dirt road. Yes, you could drive this road, but it makes for nice walking and gives you a little more exercise.\n\nFollow this road 0.7 mile to an old gravel quarry (elev. 3825 ft). Look just to the west and notice new tread. Heading north, the way immediately leaves the forest for flowered slopes. Wind up balds and ridges bursting with blossoms, and enjoy emerging views along with the floral show. Locate Brown Mountain's open pyramidal summit to the south. Just in front of it, notice the open slopes of the Camel Back. The trail is slated to wrap around that enticing ridge!\n\nContinue on newly constructed tread, gently climbing and wrapping around a 4200-foot knoll at 1.4 miles. Views are excellent\u2014especially southwest down the Sanpoil River valley and southeast over the Thirteen-mile Canyon region. The Kettle Crest rises prominently to the east, but that view gets better, so keep hiking along the ridge, with flowers like shooting stars, balsamroot, and phlox at your feet, to name just a few.\n\nAt 1.6 miles, leave the trail left in a small saddle (elev. 4175 ft). Continue just a short distance to a 4200-foot open knoll for a sweeping view that encompasses Mount Bonaparte and the Okanogan Highlands and the Kettle Crest from Mount Leona to White Mountain. Republic sits snuggly below, between hills that once yielded gold and that turn gold each fall thanks to larches. The peak just to your north is Old Gib, where a spur trail will eventually lead and then continue on to the fairgrounds. Anticipate more great hiking in the near future.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nBeyond the saddle, follow the trail downhill into groves of larch and impressive ponderosa pines, passing a few small ponds along the way. Then follow new tread utilizing old woods roads that will eventually return to the trailhead at about 4.3 miles. The southern loop will traverse more open ridges, with a spur to 4784-foot Quartz Mountain, before dropping into a drainage, wrapping around the Camel Back, and crossing Camel Creek to meet up with the present tread. It will be glorious! As of 2013 over a mile of this route has been built.\n\n  Thirteenmile Canyon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 9 miles | 1700 feet\/3750 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Thirteenmile Creek, USGS Bear Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks; **GPS:** N 48 28.904 W 118 43.643\n\n  _**Venture through some of the most lonely, rugged, and spectacular backcountry in all of northeastern Washington. Traverse a deep and narrow canyon flanked by towering granite walls, before emerging onto its lofty rim graced with groves of stately old-growth ponderosa pine and sprawling meadows awash with wildflowers. Bears, deer, and cougars prowl this wild corridor, while eagles and hawks ride thermals above looking for bounty.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, follow State Route 21 south for 12.3 miles to the trailhead (elev. 2050 ft), located just within the Colville Indian Reservation at milepost 148. (From Wilbur, follow SR 21 north for 56 miles to the trailhead.) Privy and primitive camping available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe Thirteenmile Trail leads 18 miles from the cottonwood-lined Sanpoil River to Hall Creek Road near the pine and larch\u2013shrouded Kettle Crest. An old sheep and cattle drive, this trail travels through the 4700-acre Cougar Mountain and 12,700-acre Thirteenmile Roadless Areas. Both parcels are rich in wildlife and old growth and have long been sought by area conservation groups for inclusion in the national wilderness preservation system.\n\nThese lands are also historically significant and were once part of the Colville Confederated Tribes' reservation. But by the late 1800s, settlement in this region had accelerated, as miners, ranchers, and squatters trespassed onto these Native lands. Bowing to pressure, Congress withdrew the northern half of the Colville Reservation in 1892, reducing the reservation by 1.5 million acres. The influx of homesteaders brought an increase in ranching, logging, sheep grazing, and mining. Remnants and relics of these early pursuits can be seen along this trail.\n\n_Some of the biggest and oldest ponderosa pines in the state grow in the Thirteenmile Canyon._\n\nThe way immediately enters the impressive canyon of Thirteenmile Creek. Extreme heat is common in the summer, but big pines provide some shade relief. Spring is lovely, with agreeable temperatures and carpets of wildflowers that brighten the canyon floor. Look for larkspur, calypso orchid, and arnica. And keep an eye out for rattlesnakes\u2014the canyon harbors a healthy population.\n\nAt about 1 mile, cross a scree slope and begin working your way up out of the canyon. The tread can be rocky at times. When not watching your footing, stare up at the impressive sheer canyon walls surrounding you. At about 1.8 miles, reach an overlook (elev. 3000 ft) of the canyon and the terrain you just traversed. Then enjoy easy going along the rim through pine groves and thickets of Douglas maple that add golden streaks to the forest come autumn.\n\nAt about 2.2 miles, reach a draw that usually harbors a flowing creek. Just shy of 3 miles, come to another creek-flowing draw (elev. 2900 ft). Continue through open forest and grassy areas (watch for ticks), coming to a small wetland and the remains of an old herder camp at about 3.4 miles. A quarter mile beyond, reach an old road (elev. 3050 ft). Carry on if curiosity and wanderlust persist.\n\nAt 4.5 miles, crest a small ridge (elev. 3750 ft) that grants views of the surrounding wild and lonely hills and meadowy Thirteen-mile Mountain to the east. This is a good spot to call it a day. From here the trail switchbacks downward, reaching the Cougar trailhead (elev. 3550 ft) on FR 2054 in about 0.8 mile.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nContinue beyond the Cougar trailhead for 3.2 miles to Thirteenmile Mountain (Hike 18), traversing impressive old-growth groves of ponderosa pines and some of the wildest and prettiest country in northeastern Washington. Or, arrange a car shuttle for a one-way trip from the Bear Pot or Cougar trailheads down to the Sanpoil River trailhead.\n\n  Thirteenmile Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 9.2 miles | 1800 feet\/4885 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Bear Mountain, USGS Edds Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Watch for ticks. FR 2053 is rough in spots, requires high-clearance; **GPS:** N 48 30.998 W 118 36.069\n\n  _**From Thirteenmile Mountain you can see for miles and miles and miles. Follow an old sheep drive to a historic lookout site that overlooks a magnificent canyon, golden hillsides, and parkland pine forests of the nearly 13,000-acre Thirteenmile Roadless Area. Moose, cougars, wolverines, and the occasional grizzly traipse here, through one of the wildest corners remaining in northeastern Washington.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 7.3 miles, turning right onto Hall Creek Road (Forest Road 99) (4.3 miles beyond the junction with SR 21). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 36 miles, turning left onto FR 99.) Follow this at-first good gravel road 5.2 miles to where FR 600 bears left. (Note: County Road 233 through Refrigerator Canyon is washed out, hence this longer approach.) Continue right, now on Nine Mile Road (FR 2053), and come to a junction in 2.7 miles. Bear left onto FR 2054, passing the Nine Mile Falls trailhead (an excellent 0.3-mile trail to the falls), and after 0.6 mile bear left onto FR 2055. Follow it for 3.4 miles to a primitive campground and the trailhead at road's end (elev. 4200 ft).\n\n_An endless landscape of rolling hills and grassy slopes can be viewed from the old lookout site._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe hike begins on the Bear Pot Trail near a seasonal wetland. Follow the good trail through boggy forest and at 0.5 mile reach an old trapper's cabin. Then continue through a stand of lodgepole pine, and after a brief climb reach a junction (elev. 4400 ft) with the Thirteenmile Trail at 0.8 mile.\n\nAn old sheep drive, the Thirteenmile Trail travels nearly 18 miles from the Sanpoil River to Hall Creek Road near the Kettle Crest. Except for a handful of intrepid Pacific Northwest Trail through-hikers and a few deer hunters in the fall, expect to be alone. Chances are better of meeting up with four-legged trail users\u2014deer, moose, bear, coyotes, and cougars. Moose tracks and droppings attest to the frequency of at least these visitors.\n\nTurn right, heading west through parkland ponderosa pine forest, with its carpet of golden grasses (watch for ticks in spring) and clusters of shrubby Douglas maples (admire colors in fall) that provide excellent forage for woodland critters. After ascending a small knoll (elev. 4575 ft) and passing an old mine bore, the way drops into a small lush ravine. At 1.9 miles, cross Thirteenmile Creek (elev. 4150 ft), a mere trickle at this point; then begin climbing 125 feet or so out of the canyon.\n\nNow traversing south-facing slopes, wander by some pines impressive in age and stature. Pass meadows and an old burn rife with big snags that harbor all types of insects, birds, and small mammals. At 3.4 miles, skirt a large grassy wetland lined with aspen (elev. 4175 ft). Then begin climbing again, weaving through more ancient groves of giant ponderosas. The way rounds some knolls and makes a few dips, crossing meadows and forest of spruce and larch. The habitat diversity is rich.\n\nAt 4.1 miles, reach an old jeep track (elev. 4500 ft) once used to access the fire tower on Thirteenmile Mountain. Known as FR Spur 300, it can still be driven by high-clearance vehicles and offers a much shorter (and less interesting) approach to this hike. Walk left along the track a short way, and then turn left back onto the trail.\n\nClimb across open grassy slopes, skirting just below the summit of Thirteenmile Mountain. At about 4.4 miles (elev. 4650 ft), where the trail begins to curve west, leave the tread and head directly north for 0.2 mile off-trail, up to the 4885-foot summit. All that remains of the fire lookout are concrete blocks, some well-weathered timbers\u2014and spellbinding views in every direction: North along the Kettle Crest to British Columbia's Midway Mountains. West to Mount Bonaparte and the rolling Okanogan Highlands. South, trace Thirteenmile Creek through its magnificent canyon. And east, admire the well-rounded lofty summits of Granite, Fire, and Seventeenmile Mountains. Resembling Appalachian peaks with their well-worn fa\u00e7ades, these mountains are among the oldest in Washington.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFor a truly lonesome journey, follow the Thirteenmile Trail east from the Bear Pot Trail junction. The way climbs to a 5150-foot gap between Fire and Seventeenmile Mountains (both nice off-trail scrambles) before descending 800 feet through ancient ponderosas to reach FR 600 at 4.9 miles.\n\n  Edds and Bald Mountains\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/4 | 10.6 miles | 2450 feet\/6300 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Edds Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Watch for ticks. FR 99 is rough in spots, requires high-clearance; **GPS:** N 48 33.999 W 118 33.642\n\n  _**Hike one of the Kettle River Range's loneliest trails to one of its most beautiful alpine meadows set beneath one of its most distinguished summits. It's a stiff climb with many rewards: solitude, stunning scenery, and the opportunity to scramble a couple of soaring summits. The wildflower displays along this trail rank among the finest in Eastern Washington, and the habitat traversed is some of the best in the state for elusive megafauna.**_\n\n_A \"holy\" snag among the sprawling meadows of Bald Mountain._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 7.3 miles, turning right onto Hall Creek Road (Forest Road 99) (4.3 miles beyond the junction with SR 21). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 36 miles, turning left onto FR 99.) Follow this at-first good gravel road 4.4 miles and turn left onto FR Spur 300. Continue 1.5 miles to the trailhead (elev. 4350 ft). Privy and primitive campsites available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe way starts by following an old logging road. The grade is gentle and the walking pleasurable, but the roadway is covered in tall grasses, so be tick aware early in the season. At 1.9 miles, come to the old trailhead (elev. 4880 ft). Turn left and follow cairns to begin climbing\u2014steeply at times\u2014up a ridge and through the 1988 White Mountain burn zone (hot and dry; carry lots of water). Clumps of willows and hardy evergreens that survived the fire dot the hillside, and wildflowers paint the open hillsides.\n\nSavor the sweet smell of juniper and sage and admire lichen-blotched granite ledges along the way. Survey the countryside too. The views west and south are expansive. Look south at Granite, Fire, and Seventeen-mile Mountains\u2014they look like they belong in the Appalachians. The last Ice Age did a nice job wearing down these peaks, among the oldest in Washington.\n\nClimbing higher, the way steepens and the tread gets sketchy across grassy slopes. Watch for cairns. The trail skirts below Edds's 6550-foot summit, topping out at about 6300 feet at 3.6 miles. It's an easy scramble to the mountain's high point if you're so inclined. Otherwise, continue on what soon becomes one of the prettiest sections of trail in the entire Kettle River Range.\n\nAcross sprawling meadows bursting with blossoms, slowly descend to a saddle. Only the views can rival the wildflowers: Look south to the Barnaby Buttes, Grizzly Mountain, and White Mountain along the Kettle Crest. Locate the Hall Ponds, a research area with rare flora, straddling the high divide between Hall and Ninemile Creeks. And stare east at pyramidal Bald Mountain, the rockiest and craggiest of all the Kettles. When viewed from the north Bald looks forbidding, but from the south the summit appears more subdued, wrapped in inviting alpine meadows.\n\nAfter passing through a patch of pines that escaped the big fire of 1988, reach the saddle (elev. 6050 ft) between Edds and Bald Mountains at 4.1 miles. Then gently ascend and traverse sublime meadows, high across Bald's southern slopes, to crest a ridge (elev. 6300 ft) at 5.3 miles. This is a good turnaround point. From here the trail drops 300 feet in 0.5 mile, reaching the Kettle Crest Trail at a spring.\n\nIn the past few years, there have been a few confirmed grizzly sightings in this lonely and wild country. Whether this monarch of the mountains will survive in Washington is a matter of public policy. Groups like Conservation Northwest advocate and educate about the importance of retaining and recovering grizzly populations in the Northwest.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nBald Mountain's 6940-foot summit makes a nice scramble. Head up open slopes to the summit block, and then carefully pick your way up through jumbled talus to the pointy peak for one of the best 360-degree views in the Kettles.\n\n  Snow Peak Cabin\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6.4 miles | 1275 feet\/6350 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Sherman Peak; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Watch for ticks. Reserve the cabin at www.recreation.gov; **GPS:** N 48 35.058 W 118 31.916\n\n  _**Hike across an eerily beautiful landscape of silver snags left behind from the 1988 White Mountain Burn. It's been over a quarter century since much of Snow Peak went up in flames, but a new and regenerating forest is busy reclaiming the mountain. Enjoy prolific wildflowers and sweeping views en route to a charming mountain cabin set high along the Kettle Crest.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 7.3 miles, turning right onto Hall Creek Road (Forest Road 99) (4.3 miles beyond the junction with SR 21). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 36 miles, turning left onto FR 99.) Follow this at-first good gravel road for 3.3 miles, turning left just beyond a cattle guard onto FR Spur 100. Reach the trailhead (elev. 5250 ft) in 4.7 miles.\n\n_The Snow Peak Cabin sits on a high gap beneath the summit of Snow Peak._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nImmediately starting in the old burn zone, the trail wastes no time climbing. A few surviving big firs provide some shade among the many snags. The understory is grassy here (planted after the fire to prevent erosion), so watch for ticks early in the season. The open forest and plentiful forage favors deer. You should see plenty. Lots of flowers too\u2014asters and lupine paint the hillsides purple.\n\nContinue ascending. At times the trail is lined with walls of willows and 15- to 20-foot pines\u2014nature in action regenerating the mountain. At 2.3 miles, crest a 6325-foot knoll. Then descend slightly, coming to a junction with the Kettle Crest Trail (elev. 6300 ft) at 2.5 miles. Turn right and traverse the high open slopes of Snow Peak. At 7103 feet, Snow is the second highest of the Kettle peaks and, as its name suggests, often harbors snow into the summer months. A popular backcountry skiing destination, the cabin you are heading to is well used and appreciated by winter recreationists.\n\nAfter a little more climbing, reach a spring (elev. 6350 ft); then begin descending across open slopes. Lupine, paintbrush, fireweed, and pearly everlastings contrast with the silver snags and blackened logs left behind by the fire. Views are excellent to pointy Bald Mountain (south) and across the Okanogan Highlands to Mount Bonaparte, Clackamas Mountain, and Bodie Mountain.\n\nAt 3.1 miles, come to a junction near a spring. Take the trail right for a short distance to the Snow Peak Cabin (elev. 6200 ft). Resembling a pioneer cabin (with solar panels!), it has space for six people (dogs allowed). It was built by the Snow Peak Shelter Alliance (consisting of various recreation groups) and the Colville National Forest, and it opened to the public in 1996. If it's unoccupied, check it out. Otherwise, please respect the privacy of any groups staying at the facility. Stargazing is amazing from the cabin site\u2014and morning coffee on the porch looking out at Snow Peak is divine.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe Kettle Crest Trail south to the Edds Mountain Trail offers lonely rambling and nice views east. And the 7103-foot summit of Snow Peak makes for a good cross-country ramble. Although steep, it's fairly straightforward, across alpine meadows. The views are amazing, from British Columbia's Rossland Range to Lake Roosevelt.\n\n  Sherman Peak\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6 miles | 1200 feet\/6400 feet | mid-June\u2013  \nNov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Sherman Peak, USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N 48 36.514 W 118 28.605\n\n  _**Enjoy striking views of the forces of nature. This full circle around 6998-foot Sherman Peak passes through two radically different landscapes: a lush, green old-growth forest and one that was scorched by wildfire, leaving surreal silver snags behind. But nature has come full circle too, as the fire-consumed forest is nicely regenerating. And with these diverse forest communities, wildlife is prolific. Don't forget the binoculars.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 16.8 miles to Sherman Pass. (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 26 miles to Sherman Pass.) Turn left (north) and follow the access road 0.1 mile to the trailhead (elev. 5500 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nEasy access, being a loop, and having plenty of views make this hike one of the more popular in the Kettles. From the trailhead, head left (south) on the Kettle Crest Trail, quickly coming to a junction with the Sherman Pass Trail (which travels 4 miles to the Jungle Hill Trail) and the Sherman Pass Tie Trail (which heads 0.7 mile to the Sherman Overlook Campground). For Sherman Peak, continue right, dropping steeply into a cool, wet, tight ravine (elev. 5360 ft). Climb out of it and come to SR 20 at 0.4 mile. The trail resumes on the other side of the highway; be careful crossing the road.\n\nIn cool larch and lodgepole pine forest, gently climb, winding around granite ledges and passing window views east. At 1 mile, come to a junction (elev. 5800 ft) by a creek and winter emergency cache. You'll be returning from the right on the Sherman Peak Loop Trail, so continue left on the Kettle Crest Trail. At 1.4 miles, after skirting beneath a large talus slope, reach the edge of the 1988 White Mountain burn zone (elev. 5900 ft). This lightning-caused fire burned more than 20,000 acres, but more than twenty-five years later, new green growth has crowded out the silver snags and blackened logs.\n\nBegin a long sweeping traverse of Sherman's eastern ridge. Rows of 10+-foot-tall pines and fragrant lupines line the way. Pause to take in excellent views north of Columbia, Wapaloosie, King, and Mack Mountains. At 2.4 miles, crest the ridge in a small saddle (elev. 6300 ft). Then traverse Sherman's southern slopes, with views of Snow Peak, the Barnaby Buttes, and White Mountain.\n\nAster and lupine paint Sherman a purple mountain majesty. Woodpeckers and nuthatches flit upon the snags. The mountain is vibrant and alive. The trail climbs higher but doesn't go to the top of Sherman. It's an easy scramble to the 6998-foot pyramidal summit if you feel like peak bagging.\n\nAt 3.2 miles, just beyond a faint trail leading down to a campsite, come to a junction (elev. 6400 ft). The Kettle Crest Trail continues south to the Snow Peak Cabin (Hike 20). Head right instead, onto the Sherman Peak Loop Trail, crossing gorgeous meadows and savoring sweeping views west across snaking Highway 20 to the Okanogan Highlands and North Cascades.\n\nThe way then descends at a good clip to reenter forest before wrapping around the north side of Sherman Peak. At 4.1 miles, take a break at a ledge that grants a superb view of Columbia Peak and Sherman Pass. Then leave the burn zone at 4.4 miles, entering cool stands of pine and larch. Skirt beneath a scree slope and by little Sherman Pond, one of the few ponds located within this mountain range. Cross its outlet and shortly afterward, at 5 miles, reach a familiar junction and turn left to close the loop in 1 mile.\n\n_Silver snags punctuate grassy slopes on Sherman Peak._\n\n  Barnaby Buttes\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 7.4 miles | 1975 feet\/6534 feet | June\u2013early  \nNov\n\n**Map:** USGS Sherman Pass; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 738-7700, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Last 1.5 miles of FR 2014-500 are rough, requires high-clearance; **GPS:** N 48 32.274 W 118 26.741\n\n  _**Follow an old fire road, first through thick timber, then through silver forest to an old fire lookout site propped above meadows flush with flowers and fauna. Only four pillars and a concrete staircase remain of the Barnaby Buttes lookout tower. But the views from this lonely post across this wild corner of the Kettles are still grand. This is moose, bear, coyote, and cougar habitat, so you might luck into seeing them on this seldom-hiked route.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Kettle Falls, drive west on State Route 20\/US Highway 395 for 3.6 miles to where the routes split. Continue west on SR 20 (Sherman Pass National Scenic Byway) for 10.3 miles, turning left onto South Fork Sherman Creek Road (FR 2020). Follow this good gravel road for 6.5 miles to a junction. (From Republic, follow SR 20 east for 20.5 miles, turning right onto FR 2020\u20143.6 miles east of Sherman Pass. Continue south for 5.9 miles to the junction with FR 2014.) Bear left onto Barnaby Creek Road (FR 2014), and after 0.3 mile turn right onto FR 2014-500. Follow this road for 2.4 miles (bear left at 0.9 mile) to the trailhead (elev. 4600 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBeginning on an old, well-graded fire road, immediately start climbing through a thick stand of pine and larch. Skirt a creek (the only water along the way) and an old cut, and continue beneath a cool forest canopy. The way may be littered with moose and deer droppings and plenty of tracks from the predators that pursue them, particularly cougars and coyotes.\n\nAt 2.1 miles, after making a couple of sweeping switchbacks, enter the 1988 White Mountain burn zone. The forest is recovering well, but plenty of snags and blackened logs still provide excellent habitat for insects and birds. White Mountain, where the fire began, can be seen to the south. Its northern slopes of granitic talus fields put the \"white\" into the mountain.\n\nAt 2.6 miles, come to a junction with the Kettle Crest Trail, atop the crest itself (elev. 6060 ft). Left leads to White Mountain (Hike 23). Right meanders toward the Barnaby Buttes\u2014your objective. Cutting a path through 5- to 8-foot-tall lodgepole pines, the trail soon leaves the old fire road to march up a knob cloaked in golden grasses. Enjoy excellent views down into the wild Hall and Thirteenmile Creek drainages.\n\nSlightly descend into a pocket of greenery spared from the conflagration of 1988, and once again follow the old woods road. At 3.4 miles (elev. 6300 ft), come to a signed junction with the spur leading to the old lookout site. The spur exists only in memory. Numerous blowdowns obfuscate the way, which completely disappears in the grassy slopes below the summit. Don't let that hinder your exploration. Just make your way north across the open slope, aiming for a small knob graced with aspen and juniper. After about 0.3 mile, reach the 6534-foot summit with its staircase to heaven.\n\nViews are grand across Barnaby's lofty lawns to Huckleberry Mountain and Calispell Peak to the east; White Mountain and Grizzly Mountain to the south; Thirteenmile, Fire, Granite, and Moses Mountains to the west; and Edds and Bald Mountains to the north. A sliver of Lake Roosevelt can often be seen shimmering in the late-afternoon sun. Consider staying on the summit late into the day, for it abounds with wildlife.\n\n_White Mountain from Kettle Crest Trail on the way to Barnaby Buttes_\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHike to White Mountain (Hike 23) from the Barnaby Buttes and Kettle Crest Trail junction. It's about 1.5 miles to the summit spur trail and another 0.3 mile to the top.\n\n  White Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6.8 miles | 1725 feet\/6923 feet | mid-June\u2013  \nNov\n\n**Map:** USGS Sherman Pass; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 738-7700, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Respect this sacred site of the Colville Confederated Tribes. Do not disturb artifacts or rock pits; **GPS:** N 48 30.092 W 118 25.312\n\n  _**A broad, lofty summit along the Kettle Crest, White Mountain provides stunning views down to Lake Roosevelt and across the vast ridges and valleys of northeastern Washington. Sacred site to Native peoples for vision questing, and home to moose, wolverine, and the occasional grizzly, White will instill a sense of reverence for nature in all who hike its wildflower-carpeted slopes.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Kettle Falls, drive west on State Route 20\/US Highway 395 for 3.6 miles to where the routes split. Continue west on SR 20 (Sherman Pass National Scenic Byway) for 10.3 miles, turning left onto South Fork Sherman Creek Road (FR 2020). Follow this good gravel road for 6.5 miles to a junction, and bear left onto Barnaby Creek Road (FR 2014). (From Republic, follow SR 20 east for 20.5 miles, turning right onto FR 2020\u2014the junction is 3.6 miles east of Sherman Pass. Continue south for 5.9 miles to the junction with FR 2014.) Continue on FR 2014 for 4.1 miles, turning right onto FR Spur 250. Follow this rough road 4.4 miles to the trailhead (elev. 5225 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe epicenter of a 1988 wildfire that scorched more than 20,000 acres along the Kettle Crest, White Mountain's natural communities were radically altered\u2014but not destroyed. Nature is resilient and always in flux. It didn't take long for feisty pine saplings to burst from the blackened soil. Grasses and a profusion of wildflowers now carpet the once scorched forest floor. And the now-more-diverse floral cover favors a wider variety of wild critters. Moose, deer, bear, coyote, and cougar are abundant, woodpeckers and raptors profuse.\n\n_Sunny flowered slopes on White Mountain_\n\nWhile patches of mature fir and larch survived the fire, shade is at a premium. Start early, don't forget the sunscreen, and carry plenty of water. Start in the burn zone and weave through a few lone larches and thickets of willows. After about 0.4 mile, start to climb. After about another 0.4 mile, skirt a talus slope of the shiny white granite that gives the mountain its name.\n\nAt 1.2 miles, begin to switchback near a spring and stock trough (elev. 5600 ft). Steadily ascend nicely graded switchbacks through patches of mature forest. At 1.8 miles, emerge in sprawling meadows bursting with summer wildflowers. Views are excellent south into the Colville Indian Reservation, of Grizzly Peak and the Hall Creek drainage.\n\nAt 3 miles, crest the mountain's southwestern shoulder (elev. 6770 ft). Enter forest and slightly descend, coming to a small meadow at about 3.1 miles. The unmaintained trail to the summit heads to the right (look for a weathered sign on a snag) and may be hard to follow in spots, but the route is pretty straightforward. After about 0.3 mile, reach White's 6923-foot summit and its extensive views: from the Columbia Plateau south to all along the Kettle Crest north, and from the Selkirks east to the North Cascades west. Just below the old lookout site are talus slopes dotted with rock pits built by young tribal members for vision quests. Close your eyes. Listen to the winds. Feel the sun's rays. A powerful place indeed.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe Kettle Crest Trail begins here and travels more than 43 miles along some of the highest summits in Eastern Washington, making it a fine backpacking route. And Barnaby Buttes (Hike 22) is just a few miles north along the trail.\n\n  Columbia Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 8 miles | 1360 feet\/6782 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Sherman Peak, USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 36.519 W 118 28.609\n\n_You'll find excellent views of Wapaloosie and King Mountains from Columbia's summit loop trail._\n\n  _**Roam high-country meadows carpeted with dazzling wildflowers. Enjoy sweeping views south to the lofty, lumpy Kettle Crest and east to the unbroken swaths of forest cloaking the Sherman Creek valley, King Mountain, and the Twin Sisters. Flush clutches of grouse and greet herds of deer while ambling to a historic fire lookout cabin that has graced this summit since 1914. These are some of the charms awaiting you on this easily accessible hike.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 16.8 miles to Sherman Pass. (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 26 miles to Sherman Pass.) Turn left (north) and follow the access road 0.1 mile to the trailhead (elev. 5500 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nSherman Pass offers the easiest access to the 43+-mile Kettle Crest Trail. A national recreation trail, lucky Trail No. 13 (the trail's official number) winds along the soaring spine of the Kettle River Range. Heart of the Columbia Highlands and transition zone between the coastal Cascades and interior Rockies, the Kettles are rich in biological diversity and act as an ecological bridge between those two other ranges.\n\nFollow the Kettle Crest Trail north through cool groves of pine and fir and carpets of lupine, arnica, and other showy flowers. At 0.2 mile, cross a power-line swath and then enter the 29,000-acre Profanity Roadless Area, the largest unprotected roadless tract remaining in Eastern Washington (see \"Untrammeled Eastern Washington\" sidebar in the Blue Mountains section). This and other nearby roadless areas were left out of the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act, and conservationists\u2014most notably the Kettle Range Conservation Group\u2014continue to advocate that these areas receive federal wilderness protection.\n\nWILDERNESS, JOBS, AND A WAY OF LIFE IN THE BALANCE\n\nNortheast Washington's Columbia Highlands is the Evergreen State's final frontier. It's a land of wide-open spaces still harboring some of the West's wildest and most threatened species\u2014grizzly, caribou, wolverine, and lynx. It's sparsely populated by folks who still make a living working off the land.\n\nWhile large portions of the Columbia Highlands consist of public lands, just less than 3 percent of it is protected as wilderness. Conservationists would like to see more wilderness established to protect habitat for endangered and threatened species; preserve the area's old-growth forests; and provide unparalleled opportunities for hiking, horseback riding, skiing, hunting, and other sustainable forms of recreation. And while mining, ranching, and forestry still make up a large percentage of the economy here, economic forces are threatening to change that, affecting the livelihoods of thousands of residents in this remote corner of the state. Sounds like all of the makings for a jobs versus wilderness scenario, doesn't it?\n\nNot this time around. Conservation groups have been seeking cooperative and collaborative solutions rather than combative ones. An effort called the Columbia Highlands Initiative has been seeking to restore forests, promote working ranches, and join with the New Forestry Coalition (formerly the Northeast Washington Forestry Coalition), a diverse group of forest products manufacturers, conservation leaders, government officials, business owners, educators, loggers, hikers, and citizens at large. The goal is to help ensure that the Colville National Forest is managed in a balance that preserves wilderness, guarantees outdoor recreation opportunities, and sustains jobs in the region.\n\nThe initiative calls for creating up to 350,000 acres of new wilderness from existing roadless areas as well as providing for enough timber from managed areas to sustain local forestry jobs. The initiative and even the Forestry Coalition have detractors. But US Department of Agriculture officials have pegged the effort as a model for finding common ground on land-use issues.\n\nFor more information, visit the Northeast Washington Forestry Coalition online (www.newforestrycoalition.org).\n\n\u2014 C. R.\n\nA pure delight to hike, the trail climbs gently, weaving around granite ledges. Soon you'll meander through sage-scented pocket meadows flanked by patches of aspen that glow golden in autumn. At 1.6 miles, come to a small ledge granting good views west. Then enter mature forest, including groves of Engelmann spruce.\n\nPass a spur that leads left to a cattle trough. Cattle paths throughout the Kettles have caused more than a few hikers to go astray. At 2.4 miles, reach a junction (elev. 6130 ft). Turn right, immediately coming to a fence-enclosed spring. Then steadily gain elevation, passing big mossy-trunked Douglas-firs. At 3 miles, come to another junction (elev. 6425 ft).\n\nIf your sole objective is to Columbia's summit, head left. But you'll miss a scenic loop around the mountain, so reconsider and head right instead; first across sun-kissed meadows bursting with wildflowers, then through cool larch and fir forests teeming with huckleberries. After dropping about 75 feet, gain it back and then some, working your way over north-facing ledges with breathtaking views of Wapaloosie, King, and Mack Mountains. In October stare out across waves of gold, compliments of the Kettle's profusion of larches.\n\nAt 4.1 miles, just after cresting a small gap, reach yet another junction (elev. 6500 ft). The loop trail continues right 0.3 mile, bringing you back to familiar territory. But first, turn left and steadily climb 0.3 mile through rows of lodgepoles to reach the 6782-foot summit of Columbia Mountain. Immediately be wooed by a fire lookout cabin, built in 1914. Gracing this peak since the Woodrow Wilson administration, this structure is on the National Historic Register and was lovingly restored by the Forest Service through their Passport in Time program, which connects volunteers with professionals for archeological and historical preservation projects. The lookout cabin on Mount Bonaparte (Hikes 3 and 4), also built in 1914 (and still standing), is nearly identical.\n\nBe sure to wander around the broad summit for excellent views south of Sherman and Snow Peaks, pointy Bald Mountain and Granite, Fire, and Seventeenmile Mountains. Moses Mountain can be seen to the southwest, and Mount Bonaparte dominates the northwest horizon.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the Columbia Mountain trail junction, the Kettle Crest Trail continues north through big firs and western larches that set the range aglow in yellow come October. At 1.2 miles from the junction is a piped spring and good camp.\n\n  Jungle Hill\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/4 | 8 miles | 2250 feet\/6550 feet | late May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N 48 38.085 W 118 27.062\n\n  _**Few people venture onto this obscure peak in the Kettle River Range. That's because Jungle Hill's 6544-foot summit is forested and no trail leads to it. The little-used Jungle Hill Trail, however, will lead you close, delivering you high on the lonesome Kettle Crest, where an abundance of deer track and paw prints prove that this wilderness path is far from lightly traveled.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto Albian Hill Road (FR 2030) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 0.5 mile, turning left onto a spur. Continue 0.25 mile to the trailhead (elev. 4350 ft) at a small campground. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail starts with a short descent to Sherman Creek (elev. 4300 ft), reaching a junction at 0.1 mile with the Sherman Pass Trail. Continue straight on the Jungle Hill Trail, crossing the creek and beginning to climb. The trail parallels Sherman Creek for a short distance and eventually pulls away from it, although you'll hear its tumbling waters for most of the hike.\n\nWinding through giant larches and clusters of aspens, this path is quite colorful come late September. But owing to its southern exposure, the Jungle Hill Trail is a good choice for spring hiking too, often snow-free by late spring. Along a sun-kissed ridge, the way steadily gains elevation, steeply at times and occasionally via short switchbacks.\n\nAt about 1.5 miles, come to a ledge (elev. 5100 ft) with views of nearby Columbia Mountain and the basin cradling the head-waters of Sherman Creek. About 0.5 mile farther, Jungle Hill comes into view. The trail continues upward, now traversing lodge-pole pine forest punctuated with pocket meadows. At about 2.5 miles, reach alpine meadows that bake in the afternoon sun.\n\n_The views east are extensive from Jungle Hill._\n\nCool forest soon offers relief, and an easier grade some respite. Walking along the meadow edge fragranced with sage is pure delight, with more excellent views eastward over the Sherman Creek valley and out to Huckleberry Mountain and Calispell Peak; westward through a gap in the Kettle Crest out to Moses Mountain and the North Cascades; and south along the crest itself. At 4 miles, near a campsite and spring, reach the Kettle Crest Trail (elev. 6550 ft). Call it a hike, or consider rambling farther.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nWapaloosie Mountain (Hike 26) is an easy 1.2 miles north along the Kettle Crest Trail, primarily through open meadow. Or, if you're up for a big adventure, make a loop by following the Kettle Crest Trail south for 7 miles to Sherman Pass, and then take the Sherman Creek Trail 4 miles back to the trailhead.\n\n  Wapaloosie Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3 | 6 miles | 2000 feet\/7018 feet | late May\u2013  \nNov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N 48 39.828 W 118 26.402\n\n  _**One of the highest summits on the Kettle Crest, 7018-foot Wapaloosie Mountain offers extensive views and some of the finest alpine meadows in the Columbia Highlands. The trail traverses slopes of sagebrush interspersed with pine and fir groves. And thanks to a southeastern exposure, the trail usually melts out by midspring, when arrowleaf balsamroot speckles the mountainside bright yellow. Later, lupines add shades of violet to the soft greens of the summit's sedges and grasses before western larches give a golden performance and finally winter's white blanket descends.**_\n\n_A pair of hikers admire the extensive view south across the Kettle Crest._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto Albian Hill Road (FR 2030) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 3.3 miles to the trailhead (elev. 5025 ft) at a small campground. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nMaintained by the Ferry County Back Country Horsemen, this popular trail is in excellent shape. Beginning in a thick forest of lodgepole pine, follow the trail as it crosses a tributary of the North Fork Sherman Creek\u2014the only reliable water on this hike. Then get down to business climbing and after about 1.2 miles, break out from under the forest canopy to begin traversing Wapaloosie's sprawling meadows.\n\nThe climb eventually eases as the trail takes to a series of long, sweeping switchbacks. The eastern side of the Kettle Crest sees less range activity than the western slopes, allowing native fescue to proliferate. By late spring, wildflowers brush pastels and bright colors across the meadows, and sun-baked sage permeates the air.\n\nViews grow with elevation gained. Look northwest to British Columbia's Rossland Range and the Abercrombie-Hooknose Highlands. The Twin Sisters, Mack Mountain, and King Mountain are emerald sentinels guarding the eastern flank of the Kettle Crest. Flickering birds, scurrying ground squirrels, and flitting butterflies will keep your eyes focused nearby too.\n\nAt 2.7 miles, amid glorious alpine meadows, reach the Kettle Crest Trail (elev. 6850 ft). From this junction it's a short and easy off-trail ramble to Wapaloosie's 7018-foot summit. Head northeast through meadows and open forest of Engelmann spruce and whitebark pine for about 0.25 mile. A large cairn marks the broad summit's high point.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nContinue south along the Kettle Crest Trail for about 1.2 miles to the Jungle Hill Trail for (Hike 25)\u2014more delightful meadows and views. You can make a 12-mile loop by returning via the Jungle Hill Trail and walking 3 miles on FR 2030 back to the trailhead.\n\n  Copper Butte via Marcus Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/4 | 9.6 miles | 2340 feet\/7140 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 41.884 W 118 30.715\n\n  _**At 7140 feet, Copper Butte is the highest summit in the Kettle River Range and the sixth-highest mountain in Eastern Washington. Of the several ways to reach this lofty peak, none is more beautiful than the Marcus Trail. On this lightly traveled trail, you'll pass through old-growth, fire-succession, and subalpine forests; and traverse prolific alpine meadows. The views from this old lookout site, down the Kettle spine and out to the Selkirks and a myriad of Canadian peaks, are just as dazzling.**_\n\n_The trail traverses sprawling meadows with far reaching views west._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 2.8 miles to the junction with SR 21 (just past the county fairgrounds). (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 40 miles to the junction.) Head north on SR 21 for 0.8 mile, turning right at the Ferry County PUD onto Old Kettle Falls Road (County Road 280). After 2.4 miles, turn left onto CR 287 (access for Kinross Mine). Continue 0.8 mile, bearing right onto Hatchery Road (CR 284). Then continue east (past mining operations) 0.6 mile and bear right onto FR 2152. Proceed (staying right at 0.7 mile) for 3.3 miles, bearing left onto FR 2040. Follow FR 2040 for 5.2 miles to a junction with FR Spur 250 (signed Marcus Trail No. 8). Turn right and come to the trailhead (elev. 4800 ft) in a small clearing at 1.5 miles.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nIf you want to reach the king of the Kettles by the fastest route possible, don't hike this trail. Head on over to the Old Stage Trail (Hike 28) instead. But if you want to wander through the most supreme wildflower meadows in these parts, this is your trail! The route once extended to the small town of Marcus on the confluence of the Kettle and Columbia Rivers. It's much shorter now, but just as wild as it was in the late 1800s.\n\nFrom an old logging yard, the trail starts by following an old road through tall timber. Despite selective logging over the years, you'll pass lots of big old ponderosa pines, western larches, and Douglas-firs. Soon afterward, enter a large area that succumbed to fire in the early 1990s. At 0.6 mile, cross a creek (elev. 5025 ft) that has been heavily trampled by cattle. This is active range area, so beware of confusing cow paths. At 0.9 mile, be sure to stay left as one of those cow paths veers right.\n\nAs you climb the at-times dusty path, the surrounding countryside slowly begins to reveal itself as views emerge. Head back into mature forest and then back into the burn zone. After passing a spring (elev. 5550 ft) at 1.5 miles, the climb eases. Then round a ridge, staying uphill of more confusing cow paths. Forest soon yields to meadows.\n\nAt 2.2 miles, reach Copper Butte Spring (elev. 5925 foot), a popular watering hole for the resident bovines. Paths diverge everywhere. The trail you want heads left uphill and away from the spring. It soon reenters forest for a short ways. Come to Copper Butte Spring 2 (elev. 6075 ft), and then break back out into meadows.\n\nFor over a mile, traverse the sun-kissed southwestern slopes of Copper Butte, delighting in westward views and outstanding floral shows that include bistorts, lupines, yarrows, roses, golden peas, asters, buttercups, buckwheat, harebells, locoweed, bluebells, paintbrush, and more.\n\nAt 3 miles, pass another spring. The grade eases as you reenter forest and come to an intersection with the Kettle Crest Trail in a saddle (elev. 6400 ft) at 3.4 miles. Turn left and head north 1.4 easy miles through cool lodgepole pine forest, pocket meadows, and corridors of wildflowers to the broad 7140-foot summit of Copper Butte. Once home to a fire lookout, all that remains is a rusty bed frame. Wander around the butte for horizon-spanning views to the Cascades west, Idaho's Selkirks east, Mount Spokane south, and British Columbia's Rossland Range north.\n\n  Copper Butte via Old Stage Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6 miles | 1615 feet\/7140 feet | mid-June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N48 42.595 W 118 26.579\n\n  _**Follow an old wagon road to a gap high on the Kettle Crest. Then climb steeply through silver forests adorned with showy wildflowers to the highest point in the Kettle River Range. From this lofty perch, a mile above the surrounding golden valleys, survey the wild and expansive Columbia Highlands. The views are breathtaking from this former fire lookout site, from Idaho to the North Cascades and all along the imposing wall of the Kettle Crest, from the Colville nation to the nation of Canada.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto FR 2030 (Albian Hill Road) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 7.1 miles, turning left onto the spur to the Old Stage Trail. Reach the trailhead (elev. 5525 ft) in 0.2 mile. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nOf the several routes to Copper Butte, this is the shortest to this highest point in the Kettles. And thanks to a starting elevation of more than 5500 feet, it's short on elevation gain too. The hike starts on the Old Stage Trail, a restored section of a wagon road constructed in 1892. An early attempt by legislators to construct a northern east\u2013west route across the state, the Old Stage route was short lived, replaced in 1898 by one over Sherman Pass.\n\nBeginning by a creek (the only water on this hike) in cool forest, the way gradually climbs on a gentle grade. After rounding a ridge, the trail breaks out into a recovering burn zone. More than 10,000 acres on Copper Butte and adjacent Midnight Mountain went up in flames following a 1995 lightning strike. The forest is recovering, but with much of the canopy gone this can be a hot hike in July and August.\n\n_Copper Butte offers good views of the lofty lumpy Kettle Crest._\n\nAfter 1.6 miles of enjoyable strolling, reach a junction with the Kettle Crest Trail at a high windblown saddle (elev. 6050 ft). A nice albeit waterless campsite invites hikers interested in experiencing sunrises and sunsets from the lofty crest. For Copper Butte, turn left (south) and very soon afterward, turn left again. The Old Stage route continues straight to Lambert Creek (Hike 29), but you're now following the 43+-mile Kettle Crest Trail. Up the steep northern slopes of Copper Butte, steadily climb through snags and rejuvenating greenery. Blueberry bushes provide forage for grouse and create a crimson carpet come October. Views can be had west and north, but they pale in comparison to what awaits.\n\nA couple of switchbacks ease the climb, and then it's one final push to the top. At 3 miles, crest the broad butte. A big cairn marks the mountain's 7140-foot high point. The site of a fire lookout from 1921 until the 1950s, all that remains is a rusted bed frame and some scattered debris. But the views haven't changed: Look south along the rounded Kettle Crest to bulky peaks cloaked in golden lawns and emerald canopies. Peer northward and trace the lumpy spine of the crest into British Columbia. Gaze west over sprawling rangelands in spacious valleys carved by retreating glaciers from another era. Then cast your eyes east to a sea of peaks rising progressively higher on the horizon. Not a bad visual payoff for such a nontaxing hike!\n\n  Midnight Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 10.6 miles | 2250 feet\/6150 feet | June\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Cooke Mountain, USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.usda.gov\/main\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikers, popular with equestrians. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 43.711 W 118 31.297\n\n  _**This trip takes you through recovering fire-scorched hillsides, fragrant alpine meadows, and parkland forests of towering western larch. Follow a historic wagon road up to a lofty pass in the shadow of Copper Butte, highest summit in the Kettles. Then traverse sage-scented flowering meadows high upon Midnight Mountain before slowly descending along a ridge through forest and field. Come in summer for the blossoms, fall for the colors, anytime for sweeping sublime views of the Okanogan Highlands.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 2.8 miles to the junction with SR 21 (just past the county fairgrounds). (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 40 miles to the junction.) Head north on SR 21 for 9 miles, turning right onto Lambert Creek Road (CR 546). At 6 miles, bear right onto FR 2156 and continue for another 1.2 miles to the trailhead at Lambert Creek Campground (elev. 3900 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail begins next to a beautiful wooden sign depicting the route, compliments of the Ferry County chapter of the Back Country Horsemen. Rock-hop across Lambert Creek and reach a junction in 0.3 mile. You'll be returning left, so continue right on the Old Stage Trail. Constructed in 1892, just three years after statehood, this old wagon road was an early attempt by legislators to construct a northern east\u2013west route across the state. It was short lived, replaced in 1898 by a route over Sherman Pass that proved more favorable for hauling freight.\n\n_Copper Butte from Midnight Mountain_\n\nIn the 1990s much of the surrounding forest burned. Lack of shade warrants postponing this hike on the hottest of summer days, but spring and fall are lovely and surprisingly colorful. New greenery continues to colonize the scorched slopes. Flowers are dazzling in spring, and autumn colors are brilliant thanks to the blueberry bushes, cascaras, and currants. Look for woodpeckers among the snags and spruce grouse feasting on the buds of new plants.\n\nThe grade is gentle, with wide sweeping switchbacks. At 1.8 miles, bear left at a junction. The trail right connects to an old forest road. At 2.7 miles, come to a spring (elev. 4700 ft), which like most in the Kettles should be treated because of contamination by cattle.\n\nAfter passing a grove of large fire-spared larches, the trail rounds a ridge to grant viewing of Midnight Mountain and then advances through a thicket of lodgepole pine. At 4.5 miles, cross a small creek. At 5 miles, skirt a small wetland. Alpine breezes high on the slopes of Copper Butte often leave more than a few downed snags across the trail here for you to hone your hurdling skills.\n\nAt 5.8 miles, intersect the Kettle Crest Trail (elev. 6000 ft) at a high pass just north of the blocky butte. Continue left a few steps to a high and dry campsite and another junction. The old wagon road continues east to Albian Hill Road (see Hike 28). Your route carries on north along the crest, ascending a little more to top out at about 6150 feet. Enjoy a good view south to Copper Butte with its dog-hair stands of silver snags and west across the Curlew Valley to Bodie Mountain and the Bonaparte Highlands. Views are even better from the 6660-foot summit of Midnight Mountain, which can easily be attained by leaving the trail and angling northeast across sage-dotted meadows.\n\nOtherwise, keep hiking north and reach a junction with the Midnight Ridge Trail at 6.1 miles. Bear left onto the heavily cow-and horse-hoofed trail and begin descending across meadows and through patches of aspen. At 6.7 miles, pass a spring (elev. 5800 ft). Continue losing elevation, traversing young pine forest, before coming to groves of impressive old Doug-firs, ponderosa pines, and western larches. The larches in particular are quite grand.\n\nWinding farther down Midnight Ridge, the trail drops more rapidly. At 10.3 miles, come to a familiar junction with the Old Stage Trail. Turn right and reach the trailhead in 0.3 mile.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nConsider side trips along the Kettle Crest, south to Copper Butte or north to meadows high on Lambert Mountain.\n\n  Mount Leona\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6 miles | 1500 feet\/6474 feet | June\u2013late  \nOct\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Leona; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Last few miles of road are rough, requires high-clearance; **GPS:** N 48 45.922 W 118 29.278\n\n  _**An easy climb to a prominent Kettle Crest summit, Mount Leona offers far-reaching views across the Okanogan Highlands and into the Boundary Country of British Columbia. A lonely peak except for the cows, chances are good of seeing wilder ungulates\u2014and perhaps a carnivore as well. Wildfires have scorched the mountain in the last two decades, but each year the peak gets a little greener and arrangements of sun-loving wildflowers soften the fires' impact.**_\n\n_Profanity Peak from Mount Leona's summit_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 2.8 miles to the junction with SR 21 (just past the county fairgrounds). (From Kettle Falls, follow SR 20 west for 40 miles to the junction.) Head north on SR 21 for 12.4 miles, turning right onto Saint Peters Creek Road (County Road 584) at Malo Store (milepost 175). At 1.1 miles, the pavement ends. At 1.7 miles, bear right. At 5.7 miles, bear left onto FR 2157 and follow it for 3.9 miles to the trailhead (elev. 5000 ft) in a large clearing on the left.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the trailhead clearing, look up at Leona, straight ahead and straight up. But your route is much gentler. First follow a cow-pied cow path to an old road. This is open range, and the views west across the golden Curlew Creek valley look like they're right out of Montana.\n\nLeona's open southern slopes rise above as you skirt east around the mountain. Raptors catch thermals while busy nuthatches work the trees lining the way. Stay on the main path, avoiding cattle trails and spurs to nowhere. At 0.8 mile, the trail swings left, steepens, and then soon eases. Come to a spring and stock trough (elev. 5375 ft) at 1.2 miles. Water sources beyond are less reliable. At 1.7 miles, at the edge of a burn zone, reach a saddle on the Kettle Crest (elev. 5600 ft) and a junction with the Kettle Crest Trail and Leona Loop Trail.\n\nViews from this gap east are excellent to Clackamas Mountain, Bodie Mountain, and Mount Bonaparte. Winds whistle through the snags, and lupines paint the forest floor purple. To summit Mount Leona, take the trail to your left. It receives minimum maintenance, so expect to be hopping over some windfall as you work your way\u2014steeply at times\u2014up Leona's south shoulder.\n\nAt 2.1 miles, bear left at a sign (elev. 5975 ft), crawling over a big blowdown. The tread gets a little tricky to follow\u2014angle to the northwest. At 2.3 miles, reach an unmarked junction (elev. 6100 ft) at the edge of a small meadow. The trail right is a continuation of the Leona Loop Trail, leading back to the Kettle Crest Trail. Unless you're a pine marten, you'll want to avoid this trail, as it is covered with blowdown and is a nightmare to travel.\n\nHead left up an old jeep track. Numerous cow paths make it easy to get lost. Stay along the ridge and head up, eventually emerging in a trampled meadow. Pick your way up through sage and juniper, looking for cairns and a resumption of trail. The route once again becomes clear as you travel up the increasingly open ridge crest. At 3 miles, reach the 6474-foot rocky summit, with its sedums and gilia and a communications tower.\n\nLook northwest to British Columbia's Mount Baldy; northeast to Profanity Peak and Taylor Ridge; east to the Twin Sisters Roadless Area and the Selkirks beyond; west across the Okanogan Highlands to the North Cascades; and south along the Kettle Crest to Lambert Mountain, Midnight Mountain, and Copper Butte, granddaddy of the crest.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFollow a jeep track off the summit northwest to Leona's western summit. Or, from the junction with the Kettle Crest Trail, travel south along the crest to Lambert's sprawling meadows.\n\n  Ryan Cabin\u2013Stickpin Loop\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6.4 miles | 1365 feet\/5600 feet | mid-June\u2013  \nNov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Leona; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Last 4 miles of approach road can be rough; **GPS:** N 48 45.671 W 118 26.093\n\n  _**This easy loop hike in the northern Kettles follows two lightly traveled trails and a section of the Kettle Crest Trail that sees nary a soul. Human souls that is. Moose, deer, and other large mammals are another story. Stroll through sunny wildflower patches and cool streamside forest. Take in a few nice views along the way too as you try to locate Ryan's dilapidated cabin.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto Albian Hill Road (FR 2030) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 11.8 miles (the last 4 miles can be rough) to a junction with FR Spur 900 (signed Stickpin Trail No. 71, Ryan Cabin Trail No. 30 Trailhead). Turn left and proceed on rough road, bearing left at 0.2 mile, left again immediately afterward, and right in another 0.1 mile. Reach the Stickpin trailhead in 0.3 mile and Ryan Cabin trailhead (elev. 4450 ft) 0.1 mile beyond on the right. Park here.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nOn good tread, start climbing through a windblown forest of lodgepole pine. Visible north through gaps in the forest is Profanity Peak with its inviting meadows. But the bushwhacking involved in getting to that trail-less summit may provoke its namesake from your lips. Stay on the blueberry- and pipsissewa-lined trail instead and enjoy the hike.\n\nAt 1.2 miles, after entering mature forest, reach a small spring (elev. 4825 ft). See if you can locate the Ryan Cabin nearby, an old trapper's cabin rapidly being recalled by nature. Beyond the cabin site, switchback up a sunny slope speckled with granite ledges and glacial erratics, reaching the Kettle Crest Trail (elev. 5150 ft) at 1.7 miles.\n\nHead south on the Kettle Crest Trail, dropping into a cool notch (elev. 5025 ft) before beginning a steep climb through cool forest. At 2.8 miles, reach a 5500-foot gap between Mount Leona and Ryan Hill and a junction with the Leona Loop Trail. Unmaintained, only a fisher or pine marten will appreciate this littered-with-blowdown trail. Best to continue on the Kettle Crest Trail, traversing the east slopes of Mount Leona. Soon enter a 1990s burn zone that is rapidly reforesting. The way can be brushy at times but also abundant with wildflowers.\n\nCross two small creeks (elev. 5435 ft) that occasionally run dry late in the season, and then round a ridge with an excellent view of Profanity Peak. Continue across a meadow, passing a cow-trampled spring and some good views east along the way. At 4.2 miles, come to a junction (elev. 5600 ft) with the Stickpin Trail.\n\nTurn left and begin descending, soon coming to a big wildflower-filled meadow. Across an herbaceous hillside, continue losing elevation, eventually reentering forest. At 4.8 miles, reach a bridge across the South Fork Boulder Creek, a mere trickle here. The trail then follows the creek into a lush valley, one of the few creek-hugging trails in the Kettles.\n\nTraverse cool spruce and cedar groves, muddy seeps, and thimbleberry patches\u2014this is one of the wetter areas in the Kettles. A few boardwalks help keep your boots dry. At 6.3 miles, reach the Stickpin trailhead (elev. 4425 ft). Turn left and walk the road 0.1 mile back to your vehicle to complete the loop.\n\n_Stickpin Trail traverses boggy forest._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nYou can easily hike to Mount Leona's summit from this loop. Before turning off on the Stickpin Trail, head south on the Kettle Crest Trail for a little over 0.1 mile to the trail to Leona, taking off right (see Hike 30).\n\n  Sentinel Butte\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/2 | 7 miles | 1025 feet\/5625 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Mount Leona; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Popular cross-country ski route, winter Sno-Park Pass required; **GPS:** N 48 51.823 W 118 23.721\n\n  _**A popular winter skiing destination, this forested loop at the northern terminus of the 43+-mile Kettle Crest Trail is pretty quiet the rest of the year. It's an excellent area for seeing moose and other large mammals, but the best features are the trees\u2014particularly the larches. Majestic western larches line the way and by October streak the slopes gold and brighten the trail with a carpet of flaxen needles.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, drive 2.8 miles east on State Route 20, turning left onto SR 21. Continue for 18.4 miles to Curlew and turn right onto Boulder Creek Road (County Road 602). Proceed 11.2 miles to the trailhead at Deer Creek Summit (elev. 4600 ft). Privy available. (From the junction of US Highway 395 with SR 20 west of Kettle Falls, follow US 395 north for 16 miles and turn left onto CR 602, continuing 11.8 miles to trailhead.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart by taking the Kettle Crest Trail\u2014you'll be returning on the road just to the west of it. Beginning its 43-mile journey southward across the spine of the Kettle River Range, the excellent trail moderately ascends, traversing groves of larch, fir, and pine. Occasional openings offer good viewing west across the Kettle River valley to the Bonaparte Highlands and north to Mount Baldy in British Columbia.\n\nRounding Sentinel Butte, the trail takes a break from climbing at about 1.5 miles. After dipping about 50 feet, it resumes the ascent. Make a couple of switchbacks, skirt a couple of knolls. The walking is peaceful and delightful through grassy openings and by granite outcroppings.\n\nAfter reaching a high point of 5625 feet, the trail descends. At 3.5 miles, before Long Alec Creek, come to a junction with an old road (elev. 5400 ft). The way left ascends and travels along Taylor Ridge. Head right, following grassy tread for about 0.4 mile to another old road. Turn right again and follow this old ski path, which eventually becomes FR 455 (and an excellent ski run in winter), for 3.1 miles back to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nVenture out on the Taylor Ridge Trail (Hike 33), or saunter on more ski trails that take off north from the campground at Deer Creek Summit.\n\n_Moose are frequent travelers along the Kettle Crest Trail._\n\n  Taylor Ridge\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 5.8 miles | 1200 feet\/6190 feet | mid-June\u2013  \nNov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mount Leona, USGS Bulldog Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 47.557 W 118 20.362\n\n  _**A lonely hike in the northern reaches of the Kettles, Taylor Ridge lacks a \"wow\" factor but is packed with little surprises. There are good views to colorfully named and little-known peaks\u2014like Profanity Peak, Alligator Ridge, Togo Mountain, and Stickpin Hill. There are a few historical relics from the Colville National Forest's early days and the Civilian Conservation Corps. And there's always a good chance of hiking into a bear, deer, or moose. In autumn, larches streak the ridge gold.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the junction of US Highway 395 with State Route 20 west of Kettle Falls, follow US 395 north for 16 miles and turn left onto Boulder Creek Road (County Road 602). Drive west 8.8 miles, turning left onto FR 6113 (signed Bulldog Cabin). (From Republic, drive 2.8 miles east on SR 20, turning left onto SR 21. Continue 18.4 miles to Curlew and turn right onto Boulder Creek Road\/CR 602. Proceed 13.9 miles, 2.8 miles beyond Deer Creek Summit, turning right onto FR 6113.) Follow this good gravel road for 8.9 miles to a cattle guard near a road spur and trailhead for Taylor Ridge east. Continue south 0.4 mile to the trailhead for Taylor Ridge west (elev. 5050 ft) and limited parking on the left-side road shoulder.\n\n_Good views south to King Mountain, US Mountain, and the Kettle Crest from Taylor Ridge_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail over Taylor Ridge is in decent shape. Word is slowly getting out among mountain bikers about this trail's riding appeal. And a fair number of hunters visit each fall, enough so that the path usually gets brushed out each season. But for the most part, this is one of the lonelier trails in the Kettles.\n\nStarting nearly a mile high, gradually climb along the edge of an old clear-cut, passing by some big western larches. The forest is fairly open and, like much of Kettle country, is open to cattle grazing. Watch your step! At 1.1 miles, come to an old road (elev. 5400 ft). Walk left for a few steps and then resume your way back on the trail.\n\nAt about 1.4 miles, reach an opening with nice viewing south along the Kettle Crest. Continue steadily climbing through open forest, rounding one of the many knobs and summits along Taylor Ridge. After a slight descent and a few minor ups and down, continue upward toward the ridge's high point. Skirt meadows graced with juniper and wildflowers, and then briefly climb steeply to just below the ridge's high point, 2.8 miles from the trailhead and just before the trail transforms into an old jeep track. Look for a faint path heading left. Follow it a mere 0.1 mile over ledges to reach Taylor Ridge's 6190-foot high point.\n\nMost of the summit is treed, but there are good views south to King, Mack, Twin Sisters, and US Mountains as well as along the Kettle Crest from Snow Peak to Profanity Peak. Snoop around and you'll find an old cabin foundation and other remnants of a long-gone fire lookout. This country is pretty wild now, but for much of the past century it saw its share of miners, trappers, and loggers.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nContinue west 3 miles or so along Taylor Ridge on old road to reach the Kettle Crest Trail. If you can arrange transportation for a pickup at Deer Creek Summit, it makes for a good one-way adventure. Or follow the eastern section of the ridge trail for a couple of miles, but be aware that it has become abandoned and obstructed by logging near Bulldog Mountain.\n\n  US Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/3 | 5.8 miles | 1450 feet\/6232 feet | mid-June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses, motorized use. Range area; **GPS:** N 48 42.846 W 118 26.634\n\n  _**An obscure but prominent peak just east of the Kettle Crest, US Mountain sees more bovine than boot prints. Follow an old jeep track through forests of pine and larch to high-country meadows with good views of the lofty Kettles and the thickly wooded Twin Sisters. Once worked by miners and now grazed by cattle, US is a great peak for wandering back into the past. It's also an excellent hike for solitude.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto Albian Hill Road (FR 2030) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 7.5 miles to an obscure road on right signed \"600\" (0.4 mile north of the Old Stage trailhead). This is the trailhead (elev. 5350 ft). Park in a small clearing just up the road or in a small pullout along Albian Hill Road. Do not block FR Spur 600.\n\n_Meadows below the summit of US Mountain offer good views south into the Twin Sisters Roadless Area._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nWhile this trail is open to four-wheel-drive recreationists (and snowmobiles when snow-covered), outside of deer season and winter, the chances of encountering motorists, or anyone for that matter, is slim. Most of the way is on an old road, and if it wasn't for the occasional 4\u00d74-er, alders would have overtaken it long ago.\n\nHead up the double-track, bearing right at a junction in 0.1 mile. From here the way climbs steeply. Don't let the grade and the tunnel of alders discourage you\u2014this is the only lousy section, and it's short. The way soon levels out, with some minor ups and downs through stands of lodgepole pine and western larch.\n\nAt 1.3 miles the grade steepens, leaving thick woods for pocket meadows. Soon afterward, skirt a big meadow that invites ambling across it for good views of the Twin Sisters, and King and Mack Mountains. At 1.9 miles, crest a 6125-foot knoll. Then start descending, skirting ledges along the ridgeline. Look for openings in the forest to your left. Views are excellent here of Copper Butte, Midnight Mountain, and the impacts of a 1994 forest fire.\n\nAt 2.2 miles, come to a faint trail junction. The trail right drops to a fence-enclosed spring and then continues down the east side of US Mountain, ending at FR Spur 500 off Boulder Creek Road (FR 6110). It is lightly traveled and maintained. Continue left on the road track instead, reaching a saddle (elev. 5940 ft), and then resume climbing.\n\nAt 2.5 miles (elev. 6025 ft) the track once again descends (rapidly and dead-ending shortly afterward). Don't continue after descending about 50 feet\u2014instead look for a small track right leading to an old mining area. Now off-trail, angle to the right of the old mine and through open forest and meadow to reach US Mountain's 6232-foot summit after 0.4 mile.\n\nViews are extremely limited from the summit, but meadows just below the high point on the south side grant wonderful viewing of the 13,000-acre Twin Sisters Roadless Area and high Kettle Crest summits from Copper Butte to Snow Peak.\n\n  King Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 7.4 miles | 1520 feet\/6660 feet | mid-June\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Copper Butte; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses, motorized use; **GPS:** N 48 40.885 W 118 26.577\n\n  _**The highest peak in the Kettle River Range not situated along the Kettle Crest, King Mountain provides royal views of the lofty crest and of scores of equally impressive and intriguing surrounding summits. Follow a rarely traveled old jeep track along a thickly timbered ridgeline to a rocky pinnacle rarely set foot upon by human feet, and gaze upon some of the loneliest and wildest country in the region.**_\n\n_Lifting clouds reveal a rugged and wild landscape surrounding King Mountain._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 21 miles, turning left onto Albian Hill Road (FR 2030) (4.2 miles beyond Sherman Pass). (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 22 miles, turning right onto FR 2030.) Follow FR 2030 for 4.8 miles to the trailhead (elev. 5500 ft), located at junction with the Twin Sisters Motorized Trail. Do not block this trail when parking.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nYour route begins immediately to the right (south) of the 4\u00d74 Twin Sisters Trail (Spur 200). The way to King Mountain is also open to motorized use, but don't let that discourage you. Outside of deer season, this route sees very little use, motorized or non. You're far more likely to encounter a four-legged trail user.\n\nThe way starts out in a thick forest of lodgepole pine. Dependent on frequent fires for seed germination and to suppress competing species, lodgepole pine is ubiquitous in the Kettles, often growing in thick dog-haired stands. First Peoples of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains favored this tree's straight and slender trunks for teepee construction, hence its name.\n\nClimb steadily and steeply at times. A few short switchbacks break up the grunt. Keep your mind off the climb by looking for spruce grouse and listening for nuthatches. At about 0.8 mile, come to the first of several small openings in the forest. Take in views of the southern Kettle Crest, and in early summer admire a carpet of wildflowers.\n\nAt about 1.1 miles, the trail crests a ridge (elev. 6250 ft), bringing respite from the climbing. Wander a short distance off-trail to the south for some nice views. Then continue along the trail through thick stands of pine and fir. At 2.1 miles, round a lesser summit (elev. 6500 ft) and begin a slow descent. After passing a waterless campsite in a broad saddle (elev. 6335 ft), resume climbing, reaching King's western summit (elev. 6640 ft) at 3 miles. Mostly treed, the summit may perhaps disappoint you. However, look southeast across the small summit meadow and notice a rocky and intriguing nearby peak. That's King's slightly higher eastern summit, and that's where the extensive views are\u2014keep hiking!\n\nAfter passing over a small knob, rapidly drop to a saddle (elev. 6525 ft), coming to a junction soon afterward at 3.5 miles. The main trail continues right, skirting the rocky pinnacle on its eastward march toward Mack Mountain. Veer left on a rougher track, soon coming to an excellent viewpoint north. Directly across the North Fork Deadman Creek valley locate the Twin Sisters\u2014centerpiece of the 13,300-acre roadless area you have been trudging across. Identify Profanity Peak to the north, with its sun-kissed meadows, and emerald Taylor Ridge to its east. Scattered about are other little-known peaks sporting colorful names\u2014Alligator Ridge, Jackknife Mountain, US Mountain, and Bulldog Mountain.\n\nNotice a trail taking off from the viewpoint. Take it and carefully pick your way up an outcropping of crumbling rock to King's 6660-foot eastern summit. Here is your true visual reward for all your effort: the Kettle Crest from White Mountain to Copper Butte, and obscure summits with intriguing names like Graves Mountain, Scalawag Ridge, and Bangs Mountain, to name a few.\n\nWith the old rotten rock below your feet and the rounded well-worn summits surrounding you, it's easy to see that these mountains are the oldest in the state, at over 60 million years old and rich in biological diversity.\n\n  Sherman Creek and Log Flume Heritage Site\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 1.6 miles | 60 feet\/2230 feet | May-Dec\n\n**Map:** USGS South Huckleberry Mountain; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 48 34.922 W 118 13.618\n\n  _**A delightful path along a tumbling waterway, the paved Sherman Creek Trail is perfect for children and hikers of all ages who may want to stretch their legs while out on a trip along the Sherman Pass National Scenic Byway. One of the few nonmountainous hikes in the region, this trail is exceptionally attractive in spring when woodland flowers add cheer to the terrain, and snowmelt from the Kettles adds a roar to the river.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 32.3 miles, turning right into the Log Flume Heritage Site. (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 10.7 miles, turning left into the Log Flume Heritage Site.) The trailhead is at the southwest end of the parking area (elev. 2170 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nSherman Creek starts in the high meadows of Jungle Hill and Columbia Peak, its South Fork in the high basins beneath Snow Peak, Bald Mountain, and the Barnaby Buttes, and together they drain a large area of the southern Kettles. Paralleling SR 20 for a good portion of its way to the Columbia River, Sherman Creek cuts through larch groves and cottonwood flats, cascades over ledges and careens through chasms. It's a sight to see, but not when you're buzzing by at 50 miles per hour. This trail enables you to enjoy it safely, at your own pace.\n\n_A silhouette from the past works the old sluiceway._\n\nFrom the parking lot, the trail heads through open forest to immediately reach the river bank. Head west and upstream through meadow and open forest, savoring the sweet serenity of Sherman Creek. Nootka roses perfume the air, while aspen and cottonwood leaves rustling in the warm breezes add a nice background score. The creek itself plays a fine melody, its mood varying with the season and snowmelt.\n\nAt about 0.6 mile, cross the river on a nice bridge and continue walking upstream through a meadow of lupine shaded by big cottonwoods. The trail ends in the Canyon Creek Campground along the banks of Canyon Creek, which drains the northern slopes of South Huckleberry Mountain. Contemplate spending the night here as you saunter back to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTake the time to walk the 0.4-mile loop through the Log Flume Heritage Site. Learn about early logging operations that included sluicing logs down a large flume, remnants of which still exist and can be seen along the trail.\n\n  Emerald Lake and Hoodoo Canyon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/2 | 6.2 miles | 825 feet\/3500 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Jackknife; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 775-3305, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes. Access road gated in winter to protect wildlife. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 48 37.429 W 118 14.384\n\n  _**A surprisingly lush canyon at the eastern edge of the Kettle River Range, Hoodoo houses wildlife-rich lakestucked below shiny granite ledges. The trail through this slot in the mountains is a pure delight: gorgeous groves of towering pines and cedars year-round. In springtime, a riot of wildflowers brighten the canyon floor. And in autumn, aspen, Douglas maple, birch, and serviceberry streak Hoodoo red and gold.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Republic, head east on State Route 20 for 34 miles, turning left onto Trout Lake Road (FR 020), 1.7 miles beyond the Log Flume Heritage Site. (From Kettle Falls, head west on SR 20 for 9 miles, turning right onto FR 020.) Follow FR 020 for 5.1 miles to its end at the Trout Lake Campground and Hoodoo Canyon trailhead (elev. 3050 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nEmerald Lake sits about halfway in Hoodoo Canyon and can be accessed from either north or south. The northern approach from Deadman Creek is lightly used but involves more elevation gain and is steeper. The approach here from Trout Lake sees more use but is easier to get to and easier to hike. You can't go wrong either way, and strong hikers can easily hike the entire trail round-trip.\n\nFrom the south end of the little car campground on the south shore of Trout Lake, find the start of the Hoodoo Canyon Trail and immediately come to the lake's outlet. Cross it on a log bridge and then begin climbing. The way switchbacks from the cool canyon floor, cutting through Oregon grape, snowberry, current, thimbleberry, and dogwood. After about 0.4 mile, the climb eases and you are now high above Trout Lake.\n\n_A hiker surveys Hoodoo Canyon from high on the trail. (Photo by Aaron Theisen)_\n\nHeading north now, along the canyon's sun-catching slopes, hike through very different vegetation than below. Beneath giant ponderosa pines lined with tall grasses (watch for ticks in the spring\u2014they're profuse), traverse the canyon's eastern wall. If it's early in the season, admire the floral show\u2014arnica, paintbrush, lupine, larkspur, balsamroot, buttercup, and more.\n\nAfter reaching 3500 feet elevation, the way descends slightly. At 2.6 miles, shortly after crossing a small creek (dry later in the season), come to the junction with the Emerald Lake Trail (elev. 3450 ft). Turn left and head 0.6 mile, dropping a little more than 300 feet to reach the shores of the appropriately named lake at the bottom of the canyon (elev. 3125).\n\nThe water levels fluctuate throughout the year, either exposing big rocks or flooding shoreline birches and cottonwoods. Moose frequent the lake, as do various species of waterfowl. So sit quietly for awhile and observe some nature in action.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the Emerald Lake Trail junction, continue north on the Hoodoo Canyon Trail for 0.4 mile, climbing to a cliff overlooking the canyon (elev. 3700 ft). From there the trail leaves the canyon and rapidly descends through a lush forest of cedar and spruce to Deadman Creek (elev. 2825 ft). Cross the creek on a good bridge, and reach the northern trailhead (elev. 2900 ft) off of Deadman Creek Road (FR 9565) at 4.7 miles from the southern trailhead. If it's early in the season, mosquitoes are an annoyance.\n\n  Old Kettle Falls Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*\/1 | 2.6 miles | none\/1300 feet | May\u2013Dec\n\n_The trail crosses a channel before heading into a tunnel of aspen._\n\n**Map:** USGS Kettle Falls; **Contact:** Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, (509) 633-9441, www.nps.gov\/laro; **Notes:** Wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N48 35.953 W118 07.194\n\n  _**The falls are no more. Gone too is the original townsite of Kettle Falls. The impounded waters of the Grand Coulee Dam claimed them both in 1939. The town relocated to higher ground to the east. The falls receded into memory. One of the greatest fisheries on the Columbia River was claimed by the need for hydroelectric power. Walk the Old Kettle Falls Trail through abandoned homesteads and hallowed fishing grounds and let voices from the past cast insight, inquiry, and perhaps a little lament too.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Colville, follow State Route 20\/US Highway 395 west for 10 miles to the junction with SR 25 in Kettle Falls. Continue west on SR 20\/US 395 for another 2.2 miles and turn left (south) onto Boise Road (just before the bridge over the Columbia River). Continue 1.6 miles, bearing right where Boise Road bears left to become the Old Kettle Falls Road. In 0.2 mile, come to the ranger station and the Kettle Falls Campground entrance. Park here. The trailhead (elev. 1300 ft) is just a few yards away on the south side of the campground entrance road. Privy available.\n\nMAPMAKER, MAPMAKER, MAKE ME A MAP\n\nWhile most Americans are familiar with Lewis and Clark and their 1804\u20131806 journey, few are familiar with David Thompson, who explored the vast Oregon Country around the same time, rivaling the Corps of Discovery in his mappings, findings, and influence on the American and European settlement of North America.\n\nIn 1784, the British-born Thompson came to British Canada (Churchill, in what is now Manitoba) at the age of fourteen. He apprenticed with the Hudson's Bay Company as a fur trader but quickly learned that his talents lay in surveying and mapmaking. In 1797, at age twenty-seven, he defected to Hudson's Bay Company's bitter rivals, the Northwest Company of Montreal, for whom he extensively mapped what is now northern Minnesota, eastern Ontario, and southern Manitoba.\n\nIn 1806, because of concerns of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and American claims to markets and settlements in the Northwest, Thompson set off for the Rocky Mountains to find a route to the Pacific Ocean. In 1807, he began exploring and mapping the headwaters of the Columbia River and the river's vast basin and tributaries. In 1811, the same year the Pacific Fur Company established Fort Astoria, the first American settlement in the Northwest at the mouth of the Columbia, the intrepid Thompson became the first recorded person to travel the entire length of the river. His 1814 map of the Columbia Basin was considered so accurate that the Canadian government continued to use it for nearly one hundred years.\n\nIn all, Thompson mapped a land mass of more than 1.5 million square miles. An accomplished and dedicated mapmaker, he was also a dedicated husband to his wife, Charlotte, for fifty-eight years. Thompson died in 1857 at the age of eighty-six. His legacy and accomplishments continue to intrigue historians and explorers\u2014and many hikers and paddlers too.\n\nAward-winning Spokane-based writer Jack Nisbit's _In The Mapmaker's Eye: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau_ (WSU Press, 2005) and _Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson across North America_ (Sasquatch Books, 2007) are excellent reads if you're interested in learning more about this fascinating individual.\n\n\u2014 _C. R_.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis nearly perfectly flat trail is well used by locals walking their dogs and by campers on evening strolls. It may lack stunning scenery, but it's full of historical relics. The forest is pleasant too, and the surrounding wetlands great for bird-watching.\n\nHead south on the wide trail, and after 0.1 mile cross the boat-launch access road. Continue straight and soon come to a bridge spanning a draw lined with aspen. The water level fluctuates with the dam's drawdowns. The trail utilizes an old road briefly and then turns left, passing an old foundation and reaching the group-camp access road at 0.5 mile.\n\nCross the road and come to a much nicer stretch of trail. Pass by old homesteads and through pastures, orchards, and thickets of young pines and old locust trees. At 0.8 mile, cross another draw that may or may not be flowing with water. Continue along a piney \"ridge\" and then alongside a grassy marshy area that usually teems with wildlife.\n\nAt 1.1 miles, come to a junction. The trail left crosses a bridge over a cottonwood-lined draw, reaching a picnic area in 0.1 mile. Continue right instead, over sandy tread to a piney bluff. The trail ends at 1.3 miles, but when the water level is low you can walk out on the flats of the Columbia River. Just downstream is the Colville River. The town of Kettle Falls was relocated just upriver on this waterway, where the town of Meyers Falls once sat. The new transplants insisted on renaming Meyers Falls, Kettle Falls. They got their way.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTo see the site of the actual falls, visit the Saint Paul Mission located just north of the junction of Boise Road and SR 20\/US 395. Check out the restored 1847 mission chapel built by Jesuit missionaries and Native Peoples. Then walk the 0.4-mile loop at the confluence of the Kettle and Columbia Rivers, where the famed explorer David Thompson, of the Northwest Company of Montreal, first passed by in 1811. His French Canadian fur traders named the falls Les Chaudieres\u2014the Kettles\u2014for the huge, kettle-shaped holes in the ledge below the falls. Occupied by Native Peoples for more than 9000 years, this spot was once the second-largest fishery on the Columbia River.\n\n## selkirk mountains\n\n_The trail to the top of Hall Mountain near Sullivan Lake offers vast views of the Selkirk Mountains_.\n\nEastern Washington and northern Idaho share the sprawling group of peaks known as the Selkirk Mountains. The southern end of the range is near Spokane (either at the granite climbing rocks on the north bank of the Spokane River or farther south at Mica Peak and the Rocks of Sharon, depending on which geologist you ask). From Spokane, the range stretches north into British Columbia, with notable landmarks such as Mount Spokane, Sullivan Lake, the Salmo-Priest Wilderness, and Gypsy Peak (elev. 7309 ft), the highest point in Eastern Washington.\n\nThe Salmo-Priest Wilderness is one of only three wilderness areas in Eastern Washington, so rugged that even the forest industry had little trouble bequeathing its 41,335 acres to preservation in 1984. The Pend Oreille County portion of the Selkirks is unique in Washington because of the critters that roam there. Forest roads are gated in certain high areas to curb motor-vehicle traffic and protect habitat for marquee species, including grizzly bears, gray wolves, bighorn sheep, and woodland caribou; the latter is one of the most critically endangered mammals in the United States.\n\n  Frater Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 1.8 miles | 125 feet\/3318 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Ione, Colville National Forest Frater Lake Sno-Park trail map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Colville, (509) 684-3711, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Partly open to mountain bikes, motorized use; **GPS:** N 48 39.275 W 117 29.096\n\n_Trails circumnavigate Frater Lake._\n\n  **_The kilometers on posted trail markers are a tip that this 10-mile system of forested loop trails was designed for cross-country skiing, a sport that clings to its metric European origin. While a part of this trail is open to motorcycles, the route featured here quickly whisks you into a peaceful forest to circumnavigate Frater Lake, one of seven lakes in a 6-mile stretch of theLittle Pend Oreille River valley. The lake is stocked with trout, dappled with lily pads, and home to a lodge of beavers, visiting waterfowl\u2014and occasional hikers._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom State Route 20\/31 about 47 miles north of Newport, turn west on SR 20 at Tiger. Drive 6.3 miles to the trailhead parking area (elev. 3270 ft) on the north side of the road at milepost 384. (From Colville, drive east on 3rd Avenue\/SR 20 for 29 miles to the trailhead). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe Tiger Loop Trail No. 150 begins between the kiosk and the restroom. It's a multiuse trail for nearly 0.2 mile to Coot Junction. Bear right on the nonmotorized trail along the lake. Pass between the log warming hut and outhouse, through the gate, and continue on the Tiger Loop.\n\nSeveral bridges lead over a small creek. The strange boards on the railings are barriers to keep Nordic skiers from toppling over the bridges while making turns. Notice the carpet of kinnikinnick, a native ground cover that develops red berries (not poisonous, but not palatable either). The hoary elfin butterfly lays its eggs on its foliage.\n\nAt Scudder Junction, bear right. The trail leads to a fence with a view into the Teepee Seed Orchard, established in 1989. The Forest Service says that by 2020 this 24-acre tree farm will be producing enough Engelmann spruce and western white pine seeds to meet the reforestation needs of the eastern half of the 1.1-million-acre Colville National Forest.\n\nFrom the fence, the trail doubles back into the forest as a pleasant single-track trail. Soon you'll come to a junction with the option of turning left for a loop that adds 0.6 mile. Or bear right and follow the main trail back to the lake and trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nAt Coot Junction, turn left and follow the 4.8-mile Coyote Rock Trail, which gains more elevation, offers some views, and adds more than 2 miles to your hike. Frater Lake parking area also is the base for Trail No. 155, a 2.5-mile network of loops starting just across SR 20 and extending southwest to Lake Leo.\n\n  Big Meadow Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/2 | 2.8 miles | 320 feet\/3460 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Aladdin Mtn, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Colville, (509) 684-3711, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 48 43.768 W 117 33.866\n\n  **_Kids love this area, with its easy trails, fishing lake, and homestead cabin. The centerpiece is a wildlife-viewing platform overlooking Meadow Creek and the lake. The roofless tower is built from a fire lookout that once perched on North Baldy Mountain._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Colville, head east on 3rd Avenue\/State Route 20 toward Ione. Drive 1.1 miles to the top of the hill across from the airport and turn left on Aladdin Road, which eventually becomes Northport Road (CR 9435). Drive 19 miles and turn right on Big Meadow Creek Road (CR 2695). Drive 7.5 miles and turn right into the Big Meadow Lake Recreation Area (elev. 3300 ft). (From the Pend Oreille River valley at Ione, you can reach the lake by driving 7 miles west on gravel roads.) Privy available.\n\n_The Meadow Creek Trail features a replica homestead._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart at the trailhead across from the parking area and vault toilet. Follow the paved path to the wildlife-viewing tower. Continue north on the wheelchair-accessible loop path for 0.2 mile and turn left through the gate onto Meadow Creek Trail No. 125.\n\nHike 0.3 mile and turn right on the 0.3-mile spur to the replica of a homestead cabin. Retrace your steps to the Meadow Creek Trail and turn right to continue the loop. After hiking a total of 1.6 miles, you'll reach the west end of the loop and cross Meadow Creek. Enjoy the changes in forest type as you hike back toward the lake. The trail drops past campsites to the campground access road. Turn left on the road and hike north along the lake, over the outlet, and past the shore-fishing area to the parking area.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nAdd 1.5 miles by hiking around Big Meadow Lake if high water has not inundated the route. Connect to Lakeshore Trail No. 126 from the trailhead at the south-side campground. The trail merges with a road for a short way at the east end of the lake and then splits off left and follows the north shore back to the recreation area entrance road.\n\nHIGH TIMES OVER FOR FIRE LOOKOUTS\n\nFire lookouts had their heyday in the first half of the twentieth century, especially during a Depression-era building boom. The Civilian Conservation Corps was dispatched to help erect cabins and towers for fire detection on accessible peaks with the best views of the landscape below. But after more than sixty years of service, most of the wooden sentinels and those who staffed them have met a foe more permanent than any wildfire: technology. Aircraft, computers, and imaging have taken over the lofty task.\n\nLookouts were torn down almost as quickly as they were built in a demolition campaign that surged across the country in the 1960s and 1970s. Of the 678 fire lookout sites in Washington, fewer than 90 still have standing structures. About 20 are staffed five days or more a season by various agencies or tribes. About 50 are maintained for emergency use.\n\nTo save some of the historic structures, the Forest Service and other agencies were convinced to rent some of the cabins and towers to campers. The Quartz Mountain Lookout in Mount Spokane State Park (Hike 67) is an excellent room with a view, available by reservation. The lookout was formerly on top of Mount Spokane. Instead of being destroyed, it was disassembled so State Parks staff and volunteers could relocate and rebuild it.\n\nAbout two dozen of the hikes in this book lead to the eye-pleasing, lofty locations of fire lookout sites, former and active. Incidentally, the Idaho Panhandle was once the mecca of fire lookouts, with nearly 300 towers in roughly 150 miles from Priest Lake to the Saint Joe River country. Only about two dozen are still in use, nearly half of them as recreational rentals.\n\n\u2014 _R. L_\n\n  Rogers Mountain and Gillette Ridge\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 5 miles | 1200 feet\/5770 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Aladdin, USGS Gillette Mountain, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Colville, (509) 684-3711, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, motorized use; **GPS:** N 48 44.601 W 117 43.245\n\n  **_Rise above years of logging to a former lookout site atop Rogers Mountain, overlooking the working forest. Extend your trip to bag another peak of the same name while hiking through larch, cedar, Douglas-fir, delightful lodgepole pine and subalpine fir, rocky outcrops, and subalpine meadows._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 395 in Colville, drive east on 3rd Avenue toward Ione and State Route 20 for 1 mile and turn left (north) across from the airport onto Aladdin Road. Go north 15 miles and turn left on unmarked Forest Road 500. Cross the cattle guard and head up 3.3 miles. Bear right at the junction with FR 620 (which leads to an optional trailhead). Continue on FR 500 for 1.6 miles and turn left and uphill at a junction with an unmapped spur road. Go another 1.2 miles to the trailhead (elev. 4670 ft) off a short spur road to the left.\n\n_Cruising the trail between Rogers Mountain (background) to Mount Rogers_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nGillette Ridge Trail No. 131 extends 9.7 miles from this trailhead to the Onion Creek trailhead (where the access road is no longer maintained) offering several options.\n\nThe trail heads up and switches back through a stand of larches (golden around the third week of October) and climbs out of a 2011 timber sale. Soon a switchback points you north, to look at Canadian peaks in the distance. Then the route bends decidedly southwest, transitioning as it climbs into a forest of scattered lodgepole pine and low-growing huckleberry.\n\nAt 2 miles, cross the old lookout access road, which leads to the top, but the trail is a nicer route, leading 0.5 mile up to the broad summit of Rogers Mountain. Four cement anchors are all that remain of a lookout tower built in 1933. The tower blew down in 1959 and was never replaced. (Even the name of this 5770-foot mountain has been removed from the latest Colville National Forest map.) Enjoy the views and return to your car.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFor a highly recommended 12-mile round-trip, continue south and down off Rogers Mountain and follow the trail to Mount Rogers. The trail descends 2 miles to a saddle and a lush cedar forest before beginning a gradual 1.8-mile climb to the 5557-foot summit. (At 5.2 miles you'll pass the junction with the 0.6-mile trail to FR 620. Signs may still indicate Mount Rogers Loop Trail No. 130, but the lower segment of that loop appears to have been obliterated by logging.)\n\n  Sherlock Peak\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 8.2 miles | 2000 feet\/6365 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Leadpoint, USGS Deep Lake, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Colville, (509) 684-3711, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. High-clearance recommended; **GPS:** N 48 53.048 W 117 31.926\n\n **_Even peak baggers with aging knees will enjoy this trail's generally easy grade to a knockout viewpoint above the Pend Oreille River valley._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 395 in Colville, drive east on 3rd Avenue toward Ione and State Route 20 for 1 mile and turn left (north) across from the airport onto Aladdin Road. Go nearly 25 miles (the route becomes Aladdin-Northport Road\/County Road 9435) to a Y and bear right onto Deep Lake\u2013Boundary Road (CR 9445). (This area also is accessible via forest roads over Smackout Pass from Ione.) Continue 7.2 miles, passing Deep Lake, and turn right (east) at Leadpoint onto Silver Creek Road (CR 4720). Drive 0.5 mile and bear left at a Y, continuing on CR 4720. Go 1.3 miles and bear right at the next Y onto Forest Road 070 toward Silver Creek trailheads. Drive 0.4 mile and bear right onto FR 075. Drive 4.5 slow miles to the trailhead at road's end (elev. 4540 ft).\n\n_Sherlock Peak looms behind the snags._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nSherlock Peak Trail No. 139 heads up for the first 1.3 miles on a road that's fairly nondescript through the timber. A switchback leads to a single-track trail and the views start to open up.\n\nAt 2.3 miles the trail breaks into a glorious west-facing hillside of wildflowers above the headwaters of Republican Creek. As the route tops a ridge, check out the trail to the right that climbs briefly to a fine open vantage and campsite with views north to your destination at Sherlock Peak.\n\nThen drop back down and follow the ridge and intermittent trail through the scattered subalpine fir, beargrass, and lupine. Go on the west side of the first knob and where the going gets steep, angle around the east side of the peak, skirt a bog, and begin angling up to a swale of green pine grass that leads to Sherlock's summit at 4.1 miles.\n\nThe view from the top is stunning: snowy peaks in Canada, Abercrombie Mountain, the Pend Oreille River valley, Crowell Ridge in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness, Idaho's Selkirk Crest in the distance to the east, the clear-cut swath of the international boundary, and when clear, the North Cascades to the west.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the campsite vista, explore the open untrailed ridge that extends south and southwest from Sherlock.\n\n  Abercrombie Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3 | 7.3 miles | 2350 feet\/7308 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Abercrombie, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Colville, (509) 684-3711, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to horses. Proposed wilderness; **GPS:** N 48 55.799 W 117 29.085\n\n **_Abercrombie Mountain is the centerpiece of a lofty roadless area proposed for wilderness protection. It's the second-highest mountain in Eastern Washington (next to Gypsy Peak), joining its neighbors Sherlock Peak and Hooknose Mountain in a trio of prominent high points between the Columbia River to the west and the Pend Oreille River to the east. The open rocky summit offers great views in every direction._**\n\n_Rocky rubble covers Abercrombie Mountain's summit; Hooknose Mountain is in the distance._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 395 in Colville, drive east on 3rd Avenue toward Ione and State Route 20. Near the edge of town, turn left (north) across from the airport onto Aladdin Road. Go nearly 25 miles (the route becomes Aladdin\u2013Northport Road\/County Road 9435) to a Y and bear right onto Deep Lake\u2013Boundary Road (CR 9445). (This area also is accessible via forest roads over Smackout Pass from Ione.) Continue 7.3 miles, passing Deep Lake, and turn right (east) at Leadpoint onto Silver Creek Road (CR 4720). Drive 0.5 mile and bear left at a Y, continuing on CR 4720 about 1 mile. Cross a cattle guard onto national forest land. Drive 0.4 mile and turn left onto CR 7078. (Continuing straight onto FR 070 leads 1.3 miles to a campground and longer alternate route at Silver Creek Trailhead.) Drive 4.5 miles on CR 7078, turning right onto FR 300, a less-developed route, and drive about 3.3 miles to the trailhead at road's end (elev. 4990 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAbercrombie Mountain Trail No. 117 angles uphill through cool forest and soon begins switchbacking to gain more than 900 feet of elevation in the 1.5 miles to the junction with Silver Creek Trail No. 119. Turn left, contouring before starting another series of nine well-graded switchbacks that lead to the open south ridge guarded by old silvery snags.\n\nHead up the wide ridge. Soon start watching carefully for the junction with Flume Creek Trail No. 502, which contours off to the right at 3.5 miles. At this junction, turn left as Trail No. 117 leads uphill through snags and tenacious wildflowers on a route that's marked occasionally by cairns maintained by hikers. Finally, the route becomes a promenade over a rockway, past flat-stone hideouts to Abercrombie's broad 7308-foot summit, site of a dismantled fire lookout.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFor a rugged but excellent off-trail route to nearby Hooknose Mountain, go just south of the Abercrombie summit and follow Trail No. 502 down the mountain's northeast ridge for about 0.6 mile. Where the trail angles off the ridge to begin its descent into Flume Creek, bear left and stay on the ridge (a user trail is apparent in some places). From here it's 1.5 rough miles cross-country, skirting some of the rocky knobs and through trees, to the summit of Hooknose (elev. 7210 ft) and a precipitous 1100-foot drop-off overlooking tiny Hooknose Lake. You can supersize the Abercrombie Mountain mileage by starting from the Silver Creek Campground trailhead, for a round-trip of 16.4 miles.\n\n  Mill Butte\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 4.2 miles | 680 feet\/2615 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Cliff Ridge, refuge map; **Contact:** Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 684-8384, www.fws.gov\/littlependoreille; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash. Hunting allowed in most of refuge; **GPS:** N 48 27.687 W 117 43.846\n\n_Glaciers transported huge boulders and left them on Mill Butte._\n\n **_Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge is a 41,568-acre jewel in northeastern Stevens County, with its namesake stream, lakes, and a wide range of wildlife. Hiking to Mill Butte offers lessons in modern habitat management by fire as well as prominent features left by glacial ice. The trail is the 2010 product of an active refuge friends group and the Washington Trails Association._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Colville's Main Street (US Highway 395), turn east on 3rd Avenue (State Route 20) and drive nearly 6 miles. Just past White Mud Lake, turn right onto Artman\u2013Gibson Road. Drive 1.5 miles to a four-way intersection and turn left onto Kitt\u2013Narcisse Road. Drive 2.1 miles to a fork and bear right onto Bear Creek Road. Drive 2.5 miles and continue straight at an intersection another 0.6 mile to the parking area and kiosks at the refuge headquarters (elev. 2040 ft). Privy available at nearby Cottonwood Campground.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nCheck out the educational information at the parking area, then proceed to the trailheads across Bear Creek Road from the headquarters. Head out the parking area's lower entrance to the lower trailhead and hike the loop counterclockwise.\n\nThe trail leads up a ridge and into a thinned forest of ponderosa pine and western larch that's been treated with controlled burns to leave it open with good views. Wild-flowers can be prolific at times, although Saint John's wort\u2014a tall, yellow-blooming noxious weed\u2014dominates some areas. Even when the hillsides dry out in midsummer, pockets of pine grass remain brilliant green. At 1.7 miles, the trail climbs to cross a small ridge and passes two large, out-of-place rocks. These glacial erratics were carried by glaciers some 10,000 years ago and deposited a considerable distance from their place of origin.\n\nAt 2.3 miles, continue up the short spur trail to Mill Butte for an open panorama of the vast forest landscape. Then head down and continue the loop. Notice the shrub clumps that start appearing. This is bitterbrush, introduced decades ago as winter food for the white-tailed deer the refuge was geared toward harboring. However, while mule deer eat bitterbrush (mule deer are rare on the refuge), the whitetails ignore this species of bitterbrush, refuge managers say.\n\nThe trail drops through carpets of kinnikinnick to an old roadbed that begins paralleling a spring-fed ravine on the left. The trail roughly follows the lush creek back to the upper trailhead across from the Little Pend Oreille refuge headquarters.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSee McDowell Lake (Hike 45).\n\n  McDowell Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/1 | 1.3 miles | 95 feet\/2365 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Cliff Ridge, refuge map; **Contact:** Little Pend Oreille National Wild-life Refuge, (509) 684-8384, www.fws.gov\/littlependoreille; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Trout fishing allowed in main lake under special rules; **GPS:** N 48 28.513 W 117 41.142\n\n  **_This trail is prized as an environmental education destination. In the course of a mile, you'll see five distinct ecological habitats, from riparian to semiarid. Thanks to the Friends of the LPO Refuge, a boardwalk leads over a cattail marsh and a group observation blind puts you in touch with the wide range of birds and other wildlife._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Colville's Main Street (US Highway 395), turn east on 3rd Avenue (State Route 20) and drive 6 miles. Just past White Mud Lake, turn right onto Artman\u2013Gibson Road. Drive 1.7 miles to a four-way intersection and turn left onto Kitt\u2013Narcisse Road. Drive 2.2 miles to a fork and turn left on Narcisse Creek Road (straight takes you to refuge headquarters). Drive 1 mile to a Y and bear right. Bear right again toward McDowell Lake on the auto tour route. Go 1.7 miles to the trailhead on the right (elev. 2310 ft), just after the bridge over the Little Pend Oreille River. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nIn early spring, be prepared to wade a few inches of water on the first part of the trail. Otherwise the first 0.6 mile is a breeze and universally accessible. Borrow a brochure from the trailhead and enjoy the interpretive stops along the way, including a chance to see rare marsh lupine, which blooms in late June or July.\n\nFollow the boardwalk and then the dike road to a picnic area on the north end of McDowell Lake. An observation blind faces north over the marsh. Look for sign of moose, beavers, deer, great blue herons, ducks, dragonflies, and rising trout along the dike.\n\nAt the end of the dike road, the trail narrows into a single track and heads north.\n\n_The off-trail route along McDowell Lake goes by wildflowers and mineral licks._\n\nSULLIVAN LAKE BASE CAMP\n\nBase camps are remarkably enjoyable and efficient launch pads for day hiking. Get to where the action is, make a car camp with the comforts afforded by a cooler, camp stove, and lawn chairs, and then head out and gobble up some trail miles.\n\nOf the many, many good base-camp options in Eastern Washington, Sullivan Lake stands out in the wild northeast corner of Pend Oreille County. For starters, the Nature Trail, Shoreline Trail, and Hall Mountain Trail are easily accessible from Colville National Forest developed campgrounds at both ends of the lake. The Forest Service ranger station is nearby for information during the week. A sandy swimming beach is prized by families.\n\nA dozen of the Selkirk Mountain hikes in this book are either a short bike ride or easy drive from the lake, including trails into the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Numerous other attractions are within easy striking distance, such as huckleberry picking, paddling the Z Canyon stretch of the Pend Oreille River starting from Metaline or taking a field trip to Gardner Cave at Crawford State Park off the Boundary Dam Road.\n\nSullivan Lake, which is remarkably clean and warm during summer, will be waiting to rinse off the trail dust in a posthike dip. Only a tiny section of the northeast corner is developed with a few cabins, helping this base-camp gem stay off the grid of power-boating maniacs. _Shhh_. Share this only with your most worthy friends.\n\n\u2014 _R. L_.\n\nInvasive species such as Saint John's wort and knapweed are taking over in a few areas, but in August, after many of the native wildflowers have gone to seed, these weeds are blooming and bustling with the activity of bees and butterflies.\n\nThe trail climbs higher to a bench for an overview of the marsh before winding back down to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nWhere the dike road narrows to a single track, veer off the main loop and follow the user trail southeast on the bluffs above McDowell Lake. Follow a spine-like ridge (trail is faint) past the Rookery Road Auto Tour overlook almost to the water. Turn right and loop back on the faint shoreline game trail. As you approach the dike at the end of McDowell Lake, notice where deer regularly come to lick minerals from the soil. Near the last lick, climb the slope and turn left to rejoin the main loop.\n\n  Sullivan Mill Pond\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 2 miles | 280 feet\/2575 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Metaline Falls, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446\u20137500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Trails subject to change after planned stream restoration; **GPS:** N 48 51.528 W 117 17.992\n\n  **_Big changes were underway for the Mill Pond Historic Site as this guidebook went to press. The pond\u2014created in 1910 to store water for a mind-boggling 3-mile-long wood flume to supply hydropower to a Metaline Falls cement plant\u2014was scheduled to be drained. Planning was underway to restore Sullivan Creek's winding path through the resulting meadow. But the trail, blacksmith cabin, and displays detailing the history of a unique hydroelectric system will remain. The best of the site is available only to hikers._**\n\n_Sullivan Creek enters the Mill Pond site._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north for 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right onto Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Go 3.2 miles and turn right into the trailhead parking at Mill Pond Historic Site (elev. 2600 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, head down to the right to begin the Mill Pond Flume Trail No. 520 interpretive walk. Signs detail the history of the area's first major development, starting in 1910 with a major wilderness work camp that used steam-powered machinery to build and service a covered wood aqueduct so large its roof became a boardwalk to Metaline Falls.\n\nThe trail leads across the dam site. At a junction, go right to reach the blacksmith shop and cabin displays. Read about the maintenance nightmares that ultimately doomed the flume project in 1956.\n\nThe trail then bends back and joins with Mill Pond Loop Trail No. 550, heading east through the trees above the Mill Pond site to Sullivan Creek, where most hikers will turn back for a 2-mile round-trip.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIn low water, Sullivan Creek can be forded. Cross the creek to the campground area and turn left on the trail that crosses Elk Creek and contours around the north side of the Mill Pond site back to the trailhead (see Hike 47).\n\n  Elk Creek Falls\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/2 | 2.1 miles | 550 feet\/3035 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Metaline Falls, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash. Use caution crossing highway; **GPS:** N 48 51.555 W 117 18.036\n\n  **_Forest Service biologists consider this foot-only trail a showcase of wildlife habitats especially appealing to bird-watchers. In 2 miles, explore mixed deciduous and conifer forest, open shrublands, a riparian area, and a cool, cascading waterfall. The shrub field is the product of a 1980s controlled burn to revitalize habitat for elk._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north for 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right onto Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Go 3.2 miles and turn right into the trailhead parking at Mill Pond Historic Site (elev. 2600 ft). Privy available.\n\n_Elk Creek Falls tumbles through cedars._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, Elk Creek Trail No. 560 heads uphill and crosses Sullivan Lake Road. The nicely routed single track is easy to follow as it winds through forest and open areas. It gains altitude for the first 0.6 mile before contouring into open areas and an overlook of the Mill Pond Historic Site below.\n\nYou'll encounter Douglas-fir and aspen as well as serviceberry, chokecherry, ninebark, ocean spray, snowberry, and flowers such as Indian paintbrush, lupine, larkspur, and queen's cup bead lily. A trail highlight\u2014also the high point\u2014is at Elk Creek Falls, which cascades refreshingly through cedars and below a footbridge at the halfway point of this hike.\n\nBegin a winding descent, staying close to the creek and crossing another footbridge at 1.5 miles. Drop and cross Sullivan Lake Road. At a trail junction, you could turn left for a short walk to the Mill Pond Campground. But to finish the loop, turn right and hike west 0.3 mile to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSee Sullivan Mill Pond (Hike 46).\n\n  Red Bluff\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 9 miles | 2200 feet\/3920 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Boundary Dam, USGS Metaline Falls, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes. Grizzly and wolf habitat; **GPS:** N 48 51.252 W 117 17.247\n\n  **_Take a pleasant walk through the woods\u2014well-maintained and thoughtfully graded despite the total elevation gain\u2014just outside the border of the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. The Red Bluff name derives from the reddish iron oxide in the Gypsy quartzite formations above. The trail is suitable for turning around at any point for a shorter hike, but ultimately it leads to the North Fork Sullivan Creek, a wild spot where we spotted a gray wolf while scouting this trek._**\n\n_Giant cedars line the banks of North Fork Sullivan Creek._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north for 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right onto Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Drive 4 miles and turn left into the small trailhead parking area (elev. 2720 ft). (From Sullivan Lake Ranger Station, drive 1.8 miles northwest to the trailhead.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nRed Bluff Trail No. 553 leads uphill on a knee-friendly grade past thimbleberry, queen's cup bead lily, wild strawberry and raspberry, lupine, and kinnikinnick as you weave through mountain maple, birch, and aspen mixed into the forest. Pearly everlasting graces trailside areas in summer through fall. And there's an assortment of mosses and fungi, along with long patches of twin-flower, near the high point of the hike.\n\nAt 0.9 mile, ford Elk Creek, which is a dry hop on stepping stones for most of the season, but during spring look for a downed log bridge or plan on wading.\n\nAt 3 miles, the route tops out (elev. 3920 ft) and switchbacks down into darker forest of cedars and trees that choke out sunlight and limit forest-floor vegetation growth. Soon, after the last of several pleasant cruising stretches, the trail begins a long gradual descent to the North Fork Sullivan Creek, where a few giant cedars shade a pleasant break spot before you begin the hike back.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFord the creek and explore Halliday Trail No. 522 or North Fork Sullivan Creek Trail No. 507, which climbs all the way to Crowell Ridge. Or, cool off in a bathtub-size hole in the creek downstream from the trail crossing, but watch out for the devil's club along the shore.\n\n  Sullivan Lake Shoreline\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 9.2 miles | 650 feet\/2835 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n_Viewpoint off Sullivan Lake Shoreline Trail_\n\n**Maps:** USGS Metaline Falls, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash. Trail hikes equally well from north or south end of lake; **GPS:** N 48 50.420 W 117 16.712\n\n **_Countless calories from s'mores have been burned off on this route linking the campgrounds at the north and south ends of Sullivan Lake. An interpretive nature trail adds a shorter option and educational value, while the east shoreline trail can be a half-day experience. The trek offers a surprising smorgasbord of terrain, great views of Pend Oreille County's largest lake, plus swimming and even a peek into a bat cave. And don't worry about the occasional low-flying aircraft: Sullivan Lake is unique in the region for its north shoreline airstrip and campsites for pilots._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north for 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right onto Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Drive 4.7 miles and turn left onto Forest Road 22. Drive 0.4 mile and turn right into the East Sullivan Lake Campground. Drive 0.2 mile to the trailhead and free parking area for hikers on the left (elev. 2690 ft). Privy available. (See Hike 50 for directions to the south trailhead.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the north end of Lakeshore Trail No. 504, hike up a short distance and turn left on Nature Trail No. 509. Interpretive brochures are available at a kiosk (or from the ranger station on Sullivan Lake Road). Learn about springs, see remnant signs of a 1926 forest fire, marvel at a 250-year-old western larch, and check out the \"witches' broom\" that's putting a spell on trees.\n\nFinish the 0.6-mile loop (leave your brochure at the kiosk if you no longer need it) and continue hiking on the Lakeshore Trail. _Lakeshore_ will seem a misnomer at first, as the trail gains elevation. Pass a trail that drops down to the right to a parking area for a remarkably small group of private cabins considering this is a 1550-acre lake.\n\nThe uphill effort soon proves worthwhile with a great down-lake view. Descend to cross a small creek and head up a mossy slope. At about 2 miles, the trail cuts across the first of five rock slides along the shoreline. Pass a small picnic area with access to the water and room for a small tent.\n\nThe trail has fewer ups and downs in the last mile as it heads into a birch forest and thimbleberries. Around the last bay, look for a path that heads up a short way to an old mining adit. Forest Service biologists have put a bat-friendly gate on the entrance to keep people out while allowing Townsend's big-eared bats to continue using the cave.\n\nJust before reaching the south trailhead at the Noisy Creek Campground boat launch, the Lakeshore Trail passes a popular swimming area, usually equipped with a rope swing for launching out over the lake. Be wary of the condition of the rope\u2014and the tree. Several former ropeswing trees have naturally toppled into the lake.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nLock a bike near the trailhead at one end of the lake before hiking the Lakeshore Trail from the other end. Then pedal the paved, lightly traveled Sullivan Lake Road back to your starting point for a round-trip of 10 miles.\n\n  Sullivan Lake Shoreline\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/4 | 14 miles | 4130 feet\/6323 feet | July\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Metaline Falls, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Fording Noisy Creek can be difficult in high runoff; **GPS:** N 48 47.272 W 117 16.886\n\n **_Hall Mountain casts its shadow on Sullivan Lake each morning, beckoning a few of the hearty visitors from the lakeside campgrounds. Being the former site of a fire lookout guarantees a view from the summit in all directions. The scene includes wilderness and proposed wilderness critical to megafauna, including bighorn sheep, grizzly bears, and rare woodland caribou._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom its junction with State Route 20 north of Cusick, drive SR 31 north toward Ione for 3.1 miles and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Cross the Pend Oreille River and angle left, staying on Sullivan Lake Road (don't take a sharp left onto the river road). Drive 7.5 miles and turn into the Noisy Creek Campground Recreation Area at the south end of Sullivan Lake. Go a short way and turn right toward the Hall Mountain Trail. Follow the sign and another right turn into the trailhead and free parking area for hikers (elev. 2610 ft). Privy available.\n\n_Lupine along the last mile to Hall Mountain summit_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis hike heads immediately uphill through thimbleberries on Noisy Creek Trail No. 588 with eight nicely graded switchbacks in the first 0.8 mile. At 1.7 miles, ford Noisy Creek\u2014easy rock-hopping most of the time but high and tricky in early season. Check out the remains of an old miner's cabin along the creek just below the ford.\n\nThe thimbleberries start giving way to devil's club as the trail follows Noisy Creek, climbing along with the sound of rushing water\u2014yes, the creek's name is appropriate. You'll be treated to the din of countless little waterfalls roaring through the woods until the route finally bends northward at 3.8 miles to gain a ridge and higher, dryer ground. If you need more water, get it at Noisy Creek.\n\nAt 5.2 miles you'll hit the junction with Trails 533 and 540. Turn left (west) and continue on Hall Mountain Trail No. 540 for the last 1.8 miles to the summit. The route soon begins a broad sweep around the mountain through open slopes of grasses, lupine, other wildflowers, and even sage. Great views will start grabbing your attention even before the trail skirts past aspen stands to a lofty overlook of Sullivan Lake.\n\nPass silvery snags in the last few switchbacks through rock outcroppings to the broad summit, where concrete foundations are all that remain of the fire lookout built in 1930 and destroyed in the 1950s. Look north to see the still-used Sullivan Mountain Lookout and Crowell Ridge. Look northeast to Pass Creek Pass and the Shedroof Divide. Look east to Grassy Top and the Idaho Selkirk Mountains. Look south to Molybdenite Mountain and the roaming area for one of the first wolf packs to repopulate Washington. Look west to the Pend Oreille Divide, Abercrombie Mountain, and the prominent silhouette of Hooknose.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the junction of Trails 588 and 540, head east on a third trail, Grassy Top Trail No. 533, which rolls delightfully over timbered high-ridge terrain for 5 miles to Trail No. 503 near Pass Creek Pass (Hike 57). Tip: For a 5-mile round-trip to Hall Mountain, with 75 percent less elevation gain, access the north side of the mountain via Johns Creek Road (FR 500), open only July 1\u2013August 14.\n\n  Crowell Ridge\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 8.4 miles | 2700 feet\/6880 feet | July\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Gypsy Peak, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National For est, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** High-clearance recommended. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited, grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 52.696 W 117 14.691\n\n **_Crowell Ridge is often admired from valley roads but rarely traversed by humans. Some vehicles can't even negotiate the rough access roads. Even fewer people head northeast on this spine of scattered trees and open rocky stretches that lead toward the highest peak in Eastern Washington. That's part of this trip's wonder and why this is one of the most lonesome and rewarding natural high routes in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Crowell Ridge is the parallel counterpart to Shedroof Divide to the east._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north for 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Drive 4.3 miles and turn left on Highline Road (FR 2212). Drive about 3 miles and turn left on Forest Road 245 toward the Sullivan Mountain Lookout (high-clearance vehicle recommended). The trailhead is on the north side of the road near the switchback below the lookout (elev. 6220 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nCrowell Ridge Trail No. 515 weaves through open timber before breaking into the openness of shrubs, rocks, and snags. On a good day, it's breathtaking, but bring appropriate clothing for a turn in the weather.\n\nAfter 1 mile, the trail climbs for the next mile to 6740 feet and then heads down, but it skirts the rocky pinnacles of the ridgeline peaks. Continue on the ridge past an unmaintained trail on the right that heads down toward Smart Creek.\n\nIn a saddle at 3.9 miles, North Fork Sullivan Creek Trail No. 507 splits left and quickly plunges into the creek and roadless area below. Trail No. 515 bears right and contours around the east side of a knob. But for this hike, leave both trails and hike northward instead, straight up the ridge in front of you, for 0.3 mile to the site of a fire lookout abandoned around 1950 (elev. 6880 ft). This is a premium spot to size up the Salmo-Priest surroundings, including the Shedroof Divide to the east.\n\n_Crowell Ridge hikers see Idaho's Selkirk Mountains in distance._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTwo other high spots beckon. Trail No. 515 leads toward 7309-foot Gypsy Peak, the highest point in Eastern Washington (map and compass or GPS essential; recommended for very fit hikers only). After 2 miles\u2014at a saddle where the trail begins a notable descent toward Bear Pasture and FR 200\u2014leave the trail and head north. See Hike 52 for the directions from here. Another option is back at the trailhead: hike 0.5 mile up the gated road to the Sullivan Mountain Lookout (elev. 6483 ft) and take in great views to Abercrombie and Hooknose Mountains to the southwest.\n\n  Gypsy Peak\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/5 | 6.5 miles | 2000 feet\/7000 feet | July-  \nmid\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Gypsy Peak, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** FR 200 is rough in places, closed Aug 15\u2013Nov 30. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Cross-country scrambling involved. Grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 55.040 W 117 08.370\n\n **_Hikers have short window of opportunity to enjoy this relatively convenient access to the highest peak in Eastern Washington before the seasonal road closure to protect the occasional grizzly bear heading to the high berry fields. The first half of the hike climbs on an excellent subalpine route to the expanses of Crowell Ridge, one of two prominent spines in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. From there, the trip requires open-ridge map navigation and cross-country travel over talus, leading to the best viewpoint of Gypsy Peak as it looms over Watch Lake. Most hikers can't resist a scramble to the summit._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom its junction with State Route 20 north of Cusick, drive SR 31 north toward Ione for 3.1 miles and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Cross the bridge over the Pend Oreille River and angle left, staying on Sullivan Lake Road (don't take a sharp left on the river road). Drive 7.5 another 4.5 miles along Sullivan Lake. Turn miles to Noisy Creek Campground and then right on Forest Road 22. Drive 6 miles and bear left at the junction onto FR 2220 toward Salmo Mountain. Drive 1.5 miles and bear left on FR 2212. Drive 4.6 miles and continue straight on FR 200. Drive 6.5 miles (rough in places) to the trailhead at the road's end (elev. 5560 ft).\n\n_Gypsy Peak looms over Watch Lake._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nCrowell Ridge Trail No. 515 heads uphill on an old road that soon narrows to a single track through an already subalpine environment of scattered firs, beargrass, and huckleberries. Reach the wilderness boundary after about 15 minutes of walking with pleasant views of the open ridges that wait for you above.\n\nCross a tiny creek that drains one of several alpine wetlands you'll look down upon later. Head up a few switchbacks and then traverse an open slope with great views east to the Idaho Selkirk Mountains. Climb three switchbacks to the crest of Crowell Ridge at 1.6 miles, where the trail bends left and heads southwest on the ridge. Gypsy Peak seekers must turn right and begin cross-country hiking. Gypsy is hidden behind a distant ridge to the north.\n\nStart by scrambling almost directly up (north), over, and down the ridge (a faint user trail shows occasionally). Immediately the route begins climbing the next ridge. Enjoy the rolling benches that stair-step up the ridge to a steep rock outcropping. Contour to the left (west) side of the ridge, angling toward the saddle ahead.\n\nFrom the next saddle, hike up to where the ridge gets steep again and angle left (west), just below the talus. Then begin angling up the slope to the ridge that overlooks Watch Lake. Very little elevation gain is needed on this last traverse to reach a campsite at the low notch overlooking Watch Lake and the spectacle of Gypsy Peak. However, it's more scenic to gain the ridge at around 7000 feet for the best views, before dropping down to the campsite. This campsite is a good rest stop for deciding whether to turn around\u2014or to press on.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTo fulfill your Gypsy fortunes, from the campsite contour over onto the untrailed but easy-to-see south ridge that leads up open rocky slopes to the summit of Gypsy Peak. This highly recommended side trip adds 1.5 miles and 700 feet of elevation gain round-trip. For even more, scramble down the ridge northwest from the summit for views down to the Gypsy Lakes.\n\n  Salmo River\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6 miles | 2110 feet\/5920 feet | late  \nJuly\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Salmo Mountain, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 57.328 W 117 04.888\n\n **_While this book generally features the high points of the Salmo-Priest Wilderness, this hike explores the depth of the area to its namesake stream. A nicely engineered trail will help you forget the serious elevation loss and gain as you explore a wilderness north slope shaded by cedars andhemlocks and graced with lacy ferns, fungi, and wildflowers. The soothing river is a magnet for overnight campers seeking a quick wilderness experience._**\n\n_An abandoned cabin along Salmo River_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom its junction with State Route 20 north of Cusick, drive SR 31 north toward Ione for 3.1 miles and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Cross the bridge over the Pend Oreille River and angle left, staying on Sullivan Lake Road (don't take a sharp left on the river road). Drive 7.5 miles to Noisy Creek Campground and then another 4.5 miles along Sullivan Lake. Turn right on Forest Road 22. Drive 6 miles and bear left at the junction onto FR 2220. Drive 12.8 miles to the trailhead near the road's end (elev. 5920 ft). Privy available. ( **Tip:** In this last 12.8 miles, you'll pass several campsites, a good group site at Gypsy Meadows, trail-heads for several other Salmo-Priest hikes, and the road to Salmo Mountain Lookout.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe first half of this hike is all downhill, but on gently graded Salmo Basin Trail No. 506 leading into old-growth forest. You'll cross a small creek a few times and pass various wildflowers in the summer season.\n\nAfter 3 miles, reach the Salmo River (elev. 4100 ft). Turn back if the river is high in early season. By midsummer the river is usually easy to ford; by late summer, you can usually hop across on configured stones. Campsites stretch along the river on a bench above the north shore.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nOnce across the river, head downstream (left) through the campsites. Near the last heavily used campsite, hike off-trail up a short slope and continue downstream on another bench. Soon you'll cross a small stream channel. Then go across the flat about 400 yards and look for a Depression-era cabin (GPS: N 48 58.979 W 117 04.492) built by fur trappers Maynard Cook and Bill Ritter. For an on-trail extension from the Salmo River crossing, continue upstream on Trail No. 506 for 2.3 miles to a junction and spur leading to the meager remains of the Salmo Cabin, built in the 1930s as a Forest Service backcountry station and used until 1951. To take in a nearby fire lookout, on the return drive down from the trailhead on FR 2220, turn right on FR 270 and drive 2.1 miles to the Salmo Mountain Lookout.\n\n  Shedroof Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/4 | 8.8 miles | 1920 feet\/6764 feet | July\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Salmo Mountain, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 57.333 W 117 04.857\n\n  _**Get the best Shedroof Divide views for the least output of energy. Starting from a high-elevation trailhead, the route winds through timber and open slopes to the summit of Shedroof Mountain for views into the Rockies of Canada and down on Upper Priest Lake in Idaho.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom its junction with State Route 20 north of Cusick, drive SR 31 north toward Ione for 3.1 miles and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Cross the bridge over the Pend Oreille River and angle left, staying on Sullivan Lake Road (don't take a sharp left on the river road). Drive 7.5 miles to Noisy Creek Campground and then another 4.5 miles along Sullivan Lake. Turn right on Forest Road 22. Drive 6 miles and bear left at the junction onto FR 2220. Drive 12.8 miles to the trailhead at the end of the road (elev. 5940 ft). Privy available. (Note: In this last 12.8 miles, you'll pass several campsites, a good group site at Gypsy Meadows, trail-heads for several other Salmo-Priest hikes, and the road to Salmo Mountain Lookout.)\n\n_Priest Lake and the Idaho Selkirks can be seen from Shedroof Mountain._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nSalmo Divide Trail No. 535 begins as an old road for 1 mile to the wilderness boundary. The single-track trail then snakes through the woods along a ridge to an opening at 2 miles, with full views of Crowell Ridge, southern Shedroof Divide, and back over your shoulder to the gleaming Salmo Mountain Lookout.\n\nAt 3 miles, reach a small campsite and the junction with the Shedroof Divide Trail No. 512. Head right (south) toward Shedroof Mountain. In the next 0.5 mile, climb nine switchbacks and up a short, steep last gasp to a ridge. An unmaintained trail takes off to the left through false azalea and blowdowns and leads directly to the top of Shedroof Mountain in 0.4 mile. To take the longer, maintained route, continue on the main trail.\n\nHike nearly 0.5 mile and look for a trail branching off to the left just before the main trail crests a small ridge. The unsigned spur trail gains 320 feet and leads 0.4 mile to the summit (elev. 6764 ft).\n\nFootings for the old fire lookout are still intact\u2014the lookout started as a tent in 1915, became a cabin in 1918, sported a cupola in 1926, and graduated to a 30-foot pole-tower cabin in 1938, before its ultimate destruction in the 1950s. Marvelous views remain: Snowy Top Mountain and far into Canada to the north; the Idaho Selkirks to the east; Upper Priest and Priest Lakes to the southeast. You can see the Shedroof Divide Trail skirting a slope to the north, and even farther north the clear-cut swath that indicates the US-Canada boundary.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHike north or south on the Shedroof Divide Trail as far as your endurance, water, and daylight allow. It's more than 6 miles north (elev. +1280\/-800 ft) to the spur trail up to the Little Snowy Top Mountain Lookout. See also Hikes 53 and 55. And on the return drive from the trailhead down FR 2220, turn right on FR 270 and drive 2.1 miles to the Salmo Mountain Lookout.\n\n  Thunder Creek and Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND\u2013TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/5 | 14.4 miles | 2485 feet\/6560 feet | mid\u2013July  \nmid-Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Salmo Mtn, USGS Helmer Mtn; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 54.033 W 117 04.896\n\n  _**Hike to a lonely lookout site along the Shedroof Divide within the grizzly bear and woodland caribou\u2013harboring Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Wander through groves of giant cedars and catch good views of the surrounding wild country. Savor succulent huckleberries in fall and cherish solitude no matter the season.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive 2 miles north on State Route 31, turning right onto Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Proceed 4.7 miles, turning left onto FR 22 just before Sullivan Lake. Continue 6 miles to a junction just after the Sullivan Creek bridge crossing. Bear left onto FR 2220 and proceed 6 miles to the Thunder Creek trailhead (elev. 4300 ft) located across from the Gypsy Meadows camping area.\n\n_Old cedars line the way._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStarting on a decommissioned logging road, head west through old growth and cross a small creek. Soon begin traversing an old clear-cut on a well-graded route through rapidly regenerating forest. When not hiking through an alder tunnel, you can catch some sunlight along the way and views of Prouty and Gypsy Peaks across the valley. Cottonwoods and larches make this Salmo-Priest portal a golden entryway come October.\n\nAt 2.3 miles, the road walking ends (elev. 4740 ft) and a well-built single-track leads into old growth. Bridges over the numerous creeks and cribbage and puncheon through the boggy areas help keep you dry and mud free.\n\nAt 3.1 miles (elev. 4900 ft), in a small saddle, enter the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Then begin to descend through thick forest that bears scars from past fires. The large square holes on some of the cedars and big snags are old traps for pine martens, a member of the weasel family that's an agile tree climber.\n\nAt 3.6 miles, cross a side creek (elev. 4675 ft) in a dark cedar grove and resume climbing. Come upon Thunder Creek in a spectacular grove of ancient forest at 4.1 miles. Now following alongside the creek, traverse some of the grandest old growth in Eastern Washington. Precipitation and moisture retention in this valley give it a west-of-the-Cascade-Crest appearance, but the larches make it solidly east side.\n\nAt 5.5 miles, reach Shedroof Divide Trail No. 512 in a narrow saddle (elev. 5525 ft). Gently climb through open forest with views out to Idaho peaks. After a saddle at about 6.2 miles, the way climbs more steadily and the forest grows thicker. Skirt beneath some cliffs and pass through patches of mature timber, eventually reaching an unmarked junction (look for nails in a tree) at 6.5 miles (elev. 6075 ft).\n\nHead left for 0.7 mile on the unmaintained and slightly brushy path to the 6560-foot summit of Thunder Mountain. The fire lookout is long gone and trees obscure the views, but decent gazing can be had northeast and southwest along the Shedroof Divide. Blueberries grow on the summit in profusion and you can share them with the abundant grouse.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the Thunder Creek Trail junction on the Shedroof Divide, head west along the divide for about 1.7 miles to the saddle between Helmer Mountain's two summits. The 6734-foot high point is an easy off-trail romp to the right. Or for a nice loop from Thunder Mountain, head east on the Shed-roof Divide Trail. After soon passing a good spring, follow, dip and climb along the high divide, passing good viewpoints out to the Priest and Sullivan River valleys. At 5.2 miles, head left on the Shedroof Cut-Off Trail (Sullivan Creek is unbridged). At 7.2 miles, reach FR 2220. Turn left and walk the road 0.6 mile to close the loop. It's only slightly longer than returning the way you came but involves more elevation gain.\n\n  Mankato Mountain (Shedroof Divide)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3 | 7 miles | 2220 feet\/6590 feet | July\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Pass Creek Pass, USGS Salmo Mountain, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Grizzly habitat; **GPS:** N 48 47.860 W 117 07.667\n\n  _**_This easy-access trip samples the best of the Salmo-Priest's Shedroof Divide Trail: ridge walking around peaks, expansive views, moose and black-bear sightings, and thermal-riding hawks and ravens. This route tops out on the summit of Mankato Mountain, where a lifetime of future hikes can be seen and planned in every direction._**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north 2 miles on State Route 31 and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Drive 4.7 miles and turn left on Forest Road 22. Drive 6 miles and bear right at the junction on FR 22. Drive 7.9 miles to Pass Creek Pass, where several cars can be thoughtfully parked. The trailhead (elev. 5410 ft) is on the east side of the pass, up the road a short way from parking for another two vehicles. (This area is also accessible from the east side of the pass via Priest Lake, Idaho.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart hiking up Shedroof Divide Trail No. 512, which is notched into steep hillside through a landscape familiar with lightning-caused forest fires. Fireweed is prolific. Just when you want a change from looking east to the crest of Idaho's Selkirk Mountains, the trail winds past Round Top Mountain for views toward the west.\n\nThe Shedroof Divide is a regular hangout for a few moose. Bears are not uncommon, especially when huckleberries are ripe in August and September.\n\nSoon the trail weaves along the center of a ridge, with views both east and west, before it skirts left on the west side of the divide, again through an old burn. Mankato Mountain's grassy slopes are dead ahead, upstaging the more timbered slopes of Helmer Mountain farther along to the left.\n\nAt 3.2 miles, you'll be at the base of Mankato where the trail bends around to the east side of the divide. Leave the trail and hike up the semi-open south slope. Gain 345 feet in 0.3 mile through scattered blow-downs, huckleberry, beargrass, fescue, and lupine. The open 6590-foot summit offers a delicious panorama. On a nice day, gaze at Gypsy Peak and Bear Pasture to the northwest; Salmo Mountain Lookout and Snowy Top and the Canadian Selkirks to the north; miles of Idaho Selkirks like the edge of a battered saw blade to the east; and Grassy Top and Molybdenite to the south.\n\n_Bull moose along Shedroof Divide Trail_\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFollow the mostly open ridge cross-country from Mankato's summit northwest to the top of an unnamed but attractive peak (elev. 6680 ft).\n\n  Grassy Top Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 7.8 miles | 1470 feet\/6253 feet | July\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Pass Creek, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Grizzly habitat. Proposed wilderness; **GPS:** N 48 47.897 W 117 08.048\n\n  _**Grassy Top is a timbered mountain that doesn't have the airy feeling of open peaks, but this beautifully maintained trail has a wild flavor because of views to the east and west of roadless forest proposed for wilderness protection. The route is especially colorful in late autumn, when huckleberry bushes are crimson and western larches are golden yellow.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive 2 miles north on State Route 31 and turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). Drive 4.7 miles and turn left on Forest Road 22. Drive 6 miles and bear right at the junction on FR 22. Drive 7.8 miles to the trailhead (elev. 5355 ft) on the right. But park a short way farther at Pass Creek Pass, where thoughtful drivers can park several cars. (This area is also accessible from the east side of the pass via Priest Lake, Idaho.)\n\n_Grassy Top larch turn gold in October._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nGrassy Top Trail No. 503 drops from the road and soon begins gaining a ridge in four long, gentle switchbacks above the Pass Creek drainage. Once on the ridge, cruise a fine trail that weaves to the east and west sides of knobby peaks.\n\nAt 2.7 miles, continue straight past the junction with Trail No. 533 (which heads toward Hall Mountain). Soon Trail No. 503\n\nsidehills across a grassy slope above the Middle Fork Harvey Creek drainage. This stretch is particularly impressive from mid-October to November, when fall colors are glowing.\n\nSoon the trail leads into the woods on a timbered ridge, with sheltered views to the east. The trail splits at a grassy opening: Left goes unceremoniously to the summit of Grassy Top, with views to the east. The right fork is worth exploring to see the views it offers to the south.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTrail No. 503 leads 3 miles to Harvey Creek Road, the quickest route to Grassy Top for people camping at Sullivan Lake, but not as rewarding. For an excellent 8-mile ridge walk, drop a car at the end of FR 500 (open July 1\u2013August 14) on your way to Pass Creek Pass and hike out on Trail No. 533: 5.1 miles toward Hall Mountain, turn right on Trail No. 540, and hike 0.5 mile to your shuttle car; or add 3 miles round-trip by continuing straight on Trail No. 533 and taking the spur to Hall Mountain (elev. 6323 ft).\n\n  Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 2.5 miles | 300 feet\/3600 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Helmer Mtn, Kaniksu National Forest map; **Contact:** Kaniksu National Forest, Priest Lake Ranger District, (208) 4432512, www.fs.usda.gov\/ipnf; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash. Supervise children closely on overlook trail; **GPS:** N 48 45.990 W 117 03.743\n\n  **_Around 1919, foresters in the business of cutting down trees recognized the aesthetic value of this stand of old-growth cedars and appealed for its protection. A 1926 forest fire destroyed about 75 percent of the grove, but 22 acres attest to its original majesty. The trees are 800 years old on average, and a few may be more than 2000 years old. The white-water rush of Granite Falls adds to the ambiance. Incidentally, Stagger Inn was the name given to the camp at this site for workers fighting that 1926 fire, describing the condition of the exhausted crews._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive north 2 miles on State Route 31. Turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). At Sullivan Lake, turn east on Forest Road 22 toward Priest Lake, Idaho. Drive 21 miles (over Pass Creek Pass), and turn south at Granite Pass toward Nordman, Idaho. Go 1.7 miles on FR 302 and turn into Stagger Inn Campground and trailhead (elev. 3300 ft). (From Priest River, Idaho\u2014the best access in early season, when Pass Creek Pass can be snowbound\u2014drive north 36 miles on SR 57 to Nordman. Continue on SR 57 another 2 miles and bear left on FR 302 for 11 miles to the campground and trailhead.) Privy available.\n\n_Cascades below Granite Falls near Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the trailhead kiosk, start with a short side trip to the left. Follow your ears to the rush of water tumbling through the rocks below the 70-foot slide of Granite Falls. Then return to the trailhead and head up the Overlook Trail, which quickly leads to a view of the lower falls from a platform that hangs over the rock cliff. The trail then gets more rocky and rugged up to a natural overlook of Granite Creek plunging into pools.\n\nSoon the Overlook Trail joins with the main trail, a smooth, wide path born from an old logging road. Turn left and hike 0.5 mile to the upper cedar grove, which covers about 20 acres between the trail and the creek. A few paths wander through the peacefulness of the giant trees, and so should you before hiking the main trail back 1 mile to the trail-head. Follow your ears to the 20-foot drop of La Sota Falls.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe Granite Falls Trail continues past the upper cedar grove for miles.\n\n  Little Grass Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/5 | 10.5 miles | 2520 feet\/5695 feet | July\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Helmer Mtn, Kaniksu National Forest map; **Contact:** Kaniksu National Forest, Priest Lake Ranger District, (208) 4432512, www.fs.usda.gov\/ipnf; **Notes:** Open to horses. Grizzly habitat. Last 0.8 mile of trail may not be maintained; **GPS:** N 48 45.784 W 117 03.661\n\n  _**A former fire lookout site, Little Grass Mountain offers vast views of the northeastern Washington and Idaho Panhandle forests, a sweeping stretch of the Idaho Selkirk Crest, and Priest Lake. On the way, get a healthy dose of mileage and elevation gain, cross a few creeks, and feast on the sight of an enchanting cedar grove and the flavor of late-season huckle-berries. There's little competition for any of it.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Metaline Falls, drive 2 miles north on State Route 31. Turn right on Sullivan Lake Road (County Road 9345). At Sullivan Lake, turn east on Forest Road 22 toward Priest Lake, Idaho. Drive 21 miles (over Pass Creek Pass), and turn south at Granite Pass toward Nordman, Idaho. Go 1.7 miles on FR 302. The trailhead (elev. 3310 ft) is 100 yards north of Stagger Inn Campground. (From Priest River, Idaho\u2014the best access in early season, when Pass Creek Pass can be snowbound\u2014drive north 36 miles on SR 57 to Nordman. Continue on SR 57 for 2 miles and bear left on FR 302 for 11 miles to the campground.) Privy available.\n\n_Lush ferns feather Little Grass Mountain trail._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nTrail No. 266 heads steeply up into the trees and some switchbacks before continuing up in a long traverse. After 2 miles, it eases onto a bench with a creek, where water spreads to nourish fern meadows and a long grove of ancient cedars that extends up and across the Washington\u2013Idaho state line at 2.5 miles. Huckleberries that don't ripen until late in the season begin showing up among the beargrass. Usually there's no shortage of evidence that elk are in the area.\n\nDrop down a slope and then start up again to the left as you pass the junction with Trail No. 256. Continue straight across a slope of springs and lush vegetation (including stinging nettles) that often obscures the trail. Soon you'll be in a narrow ravine that leads up to Boulder Meadows.\n\nThe trail bends northwest and soon ends at decommissioned FR 1014. If you reach the road, you've gone about 100 yards past the unmaintained 0.8-mile spur that heads southwest and then west up a ridge to the summit of Little Grass Mountain. If you lose the trail, use your map and compass to help you navigate up the ridge. The south side of the ridge is more open. Soon you'll break out into open grassy slopes for an easy walk up through wildflowers to the concrete footings of a lookout tower built in 1934 and destroyed in 1960.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nCheck out the Huff Lake Interpretive Site 0.2 mile south on FR 302. It's a peatland study of at least five rare plant species: bristle-stalked sedge, creeping snowberry, northern starflower, bog willow, and bog cranberry.\n\n  Kalispell Rock\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 5.6 miles | 1490 feet\/5200 feet | June-Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Monumental Mtn, Colville and Kaniksu National Forest maps; **Contact:** Kaniksu National Forest, Priest Lake Ranger District, (208) 443-2512, www.fs.usda.gov\/ipnf; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Trails east of Pend Oreille Divide are maintained by the Idaho Panhandle national forests; **GPS:** N 48 38.021 W 117 06.101\n\n  **_This once-popular hiking area lost its charm in the early 1980s when clear-cutting was rampant. But the wildlife-rich forest is reviving and the attraction is back. Kalispell Rock sports the remains of a Forest Service cabin in the shadow of massive mushrooms of granite overlooking the Priest River drainage. Deer and moose frequent this route, as do, possibly, elk and bear._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom State Route 20 north of Newport, turn east into Usk. Follow Kings Lake Road over the Pend Oreille River and turn left on Leclerc Road (also known as Newport\u2013Ione Road). Drive 16 miles and bear right on Leclerc Creek Road. Drive 0.9 mile and bear right on East Branch Road (becomes Forest Road 1934). Drive 14.1 miles (the road becomes FR 308 at a pass) and bear right at a Y. Go 0.1 mile, still on FR 308, to the guardrail blocking a spur road on the right. This is the trailhead (elev. 3910 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nGo past the gate, over the earthen berm that blocks motor vehicles, and head up Kalispell Rock Trail No. 370, a former logging road. At 0.5 mile, bear left at the junction with another old road and continue up. (Take care to note the road junctions heading up the ridge; they can be easy to miss on the way down.)\n\nAt 1.5 miles, just after the road slips over to the north side of the ridge, turn left on a lesser road that climbs sharply to the spine of the ridge. This is the sweet section of the old-road portion of the route. At 2.3 miles, the route drops to a grassy opening and a trail junction. Trail No. 103 continues ahead (south), but Trail No. 370 makes a turn to the right and up on single-track. Ah, now the hike is getting good.\n\n_The old lookout tender's cabin is decomposing below Kalispell Rock._\n\nBut pay attention. After hiking and climbing 0.2 mile, the trail levels and descends slightly. Just before reaching a more open area (where the trail eventually fades away), look for the main trail doubling back sharply to the right. This easy final 0.3 mile to the old lookout cabin site is the sweetest part of the hike.\n\nThe tallest granite slabs at the lookout site are dangerous to climb. But just below the cabin site to the east is a rock slab that makes a great lunch spot. The cabin was built in 1927 as a refuge for the lookout staffer, who would climb a ladder to the alidade (firefinder) shelter on top of Kalispell Rock.\n\nThe shelter was removed and the cabin left to decay after 1935. On the fourth log up the north inside-wall of the old cabin, for as long as it lasts, is the inscription \"Pete van Gelder\" followed by a string of dates, '48\u2013'81. Van Gelder was a legendary member of the Spokane Mountaineers. The dates indicate his visits, leading volunteer groups, often with lookout historian Ray Kresek, to maintain this trail and others.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTrail No. 103 to the south eventually becomes a single-track that follows the divide toward Hungry Mountain and North Baldy Mountain (Hike 61). Or spend some time at tiny Petit Lake, east from the trailhead on FR 311, with its low-key campsite and good trout fishing, especially in late summer and early fall. Bring a small boat to enjoy it fully.\n\n  Hungry Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 8.4 miles | 2180 feet\/5955 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS North Baldy, Colville and Kaniksu National Forest maps; **Contact:** Kaniksu National Forest, Priest Lake Ranger District, (208) 443-2512, www.fs.usda.gov\/ipnf; **Notes:** Park before trailhead to avoid rough road. High-clearance recommended regardless. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Trails east of Pend Oreille Divide are maintained by Idaho Panhandle national forests; **GPS:** N 48 32.784 W 117 09.482\n\n  **_If you love ridge rambling, don't overlook this lightly used north\u2013south trail. It caters to serious leg stretching on top of a timbered divide between the Pend Oreille River drainage to the west and the Priest Lake and River drainage to the east. We saw elk, moose, and deer on a single trip. We also saw scats or tracks from predators taking an interest in those animals, including black bears and a mountain lion._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom State Route 20 north of Newport, bear right and head east through Usk on Kings Lake Road. Cross the bridge over the Pend Oreille River and turn left on Leclerc Road (also known as Newport\u2013Ione Road). Drive 13 miles and just after crossing Mill Creek, turn right on Mill Creek Road (Forest Road 1200). Drive 10 sometimes dusty miles to Pyramid Pass junction. Turn left onto FR 306 toward North Baldy Mountain. Drive 4 miles and park at turnouts on the right (elev. 5725 ft); the road heads left and traverses the west-facing slope of North Baldy, becoming extremely rough.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nHike 0.5 mile up the rough road and look for Trail No. 103 taking off down to the left. This is the trip high point (elev. 5955 ft). The trail heads downhill for more than a mile through timber and beargrass before coming to a gated logging road. Turn right on the road and walk about 20 yards. Then turn left off the road and hike north on Trail No. 103.\n\n_Looking south to North Baldy from Hungry Mountain_\n\nThe route from here has gentle ups and downs through beargrass and huckleberries. It passes a startling outcropping of granite boulders in a small meadow and then heads up and cruises along a ridge. To the east, the timber is mostly intact to protect the Priest Lake watershed. To the west, second growth is healing the landscape nuked by ill-conceived clear-cutting. Let's hope we learned our lesson.\n\nAt 4 miles, reach a junction. Turn right, leaving Trail No. 103, and head up Stateline Trail No. 162, cross a small meadow where the trail briefly fades, and bear left up the fall line, reaching the top of Hungry Mountain (elev. 5541 ft) 0.2 mile from the trail junction. From the granite slabs on the timbered summit, look south to the trailhead at North Baldy Mountain.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nStateline Trail No. 162, which descends significantly from Hungry Mountain, is worth exploring. You can also continue north on Trail No. 103 to Kalispell Rock (Hike 60) and back for a rewarding 16-mile round-trip. For a shorter side trip, from the Hungry Mountain trailhead hike 0.3 mile up the rough access road to the top of North Baldy Mountain (elev. 6173 ft).\n\n  Bead Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 11.2 miles | 2100 feet\/3100 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Bead Lake, Colville National Forest map; **Contact:** Colville National Forest, Newport Ranger District, (509) 447-7300, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass required Apr 15\u2013Oct 1, only at boat-launch trailhead. Open to mountain bikes, horses; **GPS:** N 48 17.195 W 117 06.556\n\n  **_At 720 acres, Bead Lake is the second largest lake in Pend Oreille County (behind Sullivan), yet it has a deep, clear high-mountain feel. Explore its east shore's rocky points, wildflowers, cedar groves, campsites, and notable giant white pine. This trip is a gem, whether the water beckons for a summer dip or awes you with its glimmering ice cap in early spring._**\n\n_Early spring hiking at Bead Lake_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Newport, follow US Highway 2 across the Pend Oreille River into Idaho and take the first left onto Leclerc Road. Continue north 2.7 miles and turn right on Bead Lake Road. Drive 6.1 miles and choose from two options: To reach the boat-launch trailhead, turn right on paved Bead Lake Drive (Loop Road) and drive 0.2 mile. To reach the no-fee upper trailhead, turn right just before Bead Lake Drive on gravel Bead Lake Ridge Road (FR 3215), and drive 0.5 mile to a small parking area for several cars (elev. 3015 ft). Privy available in season (near the boat launch).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBead Lake Trail No. 127 switchbacks down toward the lake from the upper trailhead. At 0.2 mile and the junction with the trail from the boat-launch trailhead, continue ahead, with the lake on your left. At 0.7 mile, pass the spur down to the Mineral Bay boat-in campsite. At 1.2 miles, the trail passes through a cedar grove and the hike-in Enchantment Camp at the end of the anchor-shaped lake's southeast arm.\n\nHike overland through a saddle in a peninsula, and drop to a gully with a path that leads to the water and another boat-in campsite. At 3.5 miles, after the trail passes through a cedar grove flat\u2014just before reaching a series of footbridges\u2014look up-slope to the right for a giant white pine more than 15 feet in circumference.\n\nAt about 4.6 miles, the trail passes Lodge Creek Camp. Head left, leaving the main trail and cross the footbridge over Lodge Creek. This Spur Trail No. 127.1 travels above the shoreline, affording good views of the lake, before it dead-ends in 1.1 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the Lodge Creek footbridge, Trail No. 127 heads up the east side of the creek, first gently through cedars, then crossing the creek and gaining 600 feet to end at FR 3215 in 1.5 miles.\n\n  Pend Oreille County Park\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 4.1 miles | 750 feet\/2780 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Elk, Pend Oreille County Park trails map; **Contact:** Pend Oreille County Works Department, (509) 447-4513, www.pendoreilleco.org\/county\/parks.asp; **Notes:** Facilities open Memorial Day\u2013Labor Day. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 48 04.825 W 117 19.558\n\n_Arrowleaf balsamroot in Pend Oreille County Park_\n\n  _**The Back Country Horsemen of Washington, schools, and service groups rescued this fine 440-acre park from neglect. Although the picnic area and rustic campground are open only during summer, the 7-mile trail system is open year-round. Explore wildflower areas, old-growth pines, cedars, and high overlooks above the valley.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nNorth of Spokane, from the intersection of Deer Park\u2013Milan Road (at Riverside Schools), drive 8.2 miles north on US Highway 2 and turn west at milepost 318 into the entrance of Pend Oreille County Park. Leave your car in the lot next to the highway before going through the gate, which is locked to keep out motor vehicles except in summer. Walk past the gate on the paved road 100 yards to the unmarked trailhead on the left (elev. 2340 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nLeave the paved entrance road (a portion of the old Newport Highway) on Orion's Path, which soon becomes single-track. At a meadow, the route continues ahead on a double-track that leads to the paved entrance road 0.7 mile later. Turn left on the old highway for a short way and then turn right on the double-track trail, which soon funnels into the sweet, single-track Big Sky Loop.\n\nMOUNT SPOKANE TRAILHEADS\n\nMount Spokane State Park offers a wealth of day-hiking options, most accessible from the main Mount Spokane Park Drive, open year-round, and Summit Road, open during summer.\n\nFrom the park entrance at milepost 15.4 of Mount Spokane Park Drive (State Route 206), set your vehicle trip odometer and find the following trailheads (Discover Pass required):\n\n**At 0.2 mile:** The park's first public parking spot accesses Trail No. 110, the main trail linking to upper-mountain destinations.\n\n**At 1.7 miles:** The hairpin-turn parking lot offers trailhead access to the Mount Kit Carson Lower Loop Road, Burping Brook picnic area, and Trail Nos. 100, 110, and 140 and others that link to three of the park's most popular summits.\n\n**At 3 miles:** A four-way junction offers several options.\n\n\u2022 Go straight to reach the downhill ski area.\n\n\u2022 Turn right to reach the Selkirk Lodge and cross-country ski trails, including the trailhead for Quartz Mountain.\n\n\u2022 Park at this junction to access Trail Nos. 100 and 130 for longer hikes to Day Mountain, Mount Kit Carson, the Mount Spokane summit, or other destinations in the core trails area.\n\n\u2022 Turn left to drive up Summit Road to more trailheads.\n\n**At 1 mile up Summit Road:** Turn right for Bald Knob picnic area parking to access Trail No. 130 to the CCC Cabin and Day Mountain.\n\n**At 1.6 miles up Summit Road:** A small parking area offers access to shorter routes to the CCC Cabin and Trail No. 140 to the top of Mount Spokane.\n\n**At 3 miles up Summit Road:** The road ends at the top of the mountain near the lovely stone Vista House. Here you will find restrooms near the top of the chairlift and the summit trailhead for Trail No. 140. It's all downhill from here.\n\n\u2014 _R. L_\n\nThe trail climbs in short bursts for 1.5 miles almost to the park's high point on a brushy ridge overlooking the valley. Then it drops quickly. At 2.5 miles from the start, continue past a post marking Junction 8 (a shortcut back, called Arrowleaf Ridge Trail) as the Big Sky Loop contours over to a bench before dropping again. Check out the short Penstemon Point Loop at the Junction 7 marker.\n\nAt Junction 6, bear left on the double-track for a short way, and then turn right onto the single-track at Junction 5. At Junction 4, continue straight as the Big Sky Loop bends into a lusher area with cedars.\n\nSoon the trail bears left and heads down to the campground. Turn left on the campground road, and then turn left on the old highway and follow the pavement back to your car.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore up to 3 more miles of fire roads, connectors, and spur trails in the park.\n\n  Mount Spokane Summit\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 2.4 miles | 700 feet\/5880 feet | Year\u2013round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mt Spokane, state park map from Friends of Mount Spokane State Park, www.mountspokane.org; **Contact:** Mount Spokane State Park, (509) 238-4258, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Park open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Privy at summit; **GPS:** N 47 55.070 W 117 07.367\n\n  **_Mount Spokane is the high point in the Spokane region, and the summit is a highlight destination, where hikers, bikers, and drivers converge to be on top of it all. This hike in Washington's standout year-round state park provides plenty of options for savoring the forest, wildflowers, and critters before emerging at the top, where chairlifts deposit skiers during winter. The Vista House near the summit is a tribute to the craftsmanship of 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps stone masons._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 2 north of Spokane (or take the Argonne Road exit from I-90 and go north on Argonne and Bruce Roads), head east on Mount Spokane Park Drive (State Route 206) to the park entrance at milepost 15.4. Continue 3 miles on Mount Spokane Park Drive and turn left onto Summit Road. Drive 1.6 miles (passing the campground) to the parking area (elev. 5190 ft) before a hairpin turn.\n\n_The stone Vista House on Mount Spokane_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nWalk up the paved road a short way to the hairpin turn. The gated Mount Kit Carson Loop Road on the left is an option for your return route.\n\nHead up the double-track just to the right of the Mount Kit Carson Loop Road. Go a short way to a communications tower structure and walk straight through it, continuing up through the ferns to connect with Trail No. 140. Turn right and head uphill about 1 mile on switchbacks to the summit of Mount Spokane.\n\nTurn left at the road, walk through a parking area, past a vault toilet and Chair-lift 1, to the Vista House. This stone structure, built on a granite outcropping by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934, is open for shelter and picnicking. The views are excellent toward Spirit Lake to the east, as well as a portion of Twin Lakes and south to Newman Lake.\n\nReturn the way you came, or add a slight variation by bypassing the spur you came up from the trailhead and continuing on Trail No. 140 and a spur out to the Mount Kit Carson Loop Road. Turn left on the road to walk back out to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIf you make the alternate return, turn right on the loop road and then left to visit the CCC Cabin at Beauty Mountain (elev. 5180 ft). For a bottom-to-top summit hike, leave your vehicle at the first trailhead 0.2 mile from the park entrance, and hike Trail No. 110, crossing Lower Kit Carson Loop Road and continuing up to Upper Kit Carson Loop Road and a junction with several trails. Cross the road and head up Trail No. 140 to the summit. This route to the top is about 11 miles round-trip and gains 3100 feet. For a 5.4-mile round-trip to the summit, start on Trail No. 130 at the junction with Summit Road, 3 miles from the park entrance.\n\n  Day Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/2 | 6 miles | 880 feet\/5170 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mt Kit Carson, USGS Mt Spokane, state park map from Friends of Mount Spokane State Park, www.mountspokane.org; **Contact:** Mount Spokane State Park, (509) 238-4258, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Park open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N47 54.774 W117 06.774\n\n_Spokane Valley looms below Day Mountain._\n\n  **_While most of the trails in Mount Spokane State Park seem to go up and down, this choice route follows a ridge, minimizing elevation gain but still getting to the top of a mountain! Can't beat that. Open slopes, pleasant timbered stretches, hillside springs, and wildflowers greet you, as well as some nifty stonework steps, handiwork of the 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps. Day Mountain, 800 feet lower than Mount Spokane, offers a pleasant view of the Spokane Valley below._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 2 north of Spokane (or take the Argonne Road exit from I-90 and go north on Argonne and Bruce Roads), head east on Mount Spokane Park Drive (State Route 206) to the park entrance at milepost 15.4. Continue 3 miles on Mount Spokane Park Drive and turn left on Summit Road. Drive 1 mile, turn right at the trailhead (elev. 5120 ft), and park at the Bald Knob picnic site. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nWalk back out the parking lot entrance and cross Summit Road to Trail No. 130, a nice single-track that starts in an old burn area with open views of the Spokane Valley. Soon the openings trend to grassy meadows and then turn to a forest of older, more scattered trees.\n\nAt 1 mile, reach a junction. The right fork heads up a couple of hundred yards to the rock steps and pathway leading to the CCC Cabin on Beauty Mountain (elev. 5180 ft). Some two hundred members of the Civilian Conservation Corps built these area roads and other facilities during the Great Depression. They used stone to build the Vista House on the Mount Spokane summit in 1933 (Hike 64). The CCC Cabin was rebuilt on its original site in 1998.\n\nFor Day Mountain, bear left at the fork and drop immediately to Mount Kit Carson Loop Road, where you have two options: Turn left and hike down the road, which switches down to Saddle Junction at 1.7 miles from the trailhead. Or, turn right, hike about 20 yards, and look for a trail that drops steeply to \"cut the switchback\" to the road below. Trail Nos. 110, 130, 140, and 160 meet at Saddle Junction, where there's a privy and signs.\n\nContinue left and up past the outhouse toward Mount Kit Carson. Go about 20 yards and bear right on the newer trail built in 2010. After making a switchback and angling upslope, come to a junction with the old trail. Turn right, staying on Trail No. 160. Go about 20 yards and turn right on single-track Trail No. 130 toward Day Mountain.\n\nAt 2.4 miles, reach another junction with Trail No. 160. Continue straight. Hike through a fairly thick stand of lodgepole pine before breaking into a more parklike grassy forest of older Douglas-firs. Head uphill.\n\nAs the trail rounds the top of Day Mountain, you're still in the trees. Continue downhill on the other side until the trail leads to an open ridge. At 3 miles, the trail fades into a rocky outcropping\u2014a good place for a break with good views below of Peone Prairie and the Spokane Valley.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nLook carefully and you'll find Trail No. 130 continuing northward; follow it for a while if you wish. On your return to the trailhead turn right off of Trail No. 130 onto Trail No. 160 and make a short climb to the summit of Mount Kit Carson. Enjoy another view, and another summit, before continuing on Trail No. 160 northeast back to Saddle Junction and then back to the trailhead.\n\n  Burping Brook Basin\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6.2 miles | 1660 feet\/5020 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mt Kit Carson, state park map from Friends of Mount Spokane State Park, www.mountspokane.org; **Contact:** Mount Spokane State Park, (509) 238-4258, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Park open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 54.271 W 117 07.489\n\n  **_This route is the core of the Mount Spokane State Park single-track trail system. It appeals to people who relish variety in a good forest walk, with liberal doses of ups, downs, terrain changes, running water, and extension options. Explore the three forks in the Burping Brook headwaters on trails beautifully thought out and routed by volunteers through firs, cedars, and hemlocks, with sites for picnicking._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 2 north of Spokane (or take the Argonne Road exit from I-90 and go north on Argonne and Bruce Roads), head east on Mount Spokane Park Drive (State Route 206) to the park entrance at milepost 15.4. Continue 1.7 miles on Mount Spokane Park Drive to a parking area before a hairpin turn (elev. 3860 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, use caution as you walk uphill and cross the road. The route begins at the hairpin turn, through the gate on Mount Kit Carson Loop Road. Hike the road 50 paces and bear right on Trail No. 103. Go another 50 yards, bear left onto Trail No. 100, and cross the creek. Hike 0.35 mile and bear right to leave Trail No. 100 and continue uphill on Trail No. 110. Contour and switchback nearly 2 miles to reunite with Mount Kit Carson Road at Saddle Junction.\n\nTurn left (west) onto Trail No. 140, being careful not to branch out on Trail Nos. 130 to Day Mountain or 160 to Mount Kit Carson (unless you want to take side trips). Trail No. 140 contours along the flank of Kit Carson and then drops down: Look for a left turn onto the newer single-track. (Continue on the decommissioned double-track for a short way if you want a meadow view.)\n\nTrail No. 140 switches back southward to Mount Kit Carson Loop Road at Smith Gap. Hike the road a short way, and then turn left onto Trail No. 100. Contour above the road for 1.1 miles, take the Trail No. 104 connector trail down a few switchbacks to the Burping Brook picnic site, and then hike 0.3 mile up Mount Kit Carson Loop Road to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom Saddle Junction, out-and-back trails lead to good views at Mount Kit Carson, Day Mountain, or Mount Spokane's summit. At the least, make a side trip to Kit Carson's rock outcropping overlooking Spokane Valley.\n\n_Enjoying sunset on Mount Kit Carson_\n\n  Quartz Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 5.5 miles | 860 feet\/5160 feet | June\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Mt Kit Spokane, state park map from Friends of Mount Spokane State Park, www.mountspokane.org; **Contact:** Mount Spokane State Park, (509) 238-4258, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Park open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Trail open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Reserve Quartz Mountain Lookout at (888) 226-7688, www.parks.wa.gov; **GPS:** N47 54.188 W117 05.992\n\n  **_A fire lookout that once stood on Mount Spokane was retired and reassembled in 2005 for recreation on Quartz Mountain. You can rent the lookout or simply visit for one of the best views of Mount Spokane and northern Idaho below. The hike takes advantage of the state park's 25-mile core Nordic ski trail system, which is rich with wildlife, wildflowers, and huckleberries._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 2 north of Spokane (or take the Argonne Road exit from I-90 and go north on Argonne and Bruce Roads), head east on Mount Spokane Park Drive (State Route 206) to the park entrance at milepost 15.4. Continue 3 miles on Mount Spokane Park Drive. Drive to a four-way junction. Turn right and drive 0.1 mile through the large parking lot. At a junction, make a right-hand hairpin turn and park by Selkirk Lodge, the base area for the cross-country trail system, and the trailhead (elev. 4630 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFind the large trail system signboard and map above the lodge. From this trailhead, five double-track trails lead to Junction 1. For simplicity, go left on the Mountain View Trail and follow it 0.3 mile to Junction 1, a large grassy meadow. From here, stay left and walk up a road for a short way, bearing left on the first trail, called Sam's Swoop (Sam is a perennial volunteer, worthy of a trail name). Note the diversity of plants: huckle-berry, beargrass, wild strawberry, ferns, and much more.\n\nAt 1 mile, reach Junction 2, another meadow, where seven trails meet with a road (Lodgepole Trail) running through the middle. Bearing left on the road is the fastest way to Quartz Mountain, but it's more interesting to hike the Eagle Crest Trail, just to the right of the road.\n\nAt 1.6 miles, the Eagle Crest Trail peaks at a meadow and viewpoint worth a stop. Then the trail heads down. At about 2 miles, the trail ends at the Nova Hut warming shelter and privy. Turn left at the junction. Go about 30 yards and turn right on the road that services the Quartz Mountain Lookout. Continue straight past a junction with a double-track trail that heads left. In another 60 yards, at a junction of two trails, bear left on the single-track. The gravel below your feet indicates why it's called Quartz Mountain.\n\nAt 2.5 miles, the single-track trail meets the lookout access road. Turn immediately left and continue uphill. The trail eventually ends at 2.9 miles at the Quartz Mountain Lookout, where there's a picnic table and privy.\n\n_The Quartz Mountain Lookout is a rental room with a view._\n\nIf the lookout is not occupied by renters, climb up for a view: Mount Spokane, with its ski lifts and transmission towers, looms large to the north. Mount Kit Carson is the knob to the left of the big mountain. The Idaho Selkirks look jagged in the distance to the northeast. From the south-facing catwalk, you can see three lakes below (left to right): Twin Lakes and Hauser Lake in Idaho, then Newman Lake in Washington.\n\nFollow the road to loop off the summit back to Junction 3. Explore some of the other cross-country trails to loop your way back to your car. Signs and maps at the major junctions help keep you oriented. Lodgepole Trail is the shortest way back to Junction 2. Or try Blue Jay back to Junction 1 and the Valley View Trail from Junction 1 to the trailhead to enjoy open views to the south.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIf you're good with map and compass, explore the Ragged Ridge Natural Area Preserve. A trail can be followed off and on to the scenic rocky ridge. You can also explore other ski trails on the way back to the trailhead.\n\n## around spokane\n\n_McLellan Conservation Area overlooks Lake Spokane, an impoundment on the Spokane River._\n\nThe local visitors center describes Spokane as _Near nature, near perfect_. At least half of that slogan is indisputable. Wildness is just out the door in every quadrant of the city and all around the county, protected in havens such as Riverside and Mount Spokane State Parks, the Little Spokane River Natural Area, and more than two dozen Spokane County Conservation Futures areas. Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge and its abundance of wildlife on display is just another feather in the areas near-nature cap. Best of all, public routes ranging from pine-needle-padded footpaths to the paved Fish Lake Trail and Spokane River Centennial Trail beckon visitors to all the best spots.\n\n Antoine Peak\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6.8 miles | 1230 feet\/3375 feet | May\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Greenacres, Antoine Peak Conservation Area map; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 43.257 W 117 11.817\n\n  _**Minutes from I-90, Antoine Peak is a 1066-acre sanctuary for wildlife watching secured by the Spokane County Conservation Futures program. We have seen turkey vultures, hawks, and ravens soaring over the peak, all at one time; a days-old whitetail fawn 50 yards from the summit towers; and tracks of wild turkey, quail, deer, moose, elk, and bear. Did we mention this is just minutes from the Spokane Valley Mall?**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 in Spokane Valley, take exit 291B and drive 2.2 miles north on Sullivan Road. Turn left on Wellesley Avenue, go to a four-way stop, and turn right on Progress Street. At the next stop sign, turn right on Forker Road. Go uphill 0.4 mile and turn right on Jacobs Road. Drive 0.7 mile and turn left on Robbins Road. Drive 0.4 mile to the west-side trailhead (elev. 2500 ft) at the top of the hill.\n\n_Antoine Peak trails are ideal for groups_.\n\nSPOKANE COUNTY INVESTS IN CONSERVATION FUTURES\n\nThe Spokane County Conservation Futures program has opened the doors to hiking several of the choice routes featured in this book. Private land destined for subdivision and development was preserved as open space for wildlife to roam and muscle-powered visitors to enjoy.\n\nThe program, administered by Spokane County Parks and Recreation, preserves open spaces with a voter-approved property tax of up to 6.25 cents per $1000 of assessed value. The funds are earmarked for acquiring property and development rights to benefit wildlife, conserve natural resources, increase passive recreation, provide educational opportunities, and improve the quality of life for area residents. From its inception in 1994 through 2012, the program purchased about 6300 acres in about thirty acquisitions. Hikers, equestrians, and outdoor groups often chip in to build or maintain trails in the areas.\n\nThe conservation areas are public, but they are nestled amid private property that must be respected by visitors. Park carefully to the side of the road when parking lots are not available, and don't block gates or stray onto private property.\n\nNatural areas purchased or expanded by Conservation Futures funding include Antoine Peak (Hike 68), Liberty Lake County Park (Hike 69), Saltese Uplands (Hike 70), Iller Creek (Hike 71), Dishman Hills Natural Area (Hike 72), South Hill Bluff (Hike 75), Slavin Conservation Area (Hike 77), and Palisades Park (Hike 78). Keep these prime areas in mind for your next hike\u2014and the next time the program comes up for a vote.\n\nMore conservation areas worthy of visits are listed on the Spokane County Parks and Recreation website (www.spokanecounty.org\/parks).\n\n_\u2014R. L._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nGo through the gate and head 0.8 mile up the summit access road (closed to unauthorized vehicles) to a fork. Bear left (you'll return to this junction near the end of the loop). At 1.3 miles, bear right at a fork (you'll be returning to this road soon too), continuing up another 0.5 mile to the summit.\n\nWalk past the first radio tower (if you listen, you might hear FM radio tunes), catch the great views looking north to Mount Spokane and south to Liberty Lake. Then head to the second tower. A road heading down to the right is a shortcut to the loop road.\n\nTo continue the circumnavigation of the peak, retrace your steps down the way you came and take a sharp right (passing another shortcut on the right, down an old skid road that starts near the first tower's southwest guyline anchor). The trail soon begins climbing around the west side of the peak, and then it angles down and bends around the cooler, lusher, more heavily timbered north side.\n\nAt 3.9 miles, the loop road meets a junction on the east side of the peak. An eroded skid trail comes down steeply from above, and a road heads down to the left toward a broad ridge called Antoine Park, then to a pond and the east trailhead. Bear right at this junction to continue the loop, reaching another junction in about a half mile with the road shortcut from the summit. About 100 yards farther along the loop, reach yet another junction and take a sharp right.\n\nFrom here, at 4.6 miles, the loop road has its ups and downs, but it primarily contours around the mountain for another 1.4 miles to a familiar junction. Turn left and hike the last 0.8 mile to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the east side of Antoine Peak, take the old road that leads to the east trailhead and reach Leland Pond in 2.2 miles (look for turtles). It's anothermile to the east trailhead off Lincoln Road (accessed by leaving I-90 at exit 293, driving north on Barker Road, turning right on Trent Avenue, driving 1 mile east to turn left on Campbell Road, driving north 1.6 miles to turn left at Lincoln Road, and finally driving 0.6 mile to the parking area on the left; privy available).\n\n Liberty Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON  \n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 9 miles | 1550 feet\/3280 feet | May\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Liberty Lake, USGS Mica Peak; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** $2 entrance fee Memorial Day\u2013Labor Day. Open to horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 37.866 W 117 03.517\n\n  _**A Spokane County park and a 455-acre county conservation area join at a clear-water lake to create one of the region's most diverse and refreshing hiking areas. The developedarea ranges from a sandy swimming beach to a campground and picnic area. Then the wildness begins on trail that leads past beaver dams, into an ancient cedar grove, past a cascading waterfall, and up to scenic views down onto Liberty Lake.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 east of Spokane, take Liberty Lake exit 296. Turn south on Liberty Lake Road. Drive 1 mile and turn left on Sprague Avenue, which becomes Neyland Road in another mile. Continue another 0.8 mile, bear right at the Y, and then turn right on Lakeside Road. Drive 0.7 mile and turn right on Zephyr Road to reach the Liberty Lake County Park entrance parking area (elev. 2090 ft). Privy available. An alternate connector trail is planned from the equestrian trailhead parking area on the road above the main entrance.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the pay station, follow the route past the day-use restrooms and picnic shelter for 0.5 mile to the restrooms area at the far end of the campground. Look for the main trailhead kiosk and gate (near campsite 21), and head up along Liberty Creek. At 0.8 mile pass a junction with the old trail coming in from the right. A new route was built in 2011 so hikers could avoid the lower portion of the creek, home to busy beavers.\n\nAt 1.1 miles, reach a junction that starts the loop (you'll be returning from the right). Continue straight and cross the little footbridge over Split Creek (the trail fork leads to the horse ford).\n\nClimb steadily, now along Liberty Creek, and at 2.5 miles reach an open grove of large cedars, one of the first acquisitions of Spokane County Conservation Futures (see the sidebar in this section). This is a popular destination for picnicking under towering giants.\n\nTo continue the loop, bear right on the footbridge across the creek and begin the twelve switchbacks up Sam Hill. A viewpoint looking northwest to Liberty Lake is on the twelfth one. Antoine Peak is straight down the valley in the distance, and Mount Spokane is the highest point to the right.\n\n_Hikers continue above the Liberty Creek Falls._\n\nAt 3.5 miles, come to the cool respite at the base of cascades known as Liberty Falls. The vast majority of hikers turn around here for a 7-mile round trip. But for the full loop, switchback up from the falls. Hike through a more open forest and cross the creek on a bridge at about 4 miles.\n\nA short way farther, continue straight at a trail crossing and go uphill to the high point of this hike near an old outhouse. Turn right here and head down to the Camp Hughes Cabin (elev. 3250 ft), a shelter built in the mid-1970s.\n\nBack on the main loop, head downhill on the Edith Hansen Riding Trail, occasionally used by horse riders. At 6.3 miles, stay right at a fork (the trail left is worth exploring all the way to Mica Peak). At 7.1 miles, come to a junction just past the horse trail sign and a big wooden wall structure. Turn right on the single-track to avoid the boggy area of Liberty Creek flooded by beaver activity. Soon you'll cross a footbridge over Liberty Creek and then come to the main trail you hiked up earlier. Turn left and return to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHikers with good endurance and map-reading skills can hike all the way to Mica Peak. Take a trail south off the Edith Hansen Riding Trail. Follow the route uphill to a saddle south of Boundary Mountain and along the west side of Stump Ridge to a main ridge at about 4700 feet. Soon the route up the ridge follows jeep roads. Stay on the ridge, heading up the steepest routes to a better road that leads to the FAA radar dome at 5205 feet.\n\n  Saltese Uplands\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 7.3 miles | 1185 feet\/2640 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Greenacres, USGS Liberty Lake, Spokane County Conservation Futures map; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 38.625 W 117 07.872\n\n  _**Spokane County delivered a one-two punch for conservation and recreation in 2010\u201311, first by securing 510 acres of wetlands on Saltese Flats, then by acquiring the adjacent 552-acre Saltese Uplands Conservation Area overlooking the flats. From top to bottom, the uplands are a gem for walkers and wildlife watchers, with more than 9 miles of trails and roads for nonmotorized recreation. Mountain biking and horse riding are allowed, but the sight lines are good in this mostly open terrain, making it easy for everyone to share the trail.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 east of Spokane, take Barker Road exit 293 and drive 0.5 mile south on Barker Road. Turn left on Sprague Avenue and Drive 0.9 mile. Turn right on Henry Road and go 0.8 mile to the trailhead parking area on the left (elev. 2070 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFollow the trail south paralleling Henry Road and turn left at a junction, onto an old road. Go up a short way to a junction with two single-track trails. If you like, make an out-and-back side trip by going left on the Mulligan Trail for 0.5 mile to where the trail dead-ends in a basin at a big pear tree\u2014attractive to deer in the early fall.\n\nBack at the junction, cross the old fire road and take the other single-track, the Palisades Trail, which quickly starts gaining elevation in big switchbacks. Enjoy the curvy trail, which keeps serving up a different view ahead.\n\nPass a spring. When the single-track joins a road, look for the single-track splitting off to the left and heading uphill to a fence near the water tank for the private Legacy Ridge Estates development on the other side of the ridge. Take a break here to drink in views over Saltese Flats. Follow the fence westward a couple hundred yards to look down the Spokane Valley: Antoine Peak (Hike 68) lies to the north, Palisades Park (Hike 78) is in the distance to the west, Iller Creek Conservation Area and Dishman Hills near Tower Mountain (Hikes 71 and 72) are closer to the west.\n\nThe open slopes of the Saltese Uplands generate updrafts that attract numerous raptors, which feast on the bounty of rodents and ground squirrels that find easy burrowing in the fine Palouse topsoil. The trails were lumpy with critter burrows\u2014and coyote scat\u2014just weeks after they were originally carved out of the hillside with pulaskis in 2011.\n\n_Mark Pinch designed and labored on Saltese Uplands trails._\n\nNow follow the fence line to the east and pick up the trail again. Shortly you'll go over the crest for a great view of Liberty Lake, and then the single-track winds down off the ridge. Cross the rough power-line road and wind down to a junction at another double-track. (The right-hand road is a shortcut back to the trailhead, but you'll get to hike it later in this trip.) Go left to continue the longer loop, and follow the old farm road down to another fence.\n\nPass the junction with a single-track trail (you'll return to this spot in 2.3 miles) and continue straight on the double-track over the open hillside. Bear right on the next single-track and go down. Turn right at a junction with the trail that parallels the road and hike 0.5 mile north to another junction. Straight ahead is a the easiest walk back to the trailhead. But to get the most out of this hike, turn right and head 0.6 mile up the single-track Pincher Creek Trail to a familiar junction. Bear left and follow the double-track back to Henry Road, turning right on the single-track that leads to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTrails and old ranch roads crisscross and connect, for even more exploring of the Saltese Uplands.\n\n  Iller Creek and Rocks of Sharon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3 | 5.5 miles | 1250 feet\/3580 feet | Apr\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane SE, Spokane County Conservation Futures map; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 36.089 W 117 16.903\n\n  _**You'll find yourself between a Big Rock and a hard place to leave as you explore some of the wild and lofty 950+ acres in Spokane Valley preserved for nature lovers and critters, including moose. Spokane County secured the Iller Creek Unit of the Dishman Hills Conservation Area, and Dishman Hills Conservancy preserved the adjacent Rocks of Sharon. This hike has it all, from a dank creek bottom to scenic granite-quartzite rock outcroppings and a glorious view of the Palouse region.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 in Spokane Valley, take Argonne Road exit 287 and head south. At the intersection with Sprague Avenue, continue straight onto Dishman\u2013Mica Road. Go 2.4 miles and turn right at the traffic light onto Schafer Road. Drive 0.8 mile and turn right on 44th Avenue. Go one block and take the first left on Woodruff Road. Go 0.3 mile, turn right on Holman Road, and follow it about 0.7 mile to the trailhead (elev. 2400 ft). Don't block the private road. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nHead through the gate and immediately turn left. The trail soon begins switchbacking up a brushy open slope. At 0.8 mile, the trail gains the ridge, with views to the east (left) of Mica Peak (elev. 5205 ft) and its summit FAA radar dome. Follow the ridge, soon heading into scattered ponderosa pines and eventually Douglas-firs. At 1.5 miles the trail forks. Continue left.\n\n_Big Rock stands out among the Rocks of Sharon._\n\nSoon the ridge trail flattens into a parklike setting with views to both sides. Walk through balsamroot, lupine, ocean spray, serviceberry, and other classic native plants of this region. Ease down into a saddle and then begin climbing again. At 1.9 miles, come to another junction. Stay left for now, but take note for the return trip.\n\nAt nearly 2.4 miles, turn right at a T junction on an east\u2013west ridge and head up. The trail forks into parallel trails that rejoin at the first big outcropping of the Rocks of Sharon (elev. 3530 ft). Protruding from an east ridge off Tower Mountain, the Rocks of Sharon perhaps got their name in the early 1900s, when weekend visitors would detrain from the old Spokane-to-Pullman electric line at the long-gone Sharon store and hike up to picnic in the rocks.\n\nScramble around for views of the Palouse farmlands to the south, with Steptoe Butte (elev. 3612 ft) jutting up like a distant spike in the middle of nowhere. Just below you is Big Rock, a granite-quartzite monolith and playground for rock climbers. Down from the rocks is Stevens Creek Road, another access to this area off the Palouse Highway.\n\nBegin your return by heading back the way you came for nearly 0.5 mile and take the sharp left on the single-track trail you noted on the way up. The trail leads down into a lusher forest, including hemlock, grand fir, and Pacific yew. Cross the creek and continue down.\n\nAt the junction with an old eroded trail that drops to the right along the main creek, bear left on a niftier hiking route into an area damp with little creeks. Numerous dips in the trail attract mountain bikers.\n\nSoon you'll merge with the creekside trail and continue down. A short way before reaching the trailhead, you'll come to a creek ford that's easy most of the year, but during runoff it can be over your boots.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the Rocks of Sharon, the trail continues west. A left fork drops down, angles to the base of Big Rock, and loops back up from a junction with the access trail coming from Stevens Creek Road. A right fork eventually drops steeply to Iller Creek. The main trail heads up to communication towers on East Tower Mountain (Krell Hill). Tower Mountain ridges are good for cruising north and south, but they are private land and access is not assured.\n\n  Eagle Peak\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 4 miles | 690 feet\/2425 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NE, Dishman Hills Conservancy map, www.dhnaa.org; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 39.249 W 117 17.366\n\n  _**Citizens rallied in the 1960s to preserve 530 acres of choice Spokane Valley real estate for wildlife and walkers instead of trophy homes and pavement. The Dishman Hills Natural Area is a staple for school field trips and nature observations, starting from the green lawn at Camp Caro and ranging into an urban wilderness. You can devote days to exploring here, from damp nooks to basalt crannies. This hike hits many highlights, including ponds, a high-peak overlook, springs, and all the wildlife opportunities in between.**_\n\n_Bitterroots bloom early spring in Dishman Hills; watch your step!_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane on eastbound I-90, take Sprague Avenue exit 285 and continue straight on Appleway Boulevard. Go past Vista Road 0.3 mile and turn right on Sargent Road, and then immediately right again into the Camp Caro\u2013Dishman Hills parking area (625 South Sargent Road). The trailhead (elev. 1960 ft) is at the south end. Privy available at Camp Caro in summer.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nYou can become disoriented in this area's evolving maze of trails. Trail signs were planned as this book went to press; some trails were to be obliterated. Note: Any trail heading north will eventually lead back to Camp Caro or at least to Appleway Boulevard. Let this route description guide your first trek to Eagle Peak, then unleash yourself in this rich wild area.\n\nFollow the path from the south end of the gravel parking area to a paved parking area and go through (yes, through) the Camp Caro lodge. Continue straight, leaving the paved path and going onto the dirt trail past the kiosk.\n\nHike up some steps and continue toward Goldback Spring, staying on the main trail with the rimrock on your left. At a fork near a park bench, bear left and continue toward Goldback Spring. (The right fork leads into Enchanted Ravine.) At the next junction, bear left again toward Goldback Spring.\n\nThe trail crosses a footbridge over the spring and lush vegetation. Turn right and climb the steps on the trail heading to East\/West Ponds and Eagle Peak. At the next intersection with a trail that heads back to Camp Caro, bear left and continue hiking uphill.\n\nBear left at another junction just a short way up the trail. (Take note: you'll return to this junction later.) Just a short way farther, turn right at another junction with the less obvious Eagle Peak Loop Trail and begin climbing. Bear right at the next two intersections, continuing the uphill trend.\n\nThe trail finally tops a ridge of basalt outcroppings at yet another junction. Before continuing the loop to the left, follow the spur trail straight ahead that leads to the top of Eagle Peak (elev. 2425 ft), the highest point in the Dishman Hills Natural Area, with a great view of the Spokane Valley, Mount Spokane to the north, Antoine Peak closer to the northeast, and Mica Peak to the east. The higher areas south of Eagle Peak are private property, where you can see signs of the 2008 wildfire that burned several acres and homes.\n\nRetrace your steps back to the last junction, turn right and head through the basalt formations. Turn right at the next trail junction as you drop from the rocky ridge and begin heading north. Soon you'll come to a fork. Go left to explore Lost Ponds if you wish, but to continue the loop trail, bear right and stay on the Ridge Top Trail.\n\nSoon begin a long descent to a junction you passed earlier. Bear left toward Camp Caro. Go a short way to another familiar junction and bear left again toward East\/West Ponds. Also go left at the next two junctions. (Trails heading right, including to Enchanted Ravine, are quick exits to Camp Caro.)\n\nPass a viewpoint with a bench on the right, and then wind up onto a flat of basalt. Continue on the trail straight and down a slab of rock at this junction toward East\/West Ponds. Pass a spur trail heading left and soon drop down another tier to a junction at stair steps. Turn left here to visit East\/West Ponds, which are just up the trail to the left at the next junction.\n\nAfter checking out the ponds (chorus frogs sing here in April or May, ducklings swim in July, and moose pay occasional visits), retrace your route to the junction above the steps and head down the wood-beam staircase\u2014one of many Eagle Scout projects in the natural area.\n\nBear right at the next two junctions down through the series of steps and water bars, go through the chain link fence, and turn left on the paved path along the green lawn at Camp Caro.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nAt some point, you must hike the Enchanted Ravine and explore the rocky spine of Deep Ravine on the east side of the natural area.\n\n  Beacon Hill\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/3 | 4.2 miles | 780 feet\/2600 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NE, Beacon Hill Recreation Area map; **Contact:** Spokane City Parks and Recreation Department, (509) 625-6200, www.spokaneparks.org, and Fat Tire Trail Riders Club, www.fttrc.org; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 41.203 W 117 20.808\n\n  _**Beacon Hill's summit is swarmed by communications towers and transmission lines, and the slopes around it tend to be dominated by mountain bikers. But hikers find plenty of room and a surprising amount of beauty in more than 900 acres of city, county, and private land just north of the Spokane River near Upriver Dam. Ponderosa pines dominate slopes distinguished by granite outcroppings near this southern extent of the Selkirk Mountains. The area is a riot of wildflowers from late April into June.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 in Spokane, take exit 283B. Go straight along the highway and turn north on Freya Street, which eventually becomes Greene Street. At 2.3 miles, the road bends left and then right (up a hill) and becomes Market Street. Turn right at the stoplight and head east on Euclid Avenue. Go 0.8 mile (Euclid becomes Frederick Avenue) and turn left on Havana Street. Drive two blocks to the dirt parking area (elev. 1990 ft) for Minnehaha Park.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe west side of Beacon Hill has fewer trails than other areas here, but the trails and old jeep roads still can be confusing. Signage has been proposed. If you get off track on your way to Beacon Hill summit, just head up.\n\nStart at the gate on the paved trail along the grassy developed park. At the ball field, just past rock pillars, bear right off the paved trail onto a wide dirt path that heads up. Soon skirt the Esmeralda Golf Course parking lot and stay left, paralleling it (in this case, _don't_ take the double-track routes that head up). Go through some concrete barriers, then up. When you come to a jeep road that continues up, turn left on the single-track Trail No. 20, which continues north, paralleling the golf course.\n\n_Beacon Hill is a quick hiking getaway in Spokane._\n\nThis single-track generally bears left at most intersections, climbing gently as it contours northward. As you make a sweeping bend to the east, continue straight up on the single-track at a five-prong junction of trails and jeep roads. After a dogleg south and then north, come to a bench before the power lines. The single-track continues straight across two jeep roads in fairly quick succession.\n\nFrom here, the single-track is easy to follow as it snakes up the steeper hillside eastward to a rim of rocks south of Beacon Hill summit, which is dominated by communication towers. Enjoy expansive views (albeit through power lines and other man-made obstacles). Few places in Spokane's urban area have such a sweeping view of the Spokane Valley east and west.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore to your heart's content. Private landowners ask the public to stay out of some parcels in the low areas directly south of Beacon Hill. But some of the most captivating nooks in the area are in the rock outcroppings found on myriad paths generally heading southeast toward John Shields Park (locally known as Minnehaha Rocks), a training area for rock climbers. The Shields Park parking area on Upriver Drive also offers good hiker access to Beacon Hill trails.\n\n  Downtown Spokane Bridges\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 7.7 miles | 430 feet\/1880 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NW, Spokane city map; **Contact:** Spokane Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau, (509) 624-1341, www.visitspokane.com; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for city traffic; **GPS:** N 47 39.348 W 117 27.236\n\n_Don Kardong Bridge over Spokane River_\n\n  _**Marmots, deer, waterfowl, and fish are more common on this urban route than on many remote wilderness trails. The route takes you over 18 of downtown Spokane's 22 river bridges, joining with the Spokane River Centennial Trail and making a grand tour of Riverfront Park en route. Spokane Falls is a highlight, the Spokane River your constant companion. And as near to nature as you are on this hike, you're also never far from a place to eat, drink, or shop.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Monroe Street in downtown Spokane, drive 1.3 miles west on Riverside Avenue. Just before crossing the Hangman Creek Bridge, turn right on Clark Avenue to reach the trail-head parking area (elev. 1750 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFollow the paved path and cross the Sandifur Bridge over the Spokane River. The path winds up to Ohio Avenue. Follow the sidewalk upstream, overlooking the river gorge. Pass a scenic rest spot at the Hamblen Conservation Area overlook.\n\nCross the Maple Street Bridge overpass and continue straight on Ohio through the Kendall Yards development. An extension of the Spokane River Centennial Trail is planned here, leading all the way under the Monroe Street Bridge. Until that's complete, work your way upstream and carefully cross Monroe Street to the small bridge-side memorial park. Turn south to cross the Monroe Street Bridge, enjoying a view of Spokane Falls. At the south end of the bridge, follow the sidewalk left and continue upstream along Spokane Falls Boulevard. Cross Post Street and turn left on the sidewalk, heading north along the Bloomsday runner sculptures.\n\nThe sidewalk leads north across the Post Street Bridge up to Broadway. Turn right for a block and head straight ahead and down the paved path that leads back to the river. Cross North Fork North Bridge (bridge no. 4) and then immediately turn right to cross the North Fork South Bridge, where spring-runoff walkers can get wet with spray from water roaring over the \"fang\" of basalt in the falls just upstream.\n\nHike past the \"Washington Water Power Upper Falls Power Plant\" and immediately turn right along the access road. Cross a South Fork bridge (no. 6) and turn left, switchbacking up the path built during Expo '74 that loops up and crosses the little river fork four more times, bringing the bridge count to 10. At the top, bend left along the big pool toward the Rotary Fountain.\n\nJust before the Carrousel, turn left (north) to cross the Howard Street Bridge South. At the end, bear left on the path that soon continues northward (toward the Spokane Arena), crossing the Howard Street Bridge and the Howard Street Bridge North in quick succession. Then turn right (upstream) on the path along the river. Go through the underpass and take the upstream stairs to cross the Washington Street Bridge (no. 14). On the other side, exit on the stairs to the left and then immediately turn right to follow the path up (restrooms to the left). Then bend right, along the Pavilion, for a short way. Turn left on the path down through the grass. Cross the Clock Tower Footbridge and turn left.\n\nHike upstream past the Red Wagon and the INB Performing Arts Center and turn left to cross the King Cole Footbridge (no. 16). Bear right and wind down, heading northward to cross the wooden bridge leading to a group of hotels. Immediately turn right and follow the walkway upstream on the north riverbank. Bear right onto the pedestrian trail that leads under the Division Street Bridge. Continue on a boardwalk. Then follow the paved path upstream through open expanses of the Gonzaga University campus.\n\nWhere the paved path comes to the Don Kardong Bridge, scramble up the short gravel path and turn right on the Centennial Trail to cross the bridge. Congratulations, this is bridge no. 18. Now you're headed back downstream.\n\nFollow the trail, staying right at junctions to stay along the river's south shore. Soon you'll be back at the INB Performing Arts Center. Continue straight downstream and eventually cross Post Street at the Blooms-day runner sculptures. Continue west and carefully follow the two pedestrian crossings to the west side of Monroe Street.\n\nTurn left (south) across Main Avenue and follow the sidewalk around to the right in front of the Spokane Club. Follow Riverside Avenue all the way back through Brown's Addition to the trailhead, with only one more traffic crossing at the Maple Street Bridge onramp.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nWhen you first reach the Don Kardong Bridge (no. 18), head east (upstream) and hike the Centennial Trail to Mission Street, where you could bag another bridge. Serious bridge baggers can hit 21 spans by making sidewalk detours to cross the Maple and Division Street Bridges.\n\n  South Hill Bluff\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/1 | 3 miles | 350 feet\/2340 | Feb\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NW, USGS Spokane SW, and Spokane city map; **Contact:** Spokane Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau, (509) 624-1341, www.visitspokane.com; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 37.714 W 117 25.780\n\n  _**More than 23 miles of trails grace the steep swath of undeveloped Spokane City Parks land between High Drive and the Hangman Creek\/US Highway 195 corridor below. The trails initially were built on the sly by volunteer biker-hikers who had a vision long before the city thought sustainable trails could be carved into the steep, sandy slopes. This is the place to be for a stunning sunset, and the bluff is especially brilliant with blooming arrowleaf balsamroot and serviceberry in april and May.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Monroe Street, drive west on 29th Avenue three blocks to the end of the road. Turn right at High Drive and then immediately left into a South Hill Bluff trailhead parking area (elev. 2290 ft). More parking is available near Bernard Street, close to the turnaround for this hike.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis is the easiest of the _many_ hiking options on the South Hill Bluff. Walk this route with a map in hand, and soon you'll start to put together the many trail combinations that make for invigorating hikes between the rim and the valley. You can't get lost. Paved roads are above, Hangman Creek below.\n\nFrom the 29th and High Drive trailhead, follow the concrete sidewalk down and then left, and start walking on a trail. It angles down for a short way but then generally traverses the slope, roughly paralleling below High Drive with gentle ups and downs. You'll pass a few trails heading back up to High Drive and several trails forking down to the lower slopes and Hangman Creek. Stay on this upper-tier trail.\n\n_South Hill Bluff Trail above Hangman Creek_\n\nAfter 1.4 miles, the trail angles up to High Drive near the intersection with Manito Boulevard. This is the turnaround point. Drop back down and hike the same trail back. Or drop down to a lower-level trail that contours back. Several trails eventually will lead you up to High Drive again and the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore any of the trails branching down off the top-tier trail. Or, from the 29th and High Drive trailhead, drop down the concrete path and continue straight on the trail that heads north along High Drive. This trail offers a pleasant walk to Polly Judd Park trailhead at the west end of 14th Avenue.\n\n  Fish Lake Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 15 miles | 375 feet\/2155 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NW, Spokane SW, Fish Lake Trail brochure; **Contact:** Spokane City Parks and Recreation Department, (509) 625-6200, www.spokaneparks.org; **Notes:** Wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Hikers stay right, share route with cyclists and skaters; **GPS:** N 47 38.829 W 117 27.172\n\n_Fish Lake Trail users make use of abandoned railroad bridges._\n\n  _**The Fish Lake Trail has been a public route since 1991, when Spokane assumed ownership of the abandoned Union Pacific Railway that runs 10.2 miles from Spokane to Cheney. Sections near Cheney and Marshall were paved around 1995, but the trail's popularity soared when this section leading out of Spokane was developed and paved in 2009\u201310. Walkers and bicyclists of all types enjoy out-and-back treks of any length on this gentle ribbon of flatness through the ponderosa pines.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Maple or Ash Street near downtown Spokane, drive west on 2nd Avenue, which bends left after a few blocks and becomes Sunset Boulevard. Stay right on Sunset Boulevard (do _not_ drop down below the underpass). Drive to the stoplight and turn left at Government Way. Then take the first left, on Milton Street. (Alternate access comes from US Highway 195 via 16th Avenue to Lindeke Street and Government Way.) Drive into the trailhead parking area (elev. 1900 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFish Lake Trail immediately leads to restructured railroad bridges that cross I-90. The paved trail eases through a neighborhood of scattered homes and across another bridge over 16th Avenue at 0.5 mile. By the time you cross the Thorpe Road overpass at 1 mile, you're pretty much into the woods.\n\nThe trail parallels US 195 for about 2 miles, buffered by ponderosa pines and basalt walls. Buttercups bloom here in March or April. Cross Marshall Road at 2.1 miles as the trail bends away from US 195 and takes you farther away from it all.\n\nBetween Marshall Road and the small town of Marshall, hikers aching for more ups and downs can sneak off the flat, paved Fish Lake Trail and walk the rocky fire-break road separating the west side of the trail from the active railway above.\n\nAt 6.8 miles, go under the Cheney\u2013Spokane Road overpass. Exit the tunnel-like structure and hike a short way farther to the Scribner Road trailhead. The slight grade on this trail is imperceptible, but relish the fact that you've hiked uphill all the way from Spokane, and the return trip is all downhill.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSomeday the trail may go all the way to Cheney without a gap. Until funding is available, the 2.5 miles from Scribner Road to Fish Lake are undeveloped and blocked. The 3-mile section from Fish Lake to Cheney is developed and paved. At Cheney, the Fish Lake Trail transforms into the unpaved Columbia Plateau Trail, managed by Washington State Parks. For a hike with less bicycle traffic, drive to the southeast end of Cheney's main drag (State Route 904) and park at the Cheney\u2013Plaza Road trailhead. The developed portion of the Columbia Plateau Trail heads westward for 23 miles, including part of Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge.\n\n  James T. Slavin Conservation Area\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 5.5 miles | 370 feet\/2415 feet | Feb\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane SW, Spokane County Conservation Futures map; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Open to horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 47 32.223 W 117 24.733\n\n_Restored wetlands at James T. Slavin Conservation Area_\n\n  _**Wetlands and water-fowl abound in this 628-acre preserve secured by Spokane County Conservation Futures in the Rosa Butte area south of Spokane. Restoration projects put water back where it belongs: in a 5-acre lake and nearly 200 acres of seasonal ponds and wetlands. The result is a natural scabland of pines, aspens, rocky bluffs, wildflowers, and wetness that attracts everything from songbirds to elk\u2014plus hikers and equestrians who enjoy the trails.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 in Spokane, take exit 279. Drive south on US Highway 195 about 8.4 miles and turn west at milepost 87.5 onto Washington Road. Drive 0.5 mile and turn right on Keeney Road, and then immediately turn left into the James T. Slavin Conservation Area parking lot and trailhead (elev. 2170 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the trailhead, walk into the open meadow about 20 yards and go left at the first junction on a single-track trail that heads southwest toward aspens. At 0.5 mile, by a contorted pine, the trail meets an old farm access road (Diamond Lane). Turn left, hike the road about 60 yards and turn right on a single-track trail just before reaching a fence.\n\nThe trail winds up and at 0.7 mile makes a short climb to an open, rocky bluff. The trail traces the rim briefly before angling over a flat and into the forest. Signs memorialize the pets the Slavin family buried in the area in the 1900s.\n\nAt a fork, bear left and continue south along the wetlands on a double-track trail. Go a short way to a junction with a single-track trail that heads right. This is a good option in early spring or fall, but portions can be marshy in spring or shrouded with tall grass in summer. Stay left for the more dependable 0.5-mile route to the dike at the upper end of the main lake. Turn around here for a round-trip of nearly 4 miles.\n\nBut if conditions allow, continue across the earthen dike and bear right into the woods. The trail here dips and can be knee-deep in water during spring.\n\nTurn right at a junction to head north on high ground on the west side of the main lake. (Shorebirds join waterfowl here, as water recedes and exposes mud along the lake's edge.) Bear right at the next two junctions, keeping the water almost always in sight to your right as you wind through the pine woodlands to the end of the main lake and your turnaround point at 2.9 miles. Although the trail continues down into deep grass and loops into a meadow and back to the trailhead, it's a better hike to retrace your steps.\n\nReturn to the dike, cross it, and take the familiar high (dry) or low (may be wet or grassy) route. To make a loop, stay straight at the junction with the trail that leads to the unofficial pet cemetery. The way wraps below a bluff and into the woods. Then it turns sharply left and crosses a meadow (can be wet in spring). Bear right onto Diamond Lane. Shortly after, bear left onto a single-track through a timbered flat and continue straight past spur trails. The trail winds through hawthorns, aspens, and prolific spring wildflowers.\n\nSoon the trail breaks into the open meadow. Halfway across the open area, turn right and walk 0.2 mile east to the trailhead. A small post office once sat near the high point of the meadow, about 100 yards from the trailhead.\n\n  Palisades Park\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 4.2 miles | 520 feet\/2200 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane SW, and Palisades Park map, www.palisadesnw.com; **Contact:** Spokane City Parks and Recreation Department, (509) 625-6200, www.spokaneparks.org; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 39.281 W 117 29.175\n\n  _**Palisades Park offers one of the best cityscape views of Spokane while also letting you slip away into native wild-lands. And don't miss the outstanding example of 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps rock masonry that many visitors overlook. This city park is a walker's gift, rescued from trash dumpers and partiers by citizen volunteers working with the city to block out motorized vehicles.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom southwest Spokane at the intersection of Government Way and Sunset Boulevard, drive 0.8 mile north on Government Way. Turn left (west) on Greenwood Road. Drive 1 mile on Greenwood, bearing right at the fork with Indian Canyon Road, and turn left on the gravel road to the parking spots (elev. 2175 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nWalk across Greenwood Road to the trail-head sign on Rimrock Drive. This area is brilliant with blooming balsamroot in April. Portions of trails can be wet or muddy in spring. Begin hiking to the left of the signs on Trail No. 101. Go nearly 0.3 mile and turn left at a junction with a spur trail coming from Rimrock Drive. The route forks at about 0.8 mile. Go left on Trail No. 122. (Trail No. 101 to the right is a shortcut).\n\nTrail No. 122 follows a fence line and crosses a seasonal wet spot. At a T with the Fairchild Air Force Base water pipeline road, turn right. At the junction with Rimrock Drive (overlooking Fort Wright and Spokane Falls Community College), turn right again and soak in views from Spokane all the way to Mount Spokane in the distance.\n\nRimrock Drive traverses a splendid bit of CCC stone work, forming a bridge over a small seasonal creek. Cross the bridge and walk out on the point to look back and appreciate it.\n\nContinue on Rimrock Drive about 60 yards to the end of the roadside boulders and drop left sharply into a slot onto Trail No. 101. As the trail begins bending left, take the single-track to the right. At the next junction with double-track Trail No. 123\/101, turn right and follow No. 101 as it goes up, then down into an open ponderosa pine forest, generally paralleling the railroad south to Greenwood Road.\n\nCross the paved road and walk through the gates to continue straight on a fire road (Trail No. 102). Where the fire road begins going up to the right, bear left and down onto the single-track connector trail, which soon switchbacks left and down to ford a creek on slippery stones. Climb up. Turn right at a trail junction and head upstream, staying above the creek on Trail No. 121 through a pleasant open-timber area.\n\nThe trail merges into the Trail No. 102 fire road near a waterfall viewpoint. The falls is a trickle in summer, but flows can be good in spring. Ice climbers practice here in winter. A steep, dangerous trail goes to the base of the falls.\n\nTo continue the loop, follow the fire road as it bends right over the top of the falls and head back downstream (north). When you reach an open flat on your left\u2014once used as a winter camp by the Spokane Indian Tribe\u2014look for a sometimes faint trail heading left through the meadow. Hike through the open area, under the power lines and into the trees, where the trail becomes more obvious.\n\nBear left at the junction with Trail No. 105 and continue toward the bluff on Trail No. 106, which climbs briefly through thick shrubs to the Greenwood parking area.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTrail No. 120 offers interesting single-track alternatives for getting off the fire road near the waterfall.\n\n_Civilian Conservation Corps built this rock bridge in Palisades Park._\n\nT. J. Meenach Bridge\u2013Fort George Wright (Spokane River)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 4.3 miles | 500 feet\/1860 feet | Feb\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NW, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 40.730 W 117 27.196\n\n  _**This unsung city walk starts on a sidewalk, enters quiet woods, and offers a chance to splash in the Spokane River before climbing to overlooks of the river valley. The loop route joins the paved Centennial Tail and passes a military cemetery that dates back to the 1800s. A neat side trip leads to a rare glimpse of where the Spokane Aquifer\u2014source of the city's drinking water\u2014springs out of a hillside.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 in Spokane, take exit 280 and drive about 1.3 miles north on Maple Street, crossing the Spokane River on the Maple Street Bridge. Turn left (west) on Maxwell Avenue and drive 1.1 miles (the road becomes Pettet Drive). Near the bottom of the grade, turn left into the parking area (elev. 1710 ft) before reaching the T. J. Meenach Bridge.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, use the crosswalk and follow the sidewalk up and along the upstream side of the T. J. Meenach Bridge for 0.2 mile to the south side of the river. The trail starts here (elev. 1740 ft) as part of the paved Spokane River Centennial Trail, bending left and heading downstream. After passing under the bridge, bear right off the Centennial Trail and onto single-track Trail No. 100.\n\n_Spring runoff floods a Spokane River beach below Fort George Wright Cemetery._\n\nSuddenly you're in the woods, away from traffic. At 0.4 mile, a trail angles off the main trail to descend closer to the shoreline. Follow it if you wish. It loops back to the main trail after a few hundred yards.\n\nAt 0.9 mile, the main trail continues past the rock foundation of a long-gone house. At 1.2 miles, angle left above the first of several utility buildings for a power substation. At 1.4 miles the trail sweeps down past the last of the buildings, out of the woods, and joins the gravel road that serves the utility site. Bear left and follow the road about a 100 yards, bearing right on a double-track trail.\n\nSeveral spur trails head to the right, to the shoreline. While the river can be fast and dangerous in high spring runoff and early summer flows, a large eddy quiets down by midsummer, making a good place to picnic or let dogs frolic.\n\nSoon you'll come to a trail heading steeply left to the Centennial Trail and the service road to the Fort George Wright Cemetery trailhead. Continue straight, climbing a single-track to a trail junction on the bluff above the river at 2 miles (elev. 1745 ft). This scenic viewpoint is a good turnaround point for a shorter hike.\n\nTo make a loop, turn left and follow the single-track to the paved Centennial Trail. Follow the Centennial Trail past the Fort George Wright Cemetery and trailhead for 2.3 miles to your car.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the turnaround, the trail continues on Trail No. 100 in Riverside State Park (Hike 80). From the south end of T. J. Meenach Bridge, a route starts below the fenced river-gauge facility and continues upstream to Riverside Memorial Park (it involves some private land). And from the parking lot on Pettet Drive, a trail runs upstream for miles, paved at first and leading in 0.1 mile to a rare opening to the Spokane Aquifer, which spills clear, cold spring water into the Spokane River.\n\n  Fort George Wright\u2013Bowl and Pitcher (Spokane River)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6.8 miles | 680 feet\/1850 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Spokane NW, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 40.864 W 117 28.756\n\n  _**Starting at the old Fort george Wright Cemetery, opened in 1899 and overlooking the Spokane River, hikers get a brief taste of the paved Spokane River Centennial Trail before breaking off on a dirt trail that's a constant companion to the Spokane River as it winds its way to the roar of the Bowl and Pitcher rapids.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom just west of Spokane Falls Community College, at the intersection of Government Way with Fort George Wright Drive, head 0.6 mile north on Government Way. Turn right on Houston Road into the Centennial Trail parking area at Fort George Wright Cemetery (elev. 1850 ft). Privy available.\n\n_Groomed grounds at Fort George Wright Cemetery; Mount Spokane in background_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking lot, bow briefly to about 650 graves of soldiers and some family members with birth dates as early as 1832.\n\nHead left (west) on the paved Centennial Trail, down a gully and up. Where the paved trail bends left, bear right past a bench and along a fence overlooking the Spokane River onto a single-track trail (Trail No. 100, likely unsigned). Pass a trail that drops to the river and a nice swimming beach in low-water conditions (part of Hike 79).\n\nStay on the main trail as it heads downstream and slices across a steep slope. Watch out for poison ivy. At 0.9 mile, the trail forks. Left goes up to more trails and a loftier view; take the right fork and drop to old ponderosa pines along the rocky shoreline just above the river. Head up an incline. You'll pass several road or trail junctions in quick succession. The rule: Stay right, keeping to the trail on the rim above the river.\n\nAt 1.5 miles, pass the Spokane sewage treatment plant across the river. It's surprisingly uneventful. At 1.9 miles, pass the junction with Trail No. 101. At 2.5 miles, pass another junction, following the rule of staying to the right, along the river. At this point, Trail No. 100 is also part of the 25-Mile Loop Trail around the core of Riverside State Park. (Another day, maybe?) Historically, the Spokane Indian Tribe stored roots in cool talus areas at the base of basalt rock formations in this area.\n\nAt 2.8 miles, a short spur goes to the right to a good overlook of the river\u2014a sweet spot to be snacking if river rafters are heading into the rapids downstream at the Bowl and Pitcher, named for the shapes of the huge basalt formations.\n\nAt about 3 miles, the trail forks, but both trails reunite shortly. (The left fork along the scree slope is easiest.) A short way farther, the trail drops to a junction. Turn right and down the steps, so you can cross the footbridge over the Spokane River and enjoy the rapids below. The Bowl and Pitcher Recreation Area here has water, toilets, and a picnic area, should you have such needs before you turn around and retrace your route.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nEnjoy trails downstream from the Bowl and Pitcher (Hike 81) or farther upstream from the Fort Wright Cemetery trailhead (Hike 79). Some walkers enjoy the paved Centennial Trail in either direction from the trailhead.\n\n  Bowl and Pitcher (Spokane River)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 5.1 miles | 180 feet\/1760 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Airway Heights, USGS Spokane NW, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open 6:30 AM\u2013dusk. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Shots might be heard from nearby shooting range; **GPS:** N 47 41.775 W 117 29.746\n\n  _**This hike has something for everyone\u2014and it's along the Spokane city limits in a choice niche of Riverside State Park. From a developed picnic area and campground, the trail crosses a footbridge over Spokane River rapids at the iconic Bowl and Pitcher basalt formations. The route hugs the river to one of the area's most notable white-water landmarks and secluded shoreline break spots. Then it climbs to overlooks and an old cliff-hanging railroad grade unknown to most park visitors.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom west Spokane, follow Fort George Wright Drive or Pettet Drive to the T. J. Meenach Bridge over the Spokane River and head downstream on Downriver Drive. Bear left onto Aubrey White Parkway into Riverside State Park. Drive 2 miles and turn left into the Bowl and Pitcher Recreation Area. (From northwest Spokane, drive west on Francis Avenue to Assembly Street, where Francis becomes Nine Mile Road (State Route 291). Continue 0.8 mile on Nine Mile Road and turn left on Rifle Club Road. Drive 0.5 mile and turn left on Aubrey White Parkway. Drive 1.3 miles and turn right into the Bowl and Pitcher Recreation Area.) Drive to the day-use parking area just past the entry station. The trailhead (elev. 1760 ft) is near a kiosk across the parking lot below the restrooms (which are closed in winter).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFollow a wheelchair-accessible path across the suspension bridge over the Spokane River. Enjoy the rapids and the Bowl and Pitcher's namesake basalt formations.\n\nOn the west side of the river, head up the steps and bear right on Trail No. 25 above the picnic shelter. At 0.3 mile, turn right at the junction with Trail Nos. 210 and 211 to continue on Trail No. 25. Bear right at any spur-trail junctions to stay along the river.\n\n_Rafters head toward Spokane River footbridge at Bowl and Pitcher basalt formations._\n\nAt 1.2 miles, pass mile marker 20 (and a spur to a low-water riverside beach). There's a good view downstream to the Devils Toenail Rapid. Its namesake basalt rock spikes out of the middle of the river, creating a white-knuckle rafting attraction. Bear right at the next two forks to a nifty overlook at Devils Toenail. From the overlook, the trail drops on a rocky stretch along the river. At high spring flows, this section can be inundated, forcing hikers up (left) to the paved Spokane River Centennial Trail.\n\nAt 1.75 miles, the trail angles up from the river and skirts the edge of the Centennial Trail before splitting right as a single-track down to a flat. At 2.5 miles, the trail forks just after coming close to the river again. A side trip right and down leads to Little Vietnam, with lush vegetation and several places to enjoy the river shoreline in low flows.\n\nTo complete the loop and get the \"high view\" of the river, bear left at this junction and again at the next one (don't go right on a trail that angles up to Gate 36). Shortly after, turn right on another trail that leads gently up to the pavement, and turn right for 50 yards on the Centennial Trail. Then turn sharply left on Trail No. 211, heading southwest along a flat for a few hundred yards to a sharp right turn on Trail No. 200. Turn left on Trail No. 201 and head up the spine of the ridge to another stair-step plateau\u2014a sweet spot between the river flats and the vertical basalt rimrock.\n\nStay right at the first unmarked fork. Hike a short way to another fork and go left on Trail No. 25\/210 (right leads to a neat spur, at Trail No. 25 mile-marker 3, built by mountain bikers). As the way bends left and begins heading downhill, Trail Nos. 210 and 25 split. Continue straight on Trail No. 210, cross the Centennial Trail, and come to a familiar junction with Trail Nos. 211 and 25. Turn right to return to your car.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the junction of Trail Nos. 210 and 25 near the end of the loop, turn right and head uphill on Trail No. 25 to an abandoned railway that hangs almost imperceptibly on a ledge around the rimrock. Explore it in either direction.\n\n  Deep Creek Canyon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/4 | 4.6 miles | 900 feet\/2200 feet | Apr\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Nine Mile Falls, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 46.319 W 117 33.128\n\n  _**Deep Creek Canyon is its own little world within sprawling Riverside State Park. An intermittent stream dropping decisively to join the Spokane River is confined by basalt cliffs towering as high as 300 feet above and narrowing as close as 60 feet across. Lush greenery is unceremoniously interrupted by bulging basalt outcroppings and swaths of scree resembling explosion rubble. Blue-green swallows swoop through the canyon and ospreys nest nearby. The highlight might be climbing from the bowels of Deep Creek Canyon to Pine Bluff and savoring where you've been from a bird's-eye view.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the intersection of Francis Avenue and Assembly Street in northwest Spokane, head west toward Nine Mile Falls on Francis Avenue, which becomes Nine Mile Road (State Route 291). Drive 6.1 miles and turn left at Nine Mile Dam onto Charles Road. Drive 0.1 mile, crossing the Spokane River, and turn left on Carlson Road. Drive 0.4 mile and turn right into the Spokane River Centennial Trail trailhead parking area (elev. 1590 ft). Privy available.\n\n_Basalt towers stand guard over Deep Creek._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nHike back down the road a short way and descend through the gate on the Centennial Trail. Follow the paved route above the Nine Mile Reservoir portion of the Spokane River. Taking note of trail options on the right to explore later, cross the bridge, pass the picnic site at Deep Creek, and continue on the Centennial Trail up the hill. At 1.1 miles, turn right and hike the road that leads 0.4 mile to the Deep Creek Overlook. Enjoy the views of unique basalt formations and down into Deep Creek Canyon.\n\nContinue up the road another 0.3 mile and drop sharply to the right on Trail No. 25, which plunges to the canyon bottom. This trail is part of a 25-mile loop through Riverside State Park, and you'll encounter it several times on this hike.\n\nTurn right and follow the creekbed a short distance before the trail heads up the other side. Gain a bluff to the junction with Trail No. 411 (a side trip right leads into a moonscape of basalt outcroppings and scree). Continue on Trail No. 25 uphill to a junction and turn left on the connector trail that leads up toward Pine Bluff.\n\nAt the top of the switchbacks, turn right on Trail No. 410. Go a few hundred yards up to an opening and take the trail to the right to an overlook of the Spokane River and Nine Mile Dam. The trail works up a secondary bluff to the higher Pine Bluff and another good overlook. Ospreys nest on the power-line poles below. Bring binoculars in summer for the rare opportunity to look _down_ into a nest and possibly see osprey chicks.\n\nPast the power lines, reach a junction that reunites you with Trail No. 25. Turn right on the double-track trail. It heads up and then loops down through the ponderosa pines along the power lines, winding to a T junction with a service road.\n\nTurn right, go 30 yards, and turn right again to continue on Trail No. 25. Go another 30 yards and turn right yet again, to continue on Trail No. 25. Eventually the trail drops to a junction with Trail No. 401. Bear left and continue down to another junction, where you turn right on Trail No. 402.\n\nAs you descend and pass another junction with Trail No. 25, Trail 402 narrows to a single-track for its last leg\u2014with a view over Nine Mile Reservoir\u2014to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nRestart the loop along the Centennial Trail to Deep Creek Bridge and enjoy a well-deserved picnic. Then explore trails up from the picnic area into interesting rock formations.\n\nIndian Painted Rocks\u2013Saint George's School (Little Spokane River)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 4.7 miles | 600 feet\/1790 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Dartford, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. No dogs or bikes allowed in natural area. Buggy in summer; **GPS:** N 47 46.826 W 117 29.745\n\n  _**The 1993-acre Little Spokane River Natural Area, protecting more than 7 miles of the serpentine river's corridor on the north edge of Spokane, is one of the region's richest wildlife habitats. It's distinguished for attracting a spring-summer diversity of bird species unmatched in the region. This route explores the best hiking along the river stretch between Indian Painted Rocks and the Saint George's School area.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Maple Street in north Spokane, head 1 mile west on Francis Avenue (State Route 291). Turn right (north) on Indian Trail Road and drive 4.7 miles to a junction with Rutter Parkway. Continue straight onto the parkway, dropping down to the Little Spokane River. Shortly after crossing a bridge, turn left into the Indian Painted Rocks parking area (also popular with river paddlers) and trailhead (elev. 1420 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the Indian Painted Rocks trailhead, walk south on Rutter Parkway (stay to the edge of the road and be careful of traffic), cross to the south side of the Little Spokane River, and look for the trailhead to the left. The trail leads upstream and across a huge meadow that gets tall with grass during summer.\n\nAt 0.7 mile, the trail begins ascending a single-track into a forest of granite outcroppings and gullies, passing a cattail-lined wetland. After hiking up and out of an enchanting ravine at 1.3 miles, bear left at a fork. Hike 0.3 mile to an overlook of Saint George's School. Then backtrack a short way and look for the easy-to-miss trail heading left (south) up to a gated double-track trail.\n\nAt the gate, turn right on the double-track and hike a short way to a junction with another double-track. Right heads back to the trailhead. To make a loop, turn left on the double-track and hike through a section of thinned forest to another gate. Turn right at the gate onto a single-track that leads back to the granite-lined \"enchanted ravine.\"\n\nTurn left at the ravine and follow the main trail 1.3 miles back to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the gate above Saint George's School, go left through the gate instead of right. The mostly double-track trail leads 2.5 miles upstream to a trailhead near the Spokane Fish Hatchery, with a spur option to a view of Mount Spokane. This route includes an abrupt 500-foot ascent followed by easy walking below Five Mile Prairie to a prettier but similarly abrupt 540-foot descent to the hatchery trailhead off Waikiki Road. The hatchery, fed by a pure spring right out of the Spokane Aquifer, is worth a visit.\n\n_Wild turkey gobbler on Little Spokane River Trail_\n\n  Little Spokane River Overlook\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 6.5 miles | 1150 feet\/2470 feet | Apr\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Dartford, USGS Nine Mile Falls, state park map; **Contact:** Riverside State Park, (509) 465-5064, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open 6:30AM\u2013dusk. No dogs or bikes allowed in natural area. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 47 46.973 W 117 29.788\n\n  _**The Little Spokane River Natural Area, managed by Riverside State Park, got an upland boost with the addition of the Van Horn, Edburg, Bass woodlands secured through Spokane County Conservation Futures. While most visitors hike or paddle in the river valley, this 701-acre property takes you from the depths of the river canyon to a high overlook, offering a top-to-bottom perspective of the habitats that attract waterfowl and eagles, muskrats and beavers, raccoons and coyotes, rattlesnakes and mountain lions, deer and moose.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Maple Street in north Spokane, head 1 mile west on Francis Avenue (State Route 291). Turn right (north) on Indian Trail Road. Drive 4.7 miles to a junction with Rutter Parkway. Continue straight onto the parkway, dropping down to the Little Spokane River. Shortly after crossing a bridge, turn left into the parking area (popular with river paddlers) and trailhead (elev. 1420 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the Indian Painted Rocks trailhead, the kid-friendly version of this hike simply follows the trail along the Little Spokane River as far out and back as the kids want to go. For the longer loop, head the other way, north past the toilets, away from the river. After a short way, the trail bends back to a gate off Rutter Parkway. Turn left here onto the double-track trail. (This is an alternate access point, with limited parking.)\n\nThe route goes up a draw, previously logged but regaining its natural, wild stature. Nearing the head of the timbered draw, turn left on a single track that will switchback up the other side and rejoin the double track on the ridge. This can be a midday hot stretch, but by evening it's shady. At 2.5 miles, the trail gains the ridge, a mostly untouched area of timber, native plants, and basalt outcroppings. Views to the right include the Spokane River and down into Lake Spokane (Long Lake).\n\nContinue up to a bench, where the trail bends left and off the ridge. At this point, a single-track spur trail heads to the right a couple hundred yards to big granite boulders for an excellent vista at 2.7 miles. This knob is locally known as Knothead. Look south to the Deep Creek basalt outcroppings (Hike 82) and the Nine Mile area of Riverside State Park, location of the Spokane River Centennial Trail terminus. Look southwest to the Spokane airport area and down to SR 291 and the boat launch at the confluence of the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers (a short off-trail walk southeast to another knob offers a view down toward the Little Spokane River to where you began).\n\n_Near Knothead, overlooking Spokane River_\n\nBacktrack to the junction at the bench and turn right. Hike through parklike openings on the south-facing slope. After a few minutes, turn left on a nifty single-track re-route that eventually returns to the double track. Just before a gate at River Park Lane, the trail turns left toward SR 291. Drop a couple hundred yards, cross the paved road, and descend toward the Little Spokane River.\n\nWatch for a marker where the trail makes a 90-degree right turn. The trail winds around a bluff with a good view up the Little Spokane River valley before making another drop down to River Park Lane and a trailhead off of SR 291 at nearly 5 miles. Make a hard left turn off the pavement onto the trail that parallels the river 1.6 miles back to your start at Indian Painted Rocks.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSee Indian Painted Rocks (Hike 83).\n\n  McLellan Conservation Area\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 3.8 miles | 380 feet\/1760 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Tumtum, USGS Four Mound Prairie, McLellan Conservation Area map; **Contact:** Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash. Shots might be heard from distant shooting range; **GPS:** N 47 52.489 W 117 41.463\n\n  _**Just west of Riverside State Park, the McLellan Conservation Area\u2014secured by Spokane County Conservation Futures\u2014preserves 410 acres on a scenic bend of Lake Spokane (the confusing name for the Spokane River reservoir behind Long Lake Dam). The area includes 1.5 miles of shoreline and adjoins a 640-acre parcel managed by the Department of Natural Resources. The thinned ponderosa and Douglas-fir forest and shoreline habitats are important year-round for wildlife large and small. April through May is prime time to enjoy the riot of wildflowers. At the time of this writing, no formal trail was maintained. But the route is easy to find.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the intersection of Francis Avenue and Assembly Street in northwest Spokane, drive 6.1 miles west toward Nine Mile Falls on Francis Avenue, which becomes Nine Mile Road (State Route 291). At Nine Mile Dam, turn left on Charles Road. Cross the Spokane River, continue 5 miles (passing Sontag County Park), and turn right onto South Bank Road. Go 5.8 miles, turn right onto McLellan Lane, and drive 0.8 mile to the trailhead at road's end (elev. 1760 ft).\n\n_McLellan hikers rise above Lake Spokane anglers._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAt the gate, follow the fence to the left (west), after which there's a more discernible trail. Leave this trail where it bends right and continue straight along the bluff to a natural overlook by an old-growth tree above Lake Spokane (previously called Long Lake). Turn right from the overlook and hike cross-country, keeping the bluff and the reservoir on your left and letting them be your guide.\n\nContour to the right along a deep ravine until it's shallow enough to let you drop down to an old road. Follow the road left and down to a parklike spot at the water's edge. Then either backtrack up the road or walk a short way upstream and climb a steep ridge back up. Either way, continue following the bluff. After a long flat area, the route stair-steps down to a lower bluff. (Look for a pet memorial.) Drop down to the lower bluff when convenient and look for an old cabin site at 2 miles.\n\nThen follow the faint road southeastward from the cabin. The old track is often littered with downfall and droppings from wild turkeys. Bear right at a junction with another faint road (it heads left toward the reservoir and fades away). Soon you'll enter a more open area of timber thinned for fire control. Some private buildings stand along the shore to the left.\n\nContinue up on the road and bear right. The road eventually leads to a gate. From here, the road swings to the right and then back up to the fence and the trailhead. Or, leave the road and head cross-country, keeping the fence on your left.\n\n## columbia plateau\n\n_Big Sky Country\u2014the Beezley Hills_\n\nThe Columbia Plateau (also referred to as the Columbia Basin) is a sprawling area south and east of the Columbia River consisting of ancient basalt flows scoured and shaped by Ice Age floods into channeled scablands. Within the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains, the Columbia Plateau sees the lowest amount of rainfall in the state. But massive irrigation projects have transformed large parts of it into croplands and vineyards. Sparsely populated in its northern reaches, its southern reaches consist of one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the country. A land of sagebrush-steppe, canyons, coulees, sand dunes, and mesas, the plateau possesses incredible geological and biological diversity. Public lands scattered across it provide excellent hiking opportunities for discovering a land that lacks big mountains\u2014but is big on wide-open spaces and scenic delights.\n\n  Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge Auto Tour Trails\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/1 | 3 miles | 110 feet\/2290 feet | Mar-Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Cheney, refuge brochure; **Contact:** Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 235-4723, www.fws.gov\/turnbull; **Notes:** Federal pass or $3 vehicle fee Mar 1\u2013Oct 31. Open daylight hours. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Stay on designated roads and trails; **GPS:** N 47 26.321 W 117 32.052\n\n  _**This easy-going hike combines two trails that are part of an auto tour in the Turn-bull National Wildlife Refuge. The Kepple Peninsula Trail leads to a wildlife observation blind as it loops from open area, into pine forest, and along the shore of Kepple Lake. Then hike (or drive) 0.4 mile to the 30-Acre Lake Trail for an out-and-back walk featuring aspens and cattails.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the intersection of 1st and K Streets at the south end of Cheney's business district, turn east onto Cheney-Plaza Road toward Williams Lake. Drive 4.2 miles south and turn left on Smith Road toward Turnbull Refuge headquarters. Stop at the self-pay station on the right and check the maps. Continue 1.8 miles (past a parking area, kiosks, and restrooms), and turn left on the Pine Creek Auto Tour route. Drive past the Blackhorse Lake trailhead at 0.7 mile on the tour route, then pass the south trailhead for 30-Acre Lake at 1.1 miles, then pass the Kepple Lake Overlook trailhead at 2.3 miles. Finally, after 2.6 miles, pull into the Kepple Peninsula Interpretive Trail parking area (elev. 2280 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart on the paved wheelchair-accessible trail with interpretive signs for an easy walk to a wildlife-viewing blind at the far end of the peninsula that juts into Kepple Lake. Continue the loop clockwise by following the single-track dirt trail along the wetlands from the waterfowl exhibit back to the trailhead.\n\nThen walk (or drive) another 0.4 mile on the tour route to the 30-Acre Lake north trailhead. Hike through the gate onto the double-track trail that heads through open forest and past aspens and scablands.\n\nSoon you'll see a fenced enclosure on the right that's part of a study to see how well aspens regenerate when they're protected from elk foraging. The plots indicate that elk have had a devastating impact on the aspens, which are important to a variety of wildlife. The research was part of the scientific justification for allowing controlled hunting seasons on portions of the refuge (not around the auto tour route or public-use trails).\n\n_Kepple Lake is one of Turnbull's easy strolls._\n\nMIMA MOUNDS: A MYSTERY\n\nOn hikes such as the Pine Lakes Loop (Hike 87) in Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge and Fishtrap Lake (Hike 109), hikers will notice mima (MY-ma) mounds and wonder: What created these clumps of rock and grass that can be 4\u20136 feet tall and 30 feet wide, together looking like a junkyard of giant baseball pitcher's mounds? Scientists wonder too.\n\nResearchers who looked into the matter by digging through mima mounds debunked the myth that they're Native American burial sites. But they turned up no conclusive answers, just dozens of hypotheses: freeze-and-thaw cycles, erosion, wind working with vegetation, earthquakes, flood cycles, volcanic eruptions\u2014giant prehistoric prairie dogs? Your guess is as good as theirs.\n\nAlthough Eastern Washington offers many examples of these geological attractions, a 445-acre Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve in Western Washington south of Olympia is dedicated to revealing them to the public. The state-protected area has a good walking path.\n\nFor information, visit Washington Trails Association, www.wta.org\/go-hiking\/hikes\/mima-mounds.\n\n\u2014 _R. L._\n\nTules gobble up most of 30-Acre Lake, with little water showing much of the year. Reach the south trailhead after 0.75 mile and retrace your steps. Consider leaving a bike at the south trailhead during your drive in and pedaling the tour route back to the Kepple Peninsula trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHike the other three short trails along the auto tour route mentioned in the Getting There directions. On the drive out, stop at 4.4 miles around the tour loop to bag the Blackhorse Lake Boardwalk.\n\n  Pine Lakes\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6 miles | 400 feet\/2375 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Cheney, refuge brochure; **Contact:** Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 235-4723, www.fws.gov\/turnbull; **Notes:** Federal pass or $3 vehicle fee Mar 1\u2013Oct 31. Open daylight hours. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Stay on designated roads and trails; **GPS:** N47 24.891 W117 32.283\n\n  **_The diked lakes and marshes on Pine Creek are a magnet for waterfowl and other wildlife, including some standouts, such as trumpeter swans. You'll get a flavor for the refuge's habitat diversity by following the featured loop as it ranges from the creek basin to the open grasslands and potholes that border farmed fields._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the intersection of 1st and K Streets at the south end of Cheney's business district, turn east onto Cheney-Plaza Road toward Williams Lake. Drive 4.2 miles south and turn left on Smith Road toward Turnbull Refuge headquarters. Stop at the self-pay station on the right and check the maps. Continue 1.5 miles to the trailhead parking area and kiosk (elev. 2260 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, cross the road to the Pine Lakes Loop trailhead and check out Winslow Pool observation area before proceeding down on the paved path. Hike past Winslow Pool, a favorite area for red-wing blackbirds and a variety of waterfowl, including migrating tundra and nesting trumpeter swans. At the first junction, bear right and continue down along the next pool. During spring and early summer, the paved trail is often littered with the droppings of geese and coyotes. The trail soon bends left and crosses the earthen dike at the end of Middle Pond.\n\n_Trumpeter swans return to Turnbull as soon as winter ice recedes._\n\nAt a Y junction, bear right onto the gravel path (left leads to an observation blind and the way you'll return to the trailhead at the end of this hike). Go a short way to a junction and turn right at 0.75 mile. Go a short way farther to another junction, and turn right onto a gravel roadway that is your path heading south into a more open area along the Pine Lakes. Scoured by Ice Age floods, the landscape features \"scabs\" of basalt rock exposed above rich soil and wetlands.\n\nAt the next junction, make a mental note that you'll return here, from the left. Continue straight, and at 1.6 miles come to the dike at the end of Pine Lakes. Turn left and head up onto the Stubblefield Trail. Hike briefly to the next junction and turn left through the former fence gate and into a pine forest thinned for fire control in the years just after 2000.\n\nSoon the trail breaks into open range land. The route can have numerous wet spots during spring, as the scablands basalt foundation prevents water from soaking into the ground. At the next junction, bear left away from the fence. Stubblefield Lake, on your right, dries up significantly by late summer.\n\nThe trail stays in the open, but tracks of critters such as elk and deer suggest that you may have observers just inside the forests on each side. Soon the route arches gradually over the trek's high point (elev. 2375 ft) before bending down to a familiar junction. Turn right on the Pine Lakes Trail and return to the trailhead, looping by the observation blind to return via the east side of Middle Pond.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFive short trails can be accessed along the refuge's 5.4-mile Pine Creek Auto Tour (see Hike 86, Turnball National Wildlife Refuge).\n\n  Frenchman Coulee\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 4 miles | 100 feet\/875 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Map:** USGS Babcock Ridge; **Contact:** Washington Department of Fish and Wild-life, Columbia Basin Wildlife Area, Moses Lake, 509-765-6641, <http:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas>; **Notes:** Discover Pass required; **GPS:** N 4701.381 W 119 59.516\n\n  **_Follow an old jeep track on an easy journey through a harsh landscape of sage, sand, and basalt. Frenchman Coulee is small but impressive, with its imposing canyon walls, sculptured rock formations, and plummeting waterfall. Marvel at the old highway blasted into steep canyon walls and spanning deep clefts. Summer can be blistering hot and winter blustery and bone-chilling. But fall is delightful, with agreeable temperatures, and spring simply divine, when the canyon floor comes alive in a dazzling display of blossoms._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Moses Lake, follow I-90 west to exit 143, turning right (north) onto Silica Road. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 143, turning left onto Silica Road.) Proceed 0.8 mile and turn left onto Vantage Road (old Highway 10). Follow this road west for 3.6 miles down into Frenchman Coulee, passing popular pull-outs for climbers and coming to the trailhead on your right (elev. 875 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStarting on a shelf at the edge of the Columbia River, head east on an old jeep track. Closed to motorized travel, it's obvious from the tire tracks that scofflaws can't read or don't care about this regulation meant to protect this fragile environment. Managed by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Frenchman Coulee is part of the multiunit 192,000-acre Columbia Basin Wildlife Area, consisting of outstanding sagebrush-steppe ecosystems, including the nearby Ancient and Dusty Lakes. A popular hunting area, be sure to don orange when hiking here in the fall.\n\n_Seasonal waterfall at the head of Frenchman Coulee_\n\nAt just shy of 0.2 mile, come to a Y junction (elev. 845 ft). The way left travels north along Babcock Bench, offering some good views of the Columbia River (here dammed as Wanapum Lake) and Whiskey Dick Mountain (long-winded here, with its turbines) rising behind it. Bear right instead to journey up the coulee.\n\nThe track parallels the old highway, coming pretty close to it at about 0.4 mile before the road pulls away to start climbing out of the coulee. The old jeep track stays pretty level while canyon walls flanking the north and south rise precipitously. At 0.8 mile, come to another jeep-track junction (elev. 825 ft). The track left leads back to meet the one you started on 0.4 mile north of where you left it. Consider returning that way for some variation. Meanwhile, head right to continue your journey into the heart of the coulee.\n\nAt 0.9 mile, skirt the base of some steep, stark basalt cliffs littered with rusting car parts and other debris. Look up at the old highway blasted into ledges and spanning deep chasms. Try to envision cars puttering up this highway back in the 1930s and 1940s under a scorching hot sun, pulling over in distress with steam spouting from radiator caps.\n\nThe tread now gets a little sandier and softer, hence the slower walking. Skirt big talus slopes that harbor reptiles and small mammals. Now well below the highway and away from popular climbing spots, engine and human sounds are replaced by wind and birdsong and the falling water from the nearing cascade.\n\nPass beneath high-tension power lines and begin angling north toward a creek cascading from the coulee rim. At 2 miles, reach the base (elev. 875 ft) of the cascade near a big talus slope. The flow is regulated by runoff and by irrigation needs from above, which means it sometimes dries up. Willows and sage along the outflow indicate that water does flow this way on occasion.\n\n_KLAHOWYA TILLICUM_ : CHINOOK JARGON\n\nMany place names in Eastern Washington, like much of the Pacific Northwest, come from the Chinook Jargon. Not an actual language, Chinook is a collection of several hundred words drawn from various Native American languages (primarily Coast Salish) as well as English and French. It was used as a trade language among Native peoples, Europeans, and American settlers and explorers in the Pacific Northwest throughout the nineteenth century. A unique part of our Pacific Northwest cultural heritage, Chinook names are sprinkled throughout our landscape. Below are some Chinook words you may encounter when hiking in Eastern Washington:\n\n_chuck_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . water, river, stream\n\n_cultus_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bad, worthless\n\n_elip_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . first, in front of\n\n_hyas_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . big, powerful, mighty\n\n_ipsoot_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hidden\n\n_kimtah_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . behind, after\n\n_klahowya_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hello, greetings, how are you?\n\n_klip_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . deep, sunken\n\n_lemolo_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wild, crazy\n\n_lolo_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carry, lift\n\n_memaloose_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dead\n\n_mesachie_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bad, evil, dangerous\n\n_moolock_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . elk\n\n_muckamuck_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . food\n\n_ollalie_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . berries\n\n_pil_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . red\n\n_saghalie_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . above, high, on top, sacred\n\n_sitkum_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . half of something, part of something\n\n_skookum_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . big, strong, mighty\n\n_tenas_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . small, weak, children\n\n_tillicum_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . friend, people\n\n_tupso_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pasture, grass\n\n_tyee_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chief, leader\n\n\u2014 _C. R._\n\nAdmire the falls and the ravens and raptors that ride the thermals above it. Marvel, too, at the depth and scope of the coulee from here, deep inside it. Scout around, noting the scattered debris warranting a much needed cleanup of the canyon. During springtime delight in the dazzling floral carpet.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIt is possible to continue beyond the waterfall, picking up a good jeep track once more and following it for about 0.4 mile up and out of the coulee. It emerges 2 miles east from the trailhead. Return the same way or walk the road back for a loop. Consider hiking the track along Babcock Bench to a nice knoll about 1.3 miles from the trailhead, with good views of the Columbia River.\n\n  Quincy Lakes\n\n**Ancient Lakes**\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 4.4 miles | 280 feet\/1000 feet | Feb\u2013Nov\n\n**Dusty Lake**\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6 miles | 350 feet\/1000 feet | Feb\u2013Nov\n\n**Map:** USGS Babcock Ridge; **Contact:** Washington Department of Fish and Wild-life, Columbia Basin Wildlife Area, Moses Lake, 509-765-6641, <http:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas>; **Notes:** Discover Pass required; **GPS:** N 4709.610 W 119 58.845\n\n  **_Hike to a series of pothole lakes lying within deep basalt canyons carved by ancient glacial floodwaters. Follow old jeep tracks beneath stark cliffs and across sage-scented flats and along grassy slopes. One of the most popular hiking destinations in the Channeled Scablands and Columbia Basin, the Quincy Lakes are especially delightful in spring, with its ample sunshine and profuse wildflowers._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Moses Lake, follow I-90 west to exit 151. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 149). Then head north on State Route 281 for 5 miles, turning left onto White Trail Road (Rd 5 NW). Continue 7.8 miles, turning left onto Rd 9 NW. (From Wenatchee, follow SR 28 east for 26 miles to White Trail Road, 0.7 mile beyond the rest area. Then proceed south 1 mile, turning right onto Rd 9 NW.) After 2.2 miles, the pavement ends and the road becomes Ancient Lakes Road. Continue 3.7 miles to the road's end and trailhead (elev. 1000 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart on an old jeep track long closed to vehicles and head south through open country along the Babcock Bench, which rises several hundred feet above the Columbia River. The wide track is perfect for those skittish about hiking in snake country. Winter is best for totally avoiding these necessary components of this ecosystem as well as for escaping the stifling heat of summer.\n\nMeander beneath a mesa, across sage flats, and along wetlands of cattails and willows. The wetlands as well as the lakes were an unintended consequence of irrigation projects begun in the 1940s in the Columbia Basin. Seepage from canals created these oases, which have since become wildlife havens.\n\nAt 0.4 mile, pass a not-so-obvious trail leading left for the Ancient Lakes. The main (preferred) way (elev. 940 ft) to the lakes is reached at 0.6 mile. Turn left here, following a secondary jeep track into the well-vegetated Potholes Coulee. The way descends about 40 feet and then regains it, climbing a small knoll that overlooks the first of the three Ancient Lakes.\n\nThen follow a boot-beaten path down off the knoll to a small grassy rise (elev. 830 ft) between the lakes. The path ends at 2.2 miles at the base (elev. 860 ft) of the coulee wall, where there are some good views overlooking two of the lakes and a waterfall crashing from above the coulee rim. Roam at will, letting western meadowlarks serenade you.\n\nFor Dusty Lake, which attracts fewer visitors because of its longer approach and harsher setting, bypass the Ancient Lakes turnoff and continue straight. Ignoring side tracks, round a ridge (elev. 990 ft) that separates the coulees housing Dusty and the Ancient Lakes, and take in good views west of Whiskey Dick's wind farm and the Colockum country. Then descend and cross beneath some high-tension power lines (ubiquitous in the Columbia Basin). And at 1.5 miles, near a power-line tower, come to a junction (elev. 900 ft).\n\nBear left, following a good track into Potholes Coulee, slowly climbing its broad sage-filled bottom (elev. 950 ft) before descending to Dusty Lake (elev. 850 ft) at 3 miles. The lake is set beneath talus slopes and stark canyon walls. Listen to water crashing from the rim, to wind whistling across the coulee bottom, to the birds and insects of the sagebrush-steppe. Good campsites (often occupied on weekend nights) invite you to hang around and listen to coyotes' and owls' calls all night.\n\n_Dusty Lake lies beneath stark basalt walls._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nA short but highly scenic trail starts from the coulee rim and drops into the canyon, passing several small ponds on its way to the east shore of Dusty Lake. Trail access is from the U road that traverses the Quincy Lakes Unit of the Columbia Basin Wildlife Area. Due to repeated vandalism, the road may be closed, but it's open to foot traffic.\n\n  Beezley Hills\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 2.2 miles | 250 feet\/2800 feet | Mar\u2013Nov\n\n**Maps:** USGS Monument Hills, USGS Ephrata SW; **Contact:** Washington Nature Conservancy, (206) 343-4345, www.nature.org\/washington; **GPS:** N 47 19.109 W 119 47.982\n\n  **_The Beezley Hills stretch from the Columbia River to Ephrata and consist of some of the finest and wildest sagebrush-steppe habitat remaining in the state. Named after an early rancher, the hills are dotted with springs that provide exceptional breeding and foraging grounds for a wide array of species, including pygmy rabbits, badgers, sage grouse, and prairie falcons. The Nature Conservancy began establishing a preserve here in the late 1990s, and it now totals more than 30,000 acres. The preserve also harbors rare plants, including sulphur lupine, which sports white blossoms. The pink-blossomed hedgehog cactus grows in profusion. Listen for bluebird song in the windswept, sage-scented slopes. Watch the sun rise above the channeled Columbia Plateau, or watch it set behind a frosty wall of Cascade peaks._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Moses Lake, follow I-90 west to exit 151. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 149.) Then head north on State Route 281 for 10 miles to its junction with SR 28 in Quincy. Turn right (east) on SR 28 (F Street SE), continuing 0.8 mile. Just before reaching West Canal, turn left onto Columbia Way (which becomes P Street) and continue north. At 3.1 miles, the pavement ends and the road becomes Monument Hill Road. Follow this good gravel road for 4.1 miles to the trailhead (elev. 2800 ft), located near a spur road to communication towers. Park on the road shoulder.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nPass through a stile and follow an old jeep track through wide-open country. A fainter set of tracks diverge left\u2014it meets back up with the main track after 0.25 mile. Soak up the sun and breezes and admire the farmed plains to the south, Moses Lake to the east, and lofty Mission Ridge to the west. In spring the way is muddy, with fresh imprints from passing critters. By later in the summer the ground is hard and cracked.\n\n_This Nature Conservancy Preserve is renowned for its hedgehog cacti._\n\nThe way bends southeast and slowly descends. Early in the season the hills can appear drab. But come here in April and May and be treated to a dazzling floral display. Balsamroot, buckwheat, bitterroot, blue-bells, lupine, phlox, desert parsley, larkspur, prairie starflower, and others brighten the landscape. Start looking for hedgehog cacti as you approach a flat after a short little drop. They appear as spiny little barrels perched among lichen-covered rocks.\n\nAt about 1.1 miles, the old jeep track reaches a small knoll (elev. 2550 ft) and then peters out. Return the way you came.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIt's possible to continue exploring by following game trails, but be sure to walk softly on the land, and don't leave the preserve and stray onto abutting private property. In nearby Ephrata you can hike through the eastern extent of the Beezley Hills on a series of service roads and trails. Access is from Cyrus Road (reached from 1st Avenue near the canal). Trails are numerous and unmarked, but city officials hope to eventually develop the area into a major park. Also consider exploring the Moses Coulee section of the Nature Conservancy Preserve. Dutch Henry Falls near Jameson Lake (accessed from Jameson Lake Road off of US Highway 2) offers some nice roaming on quiet trails through spectacular canyon country.\n\n  Steamboat Rock\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 3.2 miles | 760 feet\/2300 feet | year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Steamboat Rock SW, USGS Steamboat Rock SE, state park map online (not accurate); **Contact:** Steamboat Rock State Park, (509) 663-1304, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 47 51.837 W 119 07.305\n\n  **_Stand upon this massive basaltic butte within the Grand Coulee and try to visualize the floods of biblical proportions that carved out the Channeled Scablands of the Columbia Plateau. Marvel at the man-made lake now flooding the surrounding canyon, and cherish the extraordinarybeauty of this harsh but ecologically vibrant landscape. Roam Steamboat Rock's rim, watching for deer, jackrabbits, wrens, and swallows. And come in spring when the rock is awash in a riot of blossoms._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow US Highway 2 west to Wilbur and turn right (north) onto State Route 21. After 0.25 mile, bear left onto SR 174 and follow it for 19 miles to its junction with SR 155 in Grand Coulee. Turn left and follow SR 155 south for 10.1 miles, turning right onto the Steamboat Rock State Park entrance road. (From Wenatchee, follow SR 2 east to 2 miles beyond Coulee City, bearing left onto SR 155. Continue 15.6 miles north on SR 155, turning left onto the park entrance road.) Proceed 2 miles to park entrance gate. Continue another mile, passing campgrounds, to the day-use area and trailhead (elev. 1580 ft). Privy available.\n\n_Dramatic views of Banks Lake from Steamboat Rock_\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStarting in open sagebrush-steppe that comes alive in April, particularly with lupine and balsamroot blossoms, hike toward the basaltic behemoth. The trail heads for a gap between the two \"summits\" of the mesa-like rock. Pass a draw harboring a few pines and trudge across some sandy tread before marching beneath the base of the hulking rock.\n\nAt 0.3 mile, come to a junction (elev. 1750 ft) at a couple of picnic tables set among five lonely ponderosa pines. The trail left leads to the Dune Loop Campground. The trail and service road straight lead to the Sage Loop Campground. You want to head right\u2014straight up a steep scree slope to a small cleft in the wall of the rock. Watch your footing; you'll need the use of your hands in a few places. Admire Steamboat Rock's stark face as you clamber up this passage to its heights. Notice all the lichens growing on the basalt and adding blotches of green and orange to the gray.\n\nThe grade eases after 0.1 mile. Grasses and flowers and big glacial erratics line the way. At 0.6 mile on a shelf, high on the rock, reach a junction (elev. 2100 ft). Maps show either two loops or one giant loop circling the top of the rock. Don't believe them\u2014it's more like one obscure loop and one out-and-back. But you really can't get lost on this 600-plus-acre rock, since steep drop-offs keep you from wandering too far!\n\nThe best explorations lie to the right along a well-defined path, so follow it. After a short, steep climb, crest the grassy plateau (elev. 2270 ft). Now walk along the rim (use caution), watching swallows skim the sky. Admire Northrup Canyon directly east and Banks Lake, which nearly surrounds you. Nature made the coulee thanks to great Ice Age floods (see \"In the Wake of Ice Age Floods\" sidebar). But man made the nearly 30-mile-long lake, part of the massive Columbia Basin Project. Water from the Columbia River is pumped into the Grand Coulee and stored for irrigation for nearly 700,000 acres across the Columbia Plateau. It is the largest water-reclamation project in the country and it has brought great changes, both positive and negative, to the basin. Steamboat Rock, once an island in the Columbia River (when it flowed through the Grand Coulee), is once again surrounded (almost) by water.\n\nIN THE WAKE OF ICE AGE FLOODS\n\nWhile not obvious at first glance, Eastern Washington is a geological wonder as awesome as the Grand Canyon, considering how the landscape was formed. The rimrock lakes, potholes, coulees, canyons, and dry waterfalls aren't the product of wind and raindrops over millennia. Rather, they were created by Ice Age floods that scoured the region 15,000\u201318,000 years ago. The floods rank as one of the earth's most significant geological events in the past two million years.\n\nThe Channeled Scablands, which begin just south of Spokane and spread over more than 3000 square miles, were created by torrents of biblical proportions. Waters burst from ice dams near Clark Fork, Idaho, and emptied Glacial Lake Missoula several times over a couple thousand years with unimaginable force. Scientists say the floodwaters raced over Steamboat Rock at 65 miles per hour\u2014nearly ten times faster than any flood modern humans might see. The volume of water in one of these floods was roughly equivalent to ten times the combined flow of all the rivers of the world.\n\nEvidence of the sudden, violent flooding is apparent throughout Eastern Washington, including lake-size potholes created by the mortar-and-pestle grinding of rocks in whirlpools; steep basalt cliffs bordering wide, flat channels; megaripples and thousands of foreign granite boulders that floods carried from hundreds of miles away and deposited in unlikely places, such as a current wheat field.\n\nCongress has created an Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail that someday may be enhanced by visitors centers, highway signage, printed materials, and maps to guide tourists from one point of interest to another. Check out the enlightening guidebook, _Washington's Channeled Scablands Guide_ , by John Soennichsen (Mountaineers Books, 2012), and the Cheney-Spokane Chapter of the Ice Age Floods Institute, with its active programs and field trips (www.iceagefloodsewa.org).\n\nMeanwhile, about two dozen of the hikes in this book put walkers on the path of the Ice Age floods, no life jacket required.\n\n\u2014 _R. L._\n\nAt 1.4 miles, reach one of the rock's high points (elev. 2300 ft) and admire sweeping views north to the Columbia River cut (but the river isn't visible), Moses Mountain, and the Kettle River Range. West lie the North Cascades' serrated silhouette.\n\nAt 1.6 miles, good tread ends at the north tip of the plateau (elev. 2260 ft). Retrace your steps or consider the loop option described below.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nA faint path leads south from where the good tread ends on the rock's northern tip. Follow it along a shelf across ledge and by erratics, coming to a junction in 0.5 mile. The way left leads back to the main trail in 0.25 mile. The way right travels for about 0.8 mile to return to the junction with the trail coming up from below. About 0.1 mile before that junction is a well-defined trail that climbs right 0.2 mile to a huge erratic and great viewpoint south down the Grand Coulee. You can continue 0.6 mile beyond to the southern tip of the rock on very faint (if any) tread, where a colony of marmots may greet you.\n\n  Northrup Canyon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 6.2 miles | 685 feet\/2260 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Steamboat Rock SE, USGS Electric City, state park map online (not accurate); **Contact:** Steamboat Rock State Park, (509) 663-1304, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for rattlesnakes. Old Wagon Road Trail closed Nov 15\u2013Mar 15 to protect wintering eagles; **GPS:** N 47 51.960 W 119 04.950\n\n  **_An old homestead, fish-hopping lake, pine and aspen groves, and a few other surprises make this dramatic subcanyon of the Grand Coulee a delight to hike. But not in summer, when temperatures soar and rattlesnakes abound. Come in spring for the blossoms, fall for golden aspens, or winter for a profusion of bald eagles._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow US Highway 2 west to Wilbur, turning right (north) onto State Route 21. After 0.25 mile, bear left onto SR 174 and drive 19 miles to its junction with SR 155 in Grand Coulee. Turn left and follow SR 155 south for 6.8 miles, turning left onto Northrup Canyon Road. (From Wenatchee, follow SR 2 east to 2 miles beyond Coulee City, bearing left onto SR 155. Continue 18.9 miles north on SR 155, turning right onto Northrup Canyon Road.) Proceed 0.6 mile to the trailhead (elev. 1800 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAdded to Steamboat Rock State Park in the 1970s, Northrup Canyon contains a small lake, a reliably flowing stream, and one of the few forested areas within the Columbia Plateau. Perhaps the canyon's most notable feature is that it's one of the most important roosts in Eastern Washington for wintering bald eagles. From late fall to early spring, up to two hundred of them spend the night in the canyon's tall pines and firs after fishing in the nearby Columbia River and Banks Lake.\n\nBefore heading up the gated road, check out the kiosk with information on the Northrup family who homesteaded in the canyon. Then start hiking. Just after the gate, a short path diverges left to a spot used for winter eagle observation. Shortly after that, the Old Wagon Road Trail leaves right and makes an excellent side trip. Consider coming back again if you don't have time or energy for it on this trip.\n\nContinue on the old road left, through open sage with good views up the canyon. The way then bends right and descends 50 feet, passing an old dump site from the Coulee Dam construction days. Soon pass beneath a cool canopy of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Stands of aspen light up with the canyon with brilliant yellows come October.\n\nFollow the road along the base of the north canyon walls, undulating between forest groves and sagebrush-steppe. After a short climb, skirt a grassy wetland, and then climb again to cross Northrup Creek on a plank bridge. Continue upcanyon, across fertile flats, reaching the old Northrup homestead (elev. 1870 ft) at 1.8 miles. Snoop around the former park residence and older homestead buildings before heading to Northrup Lake.\n\nLocate the lake trail taking off left from the old chicken coop. Now traversing much rougher terrain, wind up a thinly forested tight draw, going up and over and around ledges and boulders. Sections are like a labyrinth that should intrigue young explorers.\n\nAt 2.1 miles, crest a small rise (elev. 2100 ft) before descending to a wetland (elev. 2025 ft) ringed with cattails. Pass more wetland pools, and after traversing a grassy flat begin a rather steep climb up ledges that showcase pretty blossoms in spring. At 2.8 miles, crest a pine-shrouded ridge (elev. 2260 ft) within the canyon walls. Then descend, passing through grassy flats before coming to Northrup Lake (elev. 2160 ft) at 3.1 miles.\n\n_Ruins of the original Northrup homestead_\n\nSet in a basaltic bowl lined with scree, reeds, dogwoods, and pines, the lake is scenic and serene. Grab some lunch and watch fish jump while listening to blackbird song.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the lake, a rough path continues above it if you're inclined to go farther. From the homestead, a primitive path continues along Northrup Creek, but it can be tricky to find and follow. Instead, hike the Old Wagon Road Trail (note seasonal closures), which served as a freight line for wagons between Almira and Bridgeport in the 1880s. The way traverses the south canyon wall, across scree slopes and ledges, and must have been quite a task to complete. At 0.9 mile, it leaves the canyon for a sage-covered draw, reaching the canyon rim and a junction (elev. 2275 ft) at 1.1 miles, where the old wagon route continues left, leaving state park property. Follow the lightly used path straight for 0.4 mile to a 2325-foot overlook and breathtaking view on the canyon rim (use caution). In spring, the canyon rim bursts with bitterroot and other blossoms.\n\n  Fort Spokane\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/1 | 2.5 miles | 260 feet\/1660 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Map:** USGS Fort Spokane; **Contact:** Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, (509) 633-9441, www.nps.gov\/laro; **Notes:** Visitors center usually open mid-June\u2013Labor Day. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 54.184 W 118 18.529\n\n  _**Wander through the grounds of one of the last frontier forts built in the West. Pause at interpretive plaques, peek into restored buildings, and peer out over a bunchgrass bench above the Columbia River. Then climb to a bluff above the fort to survey the surroundings. Aside from excellent views of the 1880 fort grounds, admire the landscape here at the confluence of the Columbia and Spokane Rivers, where sagebrush-steppe transitions into ponderosa pine forest.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow US Highway 2 west for 35 miles to Davenport. (From Wenatchee, follow US 2 east for 125 miles to Davenport.) Then head north on State Route 25 for 22.4 miles, turning left into Fort Spokane. Continue 0.3 mile to the parking lot and trailhead (elev. 1400 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nPart history walk and part nature walk, this hike incorporates two of the three trails traversing the grounds of Fort Spokane. Located within the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, a 129-mile long corridor along the Columbia River from the Grand Coulee Dam to Onion Creek just south of Northport on the Canadian border, the fort is one of several historic sites within this national park unit. Established in 1946 after the flooding of the river by the Grand Coulee Dam, Lake Roosevelt is a very different environment than the free-flowing river that was here in 1880 when the US Army began construction of Fort Spokane.\n\nStrategically built at the confluence of the Spokane and Columbia Rivers, the infantry and cavalry stationed here were in charge of keeping the peace between the seminomadic Spokane and Colville Tribes, who had been relegated to reservations, and land-seeking settlers encroaching upon Native lands. But the Fort saw no skirmishes. In 1898 most of the fort's troops deployed for combat in the Spanish-American War, and the fort was soon decommissioned and transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. After serving as a boarding school, tuberculosis sanatorium, and hospital, the fort was closed in 1929. Grab the excellent free booklet at the trailhead to get the most out of your trip around the fort.\n\nThe recommended route begins on the wide, well-groomed, and perfectly flat Sentinel Trail and follows the interpretive posts (there are plenty of options for shortening or lengthening this hike). At 0.1 mile, reach the guardhouse (a visitors center in the summer). Turn left and walk the periphery of the fort grounds. The Park Service has replanted the grounds with native plants and grasses. Admire flowers in late spring and early summer and enjoy the sweet melodies of various breeding birds.\n\n_A lone pine stands watch over Fort Spokane._\n\nAt 0.3 mile, near the Bachelor Officers Quarters, the Beach Trail descends 100 feet off the bluff, coming to a beach on the river at 0.4 mile. The Sentinel Trail continues straight, passing the officers' row and parade grounds. At 0.75 mile, cross the park road and continue walking through the fort grounds to the quartermaster stables and the powder magazine.\n\nAt 1.1 miles, in a ponderosa pine grove that once fed the fort sawmill, come to the junction with the Bluff Trail. Turn left on it and enjoy hiking through one of the few forests in Lincoln County. Savor the cooler air trapped within the pine groves. After skirting a scree slope. come to the old reservoir and pump house at 1.3 miles.\n\nThe trail resumes beyond the pump house, climbing steeply (but paved and utilizing some staircases) up a scree slope before resuming natural tread upon cresting the bluff. The way then turns eastward through pines and flower gardens, reaching a wonderful viewpoint at 1.6 miles at its terminus (elev. 1660 ft). Try to imagine what the fort looked like in its heyday in the 1890s, when forty-five buildings once stood on the grounds.\n\nRetrace your steps back to the beginning of the Bluff Trail and finish the Sentinel Trail loop by walking past the stables and orchard, returning to your vehicle at 2.5 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nAdd another 0.8 mile by heading down the Beach Trail and back. Enjoy big pines and look for roosting eagles and osprey.\n\n  Crab Creek(Columbia National Wildlife Refuge)\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 2.6 miles | 40 feet\/870 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Corfu, USGS Soda Lake; **Contact:** Columbia National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/columbia; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 47 46 57.009 W 119 15.286\n\n  _**One of three interconnecting nature trails within the 30,000-acre Columbia National Wild-life Refuge, the Crab Creek Trail offers an awful lot of biological bang for its short distance. Paralleling Crab Creek through a lush riparian environment within a sagebrush-steppe coulee, enjoy the contrasts\u2014and birds. This is one of the best bird-watching hikes on the Columbia Plateau\u2014and one of the easiest to hike, with its near-level course.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, take I-90 west to exit 179 in Moses Lake. Head south on State Route 17 for 2 miles, turning right onto Road M SE. Follow it for 6.4 miles, turning right onto SR 262. Continue west for 2.4 miles, turning left (directly across from a large boat launch and just before reaching the O'Sullivan Dam), into the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge. (From Ellensburg, take I-90 east to exit 137. Then follow SR 26 for 25 miles east, turning left onto SR 262. Proceed 17.7 miles to the refuge road.) Follow this gravel road south, passing a spur to Soda Lake Campground, and come to a junction at 2.2 miles. Turn right and bear left in 0.2 mile, reaching the trailhead (elev. 860 ft) on your left in another 0.4 mile (2.8 miles from SR 262), just before a junction with Morgan Lake Road.\n\n_Crab Creek provides excellent habitat for birds and amphibians._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe Columbia National Wildlife Refuge is a land of imposing basaltic coulees within the heart of the Columbia Plateau. Despite receiving less than 8 inches of rain a year, the refuge is littered with lakes and marshes thanks to seepage from surrounding reclamation and irrigation projects. Its canyons, lakes, wetlands, and sagebrush-steppe environment provide important habitat for a wide array of species. Located along the Pacific Flyway, the refuge is a stop-over and wintering ground for many migratory birds, including thousands of lesser sandhill cranes. Visit in fall and spring for the best bird-watching. Most of the refuge is within the Drumheller Channels, a national natural landmark within the Channeled Scablands, which were formed by ancient cataclysmic floods. Both nature and humans have left a large imprint here, benefiting scores of avian residents.\n\nHead south on the wide and well-groomed trail, soon coming to a kiosk. Then cross Crab Creek (elev. 850 ft) on a bridge and scan the shorelines cloaked in reeds and cattails for songbirds and waterfowl. Crab Creek used to be an ephemeral stream, but thanks to constant seepage, it runs yearlong. Take time to read the interpretive signs along the way.\n\nAt 0.4 mile, the trail splits. Go left\u2014you'll be returning right. Follow the rose-lined path along the creek. Depending on time of year, a small waterfall may be flowing into the creek from the canyon wall to the east. At 0.6 mile, come to another junction. Right leads back to the trailhead\u2014head left first, through thick riparian vegetation lining the bottom of the coulee. Mosquitoes can be fierce here in spring and early summer. While you're swatting at them, remember that they feed all of those birds and amphibians in the refuge.\n\nAt 0.9 mile, the trail climbs some steps to travel along a sage-shrouded bench (elev. 870 ft) above the creek bottom. Enjoy good views of the coulee and Marsh Lake to the south. At 1.3 miles, reach the trailhead (elev. 860 ft) for the Frog and Marsh Lake Trails (Hike 95). Continue farther or return to your trailhead and save these great trails for another visit.\n\n  Frog Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 3 miles | 235 feet\/1055 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Corfu, USGS Soda Lake; **Contact:** Columbia National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/columbia; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 56.207 W 119 14.667\n\n  _**The lake isn't much\u2014in fact it may not be at all\u2014but the views from the basalt butte beyond it are really good! One of three interconnecting nature trails within the 30,000-acre Columbia National Wildlife Refuge, this one offers the most variety as it rambles through riparian habitat and sagebrush-steppe and roams across rim-rock cliff tops.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, take I-90 west to exit 179 in Moses Lake. Head south on State Route 17 for 2 miles, turning right onto Road M SE. Follow it for 6.4 miles, turning right onto SR 262. Continue west for 2.4 miles, turning left (directly across from large boat launch and just before reaching the O'Sullivan Dam), into the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge. (From Ellensburg, take I-90 east to exit 137. Then follow SR 26 for 25 miles east, turning left onto SR 262. Proceed 17.7 miles to the refuge road.) Follow this gravel road south, passing a spur to Soda Lake Campground, and come to a junction at 2.2 miles. Turn right and bear left in 0.2 mile. Pass the Crab Creek trailhead in another 0.4 mile, and come to a junction with Morgan Lake Road shortly afterward. Turn left and reach the trailhead (elev. 860 ft) in another mile (3.9 miles from SR 262).\n\n_Co-author Craig Romano checks out the basalt butte above Frog Lake._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the trailhead kiosk two trails diverge. The trail left heads north along Crab Creek (Hike 94). The trail straight drops off the small bench you're on, leading to the Frog Lake and Marsh Loop Trails. Go straight and walk across an earthen dam (elev. 840 ft), one of several responsible for the nearby large wetland ponds teeming with birdlife. The refuge is a bird lover's delight. Between its diverse habitats and being located along the Pacific Flyway, more than 225 species of birds have been recorded on the refuge, including burrowing owls, prairie falcons, and ferruginous hawks. But the refuge's most famous avian resident is its migratory lesser sandhill cranes. Arriving in March and flying in large flocks resembling phalanxes of pterodactyls (and sounding like them), they are spectacular to watch.\n\nAfter a little more than 0.1 mile, come to a junction. The Marsh Loop Trail (an excellent add-on to this hike) heads right. Hop along left on the Frog Lake Trail. After a short walk along a pond dike, the trail heads into the sagebrush-steppe and begins to climb. Be sure to read the interpretive displays along the way. Notice all the canine scat in the tread. Coyotes are abundant here. Other mammals too\u2014look for yellow-bellied marmots and, if you're lucky, Washington ground squirrels, a threatened species.\n\nCross a bridge over a draw and continue climbing, enjoying nice views of the Crab Creek drainage. At 0.7 mile, reach Frog Lake (elev. 920 ft) in a small basin, which will more than likely be dry. Not exactly an amphibian's delight. Follow the trail up a small cleft in the basalt wall behind the lake. The way then bends right, following along basalt cliffs before climbing once again to reach a junction at 1.2 miles.\n\nHere a trail loops 0.6 mile around the 1055-foot mesa. Go either way. The views are wonderful in every direction. Look out over the Drumheller Channels surrounding you. A significant part of the Channeled Scablands, these basalt buttes and canyons were scoured by ancient giant floods. In the 1940s significant change occurred again as the US Bureau of Reclamation's Columbia Basin Project inadvertently created hundreds of lakes and wetlands within the channels, through seepage.\n\nAs you walk along the mesa rim counting lakes below, watch for raptors, swallows, and other birds that make their homes in the cliffs. Close the loop and return to your vehicle once you're content with your nature observations.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nBy all means hike the Marsh Loop Trail while you're here. The trail\u2014actually a wide service road\u2014loops 1.8 miles (with a shortcut option) around large wetland ponds that harbor hundreds of waterfowl and other birds. There are nice interpretive displays along the way too.\n\n  Hanford Reach North\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3 | 7 miles | 500 feet\/725 feet | Year-round\n\n**Map:** USGS Locke Island; **Contact:** Hanford Reach National Monument, Mid-Columbia River National Wildlife Recreation Complex, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/hanfordreach; **Note:** Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 40.630 W 119 26.673\n\n  _**Towering white bluffs, massive sand dunes, pelican colonies, brilliant wild-flowers, and the last free-flowing nontidal section of the Columbia River all help make the Hanford Reach one of the most dramatic natural areas in the state. Follow a rudimentary trail across bluff tops and to shifting dunes. Survey a wild riverbank and a restricted area across the Columbia, where the atomic age was born.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow I-90 west to Ritzville. Continue 30 miles south on US Highway 395 to its junction with State Route 26. Follow SR 26 west for 21 miles to its junction with SR 24 in Othello. Continue west on SR 24 for 16 miles, turning left onto an unmarked gravel road just before milepost 63. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 137, heading south on SR 26 for one mile. Bear right onto SR 243 and after 14 miles turn left onto the 24SW Road. Follow it for 13.7 miles to SR 24, first passing through Mattawa. Turn left and continue 10 miles east to the turnoff right, just past milepost 63.) Pass through a solar-powered gate (closed at night), following a good gravel road 3.9 miles south to a four-way junction. Turn right and continue 1.3 miles to the trailhead (elev. 400 ft) located on the right (before the boat launch at the old ferry crossing), near a locust grove.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nSince the Hanford Reach became a national monument in 2000 (see \"From Manhattan Project to National Monument\" sidebar), more and more hikers are discovering that what they thought would be a desolate part of the state is actually thriving with fauna and flora. Thanks to being withdrawn from the public for decades and remaining in a relatively natural state, the Hanford Reach represents one of the last large undeveloped and uncultivated parts of the Columbia Plateau. One of the driest parts of the state (annual rainfall averages 7 inches), the Hanford Reach is a harsh but fragile environment. Tread softly. And be sure you're well prepared with ample water and sun protection.\n\nFROM MANHATTAN PROJECT TO NATIONAL MONUMENT\n\nIn 1943, in the midst of World War II, the US government launched the Manhattan Project, which would forever change the course of history with the birth of the atomic bomb\u2014and forever change the landscape of the lower Columbia River basin. To facilitate the processing of plutonium, a large remote area was needed, with an ample nearby power source. The federal government chose the Hanford Site, an area of more than 428,000 acres mostly in Benton County. Two communities\u2014Hanford and White Bluffs\u2014were condemned, and the little town of Richland was transformed into a government city of 25,000.\n\nOperations at Hanford were expanded during the Cold War to ultimately include nine nuclear reactors and five plutonium-processing complexes responsible for supplying the US nuclear weapons arsenal. As the Cold War dissipated, Hanford's weapons-production reactors were decommissioned, leaving behind significant amounts of radioactive waste and contaminated groundwater. Today the site is one of the nation's largest Superfund cleanup areas. The site still hosts one nuclear power plant as well as numerous scientific research and development labs.\n\nIronically, this massive government project with its large buffer zones ended up preserving large tracts of natural habitat\u2014some of the last significant undeveloped sections of the Columbia Plateau's sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. In 2000, President Clinton invoked the Antiquities Act of 1906 (which President Teddy Roosevelt used to protect the Grand Canyon and other major natural sites) and proclaimed 195,000 acres of the buffer zone around the Hanford Site as a national monument.\n\nAs well as containing rare plants, endemic species, elk herds, and more than 250 species of birds, the monument also contains a 51-mile free-flowing stretch of the Columbia River. The monument is managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and 57,000 acres of it are open to the public. In 2011, Congressman Doc Hastings began procedures to open to the public the section of the monument housing Rattlesnake Mountain. While this could potentially create new hiking opportunities, it may also open the mountain to ORV use, threatening the integrity of this important and shrinking ecosystem.\n\n\u2014 _C. R._\n\nThe unsigned and unofficial trail starts by a post near a grove of locust trees. At first grassy, then more defined, the path heads up an open slope that dazzles with flowers in spring. The impressive White Bluffs immediately come into view. So does the Columbia River. Watch for white pelicans below and swallows along the bluffs. At about 0.5 mile, stay on a path right, staying clear of the steep and prone-to-erosion bluff face. The path can be sketchy, vanishing at times in dunes. Just work your way up and down along the bluff tops, staying away from cliff edges.\n\n_A hiker enjoys a Sahara-like hike across the sand dunes of the Hanford Reach._\n\nEnjoy excellent views of Locke Island below, Rattlesnake Mountain west, and Saddle Mountain north. At about 2 miles, reach impressive dunes that may make you feel like you're in the Sahara. Walk across the dunes, continuing north. While always shifting, some of the higher dunes form pyramidal \"summits,\" topping out at elevations of more than 725 feet.\n\nFrom these vantages more than 300 feet above the river, you have commanding views of the shoreline below the bluffs. Scan it and the wetland pockets between the dunes for deer, coyotes, jackrabbits, and mice\u2014there are three species of the latter: deer, western harvest, and the northern grasshopper mouse.\n\nAt 3.5 miles, the dunes end. While you can continue hiking another mile farther north, paths are practically nonexistent and brush can be thick. Best to return to the trailhead instead, slowly sauntering back across this dramatic landscape.\n\n  Hanford Reach South\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 5.4 miles | 700 feet\/880 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Locke Island, USGS Hanford; **Contact:** Hanford Reach National Monument, Mid-Columbia River National Wildlife Recreation Complex, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/hanfordreach; **Notes:** Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 37.9710 W 119 23.729\n\n  **_Follow an abandoned highway down to the last free-flowing section of the Columbia River. Listen to birdsong and to cottonwood leaves bristling in warm afternoon breezes\u2014and to the heavy machinery across the river that's cleaning up the contaminated remains of the world's first plutonium production reactor. Then explore the canyons and fluted ridges of the White Bluffs, a dramatic badlands of sandstone that gives off a muted glow in the hot sun and in spring comes to life in a dazzling carpet of wildflowers._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow I-90 west to Ritzville. Continue 30 miles south on US Highway 395 to its junction with State Route 26. Follow SR 26 west for 21 miles to its junction with SR 24 in Othello. Continue west on SR 24 for 16 miles, turning left onto an unmarked gravel road just before milepost 63. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 137, heading south on SR 26 for one mile. Bear right onto SR 243 and after 14 miles turn left onto the 24SW Road. Follow it for 13.7 miles to SR 24, first passing through Mattawa. Turn left and continue 10 miles east to the turnoff right, just past milepost 63.) Pass through a solar-powered gate (closed at night), following a good gravel road 3.9 miles south to a four-way junction. Continue straight for another 4 miles to road's end and trailhead (elev. 880 ft) at an overlook.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nPass a gate and follow an old paved road south. The road was closed when the US government, during World War II, chose the surrounding area to host a massive plutonium-processing complex and several nuclear reactors. The towns of Hanford and White Bluffs were condemned and evacuated. All that remains of them are a schoolhouse and several roads and side-walks. As you saunter down this road, try to imagine what life was like for those two rural communities on the Reach in 1942\u2014and how quickly life changed when the Manhattan Project went into effect in 1943 (see \"From Manhattan Project to National Monument\" sidebar).\n\nIn 2000, land use on the Reach changed again when President Clinton declared 195,000 acres of the buffer zone around the Hanford site a national monument, permanently protecting the last free-flowing nontidal stretch of the Columbia and some of the last large undisturbed tracts of sagebrush-steppe in the state. The Reach is a harsh but delicate environment; walk softly and be sufficiently prepared for extreme weather. Fall and spring can be delightful times to explore the area.\n\nFollow the old road downward, taking in excellent views of the White Bluffs and subsidiary bluffs and dunes. Look for white pelicans on the river's islands. Look out across the flats housing the Hanford complex and west to Rattlesnake Mountain (also within the monument and currently closed to public entry) and north to Saddle Mountain (within the monument and open to the public). On clear days you can see Mount Rainier hovering in the distance. Heat can be intense here\u2014so too the winds. Notice the old guard railings being swallowed by sand.\n\nAt 1 mile, just beyond a gully to the left and guardrail to the right, and just before the road drops through a cut to the river, locate a faint trail (elev. 590 ft) heading left across a grassy flat. Take it, traversing a level bench. Round a gully and at 1.5 miles pass a spur trail leading to the right, to the road. Continue straight on a now-obvious trail along a ridgeline of sorts. To the right, enjoy sweeping views across the Columbia River; to the left, an isolated valley comes into view, backed by bigger and higher bluffs.\n\nCrest a 625-foot high point and then drop a little before steeply climbing, reaching a 750-foot high point on the ridge with commanding views at 2.1 miles. Continue south another 0.3 mile, dropping into a small gap (elev. 650 ft) and reaching a junction. You can continue hiking along the ridge straight if you'd like. The suggested route is to head right 0.4 mile, descending off the bluff and returning to the road (elev. 400 ft).\n\nWhen you reach the road, the way left shortly comes to a gate and is an alternative starting point near some transmission lines. Turn right instead to head back to your starting point. Here, at near river level, watch for cormorants fishing and terns diving for fish. Watch for raptors too.\n\n_The White Bluffs make for a striking backdrop against the Columbia River._\n\nEnjoy a nice walk along the base of the bluffs. Notice the locust groves, remnants of the area's agricultural past before being transformed into an atomic energy center. Eventually you'll leave the riverbank and begin climbing again. At 4.4 miles, pass a familiar trail junction. From here it's 1 more mile and 300 feet of climbing back to your vehicle.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nYou may want to wander (no formal trails) other parts of the national monument. Saddle Mountain and Wahluke Lake offer some decent exploring options.\n\n  Badger Mountain\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/2 | 4.4 miles | 675 feet\/1550 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Badger Mountain, Friends of Badger Mountain map online; **Contact:** Friends of Badger Mountain, www.friendsofbadger.org; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 14.534 W 119 20.565\n\n  **_Marvel at horizonspanning views, from the sun-baked Hanford Reach to snowy Cascades volcanoes, all from a windswept and wildflower-carpeted mountain at the edge of the Tri-Cities. One of the region's newest parks and trail systems, Badger Mountain is already a classic Washington hiking destination. Three trails ascend this landmark above the Columbia River, allowing for a satisfying loop or a stunning ridgeline traverse._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pasco, follow I-182 west to I-82, proceeding east on I-82 to exit 104. (From Yakima, follow I-82 east to exit 104.) Turn left onto Dallas Road and drive 1.8 miles, turning right onto a dirt road. Be sure to follow the middle road of the three that diverge from this spot. Reach the Westgate trailhead (elev. 875 ft) in 0.1 mile. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThere are three ways to the summit. The Canyon Trail, which starts from a Richland city park on the mountain's northeastern slopes, is the most popular. The Skyline Trail from the east is another way up\u2014and combined with the Sagebrush Trail makes a nice loop with the Canyon Trail. These ways are wonderful and well-hiked and are accessed right from the city of Richland. The approach described here is the preferred route for first-time Badger Mountain hikers and its access is much easier to find for outof-towners.\n\nFollow the wide and well-built Skyline Trail through sagebrush-steppe bordered by orchards. Badger Mountain stands as an oasis of natural habitat in an area rapidly being paved over and converted to agricultural uses. Alarmed citizens feared the loss of this locally prominent peak to development and in 2003 formed the Friends of Badger Mountain, which helped spearhead the creation of the 650-acre Badger Mountain Centennial Preserve. Conservationists and public officials continue to work on expanding the preserve as well as protecting adjacent peaks and ridges through the Ridges to River Open Space Network. There is great potential for an expanded trail system through their efforts.\n\nOn a good grade, wind up the mountain's western shoulder, crossing a service road after about 0.5 mile. Volunteers from the Friends of Badger Mountain, Washington Trails Association, and REI are responsible for constructing this multiuse, nonmotorized trail as well as the hiker-only Canyon Trail. At 0.8 mile, reach a marker denoting the maximum elevation of Lake Lewis (elev. 1250 ft) formed during the Missoula Floods 16,000 years ago (see \"In the Wake of Ice Age Floods\" sidebar).\n\n_The Tri-Cities sprawl out below Badger Mountain._\n\nWhile Badger appears barren from a distance, a walk on this mountain in spring reveals a different story. Wildflowers are profuse: lupine, vetch, balsamroot, phlox, larkspur, fleabane, bluebell, prairie star, hawksbeard, lomatium, and many more. And if you can lift your eyes from the ground, cast a glance or two outward to breathtaking views of the Columbia River just below, all the way to Mounts Rainier, Adams, and Hood in the distance. The Horse Heaven Hills lie to the west, the Blue Mountains east, and Candy, Red, and Rattlesnake Mountains north.\n\nContinue across an open slope of swaying grasses and sweet-scented sage. At 1.4 miles, once again cross a service road (elev. 1500 ft). Now traverse along the south face of the mountain, staying below a handful of communications towers and the peak's 1579-foot summit. At 2.1 miles, reach a junction (elev. 1530 ft) with the Canyon Trail. Turn left, continuing for 0.1 mile to a service road just below the summit tower (elev. 1550 ft). This is a good place to turn around (as the trail descends beyond), after absorbing a wonderful view of the Tri-Cities spread out below.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom Richland's Trailhead Park (elev. 700 ft) at the mountain's eastern base, make a nice 3.3-mile loop by following the recently refurbished Canyon Trail west to the Skyline Trail, then to the Sagebrush Trail, and then back to Trailhead Park. Strong hikers can do all of the Badger Mountain trails in a day for a up-and-over-the-mountain-twice 7.7-mile lollipop loop.\n\n  Chamna Natural Preserve\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 3.6 miles | none\/360 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Richland, USGS Badger Mountain, Tapteal Greenway Association map online; **Contact:** Tapteal Greenway Association, (509) 637-3621, www.tapteal.org\/pages\/chamna.html; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 15.447 W 119 17.211\n\n  **_Wander on miles of trail through a rich riparian zone and wildlife haven right in the middle of the Tri-Cities. The Chamna Natural Preserve protects 276 acres at the confluence of the Yakima and Columbia Rivers. The preserve used to be overwhelmed by illegal dumping and dirt biking, but a coalition of concerned citizens started cleaning up the place in the late 1990s, transforming it into an inviting greenbelt where birds are prolific_.**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pasco, follow I-182 west to exit 5B. (From Yakima, follow I-82 east to I-182 east and exit 5B.) Exit onto George Washington Way, merging into the left lane and proceeding to the first set of traffic lights. Turn left onto Adams Street, and then immediately turn left onto Aaron Drive. Continue 0.6 mile on Aaron Drive, turning left onto Jadwin Avenue. Proceed 0.2 mile, crossing the interstate and coming to a junction with Carrier Road. Turn right and continue 0.5 mile (follow signs for Chamna Natural Preserve) to the trailhead (elev. 360 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nOne of several preserves and parks spearheaded by the Tapteal Greenway Association, Chamna is an important link in an emerging 30-mile greenbelt along the Yakima River from Bateman Island, at the confluence of the river with the Columbia, to the Kiona Bend in Benton City. Tapteal is the original name of the Yakima River.\n\nThe Tapteal Greenway Association is busy working with government officials and private citizens to create this greenbelt, not only for environmental protection, but also to provide recreational opportunities. The master plan includes a long-distance interconnected trail system. But no need to wait, for there are currently miles of trails in place. The Chamna Natural Preserve alone boasts more than 11 miles of nonmotorized trails.\n\nThe trail system is well marked. Hike as long and as much as you'd like, from a quick lunch-break stroll to an all-day, leave-no-tread-untouched expedition! The hike recommended here travels the periphery of the preserve and can be shortened (or lengthened) at will along the way.\n\nStarting on the River Trail, head east. The Yakima River soon comes into view. The plain you're hiking across was known to the Cham-na-pam peoples as Chem-na. It was the site of a Catholic mission before it was farmed by early settler families. More recently, volunteers have removed more than sixteen tons of trash and Chamna is once again becoming a vibrant ecosystem.\n\n_A young hiker looks for wildlife along the River Trail in Chamna Natural Preserve._\n\nSoon come to the first of many junctions, this one with the Jack Rabbit Trail. Stay right here and at the next several trail and service-road junctions, remaining on the River Trail. Pass benches for resting and watching kingfishers and waterfowl. Come upon old foundations and irrigation ditches. Silver maples introduced from the eastern United States and Russian olives from Asia line the way. While both are nonnative, certain native wildlife species have adapted to and benefited from these trees.\n\nAt about 1.3 miles, the River Trail ends at an old service road. Turn right and access the 0.8-mile Peninsula Loop Trail, continuing east along the river and then looping back west to the service road. Look for beavers, otters, deer, and coyotes. Did you see any ospreys? Now walk the old service road north to either the Sage Trail or the more direct Chamna Trail (passing the Midpoint Trailhead, an alternative starting point near the water-treatment plant) back to the trailhead, for a grand loop of about 3.6 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSample the other trails on the preserve as well as the other nearby Tapteal Greenway parks and preserves. The Duportail Trail leads 2.3 miles north from Chamna to Richland's 236-acre W. E. Johnson Park, with its several miles of trails.\n\n  Amon Basin\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*\/1 | 2.3 miles | 50 feet\/525 feet | Year-round\n\n**Map:** USGS Badger Mountain; **Contact:** Tapteal Greenway Association, (509) 627-3621, www.tapteal.org; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 12.981 W 119 15.155\n\n  **_One of the last large undeveloped parcels remaining within the Tri-Cities, Amon Basin consists of old-growth sage and riparian sagebrush-steppe\u2014crucial habitat for badgers, river otters, and black-tailed jackrabbits. The Tapteal Greenway Association has been developing trails within the basin and advocating for its protection. Hike this threatened areaand decide if you'd like to see it paved over or forever protected as a natural area_.**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pasco, follow I-182 west to exit 5A onto State Route 240. Continue east on SR 240 for 1.5 miles to the Columbia Park Trail exit. Turn right (west) onto Columbia Park Trail and continue 0.6 mile, turning left onto Leslie Road. Follow it 1.9 miles south, turning left onto Broadmoor Street (0.7 mile beyond the Gage Boulevard intersection). (From Yakima, follow I-82 east to exit 109. Turn right onto Badger Road and proceed 0.2 mile, turning left onto Leslie Road. Continue 1.5 miles, passing the southern trailhead at 0.6 mile, and turn right onto Broadmoor Street.) Follow Broadmoor Street for 0.6 mile to Claybell Park and the trailhead (elev. 475 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the east end of the parking lot, follow the blocked roadway south, quickly coming to a junction. You'll be heading right on the wide trail into the 100-acre Amon Basin Nature Preserve. Much of the land to the southeast of where you are standing was approved in 2013 to begin sprouting more than four hundred houses, seriously compromising the ecological integrity of the existing preserve and forever diminishing the prospects of what the Tapteal Greenway Association (TGA) envisions as a Central Natural Park for the Tri-Cities. The TGA has been working with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Trust for Public Lands, and other agencies and citizens trying to secure $2 million to purchase the 119-acre parcel slated for development. TGA continues to fight to protect this area despite the major recent setbacks.\n\nWalk the wide trail west along the demarcation of natural sagebrush-steppe (or new house lots) and the manicured lawns of Claybell Park. Several parallel and diverging trails lead from this path into the sage and you may want to explore them, although they may be confusing to follow. At 0.2 mile, turn left on a wide path along the sewer line, paralleling the West Fork Amon Creek. The Amon Creek corridor is the last natural connection within the Tri-Cities between the Columbia River and the basalt ridges to the west. Like nearby Little Badger Mountain hovering over this basin, development pressure is great here, threatening to turn this entire locale into housing and pavement. Not good for the resident jackrabbits, badgers, and more than 150 species of birds.\n\n_Amon Basin consists of rich riparian habitat threatened by development._\n\nAt 0.4 mile, intersect a wide east\u2013west trail. Continue south along the sewer line through rows of recently planted native species, compliments of the TGA. At 0.5 mile, come to a pump house and more trail options. The wide sewer-line path veers right, crossing the creek to terminate on Leslie Road near the south trailhead. It can be followed for an alternative loop. The path left heads across sage into the heart of what will either be a grand park or a grand development. Continue south along the irrigation retention pool, coming to an easy-to-miss junction at 0.6 mile.\n\nYou'll be returning on the trail right, so keep hiking straight uphill to a junction (elev. 525 ft) with an old road at 0.7 mile. Turn right and on a near level track enjoy excellent views of the Amon Creek drainage below and Little Badger Mountain to the west. At 1 mile, just before a bench, come to a junction with a trail leading down to the creekside trail you'll be returning on. Continue straight on the old road, coming to the BPA service road at 1.1 miles.\n\nTurn right and within a few hundred feet come to a trail junction. The road continues straight a few hundred more feet, crossing Amon Creek and reaching the south trailhead located off of Leslie Road (an alternative starting point). Head right on the trail along a lovely wetland bursting with blackbird song. The way weaves around and over bluffs along the wetland's east shore, providing excellent bird-watching.\n\nAt 1.3 miles, come to the first of two viewing platforms. The second one is 0.1 mile farther, just before a junction with the way leading right back to the old road. Stay left and continue on a grassy bluff, eventually dropping down to creek level. Notice all of the beaver sign. At 1.6 miles, return to a familiar junction just south of the retention pool. Turn left and retrace your steps 0.7 mile to Claybell Park.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore some of the radiating trails if the preserve has been successfully expanded.\n\n  Bateman Island\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 2.4 miles | 20 feet\/370 feet | Year-round\n\n**Map:** USGS Kennewick; **Contact:** Richland Parks and Recreation, (509) 942-7529, <http:\/\/richlandparksandrec.com>; **Notes:** Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 14.288 W 119 13.536\n\n_Bateman Island is connected to the mainland by a tree-lined causeway._\n\n  _**Hike across a small causeway to a 160-acre island in the Columbia River. The Yakima River flows into the Columbia here, creating a delta rich with wildlife\u2014and surrounded by one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the country. Enjoy good views to the west of the sage-covered hills and mountains flanking the Tri-Cities and to the east the stately homes lining the Columbia. Embrace the wind, the sun, and the West's grandest river from this easy and interesting hike in the heart of the Tri-Cities.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pasco, follow US Highway 395 south across the Columbia River into Kennewick, bearing right onto State Route 240. Continue 4 miles west to the Columbia Center Boulevard exit and turn right. (From Yakima, follow I-82 east to I-182 east and take exit 5A. Continue 2.7 miles east on SR 240 to the Columbia Center Boulevard exit and turn left.) Proceed 0.3 mile (0.4 mile if coming from Yakima) to the Columbia Park Trail and turn left, driving 0.1 mile to Wye Park and the trailhead (elev. 370 ft). Privy available.\n\nSCOUTING TRAILS IN THE TRI-CITIES\n\nNearly the entire length of the Columbia River within Kennewick, Pasco, and Richland is graced with paved trails, making the Tri-Cities a wonderful place to bring your bike or walking and running shoes. The bulk of this trail system consists of the Sacagawea Heritage Trail, a 23-mile lollipop loop that travels through all three cities and across two of its vehicle bridges. It's named for the young Lemhi Shoshone woman who, with her infant son, accompanied Lewis and Clark as a scout and interpreter. Sacagawea visited the area on October 16 and 17, 1805, on the expedition's way to the Pacific. They made camp at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers at what is now Sacajawea State Park.\n\nThe heritage trail begins at the state park and travels north along the Columbia through Pasco, before crossing the river on the I-182 bridge. Here you can veer north along the Columbia on the 7-mile Richland Riverfront Trail. The Sacagawea Heritage Trail continues south through nature preserves on the Yakima River delta and then on through Kennewick's sprawling Columbia Park, before crossing the Columbia on the cable bridge and returning to Pasco. There are lots of wonderful interpretive sites, displays, and sculptures along the way.\n\nAt the 284-acre Sacajawea State Park, you can visit the Sacajawea Interpretive Center as well as one of the seven interpretive displays that make up the Confluence Project, which was commissioned for the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Designed by famed Chinese American artist Maya Lin, these outdoor displays located at seven major confluences draw on history, Native American lore and culture, and from the diary entries of both Lewis and Clark.\n\nNote that the state park and the trail have two different spellings of the scout's name. This reflects a pronunciation controversy. While the state park contains the traditional spelling, pronounced sack-uh-juh-WEE-uh, the heritage trail represents the traditional pronunciation, tsa-caw-gaw-WEE-aw, derived from the Hidatsa words for bird ( _cag\u00e1\u00e0ga_ ) and woman ( _m\u00ed\u00e0_ ) for which Sacagawea was named.\n\nFor more information about the trail, visit the Tri-Cities Visitor and Convention Bureau \"Friends of Our Trail\" page (www.visittri-cities.com\/visitors\/heritage-&-eco-tourism\/friends-of-our-trail).\n\n\u2014 _C. R._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBefore dropping 20 feet down the riverbank to Bateman Island, read the informative sign at the Wye Park parking lot. There's a lot of history and birdlife waiting for you on that small island. Cross the paved 23-mile Sacagawea Heritage Trail (see \"Scouting Trails in the Tri-Cities\" sidebar) and pass a gate at the entrance to the causeway. Bateman Island was farmed from the 1870s to the 1950s, and you'll see plenty of evidence of this\u2014old roads, foundations, nonnative trees. A fire swept the island in 2001, and you'll see evidence of that too.\n\nSoon after reaching the island, a side trail bears right. Many of these trails are brushy and unmaintained. It's best to stay on the old farm roads that make up this loop. At 0.3 mile, bear left at a junction (you'll be returning on the old road to your right). Continue left on the south side of the island, through high reeds and grasses and groves of locust trees. Pass thickets of dogwoods and Russian olives too. Stop occasionally to hear birdsong against the background noises of the surrounding urban area.\n\nIgnore side trails and stay on the wide old road. At 0.8 mile, pass an old foundation and a handful of catalpa trees, native to the American South and often referred to as cigar trees after their long, bean like seedpods. At 1 mile, come to a junction near a nice beach. Stay straight and venture 0.2 mile to the northern tip of the island, taking in good views of the I-182 bridge and Badger, Candy, and Rattlesnake Mountains. Lewis and Clark visited the island in October 1805, the farthest up the Columbia River they explored after paddling down the Snake River.\n\nReturn to the junction and follow the road-trail east across open fields. It soon bends south, passing through burned and recovering forest. Bear right at a junction at 1.6 miles, rounding a wetland flush with avian activity. At 1.9 miles, bear right again, returning to the main trail in another 0.2 mile. Turn left and cross the sumac-lined causeway once more, returning to your vehicle in 0.3 mile.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nStretch your legs further by walking along the Sacagawea Heritage Trail. Nearby Columbia Park is a well-shaded, well-liked, and lovely park for hiking, running, cycling, and lethargically whiling away the day.\n\n  Burbank Slough Wildlife Trail\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/1 | 2.8 miles | 25 feet\/355 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Humorist, refuge brochure **Contact:** McNary National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/mcnary; **Notes:** Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 12.070 W 118 59.588\n\n  _**More than 250 bird species frequent the McNary National Wildlife Refuge. The Burbank Slough Wildlife Trail is a good place to start looking for them. From the refuge's new environmental education and administrative center, head out on this easy and inviting shoreline trail. Be sure to visit the native plant garden; children will enjoy the on-site teepee.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom the junction of US Highway 395 and I-182\/US 12 (exit 14) in Pasco, follow US 12 4.4 miles east to a junction with SR 124 (shortly after the Snake River Bridge). Continue 1.2 miles east on US 12, turning left onto East Humorist Road. After 0.1 mile, turn left (north) onto Lake Road and proceed 0.3 mile to the trailhead at McNary National Wildlife Refuge headquarters and education center (elev. 350 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBe sure to grab a pamphlet at the parking lot kiosk before you start exploring. You may want to snoop around the environmental education center too, before taking to the trail. Opened in 2009, this facility has been a real boon to area schoolchildren, helping them bond with the outdoors. The nicely displayed and labeled native plant garden is a great way to become familiar with the flora of the lower Columbia Basin. Kids will enjoy the animal tracks in the pathway.\n\n_The Burbank Slough is an old river oxbow that teems with birdlife._\n\nThen head out 0.2 mile on a paved path to the bird blind on Burbank Slough (elev. 340 ft). How many red-winged and yellow-headed blackbirds do you see in the reeds and tules? Any teals, shovlers, canvasbacks, or scaups on the water? How many mallards? More than half of the mallards that use the Pacific Flyway winter in and near the refuge. The refuge was established in 1956 to replace habitat lost downstream to the McNary Dam. It consists of more than 15,000 acres within several units, including the one here that protects the long Burbank Slough.\n\nContinue on a grassy jeep track, heading west along the slough and at the edge of a cornfield. Human activity has greatly altered this landscape, changing drainage patterns and introducing exotic species, such as the prolific Russian olive. But that riparian shrub has actually benefited some native species, such as magpies that build their nests in them.\n\nAt 0.6 mile, a spur heads out to the water's edge. Just beyond is a junction with a small loop trail near some big Chinese elm trees. You'll return left\u2014so head right on sandy tread, soon coming to a small bridge. At 0.9 mile, near a nest platform, come to a junction with the loop. But first head right, along the northern shore of the slough. Look for burrowing owls\u2014they nest here\u2014and prickly pear cactus, which provides fruit favored by many refuge birds and animals.\n\nAt 1.3 miles, the trail ends at a gate near Lake Road (elev. 355 ft). Enjoy a good view of the eastern end of the slough and out to the towered Jump-off Joe, a peak across the Columbia River. Traffic and no shoulder make it inadvisable to walk the road back to the refuge center. Besides, you have the loop still left to hike, so double back 0.3 mile to the previous junction and continue straight.\n\nHike past sand dunes and patches of sweet-scented sage bushes, their trunks blotched with red lichen. And angle around wetland pools shaded by cottonwoods. Look for harriers above and amphibians and reptiles below. At 2.1 miles, return to the main trail. From here it's 0.7 mile back to the trailhead. If it isn't too hazy out, you should be able to see the Blue Mountains in the distance to the east. If it's early morning or evening, you should be able to see plenty of birds on the way back to your vehicle.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHike the 4-mile horse trail along the Walla Walla River in the Wallula Unit of the refuge. Access it from Madam Dorian Park, located about 10 miles south on US 12.\n\n  Juniper Dunes Wilderness\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 2 miles | 200 feet\/1000 feet | Mar\u2013May\n\n**Map:** USGS Levey NE; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane\/index.php; **Notes:** Access is via private land. Southern approach not recommended due to poor roads, changing landownership stipulations. Northern approach recommended, only permissible Mar 1\u2013May 31. No overnight parking. Respect private property. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Pack sufficient water. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 25.721 W 118 49.518\n\n  **_Enclosed by fences and containing no mountains, nolakes, no rivers, and practically no trails, Juniper Dunes is an anomaly among our state's wilderness areas. Surrounded by agricultural lands and adjacent dune areas ravaged by off-road vehicles, the 7140-acre Juniper Dunes Wilderness protects the state's largest remaining natural groves of junipers and some of its biggest dunes. And while this landscape may appear harsh, it's actually a pretty sensitive environment\u2014one harboring a plethora of fauna and flora._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow I-90 west to exit 220 in Ritzville, continuing 14 miles south on US Highway 395. Take the Lind exit and follow SR 21 24 miles south to Kahlotus. Turn left onto SR 260, and after 0.2 mile turn right onto SR 263. Follow it for 0.7 mile, bearing right onto the Pasco\u2013Kahlotus Road. Continue 16.5 miles south on this good road, turning right at the Star School District House onto Snake River Road. (From Pasco, follow US 12 east, exiting onto the Pasco\u2013Kahlotus Road. Follow it 24 miles north, turning left at the Star School District House onto Snake River Road.) Follow Snake River Road 3.4 miles west, turning left onto graveled Blackman Ridge Road. Continue 2.4 miles, turning left onto graveled Joy Road and driving 2 miles to the road's end and trailhead (elev. 800 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis hike begins on private land owned by the Juniper Dunes Ranch. Access is only from March 1 until May 31 and only during daylight hours. Please respect all posted rules and close all gates. The owners can deny access at any time, so it's important to be a good guest on their land. The access window is short, but it's during the spring months when temperatures aren't too extreme and the dunes are awash in wildflowers.\n\nFrom the trailhead you can see the dunes rising in the immediate distance. Walk through a gate, crossing a small corner of the ranch, and within 0.2 mile come to another gate. Pass through it and enter the 7140-acre wilderness area, the only one within Washington administered by the Bureau of Land Management and the only one completely enclosed by fences. The fences ensure that off-road-vehicle riders on adjacent BLM-administered dune lands don't encroach upon this protected environment. The wilderness still sports scars from ORVs that traversed it before it became protected in 1984.\n\n_The Juniper Dunes Wilderness contains one of the largest dune complexes in the state._\n\nTrails of sorts traverse the dunes, but generally the exploring is cross-country across what can be a forbidding land when temperatures soar. Pack plenty of water and sunscreen and note markers so as not to get lost. If you do get disoriented, you'll eventually come to a fence line, which you can follow back to the trailhead. It's not a bad idea to have a GPS unit on hand.\n\nThe dunes are fascinating to explore. Winds sculpt beautiful patterns in them. Check out parabolic mounds and sandy bowls. Lizards and small mammals such as pocket gophers and kangaroo rats leave their signatures in the sand. Bigger mammals too\u2014like badgers, coyotes, bobcats, and deer. Look for flowering plants in spring: sandwort, milk vetch, prickly pear cactus, penstemon, balsamroot buckwheat, larkspur, and many others. And the dunes support rabbitbrush, wheatgrass, ricegrass, and of course the area's namesake western junipers.\n\nFrom the wilderness boundary, follow a path of sorts 0.3 mile up a sprawling dune (elev. 1000 ft) that rises well over 150 feet above the adjacent farmland. Views are good of the Sahara-like terrain as well as of the Saddle Mountains to the north and the Blue Mountains to the southeast.\n\nDrop down, passing by grassy pockets and continuing west to some nice juniper groves at about 1 mile. These trees are adapted to dry habitat, so this area's 8 inches of annual rainfall suits them just fine. This is a good turnaround point, giving you a nice taste of this wilderness. However, the biggest junipers are located farther to your south, if you feel inclined to locate them.\n\n  Z Lake\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ONE-WAY | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n**\/3 | 3.5 miles | 275 feet\/2310 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Rocklyn SW, BLM Spokane District Telford Recreation Area map; **Contact:** Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Swanson Lake Wildlife Area, (509) 636-2344, www.wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks; **GPS:** N 47 36.774 W 118 24.029\n\n  _**This long, skinny rimrock lake with a crook and narrows in the middle was out-of-sight and off-limits on private land for decades. It doesn't even have an official name. Locally known as Z Lake, the area has gradually gained attention since being acquired by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and added to the 21,000-acre Swanson Lakes Wildlife Area. The area merges with the Bureau of Land Management Telford Recreation Area. One study pegged Z Lake as the most productive habitat for aquatic invertebrates in the region, luring walk-in anglers to cast for the few but plump trout. The management priority is protecting wildlife habitat, but cattle are still allowed to graze here\u2014and they make most of the trails. Explore this area wearing sturdy boots.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Davenport, drive 13.5 miles west on US Highway 2. Just west of the highway rest area, turn south on Telford Road. Drive 7.5 miles to the trailhead parking area (elev. 2300 ft) at Whittaker Lake Road.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThis hike can be done as an out-and-back from either the north or south trailhead. It's described here as a one-way hike from the north trailhead, easily accomplished by leaving a vehicle or bicycle on Telford Road, just 1.5 miles along the road from your starting trailhead.\n\nGo through the gate and head west on Whittaker Lake Road (closed to unauthorized motor vehicles). At 0.5 mile, continue straight where the gravel portion of the road bends north. Soon, a bit of the long north\u2013south ribbon of a lake will come into view below the basalt cliffs in the distance. This is a good point to pause with binoculars. Mule deer, coyotes, and other critters often can be seen taking cover when there's movement on the horizon\u2014including you.\n\nContinue down to a fence corner and go through the gate. There's no defined trail at this point. Continue straight west, weaving through the mounds on game trails. Rugged boots are recommended for hiking because of the basalt scree that must be negotiated through the flats.\n\n_A dogleg gives narrow Z Lake its name._\n\nHike to the water and then turn south. It's easy to find your own path along the east shore above the lake. Pass the old windmill tower and the solar panels that power the lake aerator, which helps provide oxygen for trout during the winter freeze-up.\n\nA little farther south, an aluminum rowboat has traditionally been left for anglers to use. Check it out if it's still there. Use it if you like, but bring it back off the water and turn it upside down with the oars inside\u2014just as you should have found it.\n\nSoon you'll come to the zigzag feature that gives the lake its name. Turn west and hike up into the rocky outcropping where the lake makes two right-angle turns. This is a great spot for a break and watching up and down the lake: look up for kestrels, marsh hawks, and opsreys; and look down to the water for waterfowl, turtles, and fish.\n\nContinue south along the shoreline. The walking gets easier. At the south end of the lake (can be wet in spring), eventually bend right to hit a ranch road. The way goes right briefly and dead-ends at the lake.\n\nTo finish the hike, continue south on the road. At an old corral area near some tall trees, follow the road as it bends left past a spring and eastward to the south trailhead and limited parking at Telford Road.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nCross-country hikers can circumnavigate the lake. The west side has higher bluffs for loftier views.\n\n  Twin Lakes\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | LOOP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 10 miles | 830 feet\/2250 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Rocklyn SW, USGS Swanson Lakes, BLM Spokane District Twin Lakes Recreation Area map; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks; **GPS:** N 47 31.795 W 118 30.352\n\n  **_Get your fix of wide-open spaces in this hike that links Channeled Scablands water features in Lake Creek Canyon with the surrounding sage and grazing lands. Starting from a fishing lake and small campground, follow old jeep tracks through a portion of 14,000 acres of range and wet-lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management for recreation and wildlife. Cattle are allowed to graze here among the deer and other wildlife. Spring is prime time for hiking, as the sagebrush-steppe blooms and migrant waterfowl pass through._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom its junction with US Highway 2 in Davenport, head south on State Route 28. Drive 12.7 miles to Harrington and turn right (west) onto Coffeepot Road. Drive 13.5 miles and turn right (north) onto Highline Road. Drive 1.3 miles and turn right (east) onto the BLM Twin Lakes access road. Drive 2 miles down to the lakeside campground and go past the boat ramp. The trailhead (elev. 1915 ft) is in the second big parking area near the outlet creek on the left. Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail starts at a footbridge across the creek between Upper and Lower Twin Lakes. Cross the bridge and bear right on the south side of Upper Twin. Go through a gate. Gain a little elevation and look down on the lake where anglers come to catch bass, crappie, perch, and trout. Soon the trail bends south away from the lake and heads right and around a grove of aspens. Pass a spring\u2014source of the wet spot producing the aspens.\n\nThe trail works up a small draw onto a broad sagebrush plateau. The area has numerous wildflowers in the spring, but it can be desertlike in the summer. Hot-weather hikers should take a cue from the wildlife and be hiking at sunrise.\n\nAt 1.2 miles, pass through another gate. (For a shorter loop hike, take the road [or trail] on the left that is a few hundred yards farther on.) In late May or early June, you might see bitterroots blooming directly in the trail. At 2.9 miles, the trail skirts the right side of a wetland and trees. Look for wild iris and wild onion blooming in spring. At 3.1 miles, continue straight on the main track at a faint junction. At 3.3 miles, the track turns right around some rock-filled fence-corner anchors. Suddenly the scenery becomes more interesting as the topography breaks up with basalt cliffs along the drainage between Wall Lake and Upper Twin Lake. A few pine trees crop into the picture as the trail drops into the canyon.\n\nAt 3.8 miles, go through a gate and continue down through a wildlife-rich area and then up to a ford over Lake Creek at 4.6 miles. In all but the highest spring water, there are usually enough rocks here to hop across without getting boots too wet.\n\nWhen you reach a fence, go up through the sagebrush to the left and parallel the fence a short way to the walk-through gate. (The road gate usually is locked.) Pass through several more gates on the way toward the deserted buildings of the old Rock Ranch. At the corrals of a formerly bustling cattle operation at 5.5 miles, turn left through another gate toward the house.\n\n_A campground at Upper Twin Lake_\n\nTo continue the loop, head left (west) from the house, up the access road (open to vehicles) and past the metal buildings. At 6.1 miles, go through gate no. 8. Continue to a kiosk at the junction with Reiber Road and go through another gate to get back on a nonmotorized track. Continue west through reclaimed farmland for 1 mile before going through a gate and coming to more interesting native rangeland. At 7.7 miles, bear right at a fork. Pass a seasonal lake in a pasture at 8.2 miles.\n\nAt 8.4 miles, pass through the tenth gate of the trek. At 9.2 miles, the trail intersects the Twin Lakes access road. You can turn left and head directly down to the lake and trailhead, or end the hike on a sweeter trail by turning right on the access road, going 100 yards, and turning left off the road onto a trail. It drops into the Twin Lakes canyon before hooking back to join the access road again at nearly 10 miles. Turn right and follow the access road down to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the corral and buildings at Rock Ranch, a track heads 1 mile east to Wall Lake, a nice side trip.\n\n  Lakeview Ranch\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/3 | 13 miles | 600 feet\/1800 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Pacific Lake, USGS Sullivan Lake, BLM map online, www.blm.gov\/or\/resources\/recreation\/site_info.php?siteid=275; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200; www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to horses. Partly open to mountain bikes, motorized use. Watch for rattlesnakes. Pack sufficient water; **GPS:** N 47 24.830 W 118 44.474\n\n  **_You'll get more than just a lake view hiking this 12,000+-acre former ranch. Canyons, craters, grasslands, and bluffs await\u2014and lots of wildlife too. Hike one of the longest trails on the Columbia Plateauand with each step through this varied terrain, scenic surprises greet you. The several lakes in the area, including 1.5-mile-long Pacific Lake, have mostly gone dry because of controversial deep-well irrigation that has lowered the vast Odessa Aquifer. Still, the lakes and their basalt cliff surroundings are fascinating flashbacks to a prehistoric time._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow I-90 west to exit 245 at Sprague. Head for about 13 miles north on State Route 23, turning left onto Mohler Road. After about 10 miles, reach SR 28. Turn left and drive 16 miles to Odessa. (From Ellensburg, follow I-90 east to exit 206. Then drive 18 miles north on SR 21 to Odessa.) Head 2.8 miles north on SR 21, turning left onto graveled Lakeview Ranch Road. Go 3.3 miles and just before a right-angle turn, note an alternate access for a quick walk down to Bobs Lakes. Then continue 1.9 miles on Lakeview Ranch Road to Lakeview Ranch and the trailhead (elev. 1600 ft) on the left behind the barns.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nAcquired for the public by the Bureau of Land Management in the 1990s, this former working ranch offers miles of roads and trails to explore. The hike described here utilizes part of the 12.9-mile Odessa\u2013Lake Creek (OLC) Trail to travel into the Lake Creek Coulee. That trail begins just north of the ranch buildings\u2014but its first few miles are open to motorized use, posing little interest to hikers.\n\nStart your hike instead by following the old jeep track west from the trailhead. You can make a short side trip north to Lakeview Ranch Crater. This crater, like the nearby and more defined Odessa Craters, was created not by meteor activity but by scouring from Ice Age floods. The Odessa Crater in Texas, however, was formed by a meteor hit.\n\n_A hiker climbs out of a large canyon on the Odessa-Lake Creek Trail_.\n\nTraversing open grasslands teeming with birds and wildflowers (in spring), pass Walter Lake on your left\u2014which may be a dry lake bed. After about 1 mile of level terrain, the path swings into some low rolling hills and comes to a good-sized lake on your right. Pass several more smaller lakes that vary in size depending on the season and amount of recent rainfall. Good opportunities for bird-watching here. The surrounding sage-dotted hills also harbor numerous bird species and mammals\u2014look for jackrabbits.\n\nBLM RANGE LANDS INVITE HIKERS\n\nA new era started in 1987 with 156 acres purchased at the Lakeview Ranch near Pacific Lake north of Odessa. The US Bureau of Land Management\u2014once the runt of land-management agencies in Eastern Washington\u2014began a campaign to build its stature one parcel at a time.\n\nTwo decades later, after a series of land trades, acquisitions, and consolidations, the agency has become a regional giant for wildlife habitat restoration and public access to sagebrush-steppe wild lands. The BLM has increased its Washington landholdings from about 308,000 acres in 1985 to about 446,000 acres. More importantly, instead of being small parcels, scattered and sometimes inaccessible, the acreage is largely consolidated into large tracts in Eastern Washington, especially in Lincoln County. All of it is open to hikers.\n\nBy seeking willing sellers and acquiring an 8000-acre ranch here and a 10,000-acre ranch there, the BLM built a handsome spread where fish and wildlife can be housed and managed on equal or higher terms with livestock. In many cases, the agency has offered lease-back arrangements so ranchers selling land can continue ranging livestock, although the amount of grazing is reduced by up to 60 percent. Hunters, hikers, equestrians, and mountain bikers can enter through gates and travel freely all day through the scablands without stepping off public land.\n\nStandout examples include more than 20,000 acres in the Odessa area near Lakeview Ranch (Hike 106), about 17,000 acres in the Coffeepot\u2013Twin Lakes areas west of Harrington (Hike 105), and about 8000 acres along Hog Canyon and Fishtrap Lakes off I-90 (Hikes 108 and 109). The 14,000-acre Escure Ranch straddling the Adams-Whitman county line south of Lamont, a former sheep and cattle operation, is a public plum that includes 8 miles of Rock Creek, along with Wall Lake (Hike 110).\n\nFor more information, contact the US Bureau of Land Management, Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane.\n\nAt 2.1 miles, reach a junction with the OLC Trail (elev. 1700 ft). It's a jeep track here and open to motorized travel. Don't let that discourage you though\u2014use is fairly light. Turn left and hike the track, coming to a junction at 2.6 miles. The way left is the OLC route. It drops 100 feet to Waukesha Spring along a fence line (private property beyond, so don't think of walking on the paths heading east); then it climbs back up. Skip it, saving 0.6 mile and a small climb. Instead, continue straight on a shortcut that meets back up with the OLC Trail in 0.4 mile.\n\nThen continue right, coming to the end of motorized use at an old rusty combine part at 3.5 miles. The views here are pretty decent east across the small coulee housing Lake Creek and out to distant wheat fields. Now follow the trail along a fence line, climbing higher on a slope of golden grasses. At 4.5 miles, reach a hillcrest (elev. 1800 ft) and begin descending into the coulee. Aside from not losing the sketchy tread (pay attention for trail markers), take care not to twist an ankle in the numerous burrows in the trail. Enjoy good views of imposing basalt cliffs and the wide canyon floor housing Bobs Lakes, a series of shallow bodies of water (or salt flats).\n\nAfter descending a steep draw, reach a gate at 5.8 miles at a bench above the coulee floor. The way turns right along the bench, eventually dropping to the grassy coulee bottom and reaching a bridge over Lake Creek (elev. 1425 ft) at 6.5 miles. For most day hikers, this is a good spot to turn around. But first feel free to explore the canyon.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nMake a loop by walking north along the Bobs Lakes to an old jeep track, reaching the Lakeview Ranch Road in about 2.5 miles. It's then a 2 mile walk north on that road back to your vehicle. Better yet, leave a car at the Odessa trailhead for the OLC Trail (0.3 mile west of Birch Street) and make a one-way journey. From the bridge, the way climbs out of the coulee, passing a spring and good views of the Odessa Towers rock formations. An up-and-down course across grassy hills and sagebrush-steppe leads toward Crab Creek Coulee before following a utility road a short way, then trail again, to reach the trailhead in 6.2 miles\u201412.7 miles from the ranch trailhead. Also, go to the campground area just a few hundred yards northeast of the Lakeview Ranch buildings and hike the north rim of dry but scenic Pacific Lake.\n\n  Crab Creek\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/3 | 6 miles | 320 feet\/1830 feet | Feb\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Harrington SE, BLM Spokane District Rocky Ford map; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to horses. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks. Safest for dogs in late fall or winter. Range area; **GPS:** N 47 18.092 W 118 15.298\n\n  **_Water in a desertlike environment creates a wildlife magnet as Crab Creek flows through this stretch of public land in Lincoln County. Transitions are dramatic, from winter brown to the lush spring greenery that virtually hides the creek in some areas. While the route can be hiked almost year-round, it's especially pleasing as the area blooms with life from March through early May and again in late fall, when ticks and rattlesnakes have retreated._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 east of Ritzville, take Tokio exit 231 and head north. The road becomes Danekas Road. Follow it about 1.4 miles and turn right on Hills Road (also known as the Harrington\u2013Tokio Road). Drive north over the railway, go 6 miles. Just after crossing a bridge over Crab Creek, pass a parking area and kiosk on the right (upstream side of the road) and turn left. (From Harrington, head south on State Route 23. At the edge of town, turn right toward Ritzville on the Harrington\u2013Tokio Road. Drive 12 miles to the Crab Creek access on the right.) Drive to the end of the large undeveloped BLM camping area and the trailhead (elev. 1825 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trailhead is near a corralled spring. Go through the gate and follow the stock trail downstream. This trail can fade or braid in places, but the route generally heads downstream on the first bench level above the creek. It's much easier to follow from fall through early spring than it is from late spring through summer, when the creekside grass and vegetation leafs out thick.\n\n_A mallard hen distracts hikers from her nearby brood._\n\nBasalt outcroppings rise on the right, forming condo sites for swallows and other nesting birds. The trail soon heads to the edge of the creek, and then it skirts to the right of the first large thicket of wild roses and hawthorns by angling away from the creek and hugging the basalt outcropping.\n\nSoon the creek returns to greet the trail. If the grass isn't too high, you'll see waterfowl. Many ducks hatch here in May and early June. If you see an adult duck splashing downstream in a broken-wing act, just keep hiking. The parent is luring you from the clutch of ducklings hidden in the grass. It will return to its brood after you pass.\n\nThe trail fades in and out in a series of game and stock trails. At 1 mile, pass through a creekside opening in a fence. Although this is classic mule deer country, we have seen whitetails up a draw across the creek at 2.5 miles.\n\nAt 2.7 miles, as the trail fades, the terrain offers an easy angle to the top of a basalt ledge, where you can continue hiking downstream for a change of scenery just above the creek. At 2.9 miles, the creek begins a big sweeping left turn. Angle uphill, keeping the creek in view, for an easy, gradual cross-country climb to the top of the bluffs overlooking the creek.\n\nThe bluff top is a good place for further exploration, or simply pull up a rock and enjoy a snack and the vista of the creek below. Return from here for a round-trip trek of 6 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the parking area, cross the highway to another trailhead and hike a similar trail along Crab Creek upstream for about 1 mile.\n\n  Hog Canyon\n\nRATING\/DIFFICULTY | ROUND-TRIP | ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT | SEASON\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/4 | 5.4 miles | 670 feet\/2200 feet | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Fishtrap, BLM Spokane District Fishtrap map; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 47 21.672 W 117 49.721\n\n  **_Every season has its moment on this showcase in the Channeled Scablands scoured by the great Ice Age floods. March to early May is prime time to catch the blooming arrowleaf balsamroot and other wildflowers in the open ponderosa pine forest and to see the waterfall at the north end of Hog Canyon. Hog Lake is one of just four in the region designated for winter fishing (December 1\u2013March 31), which overlaps with the end and the beginning of hiking season. Aspens brighten the route in October. Deer, coyotes, and other wildlife are active early on summer mornings, which also is the best time to hike the open portions of this route when daytime temperatures soar._**\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 about 25 miles west of Spokane, take Fishtrap exit 254 and head south on Sprague Highway. Drive nearly 2.5 miles and turn left on Fishtrap Road. Drive 0.6 mile to a multi-trailhead parking area on the right (elev. 2170 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the parking area, walk the paved road 0.1 mile toward Fishtrap Lake Resort. Turn left on the first dirt road. Take the first or second gate on the right through the barbed-wire fence (the gate paths merge in about 100 ft) to begin hiking the single-track trail toward Hog Lake.\n\nThe trail drops into a grassy draw and then climbs the slope on the opposite side and through a fence gate. Take note of the single-track's direction here to avoid confusion on the way back. Soon the trail heads down to the right and quickly changes character as it drops into the ponderosa pines. This area is open to periodic livestock grazing and cattle trails could cause occasional confusion. When in doubt, look for the vertical trail posts the BLM uses to mark the route.\n\nThe trail bends left, levels onto a bench, and contours along Hog Canyon, which is not too deep at this point. Cattails vegetate the canyon bottom, and the wildlife tracks and beauty of the scabland terrain make it easy to overlook the cow pies. The trail then steps down to another broader, more meadowlike bench. At 1.5 miles, pass a little aspen grove that's luscious green in spring and summer, stunning yellow in October, and almost as eye-catching as naked white-barked skeletons for the next five months.\n\n_A scablands waterfall is a highlight of the Hog Lake hike_\n\nThe trail continues a short way on a double-track. Then bear right on the singletrack as it enters the Hog Lake access site. Walk to the boat launch and bear left onto the angler trail along the lake's northwest shore. After a few hundred yards, the user trail angles up toward the rim. It fades as it crosses a short patch of scree near the top but becomes evident again as it follows the edge of the bluff, with great views looking down on the lake and across Hog Canyon. Where the user trail finally peters out above the wide bend in the lake, head left 30 yards or so to the main double-track trail and continue up-lake, although the water will not be in view.\n\nHike a few hundred yards. Just as the double-track enters scattered timber, about 60 yards before it switchbacks up toward the rim on the left, take the cow trail that gently drops to the right. Contour past the first little draw and around a little knob where the trail becomes a more obvious single-track again and climbs a short slope to a ridge. From here, drop down the ridge toward the lake to an excellent viewpoint overlooking Hog Canyon Falls. Best viewing is in late winter or spring, when the runoff is surging. The falls, virtually dry in summer and autumn, is on private land.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the trailhead gate, walk north on the access road to the old buildings of Folsom Farm.\n\n  Fishtrap Lake\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | **6.4 miles** | 350 feet\/ **2180 feet** | Mar\u2013Dec\n\n**Maps:** USGS Fishtrap, BLM Spokane District Fishtrap map; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Range area. Watch for ticks; **GPS:** N 47 21.635, W 117 49.844\n\n  _**A trail along old ranch roads runs the length of Fishtrap Lake, a remnant of the Ice Age floods and centerpiece of the Bureau of Land Management's 7000-acre Fishtrap Recreation Area. The sageland scenery is spectacular during spring wildflower blooming and colorful during fall foliage. The lake is stocked with rainbow trout and is especially popular with anglers late April\u2013May. Most anglers concentrate at the north end out of Fishtrap Lake Resort, where patrons from Spokane once came by train to dine and dance. But this hike strides away from the lakeshore, hooking back at the south end of the lake to Farmers Landing, an ideal tranquil lakeshore site for a picnic and water-fowl watching.**_\n\n_Fishtrap Lake from Farmers Landing_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 about 25 miles west of Spokane, take Fishtrap exit 254 and head south on Sprague Highway. Drive nearly 2.5 miles and turn left on Fishtrap Road. Drive 0.6 mile to a multi-trailhead parking area on the right (elev. 2170 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the trailhead parking lot, go through the gate and follow the double-track trail that heads south toward a lakeside residence surrounded by trees. When the road reaches a fence around the private property, just walk along the right side of the enclosure and pick up the trail again as it exits the enclosure on the south side.\n\nThe route parallels the shoreline of Fishtrap Lake, but you won't see the water until you gain a little elevation in an open area after hiking 1.5 miles. At 2 miles, the trail forks. (Right goes 1.2 miles to the BLM Ranch House trailhead and the area manager's residence.) Take the left fork, go through a gate, and continue toward Farmers Landing. (If you hiked cross-country to the east, you'd come to the narrows of Fishtrap Lake.)\n\nGo through some timber and past a seasonal wetland on the right. At 2.9 miles, come to a junction in a grove of older pines. (The double-track to the right heads 1.4 miles to the Farmers Landing trailhead.) Head left and hike 0.3 mile to the lakeshore at Farmers Landing. This open spot overlooking the south end of the lake is ideal for picnics. You'll likely be alone, except on the fourth weekend in April when the fishing season opens.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nHorse riders have pioneered some singletrack trails that run north from the BLM Ranch House trail. If you're up for some exploring, give one of them a try, or just head north cross-country from the Ranch House trail. Use a compass to make sure you keep heading north as you skirt scabland ponds and meadows, and you'll eventually hit Fishtrap Road near the trailhead. Other options: Shuttle a bicycle or vehicle to the Ranch House trailhead for a one-way hike of 2.2 miles, or to the Farmers Landing trailhead for a one-way hike of 4.4 miles.\n\n  Escure Ranch\u2013Towell Falls\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/2** | **6.4 miles** | **530 feet\/1565 feet** | **Feb\u2013Dec**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Honn Lakes, USGS Revere, BLM Spokane District Escure Ranch map; **Contact:** BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses, hunting. Partly open to motorized use. Range area. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks; **GPS:** N 47 00.856 W 117 56.613\n\n  _**From a ranch house and corrals, wear out your boot soles in more than 14,000 acres of the Bureau of Land Management's Rock Creek Management area, most of which was formerly a working cattle operation called Escure Ranch. This is largely open grazing land, scabbed with basalt outcroppings and mesas\u2014and a river running through it. The ranch can be remarkably receptive or harsh, depending on the day or month. The terrain was scoured by Ice Age floods, leaving scattered lakes\u2014Wall, Turtle, Perch\u2014where raging floods gouged divots between basalt cliffs. Trails, if you need them, are old ranch roads, which are sometimes but not always open to motorized use.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom I-90 at Sprague, take exit 245 and head south (through town) on State Route 23 toward Saint John and Steptoe. Drive 12 miles from I-90 and, at a sharp left bend in the highway, turn right onto Davis Road. Drive 6.8 miles and turn left on Jordan\u2013Knott Road. Head south 2.2 miles, crossing the bridge over Rock Creek, and turn right into the Rock Creek Management Area. Drive another 2.4 miles on a sometimes rough road to the trailhead (elev. 1460 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe trail to Towell Falls starts through the gate near the kiosk and heads south on an old ranch road. This road is open to motorized use roughly from April, when the ground dries, to early June, when it's closed to prevent fires. Wildflowers peak in April and early May. Common wildlife sightings include coyotes, mule deer, and hawks. Rock Creek holds rainbow and brown trout, and some of the ranch lakes hold bass and panfish. Special Washington fishing regulations apply. Keep dogs on-leash to protect them during snake season.\n\n_Rock Creek's Towell Falls at Escure Ranch_\n\nThe route parallels Rock Creek before the stream bends west and away from the road. After hiking 2.8 miles, ascend to a basalt bluff overlooking the creek and affording the first glimpse of Towell Falls in the distance. The route then drops to a small seasonal parking area.\n\nA marker leads you on a faint trail straight toward the larger lower falls. Take the faint path down toward the creek and bend to the right along a small basalt cliff, heading upstream. Skirt right onto an old road cut around a small grove of aspens, and then drop off the bluff onto the scabrock bench that leads to the creek. You can walk to the edge of the upper falls.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore another mile downstream to the south end of the BLM property. For a real workout, add the 8-mile round-trip to Wall Lake. From the Ranch House trailhead, cross the bridge over Rock Creek, follow the road through the old ranch house gates, and continue west up the hill. Follow the vertical trail signs across the upper flats. Pass through four more gates en route to Wall Lake. If you can navigate well with map and compass or GPS, a nifty 11-mile loop can be made by hiking from Wall Lake cross-country (rugged) to Perch Lake and then following an old ranch road southeast, parallel to Rock Creek, a short way back to the trailhead.\n\n## palouse hills\n\n_Palouse River upper falls_\n\nThe Palouse is a fertile farming area that resembles an ocean of waves whipped up in a major storm. The Ice Age floods that scoured the Channeled Scablands deposited rich ripples of silt over about 3000 square miles of Eastern Washington land just north of the Snake River. Those rolling hills have been developed into rich fields of wheat, lentils, and canola, along with thousands of acres seeded to grass under the federal Conservation Reserve Program.\n\nThe Palouse is the darling of landscape photographers trying to capture subtle light, shadows, and textures. Fingers of forest and streams string through the rough seas of farm fields. Images change character hourly with the movement of the sun and seasonally with the different shades of crop ripeness and harvest. Steptoe Butte and Kamiak Butte are prime unfarmed natural-area destinations for overlooking the spectacle from remnant preserves of native grasses and wildflowers.\n\nWhat's the wildest area in the Palouse? The Palouse River and 186-foot-high Palouse Falls are top candidates, but the distinction should likely go to the Washington State University campus in Pullman, home of the Cougars.\n\n  Kamiak Butte\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **LOOP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/2 | 2.9 miles | 800 feet\/3641 feet | Mar\u2013Oct\n\n**Maps:** USGS Albion, Kamiak Butte County Park brochure online; **Contact:** Whitman County Parks and Recreation Department, Colfax, (509) 397-6238, www.whitmacounty.org; **Notes:** Park and picnic area open 7AM\u2013dusk, spring\u2013fall. Campers must stay inside closed gate at night. Park subject to closure if fire danger is extreme. Picnic shelters can be rented. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 52.214 W 117 09.187\n\n  _**Kamiak Butte is a natural-area island that rises abruptly from a sea of wavelike Palouse hills. Textures of fertile grain fields below create a stunning landscape. Shadows on the rolling hills change by the hour, sometimes as dramatically as the green-to-gold of the growing season. Because of the sweeping monocultures below, the native flora of the timbered mountain (a more precise term than \"butte\") is especially attractive to wildlife. About 130 bird species have been documented living or pit-stopping in the 298-acre county park, along with several endangered plant species and all sorts of other critters, including white-tailed deer and the occasional moose. This hike leads to the 3641-foot summit of Kamiak Butte, the second-highest point in Whitman County. Bring a wildflower field guide.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom downtown Colfax, turn east on Canyon Street and continue as it becomes State Route 272 (Palouse Highway) for 5.3 miles. Turn right on Clear Creek Road. Go 8.1 miles and make a sharp right onto Fugate Road (County Road 5100), continuing 0.5 mile. (From Pullman, take State Route 27 north 11.6 miles. Turn left on Clear Creek Road and drive 0.4 mile. Turn left on Fugate Road and drive 0.6 mile.) Turn south into Kamiak Butte County Park and drive to the trailhead (elev. 2900 ft) at the day-use area. Privy available.\n\n_Palouse farm fields look like ocean waves below Kamiak Butte._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nA map sign marks the Pine Ridge trailhead from the day-use area. The trail heads up a wide path, making several long switchbacks to the top of the ridge. Here you can begin to understand why this island of habitat is designated a national natural landmark for its natural and geologic significance. The cooler, denser north side of the ridge (including some cedars) you just ascended gives way to a dryer remnant grassland prairie habitat facing south, including arrowleaf balsamroot and other plants associated with lower sagelands. Wildflowers bloom here as early as February, peaking in May and June.\n\nKamiak Butte, a name honoring Chief Kamiakin of the Yakama Tribe, can be seen in the distance from this ridge. Steptoe Butte is the prominent peak 15 miles to the northwest. The Blue Mountains can be seen far to the south on a clear day.\n\nExplore the trail that heads left (east) on the ridge spine for a short walk to the park boundary, and then return to the junction, where a few braided trails head southwest. Take the most traveled trail upward and stay near the spine of the ridge. After a long, gradual climb, contour on the south side of a knob and begin dropping to a saddle and junction. Continue left on the short spur to the rocky and sparsely timbered Kamiak Butte summit at 3641 feet. The ridge trail splits around both sides of the summit but merges into one trail. Stretch your legs for another 0.25 mile west to the fence that blocks access to private land and communications towers at the end of the butte.\n\nDouble back to the summit and back to the saddle junction. Bear left and downhill to leave Pine Ridge and continue the loop. The downhill return on the north side of the ridge leads pleasantly through a lusher, wetter habitat. Halfway down, a denser stand of smaller trees indicates where a short-lived ski run was cut in the 1950s. From here to the trailhead, two spur trails drop downhill to the campground.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nSeveral trails wander around the campground, offering more views. Expect to see deer at the forest edges moving in and out of the grain fields early and late in the day.\n\n  Palouse Falls\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n****\/2 | 1.3 miles | 150 feet\/925 feet | Year-round\n\n**Maps:** USGS Palouse Falls, state park map online; **Contact:** Palouse Falls State Park, (509) 646-9218, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Dogs permitted on-leash. Watch for rattlesnakes; **GPS:** N 46 39.835 W 118 13.637\n\n  _**Plummeting nearly 186 feet within a stark canyon of basalt, Palouse Falls is one of the most striking waterfalls in the Pacific North-west. Here the Palouse River thunders through a deep channel that was scoured across the Palouse Hills during the great Ice Age floods. While you can easily view this spectacle of nature from the parking lot, a couple of enticing trails lead along the canyon rim high above the plunging waters\u2014and deep into the canyon to a series of rapids upriver from the awesome falls.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Spokane, follow I-90 west to exit 221 in Ritzville. Then drive 41.5 miles south on SR 261, turning left onto Palouse Falls Road. Reach the trailhead (elev. 900 ft) in Palouse Falls State Park after 2.4 miles. (From Pasco, take US Highway 395 north to Connell. Then follow SR 260 east for 25 miles, turning right onto SR 261. Reach the state park turnoff after 8.6 miles.)\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nUpon exiting your vehicle, you'll immediately be greeted by the roar of the Palouse River dropping 186 feet into a plunge pool beneath steep-shelved cliff walls. The First Peoples of the Palouse called these falls _Aputaput_ , meaning \"falling water.\" They tell of how the falls was created by four giant brothers pursuing a mythological creature called the Big Beaver. The river once flowed smoothly into the Snake River, the story goes, until the Big Beaver was pursued and speared five times. Wounded, he gouged out canyon walls and forced the river to change course to plummet over a cliff. Big Beaver's claw marks can still be seen in the canyon walls\u2014the basalt columns. And the river indeed changed course. It once flowed through the Washtucna Coulee until the Ice Age floods forced its relocation to where you are now standing.\n\nFeel free to first walk the paved path to falls vistas and interpretive signs. Then start this hike, which begins on a service road at the north end of the parking area. Saunter past willows and through sage and flowers\u2014lots of them. Depending on the season, look for camas, lupine, desert parsley, arrowleaf balsamroot, bluebells, yellow bells, and more.\n\nAt 0.1 mile, a well-defined path branches right along the canyon rim above the falls. You'll be returning left, so take the path right and proceed with caution, staying a safe distance away from the canyon's edge. Avoid the social paths that head into the canyon, as they can be extremely dangerous. Look for snakes and yellow-bellied marmots along the way\u2014and of course stop to marvel at the river below.\n\nAt 0.25 mile, reach a spot above the thundering falls. Peer down at Castle Rock with its turrets and parapets. Then continue along the rim, enjoying vertigo-inducing views into the chasm below. A series of rapids in a bend in the river beneath an impressive face of columnar basalt soon comes into view. That's your destination.\n\nAt 0.5 mile, come to the end of a service road (elev. 925 ft). The trail continues right through a small gap, steeply dropping (use caution) to a set of railroad tracks. The line is still in use, so stay clear. Walk to the right, along the tracks, for 0.1 mile and then pick up trail again. Descend across a basalt talus slope, reaching the canyon floor in another 0.1 mile. Then on easy trail continue through pockets of head-high sage, reaching the river's edge at the rapids (elev. 775 ft). This is a nice spot to sit and ponder. Or feel free to scout around the canyon floor, but stay snake awake! When ready to return, retrace your steps to the service road and follow it 0.3 mile back to the trailhead.\n\n_While not as breathtaking as Palouse Falls, the upper falls sit in a wild and gorgeous canyon._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFrom the trailhead, take a short trail south to the Fryxell Overlook. From there a trail heads a short distance south along the railroad tracks before descending to a bench in the canyon. Adventurous and sure-footed souls may want to check it out.\n\n## blue mountains\n\n_Sulphur buckwheat brightens the rugged terrain near Deadman Peak in the Blue Mountains._\n\nPlateaus flanked by narrow ridges and slopes that drop steeply into deep canyons characterize the Washington portion of the Blue Mountains. Stray from the river drainages or high plateaus and the terrain falls into the general category of vertical. The range stretches about 190 miles from central Oregon into southeastern Washington, where the Blues are the headwaters for Snake and Columbia River tributaries sought by steelhead returning from the ocean to spawn.\n\nWhile just a fraction of the 1.4 million-acre Umatilla National Forest, the Pomeroy and Walla Walla Ranger Districts maintain hundreds of miles of trails in the Eastern Washington portion of the Blues. The marquee destination for hikers and horse packers is the 177,465-acre Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness, named for the area's two major river drainages. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife also manages 70,000 acres of public land primarily for fish and wildlife habitat in the Blue Mountains Wildlife Area Complex. The busiest period in the Blues is October through early November, when most campsites and turnouts are filled with hunters pursuing Rocky Mountain elk.\n\n  Lewis and Clark Trail State Park\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **LOOP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n***\/1** | **0.8 mile** | **none\/1400 feet** | **Year-round**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Huntsville, state park map online; **Contact:** Lewis and Clark Trail State Park, (509) 337-6457, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 17.376 W 118 04.281\n\n  _**Saunter through a lush forest that embraces the trout-filled Touchet River. Surrounded by sun-baked hills of golden grasses, this small forested tract retains moisture, making it a cool green haven on a hot summer's day. Old-growth ponderosa pines and cottonwoods help shade the way. Some of them graced this grove when Lewis and Clark passed through on May 2, 1806, on their return from the Pacific.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pasco, head east on US Highway 12, turning left onto State Route 124 just after crossing the Snake River Bridge. Follow SR 124 for 45 miles to Waitsburg, picking up US 12 once again and continuing east 4.3 miles to the Lewis and Clark Trail State Park. (From Dayton, travel west on US 12 for 5.3 miles.) Turn left (north) into the park, proceeding to the campground restroom building and trailhead (elev. 1400 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nBehind the restrooms, with silhouettes of the intrepid duo Lewis and Clark pointing the way, find the trailhead for the Fur, Fins, and Feathers Nature Trail. Grab an interpretive brochure (or ask the ranger for one), and then set out west (right) on this delightful little loop. You'll immediately notice how thick the vegetation is. Nettles grow head high\u2014stay on the trail or be zapped. The trail circles the campground, often resonating with the sounds of happy families. During quieter times, birdsong fills the air.\n\nAfter crossing a service road and the campground loop road, begin circling back under an impressive canopy of cottonwoods. The trail brushes alongside the Touchet River, providing good views out to the open countryside beyond. It was this promising countryside that attracted early settlers to the region, particularly French Canadians who came with the early fur brigades. Touchet is derived from the French word _toucheur_ , which means \"cattle driver.\"\n\nBut long before the fur trappers and Lewis and Clark, this region bustled with the activity of First Peoples. They traversed the area via the Nimipooiskit Trail, which extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Remnants of this trail still exist in the valley.\n\nNotice the heavy sediment along the riverbank, evidence of past flooding and the reason why this area is so lush with vegetation and hosts a healthy assortment of birds. Look up at overhanging limbs for osprey. Look in the grasses for scurrying quails. And look out in the open fields for magpies. The delightful trail soon skirts the group camp before turning away from the river to head back west. Cross the campground loop road once more and return to your start.\n\n_A giant cottonwood along the Touchet River_\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe park continues on the south side of US 12, where there's a short but nice nature trail and interpretive displays on Lewis and Clark. Learn, too, about the Bateman family who homesteaded this tract in 1864 and sold it to the state during the Great Depression. During this austere time, park officials and townsfolk constructed the restroom building from 10,000 stones acquired from the Touchet River. During summer months, park personnel provide historical interpretation and guided walks.\n\n  Mill Creek\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **LOOP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/1** | **5.2 miles** | **155 feet\/1270 feet** | **Year-round**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Walla Walla, Army Corps trail map available online; **Contact:** US Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, (509) 527-7160, www.nww.usace.army.mil; **Notes:** Bennington Lake open 5:00AM\u201310:00PM. Partly open to mountain bikes, horses. Partly wheelchair-accessible. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 04.575 118 16.371\n\n  _**Thanks to damaging floods during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Walla Walla residents now have in their backyard a 612-acre public tract of rolling hills, forested creeks, and trails. More than 20 miles worth, actually, embracing Mill Creek and circling Bennington Lake\u2014all part of a flood-control project that overflows with great hiking opportunities.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Walla Walla, head east on US Highway 12, exiting onto Airport Way. Head south on Airport Way, reaching intersection with Isaacs Avenue in 0.2 mile. Proceed straight onto Tausick Way, pass Walla Walla Community College, and cross Mill Creek and turn left on Reservoir Road after 0.4 mile. Continue 0.5 mile to parking and the trailhead (elev. 1160 ft) at the Mill Creek Office. Privy available.\n\n_Concrete blocks across the spillway make for a fun (or nerve-wracking) crossing._\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nMore than 20 miles of multiuse, nonmotorized trails, and service roads traverse Mill Creek, the largest tract of public land in the Walla Walla Valley. The suggested hike here incorporates two of the three loop trails within the complex, offering a nice half-day hike. Feel free to shorten, lengthen, or create your own loops and combinations.\n\nFrom the trailhead, head east on the King-fisher Loop, following a service road along the creek, tiered and between levees (you're on one) as part of the flood-control project. Originating high in the Blue Mountains, the creek's waters are clean and sparkling. The way is practically level and lined with cottonwoods and other greenery. At 0.8 mile, come to a bridge and a junction. If you're just out for a short hike, cross the bridge and head left downstream (right leads to Rooks Park, another alternative trailhead). The paved Mill Creek Recreation Trail comes to another bridge that takes you back to the trailhead for a 1.7-mile loop.\n\nThe suggested hike continues straight 0.1 mile to a diversion dam and a service road (part of the Whitetail Trail loop). Head right on the service road over a grassy hillside that parallels a diversion spillway and reach a junction (elev. 1270 ft) with the Meadowlark Loop trail at 1.3 miles. Turn left and walk across the spillway, getting your feet wet or, if you're determined not to, hopping across a series of concrete blocks. Ignore side trails and stay on the Meadowlark Loop alongside and encircling Bennington Lake. While motor-free, the lake isn't quiet, echoing with the sounds of happy paddlers and swim-mers\u2014much to the chagrin of fishermen and women in pursuit of rainbows.\n\nPass through pockets of deciduous trees\u2014pretty in fall and shade-granting in summer. The way is near level. Cross the Mill Creek Dam (elev. 1225 ft) and pass through the busy parking lots and picnic areas along the lake's southwest shore. Catch some nice views of the Blues across the lake. Then resume quieter ambling through fields, returning to the spillway junction at 3.9 miles. Return to Mill Creek and take the Kingfisher Loop back to your vehicle for a hike of 5.2 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFor near-shoreline access to Bennington Lake, from the Mill Creek trailhead drive 1 mile east on Reservoir Road to parking and trailheads at Bennington Lake.\n\n  Deadman Peak\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3** | **6 miles** | **1780 feet\/5960 feet** | **late June\u2013Oct**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Deadman Peak, Umatilla National Forest map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Walla Walla Ranger District, (509) 522-6290, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/walla2; **Notes:** Open to mountain bikes, horses. Rough access road. Access restricted south of trail into Mill Creek watershed; **GPS:** N 46 03.765 W 117 54.891\n\n  _**Except for a few dozen hunters who get special permits to probe this area in late October, the Intake\u2013Deadman Peak Trail is rarely tramped by hikers. It has no trailhead sign and is not clearly listed among hiking options on the Forest Service website. The route forms the boundary around a portion of the pristine Mill Creek Watershed, which is monitored occasionally by patrols to keep people away from the drinking-water source for Walla Walla. Vehicle access includes a few miles on the rough but scenic mile-high kendall Skyline Road, completed in 1928. A short side trip leads to the Table Rock Lookout. Like forbidden fruit, you can look at Deadman Peak from the lookout and hike within a couple hundred feet of its summit on the trail, but the top is just inside the watershed boundary and off-limits.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 in Dayton, turn south toward Bluewood Ski Area on 4th Street, which eventually becomes Kendall Skyline Road (Forest Road 64). Drive 23.2 miles to a junction with FR 46 and continue straight. Go 0.3 mile farther and turn left, continuing on FR 64 toward the Table Rock Lookout. Drive 2 miles on this rough, talcum-powder-dusty road segment and look for an unauthorized road heading up the open slope to the right just past Blakely Spring. This is a possible parking spot. Continue as FR 64 bends south for 0.2 mile and look to the uphill side for the first of many steel posts with 12-inch-wide signs designating the Mill Creek Watershed Boundary. This first sign is the trailhead, with room for one vehicle to park clear of the road if two wheels are up on the slope (elev. 5820 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nThe Forest Service clearly makes no effort to make the beginning of the route apparent. But another watershed boundary sign up the slope helps get hikers on course. Intake Trail No. 3211 soon becomes a single-track route, with boundary signs on your left every few tenths of a mile or so.\n\n_Deadman Peak is seen in the distance beyond Table Rock Lookout._\n\nThe trail undulates on a north slope lush with shrubs, including huckleberry and false hellebore. Columbines might catch your eye in August. Soon the landscape opens to sweeping views of the Columbia and Walla Walla County farmlands below. As the trail drops into a notch, Deadman Peak is in full view, about 0.8 mile ahead, distinguished by a bald basalt outcropping lapping over from the summit.\n\nThe trail contours around the north side of Deadman Peak, tantalizingly close to the summit. But anywhere there's a short scramble route to the peak, there's likely to be a watershed boundary sign reminding you that it's off-limits. The trail continues around to an open point on the west side of the peak and a ridge that would lead gently to the summit, if only it weren't forbidden.\n\nThen the trail begins a long steady descent. It's a total of 2 miles to the open point of the ridge where the trail drops left and contours southward. Turn back here for a 4-mile round trip. However, the next mile is interesting for wildlife enthusiasts. The trail passes Switchback Spring at the headwaters of Green Fork Creek, where elk thoroughfares often can be seen. A bit farther, the trail breaks out onto an open ridge, where you can see back to the Table Rock Lookout without violating watershed restrictions.\n\nAt 3 miles you can see where the restricted Deadman Creek Trail starts up and over the lip and drops down into the restricted watershed. Turn back here for a 6-mile round trip.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nDrive south on FR 64 about 3 miles and hike or drive up the 0.2-mile spur (high-clearance required for driving) to the Table Rock Lookout (elev. 6250 ft) for the best view of Deadman Peak and the entire surrounding area. Privy available.\n\n  Middle Point Ridge\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3** | **5.5 miles** | **1730 feet\/5130 feet** | **June\u2013Nov**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Eckler Mountain, USGS Godman Spring, Umatilla National Forest map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Walla Walla Ranger District, (509) 522-6290, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/walla2; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Occasional motorcycle use; **GPS:** N 46 08.154 W 117 48.520\n\n  _**A paved road from Dayton leads to a route through forest that was burned\u2014some old monarchs were spared\u2014by the 110,000-acre Columbia Complex forest fires of 2006. Up from the North Fork Touchet River, the trail offers good views and an even better workout as it climbs to pleasant strolling on Middle Point Ridge. The entire hike is just a smidge off-piste from the Bluewood Ski Area.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 in Dayton, turn south toward Bluewood Ski Area on 4th Street, which eventually becomes Kendall Skyline Road (Forest Road 64). Drive a total of 16.5 miles to the trailhead on the left (elev. 3390 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nMiddle Point Trail No. 3116 drops from the paved parking area, crosses a footbridge over the North Fork Touchet River, and heads down along the stream. Soon it begins a nicely graded climb to the first switchback. Then the grade steps up a notch, angling toward the ridge and switchbacking into rock bands.\n\n_Some hearty trees survived forest fire on Middle Point Ridge._\n\nAt the ridge, you'll begin getting a close look at the aftermath of the 2006 fires. The trail becomes a pleasant walk on the ridge up to an open high point with distant views, a good turnaround point.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nContinue south on the trail 1.5 miles on a nice ridge route to the more timbered Middle Mountain (elev. 5724 ft). From there, you're more likely to encounter motorized vehicles as the trail heads toward Kendall Skyline Road.\n\n  Sawtooth Ridge\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3** | **5.8 miles** | **850 feet\/5930 feet** | **June\u2013Nov**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Godman Spring, Umatilla National Forest map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited; **GPS:** N 46 03.701 W 117 50.642\n\n  _**This hike samples the scenic high portion of a trail that eventually drops 14 miles to the Wenaha River in the heart of the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness. Views constantly change. The Forest Service tends the trail well, yet use is light except for the occasional horse group.**_\n\n_Early morning is prime time to hike Sawtooth Ridge._\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 in Dayton, turn south toward Bluewood Ski Area on 4th Street, which eventually becomes Kendall Skyline Road (Forest Road 64). Drive a total of 23.2 miles to a junction and turn left on FR 46 toward Godman Guard Station. Drive 3.7 miles and turn right into a large horse-staging area. Privy available. If your vehicle can climb the rocky little incline, continue 0.2 mile to the trailhead (elev. 5620 ft) and more parking at the end of Burnt Flat Road (FR 240).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nFrom the Sawtooth Trail No. 3256 trailhead, go down into an open forest. At 1.5 miles, break into openings with big views out to adjacent canyon rims. The route assumes a ridge that alternates from desertlike landscape to lush woods. Sulfur buckwheat blooms from a rocky crust-like soil in a vibrant show, even in the heat of August.\n\nAt about 3 miles, take the right fork at a cairned junction. (Left goes to a horse-camping area on Burnt Flat.) Soon break out onto an open ridge. On a clear day the view to the south includes the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon.\n\nThen the trail drops steeply into a notch. You may want to turn back here, but it's worthwhile to continue along the next finger ridge. Leave the trail when it begins dropping significantly again into the trees and wander for the views on both sides of the open ridge before hooking up with the trail again back to the trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nTake the left (southeast) fork at the cairned junction and explore the Burnt Flat area for interesting campsites and springs that attract wildlife. The trail isn't always maintained.\n\n  Twin Buttes\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3** | **3.8 miles** | **700 feet\/5674 feet** | **June\u2013Oct**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Godman Spring, USGS Oregon Butte, USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Rough road; **GPS:** N 46 01.696, W 117 46.676\n\n  _**This trip is one of the most painless ways to experience the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness, considering the access road offers the deepest penetration into the otherwise roadless area. You'll be surrounded by wilderness as you leave the trailhead. The trail to Twin Buttes leads to views overlooking a wilderness known for its carved canyons rather than its peaks. Expect hunting camps at the trailhead when big-game seasons open in October.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 about 4 miles west of Pomeroy (or 8 miles east of the junction with State Route 127), turn south near milepost 399 on Tatman Mountain Road. Follow the signs for Camp Wooten, joining the Tucannon River Road after 9 miles. (From points farther west, get on the Tucannon River Road at Dayton.) Turn south on Tucannon River Road. Pass Camp Wooten, drive about 2 miles, and turn right onto Forest Road 4620. Drive 4 miles and turn left on Kendall Skyline Road (FR 46). Go south on FR 46 for nearly 17 miles, passing the Godman Guard Station, and turn left onto rougher FR 300. Drive about 5 miles and bear left at a Y (may not be marked) to the trailhead and camping area at Twin Buttes Spring (elev. 5350 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nHike 0.3 mile on an old roadbed to a junction with the trail to Grizzly Bear Ridge (Hike 119) and turn left onto East Butte Creek Trail No. 3112. The trail sidehills to the spine of the ridge before following a few waves of terrain to an opening. No distant views here, but the next opening offers fine views into the wilderness. Keep going.\n\n_Steep terrain sprawls below Twin Buttes._\n\nAfter another short climb, the trail angles up along the north butte at 1.5 miles from the trail junction. You'll want to head up off-trail to the right and soak in the view from the top. But first, continue another few hundred yards to the precipitous view down into the canyon bowels from the first switchback as the trail begins its drop toward Butte Creek.\n\nGo back a couple hundred yards and scramble a short way up to the butte. Don't miss it. The knob was so important to one family we encountered during research for this book that they scattered a parent's ashes on the summit.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe trail down to Butte Creek makes for an 8-mile round-trip. Very fit hikers can hike 12 miles one-way all the way to a shuttle vehicle at the Godman trailhead on FR 46 about 5 miles north from the junction with FR 300.\n\n  Grizzly Bear Ridge\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/3** | **8.2 miles** | **1350 feet\/5400 feet** | **June\u2013Nov**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Godman Spring, USGS Oregon Butte, USGS Elbow Creek, USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited; **GPS:** N 46 01.696, W 117 46.676\n\n  _**Although signs of elk are common, no grizzlies are found in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness. If somebody gave Grizzly Bear Ridge its nameto help maintain the area's solitude, it worked. Trail No. 3103, open only to hikers and horses, is one of the gentlest and most interesting routes from the high country down into the heart of the 177,465-acre wilderness. This trip takes on just the upper portion of this 8-mile trail before it plunges to the Wenaha River.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 about 4 miles west of Pomeroy (or 8 miles east of the junction with State Route 127), turn south near milepost 399 on Tatman Mountain Road. Follow the signs for Camp Wooten, joining the Tucannon River Road after 9 miles. (From points farther west, get on the Tucannon River Road at Dayton.) Turn south on Tucannon River Road. Pass Camp Wooten, drive about 2 miles, and turn right onto Forest Road 4620. Drive 4 miles and turn left on Kendall Skyline Road (FR 46). Go south on FR 46 for nearly 17 miles, passing the Godman Guard Station, and turn left onto rougher FR 300. Drive about 5 miles and bear left at a Y (may not be marked) to the trailhead and camping area at Twin Buttes Spring (elev. 5350 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nHike 0.3 mile on an old pre-wilderness roadbed to the junction with East Butte Creek Trail No. 3112 (Hike 118) and continue straight on Trail No. 3103 toward Grizzly Bear Ridge. Enjoy alternating through forest and big meadows sparse with grass as you gradually head down the ridge toward the heart of the Wenaha River canyon.\n\nAt 1.7 mile, cross a small drainage and a trickle of water called Coyote Spring before heading into an opening that becomes desertlike by late summer. The trail can fade here, but it's easy to find on the fall line of the ridge. Watch along the trail for shredded saplings, likely the late-summer and early fall work of bull elk as they polish their antlers and mark territory for the September mating season.\n\nAt the top of a startling 0.4-mile-long uphill grade in this generally downhill route, there's a grassy knob to explore off-trail to the left. It's prominent on maps at an elevation of 5162 feet.\n\nThen continue down the trail along a semi-open slope and look for signs indicating the Washington-Oregon border. Some people will call this good\u2014a nice place to picnic and turn back for a round-trip of 7 miles. But it's worthwhile to continue down the trail, watching the forest type change. More ponderosa pines are coming up, and there's a grove of western larch in the basin to the west. Soon the trail heads slightly uphill to daylight and open views on a knob before descending again. You've hiked 4.1 miles, just over halfway to the Wenaha River. This is a good spot to rest, take in the view over Rock Creek, and turn back.\n\n_Grizzly Bear Ridge crosses the Washington\u2013Oregon border._\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nStrong hikers can continue on trail another 4 miles to the Wenaha River for a total elevation drop of 2800 feet. Along the way you'll pass through rare old-growth ponderosa parklands. The trail drops more steeply in the last 3 miles down to the river. Backpackers can enjoy a two- or three-day 18-mile loop by heading upstream along the Wenaha and then climbing the steep Slick Ear Trail No. 3104 to a trailhead just 2 miles from the Twin Buttes Spring trailhead.\n\n  Oregon and West Buttes\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n******\/2** | **6.1 miles** | **800 feet\/6387 feet** | **June\u2013Nov**\n\n**Map:** USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.usda.gov\/umatilla; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited; **GPS:** N 46 07.104 W 117 42.914\n\n  _**An easy and highly scenic loop to the highest summit in Washington's Blues, this hike is suitable for folks of all ages and abilities. Stand upon open summits, taking in sweeping views of rugged high tableland ridges and deep forested canyons cut by pristine waterways. Visit a historic fire lookout, flower-speckled ridges, and cool evergreen groves. And in this corner of the state where human visitation is light, chances are always good for viewing wild critters.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Pomeroy, head 4.5 miles west on US Highway 12 and turn left (near milepost 399) onto Tatman Mountain Road, proceeding 9 miles to Tucannon River Road (follow signs for Camp Wooten: The main paved road becomes Linville Gulch Road after about 1.2 miles and at about 6.5 miles you bear right onto Blind Grade Road). Now turn left and continue 11 miles south on Tucannon River Road (which becomes Forest Road 47; the pavement ends at 9 miles), turning right onto Patrick Grade Road (FR 4620). Proceed 4.1 miles to a junction with Kendall Skyline Road (CR 1424). (From Dayton, head east on Patit Road for 14 miles, turning left onto Hartsock Grade and driving 3 miles to the Tucannon River Road. Turn right and continue 13 miles, turning right onto Patrick Grade Road\/FR 4620. Proceed 4.1 miles to the junction with CR 1424. Or reach this point from Dayton via shorter routes involving longer gravel sections.) Continue south on CR 1424 (which becomes FR 46 for 11.6 miles), bearing left onto FR 4608 at Godman Guard Station. Follow FR 4608 for 5.8 miles to the road's end at Teepee Campground and the trailhead (elev. 5500 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nGetting to the trailhead is the tough part. Now from a high starting point, enjoy a nice hike into a small section of the sprawling 177,465-acre Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness spanning the Blues in both Washington and Oregon. Starting from the Teepee Campground, which is generally pretty quiet except for deer and elk season, enjoy good views south into the Butte Creek drainage. Locate the Mount Misery Trail and start hiking. This trail travels 13 miles across the rooftop of the Blues, allowing for more day-hiking options (see Hikes 121 and 123) as well as for some fine backpacking.\n\nOn good trail enter a mature forest of western larch. Thanks to these trees, the Blues turn gold come October. Reach a saddle after about 0.5 mile and then climb more steeply to an unsigned junction (elev. 6100 ft) at about 1.1 miles. The trail was recently rerouted left around West Butte. Head right on the old trail (returning later on the newer trail) to check out West Butte. After hopping over some downed trees the way is pretty easygoing. Soon enjoy good views to the south and southwest.\n\nAt 1.7 miles the trail skirts just below the summit of 6292-foot West Butte. From this summit, fourth-highest in the Washington Blues, take in excellent views of nearby Oregon Butte and the impressive Wallowa Mountains in Oregon. Locate the misspelled benchmark pointing to \"Oreon Butte.\" It's another classic, like the \"Ceder Butt\" benchmark in the Snoqualmie Pass area.\n\n_Oregon Butte's sun-kissed open grassy slopes_\n\nThe trail continues east, switchbacking down to reach a junction with the Mount Misery Trail (elev. 6000 ft) at about 2.1 miles. Left returns to the trailhead\u2014but, Oregon Butte awaits first. Head right and drop to a saddle (elev. 5940 ft) shaded with larches. Then start climbing again, passing reliable Oregon Butte Spring (elev. 6000 ft) and camps (just beyond) at 2.4 miles. Continue climbing via a few switchbacks to a junction (elev. 6160 ft) at 2.6 miles. Bear right, passing nice camps, and attain the northern shoulder of Oregon Butte. Traverse a grassy ridgeline and admire expanding views and windblown firs and whitebark pines.\n\nUNTRAMMELED EASTERN WASHINGTON\n\nLarge portions of the mountains and forests of northeastern and southeastern Washington lie within national forest land, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're protected. National forests are managed for \"multiple use.\" While some uses (like hiking) are fairly compatible with land preservation, other uses (such as mining, logging, and off-road-vehicle use) usually aren't.\n\nRecognizing that parts of our natural heritage should be altered as little as possible, Congress overwhelmingly passed the Wilderness Act in 1964 with bipartisan support (the House approved passage 373\u20131). One of the strongest and most important pieces of environmental legislation in our nation's history, the Wilderness Act afforded some of our most precious wild landscapes a reprieve from exploitation, development, roads, and harmful activities, such as motorized recreation. Even bicycles are banned from federal wilderness areas. Wilderness is \"an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man,\" states the act. \"Where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.\"\n\nWhile federal lands in northeastern and southeastern Washington had no shortage of areas qualified for inclusion in the wilderness system back in 1964, none were included. In 1978, with the passage of the Endangered American Wilderness Act, Eastern Washington received its first wilderness area (sharing it with Oregon): the 177,465 Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness in the Blue Mountains. In 1984, a sweeping statewide wilderness bill was signed into law by President Reagan, creating the 7140-acre Juniper Dunes Wilderness on BLM lands and the 41,335-acre Salmo-Priest Wilderness in the Colville and Kaniksu National Forests.\n\nWhile Washington ranks fourth among the states for total wilderness acres, nearly all of it is in the western half of the state. Only 3 percent of the Colville National Forest is protected as wilderness. Many conservationists feel that it's not enough. Large tracts of Eastern Washington national forest lands are under pressure to be developed or opened to more motorized recreation, especially the latter. While some of our public lands base should be designated for those uses, most of our last remaining roadless tracts of pristine wild country should be considered for their wilderness potential. The issue isn't about \"locking up lands\" for solitude. Water quality and wildlife security, for example, are major benefits of wilderness.\n\nAreas in this book that some conservation groups have recommended for wilderness include Mount Bonaparte (Hikes 3 and 4); Thirteenmile (Hikes 17 and 18); Profanity, Twin Sisters, and Bald-Snow in the Kettles (Hikes 19-36); Abercrombie-Hooknose (Hikes 42 and 43); Grassy Top (Hikes 50 and 57); Upper Tucannon and Mill Creek in the Blues (Hike 122).\n\n\u2014 _C. R._\n\nAt 3.1 miles, pass a hitching post and continue south 0.1 mile to the 6387-foot summit of Oregon Butte, graced with a lone fir and a 1931-built fire lookout that is still periodically staffed. The views from this point, highest summit in Washington's Blues, are wonderful. Stare south down the Crooked Creek drainage, over the mesas and tableland ridges that make up the Blue Mountains, and out to the lofty and rugged Wallowas. Look west across windswept ridges and east to Mount Misery and Diamond Peak, two more summits worth exploring.\n\nOnce you've had enough time wallowing in the blues, return. Hike 0.6 mile back to the Mount Misery Trail and head west, reaching a familiar junction with the old trail at 1.1 miles. This time, however, bear right on the newer trail, traversing cool forest on West Butte's north side. At 1.8 miles, continue right at the west junction (elev. 6100 ft) of the West Butte Trail and descend, coming to the trailhead at 2.9 miles, for a total round-trip of 6.1 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nJust west of the Oregon Butte summit spur-trail junction is the Smooth Ridge Trail junction. Follow this trail for about 1.9 miles to 5461-foot Danger Point for a unique perspective of the surrounding deeply cut canyons. Strong hikers can also travel 3.3 miles on the Mount Misery Trail along high and lonely ridges to Indian Corral (elev. 5700 ft), with its excellent campsites and reliable spring.\n\n  Panjab Loop\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **LOOP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n******\/4** | **13.3 miles** | **3030 feet\/5720 feet** | **June\u2013Nov**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Panjab Creek, USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy; **Notes:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited; **GPS:** N 46 12.332 W 117 42.435\n\n  _**This challenging hike is a showcase of the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness. From easy-to-reach trailheads, you'll experience the sun-baked slopes, deep canyons, high plateaus, recovering burns and cool creeks of a very wild place.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom US Highway 12 between Dayton and Pomeroy, turn south toward Camp Wooten on Tucannon River Road (which becomes Forest Road 47). Drive 32 miles to Rattlesnake Trailhead on the left (elev. 3015 ft). Privy available. The trailhead is across from the entrance to the Washington Fish and Wildlife Department's Panjab South Campground (Discover Pass required) and just before the Umatilla National Forest's Panjab Campground (Northwest Forest Pass required). If you have another vehicle or bike, shuttle it up the road 2.3 miles to Panjab Trailhead, a popular staging area for equestrians.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nRattlesnake Trail No. 3129 starts with a ford of Panjab Creek after a rambling start into the Panjab Campground. Bring sandals for the ford, which is behind campsite 1, or go farther up Panjab Creek and look for a fallen log to cross.\n\nThe trail immediately climbs from the creek (and the nearby Tucannon River) and begins switchbacking through the fireweed, brush, and snags that recall the area's 2005 forest fires. An early start helps you cope with sun that beats down on this climb during summer mornings.\n\nClimbing efforts are rewarded around 2.5 miles as the ridge trail gains the plateau. Rims that once loomed above in the distance are now your equals across the canyons. The plateau ranges from lush fireweed and plants revegetating the burns to wide-open meadows\u2014briefly green in the early season but soon turning desertlike in the coarse, dry soil.\n\n_The Blue Mountains offer expansive meadows._\n\nAt 3 miles, a sign marks Alnus Spring, which wets the greenery in the forest below the trail. The trail fades in some of these open stretches but is easy to pick up again. Soon you'll be cruising along forest edges in mostly open country. At 6 miles, watch for a four-way junction (shown as three-way on some maps) that's usually marked by a sign propped up with rocks in a starkly open slope near Indian Corral.\n\nFrom this point, Rattlesnake Trail ends and continues ahead as Trail No. 6144 to Oregon Butte (Hike 120). Going left heads onto Trail No. 6144 eastward to Diamond Peak (Hike 123). (Nearby Dunlap Spring is developed for stock.) To continue on the loop trip, head down to the right (west) on a spur toward Panjab Creek. Drop into the woods and then descend a short steep shot to a junction as you enter the creek drainage. Turn left and head down unsigned Panjab Trail No. 3127.\n\nSuddenly you're in another world of greenery and water, crossing several creeks. In fact, the trail and an upper fork of Panjab Creek are one in the same for a short stretch. Enjoy the trail as it descends steadily along with the creek. At a junction with Turkey Creek Trail No. 3136, continue straight for the last mile to Panjab Trailhead for a hike of 11 miles.\n\nIf you didn't leave a bike or shuttle vehicle at this developed horse-staging area, you have an additional 2.3 miles of road walking downstream to Rattlesnake Trailhead.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nExplore Turkey Creek Trail No. 3136, which heads up along creeks 5 miles from Panjab Trailhead to Teepee Campground. Also in the area, just 1.5 miles south on FR 4713 from Panjab Trailhead, is Meadow Creek Trail No. 3123.\n\n  Tucannon River\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/2** | **8 miles** | **500 feet\/4050 feet** | **May\u2013Nov**\n\n**Map:** USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891; www.fs.usda.gov\/umatilla; **Note:** NW Forest Pass or federal equivalent required. Open to horses; **GPS:** N 46 11.315 W 117 37.519\n\n  _**Enjoy this cool and shaded trail in a land of sun and hot temperatures. Hike up a deep canyon alongside the rippling Tucannon River through lush groves of old-growth fir, spruce, pine, and larch. A great hike in early season when the high country is still covered with snow, the Tucannon River Trail with its easy grade and inviting campsites also makes for a nice beginner's backpacking destination.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Dayton, head east on Patit Road for 14 miles, turning left onto Hartsuck Grade and following it 4 miles to Tucannon River Road. (From Pomeroy, head 4.5 miles west on US Highway 12 turning left near milepost 399 onto Tatman Mountain Road and proceeding 9 miles to Tucannon River Road.) Continue 13.2 miles south on Tucannon River Road (which becomes Forest Road 47) to a Y-intersection. Bear left onto FR 4712 and follow this rough-at-times road 4.7 miles to its end and the trailhead (elev. 3550 ft). Privy available.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart by crossing Sheep Creek on a sturdy bridge. The way follows a recently decommissioned road for about a 0.25 mile before transitioning to older roadbed. Traversing a bench above the Tucannon River, the trail skirts the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness before briefly passing through a small section of it. The 177,465-acre wilderness was created in 1978 to protect the habitat of one of the largest herds of Rocky Mountain elk. They were introduced into the region in 1913. Hunters covet them, and during elk season this trail and many others in the region see quite a bit of human activity. Otherwise, it's pretty quiet in the backcountry of the Blues.\n\n_Majestic ponderosa pines\u2014standing and fallen along the Tucannon River_\n\nWhile most of this trail is outside the wilderness, the 12,600-acre Upper Tucannon River Roadless Area it traverses is as wild and pristine as any part of the adjacent wilderness area. The way passes through some recent burns, but plenty of towering trees survived the fires. The forest here is lush and cool, and where sunlight penetrates the canopy wildflowers grow in profusion. Pass through dark groves of spruce and open groves of pine. The river is always nearby, filling the forest with water songs.\n\nAt about 1.5 miles, come to Ruchert Camp (elev. 3675 ft). Just beyond, the river passes through a tighter stretch, where accompanying breezes funnel through and help keep the valley cool. Pass more riverside campsites and impressive groves of old trees.\n\nAt about 4 miles, just past where Bear Creek tumbles down the slopes to your south into the river, reach a junction with the Bear Creek Trail (elev. 4050 ft). To the left it climbs steeply out of the valley, and to the right it fords the Tucannon River (difficult in early season) before also climbing steeply out of the valley\u2014making this a good spot to turn around.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nFollow the Bear Creek Trail in either direction for some lung-busting climbing with good views as your reward. The trail left melts out early, climbing more than 1500 feet in 2.5 miles up open slopes bursting with flowers (and ticks in early summer), reaching Hunter Spring and a trailhead accessed from FR 40. The trail right steeply climbs 1800 feet, accessing a ridge that it then follows 4.2 miles to the Mount Misery Trail near Diamond Peak (Hike 123). Solitude is guaranteed.\n\n  Diamond Peak and Sheephead Corral\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n******\/3** | **5.8 miles** | 1300 feet\/6379 feet | **mid-June\u2013  \nNov**\n\n**Map:** USFS Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness map; **Contact:** Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.usda.gov\/umatilla; **Notes:** Open to horses. Wilderness trail, mechanized equipment prohibited. Last 2.7 miles of FR 4030 are rough, high-clearance recommended; **GPS:** N 46 07.096 W 117 31.806\n\n  _**Follow the Mount Misery Trail\u2014a rather pleasant path actually\u2014along the rooftop of Washington's Blues to stunning viewpoints and wild, rarely hiked country. Traverse meadows flush with wildflowers and mile-high ridges cloaked in larch, pine, and fir. Hike to Diamond Peak, second-highest summit in southeastern Washington, savoring breathtaking views of the deep canyons and cloud-piercing peaks south in Idaho and Oregon.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Dayton, head 37 miles east on US Highway 12 to Pomeroy. (From Clarkston, travel 29 miles west on US 12 to Pomeroy.) Continue through town 0.5 mile past the historic courthouse, turning right onto 15th Street (signed for Umatilla National Forest and City Park), which eventually becomes Peola Road (and Mountain Road after that). At 15 miles, the pavement ends at the national forest and the road becomes Forest Road 40. After 7.8 miles, bear right at the junction with FR 42, continuing on FR 40. After 7.7 more miles, turn right onto FR 4030. Follow it for 4.5 miles (the last 2.7 miles may be rough for low-clearance vehicles) to the trailhead (elev. 5850 ft).\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nStart by leaving misery behind\u2014that's Mount Misery, which looms over the trail-head to the east. For the stockmen who drove their cattle and sheep to the lofty hinterlands of southeastern Washington back in the early twentieth century, more than a few miserable moments often waited. To commemorate their efforts, or perhaps commiserate over them, they left the name \"Misery\" upon a spring and a prominent 6366-foot peak, third-highest summit (and an easy scramble from the trailhead) in Washington's Blues.\n\nFollowing the Mount Misery Trail west, immediately enter the 177,465-acre Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness, created in 1978 as part of the Endangered American Wilderness Act and spanning the Blues in both Washington and Oregon. Climbing at first on road and then bona fide trail, traverse slopes graced in blueberries and larches, which in fall add vibrant colors to this muted landscape. Pass through a gap that provides a preview of the sweeping views lying ahead, ranging from Hells Canyon to the high Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon.\n\nAt 0.7 mile, emerge onto the first of several open, grassy, and flower-sporting \"balds.\" Stay left at an unmarked junction (elev. 6275 ft) at 0.8 mile, unless you want to follow the Bear Creek Trail down into the Tucannon River valley (Hike 122). Follow the unmarked side trail that veers left for 0.4 mile to 6379-foot Diamond Peak, highest summit in Garfield County. Lying just outside of the wilderness boundary (hence the communications tower), this peak sports breathtaking views south, especially during sunrise and sunset. Scan the canyon country sprawled below, including the magnificent Grande Ronde Valley. Notice any mountain mahogany on the peak? Washington's Blues are the northern limit for this tree\u2014a species ubiquitous in the Great Basin.\n\n_Looking south across stark canyon country from Diamond Peak_\n\nThe trip to Diamond Peak is short, so you may want to hike a little more. Return to the Mount Misery Trail and continue west, dropping into a forested saddle (elev. 6175 ft) where the Melton Creek Trail begins its long journey south to the Wenaha River valley. Your trail climbs steeply (albeit not for long), cresting a bald knob (elev. 6350 ft) with excellent views back to Diamond Peak.\n\nCarry on, undulating between sage-scented meadows and fir and larch groves. There are plenty of good views along the way of waves upon waves of blue ridges lapping at the horizon. Check for animal tracks in the granite-pumice-till that blankets the ridges. See any cougar tracks? The big cats are abundant here. At 2.5 miles (from the trailhead), after a descent, come to the Sheephead Corral and spring (elev. 5975 ft)\u2014a good place to rest, have lunch, camp, and call it a hike.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nIf you want to push on a little farther, continue on the Mount Misery Trail another 0.5 mile climbing to a locally known knob called Sheephead (elev. 6125 feet) where there are excellent views out to Oregon Butte. The trail continues all the way to the Teepee Car Camp making it (with its numerous springs and camps) a great backpacking choice.\n\n  North Fork Asotin Creek\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **ROUND-TRIP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/2** | **20 miles** | **1750 feet\/3080 feet** | **Mar\u2013Dec**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Potter Hill, USGS Pinkham Butte, USGS Harlow Ridge, Umatilla National Forest map; **Contact:** Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Asotin Wildlife Area, Clarkston, (509) 758-3151, http:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas\/asotin, and Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Open to mountain bikes, horses. Motorcycles permitted after July 1. Watch for rattlesnakes, ticks; **GPS:** N 46 15.693 W 117 17.922\n\n  _**Late-winter and spring hikers in particular will appreciate the Asotin Wildlife Area's sanctuary from motorized traffic, which is prohibited part of the year to protect wintering Blue Mountains deer, elk, and big-horn sheep in the valley near the Snake River. The trail along North Fork Asotin Creek leads high into the Umatilla National Forest, creating options to please hikers of all levels. The creek has special status in wildlife circles: It's a spawning area for steelhead that swim hundreds of miles upstream from the ocean, a calving area for elk, a mountain quail recovery area, and a magnet for wintering swarms of ladybird beetles, better known as ladybugs.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Clarkston, follow Riverside Drive (State Route 129) south to Asotin. Just before crossing the bridge at Asotin, turn right on Bauermeister Drive (which becomes Asotin Creek Road). Drive 2.9 miles and turn right on County Road 1100. Go 11.2 miles and bear right at the fork onto South Fork Asotin Creek\u2013Lick Creek Road (CR 181). Go 0.5 mile to an Asotin Wildlife Area gate, which is locked December 1\u2013April 1. Drive or walk another 0.3 mile to the trailhead (elev. 1990 ft) on the left at the confluence of Lick Creek and North Fork Asotin Creek.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nImmediately you must hop rocks across Lick Creek before starting on the trail that skirts a crop field planted for wildlife forage and heads up North Fork Asotin Creek. Soon the rush of water will be a nearly constant companion. Hike this trail as long as you please before turning around, to get your desired mileage.\n\n_Spring break along North Fork Asotin Creek_\n\nSpring hikers are likely to see signs of big game as well as wild turkeys. Grouse lurk in the thick streamside vegetation. Keep an ear open toward the steep open slope of basalt outcroppings for the chuckle of chukar partridges and the cascading call of canyon wrens. With so much prey concentrated here, it's no wonder that signs of black bears and cougars also can be found.\n\nHike nearly 4 miles on a pleasant cruising-speed trail that is wide enough for the ATVs the Asotin Wildlife Area managers use for maintaining the route. After crossing the cattle guard into national forest land, the trail eventually narrows into a single-track.\n\nUnderstory vegetation includes elder-berry, sumac, and Oregon grape. Potential hazards include the occasional rattlesnake, thorny blackberry vines, and scattered patches of poison ivy.\n\nAs the canyon begins to narrow, huge ponderosa pines shade the way. After 8 miles, a series of springs emerge from mossy basalt cliffs before you reach a small grassy meadow near the confluence of the Middle Branch of North Fork Asotin Creek. Check out this area, but tread lightly and don't linger. Thousands of ladybird beetles hibernate here in the matted grass and bark of dying trees.\n\nThis is a good turnaround point for a round trip of nearly 20 miles.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nThe trail continues up the North Fork for about 1.5 miles. Then it switchbacks up a steep ridge to Pinkham Butte, where the views can be stunning. After the Lick Creek Road opens and snow melts, you can leave a car at the west trailhead on Lick Creek Road (11.5 miles west from the lower trailhead, near the junction of FR 41 and FR 4026) for an excellent 14-mile one-way trek in either direction. **Notes:** Trail No. 3125 upstream from the Middle Fork was scheduled for rerouting, possibly in 2013.\n\n  Puffer Butte\n\n**RATING\/DIFFICULTY** | **LOOP** | **ELEV GAIN\/HIGH POINT** | **SEASON**\n\n---|---|---|---\n\n*****\/2** | **2.5 miles** | **600 feet\/4500 feet** | **Apr\u2013Nov**\n\n**Maps:** USGS Fields Spring, state park map online; **Contact:** Fields Spring State Park, (509) 256-3332, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks; **Notes:** Discover Pass required. Dogs permitted on-leash; **GPS:** N 46 04.805 W 117 10.142\n\n  _**Wildlife abounds in this lightly visited region of high plateaus, deep canyons, and pine-forested hills. Washington's rugged and isolated southeastern corner consists of some of the most dramatic landscapes in the state. This short hike up Puffer Butte within Fields Spring State Park rewards you with stunning views that span east across the Snake River to Idaho and south to the lofty jagged Wallowa Mountains of Oregon. And while the views are grand, so are the wildflowers.**_\n\n### GETTING THERE\n\nFrom Clarkston, drive 30.5 miles south on State Route 129 to Fields Spring State Park (the entrance is 4 miles past the tiny community of Anatone). Turn left into the park and come to a four-way junction in 0.4 mile. Continue straight for 0.1 mile to the large parking lot before the campground entrance. Locate the trailhead (elev. 4000 ft) on the south side of the lot.\n\n### ON THE TRAIL\n\nPuffer Butte sits at the eastern edge of the Blue Mountains, teetering high above the sweltering Grande Ronde Valley. With its lofty elevation above 4000 feet, the butte is cloaked with cool pine, larch, and Douglas-fir forest. The butte's namesake was a family\u2014the Puffers\u2014who frequently drove their cattle to the top of this butte when they observed Nez Perce peoples travel through the canyon below. The Nez Perce were forcibly removed from southeast Washington\u2014once part of their traditional lands\u2014in the 1870s.\n\nThe trail begins in mature conifer forest with a lush understory of maple. At 0.2 mile, just after crossing a closed-to-vehicles woods road (excellent for skiing in winter), reach a junction. Continue right\u2014you'll be returning on the trail to your left. Soon afterward, reach another junction. Bear left\u2014the trail right leads to the Wohelo Lodge, one of two environmental learning centers within the 792-acre state park.\n\n_Grand views of the Grande Ronde Valley from Puffer Butte_\n\nAs you ascend gentle slopes, keep your senses tuned to the surroundings for wildlife. Elk and deer are profuse here, as are grouse and wild turkeys. There's little doubt that you'll be flushing these game birds out of the brush. At 0.8 mile, once again cross one of the park's service roads; then soon afterward, cross another one.\n\nNow easily hiking along the broad butte, reach a junction at 1 mile with a short spur that bears right to Puffer's wooded, viewless 4500-foot summit. Visit if you like\u2014then continue straight, reaching another junction at 1.2 miles at the edge of a sprawling meadow. Just to the right at timber's edge is the park's winter warming hut. If you haven't figured it out yet, Fields Spring State Park is a popular and excellent snowshoe and ski-touring center in the winter.\n\nYour loop hike heads left across wide-open meadows of swaying grasses and dazzling wildflowers, including penstemon, daisies, desert parsley, scarlet gilia, sego lilies, and arrowleaf balsamroot. And outdoing the floral arrangement is the view\u2014it's breathtaking! Stare south across the Grande Ronde Valley to the sky-piercing Wallowa Mountains; and east to the Craig Mountains of Idaho hovering above the massive Snake River Canyon.\n\nThe way then bends north, descending from the grassy slopes into pine forest. Continue losing elevation and after crossing a park road reach a junction at 1.9 miles. The trail right leads to primitive camping and more woods road\u2014stay left, soon reaching the Puffer Butte Environmental Learning Center Lodge (elev. 4000 ft).\n\nLocate the Spotted Bear Trail on the west side of the lodge and follow this short path 0.3 mile through pine forest, across a park road, and back to the main trail at a familiar junction (elev. 4100 ft). Turn right and return to the trailhead in 0.2 mile.\n\n### EXTENDING YOUR TRIP\n\nEasily extend your hike by roaming the park's miles of old woods roads. Visit Fields Spring near the Wohelo Lodge and consider spending a peaceful night camping in the park under a cool canopy of pine and fir.\n\n## Conservation and Trail Organizations\n\n### GENERAL\n\n### Blue Mountain Land Trust\n\n(509) 525-3136\n\n<http:\/\/bmlt.org>\n\n### Chelan-Douglas Land Trust\n\n(509) 667-9708\n\nwww.cdlandtrust.org\n\n### Conservation Northwest\n\n(360) 671-9950\n\nwww.conservationnw.org\n\n### Ferry County Rail Trail Partners\n\nwww.ferrycountyrailtrail.com\n\n### Ferry County Trails Association\n\n<http:\/\/fctrails.com>\n\n### Friends of Badger Mountain\n\nwww.friendsofbadger.org\n\n### Friends of Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge\n\n<http:\/\/refugefriends.com>\n\n### Intermountain Alpine Club\n\nwww.imacnw.org\n\n### Kettle Range Conservation Group\n\nwww.kettlerange.org\n\n### Pacific Northwest Trail Association\n\n(877) 854-7665\n\nwww.pnt.org\n\n### Tapteal Greenway Association\n\n(509) 627-3621\n\nwww.tapteal.org\n\n### Washington Nature Conservancy\n\n(206) 343-4345\n\nwww.nature.org\/washington\n\n### Washington Trails Association\n\n(206) 625-1367\n\nwww.wta.org\n\n### SPOKANE REGION\n\n### The Backpacking Club\n\n(509) 467-8099\n\nwww.backpackingclub.macwebsitebuilder.com\n\n### Dishman Hills Conservancy\n\nwww.dhnaa.org\n\n### Friends of Mount Spokane State Park\n\nwww.mountspokane.org\n\n### Friends of the Spokane River Centennial Trail\n\n(509) 624-7188\n\nwww.spokanecentennialtrail.org\n\n### Friends of Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge\n\nwww.fotnwr.org\n\n### Hobnailers\n\nwww.inlandnorthwesttrails.org\/events\/Hobnailers.asp\n\n### Inland Northwest Hikers\n\nwww.meetup.com\/Inland-Northwest-Hikers\n\n### Inland Northwest Land Trust\n\n(509) 328-2939\n\nwww.inlandnwlandtrust.org\n\n### Inland Northwest Trails Coalition\n\nwww.inlandnorthwesttrails.org\n\n### The Lands Council\n\n(509) 838-4912\n\nwww.landscouncil.org\n\n### Palisades\n\nwww.palisadesnw.com\n\n### Riverside State Park Foundation\n\n<http:\/\/riversidestatepark.org>\n\n### Spokane Mountaineers\n\n(509) 838-4974\n\nwww.spokanemountaineers.org\n\n## INDEX\n\nThe index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook.Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.\n\nAbercrombie Mountain\n\nAmon Basin\n\nAncient Lakes\n\nAntoine Peak\n\nAntoine Trail\n\nAsotin Creek Wildlife Area\n\nAsotin Creek\n\nBabcock Bench\n\nBack Country Horsemen\n\nBadger Mountain\n\nBald Mountain\n\nBarnaby Buttes\n\nBateman Island\n\nBeacon Hill\n\nBead Lake\n\nBear Creek Trail\n\nBear Pot Trail\n\nbear spray\n\nbears\n\nBeaver Lake\n\nBeezley Hills\n\nBennington Lake\n\nBeth Lake\n\nBig Meadow Lake\n\nBig Rock\n\nBig Tree Botanical Area\n\nBighorn sheep\n\nBlack Diamond Lake\n\nBlue Mountains\n\nBluewood Ski Area\n\nBluff Trail\n\nBobs Lakes\n\nBonaparte Lake\n\nBowl and Pitcher\n\nBurbank Slough Wildlife Trail\n\nBureau of Land Management (BLM)\n\nBurping Brook Basin\n\nCamel Back\n\nCanyon Trail\n\ncaribou\n\nChamna Natural Preserve\n\nChanneled Scablands\n\nChinook Jargon\n\nCivilian Conservation Corps\n\nClackamas Mountain\n\nClaybell Park\n\nColumbia Basin Wildlife Area\n\nColumbia Highlands\n\nColumbia Mountain\n\nColumbia National Wildlife Refuge\n\nColumbia Park\n\nColumbia Plateau Trail\n\nColville Confederated Tribes\n\nConservation Northwest\n\nconservation organizations\n\nCopper Butte\n\nCougar Mountain Roadless Area\n\ncougars\n\nCrab Creek (Columbia NWR)\n\nCrab Creek (Rocky Ford)\n\nCrawford State Park\n\nCrowell Ridge\n\nCurlew Job Corps\n\nCurlew Lake State Park Nature Trail\n\nDay Mountain\n\nDeadman Creek\n\nDeadman Peak\n\nDeep Creek Canyon\n\nDiamond Peak\n\nDishman Hills\n\nDishman Hills Conservancy\n\ndogs\n\nDrumheller Channels\n\nDuportail Trail\n\nDusty Lake\n\nEagle Peak\n\nEdds Mountain\n\nElk Creek Falls\n\nEmerald Lake\n\nEscure Ranch\n\nFerry County Rail Trail\n\nFields Spring State Park\n\nFir Mountain\n\nfire lookouts\n\nFish Lake (Ferry County)\n\nFish Lake Trail\n\nfishing\n\nFishtrap Lake\n\nFort George Wright Cemetery\n\nFort Spokane\n\nFourth of July Ridge\n\nFrater Lake\n\nFrenchman Coulee\n\nFrog Lake (Columbia NWR)\n\nFrog Pond (Whistler Canyon)\n\nFryxell Overlook\n\nFur, Fins, and Feathers Nature Trail\n\ngear\n\nGibraltar Mountain\n\nGibraltar Trail\n\nGillette Ridge\n\nGolden Tiger Pathway\n\nGrassy Top Mountain\n\nGreat Northern Railroad\n\nGrizzly Bear Ridge\n\nGypsy Lakes\n\nGypsy Peak\n\nHall Mountain\n\nHalliday Trail\n\nHanford Reach National Monument\n\nhedgehog cactus\n\nHelmer Mountain\n\nhiking clubs\n\nHog Canyon Lake\n\nHoodoo Canyon\n\nHooknose Mountain\n\nhorses\n\nHungry Mountain\n\nHunter Spring\n\nhunting\n\nIce Age Floods\n\nIller Creek Conservation Area\n\nIndian Corral\n\nIndian Painted Rocks\n\nInland Northwest Hikers\n\nJack Rabbit Trail\n\nJungle Hill\n\nJuniper Dunes Wilderness\n\nKalispell Rock\n\nKamiak Butte\n\nKepple Lake\n\nKettle Crest Trail\n\nKettle Range Conservation Group\n\nKettle River Range\n\nKettle Valley Rail Trail\n\nKing Mountain\n\nKingfisher Loop\n\nLake Leo\n\nLake Lewis\n\nLake Roosevelt National Recreation Area\n\nLake Spokane (Long Lake)\n\nLakeview Ranch\n\nLeona Loop Trail\n\nLewis and Clark\n\nLewis and Clark State Park\n\nLiberty Lake Park\n\nlightning\n\nLittle Grass Mountain\n\nLittle Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge\n\nLittle Spokane River\n\nLog Flume Heritage Site\n\nLong Lake (Lake Spokane)\n\nLong Lake (Ferry County)\n\nLost Lake Campground\n\nMadam Dorian Park\n\nManhattan Project\n\nMankato Mountain\n\nMaple Mountain\n\nMarcus Trail\n\nMarsh Loop Trail\n\nMcDowell Lake\n\nMcLellan Conservation Area\n\nMcNary National Wildlife Refuge\n\nMeenach Bridge\n\nMica Peak\n\nMiddle Point Ridge\n\nMidnight Mountain\n\nMidnight Ridge Trail\n\nMill Butte\n\nMill Creek\n\nMill Creek Recreation Trail\n\nmima mounds\n\nMolybdenite Mountain\n\nmonadnock\n\nmoose\n\nMoses Coulee\n\nMount Bonaparte\n\nMount Kit Carson\n\nMount Leona\n\nMount Misery\n\nMount Misery Trail\n\nMount Rogers\n\nMount Spokane State Park\n\nmountain mahogany\n\nNapol Cabin\n\nNew Forestry Coalition\n\nNez Perce\n\nNine Mile Falls\n\nNisbit, Jack\n\nNorth Baldy Mountain\n\nNorthrup Canyon\n\nNorthrup Lake\n\nOdessa Craters\n\nOdessa Lake Creek Trail\n\nOdessa Towers\n\nOkanogan fameflower\n\nOkanogan Highlands\n\nOld Kettle Falls Trail\n\nOld Stage Trail\n\nOld Wagon Road Trail\n\nOregon Butte\n\nPacific Lake\n\nPacific Northwest Trail\n\nPalisades Park\n\nPalouse Falls\n\nPalouse Hills\n\nPalouse River\n\nPass Spring Trail\n\nPend Oreille County Park\n\nPend Oreille River\n\nPeninsula Loop Trail\n\npermits\n\nPine Lakes\n\nPipsissewa Trail\n\npoison ivy\n\npoison oak\n\nPriest Lake\n\nProfanity Roadless Area\n\nPuffer Butte\n\nQuartz Mountain\n\nQuincy Lakes\n\nrail trails\n\nRattlesnake Mountain\n\nrattlesnakes\n\nRed Bluff\n\nRiverfront Park\n\nRiverside State Park\n\nRocks of Sharon\n\nRogers Mountain\n\nRoggow Cabin\n\nRoosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars\n\nRound Top Mountain\n\nRyan Cabin Trail\n\nSacagawea Heritage Trail\n\nSacajawea\n\nSacajawea State Park\n\nSaddle Mountain\n\nSagebrush Trail\n\nSaint Paul Mission\n\nSalmo River\n\nSalmo-Priest Wilderness\n\nSaltese Uplands\n\nsandhill crane\n\nSawtooth Ridge\n\nSelkirk Mountains\n\nSentinel Butte\n\nSentinel Trail\n\nShedroof Divide\n\nShedroof Mountain\n\nShedroof Cut-off Trail\n\nSheephead Corral\n\nSherlock Peak\n\nSherman Creek\n\nSherman Pass Trail\n\nSherman Peak\n\nSherman Pond\n\nSimilkameen Trail\n\nSkyline Trail\n\nSlavin, James T., Conservation Area\n\nSnow Peak\n\nSnow Peak Cabin\n\nSnowy Top Mountain\n\nSouth Hill Bluff\n\nSouth Side Trail\n\nSpokane\n\nSpokane Aquifer\n\nSpokane bridges\n\nSpokane County Conservation Futures\n\nSpokane Indian Tribe\n\nSpokane Mountaineers\n\nSpokane River\n\nSpokane River Centennial Trail\n\nSpotted Bear Trail\n\nSt. George's School\n\nSteamboat Rock\n\nSteamboat Rock State Park\n\nSteptoe Butte\n\nStickpin Trail\n\nStrawberry Mountain\n\nSullivan Lake\n\nSullivan Mill Pond\n\nSwan Butte\n\nSwan Lake\n\nSwanson Lakes Wildlife Area\n\nSweat Creek Basin Trail\n\nTable Rock Lookout\n\nTapteal Greenway Association\n\nTaylor Ridge\n\nTelford Recreation Area\n\nten essentials\n\nThe Nature Conservancy\n\nThirteen Mile Roadless Area\n\nThirteenmile Canyon\n\nThirteenmile Mountain\n\nThirty-Acre Lake\n\nThompson, David\n\nThunder Creek\n\nThunder Mountain\n\nticks\n\nTowell Falls\n\ntrail etiquette\n\nTrailhead Park\n\nTri-Cities\n\nTrout Lake campground\n\nTucannon River\n\nTurnbull National Wildlife Refuge\n\nTwin Buttes\n\nTwin Lakes\n\nTwin Sisters Roadless Area\n\nUpper Tucannon River Roadless Area\n\nUS Mountain\n\nVirginia Lilly Trail\n\nWahluke Lake\n\nWall Lake (Escure Ranch)\n\nWall Lake (Twin Lakes)\n\nWapaloosie Mountain\n\nWashington Trails Association\n\nWatch Lake\n\nwater\n\nweather\n\nWenaha River\n\nWenaha-Tucannon Wilderness\n\nWest Butte\n\nWest Fork Cougar Creek Trail\n\nWhistler Canyon\n\nWhite Bluffs\n\nWhite Mountain\n\nWhite Mountain Burn\n\nWhitetail Trail\n\nWilderness Act\n\nwilderness ethics\n\nwildlife\n\nwolverine\n\nwolves\n\nZ Lake \n\n## Bonus Hikes\n\nEastern Washington is so flush with good trails, we couldn't resist including thirty additional hikes worth exploring!\n\n### COLUMBIA HIGHLANDS: OKANOGAN HIGHLANDS\n\n**1. McLoughlin Canyon:** Short, 1.5-mile trail along part of the historical fur-trading route and Cariboo Trail to British Columbia goldfields; and the site of an 1858 ambush and massacre. Access is from McLoughlin Canyon Road, milepost 311 4 miles south of Tonasket. Information: BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane\/index.php.\n\n**2. Island Park:** Community-built trail system along Okanogan River in the city of Okanogan. Currently 1.4 miles of trail are in place, with more planned. Access is just south of the Okanogan City Maintenance Department (1601 1st Avenue South).\n\n**3. Fourth of July Ridge:** Long and lonely 7-mile trail along the high southwest ridge of Mount Bonaparte. Connects to Southside Trail and Napol Cabin Trail, leading to Antoine Trail, allowing for loop around Mount Bonaparte. Access is from FR 3230. Information: Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Tonasket Ranger District, (509) 486-2186, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/okawen.\n\n**4. Tenmile Trail:** Lightly hiked 2.5-mile trail from Sanpoil River valley up steep slopes above Tenmile Creek, through scree slopes and pine groves. Good spring flower hike. Access is from Tenmile Campground on SR 21 south of Republic. Information: Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n**5. Long Lake:** Along with nearby Fish Lake, hike 1.5 level miles along two small lakes popular with fishermen and -women. Some scree and some brush. Access is off of FR 53 near Swan Lake south of Republic. Information: Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n### KETTLE RIVER RANGE\n\n**6. Profanity Trail:** Hard to find and hard to follow 1.5-mile trail through alpine meadows to Kettle River Range. Access is from FR 2160 off of Aeneas Road north of Republic on SR 21. Information: Colville National Forest, Republic Ranger District, (509) 775-7400, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n### SELKIRK MOUNTAINS\n\n**7. Pierre Lake Trail:** Family-friendly 0.8-mile trail along a small lake in the \"wedge,\" the highlands between the Kettle and Columbia rivers. Access is from the USFS Pierre Lake Campground off of Stevens County Road 4015 northeast of Orient. Information: Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 738-7700, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n**8. Newport Wolf Trails:** A series of loops form nearly 5 miles of forested trails at the edge of Newport. Named in memory of former Newport Miner publisher Fred Wolf, the trails are easy and suited for families. The 0.75 mile Trail No. 305 connects through forest to 1.5-mile Trail No. 304. The trails are graced by wildflowers in May and lead to viewpoints of the Pend Oreille River and Ashenfelter Bay. The 2.5 miles of upper trails are geared more to Nordic skiing and mountain biking. Access to the lower trails is from SR 20 on the north edge of Newport: turn north on Warren Avenue and drive 1 mile to the lower trailhead. Access to the upper trails is from SR 20: turn west onto Larch Street, go one block, turn north on Laurelhurst Drive, and then go 0.5 mile to the parking area. Information: Colville National Forest, Newport Ranger District, (509) 447-7300, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n**9. Halliday Trail:** Easily accessible from SR 31 just south of the US\u2013Canada border, Halliday Trail No. 522 runs 4.2 miles through a remarkably diverse forest and along the Halliday Fen, a tranquil wetland protected as a research natural area. This trail links to Red Bluff Trail No. 553 and North Fork Sullivan Creek Trail No. 507, which leads into the Salmo-Priest Wilderness all the way up to Crowell Ridge Trail No. 5115. Access is from Metaline Falls: Follow SR 31 north 6.5 miles. Turn right at the Halliday trailhead sign and then immediately left on the spur to the trailhead. Information: Colville National Forest, Sullivan Lake Ranger District, (509) 446-7500, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n**10. Silver Creek Trails:** The Silver Creek Campground just southwest of Abercrombie Mountain is a base for two good hikes. South Fork Silver Creek Trail No. 123 crosses creeks and gains 2200 feet in 7 miles. North Fork Silver Creek Trail No. 119 leads nearly 6 miles to a junction with Abercrombie Mountain Trail No. 117--a good hike in itself--or continue another 5.9 miles to the top of Abercrombie for a marathon round-trip of nearly 24 miles. See Hike 43 for access northeast of Colville. Information: Colville National Forest, Three Rivers Ranger District, Kettle Falls, (509) 738-7700, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/colville.\n\n### AROUND SPOKANE\n\n**11. McKenzie Conservation Area:** Nearly 5 miles of volunteer-built trails on 421 acres on forested slopes along Newman Lake near the Idaho border. Access is from I-90 at Liberty Lake: Go north 2.4 miles on Harvard Road. Turn east on Trent Avenue (SR 290), go 2.2 miles to a four-way intersection, and turn left (north) on Starr Road. Drive 3 miles and turn right at the Y onto Hauser Lake Road. Drive less than a half mile and turn left on Muzzy Road. Drive 4.5 miles (Muzzy Road becomes West Newman Lake Road) to the trailhead down to the left. Information: Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks.\n\n**12. Glenrose Conservation Area (proposed):** About 4 miles of routes lead through timber and grassy meadows to two good viewpoints overlooking the Spokane Valley. Access is from the Palouse Highway in south Spokane: Go east on 57th Avenue, which becomes Glenrose Road as it bends left (north). Follow Glenrose and turn east on 34th Avenue. Turn right on Eastern Road. Just past Dyer Rod, turn north on Thierman Road and drive to the trailhead at the end of the pavement. Park off the road; don't block roads or the gate. Information: Spokane County Parks and Recreation, (509) 477-4730, www.spokanecounty.org\/parks.\n\n**13. Dwight Merkel Trail:** Beautifully graded connector in a network of volunteer-built trails, leading from recreational sports fields in northwest Spokane to trails in Riverside State Park. Enjoy the bustle of youthful activity on the baseball and soccer fields along the 3.1-mile perimeter trail around the Dwight Merkel Sports Complex and Joe Albi Stadium, some of it paved. Trails take off into woods west from the Merkel Complex. Access is from Assembly Street in northwest Spokane. Information: Spokane City Parks and Recreation, (509) 625-6200, www.spokaneparks.org\/parks.\n\n**14. Spokane River Centennial Trail:** The Spokane area's most popular paved trail, running 37 miles from Nine Mile Falls east to the Idaho state line (and farther into Idaho). It links Riverside State Park, downtown, and neighborhoods for hiking, biking, commuting, running, skating, and bicycling. The path generally contours the Spokane River, with 30 miles of trail completely separated from roads and traffic. Access is from Riverside State Park at Nine Mile Falls, from the state line exit off I-90, or from numerous points in between. Information: Friends of the Centennial Trail, (509) 624-7188, www.spokanecentennialtrail.org.\n\n**15. West Branch Little Spokane River Wildlife Area:** Numerous unmarked and unmapped old logging roads and trails lace this 2772-acre diamond in the rough in Pend Oreille County, including wildlife-rich wetlands and uplands from Horseshoe Lake south to Fan Lake. Access is from US 2: Head west on Eloika Lake Road to the locked gate off the corner of Horseshoe Lake Road and Holly Road. Information: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Spokane office, (509) 892-1001, <http:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas>.\n\n**16. Medical and West Medical Lakes:** Two good fishing lakes on the outskirts of their namesake city. From the popular Waterfront Park, the paved Lake Trail circumnavigates Medical Lake in 3 miles. The wooded west side stays away from homes. Paths to the southeast corner of the lake lead to popular cliff-jumping areas. West Medical Lake, just a short way west of Medical Lake, has a nice 1.7-mile single-track along the lake's west shore. The informal trail starts through a hole in the chain link fence near the boat ramp at the far end of the public access parking lot. Access is from the Medical Lake exit (exit 272) off of I-90: Follow SR 902 west about 5 miles to the city of Medical Lake. Turn left (south) on Lefevre Street through downtown to the entrance of Waterfront Park. Information: City of Medical Lake, (509) 565-5000, www.medical-lake.org\/citserv\/parks.asp.\n\n### COLUMBIA PLATEAU\n\n**17. Columbia Plateau Trail:** This rail trail managed as a state park runs 130 miles from Cheney to Pasco, following a portion of the abandoned Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railroad. The choice route for walking or mountain biking runs from Cheney through the west side of Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge and southwest for a total of 15 miles. (Another 15 miles runs from Ice Harbor Dam to Snake River Junction.) The 3-mile paved portion of the Fish Lake Trail also leaves from the Cheney trailhead. Access is from Cheney, just off Cheney\u2013Spangle Road (the route to Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge). Information: Washington State Parks, Columbia Plateau Trail, (360) 902-8844, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks.\n\n**18. Umatilla Rock:** Explore several miles of dirt roads and trails at the base of Dry Falls in Monument Coulee, in 4000-acre Sun Lakes State Park. Access is off of SR 17 just south of Coulee City. Information: Washington State Parks, (509) 632-5583, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks.\n\n**19. Blythe and Chukar Lakes:** Round-trip of 3 miles to two large lakes in the Drumheller Channels south of the Potholes Reservoir. Access is off of SR 262 (across from Mar Don Resort), 3.6 miles west of the refuge road leading to the Crab Creek trails. Information: Columbia National Wildlife Refuge, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/columbia.\n\n**20. Saddle Mountain:** From the mountaintop trailhead, roam for miles on primitive paths across 2000-plus-foot Saddle Mountain, admiring flowers and views of the Hanford Reach and Columbia Basin. Access is off of SR 24 west of the road to White Bluffs trails. Information: Hanford Reach National Monument, (509) 546-8300, www.fws.gov\/hanfordreach.\n\n### AROUND TRI-CITIES\n\n**21. Sacajawea State Park:** Several miles of quiet trails in a pretty 284-acre state park at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia rivers. Lewis and Clark interpretive displays, big trees, and lots of wildlife. Access is off of US 12 just east of Pasco. Information: Washington State Parks, (509) 545-2361, www.parks.wa.gov\/parks.\n\n### BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT AREAS\n\n**22. Badger Mountain (Waterville Plateau):** Several miles of trails in the Duffy Creek and Douglas Creek recreation sites on Badger Mountain south of Waterville. Access is off of US 2 via either Titchenal Canyon Road or Road H. Good map online. Information: BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane.\n\n**23. Odessa Craters:** Two short trails to two unique craters formed by the Great Missoula Floods. Access is on SR 21 just north of the Lakeview Ranch. Information: BLM Spokane District, (509) 536-1200, www.blm.gov\/or\/districts\/spokane.\n\n### PALOUSE AND SNAKE RIVERS\n\n**24. Lyons Ferry:** Hike an easy mile to Chief Old Bones's grave on a scenic bluff at the confluence of the Snake and Palouse rivers in this nice park administered by the Port of Columbia. Access is on SR 261 a few miles south of Palouse Falls. Information: Port of Columbia, (509) 382-2577; <http:\/\/portofcolumbia.org>.\n\n**25. Bill Chipman Palouse Trail:** An 8-mile paved rail trail, roughly paralleling SR 270 between Pullman and Moscow, Idaho, including thirteen bridges over Paradise Creek. Access is from the Quality Inn in Pullman and at Perimeter Drive in Moscow. Information: Pullman Civic Trust, www.pullmancivictrust.org.\n\n**26. Klemgard County Park:** Family-friendly 0.9-mile loop in a 59-acre green oasis surrounded by the rolling Palouse wheat fields. The park's playground and picnic shelters are a popular gathering spot in a forested canyon along Union Flat Creek. The trail leads high above the park through woods and along a creek. Access is from Colfax: Drive south on US 195 for 6 miles (to milepost 30.7), and turn west on Hamilton Hill Road toward Klemgard Park. Drive 2.5 miles to the bottom of Canyon Flat and turn right on Union Flat Road. Go 1 mile to the park. Information: Whitman County Parks and Recreation, Colfax, (509) 397-6238, www.whitmancounty.org.\n\n**27. Snake River Trail:** Hiking-biking trail along the shore of the Snake River, running 3.5 miles from Almota Creek near the well-developed Boyer Park Marina and Campground to the base of Lower Granite Dam. Access is from Colfax: Follow Almota Road 15 miles to the Snake River. Turn left and follow Granite Road 3 miles to Boyer Park. Information: Boyer Park and Marina, (509) 397-3208, www.bpark.biz.\n\n### BLUE MOUNTAINS\n\n**28. Asotin Creek Wildlife Area:** Although it has few maintained trails, this 34,000-acre wildlife area offers many miles of vehicle-restricted roads and ridges for hiking in the foothills of the Blue Mountains. Access is from the town of Asotin. Get maps and explore. Information: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Spokane office, (509) 892-1001, www.wdfw.wa.gov\/lands\/wildlife_areas.\n\n**29. Slick Ear Trail:** Plunge to the Wenaha River in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness after a gentle mile on a ridge. Slick Ear Trail No. 3104 descends on many switchbacks for 0.5 mile, with great views. The rest of the hike to the river is more gentle along Slick Ear Creek, but the round-trip is 10.4 miles and you'll gain 2500 feet of elevation on the way out. Access is from south of Dayton: Drive FR 46 toward Godman Spring, linking with FRs 300 and 301 to reach the trailhead. Information: Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy.\n\n**30. Wenaha River Trail:** Although it's in Oregon just south of the Washington border, Wenaha River Trail No. 3137 is popular with Eastern Washington hikers, especially in early spring. It's one of the region's first long wilderness hikes to be free of snow, although spring runoff can make it impossible to safely cross Crooked Creek, the first drainage inside the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness boundary. The entire trail runs 31 miles. Temperatures soar on the trail during hot weather. Access is at the trailhead just outside Troy, Oregon. Information: Umatilla National Forest, Pomeroy Ranger District, (509) 843-1891, www.fs.fed.us\/r6\/uma\/pomeroy.\n\n## About the Authors\n\n**_Rich Landers (left) and Craig Romano_ (Photo by Aaron Theisen)**\n\n**Rich Landers,** a native Montanan, has been the Outdoors editor for the _Spokesman-Review_ in Spokane since 1977, covering hiking, conservation, hunting, fishing, climbing, bicycling, public lands, and other outdoor pursuits. He is a contributing writer for _Field and Stream_ magazine and author of _100 Hikes in the Inland Northwest_ and _Paddling Washington_.\n\n**Craig Romano** grew up in rural New Hampshire, where he fell in love with the natural world. He has traveled from Alaska to Argentina, Sicily to South Korea, seeking wild and spectacular landscapes. He ranks Washington State among the most beautiful places on the planet, and he has hiked it from Cape Flattery to Puffer Butte. He is a columnist for _Northwest Runner_ and _Outdoors NW_ and author of nine books, among them _Day Hiking Olympic Peninsula, Day Hiking North Cascades, Day Hiking Columbia River Gorge, Backpacking Washington_ , and _Columbia Highlands: Exploring Washington's Last Frontier_ , which was recognized in 2010 as a Washington Reads book for its contribution to the state's cultural heritage. When not hiking and writing, he can be found napping with his wife, Heather, and cats, Giuseppe and Scruffy Gray, at his home in Skagit County. Visit him at <http:\/\/CraigRomano.com> and on Facebook at \"Craig Romano Guidebook Author.\"\n\nTHE MOUNTAINEERS, founded in 1906, is a nonprofit outdoor activity and conservation organization whose mission is \"to explore, study, preserve, and enjoy the natural beauty of the outdoors. . . .\" Based in Seattle, Washington, it is now one of the largest such organizations in the United States, with seven branches throughout Washington State.\n\nThe Mountaineers sponsors both classes and year-round outdoor activities in the Pacific Northwest, which include hiking, mountain climbing, ski-touring, snowshoeing, bicycling, camping, canoeing and kayaking, nature study, sailing, and adventure travel. 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Leave No Trace is best understood as an educational and ethical program, not as a set of rules and regulations.\n\nFor more information, visit www.lnt.org, or call 800-332-4100.\n\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaBook"}}
+{"text":"\n\n**Contents**\n\nGin Martini Calls\n\nHow to Value a Species and Why We Should Care\n\nCreating a Synopsis\n\nWoolly Mammoth\n\nRalph emails: Anyway \u2013 starting is necessary...\n\nForeword\n\nHumphead Wrasse\n\nSingapore Freshwater Crab\n\nGrunting Spiked Turt\n\nAmur Leopard\n\nInvasion of the Gonzovationists\n\nGroglick\n\nRed Wowlet\n\nJamaican Iguana\n\nSumatran Rhinoceros\n\nMountain Gorilla\n\nHawksbill Turtle\n\nBornean Orangutan\n\nSumatran Orangutan\n\nChinese Pangolin\n\nSunda Pangolin\n\nPygmy Tarsier\n\nManed Three-toed Sloth\n\nThe Visitation\n\nHector's Dolphin\n\nHippopotamus\n\nIrrawaddy Dolphin\n\nAfrican Elephant\n\nAsian Elephant\n\nBonobo\n\nSaiga Antelope\n\nNorthern Hairy-nosed Wombat\n\nAngelshark\n\nPygmy Three-toed Sloth\n\nTarzan's Chameleon\n\nBlack-footed Ferret\n\nPrzewalski's Horse\n\nStriped Spirit Wint\n\nCuban Crocodile\n\nKanab Ambersnail\n\nPool-strutting Monkeychick\n\nPhilippine Crocodile\n\nSeychelles Sheath-tailed Bat\n\nDigg Soiler\n\nDratsab\n\nWhite Rhinoceros\n\nAtlantic Bluefin Tuna\n\nSouthern Bluefin Tuna\n\nPacific Bluefin Tuna\n\nGolden-rumped Sengi\n\nLord Howe Island Stick Insect\n\nLuristan Newt\n\nRat-arsed Skunk\n\nAye-aye\n\nBaad Guttering\n\nGnat Flutterby\n\nLittle Mother Moth\n\nRed Wolf\n\nTiger\n\nGrevy's Zebra\n\nGiant Panda\n\nBorneo Pygmy Elephant\n\nSnow Leopard\n\nChimpanzee\n\nTerry Cotter \u2013 the Island's Potter\n\nFin Whale\n\nGal\u00e1pagos Sea Lion\n\nBlack Rhinoceros\n\nBlue Whale\n\nGolden Bamboo Lemur\n\nLong-nosed Gwylim\n\nBlack Spider Monkey\n\nSuicide Palm\n\nAddax or White Antelope\n\nAfrican Wild Dog\n\nAmazonian Manatee\n\nAmerican Manatee or West Indian Manatee\n\nAfrican Manatee\n\nGrey Nurse Shark\n\nGarden Bumblebee\n\nPolar Bear\n\nArticulated Bumlice\n\nGreek Red Damsel\n\nLion\n\nHula Painted Frog\n\nIndri\n\nDelhi Sands Flower-loving Fly\n\nWestern Long-beaked Echidna\n\nEastern Long-beaked Echidna\n\nSir David's Long-beaked Echidna\n\nVisiting the Steadman Uncontinuum\n\nMongolian Beaver\n\nVolcano Rabbit\n\nAfrican Wild Ass\n\nDylis Voryd\n\nPeacock Parachute Spider\n\nSaint Lucia Racer\n\nIndian Python\n\nHorrid Ground-weaver Spider\n\nWhy-me?\n\nSkimleach\n\nFrigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle\n\nChinese Giant Salamander\n\nVaquita\n\nLeatherback Sea Turtle\n\nRed Squirrel\n\nSaola\n\nMonarch Butterfly\n\nLargetooth Sawfish\n\nWalrus\n\nWhite-headed Langur\n\nMasai Giraffe\n\nReticulated Giraffe\n\nSouthern Giraffe\n\nNorthern Giraffe\n\nBactrian Camel\n\nLemur Leaf Frog\n\nDugong\n\nWestern European Hedgehog\n\nWe're two gonzovationists\n\nThat's conservation with a twist\n\nAnd laughter has to be the key\n\nWhen we smile we are engaged\n\nBut the stories on each page\n\nTell the damage wreaked by humanity\n\nThe pictures give great cheer\n\nBut the words are full of fear\n\nAs critters fall throughout the day\n\nProgress owns an iron fist\n\nA swift flick of its wrist\n\nDestroys whatever's in its way\n\nBe a gonzovationist\n\nSupport the critters in our midst\n\nThere is a need to gonzovert the crowd\n\nTo help the vast array\n\nOf wildlife every day\n\nTo roam freely would make us truly proud\n\n_By Levy\/Steadman_\n\n_Ralph_ : What are we going to do next?\n\n_Ceri_ : I reckon we concentrate on all the endangered creatures in the world other than birds. I am busy compiling a list of the critically endangered species in the world and there are over 4,500 of them.\n\n_Ralph_ : You know how to discourage me, with your wretched lists and numbers of critical critters in the thousands.\n\n_Ceri_ : Critical Critters! I like it. Don't worry, Ralph, we won't do them all. There are three or four we can leave out.\n\n_Ralph_ : Oh dear... Better get some more ink in. Right then, you're the Navigator, better get the _Steadmanitania_ where it needs to go.\n\n_Ceri_ : Aye aye, Cap'n. Good to be back on board with you. We have many stories to relay in our roles as gonzovationists.\n\n_Ralph_ : That is the purpose of our mission. You write it all down and I'll draw it.\n\n_Ceri_ : And one last thing to remember... No beaks this time round.\n\n**Gin Martini Calls**\n\nOur books always start with a phone call from Se\u00f1or Gin Martini, our publisher at Bloomsbury. 'So what's the plan for the third book of the trilogy? What bird angle have you got covered now?' I reply, 'We've done birds, extinct ones and endangered ones. What could we do next with them other than all the ones that are having a cheerful and fine time? We're not very good at doing plain old happy. Not really our thing. We need to sink our teeth into a subject, stick up for something we can fight for and believe in. And Ralph needs to stop putting beaks on everything. Beak addiction is a terrible thing. He needs to start drawing other appendages and animal attributes, like paws and claws, trunks and proboscides. (I looked it up and that is genuinely the plural of proboscis. I had expected it to be proboscii or some such thing, but what do I know?) We need different creatures, critically endangered creatures, we should be sticking up for lions and tigers and bears with the odd troubled newt thrown in for good measure. We could call the book _Critical Critters_.'\n\n' _Critical Critters_ is good for a working title,' says Gin, 'We just need a synopsis and I'll get it cleared with the board. Can you sort that out?' I huff in indignation. 'A synopsis? From us? We don't do that sort of thing. We didn't do one for the first two books and I can't see the need for it now. It would ruin the surprise too. If you need a synopsis then you should write it. You know what you're looking for.' 'Speak to Ralph, maybe you can come up with something between you.'\n\nWith my haughtiness in full cry and my hackles raised I tell Ralph about the need for a synopsis and he says rather philosophically, 'You're so sniffy! If Jim wants a synopsis then we should give him a synopsis. What kind of critter do you think it would look like? I'll draw a Synopsis.' We giggle like a couple of geese cackling into our tea. And with that I know we are back. Critters here we come. It's your turn to feel Ralph's brush tickling your areas into life on that good old A1 paper, while I describe your measurements. Critterific.\n\nRalph has put me in the right frame of mind with his simple idea of drawing a synopsis and this, in turn, has focused my attention on the matter at hand \u2013 and I realise it's time to do some research. Just how precarious a state do the world's animals find themselves in? We know how bad it is for birds, but is it the same for all the other living things out there and where is the best place to begin our journey?\n\nWhat we want to achieve is to show the incredible diversity of species that are threatened and to show that across the board we have critically endangered critters, from fungi, reptiles, plants and marine life to birds and mammals. We have covered the birds in our last two books, _Extinct Boids_ and _Nextinction_ , so you won't see one in here. Well, in principle you won't but I should never say never, especially where Ralph is concerned. I am trying to wean him off birds but I feel he will sneak the odd beaky one in here and there.\n\n_Ralph_ : Look at what I just discovered in the studio. An ark! I can't remember what it was for but it was many moons ago.\n\n_Ceri_ : Is there nothing you haven't tried? Perhaps we can dust it down and get it back out on the water. Could we pimp it up a bit for the 21st century? Hot-rod it and modernise it a little? Soup it up and crash through the waves?\n\n_Ralph_ : No. We're sticking with the _Steadmanitania_ , no ark. You just want me to draw you again like I did for the original _Steadmanitania_ and get yourself in another picture.\n\n_Ceri_ : It was a great likeness that you captured for that image. You portrayed my best side and best features. I liked it a lot. It was and remains, the finest portrait of me that I have ever seen. It has that certain ' _je ne sais quoi_ ' about it. So you receive my eternal gratitude for not showing me up in your inks. You could have been withering if the mood had taken you. I liked being a Ralph 'stickman'.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's me, Ralph Stickman.\n\n_Ceri_ : That'll stick, Stickman. But thinking about it maybe the _Steadmanitania_ could be an Ark Gallery. We find the critters, I research them, you draw them, and we don't need to collect any critters at all. Sorted. Better dust down the _Steadmanitania_ , Cap'n.\n\nOriginal black and white version of the _Steadmanitania_ image with Ralph and Ceri onboard.\n**How to Value a Species and Why We Should Care**\n\nThere is a thought that not all species are valued in the same way. It is considered that some Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) may prioritise their agendas and work to conserve certain species and decide which ones may prove to have some intrinsic human value. Is the last of the Willow Blister fungi, found in only one Welsh location, worth saving as much as a Black Rhino? It may be that there is a conservation pecking order. But isn't all life to be appreciated? Do we, as humans, not take ugly people into hospital to be cured? Yes, we do. There is no beauty gauge as to which particular person we decide to help, so shouldn't we treat all species the same way? Undoubtedly there is a discussion to be had.\n\nIn 2012, the ZSL (Zoological Society of London) and the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) released _Priceless or Worthless_ , a review of the 100 most threatened species that may be allowed to die out because there are no human advantages to keeping them alive and kicking. This does suggest that it's a case of species discrimination. I think we should protect the 'uglies' as much as any other creature. After all, everything has a mother and she would love her offspring \u2013 well, apart from the munching matriarchs that may occasionally eat their nearest and dearest. But that's another matter.\n\nI have just read the _Living Planet_ report, which has been produced by the ZSL and the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). It is unpleasant reading as everything points to the fact that our wild creatures are facing the greatest period of mass extinction since the dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago. That ancient extinction can't be blamed on humans, but this present-day wipeout of species is pretty much all our fault and the worst of it is that we know how to stop this species decline but for one reason or another we choose not to. It's all about our production and consumption. The way we farm, the way we eat, the way we share, the way we build, the way we energise and the way we live. We need to re-evaluate our relationship with the natural world and the environment we share with so many other species. It's not too late but it is pretty damn close. After all, the world around us provides us with the tools to live, whether that be energy or resources, simple air and water, or the rewards of joy or contentment. Nature can be our inspirational muse, from whom we benefit physically, mentally and spiritually and we should look to support our greatest ally in our adventure of existing on this earth.\n\nThe _Living Planet_ report starkly presents the reality that our populations of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians declined by 58 per cent between 1970 and 2012. This trend means that by 2020 we may well have lost two-thirds of our wildlife unless we alter our usage of this planet.\n\nWe live in the Holocene Epoch, which is the current period of geologic time. This began approximately 12,000 years ago and replaced the Pleistocene Ice Age. Temperatures rose, glaciers retreated and forest replaced tundra. Creatures that had adapted to the extreme cold such as mammoths became extinct. Humans had to resort to hunting smaller creatures, supplementing their diet with plant materials. And as our dietary requirements changed so did our use of the planet. Agriculture took root and we began adapting the earth to our needs and wants. With the advent of the Holocene Epoch came a more stable climate, and most notably it is the time within which human civilisation has developed exponentially: populations have boomed, urbanisations have sprung up and consequently we have grown into the species we are today. This has been the age of man. But once more change is upon us and we are potentially moving from one epoch into another quicker than has happened before \u2013 it is our influence and actions upon this planet that has accelerated this change.\n\nNew epochs are brought into existence when the world and its conditions change dramatically, and scientists seem to be in agreement that because of our treatment and alteration of this Earth, we have already created the next age. Welcome to the Anthropocene Epoch, in which the calm waters of the Holocene will give way to more turbulent seas.\n\nSo what are the terms and conditions that qualify for us to be living in a brand new epoch? The key factor is the significant effect of human activities upon the world's geology and ecosystems. Over geologic time the start of a new epoch has often been marked by climate change, dramatic changes in the life forms on Earth, or by the occurrence of mass extinctions. Looking around me, it is beginning to look a lot like a new epoch is indeed upon us.\n\nWhen did this happen? When did the Anthropocene Epoch begin? It has been mooted that it may have commenced with the Industrial Revolution, but now the consensus within the scientific community is that it should be considered to have started around 1950, soon after nuclear bombs were tested and then dropped as an act of war. This seems like a forceful marking point and moment in time to acknowledge change. Add to that the damage done by the recent inventions of plastic and concrete and it would appear that we have altered the planet in an enormous way. This is the age of pollution, radiation, habitat loss, extinction, bad economics and selfishness. Add other words as you see fit and realise that this period of time we exist in is like no other age. It is now so different to what we considered the Holocene Epoch that the change in epoch feels inevitable.\n\nBut there is also the thought that this mountain of disastrous damage done to the planet could be a jumping-off point for a new way of life and we could become a somewhat different entity. Perhaps science fiction will prove to be correct and we will evolve into a more advanced species, learning from the mess we have created. Perhaps we will move forward, riding the digital and technological highway to transcend the follies of humankind and travel the universe armed with the knowledge of how not to do things and find somewhere new to colonise \u2013 and ultimately, perhaps intelligently, terraform our way across the galaxies. It seems impossible now \u2013 but so did Leicester City winning the English Premier League in 2016. (For non-football fans, Leicester City is an English football team who had never won a major title in their history and against all odds won the greatest English football prize, the Premier League, beating illustrious teams such as Chelsea and Manchester City to the title.) Plus an aficionado would tell you that it is highly improbable to happen again for a long time. You can think of your own against-all-odds analogy and insert as you wish to replace the Leicester City story. The most pressing issue is that humans need to find a positive way out of this mess. We can't be so stupid as to destroy everything we have in this world, can we? Let's hope not. Time to boost up those dilithium crystals and head for warp factor eight. We may need to get out of here fast \u2013 although it would be best to fix the damage done before heading off in search of new horizons.\n\nWe await the decision by science to accept the Anthropocene Epoch into the geological time scale and then we will all be New Agers, living in our brand new self-created epoch. Bring it on and let's see if we can find a way to turn over a new leaf and mark this new dawn with a positive twist. Saving the critters within this book would be a pretty good start.\n\nEvery time I watch animals in the wild or nature programmes on TV, I am struck at the levels of intelligence shown by so many creatures, an intelligence beyond instinct or survival, and I wonder if many species are much smarter than we give them credit for. Perhaps we refuse to accept their intelligence because we would then feel guilt for everything we have done to them. Do we call so many animals dumb or stupid because we can't bear to accept the intelligence before us? What constitutes intelligence anyway? It surely must equate to the particular creature's environment and place within it. All sorts of creatures utilise objects and use implements as tools to help them in their lives. Is this not intelligence? We know that crows can remember people, chimpanzees can recognise other chimpanzees and dolphins communicate with each other, yet we refuse to accept that this exchange between dolphins is a language. I remember when I was a kid I decided I wanted to learn Welsh and bought myself a _Teach Yourself Welsh_ book. I loved it and I learnt a little. _Cymru am byth_ (Wales for ever) has always stood me in good stead, but why can't I get a _Teach Yourself Dolphin_ book? Shouldn't we be learning the languages of the animals? I believe they are there. OK, there are scientific arguments against the acceptance of language and most of it is to do with syntactic structures first described by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. It is apparently all to do with the rules that govern the order of words. But don't we, as humans, decide on these rules and their parameters? What if there are other rules created by other species? Is everything judged by our experience of living? Seemingly, yes. We are regularly told that there is a huge difference between language and communication and that the two are not one and the same thing. Perhaps our attempts at animal language recognition are not advanced enough to admit that we are not alone with our ability and instinct for language. Perhaps we have just been turning the wrong keys. But everything that we know about other creatures suggests that there is more intelligence within them than we are aware of and as we are changing the epoch maybe our thinking about other animals needs to change too. When do we start to admit intelligence exists within other species? When we decide to accept it, I guess. Then, just maybe, we will begin to treat them better. Life should be a way to treat an animal. God bless Kurt Vonnegut.\n\n**NOTE** : Ceri Levy is not a scientist, never has been a scientist, and probably never will be a scientist. He has recently completed a course in Crittology at Grossenheimer's University, of which Dr Ralph Steadman is currently the principal, and was deemed fit enough to become a Professor of Loudmouth Chicanery. He is actively looking for further education within the world of Crittology conservation.\n\n**Creating a Synopsis**\n\n_Ralph_ : What do you know of a Synopsis? What do you know of its appearance?\n\n_Ceri_ : A snuffling Synopsis with a protruding proboscis? A rare treat. They have become critically endangered, perhaps even extinct, in the wild.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's not good. I will draw one back into existence.\n\n_Ceri_ : I think the Synopsis is a forest dweller. Perhaps he rummages around searching for food amongst the leaves on the ground? Or maybe he's a creature that climbs?\n\n_Ralph_ : There are a lot of things I could do with a snuffling Synopsis. Although he could be snivelling more than snuffling. I prefer snivelling. Always moaning.\n\n_Ceri_ : ( _in a nasally voice, imitating a Synopsis_ ) Why me? Everyone wants my viewpoint of an idea and then blames me if it's not good enough. I hate being a Synopsis.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's the sort of thing. We just have to make a start.\n\n_Ceri_ : The first splat and the first words. It's being brave enough to begin and let it evolve.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's what you got to do to be a gonzovationist. Be brave to start something like a Synopsis. Never be afraid, for fear is the enemy of the pen. Then we better sort out the Furry Prologue.\n\n_Ceri_ : And never forget the Hairless Epilogue or that dangerous swine the Addendum and his sidekick the Erratum. Grammatical creatures abound. Grammati-critters, if you will.\n\n_Ralph_ : The Unnumbered Index. Nothing worse. Looking something up in an index, discovering it exists but no idea where. Just an annoying list.\n\n_Ceri_ : Sounds familiar. Maybe I should number my lists for you.\n\n_Ralph_ : Yours will always be annoying. It's what you do. Annoy.\n\n**Later that afternoon**\n\n_Ralph holds up a sheet of paper upon which is a tantalisingly odd creature_.\n\n_Ralph_ : So here is the Synopsis. You're being very quiet.\n\n_Ceri_ : I'm a serious gonzovationist and I'm studying the Synopsis and evaluating him. I think he is pointing the way forwards for us! Ever upwards.\n\nThe Synopsis is searching for a general overview by climbing this tree. Once he sees where he is and what is happening, he is very good at encapsulating the scene and describing it succinctly and economically. He is the master of explaining any given situation.\n\nRalph has been exploring his copy of _Popular Encyclopaedia, or Conversations Lexicon_ , published in 1882 by Blackie & Sons. It is full of steel engravings by Thomas Archer \u2013 they have an other-worldly quality about them and are as detailed as anatomical drawings. These pictures have captivated Ralph, and there is a flavour of these images within the Synopsis.\n\n_Ralph_ : I love this book. It's a funny way to go but it's not a bad way to go. It's idiosyncratic.\n\n_Ceri_ : Idiot-syncratic, perhaps?\n\n_Ralph_ : If you want to make fun of me and treat me like a fool, then yes. Things were so much better without cameras and people had to draw to record things. Fox Talbot who invented the camera has a lot to answer for. Asshole!\n\n_Ceri_ : You don't mean that. After all you have taken some wonderful photos thanks to his invention.\n\n_Ralph_ : At the moment I do mean it. But I will forgive him later. This book could be a trial for me.\n\n_Ceri_ : We won't put you on trial for the first drawings. I think you're onto something. Let's just settle into it and see where we end up.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_: Today is the day that the Synopsis goes before the Bloomsbury board to get the yay or nay on its future existence along with all the other critical critters we intend to bring into being. I hate waiting for news and I spend half the time unable to concentrate on other things. I decide to phone Gin Martini and put myself out of my self-induced misery. 'What news?' 'I was just emailing you. Good news! The Synopsis was a success and everyone is very happy to go for the third book in the trilogy. Actually, we should think of a name for the three books, an umbrella title for them like Batman's Dark Knight trilogy. What do you and Ralph have as your trilogy moniker? Let me know what you and Ralph come up with. Toodle pip!'\n\n_Ceri_ : Good news! Everyone is happy for us to get going on _Critical Critters_. It's official. This being the third book in our very own animal lexicon after _Extinct Boids_ and _Nextinction_ , Jim reckons we should come up with a title for the trilogy. Robertson Davies wrote the Deptford Trilogy, in films there's the Godfather trilogy and the original Star Wars trilogy and musically there was Bowie's Berlin trilogy. Good things come in threes and therefore we should name our trio. Then we could create a beautiful box set.\n\n_Ralph_ : Buy the threee, with an extra third e, and get a trolley free!\n\n_Ceri_ : Why a trolley?\n\n_Ralph_ : Because that box set will be damn heavy considering the size of our books. It's far too heavy to carry normally. You would be off your trolley not to use a trolley!\n\n_Ceri_ : The Trolley Trilogy?\n\n_Ralph_ : It would be a thrill to get a set in a trolley.\n\n_Ceri_ : The Thrillogy Trollogy?\n\n_Ralph_ : That would work. Buy three, get one less (of your choice).\n\n_Ceri_ : Not sure that works but I like it. When we started our book escapades did you think we would be writing a third book?\n\n_Ralph_ : No I didn't and it defies all of Grossenheimer's Laws of Adiabatic Masses. Quite a feat and will surprise the world of academia.\n\n_Ceri_ : Maybe we should call it the Grossenheimer Trilogy in the academic world and the Thrillogy Trollogy in the real world. Let's just call it the Thrillogy Trilogy.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nAgreed. Gonna have a look through the drawers for inspiration and see if there is anything useful in them, animal-wise.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : The first thing Ralph finds in his drawers is this picture entitled Wildlife Pie. I start thinking about it and realise we don't 'alf eat a lot of this world. Many creatures are happy with a few target food sources, whereas we will try and eat most things and only stop if we find it could be harmful to us. I remember travelling in Cambodia, where I was amazed at the array of food that was on offer, whether it was snakes, spiders or bugs. I asked our guide if there was anything off the menu and he calmly stated 'Mosquitoes', because it was impossible to catch enough of them to make a worthwhile plate of food. That sums up humanity and its bottomless stomach.\n\nI bet if a restaurant were opened called Critical Critters, where all the food came from endangered animals, it would be a resounding success. That's how ridiculous the world has become. Imagine walking into a bank and presenting this idea as a serious business plan. It would probably be taken more seriously than an idea for a clothes shop or a bookshop and would most likely get funding. Profit over ethics works for so many of the modern-day moneymen. Until we change this mind-set, the world of critters will always come a poor second to economics and 'progress'. Tragic.\n\n**Woolly Mammoth**\n\n_Mammuthus primigenius_\n\nDuring the Pleistocene Epoch a dozen mammoth species roamed the world, but the Woolly Mammoth is the one we all know and imagine when we think of a mammoth. It is believed it became extinct due to a mix of climate change and hunting. It certainly figured on the dinner menu for early humans and was also hunted for its pelt, which was ideal for warmth and clothing. About 10,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age, the mammoths finally became extinct across the planet apart from a small population on Wrangel Island, situated off the coast of Siberia, which kept the name of the Woolly Mammoth alive until 1700 BC. No one is quite certain why this last group became extinct and for years inbreeding was blamed for their extinction, but recent DNA testing suggests this is not the case and it is more likely that climate change was the reason for their disappearance. There is not yet any evidence to suggest predation by humans was a factor in the loss of these mammoths, although the arrival of humans on the island does tie in with the last days of the mammoth. This is quite probably a coincidence and the search continues to ascertain why the last Woolly Mammoths became extinct.\n\nAnd now our present-day search begins, the aim being to identify the most troubled critters out there. It's time to stoke up the _Steadmanitania_ , and get back to the high seas and start seeking out our subjects and their particular stories.\n\n**Animal Art Safari**\n\nThere are a multitude of drawings in different drawers of Ralph's studio that have never seen the light of day and today is no exception. Ralph has been on his animal art safari hunting high and low through the studio digging out picture after picture of relevance and irrelevance to our project. At first I thought it was just birds that had regularly appeared in past pictures but now I find that much of the animal kingdom has had some contact with Ralph's pen and often he has no idea why he did some of these pictures and most have never been seen before. I think some would handsomely complement the work he will create for this book and they deserve to be seen. Just look at this creature, a baby mammoth. I would call this a transitional painting, as the mammoth's feet look distinctly bird-like and I'm certain that they're not the right feet. It just shows that it's hard to give up the beak and talon.\n\nIt is symbolic that Ralph has turned up this picture, as it sums up everything we are striving to avoid with our creatures today. We don't want extinctions and the mammoth is nearly as well known as a symbol of extinction as the Dodo. Ralph doesn't know if he painted this recently or some years ago, let alone why he did it, but this is irrelevant as it is perfect for use in the here and now of our book \u2013 and what better creature is there than the mammoth to start our roll call of endangerment?\n\n_Ralph_ : I have no idea why I did this. Or when I did it. Why do I do these things?\n\n_Ceri_ : I don't know, but I think this is a wonderful portent of what we are embarking upon.\n\n_Ralph_ : A wonderful portent? Don't be seen with a poor tent, how's that wonderful? Get a more expensive one, people judge you by the quality of your tent.\n**_Ralph emails:_ Anyway \u2013 starting is necessary...**\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : But where do we start? I'm not quite sure how we are going to tackle the whole world of critters. Ralph is concerned that people will want true representations of animals, whereas I'm sure they will want Ralph's imagination to be in play. This is not going to be a guidebook. I have nearly completed a list to work from but inspiration is needed. Where will we find it? As usual, the answer is not too far away, in fact it is a Skype call away and this changes everything. We will find a way to create as we have never done before. This is time for...\n\n**The Path of Evolution**\n\n_Ralph_ : The strangest thing happened last night. Throughout my drawing day I clean my brushes and pens in a container of water that stands by the side of my drawing board. I knocked it over and I spilt the day's dirty inky water onto a piece of paper, which was lying on the floor for no good reason. It created a giant blotty splurge on the sheet and my first reaction was 'Blast it! What a mess I've made.' And then I watched the blot of inky water tendrils spread, weaving a pattern as they slowly swam across the paper and I was intrigued at the shapes they were forming as they went. I knew that this was a chance encounter with a mistake, one that promised something other than a dirty great mess. I thought to myself, 'I'm not going to clean this up, I'm going to let this dry out and see what happens' and blow me I came across to the studio this morning and I love what I see sitting on the floor. The paper is covered with forms and contours and I want to draw onto and into them, right now.\n\nRalph then holds up a sheet of inky light-blue stained paper.\n\n_Ceri_ : It looks aquatic, doesn't it? I love the shapes that have formed. I start squinting and I begin to see things in the mess.\n\n_Ralph_ : Yes, it looks very fishy to me. Maybe we're meant to use this sheet for a critter.\n\n_Ceri_ : Wow, that's an interesting thought. So you would work into the splatted chaos and draw lines through it, using it like a background or a texture or an indicator of what lurks within. If it's a sea creature then perhaps it could be a Humphead Wrasse? That's in big trouble. What do you think?\n\n_Ralph_ : Send me a picture and I will have a look. But we may just have something to work on here. Mind you, it could just turn out to be rubbish. I will try to please you but you're a hard taskmaster and I only want you to be happy with my work so that you don't get nasty to me and abuse me.\n\n_Ceri_ : I think you exaggerate somewhat, my dear Cap'n.\n\n_Ralph_ : I've told you a zillion times that I don't.\n\nThe disruption is apparent in the title. How critters ... can be critical? Actually this is a much more existential question than you might think. Life on Earth has evolved to such a level of complexity (and magnificence) that its very diversity is a critical condition for its permanence. You may say that life supports life itself. At the same time the concept of nature is still quite often misunderstood. For example, what is a forest? The green mass somehow hides the truth \u2013 the truth that is about the thousands of species of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria and the billions of living organisms that together interact and make up a 'living forest'. These are the critters the book talks about.\n\nI love the unconventional approach of this book, the way it highlights the extinction crisis and how 'critters' are disappearing fast. We are losing species at a rate up to 1,000 times faster than natural rates. In the last 40 years, less than a generation, we have lost 60% of the vertebrate populations. Disturbing and astonishing.\n\nAnd by the way this is not just about critters. If you imagine life on earth as a wall, the species are the bricks. If we are taking away one brick after another the wall of life will collapse. This is not just about the critters, it has a lot to do with us. We, our wellbeing, our economy, our social stability and even our happiness depend on healthy and rich nature. The air we breathe, the water we drink and use to produce crops and goods, the food and fibres that come directly from ecosystems, climate stability, rainfall patterns, pollination and so much more. Not to mention inspiration and amazement.\n\nThe undeniable truth is that we do not recognise the value of the 'wild' and we continue to take nature's services for granted. We do great damage to the planet, failing to learn how to grow our economy without harming the environment. In the past 60 years we have seen an exponential acceleration of the unsustainable and wasteful use of natural resources. Whether you consider energy, water, timber, fish or fertilisers, all follow the same steep acceleration curve. If we continue to produce, consume and power our lives the way we do right now, forests, oceans and weather systems could be overwhelmed and seriously damaged.\n\nBut the inspiring news is that even though the planet is continuing to deteriorate, we are at the same time witnessing an unprecedented level of evidence, awareness and most importantly response. Climate instability, extreme weather events and water scarcity feature at the top of the World Economic Forum's list of risks for businesses. Governments for the first time have come together on a global agreement on climate and the Sustainable Development Goals bring the world's nations around an integrated agenda for society, economy and the environment. We are beginning to break the siloes.\n\nWe also know what to do. We have most of the solutions, from affordable renewable energy technology to ways to produce green commodities. We have entered a transition towards a more sustainable future. We must focus on scale and acceleration. Everyone can play a role in this. The way we choose our energy source, the food we eat, the way we invest our savings. All this can make a huge difference.\n\nThe main contribution of this book perhaps, is to draw our attention to the importance of the critters. Although climate change is becoming increasingly relevant and is now a cause of serious concern for many of us, too many people still fail to recognise the loss of nature and the sharp decline of wildlife. Climate change and the loss of nature are the two sides of today's ecological crisis. It is critical to address both \u2013 and urgently. This is the most existential challenge our civilisation has ever confronted: to define a new sustainable relationship with the planet where we learn to live and develop within the boundaries of its finite systems and resources. We can do it. Everyone is in it. There is no time to waste.\n\n**Humphead Wrasse**\n\n_Cheilinus undulatus_\n\nThe wrasse is found swimming through the Indo-Pacific coral reefs, searching for its staple diet of molluscs, crustaceans and starfish and would be quite happy to continue to do so with nary an agitated glance left or right. But sadly, it's a tasty critter for humans to devour and overfishing is the primary reason why the population is becoming depleted. For the moment it is considered as Endangered, but from experience we know it is not such a large step for it to become Critically Endangered. It is a giant of the reef with males growing up to two metres in length, while the female clocks in at up to one metre. If left to their own devices wrasse can live for over 30 years, and they aren't mature enough to breed until they are eight years old.\n\nHumphead Wrasse are involved in a complex relationship with their surroundings and play an important part in ensuring the continued existence of the fragile reef. They hoover up quantities of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, which eat growing corals, thus keeping the damage to the reefs to a minimum and helping keep the reefs healthy. If the Humphead Wrasse disappears, that is one less predator in the food chain. It will upset the equilibrium of the delicate underwater environment even further and could lead to yet more damage to the reef. Everything has its place in the ecosystem, but intensive fishing is endangering the wrasse. It is extremely popular as a luxury food in the live fish trade across Southeast Asia and is one of the most expensive live reef fish, coming in at $250\u2013300\/kg in China. What is the live fish trade? That's where you enter a restaurant and are shown to a fish tank and choose which one you want removed and cooked for your dinner. It's akin to eating in an aquarium.\n\nI have discovered a very interesting fact about the wrasse. Some of them are born female but undergo a sex change at around nine years of age, and then continue to live their lives as males up until their death. Nature is truly extraordinary.\n\nIn Malaysia, the WWF has been working on a reintroduction programme through a buyback scheme with local fishermen. Wrasse that were caught and were destined to be sold into the live fish trade have thus been reintroduced to the reef. Since 2010 over 860 wrasse have been released and swum back into their natural world. Much better than being in a restaurant's fish tank.\n\nThe sound of Skype calls me to my screen. I answer it and there swimming before my eyes is a Humphead Wrasse. It makes sounds, 'Blup,blup,blup.' A Humphead Wrasse is conversing with me.\n\nYesterday I saw an abstract painting caused by spilt dirty water on a sheet of drawing paper, which Ralph left to dry overnight. I thought the patterns and shapes that were formed by chance were quite beautiful. What was an aquatic-looking splattered watery sheet last night is now transformed and here we are today with our very first authentic and endangered real-life critter, the Humphead Wrasse. The lines that Ralph has drawn through the accidental painting are remarkable and quite take my breath away. He has captured from within the filthy water, the essence of the wrasse and has portrayed him in his inimitable style. Once Ralph bestows his Ralphness upon the fish I want to know more about it and what can be done to save it. Perhaps that is why an artist can get a message across in a different way to a photographer or scientist. It's that coded communiqu\u00e9 within a picture's painted DNA that hits the spot. My words can only back up the meaning that Ralph paints and his work makes me want to be a participant in conservation and not an observer. Hats off to you, Ralph, my fishy friend.\n\nIt is the first critter to appear. The experiment has truly worked and I feel that this could be the best way to approach the subject. Maybe Ralph should splatter more pages and we can find more animals within the accidents that happen. I am just about to suggest this to Ralph when he pops up from inside the wrasse's aquarium and interrupts my racing thoughts. 'Blup!'\n\n_Ceri_ : This is incredible. I adore him. It works so well, Ralph. Maybe you should do some more accidental painting...\n\n_Ralph_ : I've already got several more sheets on the studio floor drying. Maybe we should experiment with this as an idea. What do you think? Do you really think this one is any good? I quite like him as he's got a certain look in his eye.\n\n_Ceri_ : Doctor Watson was always one step behind. I think it's a perfect idea to do more. I love this picture. Something magical happened with that filthy wrasse.\n\n_Ralph_ : I think so. And dare I say it, it makes the thought of doing all these damn critters almost \u2013 and I say almost, bearable.\n\n_Ceri_ : It's all in the technique from what I can see, and no doubt you will develop it further.\n\n_Ralph_ : Ha! Glad you like him. I'll continue with the filth. Is that Jackie walking behind you? Jackie! What do you think of this fishy picture?\n\n_Jackie (my wife)_ : I love it. The fish is amazing. I think it's quite organic. It's like where we all came from when we crawled out of the mud.\n\n_Ceri_ : You should be writing this book.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's a good point, Jackie, write that down, Levy. That's a good point indeed that we all came out of the dirty water and the slime.\n**Singapore Freshwater Crab**\n\n_Johora singaporensis_\n\nThe 3cm pebble-sized Critically Endangered Singapore Freshwater Crab is endemic to Singapore and recently made it into the world's top 100 threatened species. This crab is an omnivorous scavenger, usually surviving on plant-based detritus, but when necessary it will eat smaller animals and can be cannibalistic, sometimes eating young crabs. It is known to exist in a handful of freshwater hill streams in Singapore and is only found in three locations, Bukit Batok, Bukit Gombak and Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. It plays an important part in the ecosystem as it recycles nutrients within the waters and its disappearance would imbalance the situation even further.\n\nHabitat loss due to land conversion for uses such as urbanisation has reduced the number of crabs and their locations to a fraction of the creature's historical range. Also the quality of stream water has deteriorated thanks to a mixture of causes. High acidification of some waters because of acid rain has impacted heavily on the crabs and adversely affected the populations in Bukit Timah. Other pollutants, including chemicals used for dengue fever control have also created problems, leading to a fall in water quality.\n\nMonitoring of the species is under way and a captive breeding programme has begun at Wildlife Reserves Singapore, which manages the country's zoological institutions. The aim is to understand more about the biology of the crab and eventually to reintroduce them into the wild to help form a sustainable population. The hope is to stabilise the crab population and ultimately to return numbers to a higher level than before and to establish a wider distribution for the species. It is also important for the future of the crab to promote it as a conservation icon, making Singaporeans proud of this crustacean and for it to become a symbol for conservation and to promote environmental awareness. Sounds like the Singapore Freshwater Crab is destined to become a superstar.\n\n_Ceri_ : You're really getting into these dirty water sheets. So you're throwing water and coloured inks onto paper every evening when you leave the studio and then leaving it to dry overnight?\n\n_Ralph_ : It depends on the depth of water used. I have a sheet which has been drying for three days on the floor in the studio because it was so wet and is taking an age to dry out. Let me see if I can pick it up and show it to you. It will still run a bit but that will add to the creation of the piece.\n\nHe goes off into the studio and returns with the drying piece. He lifts it up and water and colour move slowly across the paper. It is a filthy lemony yellow colour.\n\n_Ralph_ : Have you got any idea what this could turn in to?\n\n_Ceri_ : Yes. It looks like a great plant I saw today. A Cayman Islands Ghost Orchid. The exact colour of it. It's a critically endangered plant.\n\n_Ralph_ : You thought you saw one. Who's going to believe you saw a ghost? And we're doing critters, not plants, aren't we? I think it's a bit more crabby than planty.\n\n_Ceri_ : If you want to go crabby I guess there's always the Singapore Freshwater Crab, that's Critically Endangered. But I do think we should go across the board and include the odd tree or bug that is endangered. I think 'critters' is short for Critically Endangered, not just a term for creatures. Therefore we can include anything and everything if we see fit to do so. We could even do habitats that are endangered, Amazon forest, marshlands, coral reefs...\n\n_Ralph_ : No, no, no! Not Coral Reefs. Never liked a single one of her movies.\n\n_Ceri_ : I'm busy finalising the list of critters for you to consider painting. Will get it over to you tonight. OK?\n\n_Ralph_ : I'm worried how long this book will take. I'm getting old, you know.\n\n_Ceri_ : Ah yes, but you're young of mind.\n\n_Ralph_ : That means bugger all when you're staggering about on your pins!\n\n_Ceri_ : This project won't take as long as you think, Ralph. I would like us to finish this book before you get a birthday letter from the Queen.\n\n_Ralph_ : I'm glad you're finding amusement in my pain, anguish and dotage. Oh dear. I need sustenance. I better hobble over for dinner.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Firstly, I must point out that Ralph's drawing of the crab is not exactly telling the truth, as being affected by oil slicks is not one of the reasons for its demise. So please cut him some slack and let's put this down to artistic licence, which I'm sure will be used from time to time.\n**Grunting Spiked Turt**\n\n_Circuitus magnus_\n\nThe Turt is a chameleon-like critter that has an affinity for artists and writers. It is said that if one is found it will bring good luck to all creative work. Once it has nested then the chosen location remains home for life. So it looks like Ralph has a new studio companion. It is also a fact that turts cannot get lost. Their sense of direction is second to none and they will always find their way home. In this world, direction is everything.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I'm really feeling we have made a good start here. We are just embarking on the project and now that we are chatting most days about the book it feels like the journey has really begun and this new Ralphschach technique is proving to be a success. I finally sent the list of potential critter candidates to Ralph last night and am waiting to hear from him and to discuss how much I have upset him by drawing up such a long list of contenders for a place in the book. I am always nervous about sending him a list, as he gets extraordinarily irate with me for doing so. But he needs a list to either work from or choose to ignore. Once he gets huffy about a list, things usually start happening \u2013 and I just feel that last night was the right time to send him said list.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nCERI!!\n\nI have been looking at your List and they all look so difficult to draw \u2013 not to mention that I would be poaching on other people's fine photography to get a look at 'em! I might have to go out to Borneo and all them other places and draw them on site.\n\nBewildered and apprehensive\n\nRuff\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I knew Ralph would mention the list and I suppose it could be worse but I really don't want him to be agitated by it \u2013 but then I notice there is an attachment and I look at it and it is a Grunting Spiked Turt. I presume this is a rebellion against the list. Well, that didn't take long, did it? As usual I am faced with the normal dilemmas and have to concede that a book of creatures would have no place in the world without the input from within the crittarium of Ralph's head. A Grunting Spiked Turt is as relevant in this book as any other animal. I like the way he is cocking a back leg at the viewer and I wonder if that is not intended for my dreaded list and me. I'm probably reading too much into it. I'll find out when I speak to Ralph.\n\n_Ralph_ : Did you get the Turt? I found him nesting in the studio last night.\n\n_Ceri_ : I sure did. You know he is not on the list, don't you?\n\n_Ralph_ : Yes, in fact as soon as I saw him I realised you had somehow left him off the list and thought I should draw him because of your oversight. That's what teamwork is about. Covering all eventualities and your backside.\n\n_Ceri_ : How kind, well noticed that he wasn't on the list. How remiss of me. Do you know much about him? Is he cocking his leg at my list of critters to do and me?\n\n_Ralph_ : Read what you will into it. I only work from what I see. You have to do all the academic and clever stuff. It's over to you, your Clevership.\n**Amur Leopard**\n\n_Panthera pardus orientalis_\n\nThis is one of the big hitters in the world of the Critically Endangered. Everyone loves the big cats, don't they? But love alone is not enough to save this animal from finding itself in big trouble. The Amur Leopard, which numbers no more than 70 in the wild, is found in the Russian Far East and northern China, where there is one last population left.\n\nThe Amur Leopard is threatened by several factors including habitat loss and the poaching of the leopard and its prey, which includes Roe Deer and Sika Deer. Poachers have always desired the leopard's fur, although I can't believe in this day and age that anyone could look themselves in the mirror and say, 'Today I really must get a nice Amur Leopard-skin pill-box hat.' (Thanks to Bob Dylan for the influence on that line.)\n\nIn 2012, the Russian government created the Land of the Leopard National Park. This extends over nearly 2,630 square kilometres (1,015 square miles) and contains all of the leopard's breeding grounds and roughly 60 per cent of its habitat. The good news is that this park, along with intensive conservation work, is starting to pay off. In 2007, leopard numbers were believed to be down to no more than 30 individuals, but efforts to save the leopard have begun to pay off and the population has approximately doubled in the last 10 years, with reports of 57 leopards in the National Park and 8\u201312 big cats recorded in nearby parts of China. This may be due to a combination of things. Conservation has played a major part and also the monitoring of the leopard has become better as technology has advanced and survey techniques have improved. Whatever the reasons, the one thing that is certain is that the population is slowly growing.\n\nNow is the time to make sure that the conservation initiatives carry on being implemented and are continually enhanced and updated to further the progress made and to ensure a brighter future for the leopard. After all, it was not that long ago that conservationists were fearful for the survival of the Amur Tiger and now its numbers are firmly on the rise \u2013 showing that conservation does work. There are about 250 Amur Leopards within various breeding programmes in Russia, America, Japan and Europe and these will be the source of animals to be reintroduced into the wild, creating a secondary population in an area the leopards used to inhabit up until the 1970s. This is an insurance policy in case the wild population does die out. Release dates for some of these creatures could be as early as 2019.\n\n**The Ralphschach Technique**\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Ralph is finding his way into the drawings and his water throwing reminds me of action paintings from the 50s and 60s. A splurge of painty water is thrown across a pristine sheet of paper and whilst holding the page our captain steers the water to lick the sheet in whatever direction he chooses and it leaves its impression crawling and spreading in many paths. Then this gestural abstraction is left to dry and is converted into figurative art and finally becomes a creature. This is an interesting new concept in Ralph's art although it is a straightforward step from his blots and splats. As Ralph holds up a new disfigured sheet we look at it carefully and start to see shapes and then emergent forms of animals appear to us. Like magic, once stared at, a splurge or smear of dried coloured water turns into a head, a paw, a tail, a fin, a tendril and a creature begins to appear. Some more readily than others as some need to be wheedled out from the lyrical dribbling. Like the Rorschach technique...\n\n_Ceri_ : This is the Ralphschach Technique! That's what's going on here.\n\n_Ralph_ : The Ralphschach Technique, indeed. Actually, I quite like that.\n\n_Ceri_ : So tell me, what do you see Mr Steadman? Do you see creatures within the waters?\n\n_Ralph_ : I'm not sure what I see but something is in there.\n\n_Ceri_ : These are your inkblot tests. We can assess our psychological identities and the condition of all our emotional issues just by staring at the patterns and referencing what we see. We will project our own personalities into the shapes and thereby give away our innermost trials and tribulations, our visions identifying our true makeup. This could be a fascinating exercise, making this book relevant to the twenty-first century, as all the talk of mindfulness is perfect for what we are uncovering. We will read the blots and study our responses.\n\n_Ralph_ : Or we could just see if we can see some damn critter for me to draw!\n\nHermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychologist who developed the Rorschach technique in the early part of the twentieth century. Ten cards with inkblot patterns upon them are shown to a subject. The results are analysed in order to determine the subject's psychological state of mind, personality and character as well as their emotional behaviour and whether there are any underlying mental disorders.\n\n_Ceri's Diary:_ My email pings and it is one of those had-to-be-there moments as the image loads onto my desktop and I see our first big cat. A haughty, somewhat bored-looking creature, who appears to be expecting something to happen but at the same time may not deign to move a single paw if he decides he can't be bothered. A diffidence bordering on arrogance pervades the picture, but let's not forget that he can get to wherever he needs to go to much quicker than we could ever dream of. So he can just wait and wait.\n**Invasion of the Gonzovationists**\n\n_Ralph_ : I've got some photos here and I don't know where they were taken. Might be the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern. Very nice place with wonderful architecture full of bent girders and...\n\n_Ceri_ : Sounds like a Scandinavian environmentalist. Bent Girders.\n\n_Ralph_ : I heard he was a crittologist.\n\n_Ceri_ : That well-known Norwegian expert on all things crittercal.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's him. I knew there was something about these photos that would be of use. I think there are foxes about as I keep hearing scratching sounds at the back door to the studio. But I'm not letting them in. All they do is eat my pictures. I also need to get my pool fixed. The filters aren't working properly. Very annoying. Oh dear.\n\nThe phone rings in Ralph's studio and Ralph answers it and hits the speakerphone button and a voice intrudes upon our conversation. 'Hello, your blottiness. Please excuse my interruption but I am a huge fan of yours and believe that you and your strange sidekick navigator are moving in the right direction to aid and abet the critters of the world. I believe you have recently discovered the work of my mentor Dr Bent Girders, I am phoning on his behalf and my behalf. We work together and I think we could be of mutual benefit to each other. My name is Professor Lars Overhang. Could you possibly let me in so I can talk directly to you both? For it is I that is scratching at your door.'\n\n_Ralph lets him in and is so struck by his appearance that he begins to draw him while Overhang talks. I sit back and listen as Ralph paints and Lars tells us his story. You couldn't make such a thing up._\n\n'I am the director of the Water pH Excess Balance Institute and my whole life has been devoted to water, its quality and what is contained within its wateriness. This has led me to look at the origins of life and the belief that every living thing came from water and dirty water at that. This fascination with the origins of life has taken me up the scientific garden path and I started to look to the beginning of everything in the universe and the Big Bang Theory, which goes something like this: some 13.7 million years ago there was a big bang when all the matter in the universe was contained and condensed within one miniscule point and because of a huge, hot explosion this tiny point exploded outwards creating the universe around us. I started thinking about this one particular point and concluded that it was more than a single pointy point. I believe it was actually an inky blot and the explosion forced this blot to spread like blots do and everything we are surrounded by was inked into existence. This I termed My Big Blot Theory. Is it conceivable that before anything there was just a single blot in the universe and from this explosion of ink the universe was drawn into shape? Is it conceivable that this created the universe we live within and therefore the inky dirty water was responsible for the final march of creatures from the murky liquids? Of course it's conceivable! But the big question is, who created the blot?'\n\n_Ralph and I look aghast but intrigued at each other on our Skype windows._\n\n'I own every book you have ever done and have followed you on Twitter and Facebook for years. You recently tweeted pictures of the Humphead Wrasse and the Singapore Freshwater Crab and before you could say boo to a goose I saw a connection between my theories and your paintings and I believed more than ever that the universe is a blot creation. I am certain it all started with a blot and this belief I call Blottationism, therefore I am a Blottationist and because you, more than any other person on this planet, have spent a lifetime exploring the motion and nature of blots I have decided to rename My Big Blot Theory as the Theory of Ralphativity.'\n\n_I splutter over my tea at this. I wish I had thought of that. Bugger. He's a clever Professor, this one._\n\n'I can't tell you how flattered I am to be being painted by you, dear Ralph, but I wonder if I could trouble you to design a coat of arms for a new venture that several of us like-minded people have created. As well as being Blottationists we are also Muckists and have recently established the Muckist United College of Crittercal Kare (MUCCK) on Toadstool Island. We have collected examples of every critical critter in the world and it is our ambition to halt their impending nextinctions. We believe life is derived from muck and dirty water and this combination has an essential part to play in their salvation. Our motto is \" _If it's muck then spread it_.\" Come and see the work we are doing, you'll be impressed. Our Critical Critters Curator will be in touch as he is the only one who knows the route through the Toadstool Archipelago to the College. I'm useless at directions. I only found your place by following a trail of red ink through the Kent countryside. Can I cadge a lift to the island if you decide to go once you have spoken to the Curator? Would make life hunky dory for me. I saw your pool wasn't working and on my way out I'll fix your filters, test the pH balance of your water by drinking it and purify it by sending in a Skimleach to cleanse the pool. Your water will be silkier than ass's milk by the time I finish with it. Tutty-bye for now, dear Ralph and Cerithio.'\n\n_And with that the Professor is out the door and jumps into the pool._\n\n_Ceri_ : Did that really happen?\n\n_Ralph_ : Probably not. I don't know where to draw the line sometimes. I just let things happen. And now I've got to do a coat of arms. So much to do and then we have to do all the critters. It's all too much, really.\n\n_Ceri_ : You'll be fine and it's another journey into the unknown.\n\n_Ralph_ : Why can't we journey into the known? It would be much safer.\n\n_Ceri_ : But way more boring. This will keep us on our toes, like ballet dancers.\n\n_Ralph_ : Sounds painful. Have you seen the balls of my feet? Not sure ballet is my forte.\n\n45 minutes later and Ralph is presenting me with a coat of arms on Skype.\n\n_Ceri_ : You've spelt crittercal wrong.\n\n_Ralph_ : It's a wrong word and I thought it was a bit obvious.\n\n_Ceri_ : You mean you forgot to spell it incorrectly.\n\n_Ralph_ : Something like that. Anyway, it's not crittercal... well it is but it isn't. You know what I mean.\n\n_Ceri_ : Quite often I don't.\n\nI get an incoming email stating that the Critical Critters Curator is ready to talk to us. I read it aloud.\n\n_The Critical Critters Curator emails_ :\n\nDear Cherry and Rafe,\n\nThe Professor has been in touch and I understand that you have a desire to learn more about Critical Critters. I can help you on your quest. For I am The Curator of them all. Skype me or tweet me. I'm also a Blottationist, a believer.\n\nCritically yours, CCC (Critical Critters Curator)\n\ncriticallycriticalcurator@bodminmoorguesthouse.com\n\nRalph says that normally we would ignore this kind of madman, but considering everything that has happened so far we can't resist this latest intervention on our working routine and like a couple of incontinent kittens we just can't hold back the suspense. I invite him to a group chat. The crazed Curator appears.\n\n_CCC_ : Good afternoon Ruff and Sherry. So, you wish to record the stories of the Critical Critters. I can help you with your task. As you now know your easiest option is to journey back to the Toadstool Archipelago and I will direct you to your end goal, the lands where the Criticals congregate and live on a part of Toadstool Island you have never seen... The Mid Lands! (Dramatic _dah dah daaah_ music emphasises the name.) The price of entry to this place is a lift to the island for the Professor and myself, as I am totally brassic at the moment. Oh and I need a portrait to be painted of me by the Great Blotty One, Ralph.\n\n_Ralph_ : I don't do portraits to order.\n\n_CCC_ : It's not an order, it's a request.\n\n_Ralph_ : But if I don't do your portrait then we get no help. So technically it is an order. It's just a little more polite than most people who hold me to ransom. Harrumphh.\n\n_Ceri_ : Ralph, this is a wonderful opportunity to avoid a tiring search around the globe, visiting each individual critter's domain. We can travel to one place and learn from the entire group about their problems, which we know will be the usual array of man-made issues. It has to be worth a blot or two.\n\n_Ralph_ : Alright, alright. I'll do it.\n\n_Ceri_ : Just as a matter of interest, Mr Curator, why do you wear an eye patch?\n\n_CCC_ : I was trying to rescue a unicorn from an angry group of mermaids in Godalming. You know how these rescue missions go.\n\n_Ceri_ : Actually I don't but that must have been awful to lose your sight speared by a unicorn. Unbearable pain.\n\n_CCC_ : No, no, no, the eye's fine! I just hate looking at things with stereoscopic vision after that. Much easier in monovision. I get scared looking at things with my two eyes. Too real. I suggest we start our journey first thing tomorrow, as there is no time to lose. Did you find a Grunting Spiked Turt recently? I asked him to come to your studio and to bond with you. I presume he has arrived.\n\n_Ralph_ : Yes he's here. He's busy licking my tomato plants.\n\n_CCC_ : Turt spittle is wonderful for toms. Wait till you see the size of them next season. If you could bring the Turt along that would be marvellous, as we'll need to use his directional skills for navigational purposes. Here's to our excursion. Pip pip, see you in the morning on board the _Steadmanitania_. (The Curator leaves the conversation.)\n\n_Ceri_ : I never got to ask him about his horns.\n\n_Ralph_ : Would probably be another cock and bull story. Literally! See what you've got us into now Ceri? It's another fine mess.\n\n_Ceri_ : Well, we'll just keep him below decks and out of the way through the voyage. He does seem a little unhinged.\n\n_Ralph_ : But I guess this isn't a trip for the sane and somehow I liked his honesty. Will let you know how he turns out as a picture.\n\n**The next day**\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nMaking a mark is how it starts! And size is important!! Good chat yesternightlateafternoon!! As for the Curator he looks a bit frenetic and irresponsible!>>>>>> Portrait done.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nYou've captured the very effervescence of the Curator. I guess we're all ready to go on another madcap adventure. Get ready to blow your penny whistle, Cap'n, and let's get the _Steadmanitania_ moving.\n\nThanks to the Critical Critters Curator we are once more headed towards the Toadstool Archipelago, and this time our search is for the land of critters. Professor Overhang remains in his cabin working on philosophical paradigms, which takes up all of his waking moments. Meanwhile the Curator is useless at guiding us in to Toadstool Island, as he hates water, which gives him the heebie-jeebies and he can't bear to look at it and therefore he remains in his quarters and sleeps around the clock, waking briefly to eat his gruel three times a day. But before we left he gave me some advice on how to navigate through the archipelago to reach the correct destination. (We first discovered Toadstool Island by chance and to find it again would be impossible as I'm not really a navigator, but don't tell the Captain.)\n\nThis archipelago has its own set of geographical rules, which we must adhere to if we are to succeed in achieving our destination. Last time we were here I bought a Toadstoolian compass from the Needless Smut, who said it could come in handy at some point, although he had no idea how to use it. But old Smutty is such a charmer I bought it anyway as a keepsake. It is a strange device as it seems to be incomplete and has four small raised platforms in the middle of its dial. We showed this to the Curator before we set sail and he told us that it was a Turtophonic Directional Navigator and would make our journey much easier \u2013 and that was why we had to bring the Grunting Spiked Turt with us. Around the rim are several letters, including H, TA, MTI, DSI, SOT and ML. The Curator explains these initials stand for Home, Toadstool Archipelago, Mainland Toadstool Island, Dark Side of the Island, Sea of Treacle and Mid Lands. Upon his instruction I turn the dial to TA and then place the Turt on the dial, one foot on each platform. The compass needle wildly oscillates as the Turt becomes one with the equipment. 'When he cocks a leg it will point in the direction we must take.' On cue the Turt raises a limb pointing eastwards and we sail accordingly. 'The next setting to make is for the Sea of Treacle, and then finally the Mid Lands. For now I shall take to my bed, as I detest the sea and all it contains. Call me when we are in sight of our destination.'\n\n**Groglick**\n\n_Bibere multum_\n\nThe Groglick whiles away his days staring out to treacle wishing someone would turn up with some grog to guzzle. He spends his time making up grog rhymes in his eternal wait for his beloved drink. 'Grog, four parts water to one part rum, drink it down yum yum yum, that's the way to fill my tum, grog is needed, come, come, come.'\n\nAs we prepare to alight from the _Steadmanitania_ we see the Groglick waiting for us at the Mid Lands passport control. He is the overseer of this disembarkation point, although he doesn't have much work to do as hardly anyone comes here. Without a Grunting Spiked Turt to show the way, the chances are that no seaman will find his way here by happenstance.\n\nDuring the voyage, the Critical Critters Curator advised us to make up several gallons of grog to present to the Groglick in payment for smoothing our entry onto the island. He has also advised us that we have to partake in a nip or two of it before we dock. This is because the Groglick will lick our lips in order to check that we drink the same grog as found in the bottles we will present to him and that we are not fobbing him off with a rougher version of his favourite tipple. This is customary round these parts and sounds suitably unpleasant.\n\nWe disembark and the Groglick bounces over to see us, leaps into the air and on his way down licks our Captain's face and lips. 'Mmm, good grog.' Then he does the same to the Curator, the Professor and myself. It can only be likened to being licked by a wet, dead and rotting scaly fish. The Groglick breaks open the first bottle of our grog, tastes it approvingly and then proceeds to down three-quarters of it in one. As we march off, he screams, 'Passports!' Shocked by his authoritarian tone, we hand over our passports, which he opens, licking a page in each one and leaving a slimy residue dribbling from them, snaps them shut and hands back our sticky passports complete with our brand new entry visas. Not quite like Heathrow or JFK. This is our welcome to the land of the critters. He swigs some more grog, hiccups, belches and says, 'Welcome to the Mid Lands. Have a nice day.' We have certainly arrived. We walk away and head for the interior plains to watch the wowlets, when we hear a voice rising through the air from behind us, 'I'm the island's Groglick, no amount can make me sick, let me drink it quick quick quick, I'm the island's Groglick.'\n\n**Into the Toadstool Archipelago**\n\nWe continue upon our journey and when I recognise the beginnings of the Toadstool Archipelago I turn the dial to SOT and the Turt shows us the way. Then without warning we grind to a sticky halt in the Sea of Treacle. I make the last turn of the compass to head for our final destination. The Turt dances madly and Cap'n Ralph steers us this way and that, zigzagging through the viscous sea. I spy land ahoy. The Curator advised that to locate the disembarkation point we should look out for either flocks of wowlets or a Groglick looking wistfully out to sea, which is what I now find slap bang in the middle of my telescope. I cry out for the Professor and the Curator to shiver their timbers and to join Cap'n Ralph and myself on deck and then I spy wowlets, a herd of Red Wowlets racing across the plains. Wow! Wowlets! The Curator appears wearing two eye patches so he doesn't have to look at the sea and my Captain peers through my scope at my discovery, 'You know what this means, don't you?' 'Cap'n, I think it means we're here. The Mid Lands.'\n\nNow that we are in sight of our destination the Curator sits us down and gives us a bit of background information on the Mid Lands. 'Situated between the land of the Extinct and the dark side of the island, which contains the Nextinct, are the Mid Lands where all the Critical Critters hang out. This is where the Extinct Critters used to live, but they have moved to the Island of Simply Gone a few kilometres northsouth of Toadstool Island. Why did the extinct critters move out of the Mid Lands? Because the rate of entry of species from today's Critical Critters was far too high and caused too many incidents between the Extinct Critters and the Critical Critters. Arguments proliferated (but not among the birds, as they often fly away from an argument and are generally better behaved than a lot of the critters \u2013 birds and boids don't pick so many fights and are nowhere near as grumpy). So a meeting was held and it was decided that there was only room for one set of grumpy critters on the island and those that proved themselves to be the grumpiest would be shipped out to Simply Gone. This led to the Great Thirty Days of Grumpiness, which was won paws and fins down by the Extinct Critters, who became unusually happy as they trundled off to their very own island. Since that day the Mid Lands have belonged to the Criticals and extremely happy they are there too. It's almost a wrench when one of them is brought back from the brink of extinction and they are deemed no longer Critical. Of course everyone is happy they have been saved but then they have to go back to the Human World and deal with THAT painful coexistence again. That's not easy after an amount of time on Toadstool Island.' The Curator pauses, stretches and states, 'I'm starting to feel like myself again. Thank you for bringing me back. Just holler if you need anything, but now it's time for you to meet the Groglick. After you, Cap'n Ralph.'\n\nRalph takes one small step...\n**Red Wowlet**\n\n_Obstupefactus bestia_\n\nLooking like the love child of a giraffe and a Brachiosaurus (which of course would be impossible on so many levels), the Red Wowlet roams the landscape in a continual state of amazement. Everything it comes into contact with surprises the wowlet and excites it and is met with a long hooting 'wow' sound. It doesn't matter whether it's a flower, a tree, a toilet roll or an artist with board and easel; it's all one big _wow wow wow_ for the wowlet. If only we could always live in such wonder at the world around us. Oh, to be a creature of astonishment!\n\nIt's a creature of perpetual motion, never stopping for too long in one place. Wowlets have hoe-like feet, which dig into the ground and flick earth upwards as they run up and down the landscape. They are natural farmers, turning over and breaking up soil wherever they go, and are known locally as the tilling machines.\n\n**Wowlet Trivia**\n\nOne rumour that continually persists is that wowlets sang the backing vocals on Kate Bush's Wow in 1978.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : There are many petitions to sign online, to help endangered animals and pledge virtual support. This surely can't do harm, but I always worry that people who sign things online feel they have made a real difference. I think a digital commitment is not a real-life commitment at all, it is a mopping of one's own brow and I feel the only way to truly help is to do something tangible. Become an activist for real. Donate money, participate in real-world practical conservation and find out how to help those animals in need. Participation by the public needs guidance from conservationists and people need to feel engaged and involved with projects. With the right advice we can genuinely help wildlife.\n\nIn this digital age we can be a part of work in far-flung places like never before and I believe conservation could benefit as technology advances. VR (virtual reality) or live video feeds would allow us the opportunity to experience travelling with rangers as they carry out their rounds or go looking for illegal activities. What if poachers are found, or worse, a poached rhino is found? We would surely feel connected in a way that only the present moment can ever supply us with. But I guess we have to be careful that it doesn't end up as a voyeuristic exercise with no input from us. Perhaps a charge for a live channel would help, raising money for the particular project one is viewing. Or we could crowd-fund conservation projects, people could be party to the project if they had paid the relevant amount to qualify for a live feed. It would be live-streaming conservation TV. Remote monitoring of animals and live webcams are used abundantly these days, but this could take things one stage further. This would be revolutionary and could bring much-sought-after funds to wildlife. The world is shrinking and I believe that conservationists realise that, but the terms of engagement still have to be realised and negotiated between the public and those who are professionally engaged in conservation. I do believe that people who care will make a difference, but they need to be utilised correctly.\n**Jamaican Iguana**\n\n_Cyclura collei_\n\nOnce considered to be a common reptile on Jamaica, the iguana went into a major decline during the nineteenth century, most likely due to the introduction of the Indian Mongoose. This, coupled with habitat loss and an increase in the human population, led to the belief that the iguana had left this planet forever and from the 1940s it was considered extinct. But then, in the 1970s, there was a reported sighting of an iguana and in 1990 a small population was discovered in the Hellshire Hills in southern Jamaica. Since then the IUCN SSC (Species Survival Commission) Iguana Specialist Group has worked with local conservation partners to protect and increase the numbers of the wild population of the iguana. This effort has led to an estimated 200 or so individuals out in the wild today.\n\nThe Jamaican Iguana is still considered to be Critically Endangered and some of the reasons for this have not changed since the nineteenth century. Invasive alien species, such as the already mentioned mongoose and cats, dogs and pigs, have all played their part in the decimation of the iguana population. But the main threat is the decimation of the Hellshire Hills because of illegal tree cutting. Once this was a local enterprise providing charcoal for the community, but it has now developed into an export business. Charcoal burning destroys habitat in a way that does not allow the forest to regenerate and return to good order. There is also the fear that large-scale mining for limestone could hinder the conservation efforts for the iguana. The creation of an infrastructure to serve the mines would further ruin the environment and would allow people to work deeper in the forest, thus destroying more of it.\n\nThe Hellshire Hills are owned by the Jamaican government and are legally protected, but this is not properly enforced, hence the destruction of so much of the habitat. The Jamaican Iguana Research and Conservation Group, which was established upon the rediscovery of the iguana in 1990, seeks to protect, preserve and understand the species. It is now known as the Jamaican Iguana Recovery Group. A headstarting programme was established with Hope Zoo, which means that young wild iguanas are taken from their nests and are raised in captivity until they are large enough to avoid predation by mongooses and are returned to the hills. So far, approximately 175 iguanas have been successfully returned to the wild and the project has expanded to international zoos. There is also a plan to create other populations on the outlying Goat Islands, as long as they can be cleared of predators. Government support and financial aid for this is currently pending. Let's hope this succeeds and a self-sustaining population of iguanas once again roams in abundance through the hills and islands of Jamaica.\n\n**Ralph's Dirty Water Period**\n\nThe earth's creatures stepped out from the waters at the beginning of our time on this planet and we must have been pretty filthy then \u2013 and these critters that are appearing through the murk of Ralph's splattered patterns, or perhaps splatterns, are no different. They fight their way through the murk of the inkiness to greet us and announce their arrival.\n\nPicasso had many phases in his art including his blue, rose and Cubist periods and the more I think about it the more I realise that Ralph is going through his dirty water period. What he has hit upon is unique, innovative and exciting and as the pages start to dry and the images appear, I am certain we are on the right track to do the critters proud. He has found an extraordinary way of turning science into art like no other.\n**Sumatran Rhinoceros**\n\n_Dicerorhinus sumatrensis_\n\nWhat a painting this is. Deep within the splots and splats of this elemental page lurks a Sumatran rhino. Its eyes capture me and shout out 'I'm here.' And possibly it is more here than where it should be, which is in Sumatra.\n\nThis once wide-roaming rhino is only found in Sumatra and Borneo and is now down to two subspecies, the Western and Eastern Sumatran Rhinoceroses. A third subspecies, the Northern Sumatran Rhinoceros, is believed to have become extinct. Vying with the Javan Rhinoceros for the title of the most threatened rhino in the world, the Sumatran Rhino, the smallest of the living rhinoceroses, probably just edges it by a horn. Or by two horns \u2013 because it is the only Asian rhino to have two of them. That's double bubble for the poachers in one fell swoop and unfortunately this is big business. Despite the calls from the Chinese medicine community to stop using rhino parts, the horn and other body parts, are still sought after for various concoctions and the Vietnamese now see rhino as a cure for cancer. The other issue is habitat loss. For example, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park hosts one of the largest populations of rhinos on its land but much of this and especially the forest cover is being lost to the influx of illegal settlers who are converting land to grow crops of coffee and rice.\n\nWork is needed to ensure a future for the 100 or so Sumatran Rhinos that are left and to increase that number so that the rhinos may meander once more across the region. More rangers, better monitoring and stricter regulations can provide much-needed protection for the existing rhinos and because the rhino population is divided into small groups it is considered important to consolidate them within no more than three sites. This will allow rhinos to interact with and meet other rhinos and breed \u2013 a rhino dating agency, if you will. The captive breeding programme will prove important too and bring more animals into the communities. International help and finance is working, but now the Indonesian government needs to support the conservation work and bring this rhino back from the brink.\n\n_Ralph_ : So many of these animals scare me rigid. I wake every day terrified of what animals may be sitting on my drawing board in the studio. After all, so many of them are scary. Do we really need to save all of the especially frightening ones?\n\n_Ceri_ : The world is made up of all sorts of artists and animals. Don't they all have a right to survive? And I'll have a word and ask them to be less intimidating around you. Can't say fairer than that.\n\n_Ralph_ : OK, as long as they listen to you.\n**Mountain Gorilla**\n\n_Gorilla beringei beringei_\n\nMay I introduce man to gorilla, for the two of you are extremely close relatives and as such shouldn't we humans be looking after our family much better than we have? The Eastern Gorilla was considered to be a subspecies of the Western Gorilla but all that changed in 2001 when it was deemed to be a separate species with two subspecies of its own: the Grauer's Gorilla and the Mountain Gorilla, which Ralph has depicted here. In 2016, the Eastern Gorilla was designated as Critically Endangered, with numbers of Grauer's gorillas at an estimated 3,800, down from roughly 20,000 in the 1980s. The Mountain Gorilla, with a population of about 880, has been listed as Critically Endangered since 1996.\n\nThe Mountain Gorilla was first discovered in 1902 and inhabits two locations of montane and bamboo forest within the Virunga National Park, in the Virunga range of extinct volcanic mountains on the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. It is also found in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. The Mountain Gorilla can live for between 30 and 35 years in the wild and lives in sociable family groups led by one dominant silverback gorilla. (At about 12 or 13 years old, males reach maturity and develop silver fur on their backs, hence the term silverback.) This leader is more concerned about defending his group than his territory. These gorillas maintain a true sense of family, which we would do well to remember.\n\nOver the century or so since it was first discovered, the gorilla has been threatened by habitat loss and poaching, and it has also been caught in the crosshairs of civil war and unrest with several fatalities reported. It had been hunted not just for its meat but also as a trophy and the infants were often sold as pets. This has more or less stopped now. Meanwhile, much of its habitat has been lost to land cultivation by impoverished locals and in 2004 illegal settlers cleared great swathes of the forest to create agricultural and pastoral land. As more people move into the area and tourists come to see the gorillas, they have become exposed to a series of human diseases and ailments. The flip side of this is that the money gorilla tourism brings in does contribute significantly to the conservation work.\n\nThere is a small silver (back) lining, as conservation efforts have meant that the population numbers of mountain gorillas have picked up, increasing from 620 individuals in 1989 to just under 900 today. Many initiatives are in place including reforestation, anti-poaching patrols and teaching locals about environmental issues, educating them about the gorilla and showing them how ecotourism can benefit them and bring money into their communities. It is a case of nurturing people and coming up with sustainable alternatives to activities such as illegal charcoal production, which destroys the gorilla's habitat. The people have a major part to play in the continuing gorilla story and can keep their close relative going through the hard times. That's what family does.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : A portrait of a Mountain Gorilla thumps into my inbox. This is a close-up of an unhappy and deeply gloomy Mountain Gorilla. This is almost immediately followed by another picture showing the gorilla heading our way. The elements are really working in Ralph's favour as this grumpy gorilla marches out of the dirty water and into view. These images are not perfect representations of the creatures they depict but they contain the essence of these animals, a spontaneous glimpse of all that is a Mountain Gorilla and it connects with me in a primal way. This is earthy and I can almost smell the gorilla, which is unfortunate, as the artist has portrayed the ape breaking wind. I apologise for Ralph's toilet humour but I can imagine that a gorilla passing wind could be extremely noxious. I will look it up online... Excuse me for a minute... (Time passes.) Right, I have discovered some videos of said action and it is very similar to the human equivalent. I have also made the revelatory discovery that a Gorilla Fart is a name for a pretty potent cocktail. Who would have thought that? In case you want to make one up, here is the recipe:\n\nTake a shot glass. Pour 2\/3 of a shot of whisky; add 1\/3 of a shot of overproof rum and two dashes of Tabasco. Down in one and remove yourself from friends.\n\nSome recipes call for cr\u00e8me de bananes (banana liqueur) to be added instead of Tabasco and to divide the drink into equal 1\/3 measures. I guess it just depends on your mood, and whichever drink you choose I guess your mood will alter sufficiently to consider it a success or a failure depending on your own expectations. Maybe that's what happened to this mountain gorilla. Too many shots down at The Gorilla's Arms methinks. Right, back to the picture and the subsequent scientific stuff.\n\nOne can feel the misery of the gorilla as he strides towards the viewer. I know in one glance that he isn't content with what life has concocted for him. His future is in doubt and he knows it. But what can he do? What can any of us do? That is the answer we need to discover and we can only do that by asking the question first. Why is this creature in trouble?\n**Hawksbill Turtle**\n\n_Eretmochelys imbricata_\n\nThe Hawksbill Turtle is one of seven turtles that swim the seas of the world and pretty much all of them are Endangered. Hawksbills are amongst the worst off within the turtle family and are sadly classified as Critically Endangered. Sea turtles are part of a group of reptiles that have swum the oceans for, give or take a year or two, 100 million years. But there is a fear that this long-time existence is under threat because of human actions over the last 100 years. How can this have happened?\n\nThe Hawksbill Turtle is found across the globe in tropical and some subtropical waters. It nests in over 70 countries around the world and is believed to inhabit the waters of over 108 countries. It is a well-seasoned traveller and spends a lot of its time within coral reefs feeding on jellyfish, sea anemones and sponges, which it digs out of crevices using its pointed beak, hence its name hawksbill. The turtle's presence helps maintain the coral reef's health.\n\nIt is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) but this has not been enough to stop the continuing trade in turtle shells and other turtle-based products. We are all familiar with tortoiseshell being used in various items, especially in jewellery, but what I never realised was that most tortoiseshell comes from the carapace of Hawksbills. Tortoiseshell has been popular since ancient times and has been utilised in the manufacture of combs, frames, furniture inlays and guitar picks. CITES outlawed the trade in tortoiseshell in 1973 and it was replaced by imitation materials, but the trade in genuine tortoiseshell goes on and this is still the primary threat for the species. Raising awareness locally about the turtle, its environmental significance and its plight is an important part of changing its future. It is also necessary to provide ideas for alternative work, to persuade local people that other economic options are available as opposed to relying on turtle products for income. Ecotourism may well be one of the ways forward, as ecotourists who want to see turtles in the wild will bring money in to communities that live near them. Habitat protection is also essential, for both nesting and breeding areas and there are many sites where local rangers regularly patrol and protect them \u2013 but nevertheless more protection for the turtles wouldn't go amiss.\n\nThe other issue is that turtles all too often feature as bycatch in the fishing industry. The WWF is running a competition called Smart Gear, which encourages entrants to design equipment that minimises the fishing bycatch issue. This isn't just a problem faced by sea turtles, it is estimated that billions of marine creatures are caught and unnecessarily killed each year. So far there has been great success with Smart Gear and a couple of winners have included designs that have lessened the bycatch of turtles on tuna longlines and one that enables them to avoid gillnets. This sort of thinking will go a long way to ensure a future exists for the Hawksbills. Initiatives like this are just what the twenty-first century needs, fresh ideas and different thinking. Then wildlife may just stand a chance of seeing the twenty-second century.\n\nFor too long turtle products have been seen as luxury items in shops, but wouldn't it be the height of luxury to watch these gentle giants go about their everyday activities, swimming freely and unhindered in our seas? That is what we have to strive for.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I have just discovered a fascinating new magazine entitled **_enDanger_** , which goes deeper into the issues that threaten our endangered critters than any other. It was established by Bent Girders and I'm suitably impressed. It marries artistic endeavours with conservation and focuses on ideas from those who are not necessarily from a scientific background. Girders has always maintained that creative talents have a major part to play in getting the conservation messages of concern out to a different, wider audience than those who are already knowledgeable about the state of our wildlife. The plight of so many critters needs to be spread further than ever before and trying to gain the attention of the general public is not easily achieved through dry scientific texts and papers. We need alternative engagement.\n\nI'm looking forward to reading this and sense that we are discovering new allies for our journey.\n**Bornean Orangutan**\n\n_Pongo pygmaeus_\n\n**Sumatran Orangutan**\n\n_Pongo abelii_\n\nThe orangutan is the only great ape that exists in Asia. It was once widespread across the continent but today its range has shrunk to the threatened rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo. The Bornean Orangutan is Endangered and the Sumatran Orangutan is considered as Critically Endangered. In the last 100 years numbers of orangutans have plummeted from a total of probably more than 300,000 individuals to populations of 45,000\u201369,000 Bornean Orangutans and around 14,000 Sumatran Orangutans.\n\nIn Malaysian, orangutan means 'man of the forest', although nowadays I have seen it described as person of the forest. Orangutans potentially have a long life cycle, as they can live up to 50 years. Females don't start to reproduce until between 10 and 12 years old and give birth at most every 3\u20135 years \u2013 sometimes there can be a 10-year gap between babies. Such a low birth rate makes it hard for the species to recover from sharp population declines.\n\nHabitat loss is the greatest problem for orangutan populations, as much of their tropical rainforest homelands are being cleared to make way for oil palm plantations. Unfortunately palm oil production is on the rise and the markets for it are expanding all the time. Illegal mining and logging, forest fires (often caused because fire is used to clear land for the plantations), hunting and the pet trade are members of the supporting cast of threats, which are seeing off the orangutan. Orangutans are often considered pests that destroy crops when they are seeking food. Consequently, a mother may be killed, leaving an orphaned infant, which will either enter the pet trade \u2013 where they are much sought after by collectors \u2013 or with luck end up in a rehabilitation centre.\n\nThe Orangutan Foundation has existed since 1990. Faced with the ongoing destruction of the forest, it has rescued and reintroduced many orangutans into protected areas. This remaining wild forest needs protection before time runs out for the species and there is a real danger that the orangutan could become the first great ape to become extinct. We can't let this happen on our watch.\n\nThere is protection for an amount of the habitat but this needs to be increased and more forest patrols and guard posts are needed to deter and halt illegal activities. The race is on to protect the 50 per cent of orangutans that live outside of protected areas and which find themselves living in the path of industry, machines and chainsaws. Many conservationists are searching for ways to resolve the orangutan problem and are implementing action that is working. Local awareness and education programmes will build a more harmonious relationship between humans and orangutans and create a deeper knowledge of the importance of the rainforest ecosystem. I look at Ralph's picture and after my research I now realise how much time it took for that baby to be born and how precious that single life is. It isn't going to get a brother or sister in a hurry and consequently needs as much help and protection as it can get. We have to find a way to stop the madness that engulfs so many species.\n\n**Update**\n\nThe dreadful thing about this book is that every time I check through my facts and figures something changes and I have to correct the book. Since writing the entry on the orangutans, the Bornean Orangutan has been upgraded to Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. So sad.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I thought I would share a piece of Bent's writing from **_EnDanger_**. It gives an insight into what makes him tick and I hope our paths cross sooner rather than later.\n\n_As a crittologist, I am forever searching for new ways of explaining the situation that our world faces and in particular the dangers that are crushing the life out of our nature and wildlife. I was born in a small town in Norway and was surrounded by interesting animals and also interesting traditions. We ate puffin, seal and whale. This was not unusual but I found it difficult to eat creatures that I had marvelled at in their natural environment. I became a vegetarian and environmentalist, but I certainly did not hold a grudge against my fellow northern countrymen. As my beard began to grow so did my ambitions. I wanted to help those animals that suffered and which had no champions to root for them and their lives. I moved from the north and headed south to work in zoos and conservation organisations and discovered that no one had ever created a space purely for the endangered critters of this world. I had come across Toadstool Island and had found an area of land, the Mid Lands, to be a perfect resting ground for endangered species and where with the appropriate people I might be able to concentrate on plans to halt their demise and the imminent collapse of the world's ecosystems. And so the Muckist College of Crittercal Kare came into being and I run this forward-thinking venture alongside my fellow Muckists including Professor Lars Overhang and the Critical Critters Curator._\n**Chinese Pangolin**\n\n_Manis pentadactyla_\n\n**Sunda Pangolin**\n\n_Manis javanica_\n\nThere are eight species of pangolins, four living in Africa and four in Asia and all are protected both nationally and internationally. The Chinese and the Sunda Pangolins are considered to be Critically Endangered, while the Indian and Philippine Pangolins are classified as Endangered. The Black-bellied, White-bellied, Temminck's Ground and Giant Ground Pangolins are all Vulnerable with a threat of moving to a more endangered category sooner rather than later, as all populations of pangolins are decreasing.\n\nSo what are the threats to this prehistoric-looking but somehow endearing mammal? Habitat loss has put huge pressure on the pangolin populations and they are hunted for their meat and scales, particularly in Africa, China and Vietnam. Their flesh is considered a mealtime delicacy, but it is their scales and their usage within folk and traditional medicine that is proving the greater evil. For centuries African healers have used pangolins in their traditional medicines for a number of problems including arthritis (as in Asia), spiritual protection and financial rituals. In China, pangolin scales, fetuses and blood have been a part of Chinese medicine for thousands of years and an increasing Chinese population coupled with greater wealth is now creating a higher demand than ever before. China allows selected hospitals to use the scales in medicine as a sign of respect for tradition \u2013 but as far as I can see you sometimes have to let traditions disappear and be consigned to the pile marked 'Thoroughly Outdated'. China's pangolin population has been decimated by 94 per cent and pangolins are being imported from Indonesia, Malaysia and Africa to satisfy the Chinese lust for pangolin parts. Consequently, organised crime is at the centre of pangolin trafficking, which since the turn of the millennium has allegedly taken over one million creatures from the wild. It is a lucrative business and the pangolin is the most trafficked mammal on the planet.\n\nRecently two Chinese nationals were apprehended by Nigerian customs officers and were found to be attempting to smuggle eight bags of pangolins as well as 678 pieces of elephant tusks aboard a flight. The weight was 381 kilograms. You're not getting that through as hand luggage. Meanwhile in the same week a story of more thwarted smuggling came out of Kenya when the Kenya Wildlife Service seized 500 kilograms of pangolin scales for the second time in a matter of months at Nairobi airport. The scales were destined for Laos. It shows how brazen people are when it comes to trafficking and the risks they are prepared to take.\n\nIt has been mooted that a controlled legal trade in pangolins might be the way forward, but where there's money, there's cheats. I am certain criminals would still continue plying their business irrespective of new laws. Without education there will always be a hunger for forbidden food and a desire for rare medicine \u2013 an awareness programme would be helpful. Pangolin conservation is a moderately new concept, as historically the creature has received little conservation support or attention from an international audience. But times are changing as more people learn about the plight of the pangolin and with support this little armoured tank of a mammal can survive the battle \u2013 as long as it has support from the troops.\n\n_Ralph_ : People will think these pictures are created by accident. Which is true up to a point.\n\n_Ceri_ : But it's a matter of knowing what to do with that accident. It becomes a wilful and deliberate accident. Then you walk through the wreckage and put it together in your own way.\n\n_Ralph_ : I will find a good angle on the Pangolin.\n\n_Ceri_ : The pangle angle.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : This tail end appears in my inbox first. I wonder what it belongs to and then it all becomes clear as the rest of the creature follows behind, although surely that should be the other way around. But no matter, this is Ralphicity in action. It is a Pangolin. The colours and spray of inks make this little critter appear to be on fire and he leaps off the page, which of course can be dangerous as he is a tough little animal and needs to be handled with care. Sadly he is being handled extremely roughly in the big wide world out there.\n**Pygmy Tarsier**\n\n_Tarsius pumilus_\n\nThe status of this odd-looking primate is Data Deficient. What does that mean? It means that this creature is known from only three specimens found in southern and central Sulawesi, Indonesia and therefore no judgement has yet been made on its actual status. It just shows that there are still so many mysteries and secrets withheld from us. We most certainly don't know everything. If it were still extant, it would probably live in montane forests, which are becoming increasingly threatened by human encroachment into these areas.\n\nAll I can say is that I hope that the Pygmy Tarsier lives in abundance as I think he looks like a very fine animal to grace this world. It is tailor-made for Ralph's pen to draw him. In fact, maybe Ralph and I should head up an expedition to Sulawesi and see if we can find out the truth about the Pygmy Tarsier. Are you up for it, Ralph? Whatever the outcome, I think he looks just fine nestled within this collection. Boggle-eyed and bonkers. Perfect.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\n'Family : Anglo-Saxon Wars \u2013 Descended from Norwegian Royal Family \u2013 Crown Prince Bentley Girders \u2013 addicted to lavish Hunting Orgies from the sixteenth century \u2013 Contests for numbers killed \u2013 needlessly \u2013 particularly those critters with FUR and slimy Critters for their leather Salamander-like Textures! Polar Bears \u2013 Arctic Wolves and Volcanic Rabbits \u2013 FUN KILL Weekends for invited Guests from other Aristocritties believed to go back as far as ARISTITTLETATTLE and SOCRAHIGHTEAS.\n**Maned Three-toed Sloth**\n\n_Bradypus torquatus_\n\nThe Maned Three-toed Sloth is endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of eastern Brazil. Recent research work and surveys have enabled this sloth to be downlisted from Endangered to Vulnerable but there is still the belief that population numbers are falling. This sloth is not out of the woods yet (pardon the clich\u00e9) and the species needs careful monitoring to check for any change in status, especially as much of its habitat is in decline and the population is severely fragmented. There may well be a very real threat to the species from poaching, especially within areas where the sloth populations are small and are being picked off by local hunters for food.\n\nDeforestation has slowed down in this part of Brazil but habitat loss still continues, albeit at a slower pace. Another problem is the release of confiscated sloths without knowledge of their origins, as these can damage the genetic integrity of the populations they are released into. More knowledge about the species is needed to ascertain the conservation needs for the sloth and then a plan can be put into action to help this weird-looking critter and ensure a safer future for it.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nMy Dear BENT Admirer,\n\nHow would you like to actually see my new Poortrait of BENT GIRDERS our Critterologist done in \u2013 Green SLIME!!!??? As yet \u2013 he has NO BEARD!!! \u2013 or he just shaved it off \u2013 to meet the Press!! Perhaps that is a decision YOU will have to make \u2013 but he does have a \u2013 MONOCULAR Implant on his right Temple \u2013 a Family Trait \u2013 Is his Doctorate an Honorary one??? But first a slooow slooowth.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nI think this sloth is fantastic. Oddly scary-looking too. Cannot wait to see Bent. I have been a fan of his for a long time.\n**The Visitation**\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : These pictures Ralph has been creating are his impressions of the animals, not perfect replicas of them but emotional responses to them, someone who admires them is the Father of Crittology, renowned art critteric and crittologist, Dr Bent Girders.\n\nHe has become a bit of a hero in our world, especially now that we know of the work that he has been carrying out on Toadstool Island at the Muckist College and, consequently, Ralph invited him to the studio to paint his portrait. Ralph rarely bestows such an honour upon anybody but he was adamant that he wanted to meet Bent and to discuss whether he felt his art was moving in the right direction and whether it was worth doing a book about critters considering that everything seems so hopeless. The answer from Bent was a resounding yes.\n\nBelow is Bent's article about his visit to meet Ralph, which was recently published in his magazine, **_enDanger_**.\n\n**Ralph Steadman's Dirty Water Period**\n\n**_By Dr Bent Girders_**\n\n_Having been summoned to the artist Ralph Steadman's abode to be painted by him, I was nervous at the possible outcome of his sometimes vicious line and was curious to discover his views on critters and the desperate plight they find themselves in through no fault of their own. I had heard that he thought some were too ugly to live and that others were pointless or dangerous or just 'damned unnecessary'. I hoped that this would turn out not to be the case and that I would find an ally for the creatures that I have devoted every waking moment towards. I would not be disappointed. I found Mr Steadman to be charming, a raking wit and an innovator even at the tender age of 80, a birthday he had celebrated only days before our encounter._\n\n_On entry into the studio I see art everywhere. Ralph tells me to be careful, as there are large sheets of paper splattered with inky dirty water lying on the floor. 'These are the latest blotted works and I am waiting for them to dry. Once dry and after discussions with Ceri Levy they will be turned into the next endangered critters. It's akin to reading tea leaves like a fortune teller, but with ink instead.' Pointing to the ink-soaked sheets, he states, 'That sheet over there, looks like a slippery varmint to me and this one looks menacing and that one doesn't look like anything... yet. They all become something though.' I start squinting, trying to visualise what these dripping pages may become and I ask how this unusual process began._\n\n_'This all started one day when I accidentally spilt inky, filthy water from my work desk onto a sheet of paper and became entranced by the shapes that fanned out across the page and I realised this could be a technique I could utilise in my work. Now, at the end of every day I throw inky water onto a sheet of paper on the floor. Immediately the water spreads in different directions and shapes emerge and I let these form and dry overnight. It's_\n\n_an evolutionary process much like our own evolution. Everything comes from dirty water and so do these. There is an element of chance as to what they will become but it is seeing what to do with that chance which is most important. From filthy water come beautiful and interesting creatures that I hope people will engage with. The filth is the key.'_\n\n_We tiptoe across the studio and find ourselves facing a pile of completed paintings. As we flick through them I see blotted page after blotted page, all converted from the initial stains and inkblots into critter portraits of great ingenuity and beauty. There is a freedom of thought and line in these images and I believe this is true alchemy in action, a conversion from one style and medium into another. Abstraction to figuration all because of the artist using his mind's eye and departing on his alchemical journey. 'These are my impressions of the critters, my response to them as I study them and get a feel for them. I'm not trying to draw perfect replicas of them. There are plenty of artists who do that and much better than I can. I just paint them in my way and I hope that is enough for people to respond to them even though some of them are so damn ugly.'_\n\n_Ralph sits me down for the portrait session and then asks, 'What is your inside leg measurement? It is essential for me to know to draw you properly.' I reply honestly, '39 on the left side and 36 on the right.' 'That would explain your lilting wobble. Perfect! On with the drawing.' And he draws and draws and draws. Then he tells me, 'Right, time to draw you! Sorry, I forgot about you, had to finish off the Angel Shark.' He picks up an altogether different sheet of filthy paper, looks at it and shows me a splatter of black and slime-green. 'This filth is definitely you.' Silence reigns and this time I believe he is drawing me._\n\n_During this period of quietude I have time to reflect on his work and I cannot crittercise it. I find that I am responding to these paintings in a primal way, in a way that I have never connected with 'animal art' before. These are gestural works that are born out of the same artist's pot used by abstract expressionists such as de Kooning, Franz Kline, Pollock and the Tachistes, including Marc Tobey, Georges Mathieu and Sam Francis. But there is something different about Mr Steadman's work. Once blotted and dried, he draws out from the splatters, recognisable creatures, revealing critters from a world of lyrical figurative abstraction. Perhaps he has invented a new art form, perhaps he has not, but what is certain is that there is more empathic feeling for critters in this body of work than I have seen in an age. And the eyes! The eyes of his critters draw me in, they capture me and a visceral connection is made. I am lost to their owners. This is animal magic at work, conjured up by a sorcerer of art. I look back across the room at the drying paper and marvel at the inventiveness \u2013 from the painter's very own wastewater, if you'll pardon the expression, comes life. The critter world should be thankful to have such a champion of filth in their corner and I predict that this collection of critical critters will prove to be the filthiest book ever made._\n\n(Reproduced by kind permission of Bent's publishing company, Bent Out Of Shape And Then Back Again \u2013 also known as the catchy BOOSATBA.)\n\n**Hector's Dolphin**\n\n_Cephalorhynchus hectori_\n\nAt the moment I'm not so sure that this Endangered Hector's Dolphin is quite as good-humoured as Ralph has depicted it, given the state of its population, although it apparently does have a proclivity for playing with seaweed (one of my favourite pastimes), blowing bubbles and other fun activities. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found exclusively swimming in the shallow coastal waters along the country's shores. It is the smallest as well as the rarest of all marine dolphins. Its North Island subpopulation, which has recently been recognised as a subspecies, the Maui's Dolphin, has an estimated population of just 55. Because of this low count it was immediately deemed to be Critically Endangered. The total population of Hector's Dolphins is estimated at approximately 7,270 individuals.\n\nThe main threat to the species is bycatch, as the dolphins get tangled in gillnets and can become seriously injured and more likely killed. Gillnetting has been banned in part of the dolphin's range, but surely until it is banned across its full range there will be further casualties? Other factors that threaten the dolphins include polluted habitat, coastal developments and being hit by boats. But if the gillnet problem can be sorted out once and for all then population numbers could begin to rise and then we can encourage Hector's Dolphin to become a playful old Hector once again.\n\n_Ralph_ : Right, I have to get on. Water is a-dryin'. Very soon I'm going to do a Good Oboe. Very musical. A Bonobo. Get it?\n\n_Ceri_ : Actually I do. It makes perfect sense. I think we have some strange mind synchronicity after all this time and all these birds and creatures.\n\n_Ralph_ : Well I have to start somewhere and make a James Joyce...\n\n_Ceri_ : Choice. Rhyming slang. Rosamund Pike it.\n\n_Ralph_ : What are you talking about? Nonsense as usual.\n\n_Ceri_ : Must do a Panda soon.\n\n_Ralph_ : Amanda the Panda and her friend Miranda. Out on the veranda speaking with perceptive and insightful candour.\n**Hippopotamus**\n\n_Hippopotamus amphibius_\n\nSo, the Hippopotamus is a creature that is only considered as Vulnerable. But hey, you got to draw what you can see in the Ralphschach inks and I think you'll agree that this big fella is well worth seeing now that Ralph has completed him. And Vulnerable is Vulnerable. That still means it is facing issues and the hippo is not just breezing through life with nary a care in the world. Today's Vulnerable species is potentially tomorrow's Endangered species.\n\nThere are two species of hippos in Africa, one is the one we will discuss here and then there is the Pygmy Hippopotamus, which is much smaller and lives in the forests of West Africa and is considered to be Endangered.\n\nThe Hippopotamus grows up to 4 metres long and 1.5 metres tall, weighs up to 3.5 tonnes and can live up to 50 years. It is a Goliath of the animal kingdom and this herbivore inhabits the rivers and swamps of East Africa. Its main predators are lions, crocodiles and humans, but each one of these faces a possible beat down if the hippo is in the right mood. Ralph's hippo is not actually belching, as this wide yawn is in fact a coded threat \u2013 it is showing off its teeth, which can bite a crocodile in half. So steer clear if you see one of these heading your way and you think it looks sleepy. Hippos have been wrongly misrepresented as sluggish, docile creatures when the truth is they are one of the most aggressive and dangerous animals in the world. A hippo can easily outrun a human, reaching speeds of approximately 25 kilometres per hour over short distances and it is estimated that 3,000 people a year are killed by not very happy hippos.\n\nThe main threats away from natural predators are poaching and habitat loss. The Hippopotamus is hunted for its meat and ivory, found in the canine teeth and a dramatic increase in desire for hippo ivory was noticed when the elephant ivory ban was decreed in 1989. This has not abated and is a continuing story. Habitat loss is increasing as water gets diverted for agricultural purposes and large-scale developments are built in and around wetland areas, which in turn has led to a rise in human and hippo fatalities suffered in hippo\u2013human conflicts.\n\nIt is vital to protect the hippo from further decline, as their place in the wetland ecosystems of Africa is crucial. In 1996 the hippo population was widespread and considered secure. Since then, we are seeing a species go into a downward spiral in too short a space of time. At the moment options are still being considered to plan a way forward for the hippo. But it does need help now so it's no wonder this critter gets riled up and angry and lets out a roar instead of a belch. Wouldn't you if you were thus threatened?\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : It's another night of studying the blots with Dr Steadman. He holds up the page and immediately I see it. It's obvious.\n\n_Ceri_ : It's a hippo.\n\n_Ralph_ : Correction, It's a belching hippo.\n\n_Ceri_ : How remiss of me to miss that obvious action. The hippo verily burpeth.\n\nOriginal blot page \u2013 a Hippoblotamus.\n**Irrawaddy Dolphin**\n\n_Orcaella brevirostris_\n\nRalph has painted these dolphins with what looks like a huge smile upon their faces but that is genuinely how they appear. They are sometimes referred to as 'the smiling face of the Mekong' but if it were possible that smile would be wiped off their faces, as the future is looking pretty insecure.\n\nDon't ask me why our fine artist has decided to call these dolphins Irish, as there is nothing further from the truth. You will not find these swimming off the coast of Donegal. You may find Orcas and other cetaceans but you won't see one of these babies there. No way man, you're going to have to travel much further to get a sighting of these unique dolphins. So pack your bags and head on down to south and southeastern Asia where they live in small populations in both salt and fresh water. They inhabit the coastal waters and two brackish water bodies or lakes in India (Chilka) and Thailand (Songkhla) as well as three rivers: the Ayeyarwady in Myanmar, the Mahakam in Indonesian Borneo and the Mekong, where it inhabits a stretch of river between Cambodia and Laos. This particular population is considered Critically Endangered, with between 75 and 90 individuals left in the water. The species as a whole is considered as Vulnerable, although the population trend for the Irrawaddy Dolphins is decreasing and there is a fear that they could destined for upgrading to a higher level.\n\nGillnet fishing is the main threat to the dolphins, as they are often bycatch and get entangled within the nets and can die. The dolphin is loved and revered in many parts of Asia but there are still people who will occasionally capture them to sell for display in aquariums. There is also a fear that the building of dams in the Mekong catchment will harm their habitat and the explosions needed to build them could damage the sensitive hearing of the river swimmers.\n\nWithout doubt, the most important thing to realise is that there is an urgent need to regulate the use of gillnets and to stop completely the use of illegal fishing gear \u2013 and then possibly we may be able to make this particular dolphin smile not just on the outside but on the inside too.\n\n_Ralph_ : Some of these animals on your sniffy list are bloody useless. I wish they weren't here then I wouldn't have to draw them. Maybe we should have a useless critter section. Fetch me my swatter there's a rare wasp on the window!\n\n_Ceri_ : I think with a little gentle persuasion you will change your tune. Everything has a value.\n\n_Ralph_ : A Gentle Persuasion. I wonder what that would look like.\n**African Elephant**\n\n_Loxodonta africana_\n\n**Asian Elephant**\n\n_Elephas maximus_\n\nElephants are the largest land mammals on earth and are found in Africa and Asia. The Savannah and Forest Elephants from Africa are considered as Vulnerable, whilst the Endangered Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan Elephants are found in Asia. The African Elephant differs from its smaller relative the Asian Elephant in several ways. The size difference is great, its ears are much larger and both males and females grow tusks, whereas only some Asian males grow them. Incidentally, elephants are left- or right-tusked, much as we are left or right handed. I wonder if I dare call them ambi-tusk-rous?\n\nThe main threats in both parts of the world are human conflict, habitat loss, and poaching for meat and ivory. The African Elephants have larger tusks than their Asian counterparts, though ironically most of the African ivory is headed for Asia. In particular it finds its way to China, where it is thought of as an equal to gold or diamonds \u2013 plus it is a cultural symbol, which has been used and treasured for thousands of years.\n\nApproximately 30,000 elephants are murdered each year for the ivory trade, and across the world this is an issue people are trying to address. For example, the antiques trade is looking at banning all sales of it, including vintage examples of ivory used in carvings or ornaments, billiard balls or piano keys. Times change and the desire to turn an elephant into a finial for a tea caddy should be over. The main problem is that where there's ivory, there's money, greed and sadly death \u2013 and the elephant has suffered greatly for economic wealth. The 1980s were particularly appalling for the African Elephant, with an estimated 100,000 animals slaughtered annually. There are thought to be around 470,000 left in the wild, whereas in the last century the number of elephants in the world was anywhere between three and five million. That is a staggering loss of elephants and poaching has been making a real comeback as the demand for ivory increases once more.\n\nIn the UK, it has been estimated that 40 per cent of all customs seizures are ivory pieces. In 2015 over 100 kilograms of ivory was halted at Heathrow airport alone. There are calls for a complete ban on the trade of ivory worldwide and here in the UK the Conservative government (let's face it, not particularly environmentally or wildlife-friendly) has dragged its heels on carrying through its manifesto commitment to halt the ivory trade between 2010 and 2015. The non-closure of this market allows illegal ivory to be passed off as legal and until this is stopped, smuggling and poaching will continue as there is still an easily accessible market trading in this dirty business. We need to get our house in order before we righteously start pulling other countries up on their habits. We are lagging behind the rest of the world in addressing this issue.\n\nElephants journey in herds and need large amounts of food and water every day as well as huge amounts of land to roam in. This often means they come into conflict with humans over resources, especially as more and more elephant habitat and traditional migratory routes are being lost as people expand their settlements and plantations into once wild areas. These in turn require an infrastructure of roads, pipelines and canals to service them, which further damage the habitat. To avoid more conflict, conservationists are working with local communities to protect crops from elephants and to make sure there are areas for elephants to roam freely without excessively compromising their lifestyle. It is not easy for humans and elephants to live alongside each other in harmonious accord. As for combatting hunting, new and established protected areas are under increasing surveillance by anti-poaching patrols to counter the ivory traders.\n\nThe Asian Elephant now only inhabits 15 per cent of its former range. At the beginning of the twentieth century over 100,000 Asian Elephants existed in the wild, but now that number has fallen by at least 50 per cent and is still decreasing. The threats are the same as in Africa but there is also the added threat of being taken for the tourist trade, particularly in Thailand. Here they perform all sorts of tricks \u2013 I saw a video of an elephant painting a picture of itself by holding a brush with its trunk. How amazing that an elephant can be taught such a thing and how appalling that an animal that is so obviously intelligent should be made to do such a thing for the pleasure of holidaymakers. God knows what the treatment meted out to it is like during the learning process.\n\nIt may be time to ask for help from Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed Hindu deity, also known as the Remover of Obstacles. Interestingly, he can place obstacles in the way of those that need to be halted. Surely now is a perfect time for a supreme intervention from him.\n\n**Bonobo**\n\n_Pan paniscus_\n\nThe Bonobo is one of the species that make up the genus _Pan_ , the other being the Chimpanzee and these two apes are our closest relatives on Earth, as they share 98.7 per cent of their DNA with us. The Bonobo only became a full species in 1933 as up until then it had been misidentified as a Chimpanzee. To separate them it was first termed as a Pygmy Chimpanzee until it got its modern name of Bonobo in 1954. Bonobos live in a female-led society and lead a far more harmonious and peaceful existence than the male-led chimpanzees. Perhaps humans could learn something from this.\n\nThe Bonobo is found in the Congo Basin rainforest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Its population size is unknown due to a lack of surveys across its range but it is considered as Endangered. The threats to this ape are manifold. There is civil war in the country, which has affected the Bonobo population and has damaged much of the habitat. There are concerns that as war dissipates, commercial agriculture will move in and take over vast areas of land. The most troubling thought is that 99.2 per cent of the Bonobo's range is suitable for oil palm plantations, which could savagely destroy much of the ape's habitat. Other habitat loss has been caused by slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, human encroachment and migration. Where Bonobos live near human communities there is a worry that human diseases and infections could affect them. They are susceptible to respiratory viruses and it is feared that the Ebola virus could decimate the population. Agriculture needs to be controlled without continually removing Bonobo habitat and farmers and industries have to learn to coexist with conservation. To halt the relentless demand for bushmeat locals need to be educated and if ever an awareness-building programme was needed then it is surely here.\n\nThe greatest immediate threat is poaching. Despite the Bonobo being a protected species, with hunting illegal and in some areas taboo, poaching is at an all-time high. The commercial bushmeat trade is slaughtering apes in the wild at an alarming rate and they are also being captured for the pet trade and used in traditional medicine. Because of these threats and a low reproductive rate, it will be hard for Bonobos to replace what they are losing in population numbers and a decline is predicted to continue for the next 50 years or so.\n\nThere has been a concerted effort to strengthen guard numbers in national parks as they are under-protected and suffer greatly from illegal poaching. A governmental operation in Salonga National Park, called Operation Bonobo, is confiscating military weapons from hunters, increasing patrols and seizing back control of the land from poachers. The DRC government also plans to set up a special unit to deal with similar poaching in all national parks.\n\nLastly, research and surveys are necessary to determine the status of the Bonobo and how to make life better for our close relation. Every time I look at a picture of a Bonobo, I find myself ashamed at how we treat it. All I see is us looking back at me.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nBonobo the hobo plays on his oboe as he sits in his rowboat. He got stuck in the mud and needed a towboat and then he ended up playing a bum note.\n\nOn another note the Saiga Antelope is \u2013 believe me \u2013 a brilliant MESS!!! Tomorrow!!!!>>>>>>>>\n\nOriginal blot page.\n**Saiga Antelope**\n\n_Saiga tatarica_\n\nI feel an affinity with the Critically Endangered Saiga Antelope, as I saw one when I was travelling across Kazakhstan in search of Sociable Lapwings. An antelope ran across the landscape not far from our car and our driver said that it was the first one he had seen in two years and that it was in grave danger of becoming an extinct species. It is strange that once viewed with one's own eyes a wild creature can form a bond with the spectator. We need to get people out into the wild more and create these connections. Human interaction with nature can only be beneficial for animals, as we care more about them once we have shared a moment together.\n\nThe Saiga Antelope roams the dry steppe grasslands and semi-arid deserts of Central Asia and bears a remarkable resemblance to Jar Jar Binks, which I won't hold against it. The odd-looking drooping nose is its most prominent feature and it is vitally important \u2013 for in winter it heats up cold air as the antelope inhales and in dry and dusty summers it acts as a filter system, allowing the animal to breathe in clean air.\n\nSaiga Antelope numbers have fallen dramatically since the 1990s when there was an estimated population of over a million. Now, approximately 50,000 remain and there has been a population decline of over 80 per cent in the last ten years. The primary threat to the antelope is hunting, which has increased since the break-up of the Soviet Union with little or no control over shooting. It is hunted for meat locally, although the real money is in the prized Saiga horns, which adorn the males of the species. These are as revered in Chinese medicine as rhino horn and are used for colds, detoxification and the treatment of lung disease. This hunting of the males has led to an imbalance in the sex ratio and consequently there has been a ruinous drop in birth rates. Habitat loss and destruction are other factors in the creature's demise as lands that were once used for agriculture are left abandoned and the cattle that grazed here have left the area. They performed an important role and without them to maintain the integrity of the grassy species, other plants have invaded the area, which the Saiga Antelopes cannot eat. It's a dangerous thing when the ecosystem loses an ally. Harsher winters have also proved to be a killer of the species and climate change is a genuine concern.\n\nSome areas of the antelope's range are protected but vast swathes of land are unprotected, although there are calls within the Russian Federation government to extend the protected areas. Law enforcement must combat illegal poaching, raising public awareness of Saiga conservation is imperative and a ban on antelope meat and the horn trade seems essential. A captive breeding programme may play an important part in the future of the species and enable it to recover some of its heavy losses. Until then the Saiga Antelope faces an uncertain future.\n\n_Ralph_ : If there's not enough room on the cover for both our names we could have the author and artist combined. We could be: RALERI LEADMANEVY.\n\n_Ceri_ : He sounds important and wise and a renowned expert in his field.\n\n_Ralph_ : Or he's very stupid. And perhaps he should have stayed in his field and dug a very big hole for himself.\n\nWho would have thought this would become a Saiga Antelope?\n**Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat**\n\n_Lasiorhinus krefftii_\n\nWelcome to the book, dear wombat, for you are the rarest of Australian marsupials and you are classified as Critically Endangered. Once found across Queensland and New South Wales, only one small population of this wombat species remains, in Epping Forest (not the one in Essex, England) National Park in central Queensland. The numbers fell dramatically in the 1980s to around 35 individuals, but conservation efforts have managed to provoke a rise in numbers to around 200 wombats in the wild now.\n\nThe main threats to the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat have been habitat loss and competition with introduced grazing species as well as predation by another introduced animal, the Dingo. Also, the fact that there is only one small population leaves the wombats open to extinction if one catastrophic natural event such as fire, drought, flooding or disease occurs.\n\nProtective and Dingo-proof fences surround the wild population and wardens oversee the safety of the wombats and make sure there is enough food and water for them. They also protect them from natural disasters and are continually working on improving their habitat. Research has gone into a captive breeding programme as well as looking into translocation of the marsupials, as it would be better for the wombat if there were more than just one population in one location in the wild. As always, the protection of a species takes time and money and a slow rise in numbers is just the beginning for the hairy-nosed wombat \u2013 but with the support that it is getting there must be a chance that the future is not as bleak as it once was.\n\n_Ralph_ : Who are you calling a hairy-nosed wombat?\n\n_Ceri_ : I'm not calling you a hairy-nosed wombat. I didn't make it up and it's not a term of abuse. The Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat is one of the most threatened animals in the world.\n\n_Ralph_ : I know how you can be with your word trickery and fooling me into believing your animalistic lies with your callous observations. Next you'll tell me there is a Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat too and that all points of the compass go in the direction of a wombat.\n\n_Ceri_ : Actually, there is a Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat but that's where they stop other than the Bare-nosed Wombat. Although, just so you know, there is a creature called a Numbat, or Banded Anteater, which is Endangered and also lives in Australia...\n\n_Ralph_ : Stop with your bats! You're driving me batty. Just pick one bat.\n\n_Ceri_ : Let's tell the tale of the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat.\n**Angelshark**\n\n_Squatina squatina_\n\nIn the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Angelshark was common from Scandinavia to Africa and all points in between, happily discovered on the southern and eastern coasts of England as well as in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. But what a difference a hundred years or so can make, and in 2006 the Angelshark's status was upped to Critically Endangered due to overfishing and bycatch. In fact, what a difference six years can make, as in 2000 the status of the Angelshark was considered as Vulnerable. It has been estimated that it has lost 80 per cent of its population over three generations. The rate of decline is staggering for this species.\n\nI think it can be safely said that the twentieth century proved to be one of the worst centuries that wildlife and the environment has had since the dinosaurs woke to find themselves needing thermals \u2013 and it's a fair bet that the twenty-first will prove to be even more calamitous. It is believed that the range of the Angelshark has shrunk to an area around the Canary Islands and it is not to be found anywhere else in its former domains other than by pure coincidence. Because the Angelshark lives on the bottom of the sea it is more prone to bycatch in fishing by trawlers. Work is being carried out to raise awareness of the plight of the Angelshark and protection of habitat and prevention of disturbance by fishing, sport fishing and tourist activities in its habitat is essential.\n\nIn 2016, a Conservation Action Plan was developed by the Angel Shark Project, which will steer the next ten years of conservation work to ensure the future of the Angelshark and its relatives, collectively (if slightly confusingly) known as the angel sharks. The Angel Shark Project is a collaboration between three European partners: the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the Zoological Society of London and the Zoological Research Museum Alexander K\u00f6nig. Their vision is to safeguard the Angelshark's last stronghold in the Canaries, stabilise the population and eventually increase their numbers. By doing this there is a chance that the species may begin to reappear across its former range. The future is uncertain but the Angelshark is not alone, thanks to the Angel Shark Project.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ :\n\nRalph seems to have hair on the brain at the moment after the hairy-nosed wombats, as he has just sent me this Hula Cute Hairy Ray. I don't know why he has made him hairy but if that is the artist's wont then so be it and he is pretty cute too. Returning to other fishy matters at hand, it's now the turn of the Angelshark to be placed under scrutiny by the artist.\n\n**Pygmy Three-toed Sloth**\n\n_Bradypus pygmaeus_\n\nThe island of Escudo de Veraguas, located off the Panamanian coast, is the sole habitat for the Pygmy Three-toed Sloth and there are fewer than 100 individuals living here. Hence its status currently stands as Critically Endangered. This tree-dweller only leaves the trees and descends to the ground when it needs to go to the toilet. It can only crawl when on the ground although it is apparently a very good swimmer. Their suspected singular food source is the leaves of the Red Mangrove trees within which they live. This is also the reason why the sloth is in so much trouble. Local fishermen are chopping down the mangrove trees illegally for firewood and timber and this is leaving less food and habitat for the sloth. The animal has begun to be occasionally discovered in the interior of the island within dense tropical rainforest, probably because it has had to go in search of what it needs to survive. There is a plan to further protect the habitat for the sloth but unfortunately there are also ideas being bandied about for the development of a tourist infrastructure on the island, which could include a casino, a marina, a banking centre and an eco-lodge. But nothing is certain, and the only definite fact is that this small, slow sloth needs help and needs it quick.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nShould you chance to make contact today \u2013 I may show you Tarzan's Comedian \u2013 plus various dirty splats that may well entice ideas of a critical variety. Tried to ring you but it said you were fierce busy!!!! Black-footed Ferrets are not emerging too well \u2013 but I will persist \u2013 Meanwhile \u2013 LONG before I knew you I did this Critter \u2013 and I may even have shown it to you \u2013 but maybe not \u2013 but needs savin'!!!\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Habitat loss is a key part of many species' decline and often one can forget that the disappearance of these areas is as important if not more important than the creatures they contain and that they are endangered too. As I am discovering throughout my research every living thing needs a place to call home and home should be a safe haven. The rainforests of the world are a prime example of how much damage is being done to the planet. Most of us know that trees and plants remove harmful carbon dioxide from the air, absorbing it for photosynthesis, an energy-creating process, which transforms the CO2 into oxygen, which is then released back into the air and yields carbon, which enables the tree or plant to grow. The disappearance of so much rainforest is damaging the way the world breathes. We have all experienced a bad chest and know how hard it is to get on with everyday life when we are short of breath. It is debilitating to our lives and that is what is happening to the world. The world has the largest chest infection and simple antibiotics won't cure it \u2013 it may be turning into pneumonia. We need to find a remedy \u2013 and stopping chopping and illegal logging is imperative.\n**Tarzan's Chameleon**\n\n_Calumma tarzan_\n\nSo why is this Tarzan's chameleon? Did Tarzan discover it? Would that mean Tarzan exists? No, it is so named because it was discovered in Madagascar, as recently as 2009, just outside the village of Tarzanville, in Tarzan's Forest. (Why Tarzanville? Why Tarzan's Forest? Let's leave it for the moment, shall we? And just as a matter of information, Tarzanville is currently known as Ambodimeloka.) As soon as it was found it was immediately categorised as Critically Endangered, because unfortunately the chameleon's habitat has become terribly fragmented due to deforestation of the area because of slash-and-burn agriculture. Illegal logging is also being carried out in parts of the forest and this has also been having a negative effect. More information about the chameleon's lifestyle is important and further survey work may be able to ascertain the full range and habits of the creature. Then the best way forward to ensure a future for this rather endearing lizard can be determined.\n\nDid you notice how I avoided all vine and swinging gags? I must be getting older to have such self-control. Well done me. Tarzan goes into a pub...\n\nRalph: ( _voice from offstage_ ) STOP IT! STOP IT NOW!!!\n\n_Ralph_ : Stupid list. You're being ridiculous again! Stop it. I'm not falling for this again! Just because they've recently brought out a new Tarzan film. What is this, the follow-up? Tarzan's Chameleon? Well, where's Jane's?\n\n_Ceri_ : Trust me, I'm a crittologist.\n\n_Ralph_ : Twittologist, more likely. And Bent's the real crittologist anyway.\n\n_Ceri_ : You're so hurtful, no one realises how much you torment me.\n\n_Ralph_ : You're just too sensitive! More importantly, how am I going to remember the difference between Cuban and Philippine crocodiles? They're next on your fearful list after ferrets and horses.\n\n_Ceri_ : Easy. Cuban crocs are spotty and Philippine crocs are stripy.\n\n_Ralph_ : OK. Spotty goes first. Will get to it in my own good time.\n**Black- footed Ferret**\n\n_Mustela nigripes_\n\nOver the last 30 years the Black-footed Ferret has been making something of a recovery across North America, which considering it was believed to have become extinct in the wild in 1987 is without doubt a wonderful thing. Thanks to conservation efforts nearly 300 ferrets once more roam the States seeking out their favourite food, prairie dogs (White-tailed Prairie Dogs in some places, Black-tailed elsewhere). In fact, the two animals are connected in such a way that the fate of the ferret is inextricably tied to the fate of the prairie dogs. Why? Because the ferrets rely on the prairie dogs' wellbeing not only for food but also because they use their burrows as accommodation for shelter and raising their young, or kits as they are known.\n\nBut this masked marauder remains one of the continent's most endangered creatures and not until numbers have risen to 3,000 will the ferret be considered out of danger. Habitat loss due to conversion of prairie to croplands has taken its toll on the ferret and the dog. Farmers and ranchers have killed many prairie dogs because their burrows adversely affected crop fields and this has impacted on the ferret community. Disease has also had a lasting effect on numbers of ferrets and dogs, particularly sylvatic plague, but recovery is under way. The WWF is working alongside zoos, conservation organisations, state and federal agencies, landowners and Native American tribes to reintroduce ferrets back into the wild and look after and increase the numbers of existing populations. With so much goodwill and support there has to be a chance of survival for this ferrety fellow.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nI am worried about what to do about all the FILTH!!! CRITTERS are comin' out me marf!!!! My waters are getting too dirty! WHAT A MESS!!!! Was this the blot you got and liked a lot!!!??? Look what happened to it!!! An 'orse to follah bloomin' soon.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nYes! I love him! Wonderful. You're as cunning as a ferret.\n\n_Ceri's Diary:_ This collection of Black-footed Ferrets peering out of the blots has just arrived in my mailbox and makes me smile even though they look quite glum. There is a perfect insanity to them as Ralph has worked the lines deftly through the splattered page and creates a ferrety family unit for us to digest (not literally) and discuss.\n**Przewalski's Horse**\n\n_Equus przewalskii_\n\nPrzewalski's Horse is almost unbelievably the last true wild species of horse left in the world. All other supposed 'wild horses' are in fact descended from escapees from domesticated herds. The P-Horse, as it is known as in rarefied scientific circles, has never been domesticated. How's that for a wild thing? How to pronounce it? Easy, it's a Polish name and is apparently pronounced _shuh-val-skee_ with a silent Pr. Simple enough? The weird thing is that it was a Russian naturalist and explorer, Colonel Nikolai Przhevalsky, who discovered the horse and described it in 1881. His name was of Polish origin and hence the Polish spelling became the horse's name, although in the fifteenth century Johann Schiltberger had first documented the horse in his journals as he was travelling across Mongolia as a prisoner of a Mongol Khan.\n\nThe downfall of this horse began when a German merchant, Carl Hagenbeck, who specialised in selling wild animals to zoos as well as P.T. Barnum, captured pretty much all the wild populations of the horse. Habitat loss and over-hunting was already impacting on the herds but Hagenbeck drove the nail into the coffin firmly and surely. By 1945, just 31 P-Horses remained in two zoos in Munich and Prague. This was the darkest of times for the P-Horse.\n\nToday more than 1,500 individual P-Horses exist and every one of them is descended from nine of the 31 that were left in 1945. Thanks to a reintroduction programme this horse is now found on the steppes of central Asia and up to 300 horses gambol around in Mongolia. China's own captive breeding programme has also successfully reintroduced a herd of horses into the wild once more. There are further small bands of horses in Russia and Hungary that are doing well and Przewalski's Horse is now considered as only Endangered, which is an incredible turnaround considering it had been deemed as extinct in the wild up until 2008.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHorses galore! What the Devil was the name of that slimy red SNAIL!!???\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nThe Kanab Ambersnail I think you mean.\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nNever mind that \u2013 I have got a book of Horse Diseases and Health Problems \u2013 and CROC 1 is done \u2013 CROC 2 is still drying!!!! Plus I trod in some KANAB this morning!!! I aim for SIX NEW critters by FRIDAY!!!! Many dirty water critterdom things await!!\n\nATTENTION!!!\n\nThere is a Horse Landscape in this month's Sotheby's Catalogue up for Auction \u2013 Estimate \u00a34,000,000 to \u00a36,000,000. Shall I get it for the Upstairs Guest Lavatory?????? I would scan it but my scanner needs reinstalling.\n\nSCANman aka RALPH PUDDwiddle\n**Striped Spirit Wint**\n\n_Spiritus protector_\n\nObviously concerned about spots and stripes, Ralph has conjured up a Striped Spirit Wint to watch over the spotty crocodile. It is one of the great air gods of the Nextinct animals and to see one hovering above a creature is a sure sign that the wint is doing everything in its power to restore that animal to its past glory. Wints are part of the fabric of time itself and can often be seen rolling in the folds of the past, present and future of existence. Unfortunately this can make them incredibly dizzy and can leave them in a stuporific state for millennia. This one that Ralph has found has just awoken and is realising that an awful lot has been happening whilst it has been in its catatonic state. There is much work for it to do and its job starts here. It concentrates and focuses its mind on the job in hand by sucking on a spoonful of Marmite, which for those of you that don't know is an English spread made from yeast extract and I love it nearly as much as the wint. Once fully revved up on Marmite, the wint will look for fellow wints and together they will start the process of restoring a natural order to our dysfunctional planet. I hope this works.\n\n**Cuban Crocodile**\n\n_Crocodylus rhombifer_\n\nNever mind the Cuban missile crisis way back when, there's a Cuban Crocodile crisis going on now. There are only 4,000 or so left in the wild and they are only found in the Zapata Swamp and in the Lanier Swamp on the Isle of Youth. It has become Critically Endangered through illegal hunting for meat, habitat loss and decline in habitat quality as well as hybridisation resultant from breeding with the abundant American Crocodile. This problem of the gene pool becoming sullied through interbreeding has yet to be resolved and it is believed that hybrids have become part of the two remaining wild populations of Cuban Crocodiles. Hunting them for food has been on the rise since the 1990s as demand has grown locally and in restaurants serving the tourist trade. Protection is needed to halt the hunting and captive breeding programmes and reintroductions into the wild are under way.\n\nTalking of reintroductions, in 2015 the Skansen aquarium and zoo in Stockholm sent ten baby Cuban Crocodiles to Cuba to be introduced into the wild. But these were no ordinary crocs, they were the offspring of a pair of crocodiles given in the 1970s by Fidel Castro to Russian cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov as a token of solidarity between the two communist countries. Shatalov kept the crocodiles in his Moscow flat until they outgrew the apartment and he offered them to the Moscow Zoo. Unfortunately they had nowhere suitable for them and eventually a home was found in Sweden. Since 1984, this pair, now named Castro and Hillary (Clinton), have produced more than 100 crocodiles, which have been exported around the world and they were approached by Cuban authorities to see if there was a possibility of taking some back to their roots. The Swedes readily accepted the invitation and so ten little crocs began their journey home. Who would have thought, so many years after the journey made by Castro and Hillary to Sweden, that this would prove to be a successful captive breeding programme, benefiting the Cuban Crocodile population and strengthening its gene pool? This is crocodile solidarity of the highest order.\n\n_Ralph_ : Was going to do one more and then you get in touch! You're so irritating.\n\n_Ceri_ : You're so sniffy.\n\n_Ralph_ : And you're so insisty! Insist on this, insist on that...\n\n_Ceri_ : Well, I insist you listen to me because I want to say that I think you've had a brilliant week. You've drawn and drawn and come up with some incredible critters. Do you ever get bored of drawing?\n\n_Ralph_ : Not when it's going well and I love it when the blots surprise me. I look down and see where I was going to put an eye is actually the nose. When the pictures keep changing it makes it interesting for me. Your teacup is disgusting. The inside of it looks vile and stained!\n\n_Ceri_ : It's clean. There's no staining.\n\n_Ralph_ : Well, Skype makes tea look awful then. ( _Quietly_ ) But I think you have a filthy cup. Filthy water for filthy tea! ( _Louder_ ) Right, I'll have a little throw before I go, now that I am in the flow... and clean your cup. Night night.\n**Kanab Ambersnail**\n\n_Oxyloma kanabense_\n\nSmaller than a thumbnail, the Critically Endangered Kanab Ambersnail is endemic to the United States and is now only known from two sites: Three Lakes Canyon outside Kanab in Utah and Vasey's Paradise, a spring-fed tributary of the Colorado River inside the Grand Canyon National Park. The Three Lakes site is under threat as the owner is considering commercial development. The best hope for the snail is the protected national park site, although the threats here include water releases from the Glen Canyon Dam, which can flood or wash downstream the snail, its food source and its habitat.\n\nCaptive breeding has led to releases of snails into the wild and these have been placed high enough within the landscape to avoid being affected by the normal dam activity. These reintroductions have met with mixed results and snail counts have not been as high as expected. But there has been some good news in the fact that recent studies of ambersnails have discovered that the Vasey's Paradise snails and 11 different populations of snails from southern Utah and northern Arizona are, in fact, the same species. This could lead to the Kanab Ambersnail being downgraded or even delisted once this is certain. It could also mean its taxonomic identity may be changed and they may or may not be Kanab Ambersnails at all. But things always take a little longer when you're dealing with snails. After all, what's the hurry, it may or may not even be threatened by extinction. Time will tell... slowly.\n\n_Ralph_ : Snails don't go on dates and that's why this one is so sad.\n\n_Ceri_ : That's because they're hermaphrodites. They've got it all going on in-house. Don't need a date. They are, wait for it, hermaphrodates. Boom boom!\n\n_Ralph_ : Hmmm. ALL Snails without fails are Hermaphrodites. They ALL lay eggs and can ALL futilize!! Mums are Dads and Dads are Cads!!!\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : The Kanab Ambersnail believes that it is slowly but inexorably approaching the line of no return of its critical endangerment and Ralph has captured more than a whiff of resignation about it as it trudges towards some strange building in the distance. Is it the Snail's Elysium? Is that where this gastropod is heading? Or is there a different outcome to this story? Read on. For what was once believed does not always remain so.\n**Pool- strutting Monkeychick**\n\n_Morum terribilis_\n\nMonkeys often get a bad press for misbehaving but it's not their fault. Well, let me introduce you to a particular monkey, which should know better and is quite simply one of the worst-behaved animals on Toadstool Island, especially near swimming pools, which are its natural habitat. Most bad things that happen in the vicinity of a Pool-strutting Monkeychick are most definitely its fault. When Professor Overhang had to purify Ralph's pool, the first time we all met, he found that the problems were caused by a monkeychick, which was secretly living in the pump house. It transpires that when Ralph wasn't looking it was messing with the water temperature and doing those things that we are taught never to do in pools... a lot! He was reprimanded and we took him back to Toadstool Island on the _Steadmanitania_.\n\nAt holiday resorts, Monkeychicks parade up and down the poolside area craving attention and when they get it they do what is known as the Monkeychick Flick, whereby they flick indelible ink, secreted from their body pores, all over the onlookers. Shrieking with monkey cries of laughter the Monkeychick will then race away, taunting all and sundry with abuse. This is hugely offensive Monkeychick filth but luckily most people don't speak monkeychick, so don't understand the stream of obscenities.\n\nThe sound of scolding is heard across the island. 'Bad Monkeychick' is an oft-used phrase and there seems no respite from their fiendishly naughty ways. It has been said that the only way to make a Monkeychick behave is a custard pie in the face. Then it will begin to listen, as it hates custard, which provokes a stasis within the creature and it will not move until the custard has been removed. Flans at the ready, aim, fire!\n\n_Ralph_ : I think a custard pie or a custard flan to an opponent's face could settle all wars. Why can't we have custard pie fights instead of battles? Plus who doesn't think it's funny?\n\n_Ceri_ : We could use it to settle any dispute. Neighbourly disputes, parliamentary elections, drawn football matches, parking tickets, the list is endless.\n\n_Ralph_ : Now that's a list I like.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nDEAR CRITTWEN\n\nI have consulted with Professor Whitby PIDDLESHOT \u2013 the Toadologist \u2013 as there was a gorgeous toad spread-eagled on the bottom of the pool this morning. At first I thought it was dead \u2013 but when I picked it up it began to struggle \u2013 so \u2013 I laid it carefully on Poolside and we had a chat and his throat began to pulse \u2013 so I was very relieved. What a lovely Critter he is and I called him Terry! When he finally got bored with my chat he turned his butt toward me and wet-footed it behind a Plant Pot. When I looked again \u2013 he had gone in a wisp of slime!!! I reckon a monkeychick threw him in there. That's what they do!!! Swine!!! Custard Pie them all!!! Andy (son-in-law) was there and took pics of him with his iPhone \u2013 which he will send me later today! \u2013 that is \u2013 IF YOU ARE REMOTELY INTERESTED!!! Terry was just oozing with Tonal Toadality.\n\nLots of Croaks\n\nCrimley STIGGint\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nOf course I'm interested. Who wouldn't love a toad? It was raining cats and toads earlier toaday. I'm swamped in toads and they're trying to get in the house. I kid you not. We are toadally in sync. Maybe we could introduce our toads to each other and start a toad dynasty together. Terry meet Talullah.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHere's the little guy I saved this morning!! This is TERRY!!!\n\n**Philippine Crocodile**\n\n_Crocodylus mindorensis_\n\nThe Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile is endemic to the Philippines and is found mainly in freshwater areas such as lakes, ponds, tributaries of large rivers and freshwater marshes. Traditionally it has been hunted for its skin and was often killed on sight in encounters with humans, purely out of fear. Now it is a protected species and killing a crocodile comes at the price of a large fine. Habitat loss, as humans expand and convert land for agricultural purposes, is causing major problems for the species.\n\nIn 1992 it was estimated that 1,000 crocodiles existed in the wild but now it is reckoned that perhaps only 200 remain. Captive breeding programmes and release into the wild are seen as the possible way forward to stop this croc from disappearing forever.\n\nI really wanted to write dis-snap-pearing but I restrained myself.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nDear Mr Lovey\n\nPonce de Lyon gave me your email. He said you were an expert on Odourless Flatulence and this is the reason so many creatures are blamed and critically endangered \u2013 even though it was a Humanus Corpus not unlike you \u2013 and not me! \u2013 who are to blame. Is the NAME of the SHAME a book worth reading!???\n\nJust wondered \u2013 but Red Wolves are criticall-endangled but will it soovive!????\n\nPratchley Phewpoo\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : OK, time to spot the deliberate mistake with this crocodile picture. Got it? No? Are you as bed a spellur as Ralf is? Phillipine and not Philippine is a terrible mistake to make by a man of his years. I think I will buy him a dictionary for his next birthday, as his internal spellchecker doesn't seem to bee wurkin!\n**Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat**\n\n_Coleura seychellensis_\n\nDeep within the Indian Ocean lie the Seychelles islands. Here, undisturbed for millions of years, the flora and fauna existed happily alongside each other and continued their lives uninterrupted by humans, until 250 years ago that is, when the first settlers came ashore and life began to dramatically change. Since then people have altered the habitat of the islands and cleared much of the land and life is not as it once was. Introduced species have left their imprint on the lives of many of the original native species that were first found here all those years ago. There have already been extinctions and populations of many species have dramatically fallen to hazardous levels. Problems will always arise for species when they have small populations in restricted ranges, or even worse in a single location, as a single event can decimate or destroy such a population. Time is running out for certain critters on these still exquisite islands. The endemic Critically Endangered Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat is feeling the heat more than many as the swing of the extinction pendulum counts down the time remaining for the winged mammal.\n\nThis insectivorous bat is found on the islands of Mah\u00e9, the beautifully named Silhouette and Praslin, where it may have already become extinct. This once abundant bat is decreasing in numbers rapidly and the population is estimated at fewer than 250 individuals in the wild and perhaps even as few as 100, with no single population having more than 50 bats within it.\n\nThe main cause of decline for the bat has been the clearance of woodland to make way for coconut plantations, which has created a lack of invertebrates for the bats to dine upon. This happened during the late 1800s and early 1900s, but the creature has never recovered and since then numbers have continually tumbled. Other probable threats include predation by introduced cats and barn owls as well as roost cave entrances becoming blocked off by introduced Kudzu vine.\n\nA conservation plan is needed immediately if the bat is to stand the slimmest of chances of survival. For a start the introduced species need to be controlled, then roost entrances need to be cleared and protected and habitat restoration is essential. Time is a precious commodity and very little remains for this poor little critter. We surely can't just leave the Sheath-tailed Bats hanging.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nIt's hard when your computer doesn't like you. And mine doesn't. All because it heard that I put an ice pick through an iPhone. Technology makes machines talk to each other, as we know. They communicate and gossip about us and have long memories. I am trying out an obsolete keyboard in the hope that my computer says, 'Ah! That's better! It's like meeting an old friend.'\n\nI thought about old friends \u2013 and many of them are old. Never mind! I am too. None of my friends, old or new, are in any position to grant me a knighthood \u2013 not that I expected one, mind!! There are some people who just don't deserve one \u2013 and I believe that I am one of them.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nWell I suggested you for a dayhood if that's any consolation.\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nNow you're just being absurd.\n**Digg Soiler**\n\nDigg Soiler was born in the soil, literally. His mother, instead of a water birth, decided an earth birth was what was required for little Digg and from that moment forth his connection with the ground beneath his feet has been solid. He lives to grow things, whether that be trees, crops or flowers. He collects all the animal waste that he can and puts it to good use for his many projects, including a reforestation programme on the borders between the dark side of the island and the Mid Lands. He is the saviour of habitats and is loved by the critters as he ensures every one of them has the perfect living quarters to ensure a healthy existence. Many people in this world could do with taking a course on environmental care under his tutelage at the Muckist United College of Crittercal Kare, where he is the Chief Insmuckter in residence. His courses teach the benefit of utilising the muck around us and spreading it far and wide to enrich our land. Consequently he is also the College's Animal Site Waste Clearer \u2013 and a fine job he does too.\n\nThe motto on the college coat of arms is ' _If it's Muck, then spread it!_ ' This refers to a key moment in the birth of the Muckists as an environmental movement. This was the moment Bent Girders and Professor Overhang first became aware of Digg at a seminar to promote awareness about the probable nextinction of many of the world's creatures. In one particular talk about reforestation and reforming habitats, the lecturer said it was important to spread the word amongst locals to engender support from them. Digg stood up and shouted, 'Never mind spreading the word, spread the muck! Life comes from muck!' He then picked up great handfuls of animal waste from a huge bag he had brought with him and showered all and sundry with it. At first the crowd was disgusted and then they understood. A chant went up, 'Spread the muck! Spread the muck! We are the Muckists!' Digg was raised upon their shoulders and sprayed his muck far and wide. Bent and Lars knew this man had something special about him and that he could inspire people to do wondrous things for the world, so they invited Digg to Toadstool Island, where building work had begun on their as yet unnamed college and the MUCCK was born along with its new found motto.\n\nApplication forms can be found on the college's website. Payment, if accepted, is by waste only. Go on, do a good thing, spread the muck.\n\n_Ralph_ : I get sciatica because I paint like a snooker player. I should do it more like an artist.\n\n_Ceri_ : I guess I don't help with all my demands for critters. I must give you a case of Skypatica.\n\n_Ralph_ : I might even laugh a little if it didn't hurt so much.\n**Dratsab**\n\n_Mirum dentium_\n\nHere the artist has painted that classic subject in art, a portrait of mother and child. Ralph has captured a tender moment between the pair as the adoring mummy Dratsab tends to her young child, who is dressed in a onesie. We see the mother having her snout licked by the infant Dratsab as she dotes adoringly over her little beastie. But woe betide anyone who interferes with a moment like this or threatens the family unit. Those razor-sharp teeth, which seem somehow gentle in this tender snapshot, are more often than not snapping at the heels of whatever creature has intruded into the Dratsab's space. Its jaw moves faster than a pneumatic drill, more rapid than the finest sewing machine and can tear through brickwork in the blinking of a baby Dratsab's eye. This is true power and, when measured against the heavy biters of the animal kingdom, the Dratsab wins jaws down. Animal bites can be measured in pounds per square inch (psi), which is the force the jaw snaps down with when biting. The Saltwater Crocodile and the Nile Crocodile vie for top spot with a bite force that has been measured between 3,800 and 5,000 psi and it is believed that a very large Saltwater Croc would be the winner at a tidy 7,000 psi. In comparison the lion measures a measly 600 psi and the hippo a more respectable 1,821 psi. The Dratsab comes in at an enormous 7,600 psi and has been itching to take on both crocs and become the undisputed world chomp.\n\nThe Dratsab has been on Toadstool Island since time immemorial and in that period has won the annual Great Toadstool Bite Off competition every year apart from one \u2013 and that was because of a cavity in a tooth, which made it impossible to bite. Finding a dentist to attend to a Dratsab dental disaster is never easy and finally the task was taken up by Digg Soiler, as he has the aptitude for rooting around, digging about, clearing out muck and filling in holes. Since that tense encounter, the Dratsab faithfully helps out Digg whenever he needs help and watches over him protectively.\n\nThe Dratsab was once feared, as no creature was safe from its teeth and it was known as the Land Piranha of the prairies on Toadstool Island because of its love of biting. It was threatened with banishment and was banned from biting critters, birds and boids \u2013 now the Dratsab has turned over a new leaf and has become a worthy member of the community and the only living things it chooses to attack are invaders threatening the island. The Dratsab has stuck to the truce with other islanders and has proved itself invaluable in biting down crop harvests in record time, which is an enormous boon to Digg Soiler and enhances the island's wellbeing \u2013 and consequently it has become a much-respected figure in society.\n\n_Ralph_ : We're not doing mosquitoes because they're bastards.\n\n_Ceri_ : All creatures have a place. So mind your language. Use some backslang if you're going to talk that way. You're an absolute Dratsab. And I'm...\n\n_Ralph_ :... an utter Dratsab. I feel a drawing coming on.\n**White Rhinoceros**\n\n_Ceratotherium simum_\n\nHere's a creature we all know. It's one of the big players in the animal kingdom and high in the popularity stakes. It is the White Rhinoceros. Known because it's white, right? Wrong. It apparently takes its name from the Dutch word for wide, in reference to the rhino's mouth. In Dutch wide is wijd and somewhere at some time an English speaker heard tale of the wijd rhinoceros and it became the White Rhinoceros we know it as today. It is also known as the square-lipped rhinoceros, but whatever we call it you can't deny it's got a big mouth. It is also in big trouble. They live in Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya and South Africa with two subspecies: the Southern White Rhinoceros, which is considered as Near Threatened and the Northern White Rhinoceros, which is Critically Endangered and has become extinct in the wild. There are just three remaining individuals, which live in captivity in Kenya.\n\nPoaching for its horn for the Asian market, as with the Black Rhino, has seen the rapid descent of the species into a dark void. There is talk of a last-ditch attempt at IVF treatment to save the Northern White Rhino, but this is a long shot. Is it not putting off the terrible inevitable truth? But it has to be worth one last attempt to rescue this magnificent creature from extinction.\n\nThe story is rosier for the Southern White Rhino. It was considered to be extinct in the nineteenth century until a group of 100 rhinos was discovered in South Africa. After many years of good conservation work, its population stands at more than 20,000 individuals and it is the only member of the rhino family that is not endangered. These rhinos live in fully protected areas and private reserves \u2013 although where there are rhinos there are poachers and hundreds of White Rhinos are still killed every year. Security for the rhinos needs to be improved and the horn trade needs to be halted. Only then will the rhino be able to continue on its merry way.\n\nIn the meantime enjoy Ralph's existential rhino poem. Just don't tell him a white rhino isn't white.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : There is a real punk ethic at work here. The dirtying of the paper, the deconstruction of the animal, the reconstruction of its constituent parts and the anarchic defiance of the animal appearing before me makes my heart rise and I search for the story of each one of these creatures. I want my writing to do justice to every line, splatter and filthy blot of Ralph's animal kingdom. I can never get over how self-effacing he is as he completes these drawings, always putting them under scrutiny and wondering if he is on the right track. Meanwhile I am leaping with joy at every new beast that is placed before me and lapping up each species as it appears. He draws these animals in a very different way, dare I say it, to any other artist that has ever attempted to describe them. Ralph is unique in every way. Right, eulogy over. Time to move on to the next drawing.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nIf I were YOU, I would not cross\n\nEven a small rhinoceros\n\nA crossed rhinoceros will charge\n\n(Even a little one is LARGE)\n\nAnd those he catches do not live\n\nTo murmur, 'Sorry! DO forgive.'\n\nEdward Lucie-Smith wrote this in the 70s!!!! I did an illustration for it... but this isn't it!!! This is another early rhino though!!!\n\nRUFF\n\n**Atlantic Bluefin Tuna**\n\n_Thunnus thynnus_\n\n**Southern Bluefin Tuna**\n\n_Thunnus maccoyii_\n\n**Pacific Bluefin Tuna**\n\n_Thunnus orientalis_\n\nThere are three species of bluefin tuna, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern. The first two are listed as Endangered and the Southern Bluefin Tuna is considered to be Critically Endangered. Three species, one story and it's probably the same outcome for all of them unless things change. Overfishing has been the problem for all these fish and may well account for other members of the tuna family in time. So how did we get here?\n\nWhat we forget about tuna is that they are top predators of the seas and consequently help to maintain a balance within the ocean environment. Tuna are fast hunters with keen eyesight, who look for schools of fish such as herring and mackerel. They are powerful animals. They can dive to more than 1,200 metres and can live up to 40 years of age, although it is probably wishful thinking that they could be left in peace for that long any more.\n\nMany of us have come to rely on picking up a few tins of tuna from the supermarket or the local corner shop and we make a nice, quick bowl of pasta with it, thinking to ourselves that we have just eaten healthily and wisely. But the issue of tuna is a real symbol of everything that is wrong with the way that we take from the seas, how we police them and how we abuse them.\n\nIt is important to check the information on tins when buying tuna. A lot of tuna are caught in terrible ways that affect other creatures such as turtles, dolphins, sharks, albatross and other seabirds. Longline fishing, gillnets and drift nets are hideous inventions that cause great problems. Even though longline fishing can be adapted to create safer fishing it often isn't. Cans proudly announce their credentials when possible and one should look for words like caught by handline, pole and line, or troll fishing. But does this mean that if nothing is mentioned on the can the tuna has been caught by other, damaging methods? If so, would this not ask a question or two of the stockist and how they can justify putting it on the shelves for us to buy in the first place? I would suggest that an unmarked can of tuna with no information on the catching technique is a dereliction of duty and a shameful comment on how we live today. Maybe it is time for supermarkets to remove it from the shelves (which seem to be stacked higher than ever before) and for tuna fishing to be halted worldwide until there is an abundance of tuna again. OK, I know that is never going to happen, but we can dream can't we?\n\nIn particular, the scarcity of bluefin tuna has given rise to an unprecedented demand for the fish. Approximately 80 per cent of the bluefin tuna that is caught ends up as sushi and sashimi in Japanese restaurants, where it is considered the finest of all tunas and a delicacy second to none, revered for its flavour, especially the fatty underbelly, which is called _otoro_. In fact, it is so prized that prices for it have risen astronomically and at the first tuna sales at the beginning of every year the cost has been disgustingly high. In 2016 a 200kg fish cost a whopping 14 million yen, which is $118,000 or \u00a380,000 at the rate of exchange at the time. It is as if the very fact that the bluefin tuna may soon be extinct enhances the flavour as well as the price. This is surely wrong on every level, and it is now known that the last 100 years of overfishing and overeating has depleted the population of Pacific Bluefin Tuna by 96 per cent.\n\nThe craving for fish has created another problem in that there is now more illegal fishing than ever before. It is believed that the mafia have moved into the market, which has become as lucrative as other illicit activities. Forget sex trafficking, heroin or coke, fish is where it's at now. It has been estimated that illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing is worth up to $23bn. Hence the seas are under siege and the policing of such vast waters is proving difficult in the face of this new offensive. More needs to be done to combat this organised crime \u2013 perhaps we need more planes in the skies looking for suspect boats and satellite technology which could monitor the position of boats. It is finding a way to see the whole picture, not only of what is going on boat-wise on the surface of the seas but also what is happening under the surface. If we have a clue where boats are then we may get a picture of what's being smuggled and when and where. But it is a huge ask to patrol the seas well enough to halt this new onslaught of organised fish crime and it will take a concerted effort to make this a viable proposition. Perhaps we need a new approach to the protection of our seas.\n\nSince I wrote this the first Tokyo fish auction of 2017 saw a 212kg Bluefin Tuna sell for a staggering 74.2 million yen, which is $636,000 or \u00a3517,000.\n\n**Golden- rumped Sengi**\n\n_Rhynchocyon chrysopygus_\n\nOut of the midst of puddled ink steps the sengi or elephant-shrew and why does it have this name? It's obvious isn't it? It's a relation of the shrew and it looks like an elephant complete with its own resplendent trunk. That was simple enough, wasn't it? Well, think again, as science is weirder than fiction. After various studies it has been decreed that the sengi, of which there are probably 19 species living in Africa, are not related to shrews at all but are in fact a distant relative of the \u2013 drum roll, please \u2013 yes, you guessed it, the elephant! Ta-daa! Well who would have thought it? Isn't nature a mysterious beast?\n\nThe majority of the sengi species are considered of Least Concern, but two giant sengis (giant is a loose term when dealing with elephant-shrews) are at risk. The Grey-faced Sengi is deemed to be Vulnerable and the Golden-rumped Sengi is considered Endangered. Most shrews are faced with habitat loss and habitat fragmentation and the Kenyan Golden-rumped Sengi is no different. It lives in the small forests of the coastal area of Malindi. Approximately 13,000 live in the Arabuko-Sokoke forest region and an extremely small population of 20 or so lives in the Gede forest. Logging and agricultural encroachment threatens the Arabuko-Sokoke population and, for the moment, a monitoring programme is the only conservation measure being taken. But it does look as though habitat protection is the most realistic next step \u2013 and it is needed sooner rather than later for all sengi.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : After discovering the issues that numerous fish are facing I realise that thinking outside of the box is crucial for the protection of many endangered species. One group of people who are doing this are the Black Fish, founded by Wietse van der Werf, a Dutch activist. They are certain that more needs to be done to support the authorities and provide them with more information of what is happening out on the waters. The Black Fish run 28 projects in 12 European countries and the evidence of illegal activity that they gather is handed over to state authorities. This kind of citizen detective work is a good way forwards, although when observing, recording information and then handing the notes over to the correct bodies it is vital to do so without becoming involved and without taking matters a step too far. There is a fine line to be drawn and it is a hard line to tread well. I know from experience of watching illegal bird hunting in Malta how the line can suddenly disappear with one word or action out of place. The first thing that hit me when I watched a Bee-eater being shot out of the sky was pure anger and hatred for the hunter. I wanted to forget my role as a recorder of fact and wanted the emotion to take me over and go after the killer. But that does no good. All that happens is a messy confrontation, which inevitably leads to the perpetrator becoming the victim. So a cold heart with a warm thought needs to be in place. Seeing illegal activity being carried out on wildlife is distressing, but in the moment the emotion has to be removed. Every fact and action noticed and noted is a nail in the guilty party's future. Law enforcement officers can only work up to a point as not enough of them are out there. They need suppor, and, if handled correctly, everyday people can only be a boon to these services.\n**Lord Howe Island Stick Insect**\n\n_Dryococelus australis_\n\nThe Lord Howe Island Stick Insect was believed to have become extinct sometime around 1920 and this was due to the introduction of Black Rats to the island in 1918. In the 1960s there were various reports of sightings of large stick insects on Balls Pyramid, a rat-free rocky outcrop 23 kilometres from Lord Howe Island. Time passed and eventually a scientific research team managed to visit the rock in 2001 and ascertain that the Lord Howe Island Stick Insect really was alive. In 2003, another team was able to take two breeding pairs from their home and transport them back to mainland Australia. Melbourne Zoo conducts the largest captive breeding programme for the stick insect, which will help the species, as the population out on Balls Pyramid is believed to number only between 20 and 30. Hence it is considered as Critically Endangered, which is a tad better than being thought of as extinct, as it was before 2001.\n\nMelbourne Zoo is conducting research into the insect's lifestyle, behaviour, biology and diet to learn more about the creature. The ultimate goal is to reintroduce the stick insect to Lord Howe Island, but before that can happen the rats must be eradicated from the island. Then, and only then, does this particular critter have a chance of returning home.\n\n_Ralph_ : I just read what you sent me about the tuna and illegal fishing along with unregulated and unreported fishing being worth up to $23bn.\n\n_Ceri_ : It's quite an incredible figure isn't it?\n\n_Ralph_ : I know a fishmonger who doesn't earn that much in a year! And he sells salmon too.\n\n_Ceri_ : Wild?\n\n_Ralph_ : He's pretty angry a lot of the time.\n\n_Ceri_ : Did you ever fish?\n\n_Ralph_ : I did fish a lot with Hunter in the rivers of the Rocky Mountains. I particularly remember Roaring Fork River just outside Aspen. That was in a time before you and before you said I should stop fishing and hunting animals.\n\n_Ceri_ : I never imagined you as a fisherman.\n\n_Ralph_ : What does that say about your imagination? I fished with my father at Llanfair Talhaiarn, south of Abergele in North Wales.\n\n_Ceri_ : You've done it all your life.\n\n_Ralph_ : Yes, viciously.\n\n_Ceri_ : Fishously.\n\n_Ralph_ : Officiously. As they say, you live in Hope and die in Caergwrle.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Caergwrle is not a mathematical equation, for my non-Welsh-speaking friends. This is an old saying from the two old villages of Hope and Caergwrle on the borders of Wales and England. We all want to live in Hope, right?\n**Luristan Newt**\n\n_Neurergus kaiseri_\n\nThis beautiful and striking-looking amphibian is a case of look but don't touch. As with many species of newts the Luristan newt gives off toxic skin secretions and the pattern and colours of its skin are a warning sign of this and not an invite to 'pick me up because I'm beautiful'. It is endemic to four streams in the southern Zagros Mountains of Iran, where it lives during the breeding season. Here it hides under rocks and stones in the arid shrubland surrounding these waters. Habitat loss due to locals collecting firewood, as well as drought and the possible effects of damming of the streams are compounded by the fact that the newt is a desired creature for which there is an increasing demand in the international pet trade. It is estimated that there are only 1,000 of this Critically Endangered critter left in the wild and this figure appears to be decreasing. It is a protected species but more needs to be done to prevent export of the newt for the pet trade. A captive breeding programme may be the only way forward to bolster the numbers of this beaut newt.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : There are wonderful sketchbooks turning up in the studio with some beautiful critters in them. Ralph as usual can't remember when he did them. His line is so strong but yet delicately powerful. I adore this hippo.\n\n_Ralph_ : My grandson Ollie and I now call this the Ollie and Stan Newt!\n\n_Ceri_ : That's funny. Did you know that the Laurel and Hardy catchphrase we use so often, 'That's another fine mess you've gotten me into' is incorrect? It is ' _Here's_ another _nice_ mess you've gotten me into.'\n\n_Ralph_ : And here's a quote from my father that I won't get wrong. He used to say this at Waterworth's the greengrocer's. 'Two-penneth of fruit please and not too many watermelons.'\n**Rat- arsed Skunk**\n\n_Arsius stinkittimus_\n\nThe Rat-arsed Skunk is the stinkiest, smelliest, pongiest, most reeking and malodorous critter upon Toadstool Island. But everybody loves the skunk as it uses its putrid spray, which is accompanied by a warm pungent acrid wind, to keep out those unwanted invaders that would invade and infest the island if they could. The chief objects of the venting are rats. This is why it is called rat-arsed, not because of a drinking problem but because its role is to keep rats away. Skunks can normally spray their oily liquid up to a distance of three metres but our fellow can spray its torrential vile rain as far as three hundred metres. Something about the aroma of his stench affects a rat's olfactory system, disorientates them, attacks their brains and makes them scamper as far away as possible. Hence no rat has ever stayed upon the island and this foulest of fellows is to thank for that.\n\nWhen not out patrolling the island, the skunk can be found having a Pernod and black down at The Old Elephant's Trunk with various well-wishers who always insist on buying the skunk its favourite tipple. But the limit is two per day as Pernod seems to engorge the scent factory within and can set off a malodorous reaction, which can close the pub for weeks on end. This drink limit is the island's attempt to stamp out any chance of stink-driving.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nYou sure know how to charm a crazed critter!!!!!!\n\n**Aye- aye**\n\n_Daubentonia madagascariensis_\n\nCoded message or not, there is a perfectly reasonable explanation why the Aye-aye has a middle finger that is so much longer, thinner and gnarlier than any of his others. It's a percussive forager. Simple. End of story. A percussive forager, what's that? OK, let me explain. Percussive foraging happens thus. The Aye-aye taps out a little rhythm on a wooden surface to determine where there are cavities inside and then, listening with its large disc-like ears and probably using echolocation, it decides exactly where the grubs are for grub time. It uses its incisors to make a small hole in the surface and then it inserts its especially extended digit into said hole and hey presto it pulls its dinner out of the opening, thus giving the invertebrates inside it the actual finger. And this actual finger is articulated by sitting on a ball and socket joint, allowing the finger to move and swivel the full 360 degrees. So watch out, the Aye-aye can get hold of you wherever you are.\n\nThe Aye-aye is a lemur which hails from Madagascar. It is now considered as Endangered and the population is sadly on the decline due to habitat loss and hunting. It is a nocturnal creature and noted from various different habitats including rainforest, mangrove swamps and dry scrub areas. It is nothing if not adaptable. It has had to be, as more and more forest is being destroyed. It is also hunted for meat and because farmers fear it will damage their crops, although there is no evidence to support this. I am afraid superstition plays a weighty part in this odd lemur's life as it is also killed because it is considered to be evil: dead Aye-ayes are often hung upside down outside a village to ward off evil spirits. I guess this persecution is because the Aye-aye is not the most handsome of creatures and even demonic-looking but I really like him \u2013 after all, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. In the face of these problems it is high time for a conservation action plan to be mapped out and surveys across its range are essential to understand the lifestyle of the creature. There are several ongoing captive breeding programmes but these have not proved successful with second-generation creatures and the work continues. Solutions need to be found \u2013 otherwise we may have to say bye-bye to the Aye-aye.\n\n_Ralph_ : This next critter is carrying an important message for you.\n\n_Ceri_ : What do you mean?\n\n_Ralph_ : Have a look.\n\n_Ceri_ : Aye-aye, Cap'n!\n\n_Ceri's_ Diary: Aye-aye, it's the Aye-aye. And as I look at this scary, crazed animal I can almost hear it screaming my name. He is terrifyingly funny and I try to decipher the message. Is it that it is Endangered? That it needs help? Or is this strange fellow giving me the finger? A coded message from my beloved Cap'n Ralph, perchance? Hmmm, I will have to ask him.\n**Baad Guttering**\n\nBaad Guttering is the PR guru and chief administrator at the Muckist College. He tirelessly promotes the scientific work that is being carried out at the college and works on advertising the various courses that people can apply to attend. These include 'How to raise awareness and engage local people with a species', 'We don't need to destroy this habitat, there's another way', 'Boo to hunters', 'Come on, that's not a fair way to fish', 'Let's all take an eco-holiday' and 'How to stop megalomaniac politicians and corporations destroying the environment in the name of progress'.\n\nBaad explains the situation regarding the conservation courses to Ralph and myself. 'These courses are often booked a year in advance but I am trying to double the amount of courses available by hiring extra lecturers. This is the problem with conservation in general. So many people would like to engage with conservation action but there are not enough places on courses such as ours to learn about how to become a conservationist. This is compounded by the fact that once people are qualified the big wide world does not offer enough jobs to employ people within conservation. This is why there are so many volunteers on nature reserves and projects, because there is no money available to employ people. Conservation could become a vocational career for so many more people than are actually employed at the moment. Kids are interested in wildlife but as they go through the education process they have to veer away from the world of wildlife and head in other directions, only a small minority can find employment within conservation. It should be teeming with people in their 20s, 30s and 40s but it isn't and volunteers are usually those wonderful people who have retired from their life's work and can afford to be unpaid and help out with critters. It's wonderful that they do this, but why can't we get more money directed into the conservation sector? I am certain it's because big companies don't see it as a profitable option and that is the disgrace of the modern world. \"If there's no mark-up in saving the world then what's the point?\" That is the general corporate viewpoint of the situation. If we could persuade governments and corporations to take our natural world seriously we could probably get things fixed up in a jiffy. The people are out there, the money to fix things is most certainly out there, but the engagement with them isn't. We need to change our mentality and we need to change it sooner rather than later. Those with wealth need to understand that the wealth of our planet is becoming ecologically raped and all the money in the world will not mend it when everything has gone.'\n\nAll monies raised through the college are ploughed straight back into their research and conservation work including captive breeding programmes, critter population surveys, governmental negotiators and the policing of truly wild areas.\n\n**Gnat Flutterby**\n\n_Amor iniectio_\n\n**Little Mother Moth**\n\n_Paucis mater_\n\nBaad hands us a PR pack entitled _The Love Bug_. He explains what the title means. 'This is our flagship captive breeding programme. As we all know gnats can bite people and suck blood out but the Gnat Flutterby, under the auspices and training of the Little Mother Moth, actually injects its targets with a virus, which we call the love bug. The Little Mother Moth cares for the gnat and loves the gnat in a way that no gnat has ever been loved before and this engenders warmth and love within the gnat and triggers a chemical reaction creating viral venom filled with all-encompassing love. Once a person is bitten it renders them full of love and warmth for the natural world and the creatures within it. The infected become incapable of harming wildlife or habitat and become fully rational and methodical in finding alternative solutions to environmental issues \u2013 the virus stops the desire to damage our planet any further. At the moment we are also discovering that the longer the gnat is loved and nurtured by the Little Mother Moth, the more durable and longer-lasting the gnat's virus becomes. There is no downside to this release of environmental love either. Tests have proved conclusively that humans will become a better species as soon as they have had their inoculation against the powers of progress and the economically driven decimation of this earth. Love truly conquers all. Gnat's the way to do it.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Baad takes us to the college's captive breeding centre where he wants to show us a particular species they are working on which could have a far-reaching impact on the world and its attitude towards the state of our environment. This is the top-secret Gnat Flutterby programme.\n**Red Wolf**\n\n_Canis rufus_\n\nThe Red Wolf's range has shrunk and shrunk over time and it was finally termed as Extinct in the Wild in 1980. But in 1987 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) released a population from captivity into northeastern North Carolina. There are 50 or so in the wild today but alarm bells are ringing significantly for the future of these wolves. The problem has been hybridisation with Coyotes. When the wolves were first placed in North Carolina there seemed to be an absence of Coyotes, which made the placement all the more ideal. But during the 1990s Coyotes became well settled in the area and Red Wolves and Coyotes can mate and next thing you know there is a hybrid scenario going on. It is believed that the Red Wolf could make a decent recovery but for the issue of hybridisation. There are about 175 wolves in captivity in the United States and Canada so the Red Wolf will continue existing, but trouble is afoot.\n\nThe USFWS is deciding whether to continue this programme or to cancel it because of the issue of hybridisation. This has caused a stir in America with half a million people signing a petition to save the project. Will this do any good and will it be enough to sway the authorities to change their actions? Do we, the people, truly have any say in these things? I am not so sure that we do.\n\nFor all the people who want to keep the wolves going there are also a number who want to see them gone, not trusting in the company of wolves. Farmers and landowners often shoot Coyotes, as they want to keep them off their land and this often occurs at night when Red Wolves can be mistaken for Coyotes and are shot instead.\n\nFaced with all this information the USFWS will make a decision and whichever way it goes, it will upset some people and make others happy. For me, I think a wolf is a magnificent creature and my Native American Indian zodiac sign is that of the wolf, so I have a peculiar affinity with this beast, I would hope that the crossroads it is now standing at doesn't turn into a dead end.\n\n_Ralph_ : Robert FitzRoy was the captain of Darwin's _Beagle_ and on that voyage he termed the phrase 'weather forecasting', which has been with us ever since. He was an extremely religious man and disagreed with Darwin about evolution and argued that dinosaurs became extinct because the doors on Noah's Ark were too small to allow entry to them.\n\n_Ceri_ : And that's why you can't always believe the weather forecast.\n**Tiger**\n\n_Panthera tigris_\n\nTigers are indigenous to Asia and there are six subspecies still in existence. Three subspecies, the Bali Tiger, the Javan Tiger and the Caspian Tiger, have already been lost to extinction during the harshness we know as the wasteland of the twentieth century. In April 2016 it was announced that after years of constant decline for the Tiger population, the future was looking brighter as numbers had increased from approximately 3,200 wild Tigers in 2010 to an estimated 3,890 today. Hard work and cooperation between NGOs, philanthropists, governments, local authorities and communities have paved the way for this success, but more is needed if the Tiger is to be removed from the danger list altogether. The WWF is still keen to point out that the target is to double the original number by 2022.\n\nTigers, whose range stretches across 13 Asian countries, have lost much of their habitat for numerous reasons. Change of land use for agricultural purposes, the felling of forests and human encroachment all play a significant role. Consequently, Tigers exist in smaller and smaller fragmented areas than ever before, making them more susceptible to poaching, especially as they increasingly share the same space as humans. The Tigers may have to resort to taking domestic livestock as food and local people who have to utilise the forests for food and wood are open to attacks by Tigers. This leads to a continual conflict between man and big cat, which sadly can result in the Tigers being killed or taken and sold on the black market.\n\nIn fact, after a short trawl through the Internet it becomes apparent that there is a thriving market for Tigers with dead ones fetching $5,000, a live one available for $50,000 and a cub for a paltry $3,200. A little bit of interior decoration? A pelt could set you back $35,000. Might as well buy a dead one and do-it-yourself. If all you need is Tiger penis then that will stand you in at $1,300. Why would you want one? So you can soak it in wine and then drink it, as it has become an aphrodisiac, that's why.\n\nTiger bones are ground up and used in Chinese medicine to treat rheumatism (not just in China but also in Vietnam and Thailand) and the thirst for these treatments continues unabated. Perhaps education is never going to work and therefore the hard yards have to be put in to stop the business of wildlife products. But where there's money there's illegal activity. Always. And there is undoubtedly a market for these things in the US and across Europe. We cannot live in self-denial and point the finger of blame towards distant parts of the world. We are all culpable. But the Asian market, especially in China, drives the trade, as their medicine dictates that wild animal parts have healing qualities. If you have a fever then just take a spoonful of bear bile. Cancer? Turtle meat should do you. Cobra should put lead in your pencil and crocodile meat will not only sort out any lung problems but will restore the memory. Thank God for wildlife. It really benefits us to have so many creatures around.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nTIGER PAGE! Scaring me silly!!! In the GLOOM!!!!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nLove the tigers... They look like quite a bunch! Wouldn't trust them with my Cornetto!\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : 'All tigers deserve a page' is the decree upon this page. I utterly adore this group, especially as Ralph has encapsulated tigers in all their glory. My favourite is the ghostly cross-eyed one right in the middle of the page, which I have only just noticed. My eyes keep wandering across the different faces and little trails of drawn lines amongst the splatter and I think about tigers for a minute and realise what a strange relationship we have with so many creatures in this world. Many people say how much they love tigers and look at how many kids have cute cuddly tiger toys that they adore \u2013 but do any of us want to find ourselves close to one in the wild other than from a very safe and protected distance? I doubt it. But there is such a majestic beauty about such a dangerous animal that we find ourselves wanting to increase the number of them that exist out there because the world would be a different place without them. This is the dichotomy of the modern world. How do we restore the correct balance to a world that has become so unbalanced?\n**Grevy's Zebra**\n\n_Equus grevyi_\n\nIt is estimated that there are roughly 2,000\u20132,500 Grevy's Zebra remaining in the wild in Ethiopia and Kenya and, though unsubstantiated, a population may be found in southern Sudan. Its range used to be much larger across East Africa but populations have declined by approximately 55 per cent between 1988 and 2007 and the Grevy's Zebra is therefore considered as Endangered. It is herbivorous and lives in arid and semi-arid grasslands and likes to have permanent water nearby, although they can survive for up to five days without it, but it's not ideal. Lack of water sources is one major reason for the decline in numbers, as well as habitat loss, hunting, disease and competition for food and water with people, cattle and other livestock. There's just not enough for everyone. In Kenya, the survival of zebra juveniles is a major problem due to the demands upon the natural resources and overgrazing. Another problem used to be hunting for skins, which was a major issue in the 1970s. In fact, I can remember someone at school showing me a zebra skin complete with head in their house and I couldn't fathom out why someone would want such a thing. It seemed macabre. But it was the 1970s and _Love thy Neighbour_ was considered a decent sitcom. (For those too young or from abroad, this was an English comedy based on racism and abuse and was prime-time viewing for many. I guess it wouldn't get made today, so some things have definitely got better.) But hunting for the beautiful zebra skins apparently still happens in Ethiopia.\n\nThe Grevy's Zebra is a protected species in Ethiopia and there has been a hunting ban since 1977 in Kenya, where it is also waiting to be conferred with the status of a protected animal. More needs to be done to protect the zebra's range, as only 0.5 per cent of it is protected at the moment, but where protection has taken place and the competition with livestock has been reduced, zebra populations have increased. More has to be understood about the movements of the animal and conservation plans must be drawn up, whilst local communities need to become involved in the conservation actions. Then, this stripy beauty, can once more roam across Africa in greater numbers.\n\n_Ceri_ : Some of your pictures are, how shall I put it... quite anatomical.\n\n_Ralph_ : The trouble with ink is it runs. And this ink made a dash for it and that's why the zebra's manhood is so prominent.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : What is surprising is how many farms there are dedicated to farming many of these endangered animals. In Asia there are turtle farms, crocodile farms, tiger farms and snake farms. You name it, there is a farm supplying the animals that are wanted. This is a multi-billion-dollar industry. Look at all the effort that goes into it. Can you imagine if all the people who run these businesses for economic gain made a volte-face and became conservationists, working diligently to restore the world's wildlife to abundant levels in the wild? We wouldn't have an endangered or nextinct creature in the world other than those due for a natural extinction. This would be a beautiful place. But we are greedy, selfish, money-grabbing swine on the whole and we always want to make things better for ourselves. Not the world around us.\n\nI'm so full of rage that I think I had better stop writing for a while.\n\nTime passes...\n**Giant Panda**\n\n_Ailuropoda melanoleuca_\n\nIn 1981, the WWF became the first international organisation to work in China and the panda has needed that amount of time to move from beleaguered conservation-reliant icon to conservation success story. Time, work, money and passion have made this happen. A census in 2014 found there were 1,864 Giant Pandas in the wild (excluding cubs) and it is estimated that panda numbers have risen by 17 per cent in the last decade.\n\nThe panda's range has shrunk considerably due to fragmentation and loss of habitat on account of human encroachment and today it is found in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. It is restricted to mountain ranges, as much of the lower forested habitat the panda used to live in has been destroyed. More than 30 per cent of China's forests were lost between 1950 and 2004 and this period saw a spiralling fall in panda numbers.\n\nPandas eat bamboo (a very low-protein food source) and they must eat up to 12.5kg of it a day to obtain their daily requirements. This diet means they poo more than 100 times a day. Sheesh... Remind me never to get into bamboo! The need for bamboo was a primary cause for the panda's problems. When bamboo flowers or dies off, the panda used to be able to move up or down the slopes to eat different species of bamboo at varying elevations. Human encroachment into lower areas cleared the habitat and destroyed copious amounts of bamboo species, which consigned the panda to a life at a higher elevation with less variety in bamboo. There is a fear that even with the recovery of some habitat and the rise in the panda's fortunes climate change may well decimate future stocks of bamboo, which could send panda numbers tumbling again.\n\nPoaching is non-existent now, although the occasional bear may be caught in traps set for other animals. There are now 67 panda reserves, which protect 67 per cent of the panda population. This equates to 1.4 million hectares of prime panda habitat. The recovery of much habitat has been due to some wonderful initiatives that have benefited man and bear alike. The Natural Forest Conservation Programme, established in 1997, banned logging within panda habitat and slowed deforestation and erosion, which was causing flooding. The Grain-to-Green Programme, which incentivised farmers by offering grants to plant trees on bare slopes to halt further erosion and to convert cultivated land back into forest, is also succeeding. Between them, these projects are creating or restoring three million hectares of forest cover each year. Good for everyone. This is the age of eco-compensation.\n\nThe future will not be without challenge, but the way conservation has dealt with pandas is really an example for the rest of the world to notice, admire and then support the next needy critter.\n\n**++ NEWS FLASH: PANDA NO LONGER ENDANGERED ++ NEWS FLASH:**\n\nBut hold on just one bamboo-pickin' minute. Today, the IUCN has announced that the panda has moved one step away from the abyss of extinction and it has been downgraded to Vulnerable. This shows that with a lot of help, care and attention, animals can come back from the edge and continue life as a more stable species. Remember 4 September 2016. This is positive and we must harness that positivity and renew our fight against everything that threatens our wildlife. It can be done. When the WWF was founded in 1961 by Sir Peter Scott, he chose to paint it for the logo and that logo has remained with us ever since. Generationally, the panda has grown up with us and today has become a symbol of hope. Happy days.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : The Giant Panda is a creature we all know and are familiar with from an early age. There is nothing like it and pandas look so appealing with that striking black and white fur. It is the symbol of the WWF and many of us wore their panda badge as a kid. Hence it was a shoe-in for the book as it is probably the symbol for endangered creatures as much as the Dodo is the symbol for extinction. Hence Ralph is drawing this Endangered critter.\n**Borneo Pygmy Elephant**\n\n_Elephas maximus borneensis_\n\nWhen I think of a pygmy elephant I imagine it as a lovely, tiny, cute little elephant that comes up to my waist, but the truth is that this bundle of elephant charm still stands between 2.5 and 3 metres high. Not as small as I thought but definitely a perfect package of all the elephantine things that I like. Floppy ears, sweet face, long tail. Ralph has captured the joy of this elephant's life as it hops through the watery page splatters.\n\nAbout 1,500 Pygmy Elephants are to be found in Borneo and it has become Endangered because of the loss and fragmentation of much of its forest habitat due to human encroachment. Oil palm plantations, conversion of land for agriculture and logging are also taking their toll on the pygmy elephants and increasing numbers of people living in the same location creates more human and elephant conflict. Snares are often laid to catch small creatures but it is believed that they have injured 20 per cent of all elephants.\n\nBecause so little is known about the pygmy elephants' lifestyle the WWF is carrying out scientific research \u2013 including satellite tracking, which was begun in 2005 \u2013 to understand better their movement and use of the forest. The more that is known about the elephants the greater the chance of helping them survive and thrive. What is known so far is that the elephant forests need to be managed and logging needs to be controlled and sustainable, so that the elephants can continue breeding in the forests. Also, the WWF is working with plantation owners on creating wildlife corridors, which would reconnect the separated forests. A forest superhighway, if you will, to handle animal traffic and which elephants and other creatures can use. You don't want to get stuck in the slow lane in one of those.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nMaybe you don't give a hoot for Borneo Pygmy Elephants \u2013 well I dun one o' them \u2013 he is just a lot of fun and makes me smile! I know you were feeling down so this pygmy elephant is a little pygmy-up for you. ROLFZ\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nHe is so cheerful and his eye radiates happiness. What a beauty.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : How fitting that this morning's arrival is an elephant, as today a Kenyan court found Feisal Mohamed Ali guilty of ivory trafficking. The man they call 'the Godfather of Ivory' has been sentenced to 20 years in prison.\n\nIn April 2016, the Kenyan president, Uhuru Kenyatta, set fire to ivory worth more than $100 million and weighing over 100 tonnes. This was a symbolic gesture to state that Kenya was hands-on in the fight with the ivory poachers and sent out a message to the world that more still needs to be done. This amount represents 5 per cent of the total stock of ivory and some people were worried that it would just be seen by the poachers as a signal that they needed to replenish the diminished supplies. But we have to take on these disgusting people and make a stand. The Ali case became a cause cel\u00e8bre. What would the outcome be? After all, African courts have often been accused of letting those responsible for wildlife crime walk free from court. Would things change with the trial of Ali?\n\nThe story began in June 2014 when two tonnes of ivory was seized at Fuji Motors car yard in Mombasa. This had a market value of $440,000. A warrant for boss man Ali's arrest was issued but somehow he wasn't taken into custody. Then, in October, Interpol announced that he was one of the world's most wanted environmental criminals and was on the run. He was eventually found in Tanzania and was arrested on Christmas Eve 2014. Merry bloody Christmas to you.\n\nWhen Ali eventually came to court in 2016, many within the conservation world sat with bated breath. This wasn't a low-level poacher or criminal, this was a major player in the ivory trade. A person of significant ivory interest. Would he get justice for his crimes? When the sentence was announced it was met with joy. 20 years and a $200,000 fine seemed like the law was working, although his co-defendants were all acquitted due to a lack of evidence. It may not bring back the murdered elephants but it is a decision that sticks up for the tusky guys.\n\nThis follows hot on the heels of the news that China's 'Ivory Queen' has been arrested in Tanzania. Just as a point of order, why are we so committed to giving names and titles to criminals? 'Godfather of Ivory' and 'Ivory Queen' gives these horrid humans a sense of grandeur. Yang Feng Glan, a 66-year-old Chinese businesswoman, was arrested in June 2016 for allegedly smuggling tusks from more than 350 elephants. Along with two Tanzanian businessmen, she is accused of buying and selling 706 pieces of ivory, worth more than \u00a31.6 million, between 2000 and 2014. Fragile little old lady or barbaric, murderous smuggling mastermind? The courts will decide.\n**Snow Leopard**\n\n_Panthera uncia_\n\nYou have to be pretty powerful to deal with the arduous climbing needed to traverse the steep and decidedly rocky mountain regions of Central Asia and the Snow Leopard is perfectly built to deal with this terrain. Once prey was plentiful across the 12 countries it inhabits and it was the king of all that it surveyed. It had no predator to threaten it until you-know-who appeared on the scene... humans. Since then the Snow Leopard population has fallen into decline and it is now another Endangered animal. In 2003 it was estimated that between 4,080 and 6,590 leopards were left in the wild and the population was decreasing. Hunting, habitat, loss of prey and conflict with local people are the threats that have arisen since people came to live in the leopard's manor. Wild, natural prey such as the Argali sheep are hunted by human and leopard alike, creating competition for the same food source. This competition leads a hungry leopard to take livestock and because of this they are often persecuted.\n\nPoaching is also a problem as there is a growing demand in China for fur, bones and animal parts and, incredibly, some zoos and circuses want and receive live animals. Stricter measures through tougher laws and stronger enforcement are believed to be the answer to halt the progress of the hunters. The range of the Snow Leopards is a difficult one to manage as it extends across many volatile countries and borders and military activities regularly occur, affecting much wildlife and habitat. These conflicts cause displacement of people, who sometimes resort to trading in wildlife as a means to an end. Patrols are needed to clamp down on poaching and better livestock and grazing management is needed to promote a more harmonious relationship with wildlife such as the leopard. An awareness programme would not go amiss for local communities to seek out alternative ways for humans and leopards to coexist happily together and to find financial incentives for them to conserve and look after the Snow Leopard, including ecotourism and handicrafts.\n\nJust remember there's no leopard like the Snow Leopard and we want the Snow Leopard not NO leopard to be living within its environment.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nOle Blue Eyes is back.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nOne of the founding members of the Cat Pack.\n**Chimpanzee**\n\n_Pan troglodytes_\n\nChimps have been a part of our culture forever. They have appeared in books and films, have become movie and TV stars, and some, like Congo in the 1950s, have become artists. They have even flown into space, including Ham the astro-chimp \u2013 and still we can't look after them properly. Think of all the famous ones you know, such as Cheetah who kept Tarzan company, the PG Tips performing monkeys who sold us tea bags on British TV during the 60s and 70s, or Lancelot Link, an American spy-chimp who worked for A.P.E. Is it because they remind us of how we used to be that we find them so endearing? Do we love the way they can mimic us and look like little humans? Well, the thing is that chimps (along with bonobos) are our closest relatives and they share 98 per cent of our genes. They really are mini versions of us.\n\nChimpanzees have a range larger than any other great ape, stretching over 2.6 million square kilometres across the forests of Africa. There are four subspecies: Western Chimpanzee, Nigeria\u2013Cameroon Chimpanzee, Central Chimpanzee and Eastern Chimpanzee. Population numbers have been in major decline for the last 20\u201330 years and numbers are expected to continue to fall for the next 30\u201340 years. Threats to these African great apes include habitat loss, disease and poaching. The Chimpanzees are threatened by bushmeat hunters and are either shot or snared. Often when adults are killed, their infants are taken as pets or sold even though it is outlawed to hunt or trade Chimpanzees. As humans expand into the primates' habitat, more land is converted for agricultural use and Chimps that take from crops may be killed in retribution. Slash-and-burn agriculture destroys great swathes of habitat and logging, mining and drilling for oil are pushing the forests ever further back. Added to this is the effect of industrial agriculture, in particular the new oil palm plantations, which are moving into Africa as Asia reaches its capacity for this crop. All of these hazards are compounded by the need for a better infrastructure of roads, which will decimate the habitat even further.\n\nLastly, chimpanzees are susceptible to the same diseases and infections that we are affected by. Therefore tourism, as much as it brings money into the communities, can present a problem as infectious diseases such as respiratory problems can be transmitted to the apes. At the moment the Ebola virus is top on the list for damage being done and has caused many Chimpanzee deaths.\n\nThe management of land cleared for plantations and other extraction processes such as mining and logging needs to become more effective. Chimpanzees are a protected species, but unless a stricter enforcement of wildlife laws is carried out then more primates will be lost to this world. Even in protected areas the Chimpanzees are not necessarily safe as there is acute under-staffing in many of the national parks and it is necessary to increase the policing within them.\n\nI want this primate to be my mate but the only way to assure this is to prove just how much we care for him.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHe is done and looks pretty good \u2013 enigmatic, arthritic and the Little Guy has got a hair lip! And remember! If anything comes up \u2013 CHANGE YOUR DIET!!! Also what goes without saying \u2013 is invariably overstated!!! HA! HA! HOOO!!!\n\nMust do TREES! TOO! ALSO! SKUPPERED DUNT drying on the floor. Took a quick snap.\n\n**Terry Cotter \u2013 the Island's Potter**\n\nEvery island has its own ceramicist and Toadstool Island is no different. Terry Cotter was associated with the Cornish potters in St Ives but was deemed a ridiculous failure within the studio pottery world as his pots' main attribute was that they leaked and not just a little bit. You would never put a Terry Cotter pot filled with flowers and water on a piano as in the morning the water damage would be insurmountable due to the leak from said pot. Dame Lucie Rie gave him a bit of advice, 'Dearest Terry, you are a sweet boy but pottery to you is akin to what darts are to Margot Fonteyn. It's just not your game. Give it up and give it up now.'\n\nHe ignored this kindly advice and became a laughing stock. The last straw was when he handmade a ceramic bath for pottery collectors Sir Ledley Rosefinch and his wife, Rose. On taking her first bath Lady Rosefinch relaxed and leant backwards, expecting to wallow in comfort, but the bathtub made a deep resonating cracking sound and rent asunder, splitting the tub down the middle. The weight of water broke through the now exposed floor and disintegrated the ceiling below and her ladyship went straight through the hole and ended up, wet, wriggling and naked on a gaming table as Sir Ledley entertained some of his friends from the Shoot it or Else conservation club over a game of strip Rummy Cube. (The rules are somewhat murky.)\n\nReaching for his gun, Sir Ledley headed off into the night as Terry only lived ten minutes away. Luckily, Terry had decided to have a drink at the Potters Bar and was supping his favourite real ale, On the Pot, when he heard that Sir Ledley was seeking him out. He realised his days were numbered and he rushed down to the harbour and sought passage on the _No Idea_ , which had no particular destination. It was the perfect fit for Terry and he happily became the ship's potter, making leaky pots for all. The captain decided that Terry's pots were perfect for dried flowers and suddenly leaks were a forgotten thing.\n\nAfter many years they found themselves in the Toadstool Archipelago and weighed anchor at Toadstool Island and Terry went for a walk to be inspired by nature. 'Be back soon, Terry. We may have a tight schedule.' Terry became side-tracked by the sight of a herd of wowlets and wandered across the islands with his potter's wheel on his back and his kiln on wheels trailing behind him. It was arduous stuff but after two years and unaware of the time he got back to where he had disembarked and found there was no _No Idea_ waiting for him. How peculiar, he thought. So he stayed right there for six months until he decided it might be best to give up on the waiting lark and so he built a little shack and set up shop. It was a roaring success, and the extinct and nextinct birds and critical critters immediately admired and took a shine to his work. The miserable extinct critters didn't give two hoots. Or was that the Mauritius Owl? It all becomes a bit of a blur, really, but he has been awarded the prize of Potter of the Year every year since his arrival. Not surprising really as his only competition is the Dratsab and he makes Terry Cotter look like Hans Coper. I wonder what Dame Lucie would have made of it all.\n\n**Fin Whale**\n\n_Balaenoptera physalus_\n\nThe Fin Whale swims pretty much across the world's oceans and is considered by many, although not all, to consist of two subspecies, the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere Fin Whales. The only creature larger than a Fin Whale is the Blue Whale and I am certain we will be talking about him later in the book. In the meantime this whale can grow up to 27 metres long and is able to swim at speeds of 37 kilometres per hour. Over short distances it can sprint at 47km\/hour, which means that Usain Bolt, whose fastest speed was registered at 44.64km\/hour, would be nudged into second place. This rapidity through the water has given the Fin Whale the nickname of the 'greyhound of the sea'. It was this speed that meant it was not hunted for years as no whaling boat could keep up with it, but times changed and soon it was as susceptible to hunting as any other whale.\n\nThe population is believed to have decreased by 70 per cent over the last three generations (1929\u20132007), but this is largely explained by the depletion of the Southern Hemisphere population, as numbers of Northern Hemisphere Fin Whales have quite possibly increased \u2013 though the population of Fin Whales in the North Atlantic is now classified as Endangered.\n\nLike many other large whales the Fin Whale is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, climate change and of course commercial whaling. Only a handful of countries still hunt for whales and these include Norway, Japan and Iceland.\n\nThe Japanese run a scientific whaling programme, which for all intents and purposes is a cover-up for their commercial whaling operation. It has come in for condemnation as very little research has been produced and the majority of the meat ends up being eaten.\n\nThe majority of whale meat generated in Iceland is exported to the ever-hungry Japanese market, as there is not much of an appetite for whale meat amongst the Icelanders. In fact, polls would suggest that only 3 per cent of the Icelandic population eats whale meat regularly and in 2016 a petition asking the Icelandic government to ban whaling was signed by over 100,000 locals and visitors. Whale watching as opposed to whale eating is becoming a growing attraction for more than 350,000 tourists, a little more than the entire population of Iceland itself, and this generates an annual income of \u00a310 million. One can only assume that the export trade in whale meat is a monetary issue but keeping these creatures in the water can raise great funds too. Time to change, dear Iceland.\n\nThe International Whaling Commission is the organisation responsible for whaling and for overseeing the state of the cetaceans within the oceans. But, for the moment, it seems at a loss as to how to move forward and stop the whale hunts that are damaging so many species. Perhaps more petitions and participation in awareness programmes from everyday people is the way forward. One thing is certain, the taste for whale meat is decreasing \u2013 and surely now is the time for all whaling to cease. Then we can have fin whales, fat whales any size of whale safely swimming the seas of our world.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nI was going to do a fat whale but instead I done a fin one. Older whales found too! This was a book that never happened.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nThey are exquisite. All the whales being glimpsed through the surface of the water are extraordinary and the young whale with its mother is a tender portrait. How do you get the eyes to do what they do? Life pours out of your creatures.\n\n**Gal\u00e1pagos Sea Lion**\n\n_Zalophus wollebaeki_\n\nFound in the Gal\u00e1pagos archipelago, this sea lion was once considered a subspecies of the California Sea Lion, but recent studies have unequivocally proved it to be its own species. In 1978 it was considered that the total population of Gal\u00e1pagos Sea Lions was about 26,400, but this had decreased to somewhere between 9,200 and 10,600 in 2001. This is a decline in numbers of 60\u201365 per cent, and on the strength of that, the species is now classified as Endangered.\n\nEl Ni\u00f1o events can have disastrous effects on the sea lion populations as they affect marine productivity and can destroy marine life. The Gal\u00e1pagos Sea Lion, which is dependent on this food, suffers drastically. It is estimated that in particularly strong events, reproduction can cease and 100 per cent of pups, 50 per cent of yearlings and vast numbers of adults may die. In the future it is uncertain whether El Ni\u00f1o will increase or decrease with climate warming. What is certain is that these events will continue and will continue to threaten the wildlife. Infectious diseases are also a concern as they can spread quickly through a population. The main concerns regarding illnesses are introduced species, such as dogs, which carry diseases that can easily be transmitted to sea lions. When times are hard and little food is available, young pups are at risk of becoming dinner for male sea lions. Infanticide is never the best way to keep population numbers up. Gal\u00e1pagos Sea Lions can also become victims of bycatch in fisheries, whilst plastic waste and other pollutants can entangle and endanger them as well as expose them to germs and bacteria. The dumping of sewage into the seas exacerbates these issues and the waters need to be cleaned of this filth. A conservation plan has to be worked out to help the sea lion population survive the continual threat to its existence. This is the perfect moment for us to perform our tricks for the Gal\u00e1pagos Sea Lion and help it out of its current predicament.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : It is easy to take creatures for granted and not think about the state of their populations. As a kid I remember sea lions appearing on telly performing tricks and they were resounding favourites in circuses and marine parks, as they were considered as amusing and talented animals. But we began to learn that perhaps this was not the best way to treat animals. Is there a decent reason why these attractions should still attract? I'm not sure there's much of a case to be made for them and personally I would prefer to see the animals in the wild.\n**Black Rhinoceros**\n\n_Diceros bicornis_\n\nJust over 96 per cent of the existing population of Black Rhinos occurs in four countries: Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya. Recently, conservation has been good for Black Rhinos, but it remains to be seen whether numbers can rise to previous levels. It is worth remembering that one subspecies, the West African Black Rhinoceros, has already become extinct \u2013 which shows just how precarious a rhino's lot can be. The other three, the Eastern, Southwestern and South Central rhinos, need constant assistance to maintain their existence but they are doing better now than for a long time.\n\nOnce the most populous rhino of them all, its population may at one stage have stood as high as 850,000 individuals, but human encroachment, conversion of habitat for agricultural purposes and constant hunting saw numbers dwindle to 100,000 by 1960. Incessant poaching of the dual-horned Black Rhino accounted for 98 per cent of this population but numbers have started to increase and now there are nearly 5,000 Black Rhinos roaming across Africa.\n\nRhino horn has long been considered as a status symbol and an adornment of wealth and desired in many countries for ornamental use. In particular, there was a demand for carved dagger handles in Yemen, but this market has now largely been shut down. Unfortunately, there is still an international trade in rhino horn, especially in Asian countries where it is used in Chinese medicine to treat all manner of ailments including fevers, rheumatism, gout, headaches and snakebites. It is also believed to stop possession by bad spirits, but I would suggest the truly evil spirits are the ones spiriting the horns away from the beast to the marketplace.\n\nOne of the newest horn hotspots of the world is Vietnam. It transpires that some years ago it was reported that a politician had been cured of cancer by taking powdered rhino horn and this caused a stampede for the substance. The politician has never been identified nor his story verified, but tragically the demand continues. This rise in demand in Vietnam is alarming and an awareness campaign is necessary to teach people about rhinos and the need for their conservation. Perhaps education could change attitudes and reduce this burgeoning market.\n\nConservation in Africa suffers because there is much civil unrest and ongoing military action in various parts of the continent. This damages wildlife habitat and the creatures themselves as they get caught up in the consequences of war. While wars rage there is very little thought for conservation interests from governmental bodies and the political will to help wildlife is pretty much non-existent. Also, it is a certain fact that military personnel exchange rhino horn for guns and ammunition. Sadly, everyone knows the value of this precious commodity.\n\nInternational law enforcement needs to improve in order to halt the continual flow of rhino horn across the world and reduce the amount of horn that finds its way into the dark markets that sell it. Meanwhile, back in Africa, even though Black Rhino numbers are on the rise, protection and monitoring of the species must continually improve and policing needs to get stronger and tougher to deal with the latest upsurge in poaching. It is a relentless battle but one that can be won. Support for the beast is ever growing and the IUCN SSC Rhino African Specialist Group coordinates rhino conservation across Africa. Long may their work continue, to ensure a brighter future for the African rhinos.\n\nCeri's Diary:\n\n**Rhino Fact**\n\nI have never understood the ornamental desire for rhino horn, as contrary to popular belief it is a different material to elephant tusks. It is not ivory. But it is used to make decorative items similar to ivory. The rhino's horn is actually made of keratin and is similar in structure to horses' hooves and turtle beaks. So why is there no market for hooves or beaks \u2013 or indeed human toenails, which are made of the same stuff? By the way, I am not advocating creating a market, just curious as to why rhino horn is so in demand as a material for objects away from the medicinal market. Maybe it is nice to carve but there has to be a tie-up with the exotic nature of the animal and because it is a creature of a distant land. It is quite baffling.\n**Blue Whale**\n\n_Balaenoptera musculus_\n\nYou couldn't swing a cat for Blue Whales in our oceans up until the twentieth century and then it all changed. Whaling became bigger and better at what it does and the seas rapidly became emptier worlds.\n\nThe Blue Whale, which is found in most oceans, can weigh up to 22 tonnes and is the largest animal on Earth. The global population is estimated at between 10,000 and 25,000 individuals. Considering that records show that approximately 341,830 Blue Whales of the Antarctic population have been recorded caught in the twentieth century, the scale of the loss of Blue Whales must be enormous. It is estimated that we are left with 3\u201311 per cent of what the population was in 1911. Hence it is Endangered. The Blue Whale belatedly became a protected species in 1966 and since then numbers have slowly risen. But is not easy to come back from the apocalypse.\n\nWe often think of the seas as silent worlds, but nothing could be further from the truth. To give you an idea of how loud it is underwater, the Blue Whale's call has been registered at 188 decibels, which is louder than a jet engine, which is recorded at approximately 140 decibels. The oceans are noisy places. A whale's sounds can be heard for hundreds of miles and this 'whale song' is how they communicate with each other over great distances. In general, whales use sound to navigate their courses and use sonar to locate prey. Once they have found their food, they make loud sounds to confuse their prey and then attack them in the resulting mayhem. For whales and dolphins their ability to listen is like our ability to see. They are living in a blind world if they cannot hear properly and one wonders how they are affected by the sounds of our invasive world. Sea traffic, underwater exploration, military activities, sonar and other noise pollutants must interfere with their lives. Recent surveys would indicate that this is the case and the ocean worlds are dramatically affected by our audio interference. It is now believed that so much noise can physically harm whales and damage their hearing and their navigation. This can lead to whales becoming disorientated and beached on the shoreline, which more often than not, without outside help, leads to death.\n\nIf my neighbour were playing music too loud so that I couldn't live my life then I would be well within my rights to complain and eventually get a noise abatement authority involved to take the matter further if the interference with my world persisted. Unfortunately there are no marine noise regulations or accepted international standards regarding noise at sea and this would be an important issue to deal with. A quieter sea makes a safer sea for all within it.\n\nIn July 2016 a Californian Court of Appeal ruled that the US Navy was in violation of the US Marine Mammals Protection Act by using low-frequency sonar during training. The US Navy is using this method across much of the world's oceans to detect quiet submarines. What this ruling means in the greater scheme of things is yet to be understood but it does show that some authorities are recognising that there is an issue that needs to be addressed.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I'm not sure you will ever find a Blue Whale acting in the way that Ralph has depicted this cheery whale but they do occasionally breach, although it is rare. (I am certain Ralph meant to write breaching not beaching but just got carried away in the moment). Breaching means the whale leaps out of the water into the air. Normally, smaller cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises and lesser whales do this, but no doubt Blue Whales can do it too and Ralph has caught one of these unusual moments on paper. Who are we not to believe him?\n**Golden Bamboo Lemur**\n\n_Hapalemur aureus_\n\nIn 1983, the Golden Bamboo Lemur was discovered in the rainforests of southeastern Madagascar. Since then its state of endangerment has seesawed one way or another. From 1990 to 1996 it was firstly considered as Endangered and then became Critically Endangered until it was downgraded to Endangered again in 2008. Unfortunately it has since been upgraded to Critically Endangered once more, as the total number of mature individuals in the wild is now less than 250.\n\nThe Golden Bamboo Lemur lives among forests and marshes that contain bamboo and reeds. Their diet consists mainly of giant bamboo shoots, which surprisingly contain high levels of cyanide, but their digestive systems are able to process this without harm to the lemur. Quite how this is possible is not clear, although pandas can also digest the cyanide found within giant bamboo shoots. But humans can't do this, so don't go trying to follow the diet of lemurs and pandas. We need to process and cook bamboo properly before it is harmless to us.\n\nSlash-and-burn agriculture has destroyed much of the lemur's habitat and also the taking of bamboo to build houses and for other local uses has devastated the lemur's surroundings and food supply. Poaching is also known to exist and there is a thought that lemurs are being taken for the pet trade.\n\nLaw enforcement needs to be more watchful over this protected species, as even in the national parks illegal activities are carried out and threaten the future of the Golden Bamboo Lemur. More surveys are needed to truly understand the range of the creature and its lifestyle and there is talk of a captive breeding programme, as time could soon be up for this cyanide-digesting critter.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : There is a ghostly impression left by many of the critters captured in Ralph's pictures. They are halfway between this world and the next, as they phase in and out of the splats, much like their existence in the wild, rocking in and out of focus as their hopes for survival diminish or increase\n**Long- nosed Gwylim**\n\n_Nares poetica_\n\nOne of the greatest achievements so far for the Muckists has been the success of their campaign to save the Long-Nosed Gwylim from the brink of extinction and return a small band of them to the Dylan Thomas mountain range in the western region of the Mid Lands in an area known as Poetry's Corner. There the Gwylims recite poetry all day long in honour of their own salvation. In these lands, poems are not dead and the words of Dylan Thomas, Walt Whitman, T. S. Eliot, e e cummings, Charles Bukowski, Allen Ginsberg and Saul Williams boom out around the lands thanks to the vocal mastery of the Gwylims.\n\nThe Gwylims are responsible for keeping poetry's rhyme and meter alive across the archipelago and the Chief Gwylim teaches a course in sound patterns at the MUCCK. Its ambition is to make sure that poetry is not lost to the world and it teaches as many critters as possible the virtues of the spoken word, grunt, caterwaul, squeak or peep. Have you ever heard an Aye-aye perform slam poetry? It's a marvel to behold \u2013 and it learned this skill at the feet, or should I say snout, of the Chief Gwylim.\n\nAt the moment the Gwylims are busily working on the first ever critter poetry festival, called Get Rhyming, and have invited all creatures and other inhabitants of Toadstool Island to write their own poems about extinction and nextinction.\n\n_AN INVITE TO WRITE_\n\n_We invite you all to write_\n\n_A poem about our plight_\n\n_And we'll show them to the people of this earth_\n\n_An angry verse or two_\n\n_Could break the ice for you_\n\n_And persuade these very people of our worth_\n\n_These are desperate times_\n\n_And we suggest that rhymes_\n\n_Can seriously place a marker in the sand_\n\n_And the more that people hear it_\n\n_Then the more they will believe it_\n\n_And we will enlarge our conservation band_\n\n_All entries must be received before the 12th of Never and should be sent to:_\n\n_The Chief Gwylim at MUCCK,_\n\n_The Mid Lands, Toadstool Island, Toadstool Archipelago._\n\n**Black Spider Monkey**\n\n_Ateles paniscus_\n\nThe Black Spider Monkey, sometimes known as the Red-faced Black Spider Monkey, lives in the Amazon forests of Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. The population has declined by approximately 30 per cent over the last 45 years, making it a Vulnerable species. But the writing is on the wall for this monkey.\n\nTheir position in the ecosystem is important as they swallow fruits and seeds, which they then defecate out of their systems, thus making them key dispersers of the seeds of roughly 140 different species throughout their range. They're like a travelling garden centre, planting as they go.\n\nThe Black Spider Monkey is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and it needs a constant variety of fruiting trees to keep its diet varied. The fact that the female monkey only gives birth to one offspring every three or four years doesn't help with the population numbers either. Even though it lives in many protected areas, hunting is a constant threat across its range as the monkey is a large species and provides a lot of meat.\n\nMore protection is needed to save the habitat, otherwise the monkey population is going to fall into steeper decline \u2013 that would be shameful. If we don't take care of this critter now, we could end up more red-faced than the monkey.\n\n**Suicide Palm**\n\n_Tahina spectabilis_\n\nXavier Metz is the manager of a cashew plantation, which is located on a peninsula in northwest Madagascar near a village called Antanamarina. One day in 2006 he was out walking with his family when he noticed a large palm tree he didn't recognise. He placed photos of it online and within 24 hours the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew had seen the pictures and had become involved, setting out to unravel the story of the mysterious palm. It was found to be a new species and with only 30 mature trees in existence in the vicinity of where the first one was discovered, it was deemed to be Critically Endangered.\n\nWith such a small distribution, fire is considered to be the main risk as well as the grazing of livestock, which may damage the habitat and threaten the regeneration of the Suicide Palm. There is also a threat from the illegal collection of seeds for horticultural purposes.\n\nWhy is it called the Suicide Palm? Because this palm is hapaxanthic, which means that it flowers just once in its life and then dies. In effect, the effort of flowering and releasing its seeds is just too much for the palm to continue living.\n\n**Update**\n\nRecently, the scientists from Kew went over to see how the palm was doing and were delighted to find that numbers were on the increase and even that a new seedling site had developed 1.5 kilometres away from the original discovery. In fact, there are now 740 individual plants in the area. Having now returned from Madagascar, the team from Kew are determining the best conservation plan to preserve the species. The trip has painted a much brighter future for the species than expected and, even with the palm's suicidal tendencies, there is hope that this palm's future has been read and things are looking more secure than previously anticipated.\n\n_Ceri_ : What I really love is the way you take these creatures to their absolute abstracted form.\n\n_Ralph_ : No, it's absolute abstracted blots. Technically you abstract the blots, subtract them, detract them and abstract them again. That is the mathematical artistic equation.\n\n_Ceri_ : I have no idea what you just said. But then you're the artist. And I see you have made an artistic decision to paint the Suicide Palm alongside the Black Spider Monkey. How very obtuse of you. They're not even from the same continent.\n\n_Ralph_ : It could be on holiday or just visiting.\n**Addax or White Antelope**\n\n_Addax nasomaculatus_\n\nThe Addax is also known as the White Antelope or the Screwhorn Antelope. It was once found across all types of Saharan terrain but the nomadic Addax population now stands at less than 100 individuals and the majority of these are found in the Termit Massif and Tin Toumma desert region of Niger. In 2012 the Niger government declared this whole area to be a national nature reserve and at nearly 100,000 square kilometres it is the largest single protected area in Africa bar none.\n\nThe threats to the Addax have been various and include disturbance from oil exploration, drought and pastoralism (which is a way of life dependent on the raising of livestock) and it has been spreading into the desert regions and threatening the Addax. But the singular most deadly threat has been the merciless hunting of the Addax throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, for its meat and its hide.\n\nIt is to be hoped that because large swathes of land have become protected the fortunes for this animal could change. There are plenty of White Antelopes in captive breeding and about 5,000 that are held privately in the USA and the Middle East. Some antelopes have been released into enclosures in Tunisia and Morocco and there are plans for further reintroductions in the near future. For those few animals left in the wild it's important to provide incentives for local people to protect them and other wildlife too, otherwise that small number of Addax out there is going to recede and disappear like a mirage into the distance of the setting desert sun.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nYou should read this from infamous Doodaaist, Gavin Twinge. He's on our wavelength.\n\n_You are a beast. I am a beast. We are all beasts. Animals are beasts. All beasts have spirit. No beast has a soul. Only Man has a soul, because he said so. The only difference between Man, and the other beasts, we tell ourselves, is that human beasts are blessed with the power of reason, the power to THINK._\n\n_First we reasoned, and thought, as we emerged and rose out of, and then above, the scum of primeval slime, that we would use the scum, and even the slime, as a weapon of distinction. As we stood up and looked about us like hunted prey, we reasoned that the scum would draw the line, between us, and the others, who lived beneath the scum and the slime._\n\n_We reasoned that we are the chosen ones, as we emerged to civilise, emerged to change the world, as though it needed changing, emerged to rationalise, institutionalise, sterilise, and most importantly, emerged to colonise._\n\n_We wanted the best of both worlds. Our beastly instincts were still intact, so we evicted the others to suit ourselves. At that moment HOMO HABILIS was born, and we explored the new world. We became proud and evolved into HOMO ERECTUS. Then we domesticated our natural processes, and called ourselves HOMO SAPIENS. We were no longer, culturally, a part of the kingdom of beasts. The beasts, the others, were a part of our kingdom, and were there merely for our convenience, a lower order, with no feelings and no rights._\n\n_We invented a God, many gods, and many devils, a heaven and a hell on earth._\n\n_Our driving force is guilt._\n\n_Our conscience is self-interest in the guise of compassion. Our only certainty, and our unique discovery, is that we must all die._\n\n_So we invent futures for ourselves, to soften the brutal knowledge. But we remain beasts because we fight, and kill, for territory, yet we are still beneath the animals, because we do not always kill merely to survive. We invented a moral code, in a vain attempt to disguise our naked appetites, and our aggressions. We have not succeeded, but we are perhaps blessed with one other facet of reason, the reason to hope that things may get better, and that a future is a reasonable expectation..._\n\n_My mind is made up. We are the brutes who render the animals incapable of being themselves. We repress them in the name of the God we invoke, to bless us, and slaughter them, in the name of our own stupidity. We are the disgrace of the Animal Kingdom._\n\n_Gavin Twinge._\n**African Wild Dog**\n\n_Lycaon pictus_\n\nThe Endangered African Wild Dog is estimated to have a population of 6,600 mature individuals spread across 39 individual subpopulations. It has been wiped out from most of its former range across much of Africa and can now be found mainly in southern Africa and the southern part of East Africa.\n\nMore and more people have settled in and around reserve areas that were once Wild Dog territories and thus their habitat has become more and more fragmented. Packs of Wild Dogs need a lot of space and they like to work the edges of their territory as they hunt: this means they can venture outside their reserves into areas where now there are many more human settlements than ever before. This leads to increasing numbers of Wild Dog and human conflicts and encounters with human activities, resulting in death or the transmission of infectious diseases from domestic animals. Fencing can do a job but there is still the chance of Wild Dogs getting through them and it is not the ultimate answer to the problem. The subpopulations of Wild Dogs are small groups often numbering between 50 and 100 individuals and this leaves them open to extinction whether by human hand or Lion mouth due to their low population densities.\n\nMuch must to be done to improve the African Wild Dog's chances of survival. One of the most important quandaries to solve is how to find a way to develop the relationship between Wild Dog and human and effectively reduce the conflict between the two. Surveys have to be carried out across the Wild Dog's range to determine its distribution and status and land needs to be managed to ascertain how to expand the decreasing population.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHERE be African Wild dogs!!!\n\n**Amazonian Manatee**\n\n_Trichechus inunguis_\n\n**American Manatee or West Indian Manatee**\n\n_Trichechus manatus_\n\n**African Manatee**\n\n_Trichechus senegalensis_\n\nHerbivorous manatees are strange beasts and looking at them from different angles I am reminded of different creatures, as if they have been made up from several other species such as seal, whale or hippo. They have an allure about them and a questioning look upon their faces. Many sailors believed that these animals with their long tails could be mermaids.\n\nThe three species of manatee are all categorised as Vulnerable. The Amazonian and African Manatees are thus considered because they are expected to lose 30 per cent of their population within the next three generations, and the American\/West Indian Manatee because numbers are below 10,000 individuals and expected to decrease by at least 10 per cent over the next three generations. The writing is on the wall, but it is to be hoped that enough can be done to stop these animals being upgraded to Endangered or Critically Endangered.\n\nThe main threats to manatees are hunting, loss of habitat and encounters with humans and the man-made world. Because the manatee is a slow mover through water, ship strikes frequently occur and these leave manatees badly maimed or even dead. Another major concern is the animal becoming entangled in fishing nets, which again can lead to death.\n\nIn Africa the manatee is still being hunted for its meat even though it is now illegal to do this. In the Ivory Coast, Togo and Nigeria, manatee skin and bones are used in rituals and the preparation of traditional medicines. South America faces similar problems with illegal hunting for meat, which is mainly carried out with harpoons. The American\n\nManatee also has issues with hunting in various parts of its range and is prone to suffering from the effects of human activities, such as pollution, fishing and boat accidents. There has been habitat loss as people have spread along the Florida coast over the last 50 years, which has removed enormous chunks of coastal wetland habitat.\n\nManatees have built up a huge following of fans and an ecotourism industry has built up around them. At some of their wintering sites they are visited by thousands of people who come to see the manatees and to swim with them. It has been discovered that manatees have started changing their behavioural patterns after these close encounters of the human kind. This is probably not a good thing and shows that ecotourism has a responsibility to understand when it is moving too far into an animal's world. I have been on whale-watching boats and find it wrong when the person in charge of the boat decides to move ever closer to a wild animal. As far as I'm concerned it is all about keeping the right distance between the wild creatures and us.\n\nAll manatees are protected species but in some parts of the world this means nothing. Education programmes and working with local people to help them understand the creatures and their importance in the world is imperative. In addition, the extremely poor need to be provided with alternative food sources so that they no longer need to rely on manatee meat. Without local community support, the manatees may not survive. Research needs to continue to learn about the three species of manatee, to improve their fortunes and to discover the best way to keep these strange, alluring creatures as the sirens of the seas.\n\n**Grey Nurse Shark**\n\n_Carcharias taurus_\n\nLet's be honest, sharks get a really bad press and we consider them as a permanent threat to our aquatic behaviour, whether that be diving or swimming in the sea. But the truth is most sharks would prefer to leave us alone and the Grey Nurse Shark is no different. It is quite an easy-going creature, which swims low over the sea floor and prefers to munch on smaller sharks, fish, crustaceans, rays and squid as opposed to a morsel of human flesh.\n\nThe Grey Nurse Shark is found across most subtropical and warmer oceans, except for the Eastern Pacific waters. In Australia it comprises two populations, the west coast population, which is deemed Vulnerable and the east coast population, which is considered Critically Endangered.\n\nThe shark is prized as food on the Japanese market and has also been fished extensively over the years for oil and for its fins, which are used for soup. One of the main threats to the Grey Nurse Shark is getting caught accidentally by line fishing and becoming bycatch because of bottom-set gillnets and trawl nets. It also becomes enmeshed within beach nets set up to protect swimmers from sharks. Smaller meshes on nets may be a way forward to help this protected species and it is hoped that continuing action to preserve the shark will meet with positive results. It's time to nurse the Grey Nurse Shark back to health.\n\n**Osprey Mountain**\n\nWhen the universal Big Blot occurred, the first-born was Osprey Mountain. She became the first witness to the birth of all other life and watched as evolution developed through its many guises. Throughout time the mountain has nurtured all beings and provided them with love and protection, especially during the precarious infancy of existence and she became known as the Mothering Mountain. Today she still casts calmness over all who find themselves within her sheltering peak and her rockiness radiates warmth, giving a comforting welcome for travellers to her stony heart. She is also the mother of the Ooshut Doorbang, the great god and protector of the nextinct and she is determined that between them they will prolong life's adventure on this earth and will not allow human beings to decimate the future for all.\n\nOsprey Mountain is a sacred place for bird, boid or critter and it is every creature's duty to make a pilgrimage here. Ancient island folklore states that all beings must make their way at least once to this spiritual space; for here they will find succour and love exuding from the mountain. This fills the visitors with a renewed strength, belief and vigour for survival in their fight against mankind's damaging progress and destructive ways. It is also a fact that every creature that has journeyed up the narrow pathway, reached the peak itself and sat within the osprey's beak has never become extinct. This has been a physical problem for some of the larger creatures, but the Needless Smut, the beloved mayor of Toadstool Island, has commissioned the building of a normal lift and a water tank lift up the side of the mountain. These are both made from natural resources, which hydraulically raise large land and sea dwellers to the summit, giving them the accessibility needed for their potential redemption. Good old Smutty, does it again.\n\nEvery year, all the creatures gather and take part in the Procession of the Beasts, which travels around the island and ends up at Osprey Mountain, where each species sings an ode to life. This is a cathartic and uplifting event for all that take part and provides a sense of unity for the inhabitants of Toadstool Island.\n\nRalph took this photo when we first came across the mountain and I think he caught its best side. The mountain told us she was happy for us to publish the picture, and who are we to disagree?\n**Garden Bumblebee**\n\n_Bombus hortorum_\n\nI had no idea how many different types of bumblebees there are in the world and I was staggered to find that there are 275 different species that exist out there.\n\nIn the UK we are home to 25 species of bumblebees and have lost two other species since the start of the twentieth century, the Cullem's Bumblebee and the Short-haired Bumblebee. These losses serve as a stark reminder to us all about the vulnerability of the other species. The main problem that affects all our bumblebees is the loss of wild flowers across the nation. How has this happened? Well, more and more land has been converted for greater food production and coupled with a change in agricultural practices this has resulted in our landscape being altered beyond recognition. It is estimated that we have lost 97 per cent of our species-rich grasslands since the 1930s. Simply put, the once abundant wild flowers are just not out there as they once were. Abundance is not an oft-used word in terms of wildlife in the UK any more unless it is coupled with the word loss because we don't have a country teeming with wildlife these days. Our treatment of our wild spaces has ensured a countryside that has become bereft of flora and fauna and we are losing our local wildlife sites at an alarming rate and the look and feel of our scenery is changing and disappearing from sight. Do we really need to lose so much of our nature?\n\nIronically, bumblebees are extremely useful to agriculture as they are excellent pollinators and can help many commercial crops such as apples, peas and tomatoes. They also play a major part in our biodiversity as many wild plants depend on them for pollination. Without the presence of bumblebees our natural world could become a whole lot more difficult to maintain.\n\nBees and other pollinators are responsible for fertilising three-quarters of this planet's crops, and with some crops, come certain problems that need to be addressed. Neonicotinoid pesticides have been proven to be harmful to pollinators and since 2013 they have been banned by the EU, although there will be a review of this ban in 2017. The United States is still studying evidence and considering whether to impose a similar ban on the use of neonicotinoids. New research by the University of Stirling in Scotland has revealed that bees' learning abilities and their memory are reduced by exposure to these pesticides. Bees collect pollen by brushing it from flowers, but some crop flowers, such as tomatoes and potatoes, need to be shaken firmly to release the pollen. Bees exposed to neonicotinoids are unable to learn this ability and this limits the amount of pollen they collect and creates less successful colonies of pollinators.\n\nOrganisations like the Bumblebee Conservation Trust work to raise awareness of the problems faced by bumblebees and also work with sympathetic farmers on how to farm in a more bee-friendly manner. There are things we can all do to help bumblebees and the most obvious is to choose the sorts of plants and flowers they like best, if we have gardens. Between us we can change the way our landscape looks and make the UK more of a haven for our bumblebees. Right, off to the garden centre, there's some planting to do this weekend and then we can arrest the plight of the Garden Bumblebee and its relatives.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHere BEE HERE!>>>>caught in the evening loight! Even the flowers are glum about the bee situation.\n\n**Polar Bear**\n\n_Ursus maritimus_\n\nThere are 19 subpopulations of Polar Bears living across the Arctic, some of which, depending on their location, can spend all year living and hunting seals on the sea ice. But many others have to leave the ice when it melts during the summer and head ashore. Winters are spent on the ice, eating and building up fat reserves to see them through the summer months when they have to retreat onto the mainland where there is much less food. They have to wait for the sea ice to refreeze before they can return to eating. But there is a problem and that is global warming. The ice now melts earlier and refreezes later than it used to, leaving the bears on land for much longer than before. This means that bears may not have fed sufficiently to store enough fat to get through the season. It is estimated that bears are staying ashore one day longer each year, which is not a sustainable situation. There is also a thought that warmer weather could bring unfamiliar diseases and parasites to the Arctic and we have no idea whether these might pose a threat to the bears.\n\nOther threats include increasing oil exploration and development, which can result in oil spills and pollutants that harm the bears, or which could cover their prey in oil resulting in bears ingesting hazardous substances. Hunting used to be an issue, but since 1973 there has been a worldwide ban, which has seen numbers of bears rise to an estimated 20,000\u201325,000. Norway and Russia don't allow subsistence hunting but Canada, the US and Greenland do. This provides meat and clothing for local communities and brings in income from the sale of hides or other objects made from the bear \u2013 with a strict quota on the number of animals killed. Sport hunting is also indulged and brings in a substantial amount of money, but any animal killed counts towards the quota, which cannot be exceeded. The annual harvest is 700\u2013800 animals and this is believed to be sustainable. There is very little illegal killing except in Russia where it is estimated that annually as many as 100\u2013200 bears are killed. There are also deaths due to conflict with humans. The Polar Bear is increasing in tourist value and this will bring in much-needed revenue to remote settlements. Perhaps one day we won't need to shoot bears at all.\n\nThe Polar Bear is a giant of the animal kingdom (it can stand on its hind legs to a height of 3 metres) and is considered as Vulnerable, but things look bleaker for the Polar Bear than for some Critically Endangered creatures because we can foresee the possible future for this animal if the world continues warming up as it is. Is this why we are so fascinated by Polar Bears? Is it the creature that makes us truly aware of what's going on in the environment? If it goes extinct will we accept that we have truly got a problem on our hands?\n\nA Circumpolar Action Plan was signed in 2015 by the five countries that are home to Polar Bears and seeks to continue to preserve and protect the populations of bears found in the Arctic. It remains to be seen just how helpful our climate is with this plan. Nothing is certain, but we may well have the answers to this particular creature's fortunes sooner rather than later \u2013 and with that we may know where we, the human race, ultimately stand. Too dramatic? I don't think so.\n\n_Ceri_ : What do you call a Polar Bear with haemorrhoids?\n\n_Ralph_ : I don't know.\n\n_Ceri_ : A Polaroid.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's quite snappy of you.\n**Articulated Bumlice**\n\n_Posterior prurientes_\n\nThe Curator has decided to take us out to a part of the island we may never have discovered in our solo wanderings. 'I will take you to see a colony of Greek Red Damsels that we have been working with. The species is in a parlous state and we are not sure if we can prevent its extinction, but we are giving it a damn good go. Just watch out for a nasty little critter that also lives here, the Articulated Boom-lee-chay. It's a creature that luckily only inhabits this small portion of the island, but it can cause extreme problems.' I interrupt and ask, 'How do you spell Boom-lee-chay?' The Curator replies, 'B-u-m-l-i-c-e.' 'What? That's not how it sounds. That spells Bumlice.' 'It is what it is. You're in a foreign land, my friend, a foreign land,' says the Curator. 'The Articulated Boom-lee-chay is leech-like and is an invasive little beast and worth avoiding as it can articulate in any direction and get into any nook or cranny. So please tuck socks into boots and shirts into trousers. You don't want an encounter with one of these.'\n\nAs all travellers to exotic places know, alien environments can present unexpected and unwanted bodily visitors such as mosquitoes, venomous spiders, leeches or airborne viruses and Toadstool Island proves to be no exception. The Cap'n and I nervously shuffle behind the Curator, when\n\nall of a sudden he shrieks, 'Help me! One's got in my trousers! I don't know how that's possible.' I notice a small hole in the seat of his pants and something wriggling inside. The Curator drops his trousers and we see the Bumlice in all its hideousness. 'There's only one solution,' the Curator cries. 'Get my quorn sausages from my rucksack and lure him away from me. Boom-lee-chays can't resist them. Please hurry.' Ralph pipes up, 'Hold on, I'm just drawing this scenario for posteriority. It's important to document moments such as these.'\n\nI find the quorn sausages and gently wave them in front of the horrific-looking critter. The Bumlice looks up and tries to snatch the sausages with its snapping mouth and drools with delight. I can see it ready to leap towards me and in the nick of time I throw the quorn sausages far away from us. The Articulated Bumlice tears after the airborne quorn and as they land he munches on them instead of the Curator's backside. Who would have thought quorn could be so popular or so useful. I then patch up the Curator's trousers with my essential roll of gaffer tape \u2013 second only to toilet paper as king of the rolls \u2013 and, with everything back to normal, we head off in pursuit of the colony of Greek Red Damsels.\n\n**Greek Red Damsel**\n\n_Pyrrhosoma elisabethae_\n\nThe Greek Red Damsel is closely related to the European Large Red Damselfly and is endemic to the southern Balkans. Here it is known from only ten locations in Greece and southern Albania and has already become extinct in some of these places. It is considered Critically Endangered as it is expected to lose up to 50 per cent of its population within the next 10 years. Little to nothing is really known about its needs or habitat but it is believed that it lives where streams, brooks and even rivers have a plentiful supply of vegetation.\n\nThis kind of habitat is poorly managed in Greece and Albania and it is feared that increasingly dry summers due to climate change will lead to dry brooks and streams, thus affecting the damsel populations. Pollution of water is also an issue, as is the over-management and clearance of vegetation within the waters. It is imperative to visit the known locations to establish whether the species still exists \u2013 only then can a conservation plan be considered.\n\nOnce again, I realise that such diversity of wildlife is facing critical times. I have always loved seeing the way damselflies and dragonflies scoot around, a whizzing elongated blur of colour and motion. I often just sit by a riverbank and watch them go about their business. I would hate to lose that vision.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nDear Twaddle Face, here is a fine beautiful mess!!!\n\nRingRALPH\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nWho you calling Twaddle Face?\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nTWADDLE FACE!? Not you!!!!>>>>>> \u2013 My grandson Toby's Friendly DOGPANTS here>>>>\n\nPay attention! \u2013 and if you can't do that \u2013 PAY ME!!!!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nHow did you see a dog in those scrumpled trousers? Incredible.\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nToby sculpted the pants by tearing them off in a sculptor way. They are naturally sculpted by him and then subtly drawn by me. It must be in the jeans!!!\n\n**Lion**\n\n_Panthera leo_\n\nThe Lion once roamed far and wide from Northern Africa to Southwest Asia and was seen from Europe in the west to India in the east. But it has disappeared from much of these lands and the population is continually decreasing. There is only one species of lion and there are African Lions and Asiatic Lions. The African Lion is Vulnerable but the West African subpopulation is considered as Critically Endangered. The Asiatic Lion is categorised as Endangered with a single population of 500 animals holding on in the Indian state of Gujarat. Since 1993, the African Lion population has fallen by an estimated 43 per cent, with numbers now possibly as low as 20,000 in the wild. Compared to the number of Lions in the 1940s, which was believed to be about 450,000, the Lion finds itself in a precarious pickle. There have been certain successful subpopulations, with increases of up to 12 per cent in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and India and this has kept the Lion as a Vulnerable species, but across the rest of its range it would be considered as Endangered. Statistics don't always tell the full story.\n\nThere are several reasons for the Lion's decline including habitat loss, prey base depletion and the killing of Lions in defence of livestock and human life. This conflict between man and beast is believed to be the main threat to Lions outside their protected areas and more needs to be done to protect livestock and to find a way to compensate owners for animal losses. There is also an illegal trade in Lion bone and body parts for traditional medicine, with an increasing demand from China, Laos and Vietnam, although there is no historical use of Lion parts in Asian medicines.\n\nTrophy hunting, handled correctly, is believed to benefit conservation by providing much-needed finance for Lions and local communities. But there are some serious concerns that this hunting can be mismanaged with more Lions being taken than the set accepted limit. Some will call me a lily-livered tree-hugging leftie but why do we have to kill creatures at all, least of all in the name of sport? Couldn't those that can afford to shoot a Lion just put the money into conservation and be happy with shooting a photograph? I guess not. Trophy hunting needs a prize and the appropriation of one Lion's life is considered an acceptable price to pay to help other Lions. In 2015, an American dentist on a hunting trip in Zimbabwe provoked a global outcry when he legally shot a Lion called Cecil, with his bow and arrow. For a brief moment the world was horrified that such a thing could have happened. It seemed that this might be an important moment in the dialogue about how we treat our wildlife, but soon we forgot and trophy hunting continued once more. Modern society's attention span is so short and thanks to rolling news feeds and continually updating social media, what was important yesterday is no longer of interest or value today.\n\nIt is our attitude to wildlife that needs to change as there are healthier ways to engage with big cats instead of killing them and putting their heads on a wall. Wildlife tourism brings a lot of money to the conservation table and we must ensure that more Lions end up being born free, living free and dying free without fear of persecution from humanity.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I remember seeing _Born Free_ as a kid and was moved by my first cinematic experience of witnessing an emotional connection between people and animals. It was all about an orphaned Lion cub called Elsa, which was raised by Joy and George Adamson and then released into the Kenyan landscape. I recall watching this story unfold and wanting to go and work with animals in Africa and to help them get through tough times. The film inspired me and I am certain that I joined the WWF that very week. I wanted to stand up for wildlife as I began to understand that humans and animals had a precarious relationship.\n\nThe actors who played Joy and George Adamson were the husband and wife team of Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna and after making the film they became immersed in animal welfare and conservation. In 1984, they set up the Born Free Foundation, which to this day seeks to protect threatened animals and to halt animal suffering.\n\n**Hula Painted Frog**\n\n_Latonia nigriventer_\n\nThis little feller is endemic to the Hula marshes in Israel and actually doesn't have too much to be pleased about because he is considered to be Critically Endangered. This frog was believed to have become extinct in the 1950s when the Hula marshes were drained in an attempt to dispel malaria and to change the habitat for agricultural purposes. After drainage, only 5 per cent of the original marshland remained and this was turned into the Hula Nature Reserve in 1964. In 1996, the species was finally declared as Extinct in the Wild and that was that. It was officially no more, although scientists in Israel kept it in their files as Critically Endangered in the vain hope that just maybe everyone was wrong. Then, amazingly, the frog was rediscovered in 2011 on the reserve. How many are out there no one knows but it just goes to show that a little blind faith can be a marvellous thing. Keep looking and you never know what you may find.\n\n**Update**\n\nAnd as if by magic the Hula Painted Frog is not so rare after all. It transpires that just a couple of months ago, researchers found more than 150, yes that's one hundred and fifty, of these frogs hanging out in the reserve. Apparently, they had been looking in the wrong place all the time as it turns out the frogs love being in the water and not the land and only come out at night. Mystery solved. Now what it will become classified as is anyone's guess. Maybe it will be taken off the Red List completely. What a wonderful story that would be and it would explain just why Ralph's frog looks so happy. He's had the last laugh on all of us. What a stupendous comeback.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nI have just done the HULA Painted FROG \u2013 and I remember where I saw the Frog. I was looking down onto the HULA Valley from the GOLAN Heights many years ago.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nI think this is a case of a Hula Overpainted Frog as I don't think they are this brilliant orange. But who am I to complain if it gets people to look at the creature and worry about it?\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nIndeed. You're just sooo PICKY!!!!\n**Indri**\n\n_Indri indri_\n\nThe Indri is the largest lemur on the island of Madagascar and lives within areas of the rainforests from Anjanaharibe-Sud and Antohaka Lava, near Andapa in the north, down to the region of Anosibe An-ala in the south. Deforestation has threatened much of its habitat, plus there is hunting pressure for its skin and meat. This has led to a predicted population reduction of up to 80 per cent over the next 36 years, hence it is now listed as Critically Endangered. Hunting is a recent phenomenon. It was often felt that the Indri was protected by traditional taboos, which are known locally as _fadys_ , but these have been broken for several reasons including the immigration of different ethnicities as well as locals finding a way round the forbidden killing of the Indri as the meat is highly valued. The present-day levels of hunting are unsustainable and need to be halted. An educational programme has been suggested but so far has not been realised. Time is of the essence, otherwise there will soon be no Indree in a tri to si.\n\n_Indri indri_ is a Latin name I can remember. Short, simple, to the point and memorable. I wonder why these Latin names are as they are. And why is this creature named twice? There must be a scientific explanation and I need to know why. Give me a moment... I am leafing through my animal tomes. I shall have my answer. And indeed, now I have discovered why this happens. The reason for this is simple. _Indri indri_ is a tautonym.\n\n**Word of the Day**\n\n**Tautonym** \u2013 A taxonomic name where the genus and species name are the same \u2013 e.g. _Gorilla gorilla_ , _Rattus rattus_ and _Indri indri_. By being named thus it means that the species is the type of the genus. Mystery solved, although I need to think about it and digest this fact. I have also discovered that tautonyms are fine for animals but forbidden for plants. Science, it gets me every time.\n\nBinomial nomenclature is the system used to name species. This name consists of two parts, the first being the genus identifier and the second identifying the species within that genus. This name is known as the taxonomic name, or scientific name, or binomial name, or Latin name. In the case of _Indri indri_ , the genus is _Indri_ and the species within is the same, meaning that this creature is worthy of the football chant, 'There's only one _Indri indri_ , one _Indri indri_...' I'm sure the Indri would be happy with this, as his own plaintive and distinctive cry, which fills his Madagascan rainforest home, would not be out of place on football ground terraces when your side has just gone one down in the final minute of an important game.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nINDRI is here now and is the cutest critter I ever drawed! It looks so \u2013 unreal! Why is it here!? The leaf is a mess \u2013 I must add more interesting muck and bother to make it happen \u2013 perhaps teeth and a handbag!!!?? and did you see that programme on MINK, LYNX & other PELTS killed for Luxury Ladies \u2013 even the way they are kept in restricted cages \u2013 DISGUSTUDIOUS!!!\n\nCERRIBUL!!!!\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Ralph is right, this little fella is cute and yet still has a Ralph-induced crazed and boggle-eyed thousand-yard stare shining through. As he munches his way through the greenery of his lunchtime foliage, I feel the urge to scoop him right off the page and place him right beside me and get to know him more. But I fear this Indri would run riot through the house and would be more than anyone could cope with. This Indri is in a tree for a very good reason. It's where he belongs and where we have to try and keep him.\n**Delhi Sands Flower-loving Fly**\n\n_Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis_\n\nIt may sound like a creation from the psychedelic era of the 1960s or a Las Vegas hotel but this is a real creature and it is in serious bother. It is endemic to a small area of dunes in southern California, which once measured more than 40 square kilometres but is now reduced to a handful of hectares. The rest of the land has been built upon and forms the foundation of several towns.\n\nIn 1993 the fly was added to the American Endangered Species List, but this has been a prickly issue ever since. Firstly, it is the only fly ever to have been put on the list and secondly many have cited the fly as a dirty disease-carrying critter that shouldn't be saved and should be allowed to die off. Whether this is because there are plans afoot to build on the last remaining land is a moot point as research suggests that the fly isn't as filthy as people suggest. Is it a case of development over habitat and species? Where have we heard this before? Just about everywhere.\n\nProtecting the fly and its last remaining wild habitat protects other species of the dunes such as Western Meadowlark, Burrowing Owl and the Los Angeles Pocket Mouse, but even with a protected species in the area development still continues. Only 2\u20133 per cent of the original habitat remains thanks to ongoing urban development, agricultural land conversion and mining. The dwindling natural space is enclosing the fly and its fellow compadres and soon we will find the vanishing point and all will be gone except for kids, cars, barbecues and houses. I'm not sure this is a fight the fly can win and flight looks impossible. Searches are being carried out with the aim of relocating the flies to another suitable habitat \u2013 but would it be totally ridiculous to suggest it might be easier to build elsewhere instead? Just a thought and I'm sure my suggestion would not be appreciated by the developers; after all we're talking about some good old-fashioned prime real estate and the time is ripe to build, build, build. The mantra of the modern world. And guess what, you get a free fly swatter with every purchase.\n\n_Ralph_ : Why am I doing flies? Horrible things. Dirty, dirty, dirty. Isn't it good they're disappearing?\n\n_Ceri_ : Everything has its place and wait until you see this one. And what a name.\n\n_Ralph_ : Well, I'm just standing up for my rights as an artist who thinks flies are awful things. But it is an interesting looking critter. I'll give you that.\n**Western Long-beaked Echidna**\n\n_Zaglossus bruijnii_\n\n**Eastern Long-beaked Echidna**\n\n_Zaglossus bartoni_\n\n**Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna**\n\n_Zaglossus attenboroughi_\n\nThe Platypus and the echidnas are the only egg-laying mammals in the world. But the egg-laying is starting to become a concern for the long-beaked echidnas, of which there are three types in existence, all residing in New Guinea. The first, Sir David's, has not been seen since 1961 and is deemed to be Critically Endangered, if indeed it survives at all. The Western Long-beaked Echidna is also classified as Critically Endangered and has not been officially recorded since the 1980s. The Eastern Long-beaked Echidna is the best contender for survival, as it is merely considered as Vulnerable. It has been hunted to extinction in local areas but is still abundant in hard-to-reach and inaccessible areas. But as always man marches forward to tame the untamed.\n\nAmong the threats for all of these creatures are loss of habitat, land conversion and of course hunting by humans. Normally echidnas are troublesome to locate as they are nocturnal and do not hang out in large groups. Hunters get round this by using trained dogs to sniff out their daytime hideaways. The urgency for hunting regulations cannot be stressed enough and more studies and research are needed to determine the true numbers of each species in existence \u2013 and then a conservation plan needs to be put into action.\n\nCeri's Diary: Tomorrow Jackie and I will visit the Steadmans to check on the art and look through the critters to see which pictures I may never have seen before and to check if any critters have been lost on the journey from painting area to the sanctuary of the archived drawer. The last two books have seen some birds fly mysteriously from the roost of Ralph's studio never to return. For example, there were a couple of Pale Blue Piddles that were drawn for _Extinct Boids_ that vanished down a black hole and were never seen again. Sadie (Ralph's daughter and keeper of the Steadman Art Collection) and I searched high and low but all to no avail and we had to consign those damn piddles to the definitely extinct pile. Luckily we had a small photo of them so at least the world could see what had been lost forever. Extinction is a painful reality and we are still mourning their loss. We still harbour the hope that one day we will discover them in some far reach of the studio where they thrive in isolation from us. We know this is a vain hope to hold on to but we must continue to dream and believe there is a possible positive outcome, otherwise we may as well give up, and that is something we will always refuse to do. We have to keep the fight going, even in the face of the greatest adversity.\n\nThis time I am certain we will be OK, as Sadie has been photographing critters as we go and then filing them accordingly. So all should be fine \u2013 but there is also the slight worry that this is Ralph's domain where time and space twist into corridors of artistic vortexes and imagined realities. This is the Ralph space-time continuum, also known scientifically as the Steadman Uncontinuum. It occurs somewhere between Ralph's hands and the area where the pictures are to be photographed. This is the Steadman no man's land, the handover space for the finished art, the most dangerous of all spaces in the studio as it contains the spatial drawer of disappearance. Sadie and I fear this whole area, as it is godforsaken and lawless. But this time we are confident that we have handled everything just as we should. We will see tomorrow.\n**Visiting the Steadman Uncontinuum**\n\nWe have arrived at the studio and are going through the pictures. Great bumpy coatings of paint dress many of the creatures and they feel sculptural and alive as they explode from the paper. I have my checklists and my only regret is that we didn't record every single blotted page before they were drawn upon. However, the problem is that often Ralph may see the idea for the dirty page in a flash before we have had the chance to discuss the possibilities for a critter, so he draws until he has finished what he needs to do. I don't mind this, as to hold up the muse and wait for my input would be a dangerous proposition \u2013 and an upset muse is not a thing to trifle with. We have to let them do as they see fit, as they can disappear quicker than any Pale Blue Piddle if treated incorrectly.\n\nEverything seems to be correct and in order and we breathe a sigh of relief but then something nags away at me. There was another creature that I vaguely remember. Or was there? I dismiss it and we flick through the zoo of pictures in front of us. It is like finally meeting pen pals after a long and distant relationship. I chuckle at the ballet of dolphins and the cheek of the apes, the majesty of the African wildlife and the madness of the Aye-aye. Old friends well met.\n\nAnd then it hits me. The Skuppered Dunt! That's what's missing. A disappeared dunt. I haven't seen it.\n\n'Sadie,' I shout through to the studio, 'Have you ever seen a Skuppered Dunt in your travels?' 'A what?' she shouts back. Oh no, I think, once seen a dunt is always known. 'A Skuppered Dunt,' I reply. There is a pause of silence and then a low rumbling _no_ comes back at me. Sadie appears at my side in a flash. 'I have never heard of such a thing. Are you sure there is such a thing?' 'Oh yes.\n\nLet me search his computer.' I input Skuppered Dunt and the photo of it drying on the floor appears, including versions of variants with computer coloured backgrounds. Sadie has never seen it before. 'Oh God, not again,' we both cry.\n\nWe begin to search through various folders and drawers as Ralph reappears and asks what we are doing. We tell him and he replies, 'I hid him because he's shy. He will be somewhere.' Ah, that old chestnut. Everything is somewhere but not necessarily in any dimension that the likes of us mere mortals can access. This is the Steadman Uncontinuum in all its twisted reality. We search and we search as the light begins to dim and we realise we will have to admit defeat once more. Then Sadie gets the idea that her father may have painted over it and created another critter or that it may be on the back of one of the ones we have looked at, but neither possibility bears any fruit. At least we have a record of its existence and what a suitably harsh being it is. We accept that the Skuppered Dunt has scarpered.\n\nOther than that one incident everything goes swimmingly and I suggest to Ralph that it would be good to watch a dirty water piece begin its creation and he agrees with me, picks up a sheet of paper and places it on the floor. I take pictures as Ralph begins his process and spills filthy water over the paper. It spreads everywhere and sits in inky puddles, which Ralph then tilts gently in different directions. It is so much fun watching the artist wallow in his filth and then, as quickly as it had begun, the pouring is over and he suggests we leave it for a while.\n\nNow we are looking through drawers of never used and often never seen pictures that Ralph has done over the years. I am certain we can use some of them in the book. His whale drawings in particular are beautiful. 'I can't draw like that anymore,' says Ralph wistfully, as we look through these beauties. 'Well, you couldn't draw like you are drawing now back then.' I reply.\n\nIt's a couple of hours since Ralph splurged the paper and we are looking at how it is shaping up. Pools of ink stand still and then Ralph decides to add a little colour and drops green and red ink into the lakes of inky muck. The ink hits in a vibrant splash and then dilutes with the water and these coloured tendrils creep through the water, spreading ever further. There is an ape-like look about it but then I start seeing other creatures too and every time I turn away the picture changes. We will just have to wait a couple of days to see how it dries out and then make a decision.\n\nIn the meantime it is time to get back up the motorway and just before we depart Ralph shows us his tomato plants, which are in rude health. As a parting gift he gives us three of them to take back with us. Have tomato plants will travel. And off we go to face the wonders and true filth, not like Ralph's artistic filth, of the Dartford Crossing. The horror, the horror.\n\n**Mongolian Beaver**\n\n_Castor fiber birulai_\n\nEurasian Beavers were once plentiful across Europe and Asia but hunting and a loss of wetland habitat depleted the species' numbers and lessened its range. Firm conservation action was needed and a mixture of hunting restrictions, habitat protection and reintroductions and translocations did the trick. The Eurasian Beaver is now considered a species of Least Concern.\n\nHowever, the population of one subspecies, the Mongolian Beaver, has been in great trouble over the years. Hunting for beaver skins, meat and castoreum has created huge problems and this still goes on in some places although it is not as widespread as it once was. Castoreum? What's that? It's what beavers secrete from their castor sacs, located between the pelvis and the tail, when they are marking their territory. It is also used in the making of some perfumes and as a food additive, as an enhancer for vanilla, raspberry and strawberry flavourings. It is used less than ever before, which can only be a good thing for beavers.\n\nIn 1964 it was estimated that there were only between 100 and 150 individual Mongolian Beavers left in the wild and in 1991 this number had increased to 300. Estimates today suggest that there are approximately 500 beavers living in the Ulungur watershed in China and Mongolia. These increases are due to conservation action having been taken, most notably numerous translocations and introductions over the last 50 years and the establishment in 1965 of the Bulgan Gol Nature Reserve in Mongolia.\n\nHuman settlements and therefore human activities are on the increase and threatening the beaver habitat and the beaver population. In Mongolia, hunting of the beaver continues and this threat is compounded by the clearance of willow from large areas of beaver habitat along the Bulgan River, which it relies on for food and shelter. This has a knock-on effect of isolating populations, which causes inbreeding. Water pollution is also an issue and a hydroelectric dam, which has been built on the Chinese part of the Bulgan River, has stopped the migration of beavers within the area. In China, logging for firewood has destroyed much of the forest on which the beaver depends and the grazing of livestock has severely depleted much vegetation, which is also needed for the beaver's existence.\n\nInterestingly the Mongolian Beaver doesn't build dams as it lives in deep waters, but in 1982, during a drought, the beavers built dams in the shallow waters to raise the water levels. Just shows how adaptable and intelligent animals can be.\n\nIt is important to manage the wetlands and restore the habitat if the beaver is to survive the influx of people to its surroundings. It has also been suggested that the creation of a new Beaver Nature Reserve may be the way forward but this would need the cooperation of the Mongolian and the Chinese authorities. Dam it all, how hard can it be?\n\n_Ceri_ : Your new hat looks better.\n\n_Ralph_ : It's starting to fit more. And my head's getting bigger and starting to fill it. It's all these compliments you keep giving me.\n\n**Volcano Rabbit**\n\n_Romerolagus diazi_\n\nI guess when your name includes the word volcano then there is every chance that you have a bit of a problem with your lifestyle. Live by the volcano, die by the volcano. But volcanic eruptions are the least of the Volcano Rabbit's problems as habitat destruction, human encroachment, farming, livestock grazing, the building of roads and forest fires have all damaged its future. In some areas the rabbit is hunted and it is believed that increasing temperatures and climate change adversely affect this rabbit. The population has fragmented and lives in clusters across four volcanoes in the Transverse Neovolcanic Belt in Mexico. All of these factors have ensured that the Volcano Rabbit is deemed as Endangered.\n\nIt is a protected species but in actuality the laws governing its welfare are poorly enforced and many people simply do not realise that this rabbit is Endangered. An education programme is crucial to teach the local people about this threatened animal and provoke empathy for the rabbit within the community. There is a captive breeding programme, which has had mixed results and a land management programme coupled with strict law enforcement on illegal activities is vital for the future safety of the Volcano Rabbit. When all of these protective measures have been put into place then the only thing left for the rabbit to do is keep an eye on those pesky volcanoes.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I am looking at the most beautiful volcano erupting out of the splatter on this page and I see that it is entitled Volcano Rabbit Erupting Mexico. But I don't see the rabbit and I wonder if Ralph has forgotten to put him in the picture. And then I see him! Perching on the side of the mountain is an immediately endearing Volcano Rabbit. Sorry Ralph! I missed the subtlety of the moment. It's a case of the big picture overshadowing the little feller. Quite apt, really.\n**African Wild Ass**\n\n_Equus africanus_\n\nWhen you see a donkey, just remember that the 'Kiss Me Quick' everyday domestic donkey is descended from the African Wild Ass and this, the progenitor, is now in deep trouble. No more than 200 individuals exist in the wild and these are found in Eritrea and Somalia. There may be a few dotted around in other countries but it is less than certain. There are two subspecies, the Nubian and the Somali Wild Ass and there is a fear that the total number of asses out there may number under 50, so it is described as Critically Endangered.\n\nIn the arid and semi-arid bushland and grassland, the ass is now competing with domestic livestock for food and water: a change of habitat for agricultural purposes has made it harder for the ass to access water sources. Another potential concern is hybridisation with domestic donkeys and of course there is the issue of hunting. In Ethiopia and Somalia, the ass is hunted for its meat and is used in traditional medicine, which dictates the use of body parts and the cooking of soups from bones to treat a variety of ailments ranging from rheumatism to tuberculosis \u2013 this is the biggest threat to its future.\n\nThere is ongoing work to educate and involve locals with conservation efforts on behalf of the wild ass and it is hoped that through knowledge of the plight of the ass a more harmonious relationship between man and beast will develop. Research needs to ascertain the true distribution of the ass and then determine the conservation route forward for this familiar animal, and then perhaps we can consign Wild Ass Cup-a-Soup to history.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nCHERI!\n\nWe forgot to mention DYLIS VORYD from Rhyl! She is a Feminist CRITTERESSOLOGIST \u2013 who believes that all of the female Critters are being systematically cancelled out \u2013 and are the Girl Elephants in the room in Balletic TUTUs! Ask Dylis VORYD about creepy skimleaches and stuff... PHUGH!!!! What do YOU know of her other than her Rhyl Origins and blue Spiddurs!!!! Her portrait will follow this Wildest of Asses!!!\n\nLOVE TOMATOES!!!!\n\nRALPH YOGATO\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nI have heard tale of this legendary woman. I'm glad she is getting the coverage she deserves.\n**Dylis Voryd**\n\nOn Toadstool Island the natural order of hunting and eating prey has gone out of the window. Because all the animals are in a precarious state of nextinction, Dylis Voryd, the critteressologist, who was brought to the island by Bent Girders, handles the feeding of critters and their mealtimes. She runs a strict regime and insists the critters stick to her ways and don't return to instinctive patterns. OK, the smaller guys have to watch out and make sure they don't annoy the top predators but Dylis has set the rules and a harmonious world order exists and equilibrium is maintained. If a Lion wants to attack an Addax, that's not permitted here. It may be the way of the world outside the Toadstool Archipelago but not on the island. Respect is everything and the Lion has to wait for general mealtimes when Dylis Voryd will feed every critter. Harmony reigns supreme thanks to the Law of Dylis. One simple, golden rule. Don't eat other critters.\n\nDylis is strict but fair and many times she has pulled a smaller creature from the jaws of a bigger one and a serious scolding ensues. This always leads to embarrassment for the caught-out critter and a sheepish (although there are no sheep here) shrug usually occurs before the law-breaking beast saunters off with a slap on the behind and a 'Woe betide you if you do that again...' call from Ms. Voryd. Then she usually chuckles, picks up the nearly meal that is the smaller critter and comforts it through its anxiety. Dylis once threatened a whole herd of elephants with extinction if they didn't 'settle down and stop causing such a rumpus' as they were continually arguing with many of the other critters. They believed she would and could do such a thing and they quickly became as meek as mice, which is funny, as they have never really liked mice as a species. Dylis may come across as a stern person but her heart is in the right place, well, it's on the right because she is a mirror child, but you get the picture. There is nothing she won't do to save these animals from extinction and she has to run a tight unit otherwise with all the conflicting critter egos, the Mid Lands would become the Bad Lands and no one wants that. Keep on trucking, Miss Voryd.\n\nMiss Voryd often takes a critter under her wing and looks after it personally, and her latest venture is the Peacock Parachute Spider. She works hard to learn the language of animals and at the moment is studying spider talk. This will enable her to open a dialogue with the spider to learn about its lifestyle and the issues and problems it faces. So far she has had one answer that she understands. When asked what was the biggest threat to its existence, the spider replied, 'Humans.' Miss Voryd will also provide therapy throughout the spider's recovery.\n\n**Peacock Parachute Spider**\n\n_Poecilotheria metallica_\n\nThe Peacock Parachute Spider is only known from one location within the Andhra Pradesh Forest in India and is considered as Critically Endangered. The species was rediscovered in 2001 having last been seen in 1899. Since then a handful of spiders have been caught by wildlife pet traders and have then appeared for sale. There is very little information available on the spider and surveys and research are desperately needed to determine the size of the population, its location and its lifestyle. The spider is threatened by habitat fragmentation and the destruction of suitable territory, due to logging, collection of firewood and human encroachment into the forest. It is believed that if action is not taken soon then the spider will parachute out of existence.\n\nPerhaps Miss Voryd will come up with a suitable plan after further discussions with the critter.\n\n**Saint Lucia Racer**\n\n_Liophis ornatus_\n\nOnce common across the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia, the indigenous and non-venomous racer snake was deemed to be extinct in 1936. Its decline had been brought about because of predation by the mongooses that had been introduced to the island in the nineteenth century and the racer raced no more, or so it was thought.\n\nThen in 1973 a single racer snake was discovered on the rocky offshore islet of Maria Major and a few sightings of the snake followed afterwards, but it was finally concluded that the snake had become extinct. Then, in 1983, the Saint Lucia government created the Maria Islands Nature Reserve,. In 2011 a group of conservationists made a concerted effort to discover whether the racer snake was or was not extant and a search of the outlying reserve led them to discover 11 individuals, which were microchipped and then released. Further research has led to the belief that the population is some 18 strong and some would say that the total might be nearer to 100 individuals. Work continues to ascertain the actuality of the situation. But the one thing that is certain is that this snake is one of the rarest snakes in the world, if not the rarest of all. Plans are under way to protect it and increase its numbers to create a more secure population of the Saint Lucia Racer and for it never to be thought of as extinct again.\n\n**Page of**   **Number 1**\n\n_Ralph_ : Don't make me do snakes and spiders. I hate them. Horrible beastly things. They make me go funny. Don't think I can do them. Don't think it's possible.\n\n_Ceri_ : Calm down, just breathe... and relax.\n\n_Ralph_ : Not sure I can. Oh dear...\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nFound some spiders I have done previously and I have sent you another page that makes me go ugh.\n\n**Indian Python**\n\n_Python molurus_\n\nThe Indian Python is divided into two subspecies, the western type found in the South Asian subcontinent and the eastern type found across China and Southeast Asia. They prefer wooded territories and are an important predator for removing pests such as rabbits, mice and rats. Interestingly, where humans have wiped out pythons, then diseases have been brought into their communities by these former python targets. For centuries people have killed pythons out of fear and have hunted it for food, for its skin, from which to make fashion accessories and for its blood, which is believed to have medicinal properties. Fresh blood drained from a live snake at a dining table is reckoned to put lead in the pencil. It is also desired as a pet although the trade in pythons is now illegal.\n\nMuch of the snake's habitat is being lost to logging, firewood collection and an expanding human population. For the moment the species is termed as Near Threatened, although there is a 'watch this space' right by its name and regular check-ups on its health are essential. It's never too early to protect a critter.\n\n**Horrid Ground-weaver Spider**\n\n_Nothophantes horridus_\n\nPlymouth in the southwest of England is the next port of call for us and who would have thought that this is where a unique species, not found anywhere else in the world, would be discovered? This is the home of the Horrid Ground-weaver Spider. Trust me, this is not a fictional creature born out of the mayhemical machinations of Ralph's mind, this is a truly legitimate creature. I kid you not.\n\nThis spider was first discovered in 1989 and was known from only three sites in Plymouth. One of these sites was lost to development and another site, Radford Quarry, has been under similar threat. But thanks to a concerted effort by the conservation charity Buglife, the Devon Wildlife Trust, the RSPB and local communities, Plymouth City Council turned down the planning application in favour of the wildlife that roamed the quarry, including Plymouth's finest Critically Endangered spider. The spider is also found at another quarry at Billacombe and, in March 2016, thanks to a Buglife crowd-funding appeal, enough money was raised to finance further surveys across the area and another spider population was discovered at an industrial site in the Cattedown area of Plymouth.\n\nThe surveys are continuing and Buglife are working with site owners to keep the Horrid Ground-weaver Spiders safe and perhaps more populations will be found. This is one creature that may not have such a horrid future in front of it.\n\n**Why- me?**\n\n_Sempiterno quaestio_\n\n'Why me?' is the cry most often heard from creatures when they first arrive and this is also the name of the island's psychotherapist. The Why-me? consults with critters unable to mentally cope with their impending extinction and translocation to Toadstool Island. A good listener and understands all animal language even the lispy S's of the python's snake tongue, even if at times it does talk out of its snake bottom.\n\n**Skimleach**\n\n_Male lacte_\n\nThe Skimleach drinks semi-skimmed milk, which then combines with its stomach acids, creating a perfect skin cleanser. It regurgitates the altered milk, spraying those customers who seek the benefits of a Skimleach skin purify. It is also used for cleansing swimming pools.\n\n**Page of**   **Number 2**\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nThis page is quite one of the worst to come out from my nib and ink. Horrid, horrid, horrid. Going to lie down. Do not call me.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : I guess you were wondering what happened to the ink-splattered page that I took photos of when Jackie and I visited Ralph recently. Well, after a few days it successfully dried out and Ralph has now done this to it. It's fascinating to see how he uses the runs of ink to create the shapes of animals. It may be a page of ugh to Ralph but it makes me go wow like a wowlet.\n\n**Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle**\n\n_Polposipus herculeanus_\n\nThe Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle is found in coastal woodland habitat on the Seychelles island of Fr\u00e9gate, to give it the proper spelling, although we often call it Frigate Island. The beetle lives in trees by day and forages on the forest floor by night. It was once found on Round Island, Mauritius, but introduced rabbits and goats led to the destruction of the beetle's habitat and ultimately caused the bug's extinction.\n\nOn Fr\u00e9gate Island, there was a fear in the 90s that an invasion of Brown Rats would wipe out great numbers of the beetles, but an eradication programme was successful and the beetle population was saved. It was the fear of the effect of rats that led to the beetle becoming Critically Endangered but now it has been downgraded to Vulnerable. Then, around 2000, a fungal disease affected many trees associated with the beetle but careful management and a forest restoration programme kept the beetle numbers up and their habitat was restored to health. Climate change could alter conditions for the beetle, but for the moment it is believed to be safer than it has been for years. It's a bug's life.\n\n**And that concludes the Pages of**\n\n**Page of**   **Number 3**\n\n_Ralph_ : I hated doing those snakes. They're one of life's mistakes.\n\n_Ceri_ : Imagine if there were no snakes. What would the world be like?\n\n_Ralph_ : Snakeless and then I wouldn't worry about them.\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Here's a sad fellow. I presume he's feeling sorry for his relative who's in trouble all those miles away.\n\n**Chinese Giant Salamander**\n\n_Andrias davidianus_\n\nWelcome to this weird brute, which happens to be the largest amphibian in the world, which can measure up to 1.8 metres in length. That's 5 feet 11 inches for all you non-metric people out there. Its now fragmented range is spread across southwestern, southern and central China and it resides in forested hill streams. Once it was a fairly common creature but times have changed and this strange animal is now Critically Endangered, with a population that has plummeted by 80 per cent since 1960. The building of dams and pollution from mining have led to habitat change, which has impacted heavily on the salamander, but probably the greatest cause of the decline is the consumption of salamander, which is considered a gourmet meal. Why do we have to eat everything? In fact, the desire for the salamander is so high that it is being farmed in China in great numbers. In 2011, research carried out by the Chinese Giant Salamander Conservation Programme discovered that in Shaanxi Province alone, it was estimated that there were 2.6 million salamanders on a huge host of farms and the numbers involved show the major economic importance to those that breed and harvest them. You might think this could help conservation, but it is more likely that infectious diseases will spread via farm wastewater or from farmed animals to wild populations of salamanders, especially if they are moved from place to place.\n\nThe Chinese Giant Salamander is an important species within Chinese conservation and much is being done to save it before it's too late. It is believed that regular monitoring will help to understand its distribution and the impact of the various threats it faces. There is also the thought that a captive breeding programme may prove worthwhile, but much also needs to be done to protect its dwindling natural habitat. An awareness programme for all those who come into contact with the salamander as well as the general public will hopefully change opinions on the salamander and stop it being part of people's dinner. Once it is off the shopping list then the salamander can move forwards again.\n\n_Ralph_ : Don't ask me to do ants of any kind.\n\n_Ceri_ : I think you're OK on that score. But why don't you want to do ants?\n\n_Ralph_ : I sat on an ant's nest in Abergelly as a child. Never been able to look an ant in the eye since.\n\n_Ceri_ : They bit you?\n\n_Ralph_ : All over my abergellies.\n**Vaquita**\n\n_Phocoena sinus_\n\nLiving in the northern part of Mexico's Gulf of California, the Vaquita is the smallest and the rarest member of the cetacean family. It is estimated that no more than 60 individuals still swim in these waters and it is hence considered Critically Endangered. Such a tiny population, living in such a small area, leaves the Vaquita open to being affected by climate change, habitat loss or degradation but the primary threat comes from fishing. They can be killed by fishing equipment or become caught in illegal gillnets being used to catch the Vaquita's co-resident of these waters, a fish called the Totoaba. In 2015, the Mexican government pledged support for the Vaquita by stopping gillnet fishing and promising to fund and support local fishermen and their communities.\n\nThis was considered a breakthrough in the Vaquita's survival hopes, but the Totoaba is a desired commodity and commands huge prices, in particular for the swim bladders, which are considered a delicacy in... can you guess where? Yes, that's right, in China. The Totoaba is now deemed Critically Endangered and is also a protected species. Illegal fishing will wipe out both the Totoaba and the Vaquita and that looks likely to happen in a short space of time.\n\nIn 2014 it was believed that 97 Vaquitas were to be found in the Gulf of California but since then numbers have fallen drastically, by 40 per cent, with a high proportion dying because of illegal fishing activities. It doesn't take Einstein to do the maths on this one to realise that there is an imminent and potentially insurmountable problem ahead if swift action is not taken immediately.\n\nSadly, Totoaba fishing is on the increase and the Mexican government needs to find a way to halt it forthwith. Perhaps the only way to save these species is by banning fishing completely within this area and then a recovery plan can be put in place for both species. It shows how one species can be inadvertently affected by the fortunes of another and their futures can become inextricably linked forever.\n\nIn July 2016, the USA and Mexico announced that they would work together to protect and save the Vaquita. An international committee has been formed, entrusted with the development and implementation of safe fishing equipment. This is essential work, and more will be done to halt the illegal fishing and trade of Totoaba. China needs to become a part of the dialogue and address the issue of the demand for Totoaba within its country, for without this market the Totoaba and Vaquita would have a pretty pleasant time of it. It's time to end the poaching and the desire for swim bladders and let these creatures swim.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHad to give a talk for half an hour this morning to the NORTH LOOSE Preservation Society! WE missed you! Where is Ceri? They chimed \u2013 Where is HE!!? Showed them my Dirty Water Experiments and I told them that it was YOUR Dirty Water from the Ruts and Crannies of your Gutters. I said you were Master of Critters in Rutland \u2013 so unable to hear me rabbiting on... a couple of the audience had 12 Bore Shotguns with them because I said that I would show a couple of rare Critters and they decided they would have a pot shot at them!! They blew a hole in the ceiling of the Schoolroom!! Lousy shots they were!!!\n\nAnyway, tried to Skype but silence. You said you would be on line \u2013 You Lying Swine!? Have we done a critical LYING SWINE!??????\n**Leatherback Sea Turtle**\n\n_Dermochelys coriacea_\n\nThe Leatherback Sea Turtle is the world's largest sea turtle and is the most well-travelled as it migrates across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans covering thousands of kilometres and surviving on a diet of jellyfish and other soft-bodied snacks. Unfortunately debris and plastic bags, mistaken for jellyfish, can be ingested by the turtles and block their digestive tracts, which can lead to death. These encounters happen too often and show the dangers of simple everyday objects finding their way into the environment. Many of these bags are not biodegradable, which seems like lunacy considering that we now know the dangers that plastics can cause within the natural world.\n\nEvery year it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of sea turtles are caught in shrimp trawler nets and gillnets or on longline hooks. Being caught in a net usually leads to death by drowning, as turtles need to come to the surface to breathe at regular intervals. Habitat loss due to human encroachment onto nesting beaches is a major concern, as is the loss of many specific feeding grounds such as coral reefs and sea grass beds. The problems don't stop there, as hunting and egg collecting for subsistence and commercial gain are rife throughout the Indian Ocean, Central America and Southeast Asia, where, incredibly, egg collecting remains a legal activity and has led to extinction in Malaysia and enormous population declines across the region.\n\nThe IUCN lists the Leatherback Sea Turtle as Vulnerable although several of the subpopulations are considered as Critically Endangered. Various measures are needed to arrest the decline in sea turtle numbers and to make sure that not all subpopulations of them become Critically Endangered. Working with fishermen to stamp out gillnets and bycatch from longline fishing is an imperative to allow the turtles to freely swim their enormous distances. Patrols of nesting areas are needed to protect turtles and their eggs, local communities need educating about the possible extinction of the turtles and perhaps ecotourism can bring in monies lost from the sale of eggs. There is much to do, but the turtle can be saved.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nDEAR IREC\n\npsssst1233456789070564859=O\/O\n\nAnyway..... think about it!!!\n\nPhlar NAMdeats\n**Red Squirrel**\n\n_Sciurus vulgaris_\n\nThe Red Squirrel is found across Europe and its conservation status overall is that of Least Concern, but the story in northern Italy and the British Isles is very different. This is the tale of two squirrels and what happens when their worlds collide.\n\nThere used to be plenty of Red Squirrels in Britain and perhaps they would have been regularly seen sat atop a bird feeder as Ralph has depicted this one. But now they have all but disappeared from our daily landscape and the last remaining 140,000 UK Red Squirrels are found largely in Scotland (120,000) and within small pockets of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.\n\nIn the late nineteenth century, Grey Squirrels were brought over to Europe from North America as a wildlife accoutrement to our landscape. Fast-forward to the present day and 2.5 million Grey Squirrels roam the land and are painted as the angry invader that has beaten up and conquered our indigenous squirrel. There is no violent relationship between the two \u2013 the Greys do rely on the same food sources as the Reds but they can coexist quite happily. It is possible that because the vast number of Greys can eat more efficiently and have a wider diet than the Reds, it is leaving a shortage of foods for the Red Squirrels. The Greys also have a different digestive physiology, meaning they can digest seeds with high tannin content, such as acorns, which the Reds are unable to digest. This allows the Greys to find more food, which keeps them going through the tougher winter months.\n\nThe Red Squirrel is also threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, especially of its woodland habitat. This makes for smaller populations and leaves them susceptible to competition from the Greys and open to disease, such as the squirrel poxvirus, which is usually fatal. It has been suggested that this disease is carried by the Grey Squirrels, as many have the antibodies to the illness within them and are unaffected by it, but this remains unproven. There has only ever been one case of a Grey Squirrel becoming infected, while Red Squirrels die within a week of contracting the illness. More research is being carried out to determine the origins of the virus and whether it is transmitted between Grey and Red Squirrels.\n\nFor the moment the most important thing is to preserve the existing populations of Red Squirrels and to reintroduce the species into parts of its former range where the habitat can be maintained well enough to support new populations of our native squirrel.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nI'm no Darwin but that evolution stuff is not right. I am certain we are descended from squirrels but all that's happened is that over time we've lost our bushy tails. That's nuts! Talking of which, where did I bury that last lot of nuts? I'm feeling a tad peckish.\n\nP.S. Have you seen the Crockery Dile? It's a teapot with teeth.\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nDon't you mean a teethpot?\n**Saola**\n\n_Pseudoryx nghetinhensis_\n\nThe Saola was discovered in 1992 by the Ministry of Forestry of Vietnam and the WWF and was the first previously unknown large mammal to be discovered in over 50 years. Endemic to the evergreen forests of the Annamite Mountains in Laos and Vietnam, the Saola is an extraordinarily rare creature. Due to the lack of information it is impossible to declare a definite size of population but the theory is that there is a maximum of a few hundred in existence and the number could possibly be as low as 25. Whatever the true size of the population out there, this is an elusive beast.\n\nThe main threats to its existence are habitat loss and hunting. The forests are being destroyed as humans move further into the area, changing the land for agricultural use and plantations and carrying out illegal logging, thus fragmenting the Saola's habitat. The recently built Ho Chi Minh Road, which now runs through the mountains, has fragmented the land still further. Hunting for meat exacerbates these problems and, although it is not usually a primary target for hunters, it is caught in snares set for other animals such as wild boar or deer. The continual influx of people to this region has meant there are more hunters who are willing to supply animals to the illegal wildlife trade and there is a belief that Chinese traditional medicine and food suppliers in Laos and Vietnam drive this market. Unfortunately, the Saola gets caught in the crossfire of the illegalities, suffers and dies because of it.\n\nThe WWF helps educate local communities and works with them to create community-led forest management. Locals are trained and employed as WWF forest guards and work hard to remove thousands upon thousands of traps and search for and stop illegal activity, but this is a huge undertaking. Between 2012 and 2013, WWF forest guards and the Forest Protection Department cleared 13,394 snares and shut down 336 illegal hunting camps. All this work is helping enormously, but will it be enough? Can the forests be completely cleared of the hunters and their guns and snares, which are making the Saola one of the clearest candidates for an imminent extinction in the world today?\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Not sure what this Saola is trying to get in its mouth but it looks like a smiling butterfly antelope, if there were such a thing, which there isn't. At least, there wasn't and then Ralph drew it, which means that now there is. I present Saola with Smiling Butterfly Antelope.\n**Monarch Butterfly**\n\n_Danaus plexippus_\n\nButterflies look so gentle and delicate, I watch them and wonder how they get through the day without damage. Well they are actually much hardier than you think and the Monarch Butterfly has to be the kingpin of all butterflies as it migrates from Canada to Mexico every year, which is a distance that can reach up to 4,500 kilometres. These are durable critters. Not all Monarchs migrate as some stay exactly where they are; for example, the Florida population is a mix of migratory and resident Monarchs.\n\nThe butterfly's journey is an extraordinary feat as Monarchs normally live for five weeks or so but the migration south can be an eight-week flight. Through some inbuilt setting they stay the course and arrive in warmer climes. The journey back is a different story as it can take three to four generations of butterflies to make the journey northwards to the United States and Canada. It shows just what an epic feat it was for the initial journey south to Mexico. It has become a Near Threatened species due to illegal logging and extreme weather, in particular heavy winds, which have felled many trees in the Monarch's winter hibernation habitat of the mountain forests in central Mexico. Agriculture and conversion of habitat also play their part, as does climate change, which could significantly affect the Monarch's migration. In the potential future, wetter and colder Mexican winters would decimate the numbers of butterflies able to migrate to the States and Canada and hotter summers could move habitats further north. A 2013 report issued by the WWF showed that the number of butterflies wintering in Mexico was at its lowest level for 20 years. In the States, the main threat is the use of herbicides, which is destroying much milkweed, the primary food source for the butterflies.\n\nThe Mexican government has created the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve to protect the butterfly's habitat from the threat of illegal logging and, with the support of the WWF, this area has expanded to ensure a safer future for the butterfly. The Monarch Butterfly Conservation Fund was also created by the WWF to encourage and offer economic incentives to local communities to work on behalf of the habitat and to reduce illegal logging. They have also established mushroom and tree nurseries, with the mushrooms providing protein as well as a source of income. The tree nurseries provide 1.5 million trees for reforestation every year, providing a wealth of work for local people.\n\nEvery year more than 150,000 butterfly tourists visit the Mexican hibernation colonies and this provides a source of income for the communities, who are also being helped by local authorities and the WWF to establish a better infrastructure to cope with the influx of people. They are being taught to be tourist guides and are learning how to help visitors make the most of their time with the butterflies and, of course, this engenders economic remuneration. Locals also patrol the forest, keeping their eyes peeled for illegal logging and forest fires and have become the guardians of the area taking great pride in their work and their region. With commitment like this there is every chance that the butterfly will remain the monarch of migration.\n\n_Ceri_ : I think we should do a butterfly in the book. A Monarch Butterfly. Then we can show that even butterflies have problems. People don't think of creatures like that having existence issues.\n\n_Ralph_ : Everything has an existence issue in this day and age. Everything.\n\n_Ceri_ : You're right. Creatures, habitat, people, jobs and lifestyles. Everything is endangered. Look at politicians. Not sure they will exist for much longer. Perhaps that wouldn't be a bad thing. We need an evolution from that tired old format of politician and party. After all, even you are bored with drawing them, as they just aren't the same any more.\n\n_Ralph_ : That's true and that's why I now draw butterflies. I think I will do him as a Rorschach butterfly.\n\n_Ceri_ : You mean a Ralphschach butterfly.\n\n_Ralph_ : Apparently I do. He might be nice like that. I'll do him tomorrow.\n\n_The next day_\n\n_Ralph_ : Damn and blast it!\n\n_Ceri_ : What's wrong?\n\n_Ralph_ : I've been thinking about that butterfly all day and finally I get round to doing him and then you ring, which made me spill this bottle of red ink all over my hand. Look!\n\n_The mark of the red hand waves at me from Ralph's studio._\n\n_Ceri_ : It looks like you bleed ink. It's rather splendid.\n\n**Largetooth Sawfish**\n\n_Pristis pristis_\n\nThis sawfish has four subpopulations in the Eastern and Indo-West Pacific and the Eastern and Western Atlantic oceans. Details of the population sizes are undetermined but sightings and recordings of this sawfish, also known as the Common Sawfish, have become increasingly rare: with that increased rarity comes an increased demand for parts of the sawfish. Those that are illegally traded are the skin, meat, organs, fins and, of course, the rostrum, the large elongated snout, which is lined with saw-like teeth, hence the name sawfish. But you knew that. These rostra are sadly wanted as ornamental objects and fetch a pretty penny too, making it a lucrative business for fishermen. The fins are used in shark fin soup (surely a trade descriptions issue) and Chinese traditional medicine calls for the use of body parts including the liver and gall bladder. The skin is used to make high-quality leather and the meat is usually consumed locally. Unfortunately, the sawfish is popular for too many detrimental reasons.\n\nBecause of their snaggle-toothed rostra, sawfish are prone to being caught in fishing nets and even though it is now a protected species, it is still being caught not only illegally but also accidentally, which is threatening its existence. Habitat loss is also damaging the populations and it is imperative that stringent law enforcement is carried out across the sawfish range. Many people need to be taught about the sawfish and its plight, while something has to be done about gillnets and trawling to stop their devastating effect on the sawfish population. A conservation plan is needed for the species, but it is going to be hard to implement one when the range of the sawfish is so vast and the species is hosted by so many nations. But we have to find a way to stop the sawfish becoming no more than a curious object and a historical relic on a dusty shelf.\n\n_Ceri_ : You'll need a holiday after you've done all these critters.\n\n_Ralph_ : I don't like going on holidays. I like to stay at home and sit quietly on a Lutyens bench and smoke Will's Woodbines furiously and crittically. I also ponder who we borrowed Lent from?\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nHere is the one you have craved since records began!! Common Sawfish \u2013 drawn with ink and he still looks silly \u2013 and it is only in line with a daft expression!\n\nRUDE RALF \u2013 friend of dead common things!!! PS. His name is TOMMY!\n**Walrus**\n\n_Odobenus rosmarus_\n\nThe Walrus is divided into two subspecies, the Atlantic and the Pacific Walruses. For the moment, the Atlantic Walrus is considered as Near Threatened and the Pacific Walrus as Data Deficient, therefore the Walrus as a species is classified as Vulnerable. The Atlantic Walrus is found mainly between Canada and Greenland and the Pacific Walrus inhabits the northern waters off Russia and Alaska down to the Chukchi Sea. It is estimated that the Atlantic Walrus numbers approximately 25,000 and the Pacific Walrus up to 200,000 individuals, but this is not a confirmed figure. Interestingly, the US Geological Survey has just released data on Walruses, which have been gathered over 160 years of Walrus records and collated into one giant Walrus database. This includes information taken from nineteenth century diaries, maps created by explorers, aerial surveys and expedition accounts. It is hoped that this information will inform the decision makers and help them decide how best to protect the Walrus and to fully determine its status as a species and decide whether it should be considered as Endangered.\n\nFor many years the Walrus was harvested for meat, bones, ivory and skin by the native people of the Arctic, but commercial hunting was the beast that severely damaged the Walrus population. In the 1970s commercial hunting became illegal and since then the Walrus has been protected throughout much of its range. The exception was Russia, but hunting stopped there in 1991 when their Walrus industry collapsed. Subsistence harvesting still occurs for local communities in Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Russia, often with quotas put in place, but for the moment this harvesting is believed to be within sustainable limits.\n\nWhen out of the water, Walruses congregate in groups known as haul-outs. These can number thousands of animals, which is a social and defensive strategy as it protects them from attacks by its only natural predators, Polar Bears and Killer Whales. Outside of the winter breeding season, the sexes do not mix in these gatherings and the males will camp out away from the females and their calves. Haul-outs do leave them susceptible to oil spills and boat collisions but the Walrus database has recorded all known haul-out sites. This will help those that work in and navigate through these waters to avoid the Walrus populations and therefore protect the species even further.\n\nEvery spring the male walruses congregate on southerly islands and coastal areas while the females head to the northern ice floes to give birth and raise their young. Climate change is melting the sea ice at an alarming rate and no one is quite sure how the females will adapt to the increasing loss of icy habitat. It has been noted that females have begun to form their own haul-outs as the sea ice has been disappearing, which is something groups of females have never done before. Perhaps this is how they will cope with further habitat change. Whatever happens, there is concern over the future of the Walrus and how it will adapt to the changes brought about by climate change.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nThis morning I was ordered to go down to Maidstone to buy new Pants, shoes and sherts not covered in Ink Splats from your wretched Critter Crappers! This has been a messy book!!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nA Crittologist's lot is not an easy one.\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nFunny you should say that. Here is a picture I have just done of a Crittologist's lot!\n\n**White- headed Langur**\n\n_Trachypithecus poliocephalus_\n\nThe White-headed Langur consists of two subspecies, one found on Cat Ba Island in the World Heritage site of Halong Bay in northern Vietnam and the other in southern China, in the province of Guangxi. It is not certain whether this Chinese population is a subspecies or perhaps its own species and the debate continues. Whatever the outcome may be, the langur's prospects are looking precarious because of hunting and habitat loss, which has seen a decrease in population size of 80 per cent over the last three generations. Hence it is considered as Critically Endangered.\n\nIn China, agricultural change and the clearing of land by fire have led to fires spreading into langur territory and firewood collection has created further habitat loss. These threats, coupled with poaching, have had a terrible effect on the langurs and have created a decreasing population, which now numbers between 600 and 800 individuals. A nature reserve has been created for one of the largest populations of about 250 langurs at Chongzuo Eco Park but more has to be done to ascertain the chances of survival for the species and what aid can be given to it to ensure the future for the White-headed Langur in China.\n\nThe Vietnamese langurs number 64 in total over seven fragmented subpopulations. Hunting for meat and use in traditional medicines have all but wiped out this subspecies and, just to help it on its way, a rising human population has adversely affected the habitat. Cat Ba Island has become a tourist centre and a National Park but it is not well managed and the tourist trail and its resultant activities damage and disturb the langur habitat even further. Because the population is so small there is a danger of potentially harmful inbreeding and of course a natural or man-made disaster could destroy the species in an instant. Since 2000, the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project has sought to protect the White-headed Langur and its habitat on the island. A sanctuary has been created where about one-third of the langurs live and are protected and local people have been mobilised to protect a further third of langurs that live outside the sanctuary. This is an attempt to halt poaching and human encroachment for ever more and once again shows the importance of engaging local communities to become part of the conservation story.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nPlease don't think I am whining like some Lesser Spotter Finger Dinger \u2013 but I have been plagued for the last 12 hours by a Godawful pain in my right hand wrist and joint jangler fingers \u2013 suggesting that flicking and splatting is becoming critical cringe-makingly awful \u2013 so it is a good job we are off to US tomorrer mornin' for me exhibition \u2013 back next Monday \u2013 so I hope I don't have to shake hands with important Wallies \u2013 who always want to shake your hand!! MINE! \u2013 NOT yours!!!!\n\nSorry to make you laugh again \u2013 its just a bad habit>>>>>>> Picture of the Pain attached!!!\n\nDIGITFIDGET\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nI hope you enjoy your show in the US of A. I hope your hand gets a break, not literally, as you have worked so hard on these critters and I hope your flicking hand gets better. You're a bloody marvel, boy bach! Speak when you get back.\n\n_Ralph replies_ :\n\nI will bring you back an EXCYCLE or a PEEdada!! If I can fit it in my JCB!!!\n\nGOOD TO TALC \u2013 did you get powder all over you also!!!?\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nI'm covered in talc! I wish you wouldn't use so much. Safe journeying, dear Ralphito....\n**Masai Giraffe**\n\n_Giraffa tippelskirchi_\n\n**Reticulated Giraffe**\n\n_Giraffa reticulata_\n\n**Southern Giraffe**\n\n_Giraffa giraffa_\n\n**Northern Giraffe**\n\n_Giraffa camelopardalis_\n\nAs we head towards the end of the book, I think to myself that writing about the giraffe will be easy as it is listed by the IUCN as of Least Concern. I think this will be a nice simple piece to write and that numbers of giraffe have been decreasing but on the whole it is surviving. Sure, it's one to keep an eye on like so many other creatures but it's doing OK. But then whammo blammo!\n\nEverything changes and I am reminded that scientists and conservationists are continually working, studying and researching to understand our planet and its inhabitants better and science changes and keeps moving on.\n\nIt has always been assumed that there was one species of giraffe with up to eleven subspecies being recognised, although nine subspecies is the accepted norm. But the genetic differences between each subspecies have never been fully understood or fully examined. Until now, that is. When I woke up this morning the world had changed while I slept: yesterday's single species of giraffe has become four species of giraffe.\n\nThe giraffe world has been changed thanks to research conducted by the Giraffe Conservation Foundation in collaboration with the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany and partners \u2013 and this research will inform and affect the future of giraffe conservation. The giraffe yesterday is not the same scientific being today. There's been a total change in the giraffe team and here's the line-up. We have Masai Giraffe, Reticulated Giraffe, Southern Giraffe, with two subspecies of Angolan and South African Giraffes and, finally, Northern Giraffe, which has three subspecies, consisting of Kordofan, Nubian and West African Giraffes.\n\nFigures show there are fewer than 4,750 Northern Giraffe individuals and under 8,700 Reticulated Giraffes in the wild. This would surely mean that they should be moved into a higher category of threat. This will mean a rethink for the classification of the giraffes and their conservation status in the IUCN Red List. Coupled with the fact that giraffe populations have tumbled by 40 per cent in the last 30 years, from more than 150,000 individuals to under 100,000 today, we may see some of the giraffes moved from Least Concern to a more worrying status. What is extraordinary is that gaping holes have been uncovered in the story of the creature and it shows how under-studied this African giant has been, compared to other large creatures like rhinos, lions and elephants. It's time for the giraffe to take centre stage, as scientifically it has been an often-overlooked creature. Although how you overlook a critter that stands between 4 and 6 metres tall is beyond me.\n\nThreats to the giraffe include competition with livestock for food and water resources, regional instability, habitat destruction and poaching, as the giraffe is hunted for its meat. There is also a belief in certain parts of Africa that giraffe bone marrow and brains can cure HIV and AIDS. Despite being so iconic, still very little is known about the giraffe and the way it lives. But the recent research has shown the way forward for the animal and now the four species can be singly assessed and a conservation plan for each one can be mapped out. The future can be bright for this elegant beast.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nBOO!!! We made it back \u2013 show went well and I have now been given the status of Saint Ralph>>>>>>@@@@@@ King Ralph was too lowly!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nDon't scare me like that! Glad you're a Saint as you have the right attributes... Nice eyes, good legs etc.\n**Bactrian Camel**\n\n_Camelus ferus_\n\nFor a long time the wild Bactrian Camel was believed to have been descended from the domesticated Bactrian Camel ( _Camelus bactrianus_ ), but recent DNA tests show that there are major genetic differences between the two camels and it is now believed that there was a divergence long before domestication began. Consequently the wild Bactrian Camel is considered as a separate species altogether, although this means that it finds itself a Critically Endangered critter.\n\nIt is found in four subpopulations and locations in Mongolia and China and may be extinct in one of these, the Chinese Taklamakan Desert. Numbers of camels in the wild are believed to be decreasing, with roughly 600 individuals in China and about 350 in Mongolia. It roams the Gobi and Gashun Gobi deserts of northwest China and southwest Mongolia and is well equipped to deal with the harshness of these desert regions, being able to hold out against drought and food shortages. It is also able to drink salt water if needs be.\n\nThreats come from wolves and humans who hunt it for subsistence and sport. Strangely, the camel seems impervious to radiation, as for 45 years what is now the Arjin Shan Lop Nur Nature Sanctuary was China's nuclear test site and the camel has lived through that without any signs of adverse effects. These tests have thankfully stopped although toxic illegal mining is now being carried out in the area and it is estimated that 20 camels are killed each year by miners and hunters for food. Around 25\u201330 camels are also being killed annually in Mongolia as they cross to China on the southernmost border of the protected Great Gobi Reserve A. Again this hunting is for subsistence.\n\nHybridisation with domestic Bactrian Camels is also a problem in keeping the genetic strain pure and domestic livestock are damaging much of the Mongolian habitat. There are a number of threats for the camel to deal with and urgent conservation action is necessary. A second nature reserve in China is essential whilst the Wild Camel Protection Foundation has initiated a captive breeding programme in Mongolia and is determined to educate local people in both China and Mongolia about the importance of protecting this wildest of camels. It is a difficult time for the Bactrian Camel but there are hopes that the present-day actions will give the creature a fighting chance of survival.\n\n_Ceri_ : Why have you done so many animal drawings? What were they all for?\n\n_Ralph_ : How should I know?\n\n**Lemur Leaf Frog**\n\n_Hylomantis lemur_\n\nThe Lemur Leaf Frog is found in Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama and, due to an enormous population decline of probably more than 80 per cent, it is deemed to be Critically Endangered. This nocturnal tree frog's population has always been nominal in Colombia but it was once common across Costa Rica, where it has all but disappeared across the country and is now only found there in three locations. It is still considered common in central and eastern Panama, although numbers have been decimated in western Panama.\n\nHabitat loss has played its role in the demise of the Lemur Leaf Frog but the main culprit is believed to be the disease chytridiomycosis. This is caused by a fungus, which infects the frog's skin, affecting its breathing and natural defences.\n\nResearch is ongoing to ascertain the definite cause of the decline of the species and its potential remedies. In the meantime several institutions, including Atlanta Botanical Garden, Manchester Museum and Bristol Zoo, have all been running captive breeding programmes, which will build up numbers of the frog to a healthy level and will ultimately help support the population in the wild.\n\n_Ralph emails_ :\n\nI have didded a lemur frog defferunt to uvver frogs!!! I'll show ya if ya wont!!?? I tryde ta swipe yer \u2013 but yoo wuz kippin shchtum.........!\n\nPS Writing a song!!! Will Skipe ya shawtly! ANd weee can av a tawk abaht itt! The song is about a LINNET \u2013 so dont BIN IT!!! OK. We can speak later... We can SING laterdotdotdot! Bit washed out \u2013 can't walk and my wrists still have rep-stress-wrist-whip!!!!! Learning to sign with my feet now!!!!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nCan't wait to hear the song and it sounds like you are going to have to give it a rest with your ink flicking for a while.\n\n_Ralph replies (a bit later)_ :\n\nHere are the lyrics so you can sing along wiv mee.\n\nThe GONZOVATIONIST BIRDSONG\n\nby Ralph STEADman egged on by that CERI LEVY\n\nI try each day\n\nTo imitate\n\nThe dulcet tones\n\nof a LINNET\n\nThat hangs around\n\nTo play with my pet Crane\n\nThey're Worlds apart\n\nBut they insist\n\nThat we're the best\n\nWe're the GONZOVATIONISTS!\n\n\u2013 And anyway\n\nWe live down Lancet Lane\n\nListen to the Birdies sing?!\n\n(Whistle! Whistle! \u2013 Whistle! Whistle!!)\n\nIsn't that a hopeful sign of Spring!!!?\n\nA Fool's Eternity...\n\nHow long can that be??\n\nHow long can a Fool\n\nBelieve the Lie!???\n\nWell, it don't make sense\n\nTo gather Moss\n\nAnd think your Life's\n\nA bloody loss\n\nAnd give up living life\n\nWithout a try\n\nSo... be obstinate\n\nAnd GONZOVATE\n\nAnd change the minds\n\nOf those who hate\n\nGONZOVATIONISTS\n\nWe estimate \u2013\n\nAre Folks\n\nLike YOU and I-I-I-I-i-I-I-I-I>>>>>>>>>\n**Dugong**\n\n_Dugong dugon_\n\n_Da-du-gong-gong-gong, da-du-gong-gong_. It fits the Crystals song perfectly and I can't stop singing it. Right, shape up and let's have a look at this creature in a little more depth. Previously I stated that sailors used to mistake manatees for mermaids. But it is also said about the Dugong, which is obvious really as the Dugong and the three manatees together make up the order Sirenia. When I imagine a mermaid it usually looks like a Dugong more than a manatee. What about you?\n\nDugongs live in the coastal waters of at least 37 countries in the South China and East China Seas and the Indo-Pacific. They occur from East Africa to the Philippines and good numbers are found in Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Tens of thousands live in the northern coastal waters of Australia and Papua New Guinea.\n\nThese herbivorous mammals eat sea-grass and, like manatees, are often called 'sea-cows', maybe because their underwater grazing is similar to 'land-cows'. Interestingly, the Dugongs in Moreton Bay, Australia are omnivorous as they will eat invertebrates when the sea-grass is depleted. Among the threats to the Dugong are entanglement in fishing nets, boating accidents, habitat destruction and loss of sea-grass. Hunting is illegal in most countries, although certain indigenous people, on cultural and historical grounds, carry out legal subsistence hunting. This happens in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. For the moment the Dugong is considered as Vulnerable but a steep decline in numbers has been predicted. There are protected areas for the Dugong but law enforcement is not as strict as it should be and conservation action is urgently required to protect the Dugong from becoming the Du-gone.\n\n**The Mystery of the Missing Dugong**\n\n_Ceri's Diary_ : Ralph has finished his drawings and today is the dreaded Day of Reckoning. I am at the studio and Sadie and I are checking that we have no missing critters as Marina from Bloomsbury is collecting them later today to be photographed for the book. We know that the Skuppered Dunt is M.I.A. and hope nothing else has joined it in the dreaded drawer of disappearance. Ticking everything off I see a creature I have never seen before. A dog-gone Dugong. There's always a surprise whenever I set foot in the studio and this is a good one. But how come I have never seen it before?\n\n_Ralph_ : You didn't think I was going to give you everything, did you?\n\n_Ceri_ : Funnily enough I did!\n_Ralph emails_:\n\nJolly well Done ole sport! FINISHANDERO! Unless we do the critically overpopulated Traffic Jam Butty or the OVEREGGED LEGover!! Tried to leave coherent message \u2013 have a last picture of a lovely hedgehog you may not be aware of>>>>>> So anyway, I think we done good work for all the Critters!!\n\n_Ceri replies_ :\n\nYou sure did do a good thing! It's been a wonderful journey as always. Thank you Cap'n. And thanks for all the animals.\n\n**Western European Hedgehog**\n\n_Erinaceus europaeus_\n\nIn the UK, the British Hedgehog Preservation Society, the People's Trust for Endangered Species and the British Trust for Ornithology, have carried out research which indicates that rural numbers of UK hedgehogs have fallen by at least 50 per cent, while urban numbers have decreased by up to 30 per cent since the turn of the century. In the 1950s, it was estimated there were over 30 million hedgehogs in the UK but by 1995 the number had crashed to 1.5 million. Latest projections indicate this number has reduced further to fewer than a million hedgehogs. Could this lead to a local extinction? I don't know and research continues to discover the answer. Across the rest of its European range the hedgehog seems to be doing fine and the species is classified as of Least Concern.\n\nSo why is there such a rapid disappearance in the UK? The research points at the growth of agriculture, busier roads and more of them, loss of habitat, climate change and their natural predators, Badgers. Rurally, many hedgerows and other suitable habitats have disappeared and the use of herbicides, pesticides and agricultural intensification has made the world a less inviting place for the Hedgehog. In urban areas, the loss of gardens, the continual conversion of space to housing, the endless building of walls and the lack of thought for the lifestyle of the Hedgehog have left it with precarious footholds in towns and cities.\n\nThe Hedgehog has been a favourite amongst our storytellers over the years and has been utilised by the Brothers Grimm, Aesop, Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll. For example, there is Beatrix Potter's creation, Mrs Tiggywinkle, while in Alice in Wonderland, the Queen of Hearts plays croquet with flamingo mallets and Hedgehogs for balls. It is one of those creatures many of us have grown up with. They have accompanied us across the road of childhood without getting squashed and have a special place in many of our hearts.\n\nThe starting point on our journey through Critical Critters was the Woolly Mammoth and it is fitting that our end species in our adventure is the Hedgehog. Why? Well, here's one of those facts that takes a moment to get one's head around. The Hedgehog has been on this planet for more than 15 million years and pre-dates the Woolly Mammoth. It is a survivor. But it is significant that such an elderly states-creature of this world is facing a struggle to survive in several parts of the globe. It has become a very thin line between living and extinction.\n\nHistory rests heavily on our shoulders and we must not buckle under the weight. Every creature has its day but we cannot allow animals like the Hedgehog to disappear and no longer delight our future generations. We need our animal kingdom, we need our wildlife and we need to grow into a new age of caring and protectionism for the creatures of this world. The future of the critters is down to us and it is our responsibility to ensure that every living thing keeps its place on this planet. There is room for all of us on this spinning globe but we have to manage the space better than we have done in the last hundred years or so. If this moment of time were to be the beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch, then wouldn't it be good to mark it with a new attitude towards the natural environment? For now we only have this world as our home and it is in urgent need of repair, as is our relationship with the critters we share it with. It is the time for action.\n\n**++ STOP PRESS ++ STOP PRESS ++ STOP PRESS ++ STOP PRESS ++**\n\nChina has announced that it will ban the ivory trade by the end of 2017. This could be a game changer and it allows us to believe that we can change the world around us and save the critters. There's just a few more things to do...\n\n_Ralph_ : It's time to pack up and head home.\n\n_Ceri_ : Aye-aye, Cap'n. I will set a course for Blighty.\n\n_Ralph_ : You can drop me at the end of the road, got to pick up a copy of the Kent Messenger and see what's been happening while I've been away. I have to say that all this running around has left me parched.\n\n_Ceri_ : I'll put the kettle on for the journey home. Only got the merest splash of giraffe milk left though, so will have to go easy on it but at least you'll be able to wet your whistle.\n\nCeri's Diary:\n\nWith the mention of whistle, Ralph gives two sharp blasts on his penny whistle to signal that it is time to leave the Mid Lands and Toadstool Island. With the kettle boiling and the sun setting over the Sea of Treacle, I place the Turt on the Turtophonic Directional Navigator, set the dial to H, for home and we begin to move slowly forwards. This slow boat home will give us both time to reflect on what we have seen and what we have learnt. We look behind us and see Bent Girders and his team waving goodbye to us, while the Groglick leaps up and down trying to lick them. This has been our most extraordinary adventure yet and I believe that we can all make a difference in the world. It's time to make changes for our critters.\n\n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---  \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****  \n  |  |   |  |   |  |    \n****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****|  | ****\n\nJackie Ankelen\n\nAnna Steadman\n\nSadie Williams\n\nSadie Steadman (it's all her fault)\n\nHolly Craven\n\nDaniela Galvez Fountain\n\nTriana Galvez Fountain\n\nOllie Williams\n\nToby Williams\n\nBloomsbury People \u2013 Jim Martin\n\nAlice Ward\n\nMarina Asenjo\n\nHugh Brazier\n\nJulie Dando, Fluke Art\n\nMarco Lambertini\n\nJo Cook \u2013 Amur Leopard & Tiger Alliance\n\nDuncan Macdonald\n\nJimi Goodwin\n\nNat Sobel and Adia Wright at Sobel Weber Associates, Inc.\n\nJeff Barrett and the Caught By The River crew \u2013 Robin Turner, Andrew Walsh, Danny Mitchell and Carl Gosling\n\nLady Catherine Saint Germans and the Port Eliot Festival\n\nCeri's Bird Effect Diaries can be found at www.caughtbytheriver.net\/category\/the-bird-effect\n\nRalph and his work can be found at www.ralphsteadman.com\n\nKurt Vonnegut quotes \u00a9 Kurt Vonnegut LLC. www.vonnegut.com\n\nEdward Lucie-Smith poem \u00a9 Edward Lucie-Smith\n\nNosetweak photograph by Sadie Williams and other photos by Ceri Levy\n\n**Music to write books by:**\n\nTinashe \u2013 _Nightride_\n\nAgnes Obel \u2013 _Aventine_ , _Philharmonics_ , _Citizen of Glass_\n\nLambchop \u2013 _Flotus_\n\nJessie Ware \u2013 _Tough Love_ , _Devotion_\n\nAlicia Keys \u2013 _Home_\n\nA Winged Victory for the Sullen \u2013 _A Winged Victory for the Sullen_\n\nHomeboy Sandman \u2013 _Kindness for Weakness_\n\nNoname \u2013 _Telefone_\n\nWhitney \u2013 _Light Upon the Lake_\n\nDonald Fagen \u2013 _Nightfly_\n\n**Recommended websites:**\n\nAmur Leopard \u2013 www.altaconservation.org\/amur-leopard\/amur-leopard-factfile\/\n\nWWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) www.worldwildlife.org\n\nwwf.panda.org\n\nIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) www.iucnredlist.org\n\nZSL (Zoological Society of London) www.zsl.org\n\nThe Nature Conservancy www.nature.org\n\nWildlife Conservation Society www.wcs.org\n\nWildAid www.wildaid.org\n\nWildlife Conservation Network www.wildnet.org\n\nDurrell Wildlife Conservation Trust www.durrell.org\n\nMarine Conservation Society www.mcsuk.org\n\nThe Black Fish www.theblackfish.org\n\nEnvironmental Investigation Agency www.eia-international.org\n\nFauna & Flora International www.fauna-flora.org\n\nConservation International www.conservation.org\n\nUnited for Wildlife www.unitedforwildlife.org\n\nAmur Leopard & Tiger Alliance www.altaconservation.org\n\nIguana Specialist Group www.iucn-isg.org\n\nSave the Rhino www.savetherhino.org\n\nGorillas - The Gorilla Organization www.gorillas.org\n\nInternational Gorilla Conservation Programme www.igcp.org\n\nTurtle Conservancy www.turtleconservancy.org\n\nOrangutan Foundation www.orangutan.org.uk\n\nIUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group www.pangolinsg.org\n\nWhales and Dolphins www.whales.org\n\nHector's Dolphin www.whaledolphintrust.org.nz\/projects\/hectors-dolphins\/\n\nAfrican Conservation Foundation www.africanconservation.org\n\nInternational Fund for Animal Welfare www.ifaw.org\/\n\nSave the Elephants www.savetheelephants.org\n\nBonobo Conservation Initiative www.bonobo.org\n\nSaiga Conservation Alliance www.saiga-conservation.org\n\nThe Wombat Foundation www.wombatfoundation.com.au\n\nAngel Shark Project www.angelsharkproject.com\n\nRed Wolf Coalition www.redwolves.com\n\nBorn Free Foundation www.bornfree.org.uk\n\nSave The Tiger Fund + Panthera www.panthera.org\/initiative\/save-tiger-fund\n\nSnow Leopard Trust www.snowleopard.org\n\nGalapagos Conservation Trust www.galapagosconservation.org.uk\n\nLemur Conservation Network www.lemurconservationnetwork.org\n\nRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew www.kew.org\n\nShark Trust www.sharktrust.org\n\nBumblebee Conservation Trust www.bumblebeeconservation.org\n\nAustralian Wildlife Conservancy www.australianwildlife.org\n\nBuglife www.buglife.org.uk\n\nAmphibian Survival Alliance www.amphibians.org\n\nButterfly Conservation www.butterfly-conservation.org\nBloomsbury Natural History\n\nAn imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\n50 Bedford Square | 1385 Broadway  \n---|---  \nLondon | New York  \nWC1B 3DP | NY 10018  \nUK | USA\n\nwww.bloomsbury.com\n\nThis electronic edition published in 2017 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\nBLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc\n\nFirst published 2017\n\nCopyright \u00a9 illustrations by Ralph Steadman, 2017\n\nCopyright \u00a9 text by Ceri Levy, 2017\n\nRalph Steadman and Ceri Levy have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work.\n\nAll rights reserved  \nYou may not copy, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means (including without limitation electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, printing, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.\n\nNo responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author.\n\nBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data\n\nA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.\n\nLibrary of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for.\n\nISBN: 978-1-4729-3671-4 (HB)  \nISBN: 978-1-4729-3673-8 (eBook)  \nISBN: 978-1-4729-3672-1 (ePDF)\n\nDesigned in UK by Julie Dando, Fluke Art\n\nTo find out more about our authors and their books please visit www.bloomsbury.com where you will find extracts, author interviews and details of forthcoming events, and to be the first to hear about latest releases and special offers, sign up for our newsletters.\n\n#\n\n  1. Cover\n  2. Title Page\n  3. Contents\n  4. Gin Martini Calls\n  5. How to Value a Species and Why We Should Care\n  6. Creating a Synopsis\n  7. Woolly Mammoth\n  8. Ralph emails: Anyway - starting is necessary...\n  9. Foreword\n  10. Humphead Wrasse\n  11. Singapore Freshwater Crab\n  12. Grunting Spiked Turt\n  13. Amur Leopard\n  14. Invasion of the Gonzovationists\n  15. Groglick\n  16. Red Wowlet\n  17. Jamaican Iguana\n  18. Sumatran Rhinoceros\n  19. Mountain Gorilla\n  20. Hawksbill Turtle\n  21. Bornean Orangutan\n  22. Sumatran Orangutan\n  23. Chinese Pangolin\n  24. Sunda Pangolin\n  25. Pygmy Tarsier\n  26. Maned Three-toed Sloth\n  27. The Visitation\n  28. Hector's Dolphin\n  29. Hippopotamus\n  30. Irrawaddy Dolphin\n  31. African Elephant\n  32. Asian Elephant\n  33. Bonobo\n  34. Saiga Antelope\n  35. Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat\n  36. Angelshark\n  37. Pygmy Three-toed Sloth\n  38. Tarzan's Chameleon\n  39. Black-footed Ferret\n  40. Przewalski's Horse\n  41. Striped Spirit Wint\n  42. Cuban Crocodile\n  43. Kanab Ambersnail\n  44. Pool-strutting Monkeychick\n  45. Philippine Crocodile\n  46. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat\n  47. Digg Soiler\n  48. Dratsab\n  49. White Rhinoceros\n  50. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna\n  51. Southern Bluefin Tuna\n  52. Pacific Bluefin Tuna\n  53. Golden-rumped Sengi\n  54. Lord Howe Island Stick Insect\n  55. Luristan Newt\n  56. Rat-arsed Skunk\n  57. Aye-aye\n  58. Baad Guttering\n  59. Gnat Flutterby\n  60. Little Mother Moth\n  61. Red Wolf\n  62. Tiger\n  63. Grevy's Zebra\n  64. Giant Panda\n  65. Borneo Pygmy Elephant\n  66. Snow Leopard\n  67. Chimpanzee\n  68. Terry Cotter - the Island's Potter\n  69. Fin Whale\n  70. Galapagos Sea Lion\n  71. Black Rhinoceros\n  72. Blue Whale\n  73. Golden Bamboo Lemur\n  74. Long-nosed Gwylim\n  75. Black Spider Monkey\n  76. Suicide Palm\n  77. Addax or White Antelope\n  78. African Wild Dog\n  79. Amazonian Manatee\n  80. American Manatee or West Indian Manatee\n  81. African Manatee\n  82. Grey Nurse Shark\n  83. Garden Bumblebee\n  84. Polar Bear\n  85. Articulated Bumlice\n  86. Greek Red Damsel\n  87. Lion\n  88. Hula Painted Frog\n  89. Indri\n  90. Delhi Sands Flower-loving Fly\n  91. Western Long-beaked Echidna\n  92. Eastern Long-beaked Echidna\n  93. Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna\n  94. Visiting the Steadman Uncontinuum\n  95. Mongolian Beaver\n  96. Volcano Rabbit\n  97. African Wild Ass\n  98. Dylis Voryd\n  99. Peacock Parachute Spider\n  100. Saint Lucia Racer\n  101. Indian Python\n  102. Horrid Ground-weaver Spider\n  103. Why-me?\n  104. Skimleach\n  105. Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle\n  106. Chinese Giant Salamander\n  107. Vaquita\n  108. Leatherback Sea Turtle\n  109. Red Squirrel\n  110. Saola\n  111. Monarch Butterfly\n  112. Largetooth Sawfish\n  113. Walrus\n  114. White-headed Langur\n  115. Masai Giraffe\n  116. Reticulated Giraffe\n  117. Southern Giraffe\n  118. Northern Giraffe\n  119. Bactrian Camel\n  120. Lemur Leaf Frog\n  121. Dugong\n  122. Western European Hedgehog\n  123. Acknowledgements\n  124. eCopyright\n\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaBook"}}
+{"text":" \n250 Recipes in **15** , **20** , **30** Minutes\n\n# **weightwatchers**\n\n_Cook it Fast_\n\nST. MARTIN'S GRIFFIN   NEW YORK\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu, here\n\nThe author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your personal use only. You may not make this e-book publicly available in any way. **Copyright infringement is against the law. If you believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on the author's copyright, please notify the publisher at:http:\/\/us.macmillanusa.com\/piracy.**\n\n# About Weight Watchers   \nInternational, Inc.\n\nWeight Watchers International, Inc. is the world's leading provider of weight-management services, operating globally through a network of company-owned and franchise operations. Weight Watchers holds over 40,000 meetings each week where members receive group support and learn about healthful eating patterns, behavior modification, and physical activity. **WeightWatchers.com** provides innovative subscription weight-management products over the Internet and is the leading Internet-based provider of these products in the world. In addition, Weight Watchers offers a wide range of products, publications (including **_Weight Watchers Magazine,_** which is available on newsstands and in Weight Watchers meeting rooms), and programs for those interested in weight loss and weight control. For the Weight Watchers meeting nearest you, call **1-800-651-6000.** For information about bringing Weight Watchers to your workplace, call **1-800-8AT-WORK.**\n\n**Weight Watchers Publishing Group**\n\n_VP, Editorial Director_\n\nTheresa DiMasi\n\n_Creative Director_\n\nEd Melnitsky\n\n_Photo Director_\n\nDeborah Hardt\n\n_Managing Editor_\n\nDiane Pavia\n\n_Assistant Editor_\n\nKaterina Gkionis\n\n_Food Editor_\n\nEileen Runyan\n\n_Editor_\n\nJackie Mills, R.D.N.\n\n_Nutrition Consultant_\n\nU. Beate Krinke\n\n_Photographers_\n\nRita Maas\n\nAlan Richardson\n\n_Food Stylists_\n\nAnne Disrude\n\nMichael Pederson\n\n_Prop Stylists_\n\nCathy Cook\n\nBette Blau\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad, here\n\n# Contents\n\n_A Quick Note_\n\n_Weight Watchers and the Simply Filling Technique_\n\n44 Recipes That Work with the Simply Filling Technique\n\n_About Our Recipes_\n\n[15 Minute Meals  \n ](part01.xhtml)\n\n15 Minute Breakfasts\n\n15 Minute Lunches\n\n_Buy Some Time_\n\n15 Minute Dinners\n\n15 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\n_Organize Your Kitchen for Speed_\n\n[20 Minute Meals  \n ](part02.xhtml)\n\n20 Minute Breakfasts\n\n20 Minute Lunches\n\n_9 Rules for Shortcut Cooking_\n\n20 Minute Dinners\n\n_Got 5 Minutes?_\n\n_10 Essential Kitchen Time-Savers_\n\n20 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\n[30 Minute Meals  \n ](part03.xhtml)\n\n30 Minute Breakfasts\n\n30 Minute Lunches\n\n_Express Shopping_\n\n30 Minute Dinners\n\n_You_ Can _Make It Quick_\n\n_7 Superfast Sides_\n\n30 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\n[Bonus\u2013On the Weekend  \n ](part04.xhtml)\n\nSpend Some Time\n\n_Time Well Spent_\n\nSlow Cookers Save Time\n\nSomething Sweet\n\n_Life's Too Short to Make_\n\n_Recipes by ** _PointsPlus_** \u00ae value_\n\n_Index_\n\n# A Quick Note\n\nAdmit it. There's something thrilling about serving up a delicious, home-cooked meal in 15, 20, or 30 minutes flat. Lucky then that, in this book, you'll find dozens of dishes and lots of clever tricks and shortcuts that will help you do just that.\n\nBecause we want you to cook. It's healthier, it's usually less expensive, and you'll feel a sense of accomplishment and delight in knowing you created something delectable in a snap. There's nothing more enjoyable than gathering your family and friends around a table and serving a fresh-from-the-oven roast, a nourishing soup, or a scrumptious pie. Why deny yourself these pleasures?\n\nThe difficulty is we lead busy lives, so it's easier to order in or go out to restaurants rather than make ourselves something wonderful and comforting to eat. Those options are okay once in a while; we're not saying you have to cook every single meal. But we do think that when you see how easy it is to do you'll find it a viable and healthier alternative to dining out.\n\nTo make cooking fast and fuss-free, we've carefully written each recipe so it's easy to follow, with few ingredients and short, precise steps\u2014no previous cooking knowledge needed. Turn the page and you'll discover meals that will satisfy a variety of tastes from many cultures and countries. We've included Weight Watchers member favorites, recipes we know are crowd-pleasers, and meals we've made time and time again for our own families and friends. In short, we've assembled our greatest hits and hope these recipes will become your greatest hits, too.\n\nFor the weekends when you opt for leisure over pace, we've included a chapter devoted to dishes that take a little longer to prepare\u2014restorative, comforting, toothsome concoctions\u2014but are still uncomplicated, including slow-cooker meals that let you relax while dinner cooks itself. Many of these dishes serve six or eight, so you can use them when you entertain or have enough leftovers for an effortless meal later in the week.\n\nIn addition to great recipes, you'll find tips for decluttering and organizing your kitchen, menu planning, and buying the best time-saving tools. We talk about shopping for quality ingredients because starting with fresh, seasonal produce means you get maximum flavor minus the fuss. We tell you which kitchen tasks are worth the time (like maintaining your quick-meal pantry) and which are not (who has time to make homemade pasta?). We also give you our take on which convenience products to invest in and absolutely essential canned goods to keep on hand.\n\nWeight Watchers wants to make it easy for you to enjoy delicious, satisfying meals that don't sacrifice flavor\u2014or use too many **_PointsPlus_** \u00ae values. With this indispensible cookbook, you'll gain confidence in the kitchen, and the pleasure of knowing your family will be eating nourishing, healthy food. Meanwhile, you still get \"me\" time at the end of the day and extra hours to spend with the people you love. So go ahead\u2014throw away those takeout menus and start cooking fresh food, fast!\n\n\u2014Theresa DiMasi\n\nEditor in Chief \/ VP, Content\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade, here\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta, here\n\n# Weight Watchers and   \nthe Simply Filling Technique\n\nWeight Watchers is with you\u2014and for you\u2014all the way to your weight goal. Our meetings provide support, motivation, and accountability. Our digital tools for subscribers include access to a robust suite of apps for iOS and Android devices, and provide access to our considerable database of foods and their **_PointsPlus_** values; a barcode scanner app; great community features; thousands of recipes; interactive cheat sheets; videos; articles and more. All these products are designed to help you toward your goal.\n\nWe created the Simply Filling technique for those times when you don't want to track your **_PointsPlus_** values against your budget. To follow it, just eat from the list of satisfying Weight Watchers Power Foods\u00ae (they're the foods that help fill you up faster and stay full longer, plus they deliver more nutrients for the **_PointsPlus_** value). Bonus: You don't need to track any of them! Or, enjoy the fact that we've taken the work out of it for you and pick from the list of recipes below that follow Simply Filling:\n\n44 Recipes That Work with the Simply Filling Technique\n\n15 MINUTE MEALS\n\n**_15 Minute Breakfasts_**\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\n**_15 Minute Lunches_**\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\nFruity Chicken Salad\n\n**_15 Minute Dinners_**\n\nHerb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nAfrican-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nGrilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nHalibut with Salsa Verde\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\n**_15 Minute Snacks and Sweets_**\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn\n\n20 MINUTE MEALS\n\n**_20 Minute Breakfasts_**\n\nCorn and Green Chile Frittata\n\nBell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nHash Brown and Egg Skillet Breakfast\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\n**_20 Minute Lunches_**\n\nGingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\nTuna and White Bean Salad\n\n**_20 Minute Dinners_**\n\nCod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\n**_20 Minute Snacks and Sweets_**\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\n30 MINUTE MEALS\n\n**_30 Minute Breakfasts_**\n\nSpanish Frittata\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\n**_30 Minute Lunches_**\n\nBeef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nEdamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nTabbouleh with Shrimp\n\nHearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\n**_30 Minute Dinners_**\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nFlank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nHearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nRoast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nMinted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nGrilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nChunky Vegetable Paella\n\n**_30 Minute Snacks and Sweets_**\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nBONUS\u2014ON THE WEEKEND\n\n**_Spend Some Time_**\n\nCuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\n**_Slow Cookers Save Time_**\n\nLamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nChicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs, here\n\nShrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange, here\n\n# About Our Recipes\n\nWhile losing weight isn't only about what you eat, Weight Watchers realizes the critical role it plays in your success and overall good health. That's why our philosophy is to offer simple, straightforward recipes that are nutritious as well as delicious. We make every attempt to use wholesome ingredients and to ensure that our recipes fall within the recommendations of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans for a diet that promotes health and reduces the risk for disease. If you have special dietary needs, consult with your health-care professional for advice on a diet that is best for you, then adapt these recipes to meet your specific nutritional needs.\n\nTo achieve these good-health goals and get the maximum satisfaction from the foods you eat, we suggest you keep the following information in mind while preparing our recipes.\n\nGet Started, Keep Going, and Enjoy Good Nutrition\n\n\u2022 Recipes in this book have been developed for Weight Watchers members who are just getting started and for members who are further along toward their goals, including those who are using our **_PointsPlus_** plan, as well as anyone else interested in smart weight loss.\n\n\u2022 **_PointsPlus_** values are given for each recipe. They're assigned based on the amount of protein, carbohydrates, fat, and fiber contained in a single serving of a recipe.\n\n\u2022 Recipes include approximate nutritional information: they are analyzed for Calories (Cal), Total Fat, Saturated Fat (Sat Fat), Trans Fat, Cholesterol (Chol), Sodium (Sod), Total Carbohydrate (Carb), Dietary Fiber (Fib), Protein (Prot), and Calcium (Calc). The value provided for Total Carb includes sugars, starches, and fiber. The nutritional values are calculated by registered dietitians, using nutrition analysis software.\n\n\u2022 Substitutions made to the ingredients will alter the per-serving nutritional information and may affect the **_PointsPlus_** value.\n\n\u2022 Our recipes meet Weight Watchers Good Health Guidelines for eating lean proteins and fiber-rich whole grains and for having at least five servings of vegetables and fruits and two servings of low-fat or fat-free dairy products a day, while limiting your intake of saturated fat, sugar, and sodium.\n\n\u2022 Health agencies recommend limiting sodium intake. To stay in line with this recommendation, we keep sodium levels in our recipes reasonably low; to boost flavor, we often include fresh herbs or a squeeze of citrus instead of salt. If you don't have to restrict your sodium, feel free to add a touch more salt as desired.\n\n\u2022 Cook's Note suggestions have a **_PointsPlus_** value of **_0_** unless otherwise stated.\n\n\u2022 Recipes that work with the Simply Filling technique are listed here. Find more details about the Simply Filling technique at your meeting.\n\n\u2022 For information about the science behind lasting weight loss and more, please visit **WeightWatchers.com\/science.**\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value not what you expected?\n\n\u2022 You might expect some of the **_PointsPlus_** values in this book to be lower when some of the foods they're made from, such as fruits and vegetables, have no **_PointsPlus_** values. Most fruits and veggies have no **_PointsPlus_** values when served as a snack or part of a meal, like a cup of berries with a sandwich. But if these foods are part of a recipe, their fiber and nutrient content are incorporated into the recipe calculations. These nutrients can affect the **_PointsPlus_ **value.\n\n\u2022 Alcohol is included in our **_PointsPlus_** calculations. Because alcohol information is generally not included on nutrition labels, it's not an option to include when using the hand calculator or the online calculator. But since we include alcohol information that we get from our nutritionists, you might notice discrepancies between the **_PointsPlus_** values you see in our recipes, and the values you get using the calculator. The **_PointsPlus_** values listed for our recipes are the most accurate values.\n\nShopping for Ingredients\n\nAs you learn to eat healthier and add more Power Foods to your meals, consider the following to help you choose foods wisely:\n\n**Lean Meats and Poultry.** Purchase lean meats and poultry, and trim them of all visible fat before cooking. When poultry is cooked with the skin on, we recommend removing the skin before eating. Nutritional information for recipes that include meat, poultry, and fish is based on cooked, skinless, boneless portions (unless otherwise stated), with the fat trimmed.\n\n**Seafood.** Whenever possible, our recipes call for seafood that is sustainable and deemed the most healthful for human consumption so that your choice of seafood is not only good for the oceans but also good for you. For more information about the best seafood choices and to download a pocket guide, go to **environmentaldefensefund.org** or **montereybayaquarium.org.** For information about mercury and seafood go to **weightwatchers.com.**\n\n**Produce.** For best flavor, maximum nutrient content, and the lowest prices, buy fresh local produce, such as vegetables, leafy greens, and fruits, in season. Rinse them thoroughly before using, and keep a supply of cut-up vegetables and fruits in your refrigerator for convenient healthy snacks.\n\n**Whole Grains.** Explore your market for whole-grain products such as whole wheat and whole-grain breads and pastas, brown rice, bulgur, barley, cornmeal, whole wheat couscous, oats, and quinoa to enjoy with your meals.\n\nPreparation and Measuring\n\n**Read the Recipe.** Take a couple of minutes to read through the ingredients and directions before you start to prepare a recipe. This will prevent you from discovering midway through that you don't have an important ingredient or that a recipe requires several hours of marinating. And it's also a good idea to assemble all ingredients and utensils within easy reach before you begin a recipe.\n\n**Weighing and Measuring.** The success of any recipe depends on accurate weighing and measuring. The effectiveness of the Weight Watchers Program and the accuracy of the nutritional analysis depend on correct measuring as well. Use the following techniques:\n\n\u2022 Weigh foods such as meat, poultry, and fish on a food scale.\n\n\u2022 To measure liquids, use a standard glass or plastic measuring cup placed on a level surface. For amounts less than \u00bc cup, use standard measuring spoons.\n\n\u2022 To measure dry ingredients, use metal or plastic measuring cups that come in \u00bc-, \u2153-, \u00bd-, and 1-cup sizes. Fill the appropriate cup, and level it with the flat edge of a knife or spatula. For amounts less than \u00bc cup, use standard measuring spoons.\n\n# **15**  \nMinute meals\n\n15 Minute Breakfasts\n\nSpinach-Feta Scramble\n\nAsparagus and Chive Omelette\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\nVeggie Breakfast Burrito\n\nSouthwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nBacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\nWaffles with Blueberries and Maple Cream\n\nCinnamon French Toast\n\nBreakfast Berry Parfaits\n\nMorning Chai\n\nPeanut Butter Blast\n\nSoy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\n15 Minute Lunches\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nChicken and Roasted Pepper Sandwiches\n\nGrilled Chicken and Jack Cheese Sandwiches\n\nTurkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nAsian-Style Duck Roll-Ups\n\nSalmon Salad Sandwich\n\nQuick Turkey Tostadas\n\nCilantro-Lime Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nCalifornia Health Sandwiches\n\nBest BLTs\n\nAvocado, Spinach, and Feta Wrap\n\nHam and Navy Bean Confetti Soup\n\nWinter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\nSouthern Vegetable Gumbo\n\nRoast Beef Salad with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nMexicali Chicken Salad\n\nGreek-Style Chicken Salad\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\nFruity Chicken Salad\n\nChicken Salad with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nChinese Chicken Slaw\n\nKey West-Style Shrimp Salad\n\n15 Minute Dinners\n\nMaple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\nFilets Mignons with Cauliflower Puree\n\nHerb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nCaesar-Style Steak Salad\n\nGrilled Citrus Pork with Cucumber-Orange Salad\n\nLamb and Onion Kebabs with Mint\n\nSuperfast Barbecued Chicken\n\nEasy Chicken Cutlets Parmesan\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Mushroom-Wine Sauce\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nAfrican-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nGrilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\nSalmon au Poivre with Watercress\n\nTuna Steaks with Avocado-Orange Relish\n\nHalibut with Salsa Verde\n\nRoast Halibut with Chunky Roasted Pepper Sauce\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\nSesame Scallops\n\nSesame Noodles with Green Vegetables\n\n15 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\nCottage Cheese and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nDried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn\n\nOpen-Faced Roast Beef Sandwich Bites\n\nTurkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce Wraps\n\nVanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nMixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nPineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nStrawberry Colada Cooler\n\n# breakfasts\n\n# Spinach-Feta Scramble\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**1 large egg**\n\n**3 large egg whites**\n\n**1 cup lightly packed baby spinach**\n\n**2 tablespoons crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 teaspoon canola or olive oil**\n\n1. Whisk together egg and egg whites in medium bowl. Stir in spinach, feta, and pepper.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Pour in egg mixture and cook, stirring, until eggs are set and cheese is slightly melted, about 3 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 plate): 197 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 218 mg Chol, 432 mg Sod, 4 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 66 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Asparagus and Chive Omelette\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**2 tablespoons shredded low-fat Swiss cheese**\n\n**\u00bc cup frozen chopped asparagus, thawed**\n\n**\u00bc cup frozen peas, thawed**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped red bell pepper**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh chives or scallions**\n\n1. Whisk together egg substitute, salt, and black pepper in medium bowl.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add egg mixture and cook, stirring gently, until underside is set, about 1 minute.\n\n3. Sprinkle Swiss, asparagus, peas, and bell pepper over half of omelette. Fold unfilled half of omelette over to enclose filling. Cook until cheese is melted, about 2 minutes.\n\n4. Slide omelette onto plate and sprinkle with chives.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 omelette): 181 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 5 mg Chol, 615 mg Sod, 13 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 206 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Proven\u00e7al Omelette\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**2 large eggs**\n\n**2 large egg whites**\n\n**1 tablespoon fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon herbes de Provence**\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd cup grape tomatoes, halved**\n\n**\u00bc cup shredded fat-free Cheddar cheese**\n\n**Chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2 slices reduced-calorie whole wheat bread, toasted**\n\n1. Whisk together eggs, egg whites, half-and-half, salt, and herbes de Provence in medium bowl.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add egg mixture and cook, stirring gently with heatproof rubber spatula, until underside is set, about 2 minutes.\n\n3. Sprinkle tomatoes and Cheddar evenly over half of omelette. Fold unfilled half of omelette over filling and continue to cook until eggs are set, about 1 minute longer.\n\n4. Slide omelette onto plate and cut in half; sprinkle with parsley. Serve with toast.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd omelette and 1 slice toast): 213 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 215 mg Chol, 745 mg Sod, 18 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 188 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo dress up the plates and make a delicious partner for the omelette, serve fresh berries in small clear dishes alongside.\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\n# Veggie Breakfast Burrito\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**1 (7-inch) whole wheat tortilla, warmed**\n\n**3 tablespoons shredded fat-free Cheddar cheese**\n\n**\u00bd small tomato, chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup diced green bell pepper**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Whisk together egg substitute, salt, and black pepper in small bowl.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add eggs to skillet and cook, stirring, until just set, about 2 minutes.\n\n3. Place tortilla on plate and top with egg mixture. Top with Cheddar, tomato, bell pepper, and scallions. Roll up tortilla to enclose filling.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 burrito): 233 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 4 mg Chol, 923 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 263 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Southwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 large egg**\n\n**3 large egg whites**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**\u00bc cup shredded fat-free Cheddar cheese**\n\n**1 (6-inch) corn tortilla, warmed**\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free salsa**\n\n1. Coat small nonstick skillet with oil and set over medium heat. Add scallions and cook, stirring frequently, just until softened, about 2 minutes.\n\n2. Whisk together egg, egg whites, and chili powder in medium bowl. Pour mixture into skillet and add Cheddar. Cook, stirring, until eggs are set and cheese is melted, about 2 minutes.\n\n3. Spoon eggs onto tortilla and top with salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 filled tortilla): 272 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 218 mg Chol, 835 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 376 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nBacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\n# Bacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**2 large eggs**\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**2 (1-ounce) slices Canadian bacon**\n\n**1 whole wheat English muffin, split and toasted**\n\n**2 (\u00be-ounce) slices fat-free Cheddar cheese**\n\n**Snipped fresh chives**\n\n**Black pepper**\n\n1. Fill medium skillet with 1\u00bd inches of water and bring to boil. Reduce heat so water is barely simmering.\n\n2. Break each egg into small cup. Slip eggs, one at time, into water. Cook until yolks just begin to set, about 2 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer eggs to paper towels to drain.\n\n3. Pour out water and wipe out skillet. Add oil to skillet and set over medium-high heat. Add Canadian bacon and cook until heated through, about 1\u00bd minutes on each side.\n\n4. Place muffin half on each of 2 plates and top each with slice of Cheddar. Top each with 1 slice of bacon and 1 egg. Sprinkle with chives and pepper.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 topped muffin half): 243 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 230 mg Chol, 877 mg Sod, 17 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 265 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTop each muffin half with a tomato slice or a few slices of roasted red bell pepper (not oil-packed) before adding the Cheddar, bacon, and egg.\n\n# Waffles with Blueberries and Maple Cream\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 cups fat-free ricotta cheese**\n\n**\u00bc cup maple syrup**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon ground nutmeg**\n\n**4 frozen (4-inch) low-fat whole wheat waffles, toasted**\n\n**1 pint blueberries**\n\n**\u00bc cup pecans, chopped**\n\n1. Stir together ricotta, maple syrup, cinnamon, and nutmeg in small bowl.\n\n2. Place waffles on plates and top evenly with ricotta mixture. Sprinkle evenly with blueberries and pecans.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 waffle, \u00bd cup blueberries, and 1 tablespoon pecans): 322 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 12 mg Chol, 322 mg Sod, 48 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 278 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThis sweet-spiced ricotta topping is a snap to make and adds a homemade touch to frozen waffles. Substitute any fresh fruit in season for the blueberries and any nuts that you have on hand for the pecans.\n\n# Cinnamon French Toast\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 cups fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free milk**\n\n**1 teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**8 slices whole wheat bread**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-calorie pancake syrup, warmed**\n\n1. Whisk together egg substitute, milk, cinnamon, and vanilla in large shallow bowl or pie plate. Dip bread into egg mixture, one slice at a time, until evenly soaked.\n\n2. Coat large nonstick skillet with oil and set over medium heat. Add soaked bread to skillet, in batches, and cook until browned, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Transfer French toast to plates and serve with warm syrup.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 slices toast and 2 tablespoons syrup): 263 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 575 mg Sod, 42 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 287 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Breakfast Berry Parfaits\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**8 strawberries, hulled and sliced**\n\n**1 cup vanilla low-fat yogurt**\n\n**2 tablespoons granola**\n\n**1 banana, peeled and sliced**\n\n**\u00bd cup blueberries**\n\nDivide strawberries evenly among 2 parfait glasses; top each with \u00bc cup of yogurt. Top evenly with granola, then with remaining yogurt, banana slices, and blueberries.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 parfait): 213 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 91 mg Sod, 42 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 226 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nNo time to eat breakfast? Layer a parfait in a small plastic container and take it to work to eat at your desk.\n\n# Morning Chai\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 cups cold water**\n\n**5 regular or decaffeinated black tea bags**\n\n**1 (3-inch) cinnamon stick, broken in half**\n\n**8 whole cardamom pods, crushed**\n\n**12 whole black peppercorns**\n\n**1\u00bd cups vanilla soy milk**\n\nCombine all ingredients except milk in large saucepan and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer 5 minutes. Stir in soy milk and cook, stirring, just until heated through, about 1 minute. Pour through sieve into cups or mugs.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup): 63 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 60 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 118 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf soy milk is not your favorite, chai, a traditional spiced tea drink from southern India, is a delicious way to incorporate soy into your diet. If you prefer it cold, you can let the chai cool slightly, and then serve over ice.\n\n# Peanut Butter Blast\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**1 small banana**\n\n**\u00bd cup vanilla fat-free yogurt**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free milk**\n\n**1 tablespoon creamy peanut butter**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**Pinch cinnamon**\n\nCombine all ingredients except cinnamon in blender and process until smooth. Pour into tall glass and sprinkle with cinnamon.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1 cup): 328 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 5 mg Chol, 190 mg Sod, 53 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 356 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\n# Soy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**1 cup calcium-fortified plain fat-free soy milk**\n\n**1 cup frozen unsweetened blueberries**\n\n**\u00bd banana**\n\n**2 teaspoons honey**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\nCombine all ingredients in blender and process until smooth. Pour into tall glass.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 296 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 62 mg Sod, 67 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 7 g Prot, 413 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\n# lunches\n\n# Ham and Swiss Panini\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**4 slices reduced-calorie whole wheat bread**\n\n**6 (1-ounce) slices lean reduced-sodium ham**\n\n**2 slices fat-free Swiss cheese**\n\n1. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat or heat panini sandwich maker according to manufacturers' instructions.\n\n2. Top 2 bread slices evenly with ham and Swiss cheese. Top with remaining bread slices. Spray sandwiches lightly with olive oil nonstick spray.\n\n3. Place sandwiches in pan and cover with heavy skillet or place in sandwich maker. Grill until bread is well marked and cheese is melted, about 5 minutes. (Turn sandwiches halfway through cooking time if using grill pan.) Cut in half and serve.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 203 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 35 mg Chol, 949 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 22 g Prot, 223 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe these quick and easy sandwiches with Creamy Tomato Soup, here.\n\n# Chicken and Roasted Pepper Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup light cream cheese (Neufch\u00e2tel), softened**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon Italian seasoning or dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**8 thin slices whole wheat bread**\n\n**1\u00bd cups shredded skinless deli roast chicken breast**\n\n**\u00bd cup roasted red pepper, thinly sliced (not packed in oil)**\n\n**8 large fresh basil leaves**\n\n1. Stir together cream cheese, lemon zest, Italian seasoning, and black pepper in small bowl. Spread cheese mixture evenly over one side of 4 slices of bread.\n\n2. Top evenly with chicken, roasted red pepper, and basil. Cover with remaining slices of bread. Cut each sandwich in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 246 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 54 mg Chol, 317 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 75 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# buy some time\n\nSometimes, paying a little extra for convenience is really worth it. Here are our top picks for saving you 5, 10, or even 15 minutes in the kitchen without sacrificing flavor.\n\n**Save 5 Minutes**\n\n**EGG WHITES.** Buy cartons of refrigerated egg whites from the dairy section of your supermarket. Instead of having to separate eggs for whipping or for omelettes, simply measure out 2 tablespoons for each large white called for.\n\n**PEELED GARLIC.** Use a lot of garlic? Then consider investing in a bag or container of peeled cloves. Look for ivory (not yellowed) cloves with a mild aroma, and they should keep for 1 to 2 weeks in your fridge.\n\n**PITTED OLIVES.** Save yourself the hassle of pitting them yourself by buying good-quality pitted olives. Most olive bars stock a selection of pitted varieties, including Kalamata, Picholine, and other varieties of green olives.\n\n**PRESHREDDED CHEESE.** Quality shredded cheeses are now available in regular, low-fat, and fat-free varieties. Just make sure you use them within a week or so as they tend to lose their freshness faster than chunk cheeses do.\n\n**PREWASHED LETTUCE.** This is the gold standard for quick salads, and new mixes make it a more interesting option than ever. Also look for spinach, arugula, and baby kale for your salads.\n\n**SLICED MUSHROOMS.** Packages of trimmed, cleaned, presliced mushrooms are usually available in a number of varieties: classic button, cremini, shiitake, and mixed exotic.\n\n**Save 10 Minutes**\n\n**FROZEN VEGGIES.** Fresh is often best, but when it comes to making soups and stews frozen veggies are a convenient alternative. Staples like frozen diced onions, bell pepper strips, chopped spinach or collards, and diced potatoes can be a big time-saver.\n\n**MICROWAVE-IN-THE-BAG VEGETABLES.** Nothing beats the convenience of the new crop of vegetables that steam themselves in your microwave in mere minutes. They're already washed, trimmed, and ready to go. Season them to your liking after cooking.\n\n**PEELED SHRIMP.** Sure, they cost a little more, but you'll save a lot of time not having to peel and devein them. You can find peeled shrimp\u2014both fresh and frozen\u2014at most grocery stores.\n\n**PRECUT KALE.** Save time spent rinsing and trimming kale and seek out bags of washed, cut kale in the produce section next to bagged lettuces.\n\n**PRECUT PINEAPPLE.** Look for cored, peeled fresh pineapple in the produce department and say good-bye to wrestling with a spiny whole fruit.\n\n**Save 15 Minutes or More**\n\n**COOKED PEELED BEETS.** The new wave of refrigerated cooked, peeled beets give you great beet flavor and texture along with super convenience. They're perfect for salads, soups, and sides.\n\n**CUT-UP BUTTERNUT SQUASH.** Look for peeled, seeded, and cut butternut squash in the produce section of most supermarkets, and skip laboring over this tough customer.\n\n**FROZEN WHOLE GRAINS.** Brown rice, quinoa, wheat berries, and more are now available in the freezer section of most supermarkets. They're ready after just a few minutes of reheating.\n\n**ROTISSERIE CHICKEN.** Just remove the skin and you'll have healthful servings of roasted chicken for salads, sandwiches, soups, and more.\n\n# Grilled Chicken and Jack Cheese Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**4 slices reduced-calorie whole wheat bread**\n\n**2 teaspoons Dijon mustard**\n\n**6 ounces thinly sliced reduced-sodium deli chicken breast**\n\n**1 small tomato, sliced**\n\n**2 (\u00be-ounce) slices reduced-fat pepper Jack cheese**\n\n1. Spread 2 slices of bread with mustard. Layer evenly with chicken, tomato, and pepper Jack.\n\n2. Top with remaining 2 slices of bread. Spray top slices of bread with olive oil nonstick spray.\n\n3. Heat large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Place sandwiches in skillet, sprayed side down, and cook until lightly browned, about 3 minutes. Spray tops of sandwiches with nonstick spray. Turn and cook until bread is browned and cheese begins to melt, about 3 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 342 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 87 mg Chol, 648 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 38 g Prot, 220 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\n# Turkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd cup plain reduced-fat yogurt**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**2 (7-inch) whole wheat tortillas**\n\n**\u00bc pound sliced reduced-sodium deli turkey breast**\n\n**2 green leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n**1 tomato, cut into thin wedges**\n\n**\u00bc small red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Stir together yogurt, lemon juice, cumin, and cayenne in small bowl.\n\n2. Top tortillas evenly with turkey, lettuce, tomato, and onion. Drizzle \u00bc cup yogurt sauce over filling. Roll up wraps tightly and drizzle with remaining yogurt sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wrap and 2 tablespoons sauce): 224 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 52 mg Chol, 280 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 148 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nTurkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\n# Asian-Style Duck Roll-Ups\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 cups shredded cooked skinless duck breast or chicken breast**\n\n**\u00bc cup hoisin sauce**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 (7-inch) whole wheat tortillas, warmed**\n\n**\u00bd small red bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**8 arugula leaves, trimmed**\n\n1. Stir together duck, hoisin sauce, and scallions in medium bowl.\n\n2. Top tortillas evenly with duck mixture, then with bell pepper and arugula. Roll up tortillas and cut in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 roll-up): 203 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 59 mg Chol, 554 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 34 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nPackaged cooked duck breast is found in specialty food stores. If it comes with the skin on, be sure to remove it before shredding the duck.\n\n# Salmon Salad Sandwich\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 (7\u00bd-ounce) can salmon, drained and flaked**\n\n**3 tablespoons plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n**\u00bd cup peeled, seeded, and chopped cucumber**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh dill**\n\n**1 tablespoon capers, drained**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of \u00bd lemon**\n\n**\u00bd (10-ounce) whole wheat baguette**\n\n1. Stir together salmon, yogurt, cucumber, scallions, dill, capers, and lemon zest and juice in medium bowl.\n\n2. Split baguette in half lengthwise and remove soft bready center. Spoon salmon mixture into bottom half of baguette and cover with top of baguette. Cut sandwich in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd sandwich): 321 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 73 mg Chol, 839 mg Sod, 34 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 389 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nQuick Turkey Tostadas\n\n# Quick Turkey Tostadas\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**2 (6-inch) corn tortillas**\n\n**2 cups thinly sliced romaine lettuce**\n\n**4 (1-ounce) slices low-sodium skinless deli turkey breast or chicken breast, cut into strips**\n\n**2 plum tomatoes, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, and sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free ranch dressing**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free salsa**\n\n1. Heat oil in small skillet over medium-high heat. Add tortillas to skillet, one at a time, and cook until lightly browned and crisp, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n2. Place 1 tortilla on each of 2 plates and layer evenly with lettuce, turkey, tomatoes, and avocado.\n\n3. Drizzle dressing evenly over tostadas and serve with salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 tostada): 271 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 51 mg Chol, 477 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 21 g Prot, 77 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Cilantro-Lime Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup light mayonnaise**\n\n**\u00bc cup fresh lime juice**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd pound frozen cooked medium shrimp, thawed and chopped**\n\n**1 small green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**1 small red onion, chopped**\n\n**4 (6\u00bd-inch) whole wheat pitas**\n\n**4 green leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n1. Stir together mayonnaise, lime juice, cilantro, and black pepper in large bowl. Add shrimp, bell pepper, and onion to mayonnaise mixture and toss to coat.\n\n2. Cut off top third of each pita and discard. Line each pita with lettuce leaf and fill evenly with shrimp salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 stuffed pita): 230 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 124 mg Chol, 903 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 18 g Prot, 74 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# California Health Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 cup thinly sliced romaine lettuce**\n\n**\u00bd cup shredded carrot**\n\n**2 tablespoons fat-free Italian dressing**\n\n**2 tablespoons hummus**\n\n**4 slices whole-grain bread, toasted**\n\n**1 tomato, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bd small avocado, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Toss together lettuce, carrot, and dressing in small bowl.\n\n2. Spread hummus evenly on 2 slices of bread. Layer evenly with tomato, avocado, and lettuce mixture. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Top with remaining 2 slices of bread. Cut each sandwich in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** : (1 sandwich): 258 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 813 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 101 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Best BLTs\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**4 teaspoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**2 teaspoons basil pesto**\n\n**4 slices whole wheat bread**\n\n**\u00bd cup lightly packed baby arugula**\n\n**\u00bc avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, and thinly sliced**\n\n**1 tomato, sliced**\n\n**6 slices turkey bacon, crisp-cooked**\n\n1. Stir together mayonnaise and pesto in small bowl.\n\n2. Spread mayonnaise mixture evenly on 2 slices of bread. Layer bread evenly with arugula, avocado, tomato, and bacon. Cover sandwiches with remaining slices of bread.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 280 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 33 mg Chol, 799 mg Sod, 31 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 105 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCook turkey bacon up to several hours ahead and drain on paper towels. When ready to use, microwave on High just until heated through, about 30 seconds.\n\nBest BLTs\n\n# Avocado, Spinach, and Feta Wrap\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd avocado, halved, pitted, and peeled**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (10-inch) spinach tortilla wrap**\n\n**1 cup lightly packed baby spinach**\n\n**1 small zucchini, shredded**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled fat-free feta cheese**\n\n**1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar**\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\nMash together avocado, salt, and pepper in small bowl. Spread mixture evenly on tortilla. Top with spinach, zucchini, and feta; drizzle with vinegar and oil. Roll up tortilla to enclose filling. Cut wrap in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd wrap): 250 Cal, 15 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 13 mg Chol, 577 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 7 g Prot, 166 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Ham and Navy Bean Confetti Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 cups fat-free reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**6 ounces cooked lower-sodium lean ham, diced**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can no-salt-added navy beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 carrot, shredded**\n\n**1 celery stalk, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bd cup diced red bell pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup frozen chopped onion**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\nCombine all ingredients except parsley in medium saucepan; cover and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until vegetables are tender, about 5 minutes. Stir in parsley just before serving.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u2153 cups): 200 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 23 mg Chol, 849 mg Sod, 25 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 18 g Prot, 87 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nEnjoy a simple cheese sandwich with this soup to make it a filling meal. Two slices of reduced-calorie whole wheat bread filled with 1 ounce of fat-free Cheddar cheese, tomato slices, and shredded lettuce per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_4._**\n\nWinter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\n# Winter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 (12-ounce) boxes frozen squash puree, thawed**\n\n**2 (14\u00bd-ounce) cans reduced-sodium vegetable or chicken broth**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free sour cream**\n\n**Grated zest of 1 lime**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons water**\n\n1. Combine squash, broth, cumin, and salt in medium saucepan; bring to boil over high heat. Reduce heat and simmer 3 minutes.\n\n2. Meanwhile, stir together sour cream, lime zest and juice, and water in small bowl.\n\n3. Divide soup evenly among 4 bowls and drizzle with lime cream.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups soup and 1 tablespoon lime cream): 91 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 1 mg Chol, 789 mg Sod, 19 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 5 g Prot, 77 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor a satisfying lunch, serve this quick soup with Hearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio, here.\n\n# Southern Vegetable Gumbo\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons unsalted butter**\n\n**2 tablespoons all-purpose flour**\n\n**3 cups reduced-sodium vegetable broth**\n\n**\u00bd pound frozen okra**\n\n**1 cup frozen corn kernels**\n\n**1 cup frozen pearl onions**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can sliced potatoes, drained and rinsed**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes, drained**\n\n**2 bay leaves**\n\n**Hot pepper sauce**\n\n1. Melt butter in large saucepan over medium-high heat. Stir in flour and cook, stirring constantly, until mixture becomes golden, 1\u20132 minutes. Slowly stir in broth, stirring until mixture is smooth.\n\n2. Add okra, corn, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, and bay leaves. Increase heat to high and cook, stirring occasionally, until gumbo is bubbling and vegetables are heated through, about 8 minutes. Discard bay leaves and serve with pepper sauce on side.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups): 179 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 11 mg Chol, 574 mg Sod, 33 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 85 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Roast Beef Salad with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**3 tablespoons plain fat-free Greek yogurt**\n\n**2 teaspoons bottled horseradish**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd pound thinly sliced lean deli roast beef, cut into strips**\n\n**1 small head romaine lettuce, thinly sliced (about 6 cups)**\n\n**1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together mayonnaise, yogurt, horseradish, salt, and pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. Add roast beef, lettuce, and tomatoes to dressing; toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 174 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 44 mg Chol, 300 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 58 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Mexicali Chicken Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00be cup fat-free salsa**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free ranch dressing**\n\n**1 head romaine lettuce, chopped**\n\n**1 large tomato, diced**\n\n**1 small jicama, peeled and shredded**\n\n**1 cup shredded reduced-fat Monterey Jack or pepper Jack cheese**\n\n**1 cup canned black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00bc cup diced sweet onion**\n\n**2 cups diced cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**12 baked tortilla chips, broken up**\n\n1. To make dressing, stir together salsa and ranch dressing in large serving bowl. Add lettuce, tomato, jicama, Jack cheese, beans, and onion to bowl and toss to coat.\n\n2. Divide salad evenly among 4 plates. Top salads evenly with chicken and sprinkle with tortilla chips.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 cups salad, \u00bd cup chicken, and 3 tortilla chips): 384 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 5 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 80 mg Chol, 980 mg Sod, 38 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 297 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nMild-tasting sweet onions are fantastic for serving in dishes such as this where the onion is eaten raw. Try Walla Walla, Oso Sweet, or Vidalia onions in your favorite salad recipes.\n\n# Greek-Style Chicken Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00be cup plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh mint**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh dill**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of 1 lemon**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 cups diced roasted chicken breast**\n\n**3 cups torn romaine lettuce leaves**\n\n**2 large tomatoes, cut into wedges**\n\n**1 cucumber, peeled, seeded, and diced**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped red onion**\n\n**8 pitted Kalamata olives, coarsely chopped**\n\n**\u00bd cup crumbled fat-free feta cheese**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together yogurt, mint, dill, lemon zest and juice, garlic, and oil in small bowl.\n\n2. Toss together chicken, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumber, and onion in serving bowl. Drizzle dressing over salad and toss to coat. Sprinkle with olives and feta.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 1\u00bd cups): 230 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 59 mg Chol, 514 mg Sod, 14 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 199 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nYou'll want to make this salad a staple for summer meals. You can vary the salad depending on what's fresh at the farmers' market. Use cherry tomatoes instead of regular tomatoes, zucchini or yellow squash instead of cucumber, and basil and parsley instead of the mint and dill.\n\n# Tropical Turkey Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 cups diced cooked skinless turkey breast**\n\n**1 large Granny Smith apple, cored and sliced**\n\n**1 mango, peeled, pitted, and diced**\n\n**1 papaya, peeled, halved, seeded, and diced**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped red onion**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**Red leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together lemon juice, oil, salt, and black pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. Add turkey, apple, mango, papaya, onion, and jalape\u00f1o to dressing and toss to coat. Line 4 bowls with red leaf lettuce. Top evenly with turkey salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 283 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 60 mg Chol, 482 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 11 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 58 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the salad with plain fat-free Greek yogurt topped with fresh berries for dessert (\u00bd cup of plain fat-free Greek yogurt per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ).\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\n# Fruity Chicken Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2154 cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1 tablespoon apple-cider vinegar**\n\n**2 cups cubed cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1\u00bd cups fresh pineapple chunks**\n\n**1 papaya, peeled, seeded, and cut into \u00be-inch chunks**\n\n**1 small orange, peeled and coarsely chopped**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n1. To make dressing, stir together mayonnaise, cilantro, and vinegar in serving bowl.\n\n2. Add chicken, pineapple, papaya, orange, and onion to dressing and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bd cups): 198 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 62 mg Chol, 474 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 22 g Prot, 51 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo make this dish more filling, add a chopped apple to the salad and serve each portion on a generous mound of baby arugula.\n\n# Chicken Salad with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 (5-ounce) bag baby arugula**\n\n**4 tablespoons fat-free vinaigrette**\n\n**1\u00bd cups diced cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1 small fennel bulb, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled blue cheese**\n\n**2 teaspoons pine nuts**\n\n1. Toss together arugula and 2 tablespoons of vinaigrette in large bowl. Divide arugula evenly between 2 plates.\n\n2. Combine chicken, fennel, tomatoes, onion, remaining 2 tablespoons vinaigrette, and pepper in same bowl and toss to coat.\n\n3. Spoon chicken mixture evenly on top of arugula and sprinkle with blue cheese and pine nuts.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 salad): 288 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 85 mg Chol, 652 mg Sod, 16 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 211 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor more fresh anise flavor, reserve the feathery green tops from the fennel bulb, chop about a tablespoon, and sprinkle over the salads just before serving.\n\n# Chinese Chicken Slaw\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (1-pound) bag coleslaw mix**\n\n**3 scallions, sliced**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) can sliced water chestnuts, drained**\n\n**1 cup shredded cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1 cup frozen shelled edamame, thawed**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u2153 cup seasoned rice-wine vinegar**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1 teaspoon Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated peeled fresh ginger**\n\n1. Toss together coleslaw mix, scallions, water chestnuts, chicken, edamame, and cilantro in large bowl.\n\n2. Whisk together vinegar, soy sauce, oil, garlic, and ginger in small bowl. Pour over coleslaw mixture and toss to combine.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 190 Cal, 5 g Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 22 mg Chol, 772 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 92 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Key West-Style Shrimp Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2153 cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**\u2153 cup sour cream**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 pound cooked, peeled, and deveined medium shrimp**\n\n**2 cups fresh pineapple chunks**\n\n**2 cups strawberries, hulled and thickly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup thinly sliced fresh mint**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**4 cups mixed baby salad greens**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together mayonnaise, sour cream, salt, and black pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. Toss together shrimp, pineapple, strawberries, mint, scallions, and jalape\u00f1o pepper in large bowl.\n\n3. Divide salad greens evenly among 4 plates. Top evenly with shrimp mixture. Serve dressing alongside.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2\u00bd cups salad and 2\u00bd tablespoons dressing): 205 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 223 mg Chol, 728 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 105 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# dinners\n\n# Maple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 canned chipotle en adobo, minced**\n\n**2 tablespoons maple syrup**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**Grated zest of \u00bd orange**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**1 teaspoon onion powder**\n\n**2 (1\u00bd- to 1\u00be-pound) T-bone steaks, \u00bd inch thick, trimmed**\n\n1. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n2. Stir together chipotle, maple syrup, garlic, orange zest, salt, chili powder, cumin, and onion powder in small bowl. Rub chipotle mixture on both sides of steaks.\n\n3. Place steaks on broiler rack and broil 4 inches from heat until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 5 minutes on each side. Transfer steaks to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut each steak into 3 portions.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece steak): 244 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 59 mg Chol, 520 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 14 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the steaks with a side dish of grilled red and yellow bell peppers and spring onions. Use your stovetop grill and grill the vegetables while the steak broils.\n\nMaple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\n# Filets Mignons with Cauliflower Puree\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 (10-ounce) packages frozen cauliflower florets, thawed**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 teaspoon unsalted butter**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 (5-ounce) filets mignons, trimmed**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh sage**\n\n1. Combine cauliflower and broth in food processor and pulse until smooth. Transfer mixture to medium saucepan and cook over medium heat until heated through, about 5 minutes. Add few tablespoons of water if puree seems dry, then stir in butter and \u00bc teaspoon of salt.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle filets mignons with remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt. Add steaks to skillet and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 4 minutes on each side. Sprinkle steaks with parsley, rosemary, and sage. Serve with cauliflower puree.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 steak and \u2154 cup puree): 226 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 2 g Trans Fat, 74 mg Chol, 457 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 44 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nFor a fast and flavorful side dish, chop extra amounts of the herbs and toss them with steamed green beans. Season with salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Herb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried basil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon dried rosemary**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon crushed fennel seeds**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 (\u00bc-pound) filets mignons, trimmed**\n\n**Lemon wedges**\n\n1. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n2. Stir together basil, rosemary, fennel seeds, salt, and pepper in small bowl. Rub mixture on both sides of filets mignons. Place steaks on broiler rack and broil 5 inches from heat until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 3 minutes on each side. Let steaks stand 5 minutes. Serve with lemon wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 steak): 147 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 57 mg Chol, 334 mg Sod, 1 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 18 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor an easy dinner, serve this flavorful steak with steamed broccoli and mashed potatoes (\u00bd pound of red-skinned potatoes, cooked and mashed with salt and pepper to taste will increase the per-serving **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Caesar-Style Steak Salad\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**6 ounces lean boneless sirloin steak, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**8 cups chopped romaine lettuce (about 1 medium head)**\n\n**\u00bc red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free Caesar dressing**\n\n**\u00bc cup grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n1. Heat ridged grill pan or cast-iron skillet over high heat. Sprinkle steak with pepper and salt. Place steak in pan and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 4 minutes on each side. Transfer to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes.\n\n2. Toss together lettuce, onion, dressing, and Parmesan in large bowl. Divide salad evenly between 2 plates. Cut steak into 10 slices and divide evenly between salads.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 cups salad and 5 slices steak): 213 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 57 mg Chol, 866 mg Sod, 11 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 246 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Grilled Citrus Pork with Cucumber-Orange Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bd cup fresh orange juice**\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon canola oil**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) lean boneless center-cut pork loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**1 cucumber, peeled and diced**\n\n**1 orange, peeled and diced**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, diced**\n\n**\u00bc cup sliced black olives**\n\n1. Whisk together orange juice, lime juice, garlic, oil, and salt in large bowl. Pour half of mixture into medium bowl and add pork chops. Turn to coat.\n\n2. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Remove pork from marinade, discard marinade. Place pork on grill pan. Grill, turning once, until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of chop registers 145\u00b0F, about 4 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, add cucumber, orange, bell pepper, and olives to orange juice mixture in large bowl and toss to coat. Serve salad with pork.\n\n**SERVING** (1 chop and \u2154 cup salad): 266 Cal, 13 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 72 mg Chol, 385 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 39 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Lamb and Onion Kebabs with Mint\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound lean lamb loin, trimmed and cut into \u00be-inch cubes**\n\n**1\u00bd cups frozen pearl onions, thawed**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh mint**\n\n1. Spray grill rack with nonstick spray; preheat grill to high or prepare hot fire.\n\n2. Toss together lamb, onions, garlic, oil, lemon juice, and salt in large bowl. Thread lamb and pearl onions alternately on 8 metal skewers. Place on grill rack and cook, turning frequently, until lamb is browned and cooked through, 4\u20135 minutes.\n\n3. Sprinkle lemon zest and mint over kebabs just before serving.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 skewers): 219 Cal, 11 g Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 356 mg Sod, 5 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 24 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Superfast Barbecued Chicken\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons ketchup**\n\n**1 tablespoon hoisin sauce**\n\n**1 tablespoon apple-cider vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons molasses**\n\n**2 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Stir together ketchup, hoisin sauce, vinegar, molasses, and soy sauce in small bowl.\n\n2. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Sprinkle chicken with pepper and place in grill pan. Grill, turning often, until chicken is cooked through, about 8 minutes, brushing with ketchup mixture during last 3 minutes of cooking time.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chicken breast): 228 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 97 mg Chol, 745 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 36 g Prot, 28 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Easy Chicken Cutlets Parmesan\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**4 (3-ounce) thin-sliced skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free marinara sauce**\n\n**\u00be cup shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add chicken and cook until browned and cooked through, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n2. Place chicken in small baking dish in one layer and top evenly with marinara sauce; sprinkle with mozzarella and Parmesan. Microwave on High until cheese is melted, about 2 minutes. Sprinkle with basil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 pieces chicken): 343 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 118 mg Chol, 926 mg Sod, 11 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 54 g Prot, 493 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\n# Turkey Cutlets with Mushroom-Wine Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) turkey breast cutlets**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 tablespoon unsalted butter**\n\n**2\u00bd cups (6 ounces) thinly sliced fresh cremini mushrooms**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00be cup dry red wine**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle turkey with pepper and \u00bc teaspoon of salt; cook until browned and cooked through, about 2 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate and keep warm.\n\n2. Place butter in skillet and swirl so butter melts and coats skillet. Add mushrooms, garlic, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt; cook, stirring frequently, until mushrooms brown, about 3 minutes. Add wine and thyme; simmer until most of liquid has evaporated, about 4 minutes. Spoon mushrooms over turkey and sprinkle with parsley.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 turkey cutlet and \u00bc cup mushroom sauce): 174 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 351 mg Sod, 4 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 34 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf your supermarket has variety packs of mushrooms, use one for this recipe. A blend of different types of mushrooms will intensify the flavor and give sauce dish visual appeal.\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\n# Grilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) thin-sliced skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (7-ounce) bag mixed baby salad greens**\n\n**2 tablespoons raspberry or red-wine vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup crumbled soft (mild) goat cheese**\n\n**2 (6-ounce) containers raspberries**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle chicken with \u00bd teaspoon of salt. Place chicken in pan and grill until cooked through, about 3 minutes on each side.\n\n2. Meanwhile, combine salad greens, vinegar, oil, remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt, and pepper in large bowl; toss to coat.\n\n3. Add goat cheese, raspberries, and scallions to salad and gently toss to combine. Divide salad evenly among 4 plates. Halve chicken breasts and place 2 pieces on top of each salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece chicken and 2 cups salad): 252 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 76 mg Chol, 586 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 30 g Prot, 85 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# African-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 tablespoon canola oil**\n\n**1 pound turkey breast cutlets, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**\u00be cup frozen chopped onion, thawed**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground coriander**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) box frozen squash puree, thawed**\n\n**1 cup frozen corn kernels**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**Chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add turkey and cook, stirring occasionally, until lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Add onion, garlic, cumin, coriander, and cinnamon. Cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 1 minute.\n\n2. Add broth, squash, corn, and salt; bring to boil. Cook, stirring occasionally, until corn is tender, about 2 minutes. Ladle stew into 4 bowls; sprinkle with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups): 260 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 68 mg Chol, 601 mg Sod, 20 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 62 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nWhole wheat couscous makes a fast-cooking accompaniment to this stew (\u00bd cup cooked whole wheat couscous per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Grilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) thin-sliced skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**3 peaches, pitted and diced**\n\n**1 tomato, diced**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, chopped**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lime juice**\n\n1. Combine ginger, garlic, oil, and \u00bc teaspoon of salt in small bowl; rub mixture over chicken.\n\n2. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Place chicken in pan and grill until cooked through, about 3 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Meanwhile, to make salsa, toss together peaches, tomato, onion, jalape\u00f1o, cilantro, lime juice, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt in serving bowl. Serve chicken with salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece chicken and 1 cup salsa): 218 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 68 mg Chol, 360 mg Sod, 14 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 27 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nWhile you grill the chicken, grill a vegetable side dish, too. Cut 2 zucchini lengthwise into quarters; spray lightly with nonstick spray. Grill, turning occasionally, until crisp-tender, 6\u20138 minutes. Season to taste with salt and pepper.\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\n# Grilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) skinless salmon fillets**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bc cup pitted Kalamata olives**\n\n**\u00bc cup coarsely chopped rehydrated sun-dried tomatoes (not packed in oil)**\n\n**3 tablespoons coarsely chopped fresh basil or parsley**\n\n**2 tablespoons pine nuts**\n\n1. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle salmon with salt and pepper. Place salmon in pan and cook until just opaque in center, about 4 minutes on each side.\n\n2. Meanwhile, to make tapenade, combine olives, tomatoes, basil, and pine nuts in mini food processor and process until finely chopped. Top salmon evenly with tapenade.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 salmon fillet and 2\u00bd tablespoons tapenade): 201 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 65 mg Chol, 437 mg Sod, 3 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 28 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the salmon with fresh watercress sprigs.\n\n# Salmon au Poivre with Watercress\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (6-ounce) skinless salmon fillets**\n\n**1 tablespoon mixed peppercorns, cracked**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**3 bunches watercress, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n1. Sprinkle salmon evenly with peppercorns and \u00bd teaspoon of salt.\n\n2. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add salmon and cook until lightly browned and just opaque in center, about 4 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Meanwhile, toss together watercress, onion, lemon juice, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt in large bowl. Divide watercress salad evenly among 4 plates and top each serving with piece of salmon.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 salmon fillet and 1\u00bd cups salad): 266 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 94 mg Chol, 584 mg Sod, 3 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 101 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBefore cooking, it's best to run your fingers lightly over surface of salmon fillets to check for any small bones that may be embedded in flesh. If you find any, use clean tweezers or needle-nose pliers to pull them out.\n\n# Tuna Steaks with Avocado-Orange Relish\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**2 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**4 (5-ounce) tuna steaks**\n\n**1 tablespoon red-wine vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons flaxseed oil**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, and diced**\n\n**1 (11-ounce) can unsweetened mandarin orange sections, drained**\n\n**\u00bc small red onion, chopped**\n\n1. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n2. Whisk together canola oil and soy sauce in small bowl. Brush mixture on both sides of tuna. Place steaks on broiler rack and broil 5 inches from heat, about 3 minutes on each side for medium or until desired doneness.\n\n3. Meanwhile, to make relish, whisk together vinegar, flaxseed oil, ginger, and salt in medium bowl. Add avocado, orange sections, and onion; toss to coat. Serve tuna with relish.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 tuna steak and \u00bd cup relish): 259 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 66 mg Chol, 303 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 35 g Prot, 32 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFlaxseed oil is great source of vitamin E and heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. You can use canola oil instead of the flaxseed oil in this recipe if flaxseed oil is not available.\n\n# Halibut with Salsa Verde\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (6-ounce) skinless halibut fillets**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 cup fat-free salsa verde**\n\n**Cilantro sprigs**\n\n**Lime wedges**\n\n1. Sprinkle halibut with salt and pepper.\n\n2. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add halibut and cook until just opaque in center, about 3 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Place 1 fillet on each of 4 plates and top evenly with salsa verde. Garnish with cilantro sprigs and lime wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 fillet and \u00bc cup salsa): 198 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 90 mg Chol, 634 mg Sod, 5 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 36 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nAccompany the halibut with steamed baby carrots and brown rice with a sprinkle of chopped fresh cilantro stirred in (\u00bd cup cooked brown rice per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Roast Halibut with Chunky Roasted Pepper Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (6-ounce) halibut steaks, about \u00be inch thick**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) jar roasted red pepper, drained and chopped (not packed in oil)**\n\n**16 pitted black and\/or green olives, coarsely chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh basil**\n\n**1 tablespoon sherry vinegar or red-wine vinegar**\n\n**1 tablespoon drained capers, coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F and spray shallow roasting pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Place halibut in roasting pan; brush with oil and sprinkle with salt and black pepper. Roast fish until just opaque in center, about 10 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, to make sauce, toss together roasted red pepper, olives, basil, vinegar, capers, and garlic in medium bowl. Serve halibut with sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 halibut steak and about \u2153 cup sauce): 215 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 90 mg Chol, 662 mg Sod, 6 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 48 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Thai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**Grated zest of 1 lime**\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium teriyaki sauce**\n\n**1 serrano or jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds medium cooked, peeled, and deveined shrimp**\n\n**3 Kirby cucumbers, diced**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, diced**\n\n**2 carrots, shredded**\n\n**\u00be cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u00bc cup thinly sliced fresh mint**\n\n**1 shallot, very thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bd honeydew melon, seeded, peeled, and cut into thin wedges**\n\n1. Whisk together lime zest and juice, teriyaki sauce, and serrano pepper in large bowl. Add shrimp, cucumbers, bell pepper, carrots, cilantro, mint, and shallot; toss to coat.\n\n2. Arrange honeydew evenly on 4 plates; top evenly with shrimp salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups shrimp salad and about 3 melon wedges): 202 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 160 mg Chol, 484 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 116 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIn the summer, you can make this salad with whatever melon is available. Try watermelon, cantaloupe, casaba, Galia, or Persian.\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\n# Sesame Scallops\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n**3 tablespoons sesame seeds**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon cracked black pepper**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds sea scallops**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**2 teaspoons unseasoned rice vinegar**\n\n**2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh chives**\n\n1. Prepare rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, combine sesame seeds and pepper on sheet of wax paper. Dip flat sides of each scallop in sesame mixture.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add scallops and cook until browned and just opaque throughout, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Whisk together soy sauce, vinegar, and chives in small bowl. Serve scallops over rice and drizzle with soy sauce mixture.\n\n**PER SERVING** (6 scallops, \u00bd cup rice, and scant 1 tablespoon sauce): 239 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 38 mg Chol, 899 mg Sod, 20 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 98 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value **_6._**\n\n# Sesame Noodles with Green Vegetables\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 ounces whole wheat capellini**\n\n**Florets from 2 broccoli crowns**\n\n**\u00bd pound frozen sugar snap peas**\n\n**\u00bd pound frozen shelled edamame**\n\n**3 scallions, trimmed and sliced**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1 tablespoon Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**\u00bd garlic clove, minced**\n\n1. Cook capellini according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Four minutes before pasta is done, add broccoli, snap peas, and edamame and cook until pasta and vegetables are tender. Drain, reserving \u00bd cup of cooking water.\n\n2. Transfer capellini mixture to large bowl; add reserved cooking water, scallions, soy sauce, oil, and garlic and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups): 311 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 356 mg Sod, 47 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 123 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nThin or small pasta such as capellini, macaroni, mini penne, rotini, and orzo are the quickest cooking. Keep a variety of these on your pantry shelf for fast weeknight meals.\n\n# snacks and sweets\n\n# Cottage Cheese and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (16-ounce) container fat-free cottage cheese**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**\u00bc cup moist sun-dried tomatoes (not packed in oil), chopped**\n\n**2 scallions, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**Pinch cayenne pepper**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil or parsley**\n\nCombine all ingredients except basil in food processor and process until smooth. Transfer cheese mixture to serving bowl and stir in basil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous \u00bd cup): 102 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 7 mg Chol, 618 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 13 g Prot, 102 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this dip with baked fat-free bagel chips (1 ounce of fat-free bagel chips per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Dried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**2 teaspoons curry powder**\n\n**6 cups plain air-popped popcorn**\n\n**\u00bd cup dried cranberries**\n\n**\u2153 cup dry-roasted peanuts**\n\n1. Stir together oil and curry powder in microwavable cup. Microwave on High until fragrant, about 1 minute.\n\n2. Toss together popcorn, cranberries, and peanuts in large bowl. Drizzle curry oil over popcorn mixture and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00be cup): 94 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 51 mg Sod, 11 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 10 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn and Smoky Pumpkin Seeds, here\n\n# Chili-Spiced Popcorn\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**6 cups plain air-popped popcorn**\n\n**1 tablespoon chili powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon paprika**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon onion powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\nPlace popcorn in large bowl and spray with nonstick spray; toss to coat. Sprinkle remaining ingredients over popcorn and toss to coat evenly.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup): 36 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 14 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 1 g Prot, 9 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_1._**\n\n# organize your kitchen for speed\n\nIf you're not organized, you'll spend too much time in the kitchen looking for ingredients, equipment, and tools. The first step to being a shortcut cook is to set up your kitchen for streamlined cooking. Here's how:\n\n**DOWNSIZE AND DECLUTTER.** Give away unused kitchen items and unnecessary multiples of tools. You'll probably never use a bagel slicer or a garlic peeler. You need several wooden spoons and spatulas, but only one vegetable peeler, box grater, or salad spinner. For items you rarely use, like a bread machine, waffle baker, muffin pan, or holiday cookie cutters, remove them from the kitchen and store in the attic, garage, or a closet.\n\n**CREATE A FUNCTIONAL WORK ZONE.** Place wooden and slotted spoons, ladles, spatulas, and tongs in a decorative container near the stove. Place the 6 spices you use most often in a drawer away from the heat of the stove, but close by. Keep a set of stackable dry measuring cups, a liquid measuring cup, and a set of measuring spoons near where you do food prep. Store knives in a knife block or on a wall-mounted magnetized knife rack near a large cutting board.\n\n**DIVIDE AND CONQUER STORAGE AREAS.** Instead of having kitchen drawers become a jumble of tools, buy shallow containers of different lengths or drawer dividers. Separate tools by size for easy visibility and access. Buy bins or baskets for deep cupboard shelves. You can pull out the bin to find what you're looking for, rather than looking through a whole shelf of bottles or cans. To save space, buy sorter racks to allow you to store cutting boards, baking sheets, and pot lids vertically.\n\n**KEEP THE REFRIGERATOR WELL ORGANIZED.** Discard foods with expired sell-by dates and odd condiments that you'll never use to free up space. Set up zones on each shelf for the way you and your family cook and eat. Leftovers can go on one shelf, foods you've pre-prepped for future meals on another, and foods that are up for grabs for snacks on another. Keep fruits and vegetables in crisper drawers to keep them fresher longer and all in one place.\n\n**USE COUNTER SPACE WISELY.** Keep items you use daily on the counter. The microwave, toaster, and coffee pot are in constant use and should be left out all the time. Less frequently used appliances like a stand mixer, blender, or juicer can take their place on a lower shelf in a distant cabinet to free up work space.\n\n**MAXIMIZE SHELF SPACE.** Buy risers so you can store plates on the shelf and saucers or bowls on the riser above them. Use them in the pantry to double storage space for cans and boxes. Install hooks for hanging cups and mugs to clear out space on the shelf below.\n\n**STORE ITEMS IN CLEAR CONTAINERS.** Keep pantry staples such as flour, sugar, rice, and pasta in see-through plastic or glass containers so you can instantly see how much you have on hand. These look pretty in your cupboard, too, and will keep you motivated to stay organized.\n\n# Open-Faced Roast Beef Sandwich Bites\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons bottled horseradish, drained**\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**20 slices cocktail (party-style) rye bread, toasted**\n\n**5 (1-ounce) slices lean roast beef, each cut into 4 pieces**\n\n**10 cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n1. Stir together horseradish and mayonnaise in small bowl. Spread horseradish mayonnaise evenly over slices of toast.\n\n2. Place 1 piece of roast beef on each slice of toast. Thread party toothpick through each tomato half and insert toothpick into each sandwich.\n\n**PER SERVING** (5 sandwiches): 153 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 19 mg Chol, 725 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 11 g Prot, 38 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Turkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce Wraps\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**8 green leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n**8 (1-ounce) slices deli roast turkey breast**\n\n**8 (\u00be-ounce) slices Swiss cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons coarse-grain Dijon mustard**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) jar roasted red pepper (not packed in oil), drained and cut into strips**\n\n1. Lay out lettuce leaves on work surface. Layer 1 slice of turkey and 1 slice of Swiss on each lettuce leaf. Spread evenly with mustard and top evenly with roasted red pepper.\n\n2. Fold in two opposite sides of filled lettuce leaf, then roll up to enclose filling. Secure with toothpick. Repeat to make total of 8 rolls.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 roll): 137 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 44 mg Chol, 270 mg Sod, 4 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 187 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n# Vanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**1 (\u00bd-cup) scoop frozen vanilla fat-free yogurt**\n\n**1 tablespoon toasted wheat germ**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped walnuts**\n\n**2 tablespoons thawed frozen fat-free whipped topping**\n\n**1 fresh sweet cherry or maraschino cherry**\n\nPlace yogurt in dessert dish. Top with wheat germ, walnuts, whipped topping, and cherry.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sundae): 181 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 65 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 179 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Mixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 cups fat-free ricotta cheese**\n\n**1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon honey**\n\n**2 teaspoons vanilla extract**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon ground nutmeg**\n\n**4 cups cubed cantaloupe**\n\n**4 cups cubed honeydew**\n\n**4 cups cubed watermelon**\n\n**\u00bc cup toasted wheat germ**\n\n1. Stir together ricotta, honey, vanilla, and nutmeg in medium bowl. Toss together cantaloupe, honeydew, and watermelon in large bowl; divide evenly among 4 dessert dishes.\n\n2. Spoon ricotta mixture evenly over fruit and sprinkle evenly with wheat germ.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 cups melon cubes, \u00bd cup ricotta mixture, and 1 tablespoon wheat germ): 211 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 8 mg Chol, 101 mg Sod, 38 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 159 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Honeydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**8 cups cubed chilled honeydew**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated lime zest**\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons sugar**\n\n**1 cup sliced strawberries**\n\n**2 tablespoons sliced fresh mint**\n\n1. Puree honeydew in blender or food processor. Pour puree into large bowl and stir in lime zest and juice and sugar.\n\n2. Ladle soup evenly into each of 4 chilled bowls. Top evenly with strawberries and sprinkle with mint.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup): 92 Cal, 0 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 11 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 1 g Prot, 27 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nUse leftover mint from this recipe to add refreshing flavor to green salads, stir-fries, or iced tea.\n\n# Pineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nSERVES 3\n\n**1 ripe banana, peeled and cut into chunks**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) can crushed pineapple in juice**\n\n**\u00bd cup plain low-fat yogurt**\n\n**\u00bd cup fresh orange juice**\n\n**1 tablespoon honey**\n\n**5 ice cubes**\n\nCombine all ingredients in blender and process until smooth. Pour into 3 tall glasses.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup): 148 Cal, 1 g Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 3 mg Chol, 30 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 90 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nIf you have any leftover smoothie, pour it into a popsicle mold or a small paper cup and freeze for a healthful treat another day.\n\n# Strawberry Colada Cooler\n\nSERVES 1\n\n**\u00bd cup halved strawberries**\n\n**\u00bd cup fresh pineapple chunks**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free milk**\n\n**\u00bd cup vanilla low-fat yogurt**\n\n**\u00bc cup light (reduced-fat) coconut milk**\n\n**2 ice cubes**\n\nCombine all ingredients in blender and process until smooth. Pour into tall glass.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 smoothie): 235 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 5 mg Chol, 145 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 9 g Prot, 332 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly remove the hulls of strawberries, use the pointed end of a vegetable peeler, or cut them away with a small paring knife.\n\n# **20**  \nMinute meals\n\n20 Minute Breakfasts\n\nCorn and Green Chile Frittata\n\nFrittata Italiana\n\nBell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\nHash Brown and Egg Skillet Breakfast\n\nCottage Cheese Pancakes\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\n20 Minute Lunches\n\nQuick Quesadillas\n\nPan Bagnat\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\nPitas Stuffed with Tofu-Egg Salad\n\nClam and Corn Chowder\n\nChickpea Soup\n\nBlack Bean Soup with Rice\n\nHam and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nGingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\nSmoked Turkey, Carrot, and Raisin Salad\n\nLight and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\nSalmon with Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nTuna-Potato Salad\n\nTuna and White Bean Salad\n\nShrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nCurried Tuna Salad\n\nWhite Bean Salad with Feta-Pita Crisps\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\nMaui Tortilla Pizzas\n\n20 Minute Dinners\n\nSteak Fajitas\n\nThai-Style Beef Salad\n\nOrange Beef with Broccoli\n\nGinger Steak and Broccoli Stir-Fry\n\nSummer Squash Stuffed with Beef and Olives\n\nPork with Sweet Coconut-Peanut Sauce\n\nPork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\nChicken Piccata\n\nChicken in Coconut-Curry Sauce\n\nChicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\nBraised Bok Choy and Chicken with Soba Noodles\n\nTurkey Cutlets Milanese\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Orange Sauce\n\nMediterranean Turkey Burgers\n\nCod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\nSweet-and-Spicy Salmon with Broccoli Slaw\n\nArctic Char with Cranberry Couscous\n\nCalifornia Fish Tacos\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nShrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and Feta\n\nVegetable Fried Rice\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nLinguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\n20 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\nSun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\nChunky Guacamole\n\nRed Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nSpicy Cereal and Pretzel Snack Mix\n\nCrispy Green Plantains\n\nMicrowave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nBrown Sugar Plums\n\nBananas Foster\n\n# breakfasts\n\n# Corn and Green Chile Frittata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 large eggs**\n\n**1 cup frozen corn kernels, thawed**\n\n**1 (4\u00bd-ounce) can chopped mild green chiles, drained**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free milk**\n\n**2 teaspoons chopped fresh thyme or \u00bd teaspoon dried**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**3 dashes hot pepper sauce**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**12 yellow or red cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n1. Whisk together eggs, corn, chiles, milk, thyme, salt, pepper, and pepper sauce in large bowl.\n\n2. Coat medium nonstick skillet with oil and set over medium heat. Add egg mixture and sprinkle with tomatoes. Cover and cook until eggs are set, about 10 minutes. Cut frittata into 4 wedges. Serve hot, warm, or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 168 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 318 mg Chol, 493 mg Sod, 12 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 74 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHalf of a toasted whole wheat English muffin makes a crispy partner for the frittata (\u00bd of a whole wheat English muffin per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\nCorn and Green Chile Frittata\n\n# Frittata Italiana\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2\u00bd cups fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 large tomato, chopped**\n\n**4 scallions, sliced**\n\n**2 cups shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh basil**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add egg substitute and pepper. Cook until eggs are almost set, about 3 minutes, lifting edges frequently with heatproof rubber spatula to allow uncooked egg to flow underneath.\n\n2. Sprinkle eggs with tomato, scallions, and mozzarella. Cover skillet. Reduce heat to low and cook until cheese is melted and eggs are set, about 3 minutes longer.\n\n3. Sprinkle frittata with Parmesan and basil. Cut into 4 wedges. Serve hot, warm, or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 216 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 11 mg Chol, 963 mg Sod, 13 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 749 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nDesperate for a superfast dinner idea? Quick egg dishes such as this frittata make fast, filling evening meals, too.\n\n# Bell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**6 sun-dried tomato halves (not packed in oil)**\n\n**3 large egg whites**\n\n**2 large eggs**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bc cup thinly sliced red onion**\n\n**\u00bc cup diced bell pepper**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n1. Place sun-dried tomatoes in bowl and add boiling water to cover by 1 inch. Let stand 5 minutes; drain and cut into thin slices.\n\n2. Meanwhile, whisk together egg whites, eggs, salt, and black pepper in separate bowl.\n\n3. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in 10-inch nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add sun-dried tomatoes, onion, bell pepper, and garlic; cook, stirring occasionally, until vegetables soften, 4\u20135 minutes. Transfer vegetables to bowl and set aside.\n\n4. Wipe out skillet and return it to medium heat. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil. Pour in egg mixture and cook, stirring gently, until underside is set, about 1 minute. Spread bell pepper mixture evenly over half of omelette; with spatula, fold other half over filling. Continue to cook until filling is heated through and eggs are set, 1\u20132 minutes longer. Cut omelette in half and slide each half onto plate.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd omelette): 181 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 212 mg Chol, 653 mg Sod, 9 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 50 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTry a plain toasted bagel flat with the omelette (1 plain toasted bagel flat per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\n# Pea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 shiitake mushrooms, stems removed and caps sliced**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried basil**\n\n**1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n**1 cup frozen green peas**\n\n**4 large eggs, lightly beaten**\n\n**2 large egg whites, lightly beaten**\n\n**3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Preheat broiler.\n\n2. Heat oil in 10-inch cast-iron or other ovenproof skillet over medium-high heat. Add mushrooms, onion, garlic, and basil; cook, stirring occasionally, until onion begins to brown, about 5 minutes. Add cherry tomatoes and peas; cook until tomatoes begin to wilt, 2 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, whisk together eggs, egg whites, Parmesan, salt, and pepper in bowl. Pour over mushroom mixture. Reduce heat to medium and cook until eggs begin to set, 3 minutes. Place frittata under broiler and broil 5 inches from heat until eggs are set, about 2 minutes. Cut into 4 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 186 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 216 mg Chol, 496 mg Sod, 14 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 13 g Prot, 116 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf your skillet does not have a metal handle, wrap it with a couple of layers of foil to protect it from the heat of the broiler.\n\n# Hash Brown and Egg Skillet Breakfast\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**3 russet potatoes, scrubbed, shredded, and squeezed dry**\n\n**\u00bd onion, chopped**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**Pinch ground sage**\n\n**4 large eggs**\n\n**4 scallions, sliced**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add potatoes, onion, garlic, salt, pepper, and sage; cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Using spatula, press down on potato mixture to make an even layer. Continue to cook, without stirring, until potatoes are lightly browned, about 5 minutes longer.\n\n3. Place large plate on top of potato cake and carefully turn skillet over. Slide potato cake back into skillet. Using spoon, make 4 indentations in potato cake that are large enough to hold an egg.\n\n4. Break 1 egg into each indentation. Sprinkle eggs and potatoes with scallions. Cover skillet and cook until eggs are set, about 3 minutes. Cut into quarters.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bc of potato and egg mixture): 223 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 212 mg Chol, 369 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 9 g Prot, 73 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this breakfast with a fresh colorful fruit salad made with cubed cantaloupe, sliced strawberries, and peeled and sliced kiwifruit.\n\n# Cottage Cheese Pancakes\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 cup low-fat cottage cheese**\n\n**1 cup vanilla low-fat yogurt**\n\n**3 large eggs**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**1 cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u2153 cup whole wheat flour**\n\n**1 tablespoon sugar**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n1. Whisk cottage cheese, yogurt, eggs, and vanilla together in large bowl. Stir in all-purpose flour, whole wheat flour, sugar, and salt.\n\n2. Spray large skillet or griddle with nonstick spray and heat over medium heat. Pour batter by \u00bc-cup measures onto griddle. Cook until small bubbles just begin to appear on top of pancakes and they are golden brown underneath, about 2 minutes. Flip and cook until second side has browned, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 pancakes): 207 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 110 mg Chol, 309 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 13 g Prot, 111 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you have leftover pancakes, place them on a wire rack and let cool completely. Stack the pancakes with a sheet of wax paper between each one and place in a heavy zip-close plastic bag. Freeze for up to 3 months. To reheat, wrap two pancakes in a paper towel and microwave on High for 20\u201330 seconds.\n\n# Breakfast Bruschetta\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd onion, chopped**\n\n**1 carrot, shredded**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**1\u00bc cups fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 slices reduced-calorie whole-grain bread, toasted**\n\n1. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add bell pepper, onion, carrot, and garlic; cook, stirring frequently, until vegetables are softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Stir in egg substitute, salt, and black pepper. Cook, stirring, just until egg is set. Spoon half of egg on top of each slice of toast.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 bruschetta): 186 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 716 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 300 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nAdd fresh cantaloupe slices to make this a colorful and filling meal.\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\n# lunches\n\n# Quick Quesadillas\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (8-inch) whole wheat tortillas**\n\n**4 thin slices prosciutto**\n\n**4 thin slices pepper Jack cheese**\n\n**4 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free salsa**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and place over medium-high heat.\n\n2. Place tortilla on counter and cover with one fourth of prosciutto and pepper Jack. Sprinkle bottom half with one-fourth of scallions and cilantro. Fold tortilla in half, covering fillings. Repeat with remaining tortillas, prosciutto, pepper Jack, scallions, and cilantro.\n\n3. Place 2 quesadillas in pan and cook, turning once, until tortillas are browned and cheese has melted, about 3 minutes. Repeat with remaining quesadillas. Cut each quesadilla into 3 wedges and serve with salsa on side.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 quesadilla and 1 tablespoon salsa): 165 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 25 mg Chol, 592 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 11 g Prot, 130 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nQuesadillas are a superquick lunch or light dinner option for weeknights\u2014and both kids and adults love them!\n\n# Pan Bagnat\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons red-wine vinegar**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) loaf Italian bread**\n\n**2 (5-ounce) cans chunk light tuna packed in water, drained and flaked**\n\n**1 small red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 ripe tomatoes, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 radishes, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup pitted Ni\u00e7oise olives**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together vinegar, parsley, broth, oil, garlic, and pepper in small bowl.\n\n2. Using serrated knife, split bread loaf in half lengthwise, making bottom of loaf slightly thicker than top. Use your fingers to pull out and discard some of soft interior of bread. Brush inside of loaf with half of dressing.\n\n3. Cover bottom section of bread with tuna, onion, tomatoes, radishes, and olives and drizzle with remaining dressing. Cover with bread top and cut into 4 sandwiches.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 254 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 19 mg Chol, 559 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 21 g Prot, 67 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThese sandwiches can be eaten immediately or wrapped tightly and chilled for up to 6 hours, so they're perfect for packing for lunch or taking on a picnic.\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\n# Chicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00be cup plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n**\u2153 cup shredded cucumber**\n\n**1 small garlic clove, minced**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 (7-inch) whole wheat pitas, halved**\n\n**1\u00bd cups shredded cooked chicken breast**\n\n**1 large tomato, cut into 8 slices**\n\n**4 small romaine lettuce leaves**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled fat-free feta cheese**\n\n1. Stir together yogurt, cucumber, garlic, and pepper in small bowl.\n\n2. Cut each pita in half. Spread half of yogurt mixture inside pitas. Layer chicken, tomato, lettuce, and feta evenly inside pitas. Top with remaining yogurt mixture\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 464 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 88 mg Chol, 783 mg Sod, 54 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 48 g Prot, 280 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo make this recipe fuss free, use purchased rotisserie chicken.\n\n# 9 rules for shortcut cooking\n\nWhen time is short on busy weeknights, you can still prepare a fresh homemade meal for your family if you follow these rules:\n\n**PLAN YOUR MEALS FOR THE WEEK.** Jot down a bare-bones menu for every night you'll make dinner for the week. With a plan as simple as \"steak fajitas and rice,\" \"spaghetti with meat sauce and salad,\" and \"saut\u00e9ed chicken, couscous, and green beans\" you can organize recipes and create a shopping list in just a few minutes.\n\n**KEEP MENUS TO TWO OR THREE SIMPLE ITEMS.** Don't try to do too much or get too fancy. Your family will enjoy a quickly prepared homemade meal that's as simple as baked pork chops, mashed potatoes, and salad (from pre-washed greens, of course). Keep seasonings as simple as salt and pepper with a dash of grated lemon zest, minced garlic, or a sprinkle of fresh or dried herbs.\n\n**KEEP A WELL-STOCKED FREEZER.** Always keep a stash of quick-cooking staples such as boneless skinless chicken breasts, ground beef, and fish fillets on hand for pulling a fast meal together from ingredients you have on hand. Use the defrost setting on the microwave to thaw foods quickly before cooking.\n\n**ASSEMBLE INGREDIENTS AND EQUIPMENT BEFORE COOKING.** Before you begin to cook, gather the ingredients you need, the measuring cups and spoons, and pots and pans you'll need to prepare the meal. Use pots and pans that look good enough to go straight from oven to table. Once everything is out on the counter or stovetop, you can focus on getting the meal prepared without the distraction of searching for needed items.\n\n**START LONG-COOKING FOODS FIRST.** For instance, get pasta water on to boil or rice on to cook before you begin what you'll serve with it. Then, start on a pasta sauce or chicken stir-fry.\n\n**CLEAN UP AS YOU GO.** Keep a trash bowl nearby. If you're preparing a meal that requires peeling and chopping fruits or vegetables, take a tip from chefs and keep a small bowl near the cutting board for peelings, trimmings, and cores. You'll save trips to the trash can and then you can discard all the debris at once.\n\n**MULTITASK.** If you're waiting on a sauce to simmer or a chop to broil, make a green salad to serve with the meal, cut up some fruit to enjoy for dessert, put dirty dishes in the dishwasher, wipe down kitchen counters, put away any appliances you've used.\n\n**ENLIST HELP.** Get your spouse and children to help with the meal. When it's crunch time, the smallest task can be helpful. Setting the table, getting out bread or rolls, tossing a salad, or putting away ingredients can shave minutes off your kitchen time.\n\n**MAKE WEEKEND COOKING COUNT.** Make food in big batches on the weekend to refrigerate or freeze for effortless meals later on. Chilis, soups, and stews freeze perfectly and will be a delicious welcome on nights when you don't have time to cook. Roast a chicken, turkey breast, beef or pork roast, or leg of lamb on the weekend and use the leftovers for another meal or two later in the week.\n\n# Pitas Stuffed with Tofu-Egg Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (14-ounce) container reduced-fat firm tofu, drained**\n\n**2 large hard-cooked eggs**\n\n**1 celery stalk, chopped**\n\n**1 carrot, shredded**\n\n**2 tablespoons minced red onion**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**1 tablespoon white-wine vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons Dijon mustard**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon hot pepper sauce**\n\n**4 (6-inch) whole wheat pita breads, halved**\n\n**2 cups salad greens**\n\n1. Crumble tofu onto clean kitchen towel. Roll up towel and twist to remove as much liquid as possible. Mash eggs with fork in large bowl. Add tofu, celery, carrot, onion, mayonnaise, vinegar, mustard, salt, and pepper sauce and mix well.\n\n2. Fill each pita half with \u2153 cup of salad and \u00bc cup greens.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 filled pita halves): 297 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 108 mg Chol, 830 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 100 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nYou can make the salad up to 2 days ahead and store, refrigerated, for a quick lunch.\n\n# Clam and Corn Chowder\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 (6\u00bd-ounce) cans chopped clams**\n\n**1\u00bd cups frozen corn kernels**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon hot pepper sauce**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can sliced potatoes, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00bd cup frozen chopped onion, thawed**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Heat clams and their juice, corn, pepper sauce, and thyme in large saucepan over high heat.\n\n2. Meanwhile, puree broth, potatoes, and onion in blender. Add to pot with clams and corn; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, about 3 minutes. Stir in half-and-half and heat through. Remove from heat and stir in parsley.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 190 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 29 mg Chol, 501 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 90 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nRye bread makes a flavorful accompaniment to the creamy chowder (1 rye flat roll per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Chickpea Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**5 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 (15\u00bd-ounce) cans chickpeas, rinsed and drained**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 carrots, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh rosemary**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Puree broth with chickpeas, in batches, in blender.\n\n2. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add carrots, bell pepper, onion, and garlic; cook, stirring, until carrots are crisp-tender, about 5 minutes.\n\n3. Stir in chickpea mixture, rosemary, salt, and black pepper. Stir in a little water if soup is too thick. Cook over medium heat until heated through, about 4 minutes. Serve sprinkled with parsley.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bd cups): 315 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 879 mg Sod, 49 g Total Carb, 11 g Fib, 18 g Prot, 124 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this Mediterranean-inspired soup with rosemary pita bread. Lightly spray a whole wheat pita bread with olive oil nonstick spray and sprinkle with fresh minced rosemary. Broil, turning once, until heated through, 2 minutes (one 1-ounce) whole wheat pita bread per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Black Bean Soup with Rice\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 celery stalk, chopped**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, finely chopped**\n\n**2 teaspoons chili powder**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons ground cumin**\n\n**2 (15\u00bd-ounce) cans black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can reduced-sodium chicken broth or vegetable broth**\n\n**1 tomato, chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**2 cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n1. Heat oil over medium heat in large saucepan. Add onion, celery, bell pepper, and garlic and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 4 minutes. Add chili powder and cumin and cook 1 minute longer.\n\n2. Add beans to saucepan and mash coarsely with potato masher or large fork. Add broth and tomato; increase heat to high and bring soup to boil. Stir in cilantro. Ladle evenly into 4 serving bowls and top with \u00bd cup rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups soup and \u00bd cup rice): 296 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 568 mg Sod, 50 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 13 g Prot, 84 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo preserve fresh cilantro and other herbs, chop them, place in ice cube trays, cover with water, and freeze. Store the frozen cubes in a zip-close bag and pop them into recipes at the end of cooking. The small amount of water in the ice cube won't make a difference in your dish.\n\n# Ham and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup whole wheat macaroni**\n\n**\u2153 cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**2 tablespoons apple-cider vinegar**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd pound lean turkey ham, diced**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) jar roasted red pepper, drained and chopped (not packed in oil)**\n\n**4 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 tablespoons sweet pickle relish**\n\n**4 red bell peppers, halved lengthwise through stems and seeded**\n\n1. Cook macaroni according to package directions, omitting salt. Drain and rinse under cold running water; drain again.\n\n2. Transfer macaroni to large bowl. Add mayonnaise, vinegar, and black pepper; toss to coat. Add turkey ham, roasted red peppers, scallions, and relish; toss to combine.\n\n3. Spoon salad evenly into bell pepper halves.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 stuffed pepper halves): 256 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 43 mg Chol, 927 mg Sod, 40 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 42 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nWhen you cook the macaroni for this salad, make extra and use it instead of rigatoni to prepare Vegetable Minestrone with Pasta, here, on the weekend.\n\n# Chicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**5 cups thinly sliced Napa cabbage**\n\n**2 cups shredded, cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1 cup matchstick-cut carrots**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced on diagonal**\n\n1. Whisk together lime juice, sesame oil, salt, and black pepper in large serving bowl.\n\n2. Add cabbage, chicken, carrots, bell pepper, and scallions and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 173 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 57 mg Chol, 653 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 121 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nWondering what all those blades that came with your food processor actually do? One of them will probably cut matchstick carrots for this recipe in seconds.\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\n# Gingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**5 teaspoons unseasoned rice vinegar**\n\n**5 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1\u00bd cups shredded, cooked, skinless turkey breast**\n\n**1\u00bd cups small broccoli florets**\n\n**1 large red bell pepper, cut into \u00bd-inch pieces**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting fat and salt if desired. Transfer to shallow bowl to cool.\n\n2. Meanwhile, whisk together vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and ginger in serving bowl. Add couscous, turkey, broccoli, bell pepper, scallions, and cilantro and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 357 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 86 mg Chol, 279 mg Sod, 34 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 39 g Prot, 93 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\n# Smoked Turkey, Carrot, and Raisin Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2153 cup light mayonnaise**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (6-ounce) piece cooked smoked turkey breast, diced**\n\n**6 carrots, shredded (about 3 cups)**\n\n**\u2153 cup dark raisins**\n\n**8 cups lightly packed baby romaine**\n\n**\u00bc cup coarsely chopped unsalted peanuts**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together mayonnaise, lemon zest and juice, salt, and pepper in large bowl.\n\n2. Add turkey, carrots, and raisins to dressing; toss to coat.\n\n3. Divide romaine evenly among 4 plates. Top with turkey mixture and sprinkle evenly with peanuts.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 3 cups): 199 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 28 mg Chol, 696 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 75 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo add more color and crunch, add 1 diced red or green apple to the salad.\n\nLight and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\n# Light and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons sherry vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**6 cups lightly packed torn romaine lettuce**\n\n**2 cups diced cooked turkey breast**\n\n**2 large tomatoes, diced**\n\n**\u00bd avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, and diced**\n\n**2 large hard-cooked egg whites, chopped**\n\n**6 slices turkey bacon, crisp-cooked and coarsely crumbled**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled blue cheese**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together vinegar, oil, salt, and pepper in small bowl.\n\n2. Spread lettuce on platter. Arrange turkey, tomatoes, and avocado in rows on top of lettuce. Sprinkle with egg whites, bacon, and blue cheese. Serve dressing on side.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bd cups): 292 Cal, 14 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 85 mg Chol, 939 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 94 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo save the other half of the avocado, drizzle it with lemon juice, wrap in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for up to 3 days. If the exposed flesh does darken, just cut away a thin layer to reveal the bright green avocado below.\n\n# Salmon with Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**2 cups drained canned corn kernels**\n\n**1 large tomato, diced**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, finely chopped**\n\n**\u00bd cup coarsely chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**6 large Boston lettuce leaves**\n\n**6 (3-ounce) prepared poached salmon fillets**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together lime juice, oil, salt, and black pepper in large bowl.\n\n2. Add beans, corn, tomato, onion, cilantro, and jalape\u00f1o pepper to dressing; toss to coat.\n\n3. Divide lettuce among 6 plates; top with salmon. Spoon bean salad alongside fish.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 salmon fillet and about 1\u00bc cups salad): 311 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 83 mg Chol, 635 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 61 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo poach salmon, bring 2 cups of reduced-sodium chicken broth to a simmer in a large skillet. Add 6 (4-ounce) skinless salmon fillets to the broth. Cover and simmer until the salmon is just opaque, 4 to 5 minutes. Serve the salmon warm, at room temperature, or chilled.\n\n# Tuna-Potato Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 (5-ounce) cans chunk light tuna packed in water, drained and flaked**\n\n**1 pound packaged cooked diced potatoes**\n\n**2 large shallots, finely chopped**\n\n**4 cups mixed baby salad greens**\n\n**Lemon wedges**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together mayonnaise, salt, and pepper in large bowl.\n\n2. Add tuna, potatoes, and shallots to dressing and stir to combine well.\n\n3. Divide salad greens evenly among 4 plates. Top evenly with tuna-potato mixture. Serve with lemon wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups): 208 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 21 mg Chol, 706 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 49 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo add more delicious veggies to the salad, surround each one with cucumber and plum tomato slices.\n\n# Tuna and White Bean Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of 1 lemon**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**6 cups torn fris\u00e9e lettuce**\n\n**2 different colored bell peppers, chopped**\n\n**1 large tomato, chopped**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 (5-ounce) cans chunk light tuna packed in water, drained and flaked**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can cannellini (white kidney) beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together broth, oil, lemon zest and juice, salt, and black pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. Add fris\u00e9e, bell peppers, tomato, scallions, tuna, and beans to dressing and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 2 cups): 235 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 19 mg Chol, 749 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 25 g Prot, 82 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor a satisfying finish to lunch, enjoy a piece of fresh fruit and a cup of herbal tea for dessert.\n\nTuna and White Bean Salad\n\nShrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\n# Shrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds cooked, peeled, and deveined medium shrimp**\n\n**2 large navel oranges, peeled and cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**1 fennel bulb, trimmed and very thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**12 pitted Kalamata olives**\n\n1. To make dressing, whisk together lemon juice, oil, salt, and pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. Add shrimp, oranges, fennel, onion, and olives and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 241 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 276 mg Chol, 759 mg Sod, 17 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 136 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nDon't be tempted to make this salad ahead. The acid from the lemon juice will cause the shrimp to become rubbery and tough.\n\n# Curried Tuna Salad\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 (5-ounce) can chunk light tuna packed in water, drained and flaked**\n\n**1 celery stalk, chopped**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1 shallot, chopped**\n\n**2 tablespoons golden raisins, chopped**\n\n**2 tablespoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**1 teaspoon curry powder**\n\n**4 red leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n**2 hard-cooked large eggs, peeled and sliced**\n\n1. Toss together tuna, celery, cilantro, shallot, raisins, mayonnaise, and curry powder in small bowl.\n\n2. Divide lettuce evenly between 2 plates. Mound tuna salad evenly on lettuce and surround with eggs.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 lettuce leaves, \u00bd cup tuna salad, and 1 egg): 212 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 207 mg Chol, 428 mg Sod, 14 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 67 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo quickly add more flavor to this tuna salad, stir in a teaspoon of grated lime zest.\n\n# White Bean Salad with Feta-Pita Crisps\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (7-inch) whole wheat pitas**\n\n**1 cup crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can Great Northern or other white beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 red or green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of 1 lemon**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Preheat broiler. Line baking sheet with foil.\n\n2. Lay pitas on baking sheet and sprinkle evenly with feta. Broil 5 inches from heat until cheese is melted and pitas are crisp, about 3 minutes. Cut each pita into 6 wedges.\n\n3. Meanwhile, toss together beans, bell pepper, onion, parsley, oil, lemon zest and juice, and black pepper in large bowl. Serve salad with pita wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup salad and 6 pita wedges): 371 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 10 mg Chol, 945 mg Sod, 62 g Total Carb, 11 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 208 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo remove about 40 percent of the sodium in canned beans, always rinse and drain them before using in a recipe.\n\n# Crab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u2153 cup orzo**\n\n**2 large tomatoes**\n\n**1 cup crabmeat, picked over for pieces of shell**\n\n**\u2153 cup chopped black or green olives**\n\n**2 tablespoons crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh dill**\n\n**2 teaspoons balsamic vinegar**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Cook orzo according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Drain and rinse under cold water; drain again.\n\n2. Meanwhile, cut thin slice off tops of tomatoes; reserve tops. Using spoon, carefully scoop out seeds and pulp; reserve for another use.\n\n3. Gently toss together crabmeat, olives, feta, dill, vinegar, salt, and pepper in medium bowl. Spoon crabmeat mixture evenly into tomato shells and cover with reserved tomato tops.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 stuffed tomato): 279 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 67 mg Chol, 795 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 130 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nScoop the seeds and pulp from the tomatoes into a storage container. Cover and freeze up to 4 months and toss them into a soup or stew.\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\n# Maui Tortilla Pizzas\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (7-inch) whole wheat tortillas**\n\n**\u00bc pound piece lean deli ham, diced**\n\n**4 (1-ounce) slices reduced-fat Swiss cheese**\n\n**\u00bd red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) can well-drained unsweetened pineapple chunks, chopped**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped macadamia nuts or almonds**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Line baking sheet with foil.\n\n2. Lay tortillas on baking sheet. Layer evenly with ham, Swiss, and bell pepper. Bake until cheese is melted and bubbling, about 10 minutes. Sprinkle evenly with pineapple and macadamia nuts.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 pizza): 226 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 25 mg Chol, 493 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 294 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBecause of their high fat content, nuts can become rancid quickly if stored at room temperature. To keep them fresh longer, place nuts in an airtight container and store in the freezer.\n\n# dinners\n\n# Steak Fajitas\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (1\u00bc-pound) lean flank steak, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 (7-inch) whole wheat tortillas, warmed**\n\n**2 tablespoons taco sauce**\n\n1. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle steak with \u00bc teaspoon of salt. Place steak in grill pan and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 5 minutes on each side.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add bell peppers, onion, and garlic; sprinkle with remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt and black pepper. Cook, stirring, until softened, about 8 minutes.\n\n3. Transfer steak to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut steak across grain into 20 slices.\n\n4. Lay tortillas on work surface and top evenly with steak and bell pepper mixture; drizzle with taco sauce. Fold tortillas in half.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 fajita): 375 Cal, 15 g Total Fat, 5 g Sat Fat, 2 g Trans Fat, 68 mg Chol, 542 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 121 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_10._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo get an accurate measure of the temperature of a steak or other thin cut of meat or poultry, insert the thermometer sideways into the food. Make sure beef, pork, and lamb reach at least 145\u00b0F, ground meats reach 160\u00b0F, and all poultry, including ground poultry, reaches 165\u00b0F.\n\n# Thai-Style Beef Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**2 (\u00bc-pound) filet mignon steaks, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc cup fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian fish sauce**\n\n**2 teaspoons packed light brown sugar**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**3 cups mixed baby greens**\n\n**1 cup fresh mint leaves**\n\n**1 cup fresh cilantro leaves**\n\n**1 cup thinly sliced cucumber**\n\n**\u00bd red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Heat 2 teaspoons of oil in medium skillet over medium-high heat. Add beef and cook, turning once, until instant-read thermometer inserted into side of each steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, 8\u201310 minutes. Transfer meat to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes.\n\n2. Meanwhile, whisk together lime juice, fish sauce, sugar, red pepper flakes, and remaining 1 teaspoon oil in large bowl.\n\n3. Just before serving, add greens, mint, cilantro, cucumber, and onion to bowl with dressing. Cut the steaks into \u00bc-inch-thick slices, then slice in half again lengthwise. Toss warm beef with salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 157 Cal, 8 g Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 25 mg Chol, 271 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 54 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Orange Beef with Broccoli\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound lean sirloin steak, trimmed and cut into thin strips**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**5 cups small broccoli florets**\n\n**1 onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated orange zest**\n\n**\u00bc cup fresh orange juice**\n\n**1 teaspoon cornstarch**\n\n1. Combine steak, soy sauce, garlic, ginger, and red pepper flakes in large shallow dish; toss to coat.\n\n2. Heat large deep skillet or wok over high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add oil and swirl to coat skillet. Add beef and stir-fry until lightly browned, about 3 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer beef to plate. Add broccoli and onion to skillet and stir-fry until broccoli is bright green, about 3 minutes.\n\n3. Stir together orange zest and juice and cornstarch in small cup until smooth; add to skillet. Stir-fry until sauce thickens and bubbles, about 1 minute. Stir in beef and stir-fry until heated through, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups): 244 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 73 mg Chol, 334 mg Sod, 13 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 60 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo quickly add more flavor to this stir-fry, stir in a handful of chopped fresh basil or cilantro just before serving.\n\n# got 5 minutes?\n\nHave a few moments to spare? Add a fast flourish to your meals with one of these speedy suggestions.\n\n\u2022 Grate a little **orange zest** or **tangerine zest** over your morning oatmeal, pancakes, or French toast for a hit of bright flavor.\n\n\u2022 Instead of eating your morning yogurt with a spoon, throw it in the blender with a few ice cubes and half a cup of chopped fruit for a **satisfying smoothie** you can enjoy with a straw.\n\n\u2022 Stir a little **grated fresh ginger** into unsweetened applesauce or fruit preserves for a hint of exotic flavor.\n\n\u2022 Slice or dice **fresh apples or pears** and add them to a sandwich or salad for natural sweetness and crunch.\n\n\u2022 Toss a handful of **fresh** **whole basil, mint, or parsley leaves** into a green salad to add a punch of fresh flavor.\n\n\u2022 Thin **fat-free Greek yogurt** with a little water and drizzle it over bowls of soup or chili for a touch of richness and color contrast.\n\n\u2022 Add a hint of deep, smoky flavor to baked or pan-seared meat, fish, or poultry with a sprinkle of **smoked paprika or smoked sea salt**.\n\n\u2022 Chop parsley, garlic, and lemon zest together for a **quick gremolata** to use as a garnish for stews or roast meats.\n\n\u2022 Finely chop a **hard-cooked egg white** and use it as a protein-rich topping for side dishes, salads, or soups.\n\n\u2022 Sprinkle an **exotic spice blend** like za'atar, Berber seasoning, or Cajun spice on steamed vegetables or cooked whole grains to wake up their flavor.\n\n\u2022 Use a vegetable peeler to make **long strips of raw carrot, zucchini, or yellow squash** to add color and texture to your next salad.\n\n\u2022 Perk up bottled salad dressing with some **chopped fresh herbs and minced shallot\u2014** it will taste almost as good as homemade.\n\n\u2022 Add half a **diced onion and a bay leaf** to the water when you cook whole grains to give them pilaf-like flavor.\n\n\u2022 Add a few **sliced strawberries and mint leaves** to glasses of seltzer for a refreshing accompaniment to meals or snacks.\n\n\u2022 Split open a **pomegranate** and use the seeds as a crunchy, flavorful garnish for salads or desserts.\n\n\u2022 Shave or grate a little antioxidant-rich **dark chocolate** over desserts, fruits, or yogurt and you'll have a healthful fix for a chocolate craving.\n\n# Ginger Steak and Broccoli Stir-Fry\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**10 ounces lean sirloin steak, trimmed and cut into thin strips**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 cups small broccoli florets**\n\n**4 scallions, cut into 1-inch lengths**\n\n**1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon hot chili paste (optional)**\n\n1. Heat large deep skillet or wok over high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add oil and swirl to coat skillet. Add steak and stir-fry until lightly browned, about 2 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add ginger and garlic to skillet and stir-fry until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add broccoli and scallions and stir-fry until just softened, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n3. Return steak to skillet along with soy sauce and chili paste, if using. Stir-fry until beef is just cooked through, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 262 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 80 mg Chol, 400 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 113 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo easily cut the steak into thin strips, put it in the freezer for about 30 minutes before slicing.\n\n# Summer Squash Stuffed with Beef and Olives\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 large (\u00bd pound) yellow summer squash**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**\u00be pound lean ground beef (7% fat or less)**\n\n**\u00bd cup frozen chopped onion**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon Italian seasoning**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped black olives**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n**3 tablespoons plain dried bread crumbs**\n\n1. Cut each squash in half lengthwise. Using small spoon, scoop out and discard most of flesh, leaving \u00bc-inch border all around. Place squash halves on microwavable plate, sprinkle insides of squash with salt, and cover loosely with wax paper. Microwave on High until squash is very tender but still holds its shape, 2\u20133 minutes; set aside.\n\n2. Meanwhile, preheat broiler and line baking sheet with foil.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over high heat. Add beef, onion, garlic, and Italian seasoning and cook, breaking meat up, until meat is no longer pink and vegetables are tender, about 4 minutes. Stir in olives, sour cream, and 2 tablespoons of bread crumbs and remove from heat.\n\n4. Mound beef mixture into squash halves and sprinkle tops with remaining 1 tablespoon bread crumbs. Broil 5 inches from heat until tops are browned, about 2 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 stuffed squash half): 201 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 49 mg Chol, 465 mg Sod, 13 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 75 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nItalian seasoning is a time-saving herb blend to keep on hand. It contains oregano, thyme, and basil\u2014all the herbs you would usually add to an Italian dish, but in one container.\n\n# Pork with Sweet Coconut-Peanut Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2153 cup light (reduced-fat) coconut milk**\n\n**\u2153 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 tablespoons peanut butter**\n\n**1 tablespoon packed light brown sugar**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) lean boneless pork loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 tablespoon peanut or canola oil**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Combine coconut milk, broth, peanut butter, sugar, and ginger in small bowl and stir until smooth. Set aside.\n\n2. Sprinkle pork with cayenne and salt. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add pork and cook, turning once, until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of each chop registers 145\u00b0F, 6\u20138 minutes. Transfer pork to plate and cover loosely with foil to keep warm.\n\n3. Add coconut milk mixture to same skillet; set over medium heat and cook, stirring, until sauce is slightly thickened, about 2 minutes. Pour over chops and sprinkle with scallions.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chop and 2 tablespoons sauce): 290 Cal, 17 g Total Fat, 5 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 70 mg Chol, 288 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 22 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCayenne pepper adds spice to this dish, but if you're making it for young ones, you can omit it. This dish is also delicious made with skinless boneless chicken breasts instead of the pork chops.\n\nPork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\n# Pork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (5-ounce) lean bone-in pork loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 tablespoons hoisin sauce**\n\n**2 tablespoons matchstick-thin strips peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, sliced**\n\n**2 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1 teaspoon Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**1\u00bd cups frozen snow peas, thawed**\n\n**1 teaspoon toasted sesame seeds**\n\n1. Sprinkle pork with salt. Heat canola oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add pork and cook, turning once, until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of each chop registers 145\u00b0F, 6\u20138 minutes. Transfer pork to plate and cover loosely with foil to keep warm.\n\n2. Add broth, hoisin sauce, ginger, garlic, soy sauce, and sesame oil to same skillet. Cook, scraping up any browned bits from bottom of pan with wooden spoon, until mixture is slightly thickened, 2\u20133 minutes. Stir in snow peas and cook until heated through, 1 minute.\n\n3. Sprinkle snow peas with sesame seeds and serve with chops.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chop and \u2153 cup snow peas): 260 Cal, 13 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 70 mg Chol, 483 mg Sod, 9 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 36 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly make matchstick-thin strips of peeled ginger, thinly slice a piece of ginger, keeping the slices in a neat stack. Then, cut the slices into thin strips.\n\n# Chicken Piccata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 tablespoons all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) thin-sliced skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**2 tablespoons unsalted butter**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bc cup fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 tablespoon drained capers**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Combine flour, \u00bd teaspoon of salt, and \u215b teaspoon of pepper in large bowl. Working one at a time, dip both sides of chicken into flour mixture and shake off excess. Place on large plate.\n\n2. Melt 1 tablespoon of butter in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook until lightly browned and cooked through, 3\u20134 minutes on each side; transfer chicken to plate and cover to keep warm.\n\n3. Add broth, lemon juice, and capers into skillet and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer until slightly reduced, about 2 minutes. Remove from heat, then swirl in parsley and remaining 1 tablespoon butter, \u00bc teaspoon salt, and \u215b teaspoon pepper. Pour sauce over chicken.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece chicken and 2 tablespoons sauce): 211 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 5 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 635 mg Sod, 4 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 22 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this classic quick dish with whole wheat angel hair pasta (\u00bd cup cooked whole wheat angel hair pasta per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Chicken in Coconut-Curry Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, diced**\n\n**2 teaspoons curry powder**\n\n**1 cup light (reduced-fat) coconut milk**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**2 tablespoons tomato paste**\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breast, cut into 1-inch cubes**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) bag baby spinach**\n\n**1 cup frozen peas**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onion and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 4 minutes. Stir in curry powder. Add coconut milk, tomatoes, and tomato paste and bring to boil.\n\n2. Add chicken and salt to skillet and cook until chicken is no longer pink in center, about 4 minutes. Add spinach and peas and cook until spinach is wilted and peas are tender, about 2 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 272 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 63 mg Chol, 440 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 75 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBrown basmati rice is the perfect accompaniment to this quick curry dish. It takes about 50 minutes to cook, so make a batch on the weekend to serve with meals throughout the week (\u00bd cup cooked brown basmati rice will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Chicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n**Juice of \u00bd lemon**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, peeled**\n\n**1 tablespoon peeled minced fresh ginger**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon garam masala**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground coriander**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground turmeric**\n\n**Pinch cayenne pepper**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**1 cucumber, finely diced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh mint**\n\n**Pappadam or other flatbread, toasted (optional)**\n\n1. Preheat broiler. Line baking sheet with foil and spray foil with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together \u2153 cup of yogurt, lemon juice, garlic, ginger, \u00bd teaspoon of salt, garam masala, coriander, turmeric, and cayenne in large bowl; add chicken and toss to coat.\n\n3. Thread chicken on 8 (12-inch) metal skewers. Place skewers on baking sheet. Broil 5 inches from heat until chicken is browned and cooked through, about 4 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Meanwhile, to make raita, stir together remaining \u2154 cup yogurt, cucumber, mint, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt in serving bowl. Serve raita with chicken and pappadam, if using.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 skewers and \u2153 cup raita without pappadam): 181 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 79 mg Chol, 461 mg Sod, 6 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 90 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the chicken skewers arranged on a bed of brown rice (\u00bd cup cooked brown rice per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\nChicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\n# Braised Bok Choy and Chicken with Soba Noodles\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (8-ounce) package soba noodles**\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breast, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 scallions, sliced**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 tablespoons hoisin sauce**\n\n**8 heads baby bok choy, quartered**\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n1. Cook noodles according to package directions; drain, reserving \u00bd cup of cooking liquid.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Sprinkle chicken with salt; add to skillet and cook, stirring frequently, until lightly browned, about 3 minutes. Add scallions, ginger, and garlic and cook, stirring occasionally, 1 minute. Stir in hoisin sauce. Add bok choy and \u00bd cup of pasta cooking liquid. Cover skillet and cook until bok choy is tender, 4 minutes.\n\n3. Add noodles and oil to skillet and toss until combined.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 243 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 63 mg Chol, 422 mg Sod, 20 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 183 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nSoba noodles are thin buckwheat noodles that are a smart addition to your weeknight cooking rotation. They cook in about 5 minutes and are perfect for serving with stir-fries when you don't have cooked rice on hand.\n\n# Turkey Cutlets Milanese\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**8 cups baby romaine**\n\n**1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free balsamic dressing**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 large egg white**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bc cup yellow cornmeal**\n\n**2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) turkey breast cutlets**\n\n**4 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n1. Toss together romaine, tomatoes, dressing, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and \u00bc teaspoon of pepper in large bowl; set aside.\n\n2. Whisk together egg white and lemon juice in large shallow bowl. Mix together cornmeal, Parmesan, remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt, and \u00bc teaspoon pepper on sheet of wax paper.\n\n3. Dip each cutlet into egg white mixture, then coat with cornmeal mixture, pressing lightly so it adheres.\n\n4. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add cutlets and cook until browned and cooked through, about 3 minutes on each side.\n\n5. Transfer cutlets to 4 plates; top evenly with salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 turkey cutlet and about 1\u00bd cups salad): 251 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 77 mg Chol, 570 mg Sod, 15 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 116 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Turkey Cutlets with Orange Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) turkey breast cutlets**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 shallot, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated orange zest**\n\n**\u2153 cup fresh orange juice**\n\n**\u2153 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 tablespoon cornstarch**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh chives**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Sprinkle turkey with salt and pepper. Add cutlets to skillet and cook until lightly browned and cooked through, about 3 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate and cover to keep warm.\n\n2. Reduce heat to medium and add shallot to skillet. Cook, stirring, until softened, about 2 minutes.\n\n3. Whisk together orange zest and juice, broth, and cornstarch in cup until smooth. Add cornstarch mixture to skillet and cook, stirring, until sauce thickens and bubbles, about 1 minute.\n\n4. Transfer turkey to 4 plates; drizzle evenly with sauce. Sprinkle with chives.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 turkey cutlet and 2\u00bd tablespoons sauce): 166 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 347 mg Sod, 5 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 20 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you don't have chives on hand, add some thinly sliced scallion tops to add color and flavor to this dish.\n\n# Mediterranean Turkey Burgers\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound ground skinless turkey breast**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup finely crumbled feta cheese**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 large whole wheat pitas, halved**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) jar roasted red peppers, drained (not packed in oil)**\n\n**2 cups mixed baby salad greens**\n\n1. Mix together turkey, oregano, and black pepper in large bowl. With damp hands, shape mixture into 8 thin patties.\n\n2. Place 2 tablespoons of feta in middle of each of 4 patties. Top with remaining patties and pinch edges to enclose cheese and to seal patties.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over medium heat. Add burgers and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of burger (without touching cheese) registers 165\u00b0F, 5 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Place each burger in pita half. Top evenly with roasted red pepper and salad greens.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 stuffed pita): 317 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 91 mg Chol, 717 mg Sod, 25 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 34 g Prot, 139 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThe feta cheese should be in small crumbles for stuffing inside the burgers. This is easiest to do when the cheese is cold, so take it from the refrigerator and immediately break it into fine crumbles.\n\n# Cod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 scallions, chopped**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**1 (1\u00bd-pound) cod fillet, about 1 inch thick, cut into 4 pieces**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Stir together oil, scallions, and garlic in large shallow glass bowl or casserole dish. Cover with wax paper and microwave on High until fragrant, about 1 minute. Stir in tomatoes and oregano. Cover and microwave on High 3 minutes.\n\n2. Spray shallow microwavable dish with nonstick spray. Place cod in dish in one layer. Sprinkle fish with salt and pepper. Cover dish with wax paper and microwave on High until fish is just opaque in center, about 6 minutes. Spoon tomato sauce over fish.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 fillet cod and \u2153 cup sauce): 194 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 65 mg Chol, 614 mg Sod, 6 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 43 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the fish with a side of steamed green beans and some whole wheat orzo to soak up the flavorful tomato sauce (\u00bd cup cooked whole wheat orzo per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\nCod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\n# Sweet-and-Spicy Salmon with Broccoli Slaw\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 tablespoons packed light brown sugar**\n\n**1 teaspoon five-spice powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) pieces skinless salmon fillet**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**2 tablespoons rice vinegar**\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) package broccoli slaw**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Preheat broiler. Spray broiler pan with nonstick spray and place about 6 inches from heat until pan is hot.\n\n2. Meanwhile, stir together brown sugar, five-spice powder, and salt in small bowl. Sprinkle mixture over tops of salmon fillets.\n\n3. Carefully place salmon fillets on hot broiler pan and broil until salmon is just opaque in center, about 7 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, whisk together soy sauce, vinegar, and oil in large bowl. Add broccoli slaw, cilantro, and scallions and toss to combine. Serve salmon with slaw.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 salmon fillet and 1 cup slaw): 224 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 65 mg Chol, 561 mg Sod, 13 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 77 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nA package of broccoli slaw or regular cabbage slaw is a great item to keep on hand for weeknight meals. You can, of course, use it to make slaw, but you can also quickly saut\u00e9 it for a side dish, add some to a stir-fry, or use it as a crunchy sandwich topping.\n\n# Arctic Char with Cranberry Couscous\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1\u00bc cups water**\n\n**1 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**\u2153 cup dried cranberries or cherries**\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 scallions, chopped**\n\n**\u2153 cup chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) arctic char fillets**\n\n1. Bring water to boil in medium saucepan. Stir in couscous, cranberries, oil, \u00bd teaspoon of salt, and pepper. Remove saucepan from heat. Cover and let stand 5 minutes, then fluff couscous mixture with fork. Spoon couscous mixture into serving bowl and stir in scallions and parsley.\n\n2. Meanwhile, sprinkle arctic char with remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add fish and cook until just opaque in center, about 3 minutes on each side. Serve with couscous.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece arctic char and scant 1 cup couscous): 317 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 65 mg Chol, 657 mg Sod, 31 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 83 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nMost Arctic char sold in the United States is farmed sustainably, so it is a good choice to make at the seafood counter. If it is unavailable, you can substitute salmon in this recipe.\n\nCalifornia Fish Tacos\n\n# California Fish Tacos\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 (6-ounce) skinless halibut fillets**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**8 small taco shells**\n\n**1 cup tender watercress sprigs**\n\n**1 avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, and diced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free salsa**\n\n**Lime wedges**\n\n1. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n2. Sprinkle halibut with salt and cumin. Place fillets on broiler rack and broil 5 inches from heat until fish is just opaque throughout, about 3 minutes on each side. Transfer fish to plate and use fork to flake fish.\n\n3. Divide fish evenly among taco shells. Top evenly with watercress, avocado, and cilantro. Serve with salsa and lime wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 tacos and 2 tablespoons salsa): 295 Cal, 12 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 60 mg Chol, 685 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 25 g Prot, 66 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHalibut has a firm texture that you can break into large flakes that are perfect for tacos. Other good options are cod, tilapia, or catfish.\n\n# Shrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**8 ounces whole wheat spaghetti**\n\n**4 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 pound large peeled and deveined shrimp**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (15-ounce) can crushed tomatoes**\n\n**3 tablespoons tomato paste**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**6 large basil leaves, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Cook spaghetti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain and keep warm.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat 2 teaspoons of oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Sprinkle shrimp with \u00bd teaspoon of salt. Add half of shrimp to skillet and cook until just opaque in center, about 2 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate. Repeat with remaining shrimp.\n\n3. Add remaining 2 teaspoons oil to skillet. Add garlic and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Stir in tomatoes, tomato paste, oregano, and red pepper flakes; cook until slightly thickened, about 5 minutes. Add shrimp, basil, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt; cook, stirring occasionally, just until shrimp are heated through, about 1 minute.\n\n4. Divide pasta evenly among 4 plates and top evenly with shrimp and sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup pasta and about \u00bd cup shrimp with sauce): 367 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 168 mg Chol, 782 mg Sod, 52 g Total Carb, 10 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 102 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nAn Italian-inspired salad is the perfect accompaniment to this traditional dish. Toss together romaine lettuce, halved cherry tomatoes, thinly sliced pepperoncini, sliced red onion, and your favorite fat-free Italian dressing.\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\n# Shrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and Feta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2154 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00be pound medium shrimp, peeled and deveined**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 pint cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, finely chopped**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh dill**\n\n**3 tablespoons crumbled feta cheese**\n\n1. Prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add shrimp and salt and cook, stirring, until shrimp begin to turn pink, 1\u20132 minutes.\n\n3. Add tomatoes, garlic, and oregano and cook until tomatoes soften, about 1 minute. Add broth and cook until most of liquid has evaporated, 1\u20132 minutes. Stir in dill and feta and cook 1 minute longer. Serve over couscous.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup shrimp mixture and \u00bd cup couscous): 263 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 132 mg Chol, 415 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 21 g Prot, 87 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nIt saves time to buy shrimp already peeled and deveined, but to do it yourself as efficiently as possible, peel the shrimp, then use kitchen scissors to slit the flesh on the back of each shrimp. Hold each shrimp under cold running water to rinse away the vein.\n\n# Vegetable Fried Rice\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**4 scallions, trimmed and sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, finely chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**\u00bc pound snow peas, sliced lengthwise**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**2 cups cooked white rice**\n\n**2 cups cooked brown rice**\n\n**1 (10-ounce) package frozen mixed vegetables, thawed**\n\n**8 ounces firm tofu, diced**\n\n**2 large eggs, beaten**\n\n**3 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n1. Heat canola oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add scallions, garlic, and ginger and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add snow peas and bell pepper and cook until bell pepper softens, about 1 minute. Add white and brown rice, mixed vegetables, and tofu and cook, stirring, until heated through, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Push rice mixture to edge of skillet, making hollow in center. Pour in eggs and cook, stirring, until eggs are cooked. Stir eggs into rice, drizzle with soy sauce and sesame oil, and toss to combine.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups): 293 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 71 mg Chol, 358 mg Sod, 42 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 307 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf picky eaters at your house are not sold on the idea of healthy brown rice, this recipe is a good start. With a blend of white and brown rice, this flavor-packed dish might win them over.\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\n# Blackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 tablespoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**2 teaspoons drained capers, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 teaspoon paprika**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground coriander**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**12 large sea scallops (about \u00be pound)**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n1. Combine mayonnaise, capers, zest, and lemon juice in small bowl; cover and refrigerate.\n\n2. Combine paprika, oregano, coriander, and salt on sheet of wax paper. Dip one side of each scallop into spice mixture and set them on plate, spice side up.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat until very hot. Add scallops, spice side down, and cook until scallops are browned and opaque in center, 2\u20133 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Stick small wooden skewer into side of each scallop so that it looks like a lollipop; serve with sauce on side.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 scallops and scant tablespoon sauce): 80 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 24 mg Chol, 536 mg Sod, 2 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 57 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nMake these scallops the centerpiece of a \"small plates\" dinner by serving them with Black Bean-Tomatillo Dip with fresh vegetables, here, and plates of roasted red bell peppers (not oil-packed) sprinkled with crumbled fat-free feta cheese (1 ounce of fat-free feta per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ).\n\n# 10 essential kitchen time-savers\n\nIf you're determined to make healthy, home-cooked meals for your family in minimal time, these tools can make cooking a pleasure.\n\n**FOOD PROCESSOR.** Of course you can use this essential kitchen appliance for making pureed soups, hummus, pesto, and bread crumbs. But, with the basic blade attachments, you can slice, shred, or chop large amounts of vegetables or cheese in seconds.\n\n**HANDHELD ELECTRIC MIXER.** For making small-batch cake and cookie batters and whipping up the fluffiest mashed potatoes ever, a lightweight, easy-to-clean mixer is a must-have. Some models also have attachments for making smoothies and kneading bread dough.\n\n**IMMERSION BLENDER.** With this handy appliance, you can blend soups and puree sauces right in the pot, saving the time it takes to transfer foods to a blender or food processor. Choose a model that does double-duty with an ice crushing attachment.\n\n**SLOW COOKER.** Yes, a slow cooker can help you make fast meals! With a few minutes prep in the morning, you can come home to a ready-made dinner. All you have to do is set the table. See the section \"Slow Cookers Save Time\" here for 19 delicious slow-cooker dishes.\n\n**RICE COOKER.** A rice cooker doesn't cook rice any faster, but this ingenious appliance saves you the time and stress of constantly checking rice to see if it's done while keeping watch over other parts of the meal. With a rice cooker, you add rice and water, turn it on, and then focus on preparing the rest of your dinner.\n\n**KITCHEN SHEARS.** Once you keep a pair of these handy scissors in a kitchen drawer, you'll put them to use every day. They make fast work of peeling and deveining shrimp, trimming fat from steaks and chops, snipping herbs, cutting up dried fruit, and cutting up whole tomatoes right in the can.\n\n**STOVETOP GRILL PAN.** When you're craving the smoky flavor of a grilled dinner, but don't want to spend the time it takes to fire up the grill\u2014not to mention clean up\u2014a stovetop grill pan is the answer. These pans are perfect to grill favorites like steaks, burgers, skinless boneless chicken breasts and thighs, pork chops, shrimp, and salmon fillets.\n\n**HANDHELD GRATER.** Our favorite is the super-sharp Microplane grater, which creates thin shards of citrus zest, hard cheese, nutmeg, chocolate, or coconut in seconds. For cleanup, just toss it in the dishwasher.\n\n**SILICONE BRISTLE BRUSH.** Cooking healthy meals means making a little fat go a long way. With one of these dishwasher-safe brushes, you can coat a baking pan or skillet with a tiny amount of oil in just seconds. Unlike other brushes, these are heat resistant and dishwasher safe\u2014no more laborious hand washing to remove stubborn oils from the bristles!\n\n**PARCHMENT PAPER.** If you hate the time and hard work of scrubbing baking pans, parchment paper will free you from this tedious task. Not only is it good for cake and cookie pans, but use it to line the pan when you bake lasagna, meatballs, or chicken, or when you roast vegetables. Cleanup takes seconds instead of minutes.\n\n# Linguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 ounces whole wheat linguine**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**12 pimiento-stuffed olives, sliced**\n\n**1 tablespoon drained capers, chopped**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can small white beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Cook linguine according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain and place in large serving bowl.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add onion, garlic, oregano, and crushed red pepper flakes; cook, stirring occasionally, until onion softens, 2\u20133 minutes. Stir in tomatoes, olives, and capers; simmer, stirring occasionally, until sauce thickens, 6\u20137 minutes. Add beans and salt; cook until heated through, about 1 minute.\n\n3. Pour beans and sauce over linguine, sprinkle with parsley.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 324 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 897 mg Sod, 57 g Total Carb, 10 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 139 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\n# Fettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (9-ounce) package fresh fettuccine**\n\n**1 (4-ounce) log goat cheese, crumbled**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) bag baby arugula**\n\n**1\u00bd cups cherry or grape tomatoes, quartered**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Cook fettuccine according to package directions; drain, reserving 1 cup of cooking water.\n\n2. Return pasta to pot with \u00bd cup of cooking water and place over low heat. Add goat cheese, arugula, tomatoes, and pepper; toss until cheese melts and arugula just begins to wilt, about 1 minute. Add more cooking water if pasta is too dry.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups): 270 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 5 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 49 mg Chol, 323 mg Sod, 36 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 119 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor a milder dish, you can make this recipe using baby spinach instead of the peppery arugula.\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\n# snacks and sweets\n\n# Black Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 (15\u00bd-ounce) cans black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) can tomatillos, drained and coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 (4\u00bd-ounce) can chopped green chiles, drained**\n\n**3 scallions, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**2\u20134 tablespoons water**\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons chili powder**\n\n**2 teaspoons ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Combine beans and tomatillos in food processor and pulse until chunky puree forms.\n\n2. Transfer bean mixture to large bowl and add remaining ingredients; stir until well combined.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u2153 cup): 102 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 390 g Sod, 17 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 6 g Prot, 38 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor a satisfying vegetarian lunch, start with this dip paired with any fresh vegetables you have on hand. Then enjoy a bowl of Winter Squash Soup with Lime Cream, here.\n\n# Sun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 sun-dried tomatoes (not packed in oil)**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can chickpeas, rinsed and drained**\n\n**2 tablespoons tahini**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 garlic clove, chopped**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**Pinch cayenne pepper**\n\n1. Put tomatoes in small bowl and add boiling water to cover. Let stand 10 minutes; remove tomatoes and reserve liquid.\n\n2. Combine tomatoes and remaining ingredients in food processor and pulse until smooth, adding some of reserved liquid if hummus seems too thick.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bc cup): 56 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 14 mg Chol, 176 mg Sod, 2 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 19 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHummus is a handy condiment to have on hand. Serve it with celery and carrot sticks for a snack, spread it on bread and top with tomato slices for a lunchtime sandwich, or serve it alongside grilled chicken or salmon for dinner.\n\nFrom top, clockwise: Chunky Guacamole, Black Bean-Tomatillo Dip, here, and Crispy Green Plantains, here\n\n# Chunky Guacamole\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 Hass avocados, halved, pitted, and peeled**\n\n**1 small tomato, seeded and chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**\u00bc cup finely chopped onion**\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons fresh lime or lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 drops hot pepper sauce**\n\nCoarsely mash avocados in medium bowl. Add remaining ingredients and stir until combined. Serve at once or press piece of plastic wrap directly onto surface to prevent guacamole from browning. Refrigerate up to 3 hours.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 tablespoons): 82 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 204 mg Sod, 5 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 1 g Prot, 10 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this classic Tex-Mex dish with fresh cut-up vegetables for a snack or with grilled shrimp for an easy, yet flavorful main dish.\n\n# Red Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**1 (8-ounce) package light cream cheese (Neufch\u00e2tel)**\n\n**\u00bd cup jarred roasted red pepper (not packed in oil), drained**\n\n**6 moist sun-dried tomatoes (not packed in oil), sliced**\n\n**1 small garlic clove, crushed with a press**\n\n**1 teaspoon Italian seasoning or dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\nCombine all ingredients in food processor and puree.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 tablespoons): 111 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 14 mg Chol, 141 mg Sod, 1 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 16 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_1._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the dip with any fresh vegetables that you have on hand. Try small white mushrooms or cherry tomatoes, cucumber spears, broccoli florets, or celery sticks.\n\n# Spicy Cereal and Pretzel Snack Mix\n\nSERVES 10\n\n**2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted**\n\n**1 tablespoon curry powder**\n\n**1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons sugar**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons paprika**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b\u2013\u00bc teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**2\u00bd cups crispy rice cereal squares**\n\n**2\u00bd cups crispy corn cereal squares**\n\n**\u00bd cup tiny pretzel twists**\n\n**3 tablespoons lightly salted peanuts**\n\n1. Stir together butter, curry powder, soy sauce, sugar, paprika, cumin, salt, and cayenne in small bowl.\n\n2. Toss together rice cereal, corn cereal, and pretzel twists in large bowl. Add butter mixture to cereal mixture and toss until evenly coated. Stir in peanuts. Store in an airtight container at room temperature up to 2 weeks.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about \u00bd cup): 100 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 273 mg Sod, 15 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 53 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n# Crispy Green Plantains\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 green plantains, peeled and cut on diagonal into \u00bd-inch slices (about 20 pieces)**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Cook plantains, in batches, until tender and golden brown, about 5 minutes on each side. Transfer plantain slices to double thickness of paper towels to drain. With bottom of heavy plate or saucepan, gently press down on slices, one at time, to flatten to \u00bc-inch thickness.\n\n2. Spray same skillet with olive oil nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add plantain slices, in batches, and cook until nicely browned, about 1 minute on each side. Sprinkle with salt while hot.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 5 pieces): 185 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 0 Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 Chol, 153 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 3 g Fiber, 1 g Prot, 4 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHere's how to peel a plantain: cut off both ends, then cut it crosswise in half. Using small knife, slit the skin along its ridges, cutting down to the flesh, then peel off the skin.\n\n# Microwave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 Golden Delicious apples, peeled, cored, and thinly sliced**\n\n**2 Bartlett pears, peeled, cored, and thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup dried cherries or cranberries**\n\n**4 tablespoons packed light brown sugar**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**1 cup low-fat granola**\n\n**2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted**\n\n1. Spray microwavable 8-inch square dish with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together apples, pears, dried cherries, 3 tablespoons of brown sugar, and \u00bd teaspoon of cinnamon in large bowl. Spread evenly in baking dish.\n\n3. Toss together granola, butter, and remaining 1 tablespoon brown sugar and \u00bc teaspoon cinnamon in small bowl. Sprinkle granola mixture evenly over fruit mixture. Microwave on High until apples and pears are tender, about 8 minutes. Serve warm or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\/6 of crisp): 202 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 10 mg Chol, 72 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 27 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Brown Sugar Plums\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup plus 1 tablespoon sliced almonds**\n\n**3 tablespoons packed brown sugar**\n\n**2 teaspoons unsalted butter, melted**\n\n**6 ripe red or purple plums, halved and pitted**\n\n**\u00bd cup plain fat-free Greek yogurt**\n\n**1 tablespoon honey**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F. Spray large baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Combine \u00bc cup of almonds and brown sugar in food processor and pulse until almonds are finely ground. Add butter and process just until combined.\n\n3. Arrange plums, cut side up, on baking sheet. Fill cavity of each plum half with level \u00bd teaspoon of almond mixture; reserve remaining mixture. Roast until almond mixture is browned and plums are softened, about 15 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, stir together yogurt and honey in small bowl.\n\n5. Stir together remaining ground almond mixture with remaining 1 tablespoon almonds in small bowl. Place 3 plum halves on each of 4 plates. Spoon generous 2 tablespoons of yogurt mixture on each plate and sprinkle evenly with remaining almond mixture.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 plum halves and 1 tablespoon almond mixture): 176 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 28 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 94 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBrown sugar is made by combining white granulated sugar with molasses. Light brown and dark brown sugar can be used interchangeably in most recipes, though dark brown sugar has a slightly more robust flavor.\n\n# Bananas Foster\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons unsalted butter**\n\n**\u00bc cup packed dark brown sugar**\n\n**2 teaspoons lemon juice**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**2 firm-ripe bananas, cut on an angle into \u00bc-inch-thick slices**\n\n**2 tablespoons orange liqueur**\n\n**2 cups fat-free vanilla frozen yogurt**\n\n1. Heat medium nonstick skillet over medium-low heat. Add butter, sugar, lemon juice, vanilla, and cinnamon; cook, stirring, until butter melts and sugar dissolves, about 1 minute. Add bananas and cook, stirring occasionally, until bananas soften, 3\u20134 minutes.\n\n2. Pour in orange liqueur. Touch lit match to surface of skillet to ignite; cook, shaking pan, until flame goes out, about 30 seconds. Remove skillet from heat.\n\n3. Place \u2153 cup scoop of frozen yogurt into each of 6 bowls. Top with warm banana mixture and serve at once.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u2153 cup bananas and \u2153 cup frozen yogurt): 188 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 9 mg Chol, 50 mg Sod, 37 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 127 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nUse long match or long-handled sparker to safely ignite the liqueur. If you'd prefer not to use alcohol, substitute 2 tablespoons orange juice and skip this step.\n\n# **30**  \nMinute meals\n\n30 Minute Breakfasts\n\nSpanish Frittata\n\nFlorentine Frittata\n\nMini Mexican Frittatas\n\nRanch-Style Eggs over Polenta\n\nBrown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\nWild Blueberry and Cornmeal Pancakes\n\nPeach Muesli with Almonds\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\n30 Minute Lunches\n\nPhilly Cheese Steak Sandwiches\n\nOpen-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\nCuban Beef Lettuce Wraps\n\nBeef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nHoney-Mustard Turkey Sandwiches\n\nDilled Salmon Sandwiches with Caper Sauce\n\nTuna Steak Sandwiches with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nCrunchy Fish Sliders\n\nQuesadillas with Guacamole and Pepper Jack\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nManhattan Clam Chowder\n\nSmoky Vegetarian Chili\n\nHearty Corn Chowder\n\nPotato-Watercress Soup\n\nCreamy Tomato Soup\n\nCremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice Soup\n\nEdamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\nTabbouleh with Shrimp\n\nHearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and Feta\n\n30 Minute Dinners\n\nFilets Mignons with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nGrilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nCurried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\nHearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nRoast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nCajun-Spiced Roast Pork Tenderloin\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nPork and Mushroom Stir-Fry\n\nHam with Apples and Mustard\n\nMinted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nGrilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nMoroccan-Style Chicken\n\nChicken and Vegetables with Fettucine\n\nLemony Chicken Kebabs with Couscous\n\nTeriyaki Chicken and Snow Pea Stir-Fry\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nChicken Picadillo\n\nWarm Lentil Salad with Baked Salmon\n\nRoasted Salmon with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nTilapia with Tomato and Feta\n\nSalmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\nCreole-Style Cod Fillets\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nChunky Vegetable Paella\n\nLinguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\n30 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n\nEdamame Dip\n\nSmoky Pumpkin Seeds\n\nPizza Margherita\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\nRicotta, Bacon, and Spinach Pizza\n\nBaked Cheesy Nachos\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nFrozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nBlack and White Muffin Bites\n\n# breakfasts\n\n# Spanish Frittata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**1 small red bell pepper, diced**\n\n**\u00bd cup diced onion**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can sliced potatoes, rinsed and drained**\n\n**6 large eggs**\n\n**6 large egg whites**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**Paprika**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Preheat broiler.\n\n2. Coat 10-inch ovenproof nonstick skillet with oil and place over medium heat. Add bell pepper and onion and cook until softened, about 8 minutes. Add potatoes, breaking up larger slices with side of wooden spoon.\n\n3. Whisk together eggs, egg whites, and pepper in medium bowl. Pour over vegetables in pan and stir gently. Cook, lifting edges frequently with spatula to let any uncooked egg flow underneath, until eggs are almost set, about 5 minutes.\n\n4. Place skillet under broiler 5 inches from heat and broil until eggs are set and top is lightly browned, 4 minutes. Invert frittata onto plate, sprinkle with paprika and parsley, and cut into 4 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 203 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 318 mg Chol, 651 mg Sod, 15 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 56 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the frittata with reduced-calorie whole wheat toast (1 slice of reduced-calorie whole wheat toast per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ).\n\n# Florentine Frittata\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 small onion, chopped**\n\n**1 (10-ounce) package frozen chopped spinach, thawed and squeezed dry**\n\n**3 large eggs**\n\n**5 large egg whites**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd cup shredded part-skim mozzarella cheese**\n\n**1 cup grape tomatoes, halved**\n\n1. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in 10-inch ovenproof nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onion and cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Preheat broiler. Scrape onion into large bowl and add spinach, eggs, egg whites, feta, salt, and \u00bc cup of mozzarella. Mix with fork until well blended.\n\n3. Heat remaining 1 teaspoon oil in same skillet over medium heat. Pour egg mixture into skillet and scatter tomatoes on top. Cover skillet and cook until eggs are just set around edges, 5 minutes.\n\n4. Place skillet under broiler 5 inches from heat and broil until frittata is lightly browned and just set in center, about 4 minutes. Sprinkle with remaining \u00bc cup mozzarella; broil until cheese melts, about 1 minute longer. Cut into 4 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 191 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 170 mg Chol, 494 mg Sod, 9 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 240 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly thaw frozen spinach, remove it from the package, place in a microwavable bowl, cover with wax paper, and microwave on the defrost setting for 2 to 3 minutes, breaking spinach up halfway through defrosting.\n\n# Mini Mexican Frittatas\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**4 large eggs**\n\n**\u00bc cup low-fat (1%) milk**\n\n**\u00bc cup mild salsa**\n\n**\u00bc cup shredded reduced-fat Cheddar cheese**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 6-cup muffin pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Whisk together eggs, milk, salsa, Cheddar cheese, cumin, and salt in medium bowl. Ladle mixture evenly into muffin cups.\n\n3. Bake until egg mixture puffs up and edges are golden brown, about 20 minutes. Remove pan from oven, run knife around edge of each cup, and lift frittatas out.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 frittata): 71 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 145 mg Chol, 218 mg Sod, 2 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 6 g Prot, 63 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFreshen up the flavor of purchased salsa by stirring in chopped fresh cilantro and a squeeze of lime before using it in recipes.\n\n# Ranch-Style Eggs over Polenta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (16-ounce) tube fat-free polenta, cut into 12 slices**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can pinto beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 cup fat-free chunky salsa**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**4 large eggs**\n\n**\u00bd cup shredded reduced-fat Cheddar cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Arrange polenta slices in single layer on baking sheet. Spray polenta lightly with nonstick spray. Bake until hot, about 15 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, combine beans, salsa, and cumin in small saucepan; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, about 10 minutes.\n\n4. Coat large nonstick skillet with oil. Crack eggs into skillet; set over medium heat and cook until yolks just begin to set, 2\u20133 minutes. Remove skillet from heat and sprinkle eggs with Cheddar cheese and cilantro. Cover skillet and let stand until cheese melts, about 2 minutes.\n\n5. To serve, place 3 polenta slices on each of 4 plates. Spoon beans over polenta and top with an egg.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 slices polenta, \u00bd cup beans, and 1 egg): 301 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 215 mg Chol, 945 mg Sod, 37 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 177 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nPrepared polenta is a must-have staple for quick meals. It's delicious for breakfast with eggs or drizzled with a touch of syrup or honey, at lunch it's a great way to serve topped with saut\u00e9ed veggies, or enjoy it for dinner with a quick Bolognese sauce.\n\nBrown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\n# Brown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd cup cooked brown rice**\n\n**1 cup fat-free milk**\n\n**2 tablespoons honey**\n\n**\u2153 cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**3 tablespoons wheat germ**\n\n**1 teaspoon baking powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**1 cup unsweetened applesauce**\n\n**2 tablespoons ground flaxseed**\n\n1. Combine rice, milk, and honey in small saucepan and bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer 5 minutes. Transfer mixture to shallow bowl and let cool about 10 minutes.\n\n2. Meanwhile, whisk together flour, wheat germ, baking powder, and salt in medium bowl. Stir in lukewarm rice mixture and egg substitute.\n\n3. Coat nonstick griddle or large nonstick skillet with oil and set over medium heat. Drop batter by \u00bc cupfuls onto griddle and cook pancakes until bubbles appear and edges look dry, about 3 minutes. Turn and cook until deep golden brown, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n4. Transfer pancakes to 2 plates and top evenly with applesauce and flaxseed.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 pancakes and \u00bd cup applesauce): 379 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 792 mg Sod, 73 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 373 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_10._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTop the pancakes with sliced banana or a handful of fresh berries.\n\n# Wild Blueberry and Cornmeal Pancakes\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup reduced-fat all-purpose baking mix**\n\n**1 cup yellow cornmeal**\n\n**1\u00bc cups low-fat (1%) milk**\n\n**1 large egg, beaten**\n\n**3 tablespoons sugar**\n\n**1\u00bc cups fresh or frozen wild blueberries**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n1. Stir together baking mix, cornmeal, milk, egg, and sugar in large bowl just until moistened. Gently stir in blueberries.\n\n2. Coat nonstick griddle or large nonstick skillet with oil and set over medium heat. Drop batter by heaping \u00bc cupfuls onto griddle and cook pancakes until bubbles appear and edges look dry, about 3 minutes. Turn and cook until browned, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 pancakes): 341 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 56 mg Chol, 388 mg Sod, 64 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 136 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nWild blueberries are often available in the freezer section of large supermarkets. They are appreciated for their intense sweet-tart flavor. You can substitute regular blueberries if you wish.\n\n# Peach Muesli with Almonds\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 cups rolled (old-fashioned) oats**\n\n**1 cup fat-free milk**\n\n**\u00be cup chopped dried peaches**\n\n**\u00bc cup golden raisins**\n\n**\u00bc cup apple juice**\n\n**1 cup plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n**2 tablespoons honey**\n\n**\u00bc cup sliced almonds**\n\n1. Stir together oats, milk, peaches, raisins, and apple juice in medium bowl; let stand 25 minutes, stirring occasionally.\n\n2. Meanwhile, stir together yogurt and honey in small bowl.\n\n3. Divide oat mixture evenly among 6 bowls. Top evenly with yogurt mixture and almonds.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd cup): 255 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 53 mg Sod, 48 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 165 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nMake the muesli a more filling breakfast by topping it with a small sliced banana or if you like a little crunch, a chopped fresh apple.\n\n# Creamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1\u00bd cups water**\n\n**1 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**Pinch salt**\n\n**3 cups fat-free milk**\n\n**2 tablespoons packed brown sugar**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon grated orange zest**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u00bc cup toasted wheat germ**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n1. Bring water to boil in large heavy saucepan over high heat. Stir in couscous and salt. Reduce heat and simmer until water is absorbed, about 2 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat and fluff couscous with fork. Cover and let stand about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Whisk milk, brown sugar, and orange zest into couscous. Bring to boil over medium-high heat, whisking frequently to break up any lumps. Reduce heat to medium-low and cook, stirring frequently, until mixture is slightly thickened, about 5 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat.\n\n3. Whisk together \u00bd cup of couscous mixture and egg substitute in small bowl. Return mixture to saucepan and cook over low heat, stirring, until pudding is thick and creamy, about 5 minutes longer. Stir in wheat germ and vanilla.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous \u00be cup): 152 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 123 mg Sod, 28 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 9 g Prot, 190 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTop the pudding with fresh raspberries and sliced almonds (1 tablespoon sliced almonds per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ).\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\n# Spice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 ripe Bartlett or Comice pears, peeled, halved lengthwise, and cored**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon ground allspice**\n\n**\u00bc cup plain fat-free yogurt**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 450\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Combine pears, lemon juice, cinnamon, and allspice in medium bowl; toss well.\n\n3. Using sharp knife, cut each pear half lengthwise almost through to base into \u00bc-inch-thick slices, keeping base intact. Carefully transfer sliced pear halves cut side down to baking sheet with spatula. Gently press down on each half to fan slices open slightly. Bake until pears are tender, about 20 minutes.\n\n4. Using spatula, transfer 2 pear halves to each of 4 dessert plates. Top each serving with 1 tablespoon yogurt.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 pear and 1 tablespoon yogurt): 107 Cal, 0 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 14 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 51 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nEnjoy the pears with a toasted light multigrain English muffin (1 light multigrain English muffin per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# lunches\n\n# Philly Cheese Steak Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**2 large onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 Italian frying peppers, sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, finely chopped**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00be pound lean boneless sirloin steak, trimmed and thinly sliced**\n\n**4 (\u00be-ounce) slices reduced-fat provolone cheese**\n\n**1 dill pickle, sliced**\n\n**4 small (2-ounce) crusty whole wheat rolls, split lengthwise**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add onions, peppers, and garlic and sprinkle with \u215b teaspoon of salt. Cook, stirring occasionally, until onions are browned, about 10 minutes. Transfer to small bowl and set aside.\n\n2. Wipe out skillet and spray with nonstick spray. Place over medium-high heat. Sprinkle steak with remaining \u215b teaspoon salt and place half of steak in skillet. Cook until browned on both sides, about 2 minutes; transfer to plate. Repeat with remaining steak.\n\n3. Place 1 slice of provolone and few pickle slices on each roll. Divide beef and onion mixture among rolls.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 352 Cal, 12 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 59 mg Chol, 755 mg Sod, 37 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 348 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo remove the papery peel from a clove of garlic, put the garlic on a cutting board, place the flat side of the blade of a chef's knife on the clove, and carefully press down on the knife.\n\nOpen-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\n# Open-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (1-pound) lean boneless sirloin steak, trimmed**\n\n**2 teaspoons dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 cups water**\n\n**6 garlic cloves, unpeeled**\n\n**1 pint cherry or grape tomatoes, halved**\n\n**\u00bd large English (seedless) cucumber, peeled and diced**\n\n**\u00bd red onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**3 tablespoons apple-cider vinegar**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**4 (\u00bd-inch) slices whole-grain country-style bread, toasted**\n\n1. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n2. Sprinkle steak with oregano, salt, and pepper. Broil steak 5 inches from heat until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F, about 5 minutes on each side. Transfer to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut steak across grain into thin slices.\n\n3. Meanwhile, combine water and garlic in small saucepan and bring to boil over high heat. Reduce heat and simmer until garlic is very tender, about 10 minutes; drain and rinse under cold running water. Peel garlic; place in small bowl and mash with fork.\n\n4. To make salsa, stir together tomatoes, cucumber, onion, cilantro, jalape\u00f1o, vinegar, and oil in medium bowl.\n\n5. Spread mashed garlic evenly over bread. Top bread evenly with steak and salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 303 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 73 mg Chol, 474 mg Sod, 20 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 35 g Prot, 72 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Cuban Beef Lettuce Wraps\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 large onion, chopped**\n\n**4 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 pound ground lean beef (7% fat or less)**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bd (4-ounce) can tomato paste**\n\n**\u2153 cup sliced pitted green olives**\n\n**\u2153 cup raisins**\n\n**2 teaspoons dried oregano**\n\n**2 teaspoons ground cumin**\n\n**8 large Boston or butter lettuce leaves**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add onion and garlic and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 4 minutes.\n\n2. Add beef and salt; cook, breaking meat up with wooden spoon, until browned, about 3 minutes. Stir in tomatoes, tomato paste, olives, raisins, oregano, and cumin. Simmer over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally, until mixture is thickened, about 8 minutes.\n\n3. To serve, spoon into lettuce leaves.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups picadillo and 2 lettuce leaves): 264 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 62 mg Chol, 650 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 103 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo core a head of Boston or iceberg lettuce in a few seconds, rap the core of the lettuce on the counter to loosen it from the leaves and pull it out in one neat piece.\n\n# Beef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00be pound ground lean beef (5% fat or less)**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free mild salsa**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**6 reduced-calorie whole wheat hamburger buns**\n\n1. Preheat broiler. Spray broiler pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Place beans in large bowl and mash coarsely with potato masher or large fork (some beans should remain whole for texture). Add beef, salsa, parsley, and salt and mix with spoon or your hands until blended.\n\n3. Shape into 6 patties and place patties on broiler pan. Broil, turning once, until cooked through and browned, about 10 minutes. Serve in buns.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 239 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 38 mg Chol, 497 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 66 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nQuick-cooking baby potatoes are a perfect accompaniment to these hearty burgers (3 ounces baked baby potatoes per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# express shopping\n\nGrocery shopping is one of the most time-consuming household tasks, yet it has to be done at least once a week. Be sure to take the few extra minutes to read labels and choose sustainably raised meats, poultry, seafood, and eggs. Visit local farmers' markets or shop at supermarkets that support local farmers for your produce. And use these tips to streamline the time you spend in the aisles.\n\n**ALWAYS SHOP WITH A LIST.** Create a list based on what you'll be cooking for the entire week, including any special events like a family potluck or cupcakes you need to bake to donate to the school fundraiser. Organize the list by food category and the layout of the supermarket aisles. This way, you'll get everything you need in one aisle of the store before moving on to the next. Use an online grocery list template, a grocery list app, or your own paper list.\n\n**SHOP ONLY ONCE A WEEK.** Making fewer trips to the store is one of the best timesaving tricks there is. That's why it's so important to make a comprehensive weekly shopping list so you're not stopping by the store after work wasting half an hour to buy the one thing you forgot. This saves money, too, because you're sure to pick up more than one thing once you're inside the store.\n\n**GO AT OFF-PEAK TIMES.** If your schedule allows, try hitting the store early in the morning or mid-afternoon before the after-work rush. Nights are less crowded, but the shelves may not be as well-stocked as they are during the day. Avoid weekends whenever possible.\n\n**SHOP ALONE.** You'll get through the aisles faster without the distraction of children asking for sugar-sweetened cereal or a spouse leading you to the sausage sampling station set up at the meat counter.\n\n**STAY FOCUSED.** Skip going down aisles with food that is not on your list, say \"no thank you\" to anyone offering food samples, and if you run into anyone you know, say a quick hello and be on your way.\n\n**BE A LOYAL CUSTOMER.** Decide which one or two supermarkets are your favorites and always do your shopping there. You'll become familiar with where items are located in the aisles, cutting down on backtracking for forgotten items. You'll also get to know the staff of the store and learn to identify which cashiers will get you through the checkout lane the quickest.\n\n**QUESTION COUPONING.** Keep track of how much money you save using coupons versus how much time you spend searching for them online or in magazines and newspapers, keeping them organized, and the extra time it takes in the checkout lane. Unless you're a coupon pro, it's probably not worth your time. A quicker way to save money is to scope out weekly specials at the supermarket and stock up when pantry staples are on sale.\n\n**BE A CLEVER CLICKER.** Many supermarkets offer timesaving online shopping and grocery delivery for a nominal fee. Check the cost at your market and decide if the time saved is worth the money. If you feel you need to choose fresh produce, meats, and seafood in person, you'll still save time if you get pantry staples delivered and shop for fresh food yourself.\n\n# Honey-Mustard Turkey Sandwiches\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup Dijon mustard**\n\n**2 tablespoons honey**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**\u00be cup plain dried bread crumbs**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) turkey breast cutlets**\n\n**4 whole wheat ciabatta rolls, split and toasted**\n\n**4 leaf lettuce leaves**\n\n**2 plum tomatoes, sliced**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Whisk together mustard, honey, and soy sauce in small bowl. Place bread crumbs on plate. Dip turkey into mustard mixture, then into bread crumbs. Place on baking sheet. Spray turkey lightly with nonstick spray and bake, turning once, until cooked through, about 20 minutes.\n\n3. Serve turkey in rolls topped with lettuce leaves and tomato slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 388 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 76 mg Chol, 818 mg Sod, 48 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 34 g Prot, 105 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo make cleanup easy, lightly spray the measuring spoon with nonstick spray before measuring the honey.\n\n# Dilled Salmon Sandwiches with Caper Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can red sockeye salmon, drained, skin and bones discarded**\n\n**\u00bd cup plain dried bread crumbs**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped red onion**\n\n**\u00bc cup plus 3 tablespoons fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**1 large egg, lightly beaten**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh dill**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon canola oil**\n\n**\u00bd cup roasted red bell peppers (not packed in oil)**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon hot pepper sauce**\n\n**2 tablespoons drained capers**\n\n**4 whole wheat sandwich rolls, split and toasted**\n\n**\u00bd English (seedless) cucumber, peeled and sliced**\n\n1. To make salmon patties, combine salmon, bread crumbs, onion, \u00bc cup mayonnaise, egg, dill, and black pepper in medium bowl. Stir, breaking up any large chunks of salmon, until just combined. Form mixture into 4 patties.\n\n2. Coat large nonstick skillet with oil placed over medium heat. Add patties and cook until browned and heated through, about 5 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Meanwhile, to make sauce, combine remaining 3 tablespoons mayonnaise, bell peppers, and hot pepper sauce in blender; puree. Add capers and pulse until just combined.\n\n4. Spread cut sides of rolls with sauce; fill with salmon patties and cucumber slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 305 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 113 mg Chol, 984 mg Sod, 32 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 300 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nIf peeling cucumbers and other vegetables is taking longer than it should, it could be that you need to replace the blade on your vegetable peeler or buy a new one.\n\n# Tuna Steak Sandwiches with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (6-ounce) tuna steaks**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon paprika**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 cup thinly sliced roasted red bell peppers (not packed in oil)**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**4 (\u00bd-inch) slices crusty whole wheat bread, toasted**\n\n1. Sprinkle tuna with paprika, cumin, and \u215b teaspoon black pepper; cover and refrigerate 10 minutes.\n\n2. Heat oil in large skillet over high heat. Sprinkle tuna with \u215b teaspoon salt. Add tuna to skillet and cook until seared and cooked to desired doneness, about 2 minutes on each side for medium.\n\n3. Meanwhile, stir together bell peppers, basil, lemon zest, lemon juice, remaining \u215b teaspoon salt, and remaining \u215b teaspoon black pepper in small bowl.\n\n4. Place bread on 4 plates; top with tuna steaks. Top sandwiches evenly with bell pepper mixture.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 open-faced sandwich): 365 Cal, 12 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 59 mg Chol, 515 mg Sod, 21 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 42 g Prot, 70 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nSet aside a new toothbrush to use in the kitchen specifically for quickly removing all the citrus zest and fresh ginger from your grater. This quick extra step prevents waste and speeds cleanup.\n\n# Crunchy Fish Sliders\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00be pound cod fillet**\n\n**\u00bc cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup buttermilk**\n\n**\u00be cup whole wheat cracker crumbs**\n\n**1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon garlic powder**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 mini whole wheat buns**\n\n1. Cut fish into 4 equal squares. Place flour in shallow bowl and buttermilk in another bowl. Stir together crumbs, parsley, salt, and garlic powder in third bowl. Coat each piece of fish first with flour, then with buttermilk, and finally with crumb mixture.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add fish and cook, turning once, until browned and just opaque in center, about 8 minutes total. Place each piece in bun.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 277 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 34 mg Chol, 477 mg Sod, 34 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 85 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFill the sandwiches with **_0 PointsPlus_** value toppings of your choice. Try lettuce leaves, tomato slices, red onion rings, or dill pickles.\n\n# Quesadillas with Guacamole and Pepper Jack\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup canned fat-free refried beans**\n\n**8 (6-inch) whole wheat tortillas**\n\n**\u00bd cup shredded reduced-fat pepper Jack cheese**\n\n**1 small tomato, chopped**\n\n**\u00bc small red onion, chopped**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1 cup purchased guacamole**\n\n**1 cup fat-free refrigerated salsa**\n\n1. Spread beans evenly over 4 tortillas. Sprinkle evenly with pepper Jack, tomato, onion, and cilantro. Cover with remaining 4 tortillas, pressing down lightly.\n\n2. Spray medium skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Cook quesadillas, one at a time, until crisp and heated through, about 2 minutes on each side. Cut each quesadilla into 4 wedges and arrange on platter. Serve with guacamole and salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 quesadilla, \u00bc cup guacamole, and \u00bc cup salsa): 253 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 982 mg Sod, 36 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 147 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo make a filling lunch, serve the quesadillas with a crunchy slaw. Toss together 1 cup each shredded jicama and green cabbage, 2 large shredded carrots, and a handful of chopped fresh cilantro with fresh lime juice and salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Asian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 ounces whole wheat capellini or spaghetti**\n\n**4 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 cups water**\n\n**3 cups thinly sliced Napa cabbage**\n\n**8 shiitake mushrooms, stems removed and caps sliced**\n\n**4 scallions, sliced on diagonal**\n\n**1 large tomato, seeded and diced**\n\n**1 cup frozen baby peas**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**6 ounces cooked lean boneless center-cut pork loin chops, trimmed and cut into thin strips**\n\n**3 drops hot pepper sauce**\n\n1. Cook pasta according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain.\n\n2. Meanwhile, bring broth and water to boil in large pot. Add cabbage, mushrooms, scallions, tomato, peas, ginger, and soy sauce; reduce heat and simmer until cabbage is tender, about 5 minutes.\n\n3. Add pasta, pork, and hot pepper sauce to soup; simmer until pork is heated through, about 2 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2\u00bd cups): 270 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 35 mg Chol, 866 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 106 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor an easy, elegant dessert, serve thinly sliced fresh mango sprinkled with grated lime zest.\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\n# Manhattan Clam Chowder\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, finely chopped**\n\n**1 carrot, finely chopped**\n\n**1 celery stalk, finely chopped**\n\n**1\u00bd cups water**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) bottle clam juice**\n\n**1 large all-purpose potato, peeled and chopped**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 (6\u00bd-ounce) cans chopped clams, undrained**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion, carrot, and celery; cook, stirring, until softened, about 3 minutes.\n\n2. Add water, tomatoes, clam juice, potato, thyme, and pepper; bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, partially covered, until vegetables are tender, about 12 minutes.\n\n3. Add clams and simmer just until heated through, about 2 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00be cups): 174 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 25 mg Chol, 358 mg Sod, 25 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 99 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThis soup calls for a crusty roll to serve alongside (a 1\u00bd-ounce light roll per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Smoky Vegetarian Chili\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon chili powder**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**1 (28-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can pinto beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can red kidney beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**3 drops liquid smoke**\n\n**4 scallions, sliced**\n\n**\u00bd cup shredded reduced-fat Cheddar cheese**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add onion, bell pepper, garlic, chili powder, cumin, and oregano; cook until vegetables are softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Stir in tomatoes, pinto beans, kidney beans, salt, and liquid smoke; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer until chili thickens slightly, about 15 minutes.\n\n3. Divide chili evenly among 4 bowls and top evenly with scallions, Cheddar, and sour cream.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup chili, about 2 tablespoons scallions, 2 tablespoons cheese, and 2 tablespoons sour cream): 337 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 854 mg Sod, 57 g Total Carb, 16 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 298 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nUse your kitchen shears to make quick work of slicing scallions or chives.\n\n# Hearty Corn Chowder\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 red or green bell pepper, diced**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 cups frozen corn kernels**\n\n**\u00be pound red potatoes, scrubbed and diced**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**3 cups fat-free milk**\n\n**4 slices turkey bacon, crisp-cooked and coarsely crumbled**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add bell pepper and onion; cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes. Add corn, potatoes, broth, and black pepper; bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until potatoes are tender, about 10 minutes.\n\n2. Puree \u00bd cup of vegetable mixture with 1 cup of milk in blender until almost smooth. Stir puree along with remaining 2 cups milk back into soup. Cook over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until heated through, about 5 minutes. Serve sprinkled with bacon.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 319 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 17 mg Chol, 552 mg Sod, 52 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 266 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nPureeing some of the soup takes a bit of extra time and effort, but it's worth it for the creaminess and body it adds to this satisfying chowder.\n\n# Potato-Watercress Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**4 Yukon Gold potatoes, peeled and coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 bunch watercress, tender sprigs only**\n\n**4 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 cup fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion and cook, stirring, until softened, about 3 minutes. Add potatoes, watercress, and broth; bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until potatoes are tender, about 12 minutes. Let cool 5 minutes.\n\n2. Puree potato mixture, in batches, in blender. Return soup to saucepan and stir in half-and-half, salt, and pepper. Cook over medium heat until heated through, about 2 minutes; do not boil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bc cups): 230 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 3 mg Chol, 738 mg Sod, 43 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 123 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this comforting soup with a salad made with fresh baby spinach, sliced mushrooms, thinly sliced red onion, white wine vinegar, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\nCreamy Tomato Soup and Ham and Swiss Panini, here\n\n# Creamy Tomato Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**4 large tomatoes, coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**4 teaspoons chopped fresh thyme or 1 teaspoon dried**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**3 cups fat-free milk**\n\n**\u00bc cup tomato paste**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion and garlic; cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Stir in tomatoes, broth, thyme, salt, and pepper. Cover and simmer until vegetables are tender, about 5 minutes longer. Let cool 5 minutes.\n\n3. Puree tomato mixture, in batches, in blender. Return mixture to saucepan.\n\n4. Whisk together milk and tomato paste in small bowl; whisk mixture into soup. Cook, stirring occasionally, just until heated through, about 5 minutes; do not boil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bc cups): 198 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 4 mg Chol, 574 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 11 g Prot, 263 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor an update on a classic menu, serve the soup with Ham and Swiss Panini, here, and crisp celery stalks.\n\n# Cremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 leeks cleaned and chopped, white and light green parts only**\n\n**1 pound cremini mushrooms, sliced**\n\n**2\u00bd cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can fire-roasted diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add leeks and cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes. Add mushrooms and cook, stirring, until tender, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Add broth, tomatoes, salt, and pepper; simmer 5 minutes. Stir in rice and cook until tender, about 10 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 145 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 657 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 78 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCheese toast is an easy partner for this comforting soup. To make it, top 1 slice of reduced-calorie whole wheat bread with 1 slice of fat-free Swiss cheese and broil until the cheese melts (1 cheese toast per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Edamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup frozen shelled edamame**\n\n**3 tablespoons red-wine vinegar**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 garlic clove, minced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can cannellini (white kidney)beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 large tomato, diced**\n\n**1 celery stalk, sliced**\n\n**\u00bd red onion, diced**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped fresh basil**\n\n1. Bring small pot of water to boil. Add edamame and cook 5 minutes; drain, rinse under cold water, and pat dry.\n\n2. Combine vinegar, oil, garlic, and salt in large bowl. Add edamame, cannellini beans, tomato, celery, onion, and basil; mix well. Let stand at room temperature about 15 minutes before serving.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 1 cup): 206 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 395 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 143 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this salad with mixed fresh fruit for dessert. Try sliced kiwifruit and nectarines sprinkled with blueberries for a fresh, colorful finish.\n\n# Pasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 ounces whole wheat penne**\n\n**\u2153 cup fresh orange juice**\n\n**3 tablespoons balsamic vinegar**\n\n**1 tablespoon Dijon mustard**\n\n**1 tablespoon pure maple syrup**\n\n**1 cup diced cooked skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) bag baby arugula**\n\n**1 small Granny Smith apple, cored and diced**\n\n**1 large shallot, finely chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup pecans, coarsely chopped**\n\n1. Cook penne according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Drain and rinse under cold running water; drain again.\n\n2. To make dressing, whisk together orange juice, vinegar, mustard, and maple syrup in large bowl. Add pasta, chicken, arugula, apple, shallot, and pecans to dressing; toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 315 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 29 mg Chol, 284 mg Sod, 46 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 100 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you like the robust flavor of whole-grain mustard, it's a delicious option for using in this recipe.\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\n# Tabbouleh with Shrimp\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1\u00bc cups water**\n\n**1 cup bulgur**\n\n**1 pound cooked, peeled, and deveined medium shrimp**\n\n**1 small cucumber, peeled, seeded, and chopped**\n\n**2 tomatoes, cut into \u00bd-inch pieces**\n\n**2 scallions, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh mint**\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Pour water over bulgur in medium bowl. Cover and let stand until water is absorbed, about 25 minutes. Fluff bulgur with fork; transfer to serving bowl.\n\n2. Add remaining ingredients to bulgur; toss to combine.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 246 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 161 mg Chol, 501 mg Sod, 32 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 80 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the salad with pita bread, the traditional Mediterranean accompaniment (a 100% whole wheat pita bread per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Hearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1\u00bd cups brown lentils, picked over and rinsed**\n\n**1 bay leaf**\n\n**6 cups water**\n\n**1 large head radicchio, quartered, cored, and very thinly sliced**\n\n**1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved**\n\n**4 scallions, chopped**\n\n**1 carrot, shredded**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped fresh basil**\n\n**2\u00bd tablespoons red-wine vinegar**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Combine lentils, bay leaf, and water in medium saucepan and bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until lentils are tender but still hold their shape, about 20 minutes; drain. Discard bay leaf and rinse lentils under cold running water; drain again.\n\n2. Meanwhile, combine remaining ingredients in large serving bowl. Add lentils and toss again.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u2154 cups): 292 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 482 mg Sod, 46 g Total Carb, 14 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 86 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Greek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and Feta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**1 (10-ounce) package frozen chopped spinach, thawed and squeezed dry**\n\n**\u2153 cup crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**4 (6-inch) whole wheat pita breads**\n\n**1 cup grape tomatoes, halved**\n\n**\u00be cup shredded part-skim mozzarella cheese**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F.\n\n2. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onion and cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 4 minutes. Stir in garlic and oregano; cook, stirring, about 1 minute. Stir in spinach and cook until hot, about 2 minutes. Remove skillet from heat and stir in feta.\n\n3. Arrange pitas on baking sheet. Top with spinach mixture, spreading it to edges. Arrange tomatoes on top. Bake until pitas are crisp, 8\u201310 minutes.\n\n4. Sprinkle pizzas with mozzarella; bake until melted, about 3 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 pizza): 281 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 15 mg Chol, 596 mg Sod, 40 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 296 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly squeeze the water out of thawed spinach, separate it into small handfuls and squeeze it as tightly as you can over the sink. If it still seems wet, blot the spinach with paper towels to remove more moisture.\n\n# dinners\n\n# Filets Mignons with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) lean filets mignons, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can small white beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**2 tomatoes, seeded and chopped**\n\n**1 Kirby cucumber, peeled and chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup finely chopped red onion**\n\n**\u00bc cup diced avocado**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil**\n\n**1 tablespoon red-wine vinegar**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons olive oil**\n\n1. Sprinkle filets mignons with cumin and pepper; cover and refrigerate 10 minutes.\n\n2. Meanwhile, to make salsa, toss together beans, tomatoes, cucumber, onion, avocado, basil, vinegar, and \u00bc teaspoon of salt in serving bowl.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Sprinkle steaks with remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt. Add steaks to skillet and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 2 minutes on each side. Serve with salsa.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 steak and about 1 cup salsa): 323 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 46 mg Chol, 567 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 90 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\n# Sliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (1-pound) lean flank steak, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ancho or regular chili powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (16-ounce) tube fat-free polenta, cut into 12 slices**\n\n**1\u00bd cups fresh or thawed frozen corn kernels**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd red onion, chopped**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Sprinkle steak with chili powder and salt. Place steak in pan and cook until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of steak registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 5 minutes on each side. Transfer steak to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut on diagonal into 16 slices.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler. Arrange slices of polenta on rack and broil 5 inches from heat until crispy and heated through, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n3. Spray medium skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add corn, bell pepper, onion, and jalape\u00f1o pepper; cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes. Remove skillet from heat and stir in cilantro.\n\n4. Place 3 slices of polenta on each of 4 plates and top each serving with 4 slices of steak. Divide corn mixture evenly among plates.\n\n**PER SERVING** (4 slices steak, 3 slices polenta, and \u00be cup corn mixture): 312 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 1 g Trans Fat, 83 mg Chol, 345 mg Sod, 29 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 16 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo neatly and quickly remove the kernels from an ear of corn, place a bowl in the sink, stand the corn on end inside the bowl, and cut off the kernels with a knife. Any fly-away kernels will end up in the sink.\n\n# you _can_ make it quick\n\nFast, convenient, and economical, canned foods can be a real time-saver and a smart way to supplement fresh and frozen ingredients in your meals. Better yet, they will last for years, so you'll practically never have to worry about them going bad. Here are our top picks for canned staples that combine quality with good nutrition.\n\n**BEANS.** No pantry should be without an assortment of ready-to-eat beans. Beans are a classic example of foods that do beautifully in cans, and no-salt-added varieties are a terrific option for lowering the sodium in home-cooked meals.\n\n**BROTHS.** Canned or packaged broths can flavor everything from soups to stews to pilafs. Look for broths labeled low-sodium or no-salt-added to avoid excess sodium.\n\n**COCONUT PRODUCTS.** Many coconut products are sold in convenient and economical cans or shelf-stable cartons. Keep lite (reduced-fat) coconut milk and coconut water as pantry staples. A splash of coconut milk adds tropical flavor to a smoothie and coconut water makes a refreshing drink for only **_1 PointsPlus_** value per cup.\n\n**FRUITS.** Avoid fruits canned in sugary syrups, but keep water-packed or juice-packed favorites such as pineapple, pears, peaches, and mandarin oranges on hand. They're a great addition to sweet and savory recipes, or you can enjoy them on their own for snacks and desserts.\n\n**SEAFOOD.** Canned salmon, tuna, and sardines are great to have on hand for quick salads and sandwiches. Make sure the fish is packed in water (not oil) to avoid excess fat, and look for no-salt-added options when possible. Canned clams are excellent for adding to pasta dishes or as a pizza topping.\n\n**SOUPS.** Keep a few cans of low-fat, low-sodium soup around for days when you have no time to cook. Cans and cartons of vegetable-based soups such as tomato, butternut squash, or red bell pepper can also be handy for composing soups on the fly: add some diced leftover chicken or tofu and leftover rice or pasta and you'll have a superquick, filling meal.\n\n**TOMATOES.** Canned tomatoes are tops when it comes to getting big, bold, consistent tomato flavor year-round. Canned tomato sauce is also a healthy time-saver\u2014just be sure to read the label and make sure the product does not contain added sugar.\n\n**VEGETABLES.** Veggies from a can can be a smart alternative to fresh. Canned corn kernels, cream-style corn, sauerkraut, lima beans, beets, artichoke hearts, and hearts of palm are delicious, convenient options for recipes.\n\n**A note about BPA**\n\nThe chemical Bisphenol A (BPA) is sometimes used as an interior coating on cans to keep food from coming in contact with metal. There is evidence that the chemical may leach into food. Although the FDA has concluded that amounts are too minimal to pose a health risk, if you're concerned you can look for cans or cartons labeled as BPA-free, or rinse and drain canned foods like beans and corn to minimize exposure.\n\n# Grilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 plum tomatoes, each cut into 6 wedges**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 tablespoon lemon juice**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (1-pound) flank steak, trimmed**\n\n**1 fennel bulb, cut lengthwise into \u00bd-inch-thick slices**\n\n1. Spray grill rack with nonstick spray; preheat grill to medium-high or prepare medium-high fire.\n\n2. Combine tomatoes, parsley, lemon zest and juice, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and \u215b teaspoon of pepper in medium bowl. Set aside.\n\n3. Sprinkle steak with remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt and remaining \u215b teaspoon pepper. Lightly spray fennel with nonstick spray. Place steak and fennel on grill rack. Grill, turning fennel occasionally, and turning steak once, until fennel is tender and instant-read thermometer inserted into center of steak registers 145\u00b0F, about 10 minutes. Remove core from fennel; coarsely chop fennel. Stir fennel into tomato mixture. Cut steak into 12 slices and serve with salad.\n\n**PER SERVING** : (3 slices steak with 1 cup salad): 191 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 42 mg Chol, 519 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 2 g Sugar, 3 g Fib, 25 g Prot, 55 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo make this meal more filling and nutritious, serve the steak and salad over a bed of curly endive or mixed baby greens along with corn-on-the-cob (\u00bd of a small ear of corn will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ).\n\n# Curried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup basmati rice**\n\n**1\u00bc pound lean boneless sirloin steak, trimmed and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**1 red onion, quartered and separated into slices**\n\n**1 yellow squash, thickly sliced**\n\n**4 baby pattypan squash, halved**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**2\u00bd teaspoons curry powder**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc cup whole fresh cilantro leaves**\n\n1. Prepare rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n3. Combine beef, onion, squashes, oil, curry powder, and salt in large bowl; toss to coat.\n\n4. Thread beef, onion, and squashes alternately on 8 (12-inch) metal skewers. Place skewers on broiler rack and broil 5 inches from heat, turning occasionally, until an instant-read thermometer inserted into chunk of beef registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 10 minutes. Serve with rice and sprinkle with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 skewers and \u00be cup rice): 435 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 92 mg Chol, 675 mg Sod, 46 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 42 g Prot, 39 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nNo time to thread skewers? Simply place the steak and vegetables directly on the broiler pan and broil as directed.\n\nCurried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\n# Hearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1\u00bd cups quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n**1 pound lean beef top round steak, trimmed and thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 zucchini, halved lengthwise and sliced**\n\n**2 red bell peppers, sliced**\n\n**1 onion, sliced**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n1. Cook rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, toss together steak, chili powder, and \u215b teaspoon of salt in large bowl.\n\n3. Heat oil in large skillet over high heat. Add steak and cook, stirring frequently, until lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n4. Reduce heat to medium-high. Add zucchini, bell peppers, onion, cumin, and remaining \u215b teaspoon salt to skillet; cook, stirring frequently, until vegetables are softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n5. Return steak to skillet and cook just until heated through, about 2 minutes. Serve over rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups steak and vegetables and \u00be cup rice): 385 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 647 mg Sod, 38 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 39 g Prot, 45 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo enjoy even more veggies with this healthy dinner, make a salad of plum tomato wedges and sliced cucumbers tossed with a pinch of cumin, fresh lime juice, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Spaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**8 ounces whole wheat spaghetti**\n\n**1 pound lean ground beef (5% fat or less)**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (28-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**2 teaspoons dried basil**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**Pinch red pepper flakes**\n\n1. Cook spaghetti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, cook beef in large skillet over medium-high heat, breaking it apart with wooden spoon, until lightly browned, about 4 minutes. Stir in onion, bell pepper, and garlic; cook, stirring occasionally, until vegetables are softened, about 5 minutes. Stir in tomatoes, basil, salt, and red pepper flakes; bring mixture to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, until slightly thickened, about 10 minutes. Toss pasta with sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups spaghetti and sauce): 413 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 64 mg Chol, 693 mg Sod, 56 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 33 g Prot, 114 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo make a **_0 PointsPlus_** value tossed salad to serve with the pasta, toss together chopped romaine, halved cherry tomatoes, sliced cucumber, thinly sliced red onion, red-wine vinegar, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\n# Stir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 pound lean beef top round steak, trimmed and cut into thin strips**\n\n**4 garlic cloves, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1 pound asparagus spears, trimmed and cut into 2-inch pieces**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) can sliced water chestnuts, drained**\n\n**\u00be cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n1. Cook rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat large skillet or wok over high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add oil and swirl to coat skillet. Add beef and stir-fry until browned and cooked through, about 4 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer beef to plate.\n\n3. Add garlic and ginger to skillet and stir-fry until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add asparagus and bell pepper and stir-fry until crisp-tender, about 2 minutes longer. Return beef to skillet and add remaining ingredients. Stir-fry until liquid is almost evaporated, about 3 minutes longer. Serve with rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u2153 cups stir-fry and \u00bd cup rice): 354 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 810 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 39 g Prot, 53 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo serve the stir-fry with an Asian salad, toss together thinly sliced Napa cabbage, shredded carrots, thinly sliced scallions, and reduced-sodium soy sauce to taste. For a touch of spice, add a tiny bit of chili-garlic paste.\n\n# Roast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ancho or regular chili powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (\u00be-pound) lean pork tenderloin, trimmed**\n\n**1 cup black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00bd cup thawed frozen corn kernels**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 plum tomato, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons fresh lime juice**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F.\n\n2. Mix together cumin, chili powder, and salt in cup; sprinkle all over pork.\n\n3. Spray large ovenproof skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add pork and cook until browned on all sides, about 5 minutes.\n\n4. Transfer skillet to oven and roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center of pork registers 145\u00b0F, about 10 minutes. Transfer to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut tenderloin into 12 slices.\n\n5. Meanwhile, to make salsa, toss together remaining ingredients in serving bowl. Serve with pork.\n\n**PER SERVING** (6 slices pork and 1 cup salsa): 385 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 106 mg Chol, 386 mg Sod, 32 g Total Carb, 10 g Fib, 47 g Prot, 60 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nSteamed kale or mustard greens make an easy side dish for the pork tenderloin.\n\n# Cajun-Spiced Roast Pork Tenderloin\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 tablespoon paprika**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon sugar**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**1 (1-pound) lean pork tenderloin, trimmed**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F.\n\n2. On sheet of wax paper, combine paprika, cumin, sugar, salt, and cayenne. Roll pork in mixture until evenly coated.\n\n3. Spray large ovenproof skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add pork and cook until lightly browned on all sides, about 5 minutes.\n\n4. Transfer skillet to oven and roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center of tenderloin registers 145\u00b0F, about 12 minutes.\n\n5. Transfer pork to cutting board and let stand 5 minutes. Cut into 16 slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (4 slices pork): 139 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 63 mg Chol, 337 mg Sod, 2 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 10 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo accompany the pork tenderloin, make microwave-baked sweet potatoes. Prick 4 (5-ounce) sweet potatoes in several places with a small knife, wrap in paper towels, and microwave on High until tender, 8 to 10 minutes, turning once (a 5-ounce baked sweet potato per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Saucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 ounces whole wheat ziti or penne**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can tomato puree**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon Italian seasoning**\n\n**Pinch red pepper flakes**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) lean bone-in pork loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc cup shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil**\n\n1. Cook ziti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray medium saucepan with olive oil nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add garlic and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 20 seconds. Add tomato puree, Italian seasoning, and red pepper flakes and bring to boil; reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, 10 minutes.\n\n3. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over high heat. Sprinkle pork with black pepper and salt. Add chops to skillet and cook until lightly browned, about 2 minutes on each side. Reduce heat to medium-low and sprinkle chops evenly with mozzarella. Cover skillet and cook until cheese is melted and an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of chop registers 145\u00b0F, about 4 minutes.\n\n4. Divide ziti evenly among 4 plates and top with tomato sauce and pork chop. Sprinkle with basil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup linguine, 1 pork chop, and scant \u00bd cup sauce): 357 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 717 mg Sod, 33 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 34 g Prot, 108 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor a quick green vegetable side dish, make steamed spinach tossed with lemon juice and salt and pepper to taste.\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\n# Pork and Mushroom Stir-Fry\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 tablespoon peanut or canola oil**\n\n**1 pound lean boneless pork loin, trimmed and cut into 1** **\u00d7 \u00bc-inch strips**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc pound snow peas, trimmed**\n\n**4 scallions, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced garlic**\n\n**1 (15-ounce) can straw mushrooms, drained**\n\n**1 cup drained canned baby corn**\n\n**\u00bc cup reduced-sodium vegetable broth**\n\n**3 tablespoons reduced-sodium teriyaki sauce**\n\n**1 teaspoon cornstarch**\n\n**3 cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n1. Heat large skillet or wok over medium-high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add 1\u00bd teaspoons of oil and swirl to coat skillet. Add pork, in batches, and stir-fry until browned and cooked through, about 4 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add remaining 1\u00bd teaspoons oil to skillet. Add bell pepper, snow peas, scallions, ginger, and garlic; stir-fry 2 minutes. Add mushrooms and corn and stir-fry until heated through, about 1 minute longer. Return pork to skillet.\n\n3. Stir together broth, teriyaki sauce, and cornstarch in cup until smooth, then add to skillet. Stir-fry until sauce thickens and bubbles, about 2 minutes. Serve with rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups pork mixture and \u00bd cup rice): 347 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 48 mg Chol, 972 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 24 g Prot, 51 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCooked brown rice will keep in the refrigerator for up to 5 days, so cook a batch on the weekend to enjoy with meals all week long.\n\n# Ham with Apples and Mustard\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (3-ounce) slices reduced-sodium lean deli ham, trimmed**\n\n**1 small onion, chopped**\n\n**3 red apples, cored and cut into \u00bd-inch wedges**\n\n**1\u00bd cups apple cider**\n\n**2 teaspoons Dijon mustard**\n\n**1 tablespoon cornstarch**\n\n**2 tablespoons cold water**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add ham and cook until lightly browned, about 2 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add onion to skillet and cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 5 minutes. Add apples, cider, and mustard; cook, stirring frequently, until apples are tender, about 5 minutes longer.\n\n3. Stir together cornstarch and water in cup until smooth, then add to skillet. Cook, stirring constantly, until sauce thickens and bubbles, about 2 minutes. Return ham to skillet and cook until heated through, about 1 minute longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 slice ham and about \u00bd cup apple mixture): 254 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 45 mg Chol, 890 mg Sod, 34 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 19 g Prot, 28 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you prefer, you can use a \u00be-pound ham steak for this recipe and cut it into 4 pieces before cooking.\n\n# Minted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup bulgur**\n\n**4 tablespoons chopped fresh mint**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) lean boneless lamb loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**1 large tomato, coarsely chopped**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of 1 lemon**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh chives**\n\n1. Prepare bulgur according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray broiler rack with nonstick spray and preheat broiler.\n\n3. Stir together 2 tablespoons of mint, garlic, oil, and salt in large shallow bowl. Add lamb and turn to coat evenly. Place lamb on broiler rack. Broil 5 inches from heat until an instant-read thermometer inserted into side of chop registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 5 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Stir tomato, lemon zest and juice, remaining 2 tablespoons mint, and chives into bulgur. Serve with lamb.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 lamb chop and \u00be cup bulgur): 319 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 74 mg Chol, 367 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 37 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo broil a vegetable side dish while you broil the chops, arrange 2 thinly sliced red or yellow bell peppers on the broiler rack alongside the chops. Lightly spray with olive oil nonstick spray. Broil, turning occasionally, until crisp-tender, 6 to 8 minutes. Season to taste with salt and pepper.\n\n# Grilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free mayonnaise**\n\n**1 small garlic clove, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**4 (5-ounce) lean lamb loin chops, about 1 inch thick, trimmed**\n\n**1 pound thick asparagus spears, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Spray grill rack with nonstick spray. Preheat grill to medium-high or prepare medium-high fire.\n\n2. Stir together mayonnaise, garlic, lemon zest, lemon juice, and oil in small bowl; cover and refrigerate until ready to serve.\n\n3. Sprinkle lamb and asparagus with salt and pepper. Spray asparagus with olive oil nonstick spray. Place lamb and asparagus on grill rack. Grill lamb until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center of chop registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 4 minutes on each side, and until asparagus is browned in spots and crisp-tender, about 5 minutes. Serve lamb and asparagus with garlic sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 lamb chop, 5 asparagus spears, and 1 tablespoon mayonnaise): 260 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 94 mg Chol, 505 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 31 g Prot, 44 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the chops with a side of whole wheat orzo tossed with grated lemon zest and chopped fresh mint (\u00bd cup of cooked whole wheat orzo per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Moroccan-Style Chicken\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (5-ounce) skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (3-inch) cinnamon stick**\n\n**4 carrots, sliced**\n\n**1 red onion, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 yellow squash, diced**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes, drained**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium vegetable broth**\n\n**1 cup canned chickpeas, rinsed and drained**\n\n**\u00bc cup dark raisins**\n\n1. Stir together chicken, 1 teaspoon of oil, cumin, salt, and cinnamon stick in medium bowl.\n\n2. Stir together carrots, onion, garlic, and remaining 1 teaspoon oil in microwavable 3-quart casserole with lid. Cover and microwave on High until onion is softened, about 4 minutes.\n\n3. Add squash, tomatoes, broth, and chicken to casserole. Cover and microwave on High until chicken is almost cooked through, about 3 minutes, stirring once halfway through cooking.\n\n4. Stir in chickpeas and raisins. Cover and microwave until chicken is cooked through, about 2 minutes longer. Discard cinnamon stick.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chicken breast and about 1 cup vegetables): 365 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 86 mg Chol, 985 mg Sod, 36 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 38 g Prot, 124 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCouscous is the traditional accompaniment to this Moroccan meal (\u00bd cup cooked whole wheat couscous per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Chicken and Vegetables with Fettuccine\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**12 ounces whole wheat fettuccine**\n\n**\u00bd pound asparagus, trimmed and cut into 2-inch pieces**\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken thighs, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 fennel bulb, sliced**\n\n**1 small red bell pepper, sliced**\n\n**1 small yellow bell pepper, sliced**\n\n**1 red onion, sliced**\n\n**\u00bc pound cremini mushrooms, sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bd cup fresh basil leaves, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Cook fettuccine according to package directions omitting salt if desired. Four minutes before pasta is done, add asparagus and cook until pasta and asparagus are tender. Drain and keep warm.\n\n2. Meanwhile, sprinkle chicken with \u00bc teaspoon of salt and \u215b teaspoon of black pepper. Heat 2 teaspoons of oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook, turning occasionally, until browned and cooked through, about 5 minutes. Transfer chicken to plate and cover to keep warm.\n\n3. Add remaining 2 teaspoons oil to same skillet. Add fennel, bell peppers, onion, mushrooms, remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt, and remaining \u215b teaspoon black pepper and cook, stirring occasionally, until vegetables are lightly browned and crisp-tender, about 5 minutes. Add garlic to skillet and cook, stirring constantly, until fragrant, 30 seconds. Return chicken to skillet; add fettuccini mixture and broth, and cook, stirring constantly until heated through, 2 minutes. Stir in basil.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 368 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 50 mg Chol, 312 mg Sod, 49 g Total Carb, 10 g Fib, 25 g Prot, 71 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\n# Lemony Chicken Kebabs with Couscous\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**1 red onion, quartered and separated into layers**\n\n**1 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**2 teaspoons sesame seeds, toasted**\n\n1. Combine chicken, lemon zest and juice, oil, garlic, cumin, salt, and cayenne in large bowl; toss to coat.\n\n2. Spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Alternately thread chicken and onion onto 8 metal skewers. Place skewers in pan and cook, turning occasionally, until chicken is cooked through, about 12 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Add cilantro and sesame seeds to couscous and stir to combine. Serve with chicken.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 skewers and \u00be cup couscous): 289 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 68 mg Chol, 835 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 30 g Prot, 48 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly toast sesame seeds, put them in a small dry skillet and set over medium heat. Toast seeds, stirring frequently, until fragrant and lightly browned, about 2 minutes. Transfer to a plate to cool.\n\n# Teriyaki Chicken and Snow Pea Stir-Fry\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons Asian (dark) sesame oil**\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into thin strips**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (\u00bd-inch) piece fresh ginger, peeled and minced**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) can sliced water chestnuts, drained**\n\n**6 ounces snow peas, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bc cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bc cup teriyaki sauce**\n\n**Pinch red pepper flakes**\n\n**2 cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n1. Heat large skillet or wok over medium-high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add oil and swirl to coat skillet.\n\n2. Add chicken to skillet and stir-fry until browned and cooked through, about 5 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer chicken to plate.\n\n3. Add garlic and ginger to skillet and stir-fry until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add bell pepper, scallions, and water chestnuts; stir-fry 2 minutes. Add snow peas and stir-fry until bright green. Add broth, teriyaki sauce, and red pepper flakes; stir-fry until sauce is slightly reduced, about 1 minute longer.\n\n4. Return chicken to skillet and stir-fry until heated through, about 1 minute. Serve with rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups chicken mixture and \u00bd cup rice): 325 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 70 mg Chol, 805 mg Sod, 33 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 65 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nStir-fries are one of the quickest meals you can make, but once you start cooking, there's little time to do anything but stir! Prep all your ingredients and arrange them near the stove before you begin for stress-free stir-frying.\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\n# Quick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**2 (5-ounce) skinless boneless chicken breasts, each cut into 6 long strips**\n\n**5 teaspoons reduced-sodium teriyaki sauce**\n\n**16 asparagus spears, trimmed**\n\n**2 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**Lemon wedges**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 375\u00b0F. Line baking sheet with foil and spray with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Toss together chicken and teriyaki sauce in medium bowl.\n\n3. Thread 2 pieces of chicken on each of 6 (12-inch) metal skewers and arrange on baking sheet. Place asparagus next to chicken in one layer. Brush asparagus with soy sauce and oil. Roast until chicken is cooked through and asparagus is tender, about 15 minutes. Serve with lemon wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 skewers and 8 asparagus spears): 256 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 86 mg Chol, 700 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 35 g Prot, 49 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf using wooden skewers, soak them in water for 30 minutes to prevent them from burning.\n\n# Chicken Picadillo\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 pound ground skinless chicken breast**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bc cup dark raisins**\n\n**\u00bc cup pimiento-stuffed olives, coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bc cup slivered almonds**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium heat. Add onion and garlic and cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Add chicken to skillet. Cook, breaking up chicken with wooden spoon, until browned, about 8 minutes.\n\n3. Stir in tomatoes, raisins, olives, cumin, salt, and pepper, and bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer until slightly thickened, about 5 minutes. Stir in almonds.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 1 cup): 278 Cal, 12 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 68 mg Chol, 652 mg Sod, 17 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 84 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nYou can make the picadillo using ground skinless turkey breast instead of chicken breast if you wish.\n\n# Warm Lentil Salad with Baked Salmon\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 cups water**\n\n**1 cup green (French) lentils, picked over and rinsed**\n\n**1 (1-pound) piece center-cut salmon fillet, skinned**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup roasted red bell pepper, chopped (not packed in oil)**\n\n**\u00bc cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1\u00bc teaspoons white-wine vinegar**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 cups torn fris\u00e9e lettuce**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, finely chopped**\n\n1. Bring water to boil in medium saucepan. Add lentils and cook until just tender, about 15 minutes; drain.\n\n2. Meanwhile, preheat oven to 300\u00b0F. Line baking sheet with foil.\n\n3. Put salmon, skinned side down, on prepared baking sheet. Sprinkle with salt and black pepper. Bake until just opaque in center, about 15 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, puree bell pepper, broth, oil, vinegar, and salt in blender. Transfer mixture to large bowl. Add lentils, lettuce, and onion and toss to combine.\n\n5. Cut salmon into 4 portions and put 1 piece of salmon on each of 4 plates. Spoon lentil salad alongside.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece salmon and 1\u00bc cups salad): 347 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 709 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 65 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nTo quickly and neatly pick over lentils or beans, pour them into one side of a jelly-roll or other large rimmed pan. Slide the lentils to the other side of the pan using your hand and looking for stones or other debris as you go. Always rinse them before cooking.\n\n# Roasted Salmon with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**2 red onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**1 carrot, cut into thin 2-inch-long strips**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 teaspoon white-wine vinegar**\n\n**4 (6-ounce) skinless salmon fillets**\n\n**4 teaspoons Dijon mustard**\n\n1. Arrange oven rack in middle of oven; preheat oven to 450\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Heat oil in medium nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onions and thyme; cook, stirring occasionally, until onions start to brown, about 12 minutes. Add carrot, garlic, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and \u215b teaspoon of pepper; continue cooking until onions are golden, 3\u20134 minutes longer. Stir in vinegar and cook 1 minute; remove from heat and keep warm.\n\n3. Meanwhile, sprinkle salmon with remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt and \u215b teaspoon pepper and place on baking sheet. Brush top of each fillet with 1 teaspoon of mustard. Roast until fish is opaque in center, 8\u201310 minutes.\n\n4. Top each fillet with \u00bc cup of onion mixture.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 fillet and \u00bc cup onion mixture): 299 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 112 mg Chol, 683 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 50 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nSalmon fillets often have small bones\u2014known as pinbones\u2014in their flesh. Before cooking, run your fingertips along the flesh to feel for them. If you find any, use needle-nose pliers or tweezers to pull them out.\n\n# Tilapia with Tomato and Feta\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (15-ounce) can crushed tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 (\u00bd-pound) tilapia fillets, cut crosswise in half**\n\n**\u00bc cup crumbled reduced-fat feta cheese**\n\n**1 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 7 \u00d7 11-inch baking dish with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together tomatoes, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, oregano, and \u215b teaspoon of pepper in small bowl.\n\n3. Spread half of tomato mixture in prepared baking dish. Arrange tilapia on top of sauce in one layer. Sprinkle fish with remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt and \u215b teaspoon pepper. Spoon remaining tomato sauce evenly over fish and sprinkle with feta. Cover dish tightly with foil. Bake until fish is just opaque in center, about 20 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting fat and salt if desired. Serve with fish.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd tilapia fillet, about 3 tablespoons sauce, and about \u2154 cup couscous): 305 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 55 mg Chol, 894 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 82 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nQuickly dress up the couscous by stirring 2 thinly sliced scallions and a minced garlic clove into the cooking water when you add the couscous.\n\n# Salmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 large tomatoes, seeded and diced**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh basil**\n\n**2 shallots, finely chopped plus 1 shallot, halved**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 pound salmon fillet, skinned and cut into small pieces**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n1. To make relish, toss together tomatoes, basil, chopped shallots, lemon juice, oil, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and \u00bc teaspoon of pepper in serving bowl.\n\n2. To make salmon patties, combine salmon, parsley, halved shallot, lemon zest, and remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt and \u00bc teaspoon pepper in food processor; pulse until finely chopped. With damp hands, form salmon mixture into 4 (\u00bd-inch-thick) patties.\n\n3. Spray large skillet with olive oil nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add patties and cook until browned and cooked through, about 5 minutes on each side. Serve with relish.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 patty and \u00bd cup relish): 214 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 518 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 38 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThe tomato relish is delicious with grilled chicken or shrimp, too.\n\nSalmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\n# 7 superfast sides\n\n**All recipes serve 4.**\n\n**Kale and Apple Salad**\n\nWhisk together **1 tablespoon olive oil, 1 tablespoon apple-cider vinegar, 2 teaspoons honey,** **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u00bc** **teaspoon black pepper** in large bowl. Toss in **\u00bd** **pound kale, stems removed and leaves thinly sliced, 1 Gala apple, cut into thin strips,** and **2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**. **_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n**Lemony Spinach and Avocado Salad**\n\nWhisk together **1 teaspoon grated lemon zest, 2 tablespoons fresh** lemon juice, 1 tablespoon olive oil, **\u00bd** **teaspoon Dijon mustard,** **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u215b** **teaspoon black pepper** in large bowl. Toss in **4 cups baby spinach,** **\u00bd** **avocado, pitted, peeled, and chopped,** and **\u00bc** **cup thinly sliced red onion**. **_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\n**Minted Green Beans with Pine Nuts**\n\nCook **1 pound trimmed green beans** in boiling water until crisp-tender; drain. Transfer to serving bowl; toss in **2 tablespoons chopped fresh mint, 2 tablespoons toasted pine nuts, 2 teaspoons olive oil, grated zest and juice of 1 lemon,** **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u215b teaspoon black pepper.** **_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\n**Buttered Broccoli with Cilantro and Lime**\n\nPlace **4 cups broccoli florets** in microwave-safe dish; cover with wax paper and microwave on High until crisp-tender, about 3 minutes. Drain and transfer to serving bowl. Toss in **2 teaspoons unsalted butter, 1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro, grated zest and juice of 1 lime,** and **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt**. **_PointsPlus_** value: **_1._**\n\n**Rosemary-Parmesan Oven Fries**\n\nCut **1 pound baking potatoes** into \u00bd-inch sticks; place in baking pan. **Add 2 teaspoons olive oil,** **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u215b teaspoon black pepper** and toss to coat. Bake at 425\u00b0F, turning once, until potatoes are tender, 30 minutes. Transfer to platter; sprinkle with **2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese, 1 garlic clove, minced,** and **1 teaspoon minced fresh rosemary** and toss to coat. **_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n**Polenta with Goat Cheese and Chives**\n\nBring **2 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth** to boil in medium saucepan. Slowly pour in **\u00bd cup instant polenta** in thin, steady stream, whisking constantly. Cook, whisking constantly, until thick and creamy, 5 minutes. Remove from heat and stir in **2 ounces crumbled goat cheese, 1 tablespoon minced fresh chives, \u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u215b teaspoon black pepper.** **_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n**Herbed Parmesan-Garlic Pasta**\n\nCook **6 ounces whole wheat linguine** according to package directions. Heat **2 teaspoons olive oil** in large nonstick skillet. Add **2 cloves minced garlic** and cook, stirring constantly, just until garlic begins to brown. Add pasta and toss to coat. Remove from heat and stir in **3 tablespoons minced fresh parsley, basil, or dill, or a combination,** **\u00bc** **cup grated Parmesan,** **\u00bc** **teaspoon salt,** and **\u215b teaspoon black pepper**. **_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Creole-Style Cod Fillets\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 cups spicy vegetable juice or tomato juice**\n\n**2 green bell peppers, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 celery stalks, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 (6-ounce) cod fillets**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2 cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n1. Combine vegetable juice, bell peppers, onion, and celery in large skillet; bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer until vegetables are just softened, about 4 minutes.\n\n2. Nestle cod into vegetables. Cover and cook until fish is just opaque throughout, about 8 minutes. Sprinkle with parsley and serve with rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cod fillet, 1 cup vegetables with sauce, and \u00bd cup rice): 313 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 90 mg Chol, 761 mg Sod, 34 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 36 g Prot, 70 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you have leftover vegetable juice from this recipe, consider it for an afternoon pick-me-up. The spicy flavor will wake you up without caffeine\u2014and for only **_1 PointsPlus_** value in a 1-cup serving.\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\n# Teriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u2154 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**1 (14-ounce) container firm tofu, drained and cut into 1-inch cubes**\n\n**\u00bd fresh pineapple, peeled, cored, and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**2 different colored bell peppers, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**1 small red onion, quartered and layers separated**\n\n**16 small white mushrooms**\n\n**3 tablespoons reduced-sodium teriyaki sauce**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting fat and salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, spray ridged grill pan with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Alternately thread tofu, pineapple, bell peppers, onion, and mushrooms onto 8 metal skewers; brush with teriyaki sauce.\n\n3. Place skewers in pan and cook, turning frequently, until tofu is browned and vegetables are softened, about 10 minutes. Serve sprinkled with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 skewers and \u00bd cup couscous): 203 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 707 mg Sod, 31 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 232 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nSave time by buying recipe-ready pineapple for this dish. Most large supermarkets sell fresh peeled and cored pineapples in tall plastic containers in the produce section.\n\n# Chunky Vegetable Paella\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 celery stalks, thickly sliced**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 large red bell pepper, cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**1 large zucchini, quartered lengthwise and cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00be cup quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n**2\u00bc cups water**\n\n**1 (15-ounce) can cannellini (white kidney) beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can fire-roasted diced tomatoes, drained**\n\n1. Heat 1 teaspoon oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add celery, onion, bell pepper, zucchini, garlic, and salt and cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes. Transfer vegetables to bowl.\n\n2. Wipe out skillet; add remaining 1 teaspoon oil to skillet and set over medium heat. Add rice and cook, stirring, until lightly toasted, about 2 minutes. Stir in water; reduce heat and simmer, covered, until rice is tender and liquid is absorbed, about 10 minutes.\n\n3. Return vegetables to skillet and add beans and tomatoes. Cook, stirring occasionally, until heated through, about 5 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 249 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 715 mg Sod, 46 g Total Carb, 11 g Fib, 11 g Prot, 147 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo add more healthful veggies to this dinner, serve the paella with a salad of baby spinach tossed with thinly sliced fresh fennel bulb, grated lemon zest, fresh lemon juice, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Linguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**6 ounces whole wheat linguine**\n\n**4 plum tomatoes, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (9-ounce) package frozen quartered artichoke hearts, thawed**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 ounces fontina cheese, diced**\n\n**\u00bd cup thinly sliced fresh basil**\n\n1. Cook linguine according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Drain linguine, reserving \u00bd cup of cooking water.\n\n2. Add tomatoes and garlic to pasta pot. Cook over medium heat, stirring, until tomatoes begin to soften, about 2 minutes.\n\n3. Return pasta to pot along with artichokes and pepper. Cook, stirring, until heated through, about 4 minutes. (If pasta seems dry, stir in some of reserved cooking water.)\n\n4. Transfer pasta mixture to serving bowl; add fontina and basil and toss to coat.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 310 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 6 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 33 mg Chol, 452 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 221 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo safely reserve the cooking water from pasta, use a ladle to spoon out a little of the water into a bowl just before you drain the pasta. The ladle will keep your hands away from the boiling water and you can use it to drizzle as much cooking water as you need into your pasta dish.\n\n# Four-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup quick-cooking brown rice**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**12 shiitake mushrooms, stems removed and caps thickly sliced**\n\n**3 cups broccoli florets**\n\n**2 carrots, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 yellow bell pepper, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (14-ounce) container firm tofu, drained and cubed**\n\n**2 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce**\n\n**1 teaspoon dark (Asian) sesame oil**\n\n1. Cook rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n2. Meanwhile, heat large skillet or wok or over high heat until drop of water sizzles in pan. Add canola oil and swirl to coat skillet. Add garlic and ginger and stir-fry until fragrant, about 30 seconds.\n\n3. Add mushrooms, broccoli, carrots, and bell pepper; stir-fry until tender, about 6 minutes. Add tofu, soy sauce, and sesame oil; stir-fry until heated through, about 1 minute longer. Serve with rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups stir-fry and \u00bd cup rice): 267 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 754 mg Sod, 38 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 251 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nSave the stems of the broccoli when you prepare the broccoli florets. Shred them to make a slaw for serving with sandwiches later in the week.\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\n# snacks and sweets\n\n# Edamame Dip\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 cup frozen shelled edamame**\n\n**4 ounces silken tofu**\n\n**1 scallion, sliced**\n\n**1 garlic clove, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon honey**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**12 whole wheat crackers**\n\n**12 carrot or other vegetables sticks**\n\n1. Cook edamame according to package directions. Drain and rinse under cold running water; drain again.\n\n2. Place edamame, tofu, scallion, garlic, lemon juice, oil, cumin, honey, and salt in food processor; process until smooth, 1\u20132 minutes. Serve with crackers and vegetable sticks.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about \u00bc cup dip, 3 crackers, and 3 carrot sticks): 169 Cal, 7 g Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 264 mg Sod, 18 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 9 g Prot, 78 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nEdamame, or green soybeans, are a great source of protein and fiber and they cook in about 5 minutes, making them perfect for quick meals and snacks. Try them in soups, stir-fries, and salads to appreciate their nutty taste, firm texture, and spring-green color.\n\n# Smoky Pumpkin Seeds\n\nSERVES 16\n\n**2 cups shelled pumpkin seeds (about 10 ounces)**\n\n**2 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce**\n\n**1 teaspoon liquid smoke**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**1 teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon garlic powder**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 325\u00b0F. Line large baking sheet with parchment paper.\n\n2. Toss together pumpkin seeds, Worcestershire sauce, and liquid smoke in large bowl.\n\n3. Combine remaining ingredients in small bowl. Sprinkle spice mixture over pumpkin seeds and stir vigorously with wooden spoon until evenly coated.\n\n4. Spread pumpkin seeds on prepared baking sheet. Bake, stirring twice, until dried and lightly browned, about 15 minutes. Let cool on baking sheet on rack.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 tablespoons): 152 Cal, 12 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 160 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 10 g Prot, 16 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nYou can store this healthy snack in a zip-close plastic bag or airtight container at room temperature for up to 1 month.\n\nPizza Margherita\n\n# Pizza Margherita\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 (10-ounce) prebaked thin whole wheat pizza crust**\n\n**3 plum tomatoes, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 cups shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n**\u00bc cup thinly sliced fresh basil**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 450\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Place crust on baking sheet. Arrange tomatoes on crust and sprinkle with garlic. Top evenly with mozzarella, basil, and oregano; drizzle with oil. Bake until cheese is melted, about 8 minutes. Cut into 6 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\/6 of pizza): 198 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 4 mg Chol, 544 mg Sod, 25 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 17 g Prot, 609 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTurn this quick pizza into dinner by tossing a big green salad to serve alongside while the pizza bakes. For dessert, enjoy a scoop of vanilla fat-free frozen yogurt topped with a teaspoon of raspberry fruit spread (\u00bd cup fat-free frozen yogurt and 1 teaspoon fruit spread will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Mushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**8 ounces sliced white mushrooms**\n\n**8 (7-inch) fat-free whole wheat flour tortillas**\n\n**\u00be cup shredded reduced-fat Cheddar cheese**\n\n**2 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 tablespoons sliced pickled jalape\u00f1o peppers, drained and finely chopped**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add mushrooms and cook, stirring occasionally, until liquid is evaporated, about 6 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer mushrooms to plate and let cool slightly.\n\n2. Lay out 4 tortillas on work surface. Layer each with one-fourth of mushrooms, Cheddar, scallions, and jalape\u00f1os. Top with remaining 4 tortillas, pressing down lightly.\n\n3. Wipe skillet clean. Spray with nonstick spray and set over medium heat. Add 1 quesadilla and cook until crisp and cheese begins to melt, about 1\u00bd minutes on each side. Transfer to cutting board and cover loosely with foil to keep warm. Repeat with remaining 3 quesadillas. Cut each quesadilla into 4 wedges, making total of 16 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 wedges): 128 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 468 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 124 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\n# Ricotta, Bacon, and Spinach Pizza\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 slices bacon, chopped**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (5-ounce) package baby spinach**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**1 (10-ounce) prebaked whole wheat thin pizza crust**\n\n**\u2154 cup fat-free ricotta cheese**\n\n**\u00bd cup reduced-fat shredded mozzarella cheese**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 450\u00b0F. Spray large baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Cook bacon in large skillet over medium-high heat, stirring occasionally, until crisp, about 5 minutes. Transfer bacon to plate lined with paper towels. Drain off and discard all but 1 teaspoon drippings.\n\n3. Add garlic to skillet; cook over medium heat, stirring constantly, until golden, about 1 minute. Add spinach to skillet a few handfuls at a time, stirring constantly and adding more spinach as it will fit. Continue cooking until spinach is wilted, about 2 minutes more. Stir in reserved bacon and red pepper flakes.\n\n4. Place crust on baking sheet. Spread ricotta evenly over crust. Top evenly with spinach mixture. Sprinkle with mozzarella. Bake until mozzarella cheese is bubbling, about 8 minutes. Cut into 6 wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 218 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 13 mg Chol, 438 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 11 g Prot, 203 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Baked Cheesy Nachos\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**36 baked low-fat tortilla chips**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can pinto beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**2 tomatoes, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd small red onion, chopped**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lime juice**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n**1 cup shredded fat-free Monterey Jack or Cheddar cheese**\n\n**3 tablespoons chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Spray 9 \u00d7 13-inch baking dish with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Arrange 24 tortilla chips in single layer in baking dish. Top evenly with beans, tomatoes, onion, jalape\u00f1o pepper, lime juice, and sour cream.\n\n3. Crush remaining 12 tortilla chips and sprinkle over sour cream. Top evenly with Monterey Jack. Bake until heated through and cheese is melted and bubbling, about 20 minutes. Sprinkle with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bc of dish): 266 Cal, 2 Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 6 mg Chol, 514 mg Sod, 36 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 15 g Prot, 500 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\n# Blueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**\u00bd cup balsamic vinegar**\n\n**1 cup fat-free ricotta cheese**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated orange zest**\n\n**2 pints blueberries**\n\n**Orange zest strips**\n\n1. Bring vinegar to boil in medium saucepan over medium-high heat; boil until reduced by half, about 4 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat and let cool about 10 minutes.\n\n2. Meanwhile, puree ricotta in food processor. Transfer cheese to small bowl and stir in orange zest.\n\n3. Divide blueberries evenly among 4 dessert dishes; top evenly with ricotta mixture. Drizzle evenly with vinegar and sprinkle with orange zest strips.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup blueberries and \u00bc cup ricotta): 137 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 10 mg Chol, 76 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 6 g Prot, 133 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n# Oven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 ripe peaches halved and pitted**\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons sugar**\n\n**1 pint sorbet, such as lemon or raspberry, slightly softened**\n\n**1 (6-ounce) container raspberries**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F.\n\n2. Arrange peaches on baking sheet, cut side up, and sprinkle evenly with sugar. Roast fruit until softened, about 20 minutes. Set aside until just warm.\n\n3. Place 2 peach halves on each of 4 plates. Place \u00bc-cup scoop of sorbet in each peach half. Scatter raspberries around peaches.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 dessert): 229 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 10 mg Sod, 59 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 24 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nSorbet is a quick cook's secret ingredient for dressing up dessert. Serve it alongside pound cake, angel food cake, or any fresh fruit to instantly elevate the ordinary into something special\u2014and \u00bd cup sorbet has just **_2 PointsPlus_** value.\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\n# Frozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 original-size shredded wheat cereal**\n\n**1 tablespoon unsalted butter, melted**\n\n**1 tablespoon sugar**\n\n**1 pint frozen vanilla low-fat yogurt**\n\n**2 cups mixed berries**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F.\n\n2. Break each piece of shredded wheat crosswise into quarters and place in medium bowl. Drizzle with butter and toss to coat. Sprinkle with sugar and toss to coat.\n\n3. Arrange shredded wheat in one layer on baking sheet. Bake until deep golden brown, about 15 minutes. Let cool about 5 minutes on baking sheet.\n\n4. Place \u00bd-cup scoop of yogurt in each of 4 dessert dishes. Divide berries evenly among dishes. Coarsely crumble shredded wheat on top of yogurt.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 dish): 242 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 15 mg Chol, 78 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 7 g Prot, 209 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Black and White Muffin Bites\n\nSERVES 18\n\n**1 cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup sugar**\n\n**\u2153 cup unsweetened cocoa**\n\n**1 teaspoon baking soda**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free milk**\n\n**3 tablespoons canola oil**\n\n**1 large egg**\n\n**1 large egg white**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**\u00be cup white chocolate chips**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Line 36 mini muffin cups with paper liners.\n\n2. Whisk together flour, sugar, cocoa, baking soda, and salt in large bowl. Whisk together milk, oil, egg, egg white, and vanilla in small bowl. Add milk mixture and \u00bd cup of chocolate chips to flour mixture, stirring just until moistened. Spoon batter evenly into prepared muffin cups, filling each about halfway.\n\n3. Sprinkle remaining \u00bc cup chocolate chips evenly over tops of muffins. Bake until muffins spring back when lightly pressed, about 10 minutes. Let muffins cool in pans on wire racks 10 minutes. Remove muffins from pans and let cool completely on racks.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 mini muffins): 116 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 14 mg Chol, 118 mg Sod, 16 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 28 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\n# **bonus**  \non the weekend\n\nSpend Some Time\n\nBeef-Vegetable Soup\n\nCuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\nBeef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\nCitrus-Marinated Roast Pork\n\nPork and Bean Adobo Chili\n\nApricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\nBaked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and Cheese\n\nRoasted Leg of Lamb\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nCacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\nEasy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nBest-Ever Country Captain\n\nChicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\nChicken and Vegetable Ragu with Herbed Dumplings\n\nChicken and Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nRosemary Chicken Thighs with Roast Potatoes\n\nLentil and Sausage Soup\n\nProven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\nBaked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nSlow Cookers Save Time\n\nBountiful Beef Stew\n\nBeef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\nBeef Stew Proven\u00e7al\n\nBeef, Beet, and Cabbage Soup\n\nLow-and-Slow Sloppy Joes\n\nLamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nPork Marrakesh\n\nChicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nBraised Chicken in Riesling\n\nEasy Chicken Gumbo\n\nChicken and Vegetable Tagine\n\nGarlicky Braised Turkey Breast\n\nChuck Wagon-Style Turkey Chili\n\nFirecracker Turkey Chili\n\nCaribbean Seafood Stew\n\nVegetarian Burritos with Salsa Verde\n\nShrimp Chowder with Dill\n\nVegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\nOnion Soup with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nSomething Sweet\n\nCarrot-Apple Cupcakes with Cream Cheese Frosting\n\nSpice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\nPumpkin Pie Muffins\n\nApricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\nPeach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\nBanana-Walnut Bread\n\nBrown Rice-Banana Pudding\n\nLemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\nPumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nOrange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\nTriple Berry Summer Pudding\n\nFrozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt\n\nRaspberry-Orange Sorbet\n\nWarm Spice-Baked Apples\n\nWhite Wine-Poached Pears\n\nChunky Pink Apple-Raspberry Sauce\n\nRoasted Pears with Balsamic Glaze\n\nMixed Berry Shortcakes\n\nWhole Grain and Fruit Oatmeal Cookies\n\nChocolate-Cherry Brownies\n\n# spend some time\n\n# Beef-Vegetable Soup\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**\u00be pound lean top round steak, trimmed and cut into \u00bd-inch pieces**\n\n**4 carrots, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 celery stalks, sliced**\n\n**3 parsnips, peeled and diced**\n\n**1 large onion, chopped**\n\n**5 cups reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 cups lightly packed baby spinach**\n\n**1\u00bd cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n1. Heat oil in Dutch oven over medium heat. Add beef, in batches, and cook, stirring, until browned, about 4 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer beef to plate.\n\n2. Add carrots, celery, parsnips, and onion to Dutch oven; cook, stirring, until slightly softened, about 5 minutes. Add beef and any accumulated juices, broth, tomatoes, thyme, salt, and pepper; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer until beef is tender, about 20 minutes longer. Stir in baby spinach and rice.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u2153 cups): 255 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 31 mg Chol, 658 mg Sod, 38 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 95 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFinish with a fresh dessert of plain fat-free Greek yogurt topped with sliced strawberries (\u00bd cup of plain fat-free Greek yogurt per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Cuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 (1-pound) lean flank steak, trimmed**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, peeled plus 2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon olive oil**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 jalape\u00f1o pepper, seeded and minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**4 cups hot cooked brown rice**\n\n**Lime wedges**\n\n1. Combine steak, broth, and peeled garlic in medium skillet and bring to boil over high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until steak is very tender, about 1 hour.\n\n2. Remove skillet from heat and let stand 15 minutes. Reserve \u00bd cup of broth; save remaining broth for another use. Discard garlic. Transfer steak to cutting board; with two forks, shred beef.\n\n3. Wipe out skillet. Add oil and set over medium-high heat. Add onion and minced garlic and cook, stirring occasionally, until onion is slightly softened, about 4 minutes. Stir in tomatoes, jalape\u00f1o, oregano, and cumin; cook, stirring, 5 minutes longer. Stir in shredded beef and reserved \u00bd cup broth. Continue to cook until most of liquid is evaporated, about 3 minutes.\n\n4. Remove skillet from heat and stir in cilantro. Serve with rice and lime wedges.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00be cup beef mixture and 1 cup rice): 466 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 82 mg Chol, 824 mg Sod, 55 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 42 g Prot, 85 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFinish this hearty dinner with a quick fruit dessert made with sliced papaya, mango, and orange segments tossed with grated orange zest.\n\nBeef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\n# Beef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 celery root, peeled and cut into \u00be-inch chunks**\n\n**4 carrots, cut into \u00be-inch chunks**\n\n**2 parsnips, peeled and cut into \u00be-inch chunks**\n\n**2 onions, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme or 1\u00bd teaspoons dried**\n\n**1\u00bd pounds lean boneless beef chuck, trimmed and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**6 cups reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, chopped**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) package sliced cremini mushrooms**\n\n**1 cup pearl barley, rinsed**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 450\u00b0F and spray large shallow roasting pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Put celery root, carrots, parsnips, onions, and thyme in pan and spray with nonstick spray; toss to coat. Roast, stirring occasionally, until vegetables are browned and crisp-tender, about 30 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, spray Dutch oven with nonstick spray and place over medium-high heat. Cook beef, in batches, until browned on all sides, about 4 minutes. Transfer beef to plate as it is browned.\n\n4. Return beef to pot. Add 5\u00bd cups of broth, garlic, salt, and pepper; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, for 45 minutes.\n\n5. Stir in mushrooms and barley and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, stirring occasionally, 15 minutes. Stir in roasted vegetables and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until beef is fork-tender and barley is tender, about 15 minutes, adding remaining \u00bd cup broth if stew seems too thick.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 1 cup): 318 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 44 mg Chol, 366 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 22 g Prot, 61 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the stew with steamed Swiss chard and a reduced-calorie whole wheat roll (1 reduced-calorie whole wheat roll per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Citrus-Marinated Roast Pork\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**\u2153 cup fresh lime juice**\n\n**\u00bc cup finely chopped onion**\n\n**6 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**1 teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon red pepper flakes**\n\n**1 (2-pound) lean boneless center-cut pork loin roast, trimmed**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**12 carrots, cut into 2-inch chunks**\n\n1. Combine lime juice, onion, garlic, oil, oregano, cumin, and red pepper flakes in large zip-close plastic bag. Add pork to bag. Squeeze out air and seal bag; turn to coat pork. Refrigerate, turning bag occasionally, for about 3 hours.\n\n2. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F. Place rack in large roasting pan and spray rack with nonstick spray.\n\n3. Remove pork from plastic bag and place on rack. Discard marinade. Sprinkle pork with salt and black pepper. Spray carrots with olive oil nonstick spray and scatter around pork. Roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center of pork registers 145\u00b0F and carrots are tender, about 35 minutes.\n\n4. Transfer pork to cutting board and let stand 10 minutes. Cut pork into 16 slices and serve with carrots.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 slices pork and about \u2154 cup carrots): 252 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 72 mg Chol, 404 mg Sod, 0 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 47 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the pork with a flavorful brown rice side dish. Toss cooked brown rice with thinly sliced scallions, chopped fresh cilantro, and lime zest and juice to taste (\u00bd cup cooked brown rice per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Pork and Bean Adobo Chili\n\nSERVES 5\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 pound boneless pork loin, trimmed and cut into \u00bd-inch pieces**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can fire-roasted diced tomatoes**\n\n**2 teaspoons chopped canned chipotle en adobo**\n\n**2 teaspoons chili powder**\n\n**2 teaspoons ground cumin**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can red kidney beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n1. Heat 1\u00bd teaspoons of oil in large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add pork and cook, stirring occasionally, until browned, about 4 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add remaining 1\u00bd teaspoons oil to saucepan. Add onion, bell peppers, and garlic; cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 5 minutes. Stir in tomatoes, chipotle, chili powder, cumin, and salt; bring to boil. Add beans and pork to saucepan. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until pork is tender, about 10 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bc cups): 292 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 58 mg Chol, 666 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 74 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe a refreshing citrus-dressed salad with this hearty chili. Toss together baby greens, halved grape tomatoes, lime zest and juice, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Apricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary or 1 teaspoon dried**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (1\u00bc-pound) lean boneless center-cut pork loin roast, trimmed**\n\n**2 tablespoons apricot jam**\n\n**2 tablespoons Dijon mustard**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Spray roasting pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together garlic, rosemary, salt, and pepper in small bowl. Rub mixture over pork. Place pork in roasting pan and roast 30 minutes.\n\n3. Stir together jam and mustard in small bowl and brush all over pork. Continue to roast pork until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center registers 145\u00b0F, about 5 minutes longer. Transfer to cutting board and let stand 10 minutes. Cut roast into 12 slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 slices pork): 237 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 79 mg Chol, 696 mg Sod, 8 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 46 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nToss 1 pound of halved baby or fingerling potatoes with minced fresh rosemary, salt, and pepper and lightly spray with nonstick spray. Arrange in the roasting pan with the pork and roast until tender; the per-serving **_PointsPlus_** value will increase by **_2_**.\n\nApricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\n# Baked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and Cheese\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (8-ounce) baking potatoes**\n\n**\u2153 cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 cup diced lean deli ham**\n\n**1 cup shredded fat-free Cheddar cheese**\n\n**Chopped fresh chives**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Line baking sheet with foil.\n\n2. Using fork, prick potatoes in several places. Place on baking sheet and bake until fork-tender, about 50 minutes.\n\n3. Wearing oven mitts, cut off and discard thin lengthwise slice from each potato. Scoop out potato pulp, leaving \u00bc-inch wall. Transfer pulp to medium bowl and mash with sour cream, and pepper. Spoon filling evenly back into potato shells. Top potatoes evenly with ham and Cheddar.\n\n4. Meanwhile, preheat broiler. Return potatoes to baking sheet and broil 5 inches from heat until cheese is melted, about 3 minutes. Sprinkle with chives.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 filled potato): 292 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 26 mg Chol, 732 mg Sod, 47 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 21 g Prot, 297 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the potatoes with a healthy green vegetable such as steamed broccoli, zucchini, or green beans.\n\n# Roasted Leg of Lamb\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon paprika**\n\n**2 teaspoons poultry seasoning**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (2\u00bc-pound) lean boneless leg of lamb, trimmed**\n\n**4 onions, sliced**\n\n**\u00be cup dry white wine or dry vermouth**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Spray roasting pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together garlic, paprika, poultry seasoning, salt, and pepper in small bowl. Add enough water to form thick paste and rub all over lamb.\n\n3. Place lamb in roasting pan and top with onions. Pour wine into pan. Roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into center of lamb registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 1 hour.\n\n4. Transfer lamb to cutting board and let stand 10 minutes. Cut into 24 slices and serve with onions.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 slices lamb and about \u00bd cup onions): 228 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 88 mg Chol, 514 mg Sod, 7 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 31 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nAn instant-read thermometer is a must-have tool for cooking meats and poultry to a safe temperature as well as ensuring that you don't overcook beef, pork, or lamb roasts. It's an inexpensive investment that will make you a better\u2014and safer\u2014cook.\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\n# Stuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons salt**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (2\u00bd-pound) butterflied lean leg of lamb, trimmed**\n\n**1 cup whole wheat couscous**\n\n**\u00bd cup finely chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**\u00bd cup finely chopped red bell pepper**\n\n1. Stir together oil, garlic, rosemary, 1\u00bc teaspoons of salt, and \u00bd teaspoon of pepper in small bowl; rub all over lamb. Place lamb on plate; cover and refrigerate at least 2 hours or up to 8 hours.\n\n2. Meanwhile, prepare couscous according to package directions, omitting fat and salt if desired. Stir in parsley, bell pepper, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt and \u00bc teaspoon black pepper.\n\n3. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F.\n\n4. Place lamb, boned side up, on work surface. Spread couscous mixture evenly over lamb. Starting from long side, roll up lamb to enclose filling. Tie lamb securely at 2-inch intervals with kitchen string.\n\n5. Place rack in roasting pan and spray rack with nonstick spray. Place lamb on rack and roast until an instant-read thermometer inserted into thickest part of lamb registers 145\u00b0F for medium, about 1 hour.\n\n6. Transfer lamb to cutting board and let stand 10 minutes. Remove string and cut lamb into 16 slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 slices stuffed lamb): 272 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 98 mg Chol, 650 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 32 g Prot, 25 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHere's how to roast asparagus to serve along with the lamb: When the lamb is almost done, place 2 pounds fresh asparagus spears in a shallow baking pan. Lightly spray with olive oil nonstick spray, sprinkle with salt and pepper and toss to coat. Roast at 400\u00b0F, tossing once, until the asparagus is crisp-tender, about 15 minutes.\n\n# Cacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**3 pounds bone-in chicken breasts and thighs, skin removed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**2 red bell peppers, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) package sliced cremini mushrooms**\n\n**1 celery stalk, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 carrot, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 red onion, sliced**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons chopped fresh rosemary**\n\n**2 cups fat-free marinara sauce**\n\n1. Sprinkle chicken with salt and black pepper.\n\n2. Heat 2 teaspoons of oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook until browned, about 4 minutes on each side. Transfer chicken to plate and set aside.\n\n3. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil to skillet. Add bell peppers, mushrooms, celery, carrot, onion, garlic, and rosemary; cook, stirring, until vegetables are slightly softened, about 3 minutes.\n\n4. Return chicken to skillet. Add marinara sauce and bring to simmer. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until chicken is cooked through and vegetables are tender, about 20 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece chicken and \u00be cup vegetables with sauce): 296 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 95 mg Chol, 635 mg Sod, 12 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 36 g Prot, 69 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the saucy cacciatore with a slice of crusty bread (a 1-ounce slice of Italian bread will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\nCacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\n# Easy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 small onion, chopped**\n\n**2 (10-ounce) packages frozen leaf spinach, thawed**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**4 (5-ounce) skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**1 cup shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n**4 ounces whole wheat spaghetti**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free marinara sauce, heated**\n\n**2 slices bacon, crisp-cooked and crumbled**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F and spray 8-inch square baking dish with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add onion and cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 5 minutes. Add spinach and pepper to skillet. Cook until most of liquid has evaporated, about 5 minutes longer. Spoon spinach mixture evenly into prepared baking dish.\n\n3. Wipe out skillet. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil to skillet and set over high heat. Place chicken in skillet and cook just until browned, about 2 minutes on each side.\n\n4. Arrange chicken over spinach mixture in one layer; sprinkle evenly with mozzarella and Parmesan. Bake until cheeses are melted and chicken is cooked through, about 20 minutes.\n\n5. Meanwhile, cook spaghetti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain. Toss together spaghetti and marinara sauce. Sprinkle chicken with bacon and serve with spaghetti.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bc of casserole and \u00bd cup pasta): 432 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 97 mg Chol, 870 mg Sod, 35 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 51 g Prot, 473 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nSkinless boneless chicken breasts are a universal favorite for easy-to-make dinners. If you use them often, save time and money by buying in bulk when they're on sale. Then, portion them into zip-close bags in the quantity you prepare for most recipes (usually 4), and freeze up to 6 months.\n\n# Best-Ever Country Captain\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**1 large onion, chopped**\n\n**1 Granny Smith apple, peeled, cored, and diced**\n\n**1 green bell pepper, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced garlic**\n\n**1 tablespoon minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**1 tablespoon Madras curry powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00bc cup dark raisins**\n\n**1 tablespoon sliced or slivered almonds, toasted**\n\n1. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in Dutch oven or large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook, turning occasionally, until browned, about 6 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil to Dutch oven and reduce heat to medium. Add onion, apple, bell pepper, garlic, and ginger; cook, stirring, until vegetables are softened, about 5 minutes. Stir in curry powder, cinnamon, and salt; cook, stirring, 1 minute longer.\n\n3. Return chicken to Dutch oven along with tomatoes, broth, and raisins; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until chicken is cooked through, about 15 minutes. Serve sprinkled with almonds.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bd cups): 309 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 86 mg Chol, 516 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 35 g Prot, 90 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nToasting almonds enhances their flavor and crisps their texture. To toast sliced or slivered almonds in a hurry, place them in a small heavy skillet over medium heat. Toast, shaking the pan frequently, until the nuts are lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Transfer to a plate to cool.\n\nChicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\n# Chicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (5-ounce) skinless boneless chicken breasts**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**\u00bc pound mixed mushrooms, halved**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 carrot, chopped**\n\n**1 celery stalk, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon herbes de Provence**\n\n**1 tablespoon all-purpose flour**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**\u00be cup dry white wine**\n\n**8 ounces whole wheat fettuccine**\n\n**Chopped fresh parsley**\n\n1. Sprinkle chicken with salt and pepper. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook, turning occasionally, until browned, about 4 minutes. Transfer chicken to plate.\n\n2. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil and mushrooms to skillet. Cook, stirring frequently, until mushrooms are browned, about 5 minutes. Stir in onion, carrot, celery, garlic, and herbes de Provence. Cook just until onion is softened, about 3 minutes, then sprinkle with flour. Cook, stirring constantly, 1 minute longer. Stir in broth and wine and bring to boil.\n\n3. Return chicken and any accumulated juices to skillet. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until sauce is thickened and chicken is cooked through, about 10 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, cook fettuccine according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain.\n\n5. Divide fettuccine among 4 plates; top with chicken and sauce. Sprinkle with parsley.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chicken breast, \u2154 cup sauce and vegetables, and 1 cup pasta): 466 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 528 mg Sod, 51 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 42 g Prot, 67 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_12._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nHerbes de Provence is a blend of dried rosemary, marjoram, thyme, and savory that adds the unique flavor of Southern France to a dish. If you don't have it, you can substitute dried thyme in this dish and it will still be delicious.\n\n# Chicken and Vegetable Ragu with Herbed Dumplings\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon plus \u00bd cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**2 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 (5-ounce) red potatoes, scrubbed and diced**\n\n**\u00bc cup whole wheat flour**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons baking powder**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free milk**\n\n**2 teaspoons unsalted butter, melted**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh chives**\n\n**1\u00bd cups frozen mixed peas and carrots, thawed**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n1. Spray Dutch oven with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add chicken and sprinkle with \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until chicken is lightly browned, about 6 minutes. Add onion and cook until softened, about 4 minutes longer.\n\n2. Stir in 1 tablespoon of flour and cook, stirring constantly, 1 minute. Stir in broth and potatoes and bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until potatoes are tender, about 15 minutes.\n\n3. Meanwhile, to make dumpling dough, whisk together remaining \u00bd cup all-purpose flour, whole wheat flour, baking powder, and remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt in medium bowl. Add milk, butter, parsley, and chives; stir just until soft dough forms. Set dumpling dough aside.\n\n4. Stir peas and carrots and thyme into Dutch oven and simmer 2 minutes. Drop 8 rounded tablespoonfuls of dumpling dough onto surface of simmering stew. Cover and simmer 8 minutes. Uncover and simmer until dumplings are doubled in size and cooked through, about 3 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup stew and 2 dumplings): 390 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 74 mg Chol, 920 mg Sod, 47 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 35 g Prot, 211 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_10._**\n\n# Chicken and Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 (5-ounce) skinless bone-in chicken thighs**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**2 red bell peppers, chopped**\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 cup brown rice**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 cup water**\n\n**1 cup frozen artichoke hearts, thawed and coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon capers, drained**\n\n1. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Sprinkle chicken with oregano, \u00bc teaspoon of salt, and black pepper. Add chicken to skillet and cook until browned, about 3 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil to skillet. Add bell peppers, onion, and garlic; cook, stirring frequently, until vegetables begin to soften, about 4 minutes. Add rice and cook, stirring, 1 minute longer. Return chicken to skillet. Add tomatoes, water, and remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer, covered, until rice is tender, liquid is absorbed, and chicken is cooked through, about 40 minutes longer.\n\n3. Uncover pan and scatter artichokes and capers over rice. Cook, covered, just until artichokes are heated through, about 3 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chicken thigh and 1\u2153 cups rice mixture): 422 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 57 mg Chol, 602 mg Sod, 56 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 106 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nA peppery watercress salad is the perfect partner for this one-pan meal. Toss together watercress sprigs, plum tomato wedges, balsamic vinegar, and salt and pepper to taste.\n\n# Spaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**8 ounces whole wheat spaghetti**\n\n**1 pound ground skinless turkey breast**\n\n**1 large egg white**\n\n**1 tablespoon cornmeal**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**3 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 garlic cloves**\n\n**8 plum tomatoes, chopped**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried basil**\n\n**Pinch red pepper flakes**\n\n1. Cook spaghetti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Drain and keep warm.\n\n2. Meanwhile, mix together turkey, egg white, cornmeal, oregano, and \u00bc teaspoon of salt in large bowl. With damp hands, shape mixture into 24 meatballs.\n\n3. Heat 2 teaspoons of oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Cook meatballs, in batches, turning often, until browned, about 4 minutes. Transfer to plate.\n\n4. To make sauce, wipe out skillet and set over medium heat. Add remaining 1 teaspoon oil and garlic. Cook, stirring, until garlic is fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add tomatoes, basil, remaining \u00bc teaspoon salt, and red pepper flakes; cook, stirring frequently, until tomatoes are softened, about 5 minutes. Return meatballs to skillet and simmer, covered, until cooked through, about 5 minutes longer.\n\n5. Divide pasta evenly among 4 large bowls and top evenly with meatballs and sauce.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cup spaghetti, 6 meatballs, and 1 cup sauce): 392 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 574 mg Sod, 51 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 60 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_10._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nYou can serve the pasta sprinkled with freshly grated Parmesan cheese (1 tablespoon grated Parmesan cheese per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_1_** ). If served with Parmesan, this recipe does not work with Simple Start or with the Simply Filling technique.\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\n# time well spent\n\nUse these kitchen tricks when you have some extra time on the weekends. They take a little effort, but will pay off with big rewards when you're in a weeknight time crunch.\n\n**FREEZE YOUR FAVORITE BREAKFAST.** Premade muffins, pancakes, and waffles make breakfast a breeze with just a zap in the microwave.\n\n**PREP AND FREEZE FRUITS FOR SMOOTHIES.** If fruits like mangos, peaches, and berries are prepped and frozen ahead of time, it makes your morning smoothie fuss-free. You're more likely to make nutritious fruit a part of your day if it's easy to do.\n\n**DOUBLE UP.** Always make two batches of soups, chilis, casseroles, or other dishes that freeze well for instant meals later on. No more starting dinner from scratch on a rushed weeknight. It feels good to come home to something made earlier.\n\n**OR, COOK ONCE FOR THE WEEK.** Invest some time on the weekend to prepare foods for the entire week. Make a casserole or a stew to reheat for an effortless dinner. Whip up a pesto sauce, marinara sauce, or salad dressing that you can use in several dishes throughout the week. If your weekday schedule is jam-packed, this may be the perfect solution to make sure you have healthy meals.\n\n**PREP AHEAD.** Chop onions and other vegetables for the week and store them in sealed containers in the refrigerator. Wash three days' worth of lettuce and greens, dry them, and store refrigerated in plastic bags. If you come home feeling too tired to cook, remind yourself that most of the work is already done.\n\n**COOK EXTRA WHOLE GRAINS.** With cooked barley, farro, or wheat berries on hand, it's easy to add them to pancake batter, soups, or meat loaves to boost flavor and fiber. And, they all make delicious side dishes on their own when seasoned with salt, pepper, and a fresh grating of lemon zest. Store them in clear containers in the refrigerator so you can see exactly what you have on hand at a glance.\n\n**MAKE A MENU AND SHOPPING LIST.** Mapping out a weekly menu and shopping list will save trips to the supermarket, save time spent shopping, and take away the stress of what to cook for dinner every night.\n\n**MAINTAIN A QUICK-MEAL PANTRY.** When you shop each week, check for long-lasting pantry staples that are on sale and stock up. Keep your shelves replenished with canned beans, tomatoes, tomato sauce, and broths; dried pasta; and grains such as rice, quinoa, and bulgur. Always have oils and vinegars, soy sauce, and bouillon cubes on hand. Buy red onions, celery, carrots, garlic, and a few fresh herbs such as basil and flat-leaf parsley each week. With these mealtime building blocks, you can make a healthy dinner in minutes.\n\n**MASTER A FEW NO-BRAINER DISHES.** When you've got to make dinner fast, but don't have the time or energy for anything that requires a recipe, learn to make quesadillas, frittatas, grilled sandwiches, and pasta with sauce. With a well-stocked pantry, you can alter the ingredients in these dishes based on what you have on hand\u2014no recipe required!\n\n**LABEL LEFTOVERS.** Store leftovers in plastic or glass containers and label them with what is inside (if you don't have clear containers) and the date. You'll save time looking through containers to find what you're looking for.\n\n# Rosemary Chicken Thighs with Roast Potatoes\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) skinless boneless chicken thighs**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons dried rosemary**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**6 small new potatoes, scrubbed and quartered**\n\n1. Combine chicken, 1 teaspoon of oil, garlic, lemon zest and juice, rosemary, thyme, and \u00bd teaspoon of salt in large zip-close plastic bag. Squeeze out air and seal bag; turn to coat chicken. Refrigerate, turning bag occasionally, at least 30 minutes or up to overnight.\n\n2. Toss together potatoes and remaining 1 teaspoon oil and \u00bc teaspoon salt in medium bowl. Spray rimmed baking sheet with nonstick spray and spread potatoes on baking sheet. Place potatoes in oven and turn oven on to 425\u00b0F. When temperature reaches 425\u00b0F, remove potatoes from oven. Toss potatoes, then push them to one side of pan.\n\n3. Remove chicken from marinade and place on baking sheet alongside potatoes. Discard marinade. Roast until chicken is cooked through and potatoes are tender and browned, about 20 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 piece chicken and \u00bd cup potatoes): 273 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 71 mg Chol, 512 mg Sod, 16 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 25 g Prot, 57 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThis herbal lemon marinade is also great to use for pork chops or pork tenderloin.\n\n# Lentil and Sausage Soup\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 carrots, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 onion, diced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bc pound turkey kielbasa, thinly sliced**\n\n**1\u00bc cups brown lentils, picked over and rinsed**\n\n**5 cups water**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Heat oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add carrots, onion, and garlic; cook, stirring frequently, until softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Add kielbasa, lentils, and water; bring to boil. Reduce heat and simmer until lentils are tender, about 30 minutes.\n\n3. Stir in tomatoes, salt, and pepper. Simmer until heated through, about 5 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups): 296 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 15 mg Chol, 760 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 21 g Prot, 95 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTurkey kielbasa is a great ingredient for the shortcut cook to keep on hand. As you'll see in this recipe, just a small amount is so flavorful that you don't need to add other herbs or spices to a dish to make it satisfying and delicious.\n\nLentil and Sausage Soup\n\nProven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\n# Proven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 eggplant (1 pound), cut into \u00be-inch cubes**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 (28-ounce) can fire-roasted diced tomatoes, drained**\n\n**3 tablespoons tomato paste**\n\n**2 red bell peppers, cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**1 large zucchini, cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**1 large onion, coarsely chopped**\n\n**2 large garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh parsley**\n\n**2\u00bd cups rinsed and drained canned chickpeas**\n\n**\u00bc cup grated Parmesan cheese**\n\n1. Stir together eggplant and oil in large microwavable bowl. Cover bowl with wax paper. Microwave on High until eggplant is softened, about 4 minutes.\n\n2. Add all remaining ingredients except chickpeas and Parmesan to eggplant and stir to combine. Cover bowl with wax paper. Microwave on High until vegetables are softened, about 15 minutes, stirring every 5 minutes. Stir in chickpeas and let stand about 5 minutes. Serve warm or at room temperature sprinkled with Parmesan.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u00bd cups): 119 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 405 mg Sod, 18 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 55 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_3._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIntensely flavored ingredients like fire-roasted tomatoes add fantastic taste to a dish with little effort. These tomatoes are cooked over an open flame, which concentrates their flavor and adds a touch of smokiness.\n\n# Baked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nSERVES 5\n\n**2 cups (about 6 ounces) whole wheat ziti or penne**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 yellow summer squash, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 small zucchini, thinly sliced**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 cups fat-free marinara sauce**\n\n**2 cups fat-free ricotta cheese**\n\n**1 cup shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese**\n\n1. Cook ziti according to package directions, omitting salt if desired; drain.\n\n2. Preheat oven to 375\u00b0F. Spray 8-inch square baking dish with nonstick spray.\n\n3. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add squash, zucchini, and garlic; cook, stirring, until softened, about 6 minutes. Stir in cooked ziti and marinara sauce.\n\n4. Transfer mixture to prepared baking dish and top evenly with ricotta and mozzarella. Bake until heated through and bubbling, about 20 minutes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (generous 1\u00bd cups): 370 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 13 mg Chol, 956 mg Sod, 55 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 26 g Prot, 409 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo add even more flavor to this dish with just a couple minutes effort, stir a handful of chopped fresh basil into the pasta before baking.\n\n# slow cookers save time\n\n# Bountiful Beef Stew\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 pound lean boneless beef bottom round, trimmed and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**3 onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1\u00bc pounds baby red potatoes, halved**\n\n**1\u00bd cups baby carrots**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**2 teaspoons finely chopped fresh tarragon**\n\n**\u2153 cup water**\n\n**2 tablespoons all-purpose flour**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add beef and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Cook, turning frequently, until browned, about 4 minutes. Transfer beef to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker.\n\n2. Add onions to skillet; cook, stirring occasionally, until softened and browned, about 8 minutes. Transfer onions to slow cooker and stir in potatoes, carrots, broth, and tarragon. Push potatoes down into liquid. Cover and cook until beef and vegetables are fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n3. About 20 minutes before cooking time is up, whisk together water and flour in small bowl until smooth. Whisk in \u00bc cup of stew liquid until blended; stir flour mixture into stew. Cover and cook on high until mixture simmers and thickens, about 15 minutes longer.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups): 403 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 84 mg Chol, 454 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 40 g Prot, 74 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_10._**\n\nBeef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\n# Beef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1\u00bd cups reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**1 teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**1 (1-pound) lean flank steak, trimmed**\n\n**\u00be cup chunky tomato salsa plus additional for serving (optional)**\n\n**\u00bd cup rinsed and drained canned black beans**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n**2 tablespoons canned chopped mild green chiles, drained**\n\n**12 (6-inch) flour tortillas, warmed**\n\n**\u00bc cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n1. Whisk together broth and chili powder in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add steak. Cover and cook until steak is fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n2. Transfer steak to cutting board; discard all but \u00bc cup of cooking liquid. Using two forks, finely shred beef. Return beef to slow cooker and stir in reserved cooking liquid, \u00be cup of salsa, beans, cilantro, and chiles. Cook on high until heated through, about 5 minutes.\n\n3. Top each tortilla evenly with beef mixture and sour cream. Fold tortillas in half and serve with additional salsa on side, if using.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 tacos without salsa): 274 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 56 mg Chol, 373 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 78 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nThis dish requires just a few minutes prep before going into the slow cooker, making it perfect for rushed mornings when you want to get something cooking for dinner before you leave for work.\n\n# Beef Stew Proven\u00e7al\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 pound lean boneless beef bottom round, trimmed and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**4 leeks, cleaned and sliced, white and light green parts only**\n\n**1 fennel bulb, diced (fronds reserved)**\n\n**6 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (28-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 cup dry red wine**\n\n**2 teaspoons herbes de Provence or Italian seasoning**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1\u00bd pounds white mushrooms, halved**\n\n**\u00bd cup pitted black olives**\n\n**Grated zest of \u00bd orange**\n\n1. Stir together beef, leeks, diced fennel bulb, garlic, tomatoes, wine, herbes de Provence, and salt in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Cover and cook until beef is fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n2. About 20 minutes before cooking time is up, heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add mushrooms and cook, stirring, until browned and liquid is evaporated, about 5 minutes.\n\n3. Stir mushrooms and olives into slow cooker. Cover and cook on high until mushrooms are very tender, about 10 minutes longer.\n\n4. Meanwhile, chop enough of reserved fennel fronds to equal 3 tablespoons. Combine fennel fronds and orange zest in small bowl.\n\n5. Ladle stew evenly into 6 serving bowls; sprinkle evenly with fennel frond mixture.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 262 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 56 mg Chol, 642 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 127 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# Beef, Beet, and Cabbage Soup\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**1 pound lean boneless beef bottom round, trimmed and cut into \u00be-inch pieces**\n\n**2 onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**8 cups reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**4 beets, trimmed, peeled, and diced**\n\n**3 carrots, sliced**\n\n**1 cup thinly sliced green cabbage**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 bay leaf**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat Add beef, in batches, and cook, stirring, until browned, about 8 minutes. Transfer beef to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker.\n\n2. Add onions to skillet and cook, stirring, until softened, about 5 minutes. Add onions to slow cooker. Add broth, beets, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes, salt, pepper, and bay leaf to slow cooker; stir to combine. Cover and cook until beef and vegetables are fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n3. Remove and discard bay leaf. Ladle soup evenly into 8 bowls.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 1\u2153 cups): 197 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 29 mg Chol, 474 mg Sod, 14 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 53 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTo complete the meal, serve the soup with a 1\u00bd-ounce light roll, and finish with fresh strawberries for dessert (a 1\u00bd-ounce light roll per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_2_** ).\n\n# Low-and-Slow Sloppy Joes\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 pound ground lean beef (7% fat or less)**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 small onion, chopped**\n\n**1 celery stalk, chopped**\n\n**3 tablespoons packed dark brown sugar**\n\n**2 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons ground cumin**\n\n**1 teaspoon chili powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**6 whole wheat sandwich rolls, split**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add beef and cook, breaking it apart with wooden spoon, until browned, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Transfer beef to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Stir in tomatoes, onion, celery, brown sugar, Worcestershire sauce, cumin, chili powder, and salt. Cover and cook until sauce is slightly thickened, 3\u20134 hours on high or 6\u20138 hours on low.\n\n3. Spoon \u00bd cup of beef mixture into each roll.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 sandwich): 239 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 43 mg Chol, 526 mg Sod, 26 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 20 g Prot, 83 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nTop the sandwiches with thinly sliced cabbage, and serve kosher dill pickles on the side.\n\n# Lamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**3 red onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 (24-ounce) package frozen stew vegetables, thawed**\n\n**1 pound lean boneless leg of lamb, trimmed and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**2 cups reduced-sodium vegetable broth**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onions and cook, stirring, until softened, about 8 minutes.\n\n2. Transfer onions to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker and stir in stew vegetables, lamb, broth, thyme, salt, and pepper. Cover and cook until lamb and vegetables are fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 cups): 340 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 78 mg Chol, 534 mg Sod, 32 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 30 g Prot, 82 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe this saucy stew over creamy polenta (\u00bd cup of cooked polenta per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\n# Pork Marrakesh\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**4 (\u00bc-pound) boneless pork rib or loin chops, trimmed**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**3 small red onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**12 dried apricot halves, sliced**\n\n**\u00be cup unsweetened apple juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons minced peeled fresh ginger**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**1 (3-inch) cinnamon stick**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Heat 1 teaspoon of oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Sprinkle pork chops with \u00bc teaspoon of salt and pepper. Add chops to skillet and cook until browned, about 2 minutes on each side. Transfer to plate.\n\n2. Reduce heat to medium and add remaining 1 teaspoon oil. Add onions and remaining \u00bd teaspoon salt and cook, stirring, until onions are golden, about 10 minutes.\n\n3. Place half of apricots and half of onions in bottom of 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Top with pork chops and remaining onions and apricots. Add apple juice, ginger, thyme, and cinnamon stick. Cover and cook until pork is fork-tender, 3\u20134 hours on high or 6\u20138 hours on low. Remove cinnamon stick and serve pork sprinkled with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 pork chop and \u00bd cup onion mixture): 281 Cal, 11 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 73 mg Chol, 492 mg Sod, 18 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 32 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe the chops with whole wheat couscous (\u00bd cup cooked whole wheat couscous per serving will increase the **_PointsPlus_** value by **_3_** ).\n\nPork Marrakesh\n\n# Chicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons olive oil**\n\n**2 large onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 teaspoon garam masala or curry powder**\n\n**1\u00bd cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 pound skinless boneless chicken breasts, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**3 small sweet potatoes, peeled, halved lengthwise, and cut into \u00bd-inch slices**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc\u2013\u00bd teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**1 cup brown rice, preferably basmati**\n\n**1 (16-ounce) bag frozen broccoli, cauliflower, and carrots, thawed**\n\n1. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onions and cook, stirring, until softened, about 6 minutes. Remove skillet from heat and stir in garam masala.\n\n2. Transfer onions to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add broth, chicken, sweet potatoes, salt, and cayenne to slow cooker; stir to combine. Cover and cook until chicken and potatoes are fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n3. Meanwhile, cook rice according to package directions, omitting salt if desired.\n\n4. About 20 minutes before cooking time is up, add thawed vegetables to slow cooker. Cover and cook on high until vegetables are crisp-tender, about 20 minutes longer.\n\n5. Divide rice among 4 bowls and top evenly with curry.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00be cups curry and \u00bd cup rice): 353 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 55 mg Chol, 690 mg Sod, 47 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 27 g Prot, 80 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFinish this Indian-inspired meal with fresh slices of mango tossed with fresh lime juice and grated lime zest.\n\n# Braised Chicken in Riesling\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**6 skinless chicken thighs, trimmed**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1\u00bd cups finely shredded green cabbage**\n\n**1 onion, thinly sliced**\n\n**1 cup baby carrots**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, peeled**\n\n**\u00be cup Riesling or other white wine**\n\n**\u00be cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 tablespoons tomato paste**\n\n**\u2153 cup water**\n\n**2 tablespoons all-purpose flour**\n\n1. Sprinkle chicken with salt and pepper.\n\n2. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken and cook, turning, until browned, about 8 minutes. Transfer chicken to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker.\n\n3. Add cabbage and onion to skillet. Reduce heat to medium and cook, stirring, until onion is softened, about 5 minutes. Transfer to slow cooker and top with carrots and garlic.\n\n4. Whisk together wine, broth, and tomato paste in bowl, then pour over chicken. Cover and cook until chicken and carrots are fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low. Using slotted spoon, transfer chicken to deep platter. Keep warm.\n\n5. Whisk together water and flour in small bowl until smooth. Whisk in about \u00bc cup of hot stew liquid until blended, then stir flour mixture into slow cooker. Cover and cook on high until mixture simmers and thickens, about 15 minutes. Spoon sauce over chicken.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 chicken thigh and \u00bd cup vegetables with sauce): 177 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 43 mg Chol, 367 mg Sod, 9 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 44 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you prefer not to use wine for this recipe, you can substitute an equal amount of reduced-sodium chicken broth.\n\nEasy Chicken Gumbo\n\n# Easy Chicken Gumbo\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**2 onions, thinly sliced**\n\n**4 skinless boneless chicken thighs, trimmed and cut into \u00bd-inch slices**\n\n**3 cups thawed frozen or fresh okra**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes**\n\n**5 celery stalks with leaves, sliced**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, peeled**\n\n**1\u00bd cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**1 teaspoon dried thyme**\n\n**\u00bc\u2013\u00bd teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**2 teaspoons gumbo fil\u00e9 powder**\n\n**2 cups hot cooked brown or white rice**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add onions and cook, stirring, until softened, about 6 minutes.\n\n2. Transfer onions to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker and stir in chicken, okra, tomatoes, celery, and garlic.\n\n3. Whisk together broth, thyme, and cayenne in large glass measure and add to slow cooker. Cover and cook until chicken is fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low. Discard garlic. Turn off slow cooker and stir in fil\u00e9 powder. Cover and let stand 10 minutes.\n\n4. Divide rice evenly among 4 bowls and top evenly with gumbo.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u00bd cups): 343 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 43 mg Chol, 749 mg Sod, 43 g Total Carb, 7 g Fib, 23 g Prot, 243 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFil\u00e9 powder, used to thicken gumbo and other Creole dishes in New Orleans, is made from ground dried leaves of the sassafras tree. It is always stirred into dish after it is removed from the heat, otherwise it becomes stringy.\n\n# Chicken and Vegetable Tagine\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**3 zucchini, halved lengthwise and cut into \u00bd-inch slices**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can chickpeas, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can diced tomatoes**\n\n**1 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**1 (3-inch) cinnamon stick**\n\n**2 teaspoons ground ginger**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**6 skinless bone-in chicken thighs, trimmed**\n\n**1 (12-ounce) package whole wheat couscous**\n\n1. Combine zucchini, chickpeas, tomatoes, broth, garlic, cinnamon stick, ginger, salt, and cayenne in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add chicken and press it down into liquid. Cover and cook until chicken is fork-tender, 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n2. About 8 minutes before serving, cook couscous according to package directions, omitting fat and salt if desired.\n\n3. Divide couscous evenly among 6 plates and top evenly with chicken. Discard cinnamon stick. Using slotted spoon, spoon vegetable mixture evenly over chicken. Discard liquid.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00be cup couscous, 1 chicken thigh, and generous \u00be cup vegetables): 431 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 43 mg Chol, 309 mg Sod, 64 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 29 g Prot, 119 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_11._**\n\n# Garlicky Braised Turkey Breast\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**2 tablespoons unsalted butter, softened**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**2 teaspoons poultry seasoning**\n\n**1 teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**1 (6-pound) whole bone-in turkey breast**\n\n**2 onions, sliced**\n\n**\u00bc cup reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**2 tablespoons cornstarch**\n\n1. Mash together butter, garlic, poultry seasoning, salt, and pepper in small bowl. With your fingertips, gently loosen skin from breast meat. Rub butter mixture all over meat under skin.\n\n2. Stir together onions, broth, and cornstarch in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Place turkey on top of onion mixture. Cover and cook until turkey is fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n3. Transfer turkey to platter and carve breast into 36 slices. Serve with broth and onions. Remove turkey skin before eating.\n\n**PER SERVING** (3 slices turkey and \u00bc cup broth with onions): 215 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 123 mg Chol, 281 mg Sod, 2 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 43 g Prot, 23 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nIf you want to save time on cooking during the week, this is a perfect recipe to make on the weekend. You can reheat the leftovers, or make salads and sandwiches using the leftover turkey.\n\n# Chuck Wagon-Style Turkey Chili\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**1 pound ground skinless turkey breast**\n\n**1 large onion, chopped**\n\n**1 large red bell pepper, diced**\n\n**1 large green bell pepper, diced**\n\n**2 carrots, diced**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, finely chopped**\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can pinto beans, undrained**\n\n**\u00be cup hickory-flavored barbecue sauce**\n\n**\u2153 cup tomato paste**\n\n**\u2153 cup water**\n\n**2\u20133 tablespoons chili powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cumin**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon dried oregano**\n\n**3 scallions, thinly sliced**\n\n1. Spray large skillet with nonstick spray and set over medium-high heat. Add turkey and cook, breaking it up with wooden spoon, until no longer pink, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Transfer turkey and any juices to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add all remaining ingredients except scallions and stir well. Cover and cook until vegetables are softened, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low, stirring in little additional water if chili seems dry.\n\n3. Spoon chili evenly into 4 bowls and sprinkle with scallions.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u2154 cups): 386 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 75 mg Chol, 897 mg Sod, 57 g Total Carb, 13 g Fib, 37 g Prot, 132 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_9._**\n\n# Firecracker Turkey Chili\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**1 pound hot Italian-style turkey sausage links, cut into \u00be-inch slices**\n\n**2 onions, coarsely chopped**\n\n**2 tablespoons chili powder**\n\n**1 tablespoon ground coriander**\n\n**3 (14\u00bd-ounce) cans diced tomatoes with green chiles**\n\n**2 (15\u00bd-ounce) cans red kidney beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**Chopped fresh cilantro**\n\n1. Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add sausage and cook, stirring, until browned, about 5 minutes. Transfer sausage to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker.\n\n2. Add onions to skillet and cook, stirring, until they begin to soften, about 5 minutes. Remove skillet from heat and stir in chili powder and coriander.\n\n3. Transfer onion mixture to slow cooker and stir in tomatoes and beans. Cover and cook 4\u20136 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n4. Ladle chili evenly into 6 bowls and sprinkle with cilantro.\n\n**PER SERVING** (scant 2 cups): 198 Cal, 9 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 34 mg Chol, 844 mg Sod, 17 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 13 g Prot, 63 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThis chili is great for no-fuss entertaining or for when you want to have leftovers for effortless meals later in the week.\n\n# Caribbean Seafood Stew\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 onion, chopped**\n\n**3 large Yukon Gold potatoes, peeled and cut into 1-inch chunks**\n\n**3 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**3 (14\u00bd-ounce) cans diced tomatoes with green chiles**\n\n**1 red bell pepper, coarsely chopped**\n\n**1 (8-ounce) bottle clam juice**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc\u2013\u00bd teaspoon cayenne pepper**\n\n**1 pound halibut or cod fillets, cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**\u00bd pound medium shrimp, peeled and deveined, tails left on, if desired**\n\n**2 dozen littleneck clams, scrubbed**\n\n**\u00bc cup shredded sweetened coconut, toasted**\n\n**Grated zest of 1 lime**\n\n1. Combine onion, potatoes, garlic, tomatoes, bell pepper, and clam juice in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Stir in salt and cayenne. Cover and cook until potatoes are fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n2. Add halibut and shrimp to slow cooker. Cover and cook 10 minutes. Add clams. Cover and cook until halibut and shrimp are just opaque throughout and clams open. Discard any clams that do not open.\n\n3. Turn off slow cooker and let stew stand 5 minutes before serving. Ladle stew evenly into 6 soup bowls and sprinkle with coconut and lime zest.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 313 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 89 mg Chol, 636 mg Sod, 45 g Total Carb, 6 g Fib, 28 g Prot, 125 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_8._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nAny firm white fish fillets will work well in this stew. Tilapia and catfish are widely available and inexpensive options.\n\nCaribbean Seafood Stew\n\n# Vegetarian Burritos with Salsa Verde\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can fire-roasted diced tomatoes**\n\n**2 (15\u00bd-ounce) cans black beans, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (8\u00be-ounce) can corn kernels, drained**\n\n**3 tablespoons taco seasoning or Mexican seasoning**\n\n**2 cups lightly packed sliced Swiss chard**\n\n**8 (7-inch) whole wheat tortillas, warmed**\n\n**1 cup reduced-fat pepper Jack cheese**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free sour cream**\n\n**\u00bd cup salsa verde**\n\n1. Drain tomatoes and reserve all but \u00bd cup of liquid. Put tomatoes and reserved liquid in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add beans, corn, and taco seasoning. Cover and cook until flavors are blended, 3\u20134 hours on high or 6\u20138 hours on low.\n\n2. About 20 minutes before cooking time is up, stir in Swiss chard. Coarsely mash bean mixture with potato masher or wooden spoon.\n\n3. Spoon \u00bd cup of bean mixture onto each tortilla. Top evenly with pepper Jack, sour cream, and salsa verde. Roll up tortillas to enclose filling.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 burrito): 271 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 11 mg Chol, 948 mg Sod, 45 g Total Carb, 12 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 210 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Shrimp Chowder with Dill\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 pound medium shrimp, peeled and deveined, shells reserved**\n\n**2 teaspoons canola oil**\n\n**1 large onion, chopped**\n\n**1 tablespoon all-purpose flour**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can no-salt-added diced tomatoes**\n\n**4 small Yukon Gold potatoes, peeled and diced**\n\n**2 celery stalks with leaves, chopped**\n\n**4 cups reduced-sodium chicken broth**\n\n**4 cups water**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**3 slices turkey bacon, crisp-cooked and crumbled**\n\n**2 tablespoons chopped fresh dill**\n\n1. Put shrimp shells on square of cheesecloth. Gather ends of cloth and tie them together with length of kitchen twine. Refrigerate shrimp and set shells aside.\n\n2. Heat oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add onion and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 6 minutes. Sprinkle flour over onion and cook, stirring constantly, 2 minutes longer.\n\n3. Transfer onion to 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Add package of shrimp shells, tomatoes, potatoes, celery, broth, water, and pepper. Cover and cook until vegetables are fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n4. About 20 minutes before cooking time is up, remove and discard shrimp shell package and stir in shrimp. Cover and cook on high until shrimp are just opaque in center, about 15 minutes. Stir in half-and-half and cook 5 minutes longer.\n\n5. Ladle chowder evenly into 6 bowls; sprinkle evenly with turkey bacon and dill.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 217 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 85 mg Chol, 928 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 3 g Fib, 16 g Prot, 106 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nVegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\n# Vegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 (15\u00bd-ounce) can chickpeas, rinsed and drained**\n\n**1 (14\u00bd-ounce) can petite diced tomatoes**\n\n**2 carrots, diced**\n\n**2 onions, diced**\n\n**2 small zucchini, halved lengthwise and sliced**\n\n**1 small yellow squash, halved lengthwise and sliced**\n\n**2 celery stalks with leaves, sliced**\n\n**\u00bd pound green beans, trimmed and cut into 1-inch pieces**\n\n**2 garlic cloves, minced**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**7 cups water**\n\n**1\u00bd cups whole wheat rigatoni or other short pasta**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped fresh basil or parsley**\n\n1. Combine all ingredients except rigatoni and basil in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Cover and cook until vegetables are fork-tender, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n2. About 30 minutes before cooking time is up, cook rigatoni according to package directions, omitting salt if desired. Stir pasta and basil into soup.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about 2 cups): 247 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 408 mg Sod, 50 g Total Carb, 9 g Fib, 12 g Prot, 111 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nCarry out the Italian theme with a fresh green salad to serve with the soup. Toss together romaine lettuce, halved cherry tomatoes, thinly sliced zucchini, red-wine vinegar, and dried oregano, salt, and pepper to taste. Top each salad with 1 tablespoon shredded fat-free mozzarella cheese.\n\n# Onion Soup with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**1 tablespoon olive oil**\n\n**6 large onions (about 3 pounds), sliced**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 tablespoon all-purpose flour**\n\n**8 cups reduced-sodium beef broth**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon black pepper**\n\n**\u00bd cup light cream cheese (Neufch\u00e2tel)**\n\n**6 (\u00bd-inch) slices French or Italian whole wheat bread, toasted**\n\n**1 teaspoon chopped fresh thyme**\n\n1. Heat oil in large Dutch oven over medium heat. Add onions and salt and cook, stirring occasionally, until deep golden brown and very soft, about 35 minutes. Sprinkle flour over onions and cook, stirring constantly, until flour is lightly browned, about 2 minutes longer.\n\n2. Combine onions, broth, and \u00bc teaspoon of pepper in 5- or 6-quart slow cooker. Cover and cook until flavors are blended, 4\u20135 hours on high or 8\u201310 hours on low.\n\n3. Spread cream cheese evenly over slices of toast. Sprinkle evenly with thyme and remaining \u00bc teaspoon pepper.\n\n4. Ladle soup evenly into 6 bowls and float slice of toast in each bowl.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1\u2154 cups soup and 1 cheese toast): 258 Cal, 10 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 15 mg Chol, 652 mg Sod, 31 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 14 g Prot, 94 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\n# something sweet\n\n# Carrot-Apple Cupcakes with Cream Cheese Frosting\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**1\u00bc cups all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u2154 cup granulated sugar**\n\n**2 carrots, shredded**\n\n**1 apple, peeled, cored, and shredded**\n\n**\u2153 cup golden raisins**\n\n**\u00bc cup sweetened flaked coconut**\n\n**1 teaspoon grated orange zest**\n\n**1 teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**1 teaspoon baking soda**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 large eggs, lightly beaten**\n\n**\u00bc cup canola oil**\n\n**6 ounces fat-free cream cheese, at room temperature**\n\n**\u00bc cup confectioners' sugar, sifted**\n\n**1 tablespoon milk**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 12-cup muffin pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Stir together flour, granulated sugar, carrots, apple, raisins, coconut, orange zest, cinnamon, baking soda, and salt in large bowl. Beat eggs and oil together in another bowl. Stir egg mixture into flour mixture just until combined. Spoon batter evenly into muffin cups and bake until toothpick inserted into center of each cupcake comes out clean, 20\u201325 minutes. Cool in pan on rack 5 minutes; remove cupcakes from pan and cool completely on rack.\n\n3. To make frosting, combine cream cheese, confectioners' sugar, milk, and vanilla in bowl of electric mixer and beat just until creamy. Spread frosting over cooled cupcakes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 frosted cupcake): 202 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 38 mg Chol, 262 mg Sod, 32 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 5 g Prot, 81 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nSpice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\n# Spice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\nSERVES 20\n\n**3 cups all-purpose flour**\n\n**1\u00be cups granulated sugar**\n\n**4 teaspoons baking powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground nutmeg**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**1 cup plus 4\u00bd teaspoons fat-free milk**\n\n**1 cup dried cherries**\n\n**6 tablespoons canola oil**\n\n**4 large egg whites, lightly beaten**\n\n**1 tablespoon grated orange zest**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon almond extract**\n\n**1 cup confectioners' sugar**\n\n1. Arrange oven rack in middle of oven; preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 10-inch Bundt pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Whisk together flour, granulated sugar, baking powder, nutmeg, salt, and \u00bc teaspoon of cinnamon in large bowl. Stir together 1 cup of milk, cherries, oil, egg whites, zest, and almond extract in separate bowl. Add milk mixture to flour mixture and stir until well combined. Pour batter into prepared pan.\n\n3. Bake until toothpick inserted into center of cake comes out clean, 40\u201345 minutes. Cool in pan on rack 15 minutes. Remove cake from pan and let cool completely on rack.\n\n4. To make glaze, stir together confectioners' sugar and remaining \u00bc teaspoon cinnamon in bowl. Slowly stir in remaining 4\u00bd teaspoons milk until thick glaze forms. Drizzle glaze over top of cooled cake. Let cake stand until glaze sets, about 20 minutes; cut into 20 slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 slice): 226 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 174 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 80 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBundt pans make it easy to make an attractive dessert because of the pretty pattern they create in a cake. However, the crevices in the pan that make the decorative look sometimes result in the cake sticking to the pan. Be sure to thoroughly spray a Bundt pan with nonstick spray, taking care to coat the entire pan.\n\n# life's too short to make...\n\nThough you may think homemade is always best, many foods are not worth your precious time to prepare. These store-bought versions will save you hours of time and taste just as good.\n\n**BEEF, CHICKEN, AND VEGETABLE BROTHS.** Good-quality prepared broths are available everywhere and easy to keep on your pantry shelf in cans or resealable cartons. Besides, so many recipes use broths, you could never make enough!\n\n**DRIED BEANS.** Cooking your own beans is a big time commitment and since canned varieties are delicious, inexpensive, and recipe-ready, why bother?\n\n**GRAHAM CRACKERS.** This crunchy, low-fat, lightly sweetened snack is tough to replicate. Leave it to the manufacturers.\n\n**GREEK YOGURT.** Even the fat-free version of this strained yogurt tastes rich and thick. It's a healthy staple for adding tangy flavor to meals and snacks, but leave the straining to someone else.\n\n**HOMEMADE PASTA.** Unless you're an Italian \"nonna\" with time on your hands, fresh or dried pasta from the supermarket is almost as good.\n\n**ICE CREAM AND FROZEN YOGURT.** These might be nostalgic and fun to make for a summer get-together (see Raspberry-Orange Sorbet, here and Frozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt, here), but the rest of the year, pick them up on your cruise through the frozen foods aisle.\n\n**KETCHUP, MUSTARD, AND MAYONNAISE.** Foodies may extol the delights of homemade recipes, but leave it to food company chefs to create new-fangled versions of your favorite sandwich spreads.\n\n**MARSHMALLOWS.** No need to spend hours whipping up this delicate confection; your supermarket baking aisle will accommodate all your needs.\n\n**PEELED AND DEVEINED SHRIMP.** Buy shrimp that's ready to use in your favorite pasta or soup recipe and save yourself the time and tedium of peeling and deveining. It's definitely worth the extra price per pound for someone else to do this kitchen chore.\n\n**PHYLLO DOUGH.** Making this flaky pastry from translucent sheets of dough will take many more hours than it's worth. Instead, use good-quality frozen phyllo for all your recipes.\n\n**PRESERVES, JELLY, AND MARMALADE.** Even if you grew up canning your own with grandma, with your busy life, you don't have time. Stock up on jars of fruity, low-sugar options.\n\n**PUMPKIN PUREE.** There's no discernible difference in flavor or quality of canned pumpkin puree and the homemade version. Save yourself hours of prep and use convenient, silky-textured cooked canned pumpkin.\n\n**ROASTED RED PEPPERS.** No time to roast your own? Not to worry! The jarred varieties are just as good as homemade and they add fabulous flavor to salads, soups, pasta dishes, meat loaf, and stews. Just make sure to buy varieties that are not packed in oil.\n\n**SUSHI.** Don't try this messy, time-consuming dish at home. Get your sushi fix at a restaurant or a fish counter.\n\n**WHOLE-GRAIN BREAD.** Kneading your own loaves may make you feel self-sufficient, but bread making can take up an entire afternoon. Local bakery and supermarket versions are almost as delicious and much more convenient.\n\n# Pumpkin Pie Muffins\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**1 cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00be cup whole wheat pastry flour**\n\n**1\u00bc cups Sucanat or granulated sugar**\n\n**1\u00bc teaspoons baking soda**\n\n**1 teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground nutmeg**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground cloves**\n\n**\u00bd cup raisins**\n\n**2 large eggs, lightly beaten**\n\n**1 cup canned pumpkin puree**\n\n**\u2153 cup canola oil**\n\n**\u2153 cup water**\n\n**2 tablespoons raw pumpkin seeds**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 12-cup muffin pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Whisk together all-purpose flour, pastry flour, Sucanat, baking soda, cinnamon, salt, nutmeg, and cloves in large bowl; stir in raisins. Beat eggs, pumpkin puree, oil, and water together in another bowl. Add pumpkin mixture to flour mixture and stir just until blended.\n\n3. Spoon batter into muffin cups, filling each about two-thirds full. Sprinkle with pumpkin seeds. Bake until toothpick inserted into muffin comes out clean, about 20 minutes. Cool in pan on rack for 10 minutes; remove muffins from pan and serve warm or cool completely on rack.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 muffin): 235 Cal, 8 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 35 mg Chol, 241 mg Sod, 40 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 20 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_7._**\n\nCook's Note\n\n_Sucanat_ is short for \"sugar cane natural.\" It's made from evaporated sugar cane juice, giving it a light brown color and a natural molasses flavor.\n\nApricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\n# Apricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1\u2153 cups all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup, plus 2 tablespoons sugar**\n\n**1 tablespoon baking powder**\n\n**Pinch salt**\n\n**\u2153 cup part-skim ricotta cheese**\n\n**2 tablespoons cold unsalted butter, cut into pieces**\n\n**2 large egg whites**\n\n**2 teaspoons water**\n\n**2 pounds ripe apricots, halved, pitted, and cut into \u00bd-inch wedges**\n\n**2 tablespoons slivered almonds**\n\n1. To make dough, combine flour, \u00bd cup of sugar, baking powder, and salt in food processor and pulse to mix. Add ricotta, butter, 1 egg white, and water to food processor; pulse just until dough begins to come together. Shape dough into disk and wrap in plastic wrap; refrigerate at least 1 hour or up to overnight.\n\n2. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Lightly spray large baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n3. Roll out dough between 2 sheets of wax paper to form 10-inch round. Place dough on prepared baking sheet. Fold edge of dough over to form \u00bd-inch rim. Bake for 10 minutes, then let cool on rack, about 5 minutes.\n\n4. Lightly beat remaining egg white and brush it over crust. Arrange apricots on crust in concentric circles and sprinkle with remaining 2 tablespoons sugar and almonds. Bake until crust is golden and apricots are softened, about 10 minutes. Let cool slightly on rack.\n\n5. Cut into 8 wedges. Serve warm or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge): 241 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 11 mg Chol, 246 mg Sod, 45 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 5 g Prot, 145 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Peach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**\u00bd cup whole wheat pastry flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 tablespoons cold unsalted butter, cut into pieces**\n\n**2 tablespoons canola oil**\n\n**2\u20134 tablespoons ice water**\n\n**2 ripe peaches, peeled, halved, pitted, and cut into \u00bd-inch wedges**\n\n**1 cup fresh blueberries**\n\n**3 tablespoons granulated sugar**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 tablespoon fat-free milk**\n\n**2 teaspoons turbinado or granulated sugar**\n\n1. Whisk together whole wheat flour, all-purpose flour, and salt in medium bowl. Using pastry blender or two knives used scissor-fashion, cut in butter and oil until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Gradually add water to flour mixture, tossing lightly until pastry is just moist enough to hold together. Shape dough into 4 equal-size disks. Wrap each disk in plastic wrap and refrigerate until chilled, at least 30 minutes or up to overnight.\n\n2. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F. Line large baking sheet with foil; spray with nonstick spray.\n\n3. Toss together peaches, blueberries, granulated sugar, and lemon juice in medium bowl.\n\n4. Using floured rolling pin, roll out each disk of dough on sheet of floured wax paper to form 6-inch round. Flip dough onto baking sheet and peel away wax paper. (If dough tears, patch it together with your fingers.) Mound one-quarter of fruit filling on each round, leaving 1-inch border. Fold rim of dough over filling, pleating it as you go around. Brush crusts with milk and sprinkle evenly with turbinado sugar. Bake until peaches are tender and crust is browned, about 25 minutes. Let cool slightly on rack.\n\n5. Cut each crostata in half and serve warm or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd crostata): 158 Cal, 7 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 8 mg Chol, 150 mg Sod, 27 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 12 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nPeach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\n# Banana-Walnut Bread\n\nSERVES 18\n\n**\u00be cup sugar**\n\n**5 tablespoons unsalted butter, softened**\n\n**2 large eggs**\n\n**3 ripe bananas, mashed**\n\n**\u00bd cup fat-free milk**\n\n**1\u00bd teaspoons vanilla extract**\n\n**1\u00be cups all-purpose flour**\n\n**1 tablespoon baking powder**\n\n**\u00be teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd cup walnuts, coarsely chopped**\n\n1. Arrange oven rack in middle of oven; preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 5 \u00d7 9-inch loaf pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Combine sugar and butter in medium bowl; beat with an electric mixer on medium speed until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Beat in eggs, beating well after each addition. Beat in bananas, milk, and vanilla. In separate bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt. Add flour mixture to banana mixture and mix on low speed until just combined. Stir in walnuts.\n\n3. Pour batter into pan and bake until toothpick inserted into center of loaf comes out clean, 50\u201355 minutes. Cool in pan 10 minutes. Remove bread from pan and cool completely on rack. Cut into 18 slices.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 slice): 153 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 29 mg Chol, 190 mg Sod, 23 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 63 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nBanana bread is always a welcome gift and it freezes beautifully. When you have extra bananas on hand, make a loaf and freeze it for up to 3 months to have on hand when you need to give a special handmade gift, but have no time.\n\n# Brown Rice-Banana Pudding\n\nSERVES 2\n\n**1 cup cooked brown rice**\n\n**1 cup fat-free milk**\n\n**Pinch salt**\n\n**1 ripe banana, mashed**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n1. Combine rice, milk, and salt in medium saucepan and bring to boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, until slightly thickened, about 15 minutes. Transfer rice mixture to medium bowl and let cool.\n\n2. Stir in banana, vanilla, and cinnamon. Spoon pudding evenly into 2 dessert dishes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u2154 cup pudding): 212 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 2 mg Chol, 138 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 164 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nLemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\n# Lemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons plus \u2153 cup granulated sugar**\n\n**\u2153 cup fat-free milk**\n\n**2 large eggs, separated**\n\n**1\u00bd tablespoons all-purpose flour**\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 large egg white**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 teaspoons confectioners' sugar**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Spray 4 (6-ounce) ramekins or custard cups with nonstick spray and coat them with 2 teaspoons granulated sugar.\n\n2. Combine milk, egg yolks, flour, lemon juice, and remaining \u2153 cup granulated sugar in small saucepan over medium-low heat. Cook, whisking constantly, until mixture becomes thick and creamy, 6\u20137 minutes; do not allow mixture to boil or yolks will scramble. Immediately transfer to bowl and stir in zest; let cool to room temperature.\n\n3. Beat 3 egg whites with salt in bowl with an electric mixer on medium speed for 20 seconds. Increase speed to high and beat just until soft peaks form, 1\u20132 minutes. Stir one-fourth of egg whites into cooled yolk mixture to lighten. Gently fold in remaining whites in two additions until just mixed.\n\n4. Spoon mixture into ramekins; use paper towel to wipe off edge of each. Place on small baking sheet and bake until souffl\u00e9s have risen above rims of ramekins and edges are set (the centers will still be slightly loose), about 12 minutes. Sprinkle top of each with confectioners' sugar and serve at once.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 souffl\u00e9): 140 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 106 mg Chol, 127 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 0 g Fib, 5 g Prot, 42 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nWhile it's true that souffl\u00e9s need to be eaten immediately out of the oven, you can make the batter partially ahead. Prepare the recipe through step 2, cover the cooled mixture with plastic wrap, and refrigerate for up to 24 hours. Return the mixture to room temperature before folding in the egg whites. Bake as directed.\n\n# Pumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**3 cups fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**1 cup fat-free egg substitute**\n\n**\u00bd cup packed dark brown sugar**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon ground allspice**\n\n**1 teaspoon cinnamon**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon ground nutmeg**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**1 cup canned pumpkin puree**\n\n**2 teaspoons vanilla extract**\n\n**1 (1-pound) loaf day-old whole wheat bread, cut into 1\u00bd-inch pieces**\n\n**\u00bd cup dried cranberries**\n\n**\u00bd cup chopped pecans**\n\n1. Bring half-and-half to boil in medium saucepan over medium-high heat; remove saucepan from heat.\n\n2. Whisk together egg substitute, brown sugar, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, and salt in medium bowl. Slowly add \u00bd cup of hot half-and-half to brown sugar mixture, whisking constantly.\n\n3. Add egg substitute mixture to saucepan and set over medium-low heat. Cook, whisking constantly, until custard thickens and coats back of spoon, about 5 minutes. Immediately pour custard through sieve set over medium bowl. Whisk in pumpkin and vanilla. Add bread and cranberries to bowl, gently stirring until moistened. Let stand about 20 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, preheat oven to 325\u00b0F. Spray 12 (6-ounce) ramekins or 10-cup baking dish or casserole with nonstick spray.\n\n5. Pour pudding mixture into prepared ramekins and sprinkle evenly with pecans. Place ramekins in roasting pan. Add enough boiling water to roasting pan to come halfway up sides of ramekins. Cover tightly with foil. Bake individual puddings 20 minutes and large pudding 1 hour. Uncover and bake until knife inserted into center comes out clean, 5\u201315 minutes longer. Serve warm or at room temperature.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 pudding): 239 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 3 mg Chol, 438 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 8 g Prot, 143 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nPumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nOrange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\n# Orange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\nSERVES 12\n\n**1 cup plus 1 tablespoon sugar**\n\n**\u00bd cup water**\n\n**6 large eggs, lightly beaten**\n\n**1\u00bc cups fresh orange juice**\n\n**1 cup low-fat (1%) milk**\n\n**\u00be cup fat-free sweetened condensed milk**\n\n**2 teaspoons grated orange zest**\n\n**3 navel oranges**\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F.\n\n2. Combine 1 cup of sugar and water in heavy-bottomed medium saucepan over medium-high heat; bring to boil and cook, shaking pan occasionally, until sugar turns into golden caramel, about 12 minutes. Immediately pour caramel into 9-inch deep-dish glass pie plate. Carefully tilt pan to coat bottom evenly with caramel; set aside until hardened, about 10 minutes.\n\n3. Whisk together eggs, orange juice, low-fat milk, sweetened condensed milk, and zest in bowl. Pour mixture into pie plate.\n\n4. Place pie plate in large roasting pan. Pour enough hot water into roasting pan to come halfway up side of pie plate. Bake until custard is set and jiggles just in center when shaken, 45\u201350 minutes. Remove pie plate from roasting pan and cool completely on rack. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate at least 3 hours or up to 2 days.\n\n5. Meanwhile, with sharp knife, peel oranges, removing all white pith. Working over bowl, cut between membranes to release segments. Stir in remaining 1 tablespoon sugar and lemon juice; cover and refrigerate.\n\n6. To serve, run tip of knife around edge of flan. Place large plate upside down over top of pie plate and quickly invert; lift off pie plate. Cut flan into 12 wedges; spoon caramel sauce that collects on plate over wedges and garnish with orange segments.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge and 2 tablespoons orange segments): 202 Cal, 3 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 107 mg Chol, 60 mg Sod, 39 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 6 g Prot, 113 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\n# Triple Berry Summer Pudding\n\nSERVES 6\n\n**2 pints blueberries**\n\n**\u2153 cup sugar**\n\n**2 tablespoons water**\n\n**Grated zest and juice of \u00bd lemon**\n\n**1 (6-ounce) container raspberries**\n\n**1 (6-ounce) container blackberries, halved if large**\n\n**10 slices firm-textured white bread, crusts removed**\n\n**1 cup thawed frozen fat-free whipped topping (optional)**\n\n1. Combine blueberries, sugar, water, and lemon zest and juice in large saucepan and set over medium heat. Cook, stirring, until berries begin to release their liquid, about 3 minutes. Bring to boil over medium-high heat. Cook, stirring occasionally, until slightly thickened, about 5 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat and stir in raspberries and blackberries.\n\n2. Line 2-quart bowl with 2 sheets of overlapping plastic wrap, allowing excess to extend over rim of bowl by 4 inches. Line bottom and side of bowl with bread, cutting to fit as needed. Spoon berry mixture into bowl. Cover with layer of bread. Fold plastic wrap over top of pudding. Place plate, slightly smaller than bowl, on top of pudding and weigh it down with two heavy cans of food. Refrigerate at least 8 hours or up to 2 days.\n\n3. Fold back plastic wrap and invert pudding onto serving plate. Lift off bowl and remove plastic wrap. Cut pudding into 6 wedges. Serve with whipped topping, if using.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 wedge without whipped topping): 205 Cal, 2 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 229 mg Sod, 46 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 65 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nServe each portion of the pudding with a sprinkle of fresh berries and a sprig of mint if desired.\n\n# Frozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 (1-pound) container strawberries, hulled and chopped**\n\n**1 cup sugar**\n\n**2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 cup maple or vanilla low-fat yogurt**\n\n**1 cup fat-free half-and-half**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon maple extract**\n\n1. Stir together strawberries, sugar, and lemon juice in medium bowl; let stand 30 minutes.\n\n2. Whisk together yogurt, half-and-half, and maple extract in large bowl. Stir in strawberry mixture. Cover and refrigerate until chilled, at least 2 hours or up to overnight.\n\n3. Pour strawberry mixture into an ice-cream maker and freeze according to manufacturer's instructions.\n\n4. Transfer yogurt to freezer container and freeze until firm, at least 2 hours or up to 6 hours.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd cup): 159 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 1 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 3 mg Chol, 100 mg Sod, 37 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 91 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Raspberry-Orange Sorbet\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**2 cups water**\n\n**\u00bd cup sugar**\n\n**2 (3-inch) strips orange zest, removed with vegetable peeler**\n\n**3 tablespoons fresh orange juice**\n\n**3\u00bd cups fresh or thawed frozen unsweetened raspberries**\n\n1. To make sugar syrup, combine water, sugar, and orange zest in medium saucepan and set over high heat. Bring to boil, stirring until sugar is dissolved. Reduce heat and simmer 5 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat and let cool about 5 minutes. Discard orange zest; stir in orange juice.\n\n2. Puree 1 cup of sugar syrup with raspberries in food processor or blender. Stir raspberry mixture into sugar syrup in saucepan. Pour raspberry mixture through sieve set over medium bowl, pressing on solids to extract as much liquid as possible. Discard solids. Cover berry mixture and refrigerate until chilled, at least 2 hours or up to overnight.\n\n3. Transfer raspberry mixture to an ice-cream maker and freeze according to manufacturer's instructions.\n\n4. Transfer sorbet to freezer container and freeze until firm, at least 2 hours or up to 6 hours.\n\n**PER SERVING** (about \u00bd cup): 90 Cal, 0 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 44 mg Sod, 22 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 43 g Prot, 17 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Warm Spice-Baked Apples\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**4 baking apples, cored and halved**\n\n**2 tablespoons packed brown sugar**\n\n**1 teaspoon pumpkin pie spice**\n\n**3 tablespoons water**\n\n**\u00bc cup chopped walnuts or pecans, toasted**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F.\n\n2. Place apples, cut side up, in 9 \u00d7 13-inch baking dish. Sprinkle evenly with brown sugar and pumpkin pie spice.\n\n3. Sprinkle water in bottom of baking dish. Cover baking dish with foil. Bake apples until tender when pierced with tip of knife, about 25 minutes. Sprinkle apples evenly with walnuts.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 apple halves): 144 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 3 mg Sod, 30 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 38 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nIf you don't have an apple corer, cut each apple in half, then use a melon baller or a small paring knife to remove the core.\n\n# White Wine-Poached Pears\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**4 cups water**\n\n**1 cup dry white wine**\n\n**1 cup sugar**\n\n**Zest of 1 lemon, removed with vegetable peeler**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**4 large firm-ripe Bartlett or Bosc pears, peeled, halved, and cored**\n\n1. Combine all ingredients except pears in large saucepan and bring to boil over high heat; boil 10 minutes. Remove saucepan from heat.\n\n2. Add pears to saucepan. Reduce heat and gently simmer, covered, until pears are tender when pierced with fork, about 15 minutes. Using slotted spoon, carefully transfer pears to large shallow bowl.\n\n3. Bring poaching liquid to boil over high heat; boil until reduced to about 2 cups, about 15 minutes. Pour poaching liquid over pears and refrigerate until cool before serving.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00bd pear and \u00bc cup syrup): 172 Cal, 0 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 8 mg Sod, 44 g Total Carb, 4 g Fib, 0 g Prot, 17 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nDo it Faster\n\nPeeling and coring pears is quick and simple to do. Use a vegetable peeler to cut away the skins, then cut the pears in half lengthwise. To scoop out the core, use a teaspoon or a melon baller.\n\nWhite Wine-Poached Pears\n\n# Chunky Pink Apple-Raspberry Sauce\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 pounds red apples, cored and coarsely chopped**\n\n**\u00bc cup water**\n\n**2 tablespoons packed light brown sugar**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon grated lemon zest**\n\n**1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice**\n\n**1 (6-ounce) container raspberries**\n\n1. Combine all ingredients except raspberries in large heavy saucepan and bring to boil over high heat. Reduce heat to medium and cook, stirring occasionally, until apples are softened, about 20 minutes.\n\n2. Remove pan from heat and let stand, covered, until apples are completely tender, about 10 minutes longer. Mash apples, then gently stir in raspberries. Divide apple-raspberry sauce among 4 dessert dishes.\n\n**PER SERVING** (\u00be cup): 157 Cal, 1 g Total Fat, 0 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 0 mg Chol, 6 mg Sod, 41 g Total Carb, 8 g Fib, 1 g Prot, 30 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\n# Roasted Pears with Balsamic Glaze\n\nSERVES 4\n\n**2 teaspoons unsalted butter, melted**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**4 ripe pears, halved and cored**\n\n**\u00bc cup packed brown sugar**\n\n**1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar**\n\n**4 (\u00bd-ounce) slices soft (mild) goat cheese**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F.\n\n2. Stir together butter and lemon juice in small bowl.\n\n3. Place pears, cut side up, on large baking sheet. Brush cut side of pear halves with butter mixture. Roast until softened when pierced with fork, about 30 minutes.\n\n4. Meanwhile, combine brown sugar and vinegar in small saucepan and cook over low heat, whisking until dissolved. Increase heat to high and boil until thickened, about 30 seconds. Transfer to cup.\n\n5. Arrange 2 pear halves on each of 4 plates and place slice of goat cheese next to each pear. Using teaspoon, drizzle balsamic glaze over pears. Serve warm.\n\n**PER SERVING** (2 pear halves and 1 slice goat cheese): 202 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 12 mg Chol, 61 mg Sod, 39 g Total Carb, 5 g Fib, 3 g Prot, 48 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_5._**\n\nMixed Berry Shortcakes\n\n# Mixed Berry Shortcakes\n\nSERVES 8\n\n**1 (16-ounce) bag frozen unsweetened mixed berries, thawed**\n\n**2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice**\n\n**\u00bd cup sugar**\n\n**1\u00be cups all-purpose flour**\n\n**2 teaspoons baking powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon ground ginger**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon salt**\n\n**4 tablespoons cold unsalted butter, diced**\n\n**\u2154 cup fat-free milk**\n\n**\u00be cup thawed frozen fat-free whipped topping**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 425\u00b0F. Spray baking sheet with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Combine berries, lemon juice, and \u00bc cup of sugar in medium bowl.\n\n3. Combine remaining \u00bc cup sugar, flour, baking powder, ginger, and salt in large bowl. Using pastry blender or two knives, cut butter into flour mixture until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Using rubber spatula, stir in milk until mixture is just moistened. With your hands, gather dough into ball and knead once or twice until it just holds together.\n\n4. Turn dough out onto lightly floured surface. Press dough out until it is about \u00bd inch thick. Cut 8 shortcakes with 2\u00bd-inch biscuit cutter; press dough scraps together to cut more biscuits if necessary. Transfer shortcakes to baking sheet and bake until they are golden brown, 12\u201315 minutes. Remove from oven and cool on rack at least 5 minutes. (Biscuits can be cooled completely and stored in an airtight container up to 24 hours.)\n\n5. To serve, cut shortcakes in half horizontally and fill each with \u00bc cup of berries and 1\u00bd tablespoons of whipped topping.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 filled shortcake): 241 Cal, 6 g Total Fat, 4 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 16 mg Chol, 209 mg Sod, 43 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 4 g Prot, 107 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_6._**\n\n# Whole Grain and Fruit Oatmeal Cookies\n\nMAKES 36\n\n**1\u00bd cups rolled (old-fashioned) oats**\n\n**\u00bd cup whole wheat flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup toasted wheat germ**\n\n**\u00bd cup low-fat granola**\n\n**\u00bc cup golden raisins**\n\n**\u00bc cup mini semisweet chocolate chips**\n\n**2 tablespoons unsalted sunflower seeds**\n\n**2 tablespoons finely chopped dried apricots**\n\n**1 teaspoon baking powder**\n\n**\u00bd teaspoon salt**\n\n**\u00bd cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, softened**\n\n**\u00bd cup packed brown sugar**\n\n**\u00bc cup water**\n\n**1 large egg**\n\n**1 teaspoon vanilla extract**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 375\u00b0F. Spray 2 large baking sheets with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Toss together oats, whole wheat flour, wheat germ, granola, raisins, chocolate chips, sunflower seeds, apricots, baking powder, and salt in large bowl.\n\n3. Using electric mixer on medium speed, beat butter and brown sugar until light and fluffy. Beat in water, egg, and vanilla just until smooth. Using rubber spatula, stir in flour mixture until combined.\n\n4. Drop dough by level measuring tablespoons, about 1 inch apart, onto baking sheets and flatten until 1\u00bd inches in diameter. Bake until cookies are golden brown and edges are deep brown, 10\u201312 minutes.\n\n5. Let cookies cool slightly on baking sheet on wire rack. Using metal spatula, transfer cookies to rack to cool completely. Repeat with remaining dough.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 cookie): 79 Cal, 4 g Total Fat, 2 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 13 mg Chol, 54 mg Sod, 10 g Total Carb, 1 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 17 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_2._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nThese forgiving cookies will save you a trip to the grocery store, since you can use almost any dried fruits or nuts to make them. Substitute chopped almonds or walnuts for the sunflower seeds and dried cranberries or raisins for the apricots.\n\n# Chocolate-Cherry Brownies\n\nSERVES 16\n\n**\u00be cup all-purpose flour**\n\n**\u00bd cup unsweetened cocoa powder**\n\n**1 teaspoon baking powder**\n\n**\u00bc teaspoon baking soda**\n\n**\u215b teaspoon salt**\n\n**2 large eggs, lightly beaten**\n\n**1 cup granulated sugar**\n\n**2 teaspoons vanilla extract**\n\n**5 tablespoons unsalted butter**\n\n**1 ounce semisweet chocolate, chopped**\n\n**\u2154 cup dried cherries**\n\n**1 tablespoon confectioners' sugar (optional)**\n\n1. Preheat oven to 350\u00b0F. Spray 8-inch square baking pan with nonstick spray.\n\n2. Whisk together flour, cocoa powder, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in large bowl. Combine eggs, granulated sugar, and vanilla in separate bowl.\n\n3. Combine butter and chocolate in top of double boiler or a bowl set over saucepan of simmering water and stir until melted, about 3 minutes. Let cool about 1 minute; stir into egg mixture. Stir chocolate mixture into flour mixture, stirring until just combined. Fold in cherries. Pour batter into pan and even top.\n\n4. Bake brownies until toothpick inserted into center comes out with few moist crumbs clinging to it, about 20 minutes. Cool in pan on rack about 15 minutes. Remove brownies from pan, cut into 16 squares, and sprinkle with confectioners' sugar, if using.\n\n**PER SERVING** (1 brownie): 145 Cal, 5 g Total Fat, 3 g Sat Fat, 0 g Trans Fat, 36 mg Chol, 77 mg Sod, 24 g Total Carb, 2 g Fib, 2 g Prot, 30 mg Calc.\n\n**_PointsPlus_** value: **_4._**\n\nCook's Note\n\nFor the moistest brownies, take care not to overbake them. The toothpick should not come out with batter clinging to it, but don't bake the brownies so long that the toothpick comes out clean.\n\n# Recipes by **_PointsPlus_** value\n\n**_1 PointsPlus_** value\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn\n\nRed Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\n**_2 PointsPlus_** value\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nChunky Guacamole\n\nCottage Cheese and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nMini Mexican Frittatas\n\nMorning Chai\n\nSun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\nWhole Grain and Fruit Oatmeal Cookies\n\nWinter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\n**_3 PointsPlus_** value\n\nBlack and White Muffin Bites\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nCajun-Spiced Roast Pork Tenderloin\n\nDried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\nProven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\nSpicy Cereal and Pretzel Snack Mix\n\nTurkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce Wraps\n\n**_4 PointsPlus_** value\n\nAsparagus and Chive Omelette\n\nBanana-Walnut Bread\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nChicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\nChinese Chicken Slaw\n\nChocolate-Cherry Brownies\n\nChunky Pink Apple-Raspberry Sauce\n\nCorn and Green Chile Frittata\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\nCremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice Soup\n\nEdamame Dip\n\nFrozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt\n\nHam and Navy Bean Confetti Soup\n\nHerb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nLemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\nManhattan Clam Chowder\n\nOpen-Faced Roast Beef Sandwich Bites\n\nPineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nRoast Beef Salad with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nThai-Style Beef Salad\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Mushroom-Wine Sauce\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Orange Sauce\n\nWarm Spice-Baked Apples\n\n**_5 PointsPlus_** value\n\nAsian-Style Duck Roll-Ups\n\nBaked Cheesy Nachos\n\nBananas Foster\n\nBeef, Beet, and Cabbage Soup\n\nBell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nBraised Chicken in Riesling\n\nBrown Sugar Plums\n\nCaesar-Style Steak Salad\n\nCarrot-Apple Cupcakes with Cream Cheese Frosting\n\nChicken Piccata\n\nCitrus-Marinated Roast Pork\n\nClam and Corn Chowder\n\nCod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\nCottage Cheese Pancakes\n\nCreamy Tomato Soup\n\nCrispy Green Plantains\n\nCurried Tuna Salad\n\nEdamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nFirecracker Turkey Chili\n\nFlorentine Frittata\n\nFrittata Italiana\n\nFruity Chicken Salad\n\nGarlicky Braised Turkey Breast\n\nGrilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nGrilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\nHalibut with Salsa Verde\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nKey West-Style Shrimp Salad\n\nLamb and Onion Kebabs with Mint\n\nMixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nOrange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\nPeach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\nPizza Margherita\n\nQuick Quesadillas\n\nRicotta, Bacon, and Spinach Pizza\n\nRoast Halibut with Chunky Roasted Pepper Sauce\n\nRoasted Pears with Balsamic Glaze\n\nSalmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\nShrimp Chowder with Dill\n\nSmoked Turkey, Carrot, and Raisin Salad\n\nSmoky Pumpkin Seeds\n\nSouthern Vegetable Gumbo\n\nSpanish Frittata\n\nSpinach-Feta Scramble\n\nSummer Squash Stuffed with Beef and Olives\n\nSuperfast Barbecued Chicken\n\nSweet-and-Spicy Salmon with Broccoli Slaw\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\nTuna-Potato Salad\n\nVanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nWhite Wine-Poached Pears\n\n**_6 PointsPlus_** value\n\nApricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\nApricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\nBacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\nBeef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nBraised Bok Choy and Chicken with Soba Noodles\n\nBreakfast Berry Parfaits\n\nBrown Rice-Banana Pudding\n\nCalifornia Health Sandwiches\n\nChicken and Roasted Pepper Sandwiches\n\nChunky Vegetable Paella\n\nCilantro-Lime Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nFilet Mignons with Cauliflower Puree\n\nFrozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nGinger Steak and Broccoli Stir-Fry\n\nGreek-Style Chicken Salad\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nGrilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nHam and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nHam with Apples and Mustard\n\nHash Brown and Egg Skillet Breakfast\n\nLow-and-Slow Sloppy Joes\n\nMaple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\nMaui Tortilla Pizzas\n\nMicrowave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nMixed Berry Shortcakes\n\nOrange Beef with Broccoli\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nPan Bagnat\n\nPotato-Watercress Soup\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\nPumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nQuesadillas with Guacamole and Pepper Jack\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nRaspberry-Orange Sorbet\n\nRoasted Leg of Lamb\n\nSalmon au Poivre with Watercress\n\nSesame Scallops\n\nShrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nSpice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\nStrawberry Colada Cooler\n\nTabbouleh with Shrimp\n\nTriple Berry Summer Pudding\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\nTuna and White Bean Salad\n\nTuna Steaks with Avocado-Orange Relish\n\nTurkey Cutlets Milanese\n\nTurkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nVegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\nVegetarian Burritos with Salsa Verde\n\nVeggie Breakfast Burrito\n\n**_7 PointsPlus_** value\n\nAfrican-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nAvocado, Spinach, and Feta Wrap\n\nBaked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and Cheese\n\nBeef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\nBeef Stew Proven\u00e7al\n\nBeef-Vegetable Soup\n\nBest BLTs\n\nBlack Bean Soup with Rice\n\nCacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\nCalifornia Fish Tacos\n\nChicken in Coconut Curry Sauce\n\nChicken Picadillo\n\nChicken Salad with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nCinnamon French Toast\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\nCreole-Style Cod Fillets\n\nCrunchy Fish Sliders\n\nCuban Beef Lettuce Wraps\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and Feta\n\nGrilled Citrus Pork with Cucumber-Orange Salad\n\nHearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\nLemony Chicken Kebabs with Couscous\n\nLentil and Sausage Soup\n\nLight and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\nOnion Soup with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nOpen-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\nPeach Muesli with Almonds\n\nPork and Bean Adobo Chili\n\nPork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\nPork Marrakesh\n\nPumpkin Pie Muffins\n\nQuick Turkey Tostadas\n\nRoasted Salmon with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nRosemary Chicken Thighs with Roast Potatoes\n\nSesame Noodles with Green Vegetables\n\nShrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and Feta\n\nSouthwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nTilapia with Tomato and Feta\n\nVegetable Fried Rice\n\n**_8 PointsPlus_** value\n\nArctic Char with Cranberry Couscous\n\nBeef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\nBest-Ever Country Captain\n\nCaribbean Seafood Stew\n\nChicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nChickpea Soup\n\nDilled Salmon Sandwiches with Caper Sauce\n\nEasy Chicken Cutlets Parmesan\n\nFilets Mignons with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nGrilled Chicken and Jack Cheese Sandwiches\n\nHearty Corn Chowder\n\nLinguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nLinguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nMediterranean Turkey Burgers\n\nMinted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\nPitas Stuffed with Tofu-Egg Salad\n\nPork with Sweet Coconut-Peanut Sauce\n\nRanch-Style Eggs over Polenta\n\nSalmon Salad Sandwich\n\nSalmon with Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nSmoky Vegetarian Chili\n\nSoy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nTeriyaki Chicken and Snow Pea Stir-Fry\n\nWaffles with Blueberries and Maple Cream\n\nWarm Lentil Salad with Baked Salmon\n\n**_9 PointsPlus_** value\n\nBaked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nChicken and Vegetables with Fettuccine\n\nChuck Wagon-Style Turkey Chili\n\nEasy Chicken Gumbo\n\nGingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\nHearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nHoney-Mustard Turkey Sandwiches\n\nLamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nMexicali Chicken Salad\n\nMoroccan-Style Chicken\n\nPeanut Butter Blast\n\nPhilly Cheese Steak Sandwiches\n\nPork and Mushroom Stir-Fry\n\nRoast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nTuna Steak Sandwiches with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nWhite Bean Salad with Feta-Pita Crisps\n\nWild Blueberry and Cornmeal Pancakes\n\n**_10 PointsPlus_** value\n\nBountiful Beef Stew\n\nBrown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\nChicken and Vegetable Ragu with Herbed Dumplings\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nSteak Fajitas\n\n**_11 PointsPlus_** value\n\nChicken and Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\nChicken and Vegetable Tagine\n\nCuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\nCurried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\nEasy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\n**_12 PointsPlus_** value\n\nChicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\n# Index\n\nThe index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest.\n\nFor your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.\n\n**15-Minute Meals**\n\n_See also_ _specific meal categories_\n\nbreakfast\n\ndinner\n\nlunch\n\nfor Simply Filling technique\n\nsnacks and sweets\n\n**20-Minute Meals**\n\n_See also_ _specific meal categories_\n\nbreakfast\n\ndinner\n\nlunch\n\nfor Simply Filling technique\n\nsnacks and sweets\n\n**30-Minute Meals**\n\n_See also_ _specific meal categories_\n\nbreakfast\n\ndinner\n\nlunch\n\nfor Simply Filling technique\n\nsnacks and sweets\n\nA\n\nAfrican-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nalcohol, **_PointsPlus_** calculations and\n\napple(s)\n\nCupcakes with Carrot and\n\nHam with Mustard and\n\nPasta Salad with Chicken and\n\nand Pear Crisp\n\nSalad with Kale and\n\non sandwiches\n\nSauce, Raspberry and Pink\n\nWarm Spice-Baked\n\nApricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\nApricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\nArctic Char with Cranberry Couscous\n\nAsian-Style Duck Roll-Ups\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nasparagus\n\nBeef Stir-Fried with\n\nChicken Satay with\n\nLamb Chops with\n\nroasted\n\nAsparagus and Chive Omelette\n\navocado\n\nGuacamole, Chunky\n\nand orange relish\n\nSalad with Lemony Spinach and\n\nstorage of\n\nAvocado, Spinach, and Feta Wrap\n\nB\n\nBacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\nBaked Cheesy Nachos\n\nBaked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and Cheese\n\nBaked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nBananas Foster\n\nBanana-Walnut Bread\n\nbeans\n\ncanned\n\nChili, Adobo, with Pork and\n\nrinsing\/sorting of\n\nsodium in\n\nTacos, Soft, with Beef and\n\nbeef\n\nBurgers, with Black Bean\n\ncooking temperature for\n\nCuban-Style Shredded\n\nFilet Mignon, with Cauliflower Puree\n\nFilets Mignons, Herb-Crusted\n\nFilets Mignons, with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nGrilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nKebabs, Curried, with Basmati Rice\n\nLettuce Wraps, Cuban\n\nOrange\n\nSalad, Roast Beef with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nSalad, Thai-Style\n\nSandwich, Philly Cheese Steak\n\nSandwich, Roast\n\nSloppy Joes, Low-and-Slow\n\nSoup, with Beet and Cabbage\n\nSoup, with Vegetable\n\nSteak Fajitas\n\nSteak, Hearty, with Vegetables\n\nSteak, Maple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone\n\nSteak, Pepper\n\nSteak, Sliced, with Crispy Polenta\n\nStew, Bountiful\n\nStew Proven\u00e7al\n\nStew, with Barley and Roasted Vegetables\n\nStir-Fry, with Asparagus\n\nStir-Fry, with Ginger Steak and Broccol\n\nSummer Squash Stuffed with Olives and\n\nTacos\n\nBeef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\nBeef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nBeef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\nBeef, Beet, and Cabbage Soup\n\nBeef Stew Proven\u00e7al\n\nBeef-Vegetable Soup\n\nbell pepper(s)\n\nHam and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed\n\nBell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nBest BLTs\n\nBest-Ever Country Captain\n\nBlack and White Muffin Bites\n\nBlack Bean Soup with Rice\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nblueberry(ies)\n\nCornmeal Pancakes and Wild\n\nCrostatas of Peach and\n\nShake, with Soy\n\nWaffles and Maple Cream\n\nwith Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nbonus meals, weekend. _See also_ _specific categories_\n\nslow-cooker\n\nspend-some-time\n\nsweet\n\nBountiful Beef Stew\n\nBPA (Bisphenol A)\n\nBraised Bok Choy and Chicken with Soba Noodles\n\nBraised Chicken in Riesling\n\nbread\n\nBanana-Walnut\n\nPuddings, Pumpkin-Cranberry\n\nBreakfast Berry Parfaits\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\nbreakfasts, 15-minute\n\nAsparagus and Chive Omelette\n\nBacon, Cheddar, and Egg-Topped English Muffins\n\nBreakfast Berry Parfaits\n\nCinnamon French Toast\n\nMorning Chai\n\nPeanut Butter Blast\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\nSouthwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nSoy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\nSpinach-Feta Scramble\n\nVeggie Breakfast Burrito\n\nWaffles with Blueberries and Maple Cream\n\nbreakfasts, 20-minute\n\nBell Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Omelette\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta\n\nCorn and Green Chile Frittata\n\nCottage Cheese Pancakes\n\nFrittata Italiana\n\nHash Brown and Egg Skillet Breakfast\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\nbreakfasts, 30-minute\n\nBrown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\nFlorentine Frittata\n\nMini Mexican Frittatas\n\nPeach Muesli with Almonds\n\nRanch-Style Eggs over Polenta\n\nSpanish Frittata\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\nWild Blueberry and Cornmeal Pancakes\n\nbreakfasts, Simply Filling\n\nbroccoli\n\nButtered, with Cilantro and Lime\n\nOrange Beef with\n\nSlaw, with Sweet-and-Spicy Salmon\n\nStir-Fry, Ginger Steak and\n\nbroth, store-bought\n\nBrown Rice and Honey Pancakes\n\nBrown Rice-Banana Pudding\n\nBrown Sugar Plums\n\nBulgur, Lemony\n\nBurritos with Salsa Verde, Vegetarian\n\nButtered Broccoli with Cilantro and Lime\n\nC\n\nCacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\nCaesar-Style Steak Salad\n\nCajun-Spiced Roast Pork Tenderloin\n\ncakes\n\nBundt, Spice-Glazed Cherry\n\nCarrot-Apple Cup-\n\nMixed Berry Short-\n\nCalifornia Fish Tacos\n\nCalifornia Health Sandwiches\n\ncanned foods\n\nCaribbean Seafood Stew\n\ncarrot(s)\n\nSalad with Turkey, Raisin, and\n\nSalmon Roasted with Caramelized Onions and\n\nCarrot-Apple Cupcakes with Cream Cheese Frosting\n\nCauliflower Puree\n\ncheddar cheese\n\nBacon and Egg-Topped English Muffins with\n\nBaked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and\n\nNachos Baked with\n\nQuesadillas with Mushroom, Scallion, and\n\ncheese. _See also_ _specific types_\n\npre-shredded\n\nToasts\n\nchicken\n\nBarbecued\n\nBraised, in Riesling\n\nCacciatore-Style, with Vegetables\n\nwith Coconut-Curry Sauce\n\ncooking temperature for\n\nCountry Captain, Best Ever\n\nCurry\n\nCutlets, Easy, with Parmesan\n\nFettuccine, with Vegetables\n\nFlorentine, with Spaghetti\n\nGrilled, with Ginger and Peach Salsa\n\nGumbo, Easy\n\nKebabs with Couscous and Lemony\n\nMoroccan-Style\n\nwith Mushrooms and White Wine\n\nwith Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and\n\nPicadillo\n\nPiccata\n\nPitas stuffed with Tzatziki and\n\nRagu, with Vegetables and Herbed Dumplings\n\nand Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nrotisserie\n\nSalad, Fruity\n\nSalad, Greek-style\n\nSalad, Mexicali\n\nSalad, with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nSalad, with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nSatay, with Asparagus\n\nSlaw, Chinese\n\nSoba Noodles with Braised Bok Choy and\n\nStir-Fry with Snow Peas and Teriyaki\n\nTagine\n\nThighs, Rosemary, with Roast Potatoes\n\nTikka, with Cucumber Raita\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nChicken and Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nChicken and Roasted Pepper Sandwiches\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\nChicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nChicken and Vegetable Ragu with Herbed Dumplings\n\nChicken and Vegetables with Fettuccine\n\nChicken and Vegetable Tagine\n\nChicken in Coconut-Curry Sauce\n\nChicken Picadillo\n\nChicken Piccata\n\nChicken Salad with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nChicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\nChicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\nchickpea\n\nSoup\n\nStew, Proven\u00e7al-Style with Vegetables\n\nchili. _See also_ soup(s); stew(s)\n\nPork and Bean Adobo\n\nTurkey, Chuck Wagon-Style\n\nTurkey, Firecracker\n\nVegetarian, Smoky\n\nchili spice\n\nT-Bone Steaks Broiled with Maple and\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn\n\nChinese Chicken Slaw\n\nChocolate-Cherry Brownies\n\nchowder\n\nCorn and Clam\n\nCorn, Hearty\n\nManhattan Clam\n\nShrimp, with Dill\n\nChuck Wagon-Style Turkey Chili\n\nChunky Guacamole\n\nChunky Pink Apple-Raspberry Sauce\n\nChunky Vegetable Paella\n\nCilantro-Lime Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nCinnamon French Toast\n\nCitrus-Marinated Roast Pork\n\nClam and Corn Chowder\n\nClam Chowder, Manhattan\n\nclams, canned\n\ncoconut\n\ncanned\n\n-Curry Sauce\n\n-Peanut Sauce\n\ncod\n\nCreole-Style Fillets\n\nSliders, Crunchy\n\nwith Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\ncorn\n\nBlack Bean and Tomato Salad with\n\nChowder, Hearty\n\nChowder, with Clam\n\nFrittata, with Green Chile\n\nkernel removal\n\nPancakes, with Wild Blueberry\n\nPopped, with Chili-Spice\n\nPopped, with Dried Cranberry\n\nCottage Cheese and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nCottage Cheese Pancakes\n\ncouscous\n\nCranberry\n\nGingery Turkey-\n\nwith Lemony Chicken Kebabs\n\nPudding, Creamy Breakfast\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\ncream\n\nCheese Frosting\n\nLime\n\nMaple\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast Pudding\n\nCreamy Tomato Soup\n\nCremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice Soup\n\nCreole-Style Cod Fillets\n\nCrispy Green Plantains\n\nCrunchy Fish Sliders\n\nCuban Beef Lettuce Wraps\n\nCuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\ncucumber\n\n-Orange Salad\n\nRaita, with Chicken Tikka\n\nCurried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\nCurried Tuna Salad\n\nD\n\nDilled Salmon Sandwiches with Caper Sauce\n\ndinners, 15-minute\n\nAfrican-Spiced Turkey and Squash Stew\n\nCaesar-Style Steak Salad\n\nEasy Chicken Cutlets Parmesan\n\nFilet Mignon with Cauliflower Puree\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nGrilled Citrus Pork with Cucumber-Orange Salad\n\nGrilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\nHalibut with Salsa Verde\n\nHerb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nLamb and Onion Kebabs with Mint\n\nMaple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\nRoast Halibut with Chunky Roasted Pepper Sauce\n\nSalmon au Poivre with Watercress\n\nSesame Noodles with Green Vegetables\n\nSesame Scallops\n\nSuperfast Barbecued Chicken\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\nTuna Steaks with Avocado-Orange Relish\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Mushroom-Wine Sauce\n\ndinners, 20-minute\n\nArctic Char with Cranberry Couscous\n\nBlackened Scallops with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nBraised Bok Choy and Chicken with Soba Noodles\n\nCalifornia Fish Tacos\n\nChicken in Coconut-Curry Sauce\n\nChicken Piccata\n\nChicken Tikka with Cucumber Raita\n\nCod with Tomato-Oregano Sauce\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\nGinger Steak and Broccoli Stir-Fry\n\nLinguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nMediterranean Turkey Burgers\n\nOrange Beef with Broccoli\n\nPork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\nPork with Sweet Coconut-Peanut Sauce\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nShrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and Feta\n\nSteak Fajitas\n\nSummer Squash Stuffed with Beef and Olives\n\nSweet-and-Spicy Salmon with Broccoli Slaw\n\nThai-Style Beef Salad\n\nTurkey Cutlets Milanese\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Orange Sauce\n\nVegetable Fried Rice\n\ndinners, 30-minute\n\nCajun-Spiced Roast Pork Tenderloin\n\nChicken and Vegetables with Fettuccine\n\nChicken Picadillo\n\nChunky Vegetable Paella\n\nCreole-Style Cod Fillets\n\nCurried Beef Kebabs with Basmati Rice\n\nFilets Mignons with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\nGrilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nGrilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nHam with Apples and Mustard\n\nHearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nLemony Chicken Kebabs with Couscous\n\nLinguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nMinted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nMoroccan-Style Chicken\n\nPork and Mushroom Stir-Fry\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nRoasted Salmon with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nRoast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nSalmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nTeriyaki Chicken and Snow Pea Stir-Fry\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nTilapia with Tomato and Feta\n\nWarm Lentil Salad with Baked Salmon\n\ndinners, bonus. _See_ slow-cooker meals; spend-some-time dishes\n\ndinners, Simply Filling\n\ndip(s)\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo\n\nChunky Guacamole\n\nEdamame\n\nSun-Dried Tomato\n\nSun-Dried Tomato and Red Pepper\n\nSun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\ndressing. _See also_ dip(s); sauce(s)\n\nCreamy Horseradish\n\nLemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nLemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nDried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nDumplings, Herbed\n\nE\n\nEasy Chicken Cutlets Parmesan\n\nEasy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nEasy Chicken Gumbo\n\nEdamame Dip\n\nEdamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\negg(s)\n\non Bacon, Cheddar, and English Muffins\n\nBreakfast Bruschetta with\n\nfrittatas\n\nHash Brown Skillet Breakfast with\n\nOmelette, Asparagus and Chive\n\nOmelette, Proven\u00e7al\n\nRanch-Style, over Polenta\n\nSalad, Tofu and\n\nScramble, with Spinach-Feta\n\nSouthwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nwhites\n\nF\n\nfajitas\n\nfeta\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and\n\nShrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and\n\n-Spinach Scramble\n\nTilapia with Tomato and\n\nWhite Bean Salad with Pita Crisps of\n\nWrap with Avocado and Spinach\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\nfil\u00e9 powder\n\nFilet Mignon with Cauliflower Puree\n\nFilets Mignons with Tomato-Bean Salsa\n\nFirecracker Turkey Chili\n\nfish. _See_ seafood\n\nFlorentine Frittata\n\nfontina cheese\n\nfood processors\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with Tofu\n\nfrittata(s)\n\nCorn and Green Chile\n\nFlorentine\n\nItaliana\n\nMini Mexican\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato\n\nSpanish\n\nFrittata Italiana\n\nFrozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt\n\nFrozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nfruit\n\nBreakfast Berry Parfaits\n\ncanned\n\npineapple\n\nFruity Chicken Salad\n\nG\n\nGarlicky Braised Turkey Breast\n\ngarlic, peeled\n\nGinger Steak and Broccoli Stir-Fry\n\nGingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\ngoat cheese\n\nFettuccine with Arugula, Tomatoes and\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and\n\nPolenta with Chives and\n\ngrains, whole\n\ncooking tips for\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and Feta\n\nGreek-Style Chicken Salad\n\nGrilled Chicken and Jack Cheese Sandwiches\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nGrilled Citrus Pork with Cucumber-Orange Salad\n\nGrilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nGrilled Ginger Chicken with Peach Salsa\n\nGrilled Lamb Chops and Asparagus with Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nGrilled Salmon with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\nGuacamole\n\nChunky\n\ngumbo\n\nChicken, Easy\n\nVegetable, Southern\n\nH\n\nHalibut with Salsa Verde\n\nHam and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nHam and Navy Bean Confetti Soup\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nHam with Apples and Mustard\n\nHash Brown and Egg Skillet breakfast\n\nHearty Corn Chowder\n\nHearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\nHearty Steak and Vegetables\n\nHerb-Crusted Filets Mignons\n\nHerbed Parmesan-Garlic Pasta\n\nherbs\n\npreservation of\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nHoney-Mustard Turkey Sandwiches\n\nK\n\nkale\n\nKale and Apple Salad\n\nkebabs\n\nBeef, Curried, with Basmati Rice\n\nChicken, Lemony, with Couscous\n\nLamb and Onion with Mint\n\nTofu, Teriyaki-Glazed, and Vegetable\n\nKey West-Style Shrimp Salad\n\nL\n\nlamb\n\nChops, Grilled, with Asparagus and Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise\n\nChops, Minted, with Lemony Bulgur\n\ncooking temperature for\n\nLeg of\n\nLamb and Onion Kebabs with Mint\n\nLamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nlemon\n\nBulgur\n\nChicken Kebabs with Couscous and\n\nmarinade with herbs\n\nMayonnaise with Capers and\n\nMayonnaise with Garlic and\n\nand Yogurt Sauce\n\nLemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\nLemony Chicken Kebabs with Couscous\n\nLemony Spinach and Avocado Salad\n\nLentil and Sausage Soup\n\nlettuce\n\nprewashed\n\nWraps, Cuban Beef\n\nWraps, Turkey and Roasted Pepper\n\nLight and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\nlime\n\nButtered Broccoli with Cilantro and\n\nand Cilantro Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nCream, with Winter Squash Soup\n\nzest\n\nLinguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nLinguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nLow-and-Slow Sloppy Joes\n\nlunches, 15-minute\n\nAsian-Style Duck Roll-Ups\n\nAvocado, Spinach, and Feta Wrap\n\nBest BLTs\n\nCalifornia Health Sandwiches\n\nChicken and Roasted Pepper Sandwiches\n\nChicken Salad with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nChinese Chicken Slaw\n\nCilantro-Lime Shrimp Salad Pitas\n\nFruity Chicken Salad\n\nGreek-Style Chicken Salad\n\nGrilled Chicken and Jack Cheese Sandwiches\n\nHam and Navy Bean Confetti Soup\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nKey West-Style Shrimp Salad\n\nMexicali Chicken Salad\n\nQuick Turkey Tostadas\n\nRoast Beef Salad with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nSalmon Salad Sandwich\n\nSouthern Vegetable Gumbo\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\nTurkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nWinter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\nlunches, 20-minute\n\nBlack Bean Soup with Rice\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage Salad\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pitas\n\nChickpea Soup\n\nClam and Corn Chowder\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed Tomatoes\n\nCurried Tuna Salad\n\nGingery Turkey-Couscous Salad\n\nHam and Macaroni Salad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nLight and Luscious Cobb Salad\n\nMaui Tortilla Pizzas\n\nPan Bagnat\n\nPitas Stuffed with Tofu-Egg Salad\n\nQuick Quesadillas\n\nSalmon with Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nShrimp Salad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nSmoked Turkey, Carrot, and Raisin Salad\n\nTuna and White Bean Salad\n\nTuna-Potato Salad\n\nWhite Bean Salad with Feta-Pita Crisps\n\nlunches, 30-minute\n\nAsian-Style Pork, Mushroom, and Noodle Soup\n\nBeef and Black Bean Burgers\n\nCreamy Tomato Soup\n\nCremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice Soup\n\nCrunchy Fish Sliders\n\nCuban Beef Lettuce Wraps\n\nDilled Salmon Sandwiches with Caper Sauce\n\nEdamame Salad with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Spinach and Feta\n\nHearty Corn Chowder\n\nHearty Lentil Salad with Radicchio\n\nHoney-Mustard Turkey Sandwiches\n\nManhattan Clam Chowder\n\nOpen-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\nPhilly Cheese Steak Sandwiches\n\nPotato-Watercress Soup\n\nQuesadillas with Guacamole and Pepper Jack\n\nSmoky Vegetarian Chili\n\nTabbouleh with Shrimp\n\nTuna Steak Sandwiches with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nlunches, Simply Filling\n\nM\n\nManhattan Clam Chowder\n\nMaple and Chili-Broiled T-Bone Steaks\n\nmarinade\/glaze\n\nApricot-Mustard\n\nBalsamic\n\nCitrus\n\nlemon-herb\n\nMaple-Chili\n\nSpice\n\nTeriyaki\n\nMaui Tortilla Pizzas\n\nmayonnaise\n\nLemon-Caper\n\nLemon-Garlic\n\nmeatballs\n\nmeats. _See also_ _specific types_\n\nlean cuts of\n\nMediterranean Turkey Burgers\n\nmelon\n\nwith Honeyed Ricotta\n\nwith Thai Shrimp\n\nMexicali Chicken Salad\n\nMicrowave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nMini Mexican Frittatas\n\nMinted Green Beans with Pine Nuts\n\nMinted Lamb Chops with Lemony Bulgur\n\nMixed Berry Shortcakes\n\nMixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nMorning Chai\n\nMoroccan-Style Chicken\n\nmushroom(s)\n\nChicken with White Wine and\n\nFrittata with Peas, Cherry Tomato, and\n\nQuesadillas\n\nsliced\n\nSoup with Asian-Style Pork, Noodle, and\n\nSoup with Rice, Tomato, and Cremini\n\nStir-Fry with Pork and\n\nand Wine Sauce\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\nO\n\nolives, pitted\n\nOnion Soup with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nOpen-Faced Garlicky Steak Sandwiches\n\nOpen-Faced Roast Beef Sandwich Bites\n\norange(s)\n\nand Avocado Relish, with Tuna Steaks\n\nBeef\n\ncanned\n\nFlan\n\nSalad with Cucumber and\n\nSalad with Shrimp, Fennel, Red Onion, and\n\nSauce over Turkey Cutlets\n\nSorbet of Raspberry and\n\nzest\n\nOrange Beef with Broccoli\n\nOrange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\norganizational tips. _See also_ timesaving tips\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nP\n\nPan Bagnat\n\npancakes\n\nBrown Rice and Honey\n\nCottage Cheese\n\nWild Blueberry and Cornmeal\n\nparchment paper\n\nparmesan cheese\n\npasta\n\nBaked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nChicken with Mushrooms, White Wine and\n\ncooking speed of\n\nEasy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nFettuccine with Chicken and Vegetables\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and Tomatoes\n\nHerbed Parmesan-Garlic\n\nLinguine with Fontina and Artichokes\n\nLinguine with White Bean Puttanesca\n\nSalad\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nVegetable Minestrone with\n\nZiti with Saucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken\n\npeach(es)\n\ncanned\n\nOven-Roasted, with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nSalsa\n\nPeach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\nPeach Muesli with Almonds\n\nPea, Mushroom, and Cherry Tomato Frittata\n\nPeanut Butter Blast\n\npear(s)\n\nand Apple Crisp, Microwave\n\ncanned\n\nRoasted, with Balsamic Glaze\n\non sandwiches\n\nWhite Wine-Poached\n\nYogurt and Spice-Roasted\n\npepper jack cheese\n\nPhilly Cheese Steak Sandwiches\n\npineapple\n\ncanned\n\nprecut\n\nPineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nPitas Stuffed with Tofu-Egg Salad\n\npizza\n\nGreek Pita, Spinach and Feta\n\nMargherita\n\nMaui Tortilla\n\nRicotta, Bacon, and Spinach\n\nPlantains, Crispy Green\n\n**_PointsPlus_** system\n\nrecipes arranged by\n\npolenta\n\nEggs, Ranch-Style, over\n\nSteak, Sliced, with Crispy\n\nPolenta with Goat Cheese and Chives\n\npopcorn\n\nChili-Spiced\n\nDried-Cranberry\n\npork\n\nBaked, Stuffed Potatoes with Cheese and\n\nChili\n\nChops, Saucy Pan-Roasted, with Ziti\n\nChops, with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\ncooking temperature for\n\nGrilled Citrus\n\nHam with Apples and Mustard\n\nMarrakesh\n\nPanini, Ham and Swiss\n\nPizza, Maui Tortilla\n\nQuesadillas, Quick, with\n\nRoast, Apricot-Mustard Glazed\n\nRoast, with Citrus-Marinade\n\nSalad-Stuffed Bell Peppers\n\nsandwiches\n\nSoup, Asian-Style with Mushroom and Noodle\n\nSoup, Ham and Navy Bean Confetti\n\nSoup, with Lentil and Kielbasa\n\nStir-Fry\n\nTenderloin Roast, Cajun-Spiced\n\nTenderloin Roast, with Black Bean Salsa\n\nPork and Bean Adobo Chili\n\nPork and Mushroom Stir-Fry\n\nPork Chops with Ginger and Snow Peas\n\nPork Marrakesh\n\nPork with Sweet Coconut-Peanut Sauce\n\npotato(es)\n\nBaked and Stuffed with Ham and Cheese\n\nOven Fries, Rosemary-Parmesan\n\nRoasted, with Rosemary Chicken Thighs\n\nSalad, with Tuna and\n\nsweet\n\nPotato-Watercress Soup\n\npoultry. _See also_ chicken; turkey\n\ncooking temperature for\n\npreparation. _See also_ timesaving tips\n\nshopping in\n\ntimesaving tips for\n\nutensils\/equipment for\n\nweighing and measuring tips for\n\nProven\u00e7al Omelette\n\nProven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\npudding\n\nBread, Pumpkin-Cranberry\n\nBrown Rice-Banana\n\nCreamy Couscous Breakfast\n\nTriple Berry Summer\n\nPumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nPumpkin Pie Muffins\n\nPumpkin Seeds, Smoky\n\nQ\n\nquesadillas\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar\n\nQuick\n\nQuesadillas with Guacamole and Pepper Jack\n\nQuick Chicken Satay with Asparagus\n\nQuick Quesadillas\n\nQuick Turkey Tostadas\n\nR\n\nRanch-Style Eggs over Polenta\n\nraspberries\n\nGrilled Chicken Salad with Goat Cheese and\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Sorbet and\n\nSauce, Pink Apple and\n\nRaspberry-Orange Sorbet\n\nRed Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nrelish\n\nAvocado-Orange\n\nChunky Tomato\n\nRoasted Pepper\n\nrice\n\nBasmati, with Curried Beef Kebabs\n\nand Beef, Cuban-Style\n\nChicken and\n\nPancakes with Honey and Brown\n\nPudding, Banana and Brown\n\nSoup, with Black Bean\n\nSoup, with Cremini Mushroom, Tomato\n\nVegetable Fried\n\nrice cookers\n\nRicotta, Bacon, and Spinach Pizza\n\nricotta cheese\n\nHoneyed\n\non Pizza with Bacon and Spinach\n\nWhipped, with Blueberries and Balsamic Syrup\n\nRoast Beef Salad with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nRoasted Leg of Lamb\n\nRoasted Pears with Balsamic Glaze\n\nroasted pepper\n\nLettuce Wraps with Turkey and\n\nSandwiches with Chicken and\n\nsauce\n\nTuna Steak Sandwiches with Relish of\n\nRoasted Salmon with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nRoast Halibut with Chunky Roasted Pepper Sauce\n\nRoast Pork Tenderloin with Black Bean Salsa\n\nRosemary Chicken Thighs with Roast Potatoes\n\nRosemary-Parmesan Oven Fries\n\nS\n\nsalad(s)\n\nBeef, Thai-Style\n\nChicken and Napa Cabbage\n\nChicken, Fruity\n\nChicken, Greek-style\n\nChicken, Mexicali\n\nChicken, with Fennel, Arugula, and Blue Cheese\n\nChicken, with Raspberries and Goat Cheese\n\nCobb, Light and Luscious\n\nCorn, Black Bean, and Tomato\n\nCrab, in Stuffed Tomato\n\nCucumber-Orange\n\nEdamame, with Basil Vinaigrette\n\nLentil, Hearty, with Radicchio\n\nLentil, Warm, with Baked Salmon\n\nPotato-Tuna\n\nRoast Beef, with Creamy Horseradish Dressing\n\nSalmon\n\nShrimp, Key West-Style\n\nShrimp, Thai-Style, with Melon\n\nShrimp, with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nSteak, Caesar-Style\n\nTabbouleh, with Shrimp\n\nTuna and White Bean\n\nTuna, Curried\n\nTuna-Potato\n\nTurkey, Carrot and Raisin\n\nTurkey-Couscous, Gingery\n\nTurkey, Tropical\n\nWhite Bean, with Feta Pita Crisps\n\nsalmon\n\nBaked, with Warm Lentil Salad\n\ncanned\n\nwith Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nGrilled, with Quick Tomato Tapenade\n\npoached\n\nRoasted, with Caramelized Onions and Carrots\n\nSweet-and-Spicy, with Broccoli Slaw\n\nSalmon au Poivre with Watercress\n\nSalmon Patties with Chunky Tomato Relish\n\nSalmon Salad Sandwich\n\nSalmon with Corn, Black Bean, and Tomato Salad\n\nsalsa\n\nBlack Bean\n\nPeach\n\nTomato-Bean\n\nVerde, with Halibut\n\nVerde, with Vegetarian Burritos\n\nsandwich(es). _See also_ wrap(s)\n\nBLT, Best\n\nBurger, Beef and Black Bean\n\nCalifornia Health\n\nChicken and Roasted Pepper\n\nChicken and Tzatziki-Stuffed Pita\n\nChicken, Grilled with Jack Cheese\n\nHam and Swiss Panini\n\nPan Bagnat\n\nRoast Beef, Open-Faced\n\nSalmon, Dilled, with Caper Sauce\n\nSalmon Salad\n\nShrimp Salad, with Cilantro-Lime\n\nSloppy Joes, Low-and-Slow\n\nSteak, Garlicky, Open-Faced\n\nSteak, Pepper\n\nSteak, Philly Cheese\n\nTofu-Egg Salad\n\nTuna Steak with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nTurkey Burger, Mediterranean\n\nTurkey, with Honey-Mustard\n\nsardines, canned\n\nsauce(s)\n\nArrabbiata\n\nBarbecue\n\nBolognese, Quick\n\nCoconut-Curry\n\nCucumber Raita\n\nFresh Tomato\n\nHoney-Mustard\n\nLemon-Yogurt\n\nMushroom-Wine\n\nPink Apple-Raspberry\n\nRoasted Pepper\n\nTomato-Oregano\n\nTomato Tapenade\n\nTzatziki\n\nSaucy Pan-Roasted Pork Chops with Ziti\n\nscallops\n\nBlackened, with Lemon-Caper Mayonnaise\n\nSesame\n\nseafood. _See also_ _specific types_\n\ncanned\n\nhealthy types of\n\nSliders, Crunchy\n\nStew, Caribbean\n\nTacos\n\nSesame Noodles with Green Vegetables\n\nSesame Scallops\n\nshopping tips\n\nshrimp\n\nChowder\n\npeeled\n\nSalad, Cilantro-Lime\n\nSalad, Key West-Style\n\nSalad with Fennel, Red Onion, and Orange\n\nTabbouleh with\n\nThai, ix\n\nShrimp and Spaghetti Arrabbiata\n\nShrimp Chowder with Dill\n\nShrimp with Cherry Tomatoes and Feta\n\nside dishes, quick\n\nButtered Broccoli with Cilantro and Lime\n\nHerbed Parmesan-Garlic Pasta\n\nKale and Apple Salad\n\nLemony Spinach and Avocado Salad\n\nMinted Green Beans with Pine Nuts\n\nPolenta with Goat Cheese and Chives\n\nRosemary-Parmesan Oven Fries\n\nSimply Filling dishes\n\nslaw\n\nBroccoli\n\nChicken, Chinese\n\nSliced Steak with Crispy Polenta\n\nslow-cooker meals. _See also_ spend-some-time dishes\n\nBeef and Bean Soft Tacos\n\nBeef, Beet, and Cabbage Soup\n\nBeef Stew Proven\u00e7al\n\nBountiful Beef Stew\n\nBraised Chicken in Riesling\n\nCaribbean Seafood Stew\n\nChicken and Vegetable Curry\n\nChicken and Vegetable Tagine\n\nChuck Wagon-Style Turkey Chili\n\nEasy Chicken Gumbo\n\nFirecracker Turkey Chili\n\nGarlicky Braised Turkey Breast\n\nLamb and Vegetable Stew\n\nLow-and-Slow Sloppy Joes\n\nOnion Soup with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nPork Marrakesh\n\nShrimp Chowder with Dill\n\nVegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\nVegetarian Burritos with Salsa Verde\n\nSmoked Turkey, Carrot, and Raisin Salad\n\nSmoky Pumpkin Seeds\n\nSmoky Vegetarian Chili\n\nsmoothies\/shakes\n\nPeanut Butter Blast\n\nPineapple Crush\n\nSoy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\nStrawberry Colada\n\nsnacks, 15-minute\n\nChili-Spiced Popcorn\n\nCottage Cheese and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nDried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nMixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nOpen-Faced Roast Beef Sandwich Bites\n\nPineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nStrawberry Colada Cooler\n\nTurkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce Wraps\n\nVanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nsnacks, 20-minute\n\nBananas Foster\n\nBlack Bean-Tomatillo Dip\n\nBrown Sugar Plums\n\nChunky Guacamole\n\nCrispy Green Plantains\n\nMicrowave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nRed Pepper and Sun-Dried Tomato Dip\n\nSpicy Cereal and Pretzel Snack Mix\n\nSun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\nsnacks, 30-minute\n\nBaked Cheesy Nachos\n\nBlack and White Muffin Bites\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nEdamame Dip\n\nFrozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nMushroom, Scallion, and Cheddar Quesadillas\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nPizza Margherita\n\nRicotta, Bacon, and Spinach Pizza\n\nSmoky Pumpkin Seeds\n\nsnacks, Simply Filling\n\nsodium intake\n\nsorbet\n\nRaspberry-Orange\n\nsoup(s). _See also_ chili; stew(s)\n\nBeef, Beet, and Cabbage\n\nBeef-Vegetable\n\nBlack Bean, with Rice\n\nbutternut squash\n\nChickpea\n\nChili, Smoky Vegetarian\n\nChowder, Clam and Corn\n\nChowder, Hearty Corn\n\nChowder, Manhattan\n\nChowder, Shrimp, with Dill\n\nCremini Mushroom, Tomato, and Rice\n\nGumbo, Southern Vegetable\n\nHam and Navy Bean Confetti\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry\n\nLentil and Sausage\n\nNoodle, with Asian-Style Pork and Mushroom\n\nOnion, with Herbed Cheese Toasts\n\nPotato-Watercress\n\nstore-bought\n\nTomato, Creamy\n\nVegetable Minestrone, with Pasta\n\nWinter Squash, with Lime Cream\n\nSouthern Vegetable Gumbo\n\nSouthwestern-Style Huevos Rancheros\n\nSoy-Blueberry Breakfast Shake\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nSpaghetti with Quick Bolognese Sauce\n\nSpanish Frittata\n\nspend-some-time dishes. _See also_ slow-cooker meals\n\nApricot-Mustard Glazed Pork Roast\n\nBaked Stuffed Potatoes with Ham and Cheese\n\nBaked Ziti with Summer Squash\n\nBeef-Barley Stew with Roasted Vegetables\n\nBeef-Vegetable Soup\n\nBest-Ever Country Captain\n\nCacciatore-Style Chicken and Vegetables\n\nChicken and Rice with Artichoke Hearts\n\nChicken and Vegetable Ragu with Herbed Dumplings\n\nChicken with Mushrooms and White Wine\n\nCitrus-Marinated Roast Pork\n\nCuban-Style Shredded Beef and Rice\n\nEasy Chicken Florentine with Spaghetti\n\nLentil and Sausage Soup\n\nPork and Bean Adobo Chili\n\nProven\u00e7al-Style Vegetable-Chickpea Stew\n\nRoasted Leg of Lamb\n\nRosemary Chicken Thighs with Roast Potatoes\n\nSpaghetti with Fresh Tomato Sauce and Meatballs\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nSpice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with Yogurt\n\nSpicy Cereal and Pretzel Snack Mix\n\nspinach\n\nGreek Pita Pizzas with Feta and\n\nSalad with Avocado and Lemony\n\nthawing tips for\n\nWrap with Avocado and Feta\n\nSpinach-Feta Scramble\n\nSteak Fajitas\n\nstew(s). _See also_ soup(s)\n\nBeef-Barley, with Roasted Vegetables\n\nBeef, Bountiful\n\nBeef Proven\u00e7al\n\nLamb and Vegetable\n\nSeafood, Caribbean\n\nVegetable-Chickpea, Proven\u00e7al-Style\n\nStir-Fried Beef with Asparagus\n\nstir-fry(ies)\n\nChicken Teriyaki and Snow Pea\n\nPork and Mushroom\n\nSteak, with Ginger and Broccoli\n\nTofu and Four-Vegetable\n\nStrawberry Colada Cooler\n\nStrawberry-Honeydew Soup\n\nStuffed Butterflied Leg of Lamb\n\nSucanat\n\nSummer Squash Stuffed with Beef and Olives\n\nSummer Squash with Baked Ziti\n\nSun-Dried Tomato Hummus\n\nSuperfast Barbecued Chicken\n\nSweet-and-Spicy Salmon with Broccoli Slaw\n\nsweets\/desserts-minute\n\nDried Cranberry-Popcorn Mix\n\nHoneydew-Strawberry Soup\n\nMixed Melon with Honeyed Ricotta\n\nPineapple Crush Smoothies\n\nStrawberry Colada Cooler\n\nVanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nsweets\/desserts-minute\n\nBananas Foster\n\nBrown Sugar Plums\n\nMicrowave Apple-Pear Crisp\n\nsweets\/desserts-minute\n\nBlack and White Muffin Bites\n\nBlueberries with Whipped Ricotta and Balsamic Syrup\n\nFrozen Vanilla Yogurt with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nOven-Roasted Peaches with Raspberries and Sorbet\n\nsweets\/desserts, bonus\n\nApricot and Toasted Almond Galette\n\nBanana-Walnut Bread\n\nBrown Rice-Banana Pudding\n\nCarrot-Apple Cupcakes with Cream Cheese Frosting\n\nChocolate-Cherry Brownies\n\nChunky Pink Apple-Raspberry Sauce\n\nFrozen Strawberry-Maple Yogurt\n\nLemon Souffl\u00e9s\n\nMixed Berry Shortcakes\n\nOrange Flan with Macerated Oranges\n\nPeach-Blueberry Crostatas\n\nPumpkin-Cranberry Bread Puddings\n\nPumpkin Pie Muffins\n\nRaspberry-Orange Sorbet\n\nRoasted Pears with Balsamic Glaze\n\nSpice-Glazed Cherry Bundt Cake\n\nTriple Berry Summer Pudding\n\nWarm Spice-Baked Apples\n\nWhite Wine-Poached Pears\n\nWhole Grain and Fruit Oatmeal Cookies\n\nsweets\/desserts, Simply Filling\n\nSwiss cheese\n\nSyrup, Balsamic\n\nT\n\nTabbouleh with Shrimp\n\ntacos\n\nBeef and Bean, Soft\n\nCalifornia Fish\n\ntemperature, food\n\nTeriyaki Chicken and Snow Pea Stir-Fry\n\nTeriyaki-Glazed Tofu and Vegetable Kebabs\n\nThai Shrimp and Melon Salad\n\nThai-Style Beef Salad\n\nTilapia with Tomato and Feta\n\ntimesaving tips\n\ncanned foods and\n\nfor food add-ins\n\nfor food preparation\n\norganization-based\n\nfor shopping\n\nfor side dishes\n\nutensils and\n\ntofu\n\nFour-Vegetable Stir-Fry with\n\nKebabs, with Vegetables and Teriyaki-Glazed\n\nPitas Stuffed with Egg Salad and\n\ntomato(es)\n\ncanned\n\nChicken Picadillo with\n\nCrab Salad-Stuffed\n\nDip, Red Pepper and Sun-Dried\n\nFettuccine with Goat Cheese, Arugula, and\n\nFrittata with Peas, Mushroom, and Cherry\n\nOmelette with Bell Pepper and Sun-Dried\n\nRelish, with Salmon Patties\n\nSalad with Corn, Black Bean, and\n\nSalsa, with Bean\n\nSauce, Fresh\n\nSauce, with Oregano\n\nShrimp with Feta and Cherry\n\nSoup, Creamy\n\nsoup, store-bought\n\nSoup with Cremini Mushroom, Rice, and\n\nStuffed with Crab Salad\n\nSun-Dried, in Hummus\n\nTapenade, with Salmon\n\nTilapia with Feta and\n\nTriple Berry Summer Pudding\n\nTropical Turkey Salad\n\ntuna\n\ncanned\n\non Pan Bagnat\n\nSalad, Curried\n\nSalad, with Potato\n\nSalad, with White Bean\n\nSteak Sandwiches, with Roasted Pepper Relish\n\nSteaks, with Avocado-Orange Relish\n\nturkey\n\nBreast, Garlicky Braised\n\nBurgers, Mediterranean\n\nCarrot and Raisin Salad with Smoked\n\nChili, Chuck Wagon-Style\n\nChili, Firecracker\n\ncooking temperature for\n\nCouscous Salad with Gingery-\n\nCutlets\n\nmeatballs\n\nSalad, Tropical\n\nSandwiches, Honey-Mustard\n\nSquash Stew with African-Spiced\n\nWraps\n\nTurkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce Wraps\n\nTurkey Cutlets Milanese\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Mushroom-Wine Sauce\n\nTurkey Cutlets with Orange Sauce\n\nTurkey Wraps with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nU\n\nU.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans\n\nV\n\nVanilla Yogurt Sundae\n\nvegetable(s)\n\nBurritos\n\ncanned\n\nChicken, Cacciatore-Style, with\n\nChili, Smoky\n\nCurry with Chicken and\n\nFettuccine with Chicken and\n\nfrozen\n\nGumbo\n\nKebabs, with Teriyaki-Glazed Tofu\n\nmicrowaved\n\nMinestrone\n\nPaella, Chunky\n\nRagu with Chicken and Herbed Dumplings\n\nRoasted, with Beef-Barley Stew\n\nSesame Noodles with Green\n\nSteak and\n\nStew, Proven\u00e7al-Style, with Chickpea and\n\nStew, with Lamb\n\nStir-Fry with Tofu and Four\n\nTagine with Chicken and\n\nVegetable Fried Rice\n\nVegetable Minestrone with Pasta\n\nVegetarian Burritos with Salsa Verde\n\nVeggie Breakfast Burrito\n\nW\n\nWaffles with Blueberries and Maple Cream\n\nWarm Lentil Salad with Baked Salmon\n\nWarm Spice-Baked Apples\n\nweighing\/measuring tips. _See also_ timesaving tips\n\nWeight Watchers\n\ndigital apps for\n\nGood Health Guidelines by\n\n**_PointsPlus_** values in\n\nSimply Filling technique in\n\nweb site for\n\nWhite Bean and Tuna Salad\n\nWhite Bean Puttanesca Linguine\n\nWhite Bean Salad with Feta-Pita Crisps\n\nWhite Wine-Poached Pears\n\nWhole Grain and Fruit Oatmeal Cookies\n\nwhole grains. _See_ grains, whole\n\nWild Blueberry and Cornmeal Pancakes\n\nWinter Squash Soup with Lime Cream\n\nwrap(s). _See also_ sandwich(es)\n\nAvocado, Spinach, and Feta\n\nBeef, Cuban-Style, Lettuce\n\nDuck Roll-Up, Asian-Style\n\nTurkey and Roasted Pepper Lettuce\n\nTurkey Tostada, Quick\n\nTurkey, with Lemon-Yogurt Sauce\n\nY\n\nyogurt\n\nFrozen, Strawberry-Maple\n\nFrozen, with Sugared Shredded Wheat\n\nSauce of Lemon and\n\nSpice-Roasted Pears with\n\nSundae\n\nVanilla\nNote: Many recipes in this book were previously released in the _Momentum Cookbook_ and _Pantry to Plate,_ both Weight Watchers meeting room cookbooks.\n\nWEIGHT WATCHERS COOK IT FAST. Copyright \u00a9 2014 by Weight Watchers International, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For information, address St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.\n\nPasta Salad with Apple and Chicken and Grilled Flank Steak with Tomato-Fennel Salad\n\nwww.stmartins.com\n\nEditorial and art produced by W\/W Twentyfirst Corp., 675 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010.\n\nWEIGHT WATCHERS is a trademark of Weight Watchers International, Inc. Printed in the USA\n\nThe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.\n\nISBN 978-1-250-05295-7 (trade paperback)  \nISBN 978-1-4668-5481-9 (e-book)\n\neBooks may be purchased for business or promotional use. For information on bulk purchases, please contact Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department by writing to MacmillanSpecialMarkets@macmillan.com.\n\nFirst Edition: August 2014\n\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\n# Contents\n\n  1. Cover\n  2. Title Page\n  3. Copyright Notice\n  4. About Weight Watchers International, Inc.\n  5. Contents\n  6. A Quick Note\n  7. Weight Watchers and the Simply Filling Technique\n    1. 44 Recipes That Work with the Simply Filling Technique\n  8. About Our Recipes\n  9. 15 Minute Meals\n    1. 15 Minute Breakfasts\n    2. 15 Minute Lunches\n    3. Buy Some Time\n    4. 15 Minute Dinners\n    5. 15 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n    6. Organize Your Kitchen for Speed\n  10. 20 Minute Meals\n    1. 20 Minute Breakfasts\n    2. 20 Minute Lunches\n    3. 9 Rules for Shortcut Cooking\n    4. 20 Minute Dinners\n    5. Got 5 Minutes?\n    6. 10 Essential Kitchen Time-Savers\n    7. 20 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n  11. 30 Minute Meals\n    1. 30 Minute Breakfasts\n    2. 30 Minute Lunches\n    3. Express Shopping\n    4. 30 Minute Dinners\n    5. You Can Make It Quick\n    6. 7 Superfast Sides\n    7. 30 Minute Snacks and Sweets\n  12. Bonus-On the Weekend\n    1. Spend Some Time\n    2. Time Well Spent\n    3. Slow Cookers Save Time\n    4. Something Sweet\n    5. Life's Too Short to Make...\n  13. Recipes by PointsPlus value\n  14. Index\n  15. Copyright\n\n## Guide\n\n  1. Cover\n  2. Copyright\n  3. Contents\n\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaBook"}}