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env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/__init__.py

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+"""
+=============================================
+Integration and ODEs (:mod:`scipy.integrate`)
+=============================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: scipy.integrate
+
+Integrating functions, given function object
+============================================
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   quad          -- General purpose integration
+   quad_vec      -- General purpose integration of vector-valued functions
+   dblquad       -- General purpose double integration
+   tplquad       -- General purpose triple integration
+   nquad         -- General purpose N-D integration
+   fixed_quad    -- Integrate func(x) using Gaussian quadrature of order n
+   quadrature    -- Integrate with given tolerance using Gaussian quadrature
+   romberg       -- Integrate func using Romberg integration
+   newton_cotes  -- Weights and error coefficient for Newton-Cotes integration
+   qmc_quad      -- N-D integration using Quasi-Monte Carlo quadrature
+   IntegrationWarning -- Warning on issues during integration
+   AccuracyWarning  -- Warning on issues during quadrature integration
+
+Integrating functions, given fixed samples
+==========================================
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   trapezoid            -- Use trapezoidal rule to compute integral.
+   cumulative_trapezoid -- Use trapezoidal rule to cumulatively compute integral.
+   simpson              -- Use Simpson's rule to compute integral from samples.
+   cumulative_simpson   -- Use Simpson's rule to cumulatively compute integral from samples.
+   romb                 -- Use Romberg Integration to compute integral from
+                        -- (2**k + 1) evenly-spaced samples.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+   :mod:`scipy.special` for orthogonal polynomials (special) for Gaussian
+   quadrature roots and weights for other weighting factors and regions.
+
+Solving initial value problems for ODE systems
+==============================================
+
+The solvers are implemented as individual classes, which can be used directly
+(low-level usage) or through a convenience function.
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   solve_ivp     -- Convenient function for ODE integration.
+   RK23          -- Explicit Runge-Kutta solver of order 3(2).
+   RK45          -- Explicit Runge-Kutta solver of order 5(4).
+   DOP853        -- Explicit Runge-Kutta solver of order 8.
+   Radau         -- Implicit Runge-Kutta solver of order 5.
+   BDF           -- Implicit multi-step variable order (1 to 5) solver.
+   LSODA         -- LSODA solver from ODEPACK Fortran package.
+   OdeSolver     -- Base class for ODE solvers.
+   DenseOutput   -- Local interpolant for computing a dense output.
+   OdeSolution   -- Class which represents a continuous ODE solution.
+
+
+Old API
+-------
+
+These are the routines developed earlier for SciPy. They wrap older solvers
+implemented in Fortran (mostly ODEPACK). While the interface to them is not
+particularly convenient and certain features are missing compared to the new
+API, the solvers themselves are of good quality and work fast as compiled
+Fortran code. In some cases, it might be worth using this old API.
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   odeint        -- General integration of ordinary differential equations.
+   ode           -- Integrate ODE using VODE and ZVODE routines.
+   complex_ode   -- Convert a complex-valued ODE to real-valued and integrate.
+   ODEintWarning -- Warning raised during the execution of `odeint`.
+
+
+Solving boundary value problems for ODE systems
+===============================================
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   solve_bvp     -- Solve a boundary value problem for a system of ODEs.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+
+from ._quadrature import *
+from ._odepack_py import *
+from ._quadpack_py import *
+from ._ode import *
+from ._bvp import solve_bvp
+from ._ivp import (solve_ivp, OdeSolution, DenseOutput,
+                   OdeSolver, RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA)
+from ._quad_vec import quad_vec
+
+# Deprecated namespaces, to be removed in v2.0.0
+from . import dop, lsoda, vode, odepack, quadpack
+
+__all__ = [s for s in dir() if not s.startswith('_')]
+
+from scipy._lib._testutils import PytestTester
+test = PytestTester(__name__)
+del PytestTester

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_bvp.py

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+"""Boundary value problem solver."""
+from warnings import warn
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.linalg import pinv
+
+from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix, csc_matrix
+from scipy.sparse.linalg import splu
+from scipy.optimize import OptimizeResult
+
+
+EPS = np.finfo(float).eps
+
+
+def estimate_fun_jac(fun, x, y, p, f0=None):
+    """Estimate derivatives of an ODE system rhs with forward differences.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    df_dy : ndarray, shape (n, n, m)
+        Derivatives with respect to y. An element (i, j, q) corresponds to
+        d f_i(x_q, y_q) / d (y_q)_j.
+    df_dp : ndarray with shape (n, k, m) or None
+        Derivatives with respect to p. An element (i, j, q) corresponds to
+        d f_i(x_q, y_q, p) / d p_j. If `p` is empty, None is returned.
+    """
+    n, m = y.shape
+    if f0 is None:
+        f0 = fun(x, y, p)
+
+    dtype = y.dtype
+
+    df_dy = np.empty((n, n, m), dtype=dtype)
+    h = EPS**0.5 * (1 + np.abs(y))
+    for i in range(n):
+        y_new = y.copy()
+        y_new[i] += h[i]
+        hi = y_new[i] - y[i]
+        f_new = fun(x, y_new, p)
+        df_dy[:, i, :] = (f_new - f0) / hi
+
+    k = p.shape[0]
+    if k == 0:
+        df_dp = None
+    else:
+        df_dp = np.empty((n, k, m), dtype=dtype)
+        h = EPS**0.5 * (1 + np.abs(p))
+        for i in range(k):
+            p_new = p.copy()
+            p_new[i] += h[i]
+            hi = p_new[i] - p[i]
+            f_new = fun(x, y, p_new)
+            df_dp[:, i, :] = (f_new - f0) / hi
+
+    return df_dy, df_dp
+
+
+def estimate_bc_jac(bc, ya, yb, p, bc0=None):
+    """Estimate derivatives of boundary conditions with forward differences.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dbc_dya : ndarray, shape (n + k, n)
+        Derivatives with respect to ya. An element (i, j) corresponds to
+        d bc_i / d ya_j.
+    dbc_dyb : ndarray, shape (n + k, n)
+        Derivatives with respect to yb. An element (i, j) corresponds to
+        d bc_i / d ya_j.
+    dbc_dp : ndarray with shape (n + k, k) or None
+        Derivatives with respect to p. An element (i, j) corresponds to
+        d bc_i / d p_j. If `p` is empty, None is returned.
+    """
+    n = ya.shape[0]
+    k = p.shape[0]
+
+    if bc0 is None:
+        bc0 = bc(ya, yb, p)
+
+    dtype = ya.dtype
+
+    dbc_dya = np.empty((n, n + k), dtype=dtype)
+    h = EPS**0.5 * (1 + np.abs(ya))
+    for i in range(n):
+        ya_new = ya.copy()
+        ya_new[i] += h[i]
+        hi = ya_new[i] - ya[i]
+        bc_new = bc(ya_new, yb, p)
+        dbc_dya[i] = (bc_new - bc0) / hi
+    dbc_dya = dbc_dya.T
+
+    h = EPS**0.5 * (1 + np.abs(yb))
+    dbc_dyb = np.empty((n, n + k), dtype=dtype)
+    for i in range(n):
+        yb_new = yb.copy()
+        yb_new[i] += h[i]
+        hi = yb_new[i] - yb[i]
+        bc_new = bc(ya, yb_new, p)
+        dbc_dyb[i] = (bc_new - bc0) / hi
+    dbc_dyb = dbc_dyb.T
+
+    if k == 0:
+        dbc_dp = None
+    else:
+        h = EPS**0.5 * (1 + np.abs(p))
+        dbc_dp = np.empty((k, n + k), dtype=dtype)
+        for i in range(k):
+            p_new = p.copy()
+            p_new[i] += h[i]
+            hi = p_new[i] - p[i]
+            bc_new = bc(ya, yb, p_new)
+            dbc_dp[i] = (bc_new - bc0) / hi
+        dbc_dp = dbc_dp.T
+
+    return dbc_dya, dbc_dyb, dbc_dp
+
+
+def compute_jac_indices(n, m, k):
+    """Compute indices for the collocation system Jacobian construction.
+
+    See `construct_global_jac` for the explanation.
+    """
+    i_col = np.repeat(np.arange((m - 1) * n), n)
+    j_col = (np.tile(np.arange(n), n * (m - 1)) +
+             np.repeat(np.arange(m - 1) * n, n**2))
+
+    i_bc = np.repeat(np.arange((m - 1) * n, m * n + k), n)
+    j_bc = np.tile(np.arange(n), n + k)
+
+    i_p_col = np.repeat(np.arange((m - 1) * n), k)
+    j_p_col = np.tile(np.arange(m * n, m * n + k), (m - 1) * n)
+
+    i_p_bc = np.repeat(np.arange((m - 1) * n, m * n + k), k)
+    j_p_bc = np.tile(np.arange(m * n, m * n + k), n + k)
+
+    i = np.hstack((i_col, i_col, i_bc, i_bc, i_p_col, i_p_bc))
+    j = np.hstack((j_col, j_col + n,
+                   j_bc, j_bc + (m - 1) * n,
+                   j_p_col, j_p_bc))
+
+    return i, j
+
+
+def stacked_matmul(a, b):
+    """Stacked matrix multiply: out[i,:,:] = np.dot(a[i,:,:], b[i,:,:]).
+
+    Empirical optimization. Use outer Python loop and BLAS for large
+    matrices, otherwise use a single einsum call.
+    """
+    if a.shape[1] > 50:
+        out = np.empty((a.shape[0], a.shape[1], b.shape[2]))
+        for i in range(a.shape[0]):
+            out[i] = np.dot(a[i], b[i])
+        return out
+    else:
+        return np.einsum('...ij,...jk->...ik', a, b)
+
+
+def construct_global_jac(n, m, k, i_jac, j_jac, h, df_dy, df_dy_middle, df_dp,
+                         df_dp_middle, dbc_dya, dbc_dyb, dbc_dp):
+    """Construct the Jacobian of the collocation system.
+
+    There are n * m + k functions: m - 1 collocations residuals, each
+    containing n components, followed by n + k boundary condition residuals.
+
+    There are n * m + k variables: m vectors of y, each containing n
+    components, followed by k values of vector p.
+
+    For example, let m = 4, n = 2 and k = 1, then the Jacobian will have
+    the following sparsity structure:
+
+        1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0  5
+        1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0  5
+        0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0  5
+        0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0  5
+        0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2  5
+        0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2  5
+
+        3 3 0 0 0 0 4 4  6
+        3 3 0 0 0 0 4 4  6
+        3 3 0 0 0 0 4 4  6
+
+    Zeros denote identically zero values, other values denote different kinds
+    of blocks in the matrix (see below). The blank row indicates the separation
+    of collocation residuals from boundary conditions. And the blank column
+    indicates the separation of y values from p values.
+
+    Refer to [1]_  (p. 306) for the formula of n x n blocks for derivatives
+    of collocation residuals with respect to y.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations in the ODE system.
+    m : int
+        Number of nodes in the mesh.
+    k : int
+        Number of the unknown parameters.
+    i_jac, j_jac : ndarray
+        Row and column indices returned by `compute_jac_indices`. They
+        represent different blocks in the Jacobian matrix in the following
+        order (see the scheme above):
+
+            * 1: m - 1 diagonal n x n blocks for the collocation residuals.
+            * 2: m - 1 off-diagonal n x n blocks for the collocation residuals.
+            * 3 : (n + k) x n block for the dependency of the boundary
+              conditions on ya.
+            * 4: (n + k) x n block for the dependency of the boundary
+              conditions on yb.
+            * 5: (m - 1) * n x k block for the dependency of the collocation
+              residuals on p.
+            * 6: (n + k) x k block for the dependency of the boundary
+              conditions on p.
+
+    df_dy : ndarray, shape (n, n, m)
+        Jacobian of f with respect to y computed at the mesh nodes.
+    df_dy_middle : ndarray, shape (n, n, m - 1)
+        Jacobian of f with respect to y computed at the middle between the
+        mesh nodes.
+    df_dp : ndarray with shape (n, k, m) or None
+        Jacobian of f with respect to p computed at the mesh nodes.
+    df_dp_middle : ndarray with shape (n, k, m - 1) or None
+        Jacobian of f with respect to p computed at the middle between the
+        mesh nodes.
+    dbc_dya, dbc_dyb : ndarray, shape (n, n)
+        Jacobian of bc with respect to ya and yb.
+    dbc_dp : ndarray with shape (n, k) or None
+        Jacobian of bc with respect to p.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    J : csc_matrix, shape (n * m + k, n * m + k)
+        Jacobian of the collocation system in a sparse form.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] J. Kierzenka, L. F. Shampine, "A BVP Solver Based on Residual
+       Control and the Maltab PSE", ACM Trans. Math. Softw., Vol. 27,
+       Number 3, pp. 299-316, 2001.
+    """
+    df_dy = np.transpose(df_dy, (2, 0, 1))
+    df_dy_middle = np.transpose(df_dy_middle, (2, 0, 1))
+
+    h = h[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis]
+
+    dtype = df_dy.dtype
+
+    # Computing diagonal n x n blocks.
+    dPhi_dy_0 = np.empty((m - 1, n, n), dtype=dtype)
+    dPhi_dy_0[:] = -np.identity(n)
+    dPhi_dy_0 -= h / 6 * (df_dy[:-1] + 2 * df_dy_middle)
+    T = stacked_matmul(df_dy_middle, df_dy[:-1])
+    dPhi_dy_0 -= h**2 / 12 * T
+
+    # Computing off-diagonal n x n blocks.
+    dPhi_dy_1 = np.empty((m - 1, n, n), dtype=dtype)
+    dPhi_dy_1[:] = np.identity(n)
+    dPhi_dy_1 -= h / 6 * (df_dy[1:] + 2 * df_dy_middle)
+    T = stacked_matmul(df_dy_middle, df_dy[1:])
+    dPhi_dy_1 += h**2 / 12 * T
+
+    values = np.hstack((dPhi_dy_0.ravel(), dPhi_dy_1.ravel(), dbc_dya.ravel(),
+                        dbc_dyb.ravel()))
+
+    if k > 0:
+        df_dp = np.transpose(df_dp, (2, 0, 1))
+        df_dp_middle = np.transpose(df_dp_middle, (2, 0, 1))
+        T = stacked_matmul(df_dy_middle, df_dp[:-1] - df_dp[1:])
+        df_dp_middle += 0.125 * h * T
+        dPhi_dp = -h/6 * (df_dp[:-1] + df_dp[1:] + 4 * df_dp_middle)
+        values = np.hstack((values, dPhi_dp.ravel(), dbc_dp.ravel()))
+
+    J = coo_matrix((values, (i_jac, j_jac)))
+    return csc_matrix(J)
+
+
+def collocation_fun(fun, y, p, x, h):
+    """Evaluate collocation residuals.
+
+    This function lies in the core of the method. The solution is sought
+    as a cubic C1 continuous spline with derivatives matching the ODE rhs
+    at given nodes `x`. Collocation conditions are formed from the equality
+    of the spline derivatives and rhs of the ODE system in the middle points
+    between nodes.
+
+    Such method is classified to Lobbato IIIA family in ODE literature.
+    Refer to [1]_ for the formula and some discussion.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    col_res : ndarray, shape (n, m - 1)
+        Collocation residuals at the middle points of the mesh intervals.
+    y_middle : ndarray, shape (n, m - 1)
+        Values of the cubic spline evaluated at the middle points of the mesh
+        intervals.
+    f : ndarray, shape (n, m)
+        RHS of the ODE system evaluated at the mesh nodes.
+    f_middle : ndarray, shape (n, m - 1)
+        RHS of the ODE system evaluated at the middle points of the mesh
+        intervals (and using `y_middle`).
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] J. Kierzenka, L. F. Shampine, "A BVP Solver Based on Residual
+           Control and the Maltab PSE", ACM Trans. Math. Softw., Vol. 27,
+           Number 3, pp. 299-316, 2001.
+    """
+    f = fun(x, y, p)
+    y_middle = (0.5 * (y[:, 1:] + y[:, :-1]) -
+                0.125 * h * (f[:, 1:] - f[:, :-1]))
+    f_middle = fun(x[:-1] + 0.5 * h, y_middle, p)
+    col_res = y[:, 1:] - y[:, :-1] - h / 6 * (f[:, :-1] + f[:, 1:] +
+                                              4 * f_middle)
+
+    return col_res, y_middle, f, f_middle
+
+
+def prepare_sys(n, m, k, fun, bc, fun_jac, bc_jac, x, h):
+    """Create the function and the Jacobian for the collocation system."""
+    x_middle = x[:-1] + 0.5 * h
+    i_jac, j_jac = compute_jac_indices(n, m, k)
+
+    def col_fun(y, p):
+        return collocation_fun(fun, y, p, x, h)
+
+    def sys_jac(y, p, y_middle, f, f_middle, bc0):
+        if fun_jac is None:
+            df_dy, df_dp = estimate_fun_jac(fun, x, y, p, f)
+            df_dy_middle, df_dp_middle = estimate_fun_jac(
+                fun, x_middle, y_middle, p, f_middle)
+        else:
+            df_dy, df_dp = fun_jac(x, y, p)
+            df_dy_middle, df_dp_middle = fun_jac(x_middle, y_middle, p)
+
+        if bc_jac is None:
+            dbc_dya, dbc_dyb, dbc_dp = estimate_bc_jac(bc, y[:, 0], y[:, -1],
+                                                       p, bc0)
+        else:
+            dbc_dya, dbc_dyb, dbc_dp = bc_jac(y[:, 0], y[:, -1], p)
+
+        return construct_global_jac(n, m, k, i_jac, j_jac, h, df_dy,
+                                    df_dy_middle, df_dp, df_dp_middle, dbc_dya,
+                                    dbc_dyb, dbc_dp)
+
+    return col_fun, sys_jac
+
+
+def solve_newton(n, m, h, col_fun, bc, jac, y, p, B, bvp_tol, bc_tol):
+    """Solve the nonlinear collocation system by a Newton method.
+
+    This is a simple Newton method with a backtracking line search. As
+    advised in [1]_, an affine-invariant criterion function F = ||J^-1 r||^2
+    is used, where J is the Jacobian matrix at the current iteration and r is
+    the vector or collocation residuals (values of the system lhs).
+
+    The method alters between full Newton iterations and the fixed-Jacobian
+    iterations based
+
+    There are other tricks proposed in [1]_, but they are not used as they
+    don't seem to improve anything significantly, and even break the
+    convergence on some test problems I tried.
+
+    All important parameters of the algorithm are defined inside the function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations in the ODE system.
+    m : int
+        Number of nodes in the mesh.
+    h : ndarray, shape (m-1,)
+        Mesh intervals.
+    col_fun : callable
+        Function computing collocation residuals.
+    bc : callable
+        Function computing boundary condition residuals.
+    jac : callable
+        Function computing the Jacobian of the whole system (including
+        collocation and boundary condition residuals). It is supposed to
+        return csc_matrix.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n, m)
+        Initial guess for the function values at the mesh nodes.
+    p : ndarray, shape (k,)
+        Initial guess for the unknown parameters.
+    B : ndarray with shape (n, n) or None
+        Matrix to force the S y(a) = 0 condition for a problems with the
+        singular term. If None, the singular term is assumed to be absent.
+    bvp_tol : float
+        Tolerance to which we want to solve a BVP.
+    bc_tol : float
+        Tolerance to which we want to satisfy the boundary conditions.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : ndarray, shape (n, m)
+        Final iterate for the function values at the mesh nodes.
+    p : ndarray, shape (k,)
+        Final iterate for the unknown parameters.
+    singular : bool
+        True, if the LU decomposition failed because Jacobian turned out
+        to be singular.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1]  U. Ascher, R. Mattheij and R. Russell "Numerical Solution of
+       Boundary Value Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations"
+    """
+    # We know that the solution residuals at the middle points of the mesh
+    # are connected with collocation residuals  r_middle = 1.5 * col_res / h.
+    # As our BVP solver tries to decrease relative residuals below a certain
+    # tolerance, it seems reasonable to terminated Newton iterations by
+    # comparison of r_middle / (1 + np.abs(f_middle)) with a certain threshold,
+    # which we choose to be 1.5 orders lower than the BVP tolerance. We rewrite
+    # the condition as col_res < tol_r * (1 + np.abs(f_middle)), then tol_r
+    # should be computed as follows:
+    tol_r = 2/3 * h * 5e-2 * bvp_tol
+
+    # Maximum allowed number of Jacobian evaluation and factorization, in
+    # other words, the maximum number of full Newton iterations. A small value
+    # is recommended in the literature.
+    max_njev = 4
+
+    # Maximum number of iterations, considering that some of them can be
+    # performed with the fixed Jacobian. In theory, such iterations are cheap,
+    # but it's not that simple in Python.
+    max_iter = 8
+
+    # Minimum relative improvement of the criterion function to accept the
+    # step (Armijo constant).
+    sigma = 0.2
+
+    # Step size decrease factor for backtracking.
+    tau = 0.5
+
+    # Maximum number of backtracking steps, the minimum step is then
+    # tau ** n_trial.
+    n_trial = 4
+
+    col_res, y_middle, f, f_middle = col_fun(y, p)
+    bc_res = bc(y[:, 0], y[:, -1], p)
+    res = np.hstack((col_res.ravel(order='F'), bc_res))
+
+    njev = 0
+    singular = False
+    recompute_jac = True
+    for iteration in range(max_iter):
+        if recompute_jac:
+            J = jac(y, p, y_middle, f, f_middle, bc_res)
+            njev += 1
+            try:
+                LU = splu(J)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                singular = True
+                break
+
+            step = LU.solve(res)
+            cost = np.dot(step, step)
+
+        y_step = step[:m * n].reshape((n, m), order='F')
+        p_step = step[m * n:]
+
+        alpha = 1
+        for trial in range(n_trial + 1):
+            y_new = y - alpha * y_step
+            if B is not None:
+                y_new[:, 0] = np.dot(B, y_new[:, 0])
+            p_new = p - alpha * p_step
+
+            col_res, y_middle, f, f_middle = col_fun(y_new, p_new)
+            bc_res = bc(y_new[:, 0], y_new[:, -1], p_new)
+            res = np.hstack((col_res.ravel(order='F'), bc_res))
+
+            step_new = LU.solve(res)
+            cost_new = np.dot(step_new, step_new)
+            if cost_new < (1 - 2 * alpha * sigma) * cost:
+                break
+
+            if trial < n_trial:
+                alpha *= tau
+
+        y = y_new
+        p = p_new
+
+        if njev == max_njev:
+            break
+
+        if (np.all(np.abs(col_res) < tol_r * (1 + np.abs(f_middle))) and
+                np.all(np.abs(bc_res) < bc_tol)):
+            break
+
+        # If the full step was taken, then we are going to continue with
+        # the same Jacobian. This is the approach of BVP_SOLVER.
+        if alpha == 1:
+            step = step_new
+            cost = cost_new
+            recompute_jac = False
+        else:
+            recompute_jac = True
+
+    return y, p, singular
+
+
+def print_iteration_header():
+    print("{:^15}{:^15}{:^15}{:^15}{:^15}".format(
+        "Iteration", "Max residual", "Max BC residual", "Total nodes",
+        "Nodes added"))
+
+
+def print_iteration_progress(iteration, residual, bc_residual, total_nodes,
+                             nodes_added):
+    print("{:^15}{:^15.2e}{:^15.2e}{:^15}{:^15}".format(
+        iteration, residual, bc_residual, total_nodes, nodes_added))
+
+
+class BVPResult(OptimizeResult):
+    pass
+
+
+TERMINATION_MESSAGES = {
+    0: "The algorithm converged to the desired accuracy.",
+    1: "The maximum number of mesh nodes is exceeded.",
+    2: "A singular Jacobian encountered when solving the collocation system.",
+    3: "The solver was unable to satisfy boundary conditions tolerance on iteration 10."
+}
+
+
+def estimate_rms_residuals(fun, sol, x, h, p, r_middle, f_middle):
+    """Estimate rms values of collocation residuals using Lobatto quadrature.
+
+    The residuals are defined as the difference between the derivatives of
+    our solution and rhs of the ODE system. We use relative residuals, i.e.,
+    normalized by 1 + np.abs(f). RMS values are computed as sqrt from the
+    normalized integrals of the squared relative residuals over each interval.
+    Integrals are estimated using 5-point Lobatto quadrature [1]_, we use the
+    fact that residuals at the mesh nodes are identically zero.
+
+    In [2] they don't normalize integrals by interval lengths, which gives
+    a higher rate of convergence of the residuals by the factor of h**0.5.
+    I chose to do such normalization for an ease of interpretation of return
+    values as RMS estimates.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rms_res : ndarray, shape (m - 1,)
+        Estimated rms values of the relative residuals over each interval.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LobattoQuadrature.html
+    .. [2] J. Kierzenka, L. F. Shampine, "A BVP Solver Based on Residual
+       Control and the Maltab PSE", ACM Trans. Math. Softw., Vol. 27,
+       Number 3, pp. 299-316, 2001.
+    """
+    x_middle = x[:-1] + 0.5 * h
+    s = 0.5 * h * (3/7)**0.5
+    x1 = x_middle + s
+    x2 = x_middle - s
+    y1 = sol(x1)
+    y2 = sol(x2)
+    y1_prime = sol(x1, 1)
+    y2_prime = sol(x2, 1)
+    f1 = fun(x1, y1, p)
+    f2 = fun(x2, y2, p)
+    r1 = y1_prime - f1
+    r2 = y2_prime - f2
+
+    r_middle /= 1 + np.abs(f_middle)
+    r1 /= 1 + np.abs(f1)
+    r2 /= 1 + np.abs(f2)
+
+    r1 = np.sum(np.real(r1 * np.conj(r1)), axis=0)
+    r2 = np.sum(np.real(r2 * np.conj(r2)), axis=0)
+    r_middle = np.sum(np.real(r_middle * np.conj(r_middle)), axis=0)
+
+    return (0.5 * (32 / 45 * r_middle + 49 / 90 * (r1 + r2))) ** 0.5
+
+
+def create_spline(y, yp, x, h):
+    """Create a cubic spline given values and derivatives.
+
+    Formulas for the coefficients are taken from interpolate.CubicSpline.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sol : PPoly
+        Constructed spline as a PPoly instance.
+    """
+    from scipy.interpolate import PPoly
+
+    n, m = y.shape
+    c = np.empty((4, n, m - 1), dtype=y.dtype)
+    slope = (y[:, 1:] - y[:, :-1]) / h
+    t = (yp[:, :-1] + yp[:, 1:] - 2 * slope) / h
+    c[0] = t / h
+    c[1] = (slope - yp[:, :-1]) / h - t
+    c[2] = yp[:, :-1]
+    c[3] = y[:, :-1]
+    c = np.moveaxis(c, 1, 0)
+
+    return PPoly(c, x, extrapolate=True, axis=1)
+
+
+def modify_mesh(x, insert_1, insert_2):
+    """Insert nodes into a mesh.
+
+    Nodes removal logic is not established, its impact on the solver is
+    presumably negligible. So, only insertion is done in this function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : ndarray, shape (m,)
+        Mesh nodes.
+    insert_1 : ndarray
+        Intervals to each insert 1 new node in the middle.
+    insert_2 : ndarray
+        Intervals to each insert 2 new nodes, such that divide an interval
+        into 3 equal parts.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    x_new : ndarray
+        New mesh nodes.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `insert_1` and `insert_2` should not have common values.
+    """
+    # Because np.insert implementation apparently varies with a version of
+    # NumPy, we use a simple and reliable approach with sorting.
+    return np.sort(np.hstack((
+        x,
+        0.5 * (x[insert_1] + x[insert_1 + 1]),
+        (2 * x[insert_2] + x[insert_2 + 1]) / 3,
+        (x[insert_2] + 2 * x[insert_2 + 1]) / 3
+    )))
+
+
+def wrap_functions(fun, bc, fun_jac, bc_jac, k, a, S, D, dtype):
+    """Wrap functions for unified usage in the solver."""
+    if fun_jac is None:
+        fun_jac_wrapped = None
+
+    if bc_jac is None:
+        bc_jac_wrapped = None
+
+    if k == 0:
+        def fun_p(x, y, _):
+            return np.asarray(fun(x, y), dtype)
+
+        def bc_wrapped(ya, yb, _):
+            return np.asarray(bc(ya, yb), dtype)
+
+        if fun_jac is not None:
+            def fun_jac_p(x, y, _):
+                return np.asarray(fun_jac(x, y), dtype), None
+
+        if bc_jac is not None:
+            def bc_jac_wrapped(ya, yb, _):
+                dbc_dya, dbc_dyb = bc_jac(ya, yb)
+                return (np.asarray(dbc_dya, dtype),
+                        np.asarray(dbc_dyb, dtype), None)
+    else:
+        def fun_p(x, y, p):
+            return np.asarray(fun(x, y, p), dtype)
+
+        def bc_wrapped(x, y, p):
+            return np.asarray(bc(x, y, p), dtype)
+
+        if fun_jac is not None:
+            def fun_jac_p(x, y, p):
+                df_dy, df_dp = fun_jac(x, y, p)
+                return np.asarray(df_dy, dtype), np.asarray(df_dp, dtype)
+
+        if bc_jac is not None:
+            def bc_jac_wrapped(ya, yb, p):
+                dbc_dya, dbc_dyb, dbc_dp = bc_jac(ya, yb, p)
+                return (np.asarray(dbc_dya, dtype), np.asarray(dbc_dyb, dtype),
+                        np.asarray(dbc_dp, dtype))
+
+    if S is None:
+        fun_wrapped = fun_p
+    else:
+        def fun_wrapped(x, y, p):
+            f = fun_p(x, y, p)
+            if x[0] == a:
+                f[:, 0] = np.dot(D, f[:, 0])
+                f[:, 1:] += np.dot(S, y[:, 1:]) / (x[1:] - a)
+            else:
+                f += np.dot(S, y) / (x - a)
+            return f
+
+    if fun_jac is not None:
+        if S is None:
+            fun_jac_wrapped = fun_jac_p
+        else:
+            Sr = S[:, :, np.newaxis]
+
+            def fun_jac_wrapped(x, y, p):
+                df_dy, df_dp = fun_jac_p(x, y, p)
+                if x[0] == a:
+                    df_dy[:, :, 0] = np.dot(D, df_dy[:, :, 0])
+                    df_dy[:, :, 1:] += Sr / (x[1:] - a)
+                else:
+                    df_dy += Sr / (x - a)
+
+                return df_dy, df_dp
+
+    return fun_wrapped, bc_wrapped, fun_jac_wrapped, bc_jac_wrapped
+
+
+def solve_bvp(fun, bc, x, y, p=None, S=None, fun_jac=None, bc_jac=None,
+              tol=1e-3, max_nodes=1000, verbose=0, bc_tol=None):
+    """Solve a boundary value problem for a system of ODEs.
+
+    This function numerically solves a first order system of ODEs subject to
+    two-point boundary conditions::
+
+        dy / dx = f(x, y, p) + S * y / (x - a), a <= x <= b
+        bc(y(a), y(b), p) = 0
+
+    Here x is a 1-D independent variable, y(x) is an N-D
+    vector-valued function and p is a k-D vector of unknown
+    parameters which is to be found along with y(x). For the problem to be
+    determined, there must be n + k boundary conditions, i.e., bc must be an
+    (n + k)-D function.
+
+    The last singular term on the right-hand side of the system is optional.
+    It is defined by an n-by-n matrix S, such that the solution must satisfy
+    S y(a) = 0. This condition will be forced during iterations, so it must not
+    contradict boundary conditions. See [2]_ for the explanation how this term
+    is handled when solving BVPs numerically.
+
+    Problems in a complex domain can be solved as well. In this case, y and p
+    are considered to be complex, and f and bc are assumed to be complex-valued
+    functions, but x stays real. Note that f and bc must be complex
+    differentiable (satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations [4]_), otherwise you
+    should rewrite your problem for real and imaginary parts separately. To
+    solve a problem in a complex domain, pass an initial guess for y with a
+    complex data type (see below).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system. The calling signature is ``fun(x, y)``,
+        or ``fun(x, y, p)`` if parameters are present. All arguments are
+        ndarray: ``x`` with shape (m,), ``y`` with shape (n, m), meaning that
+        ``y[:, i]`` corresponds to ``x[i]``, and ``p`` with shape (k,). The
+        return value must be an array with shape (n, m) and with the same
+        layout as ``y``.
+    bc : callable
+        Function evaluating residuals of the boundary conditions. The calling
+        signature is ``bc(ya, yb)``, or ``bc(ya, yb, p)`` if parameters are
+        present. All arguments are ndarray: ``ya`` and ``yb`` with shape (n,),
+        and ``p`` with shape (k,). The return value must be an array with
+        shape (n + k,).
+    x : array_like, shape (m,)
+        Initial mesh. Must be a strictly increasing sequence of real numbers
+        with ``x[0]=a`` and ``x[-1]=b``.
+    y : array_like, shape (n, m)
+        Initial guess for the function values at the mesh nodes, ith column
+        corresponds to ``x[i]``. For problems in a complex domain pass `y`
+        with a complex data type (even if the initial guess is purely real).
+    p : array_like with shape (k,) or None, optional
+        Initial guess for the unknown parameters. If None (default), it is
+        assumed that the problem doesn't depend on any parameters.
+    S : array_like with shape (n, n) or None
+        Matrix defining the singular term. If None (default), the problem is
+        solved without the singular term.
+    fun_jac : callable or None, optional
+        Function computing derivatives of f with respect to y and p. The
+        calling signature is ``fun_jac(x, y)``, or ``fun_jac(x, y, p)`` if
+        parameters are present. The return must contain 1 or 2 elements in the
+        following order:
+
+            * df_dy : array_like with shape (n, n, m), where an element
+              (i, j, q) equals to d f_i(x_q, y_q, p) / d (y_q)_j.
+            * df_dp : array_like with shape (n, k, m), where an element
+              (i, j, q) equals to d f_i(x_q, y_q, p) / d p_j.
+
+        Here q numbers nodes at which x and y are defined, whereas i and j
+        number vector components. If the problem is solved without unknown
+        parameters, df_dp should not be returned.
+
+        If `fun_jac` is None (default), the derivatives will be estimated
+        by the forward finite differences.
+    bc_jac : callable or None, optional
+        Function computing derivatives of bc with respect to ya, yb, and p.
+        The calling signature is ``bc_jac(ya, yb)``, or ``bc_jac(ya, yb, p)``
+        if parameters are present. The return must contain 2 or 3 elements in
+        the following order:
+
+            * dbc_dya : array_like with shape (n, n), where an element (i, j)
+              equals to d bc_i(ya, yb, p) / d ya_j.
+            * dbc_dyb : array_like with shape (n, n), where an element (i, j)
+              equals to d bc_i(ya, yb, p) / d yb_j.
+            * dbc_dp : array_like with shape (n, k), where an element (i, j)
+              equals to d bc_i(ya, yb, p) / d p_j.
+
+        If the problem is solved without unknown parameters, dbc_dp should not
+        be returned.
+
+        If `bc_jac` is None (default), the derivatives will be estimated by
+        the forward finite differences.
+    tol : float, optional
+        Desired tolerance of the solution. If we define ``r = y' - f(x, y)``,
+        where y is the found solution, then the solver tries to achieve on each
+        mesh interval ``norm(r / (1 + abs(f)) < tol``, where ``norm`` is
+        estimated in a root mean squared sense (using a numerical quadrature
+        formula). Default is 1e-3.
+    max_nodes : int, optional
+        Maximum allowed number of the mesh nodes. If exceeded, the algorithm
+        terminates. Default is 1000.
+    verbose : {0, 1, 2}, optional
+        Level of algorithm's verbosity:
+
+            * 0 (default) : work silently.
+            * 1 : display a termination report.
+            * 2 : display progress during iterations.
+    bc_tol : float, optional
+        Desired absolute tolerance for the boundary condition residuals: `bc`
+        value should satisfy ``abs(bc) < bc_tol`` component-wise.
+        Equals to `tol` by default. Up to 10 iterations are allowed to achieve this
+        tolerance.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Bunch object with the following fields defined:
+    sol : PPoly
+        Found solution for y as `scipy.interpolate.PPoly` instance, a C1
+        continuous cubic spline.
+    p : ndarray or None, shape (k,)
+        Found parameters. None, if the parameters were not present in the
+        problem.
+    x : ndarray, shape (m,)
+        Nodes of the final mesh.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n, m)
+        Solution values at the mesh nodes.
+    yp : ndarray, shape (n, m)
+        Solution derivatives at the mesh nodes.
+    rms_residuals : ndarray, shape (m - 1,)
+        RMS values of the relative residuals over each mesh interval (see the
+        description of `tol` parameter).
+    niter : int
+        Number of completed iterations.
+    status : int
+        Reason for algorithm termination:
+
+            * 0: The algorithm converged to the desired accuracy.
+            * 1: The maximum number of mesh nodes is exceeded.
+            * 2: A singular Jacobian encountered when solving the collocation
+              system.
+
+    message : string
+        Verbal description of the termination reason.
+    success : bool
+        True if the algorithm converged to the desired accuracy (``status=0``).
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function implements a 4th order collocation algorithm with the
+    control of residuals similar to [1]_. A collocation system is solved
+    by a damped Newton method with an affine-invariant criterion function as
+    described in [3]_.
+
+    Note that in [1]_  integral residuals are defined without normalization
+    by interval lengths. So, their definition is different by a multiplier of
+    h**0.5 (h is an interval length) from the definition used here.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.18.0
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] J. Kierzenka, L. F. Shampine, "A BVP Solver Based on Residual
+           Control and the Maltab PSE", ACM Trans. Math. Softw., Vol. 27,
+           Number 3, pp. 299-316, 2001.
+    .. [2] L.F. Shampine, P. H. Muir and H. Xu, "A User-Friendly Fortran BVP
+           Solver".
+    .. [3] U. Ascher, R. Mattheij and R. Russell "Numerical Solution of
+           Boundary Value Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations".
+    .. [4] `Cauchy-Riemann equations
+            <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy-Riemann_equations>`_ on
+            Wikipedia.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    In the first example, we solve Bratu's problem::
+
+        y'' + k * exp(y) = 0
+        y(0) = y(1) = 0
+
+    for k = 1.
+
+    We rewrite the equation as a first-order system and implement its
+    right-hand side evaluation::
+
+        y1' = y2
+        y2' = -exp(y1)
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> def fun(x, y):
+    ...     return np.vstack((y[1], -np.exp(y[0])))
+
+    Implement evaluation of the boundary condition residuals:
+
+    >>> def bc(ya, yb):
+    ...     return np.array([ya[0], yb[0]])
+
+    Define the initial mesh with 5 nodes:
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 1, 5)
+
+    This problem is known to have two solutions. To obtain both of them, we
+    use two different initial guesses for y. We denote them by subscripts
+    a and b.
+
+    >>> y_a = np.zeros((2, x.size))
+    >>> y_b = np.zeros((2, x.size))
+    >>> y_b[0] = 3
+
+    Now we are ready to run the solver.
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import solve_bvp
+    >>> res_a = solve_bvp(fun, bc, x, y_a)
+    >>> res_b = solve_bvp(fun, bc, x, y_b)
+
+    Let's plot the two found solutions. We take an advantage of having the
+    solution in a spline form to produce a smooth plot.
+
+    >>> x_plot = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
+    >>> y_plot_a = res_a.sol(x_plot)[0]
+    >>> y_plot_b = res_b.sol(x_plot)[0]
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot_a, label='y_a')
+    >>> plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot_b, label='y_b')
+    >>> plt.legend()
+    >>> plt.xlabel("x")
+    >>> plt.ylabel("y")
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    We see that the two solutions have similar shape, but differ in scale
+    significantly.
+
+    In the second example, we solve a simple Sturm-Liouville problem::
+
+        y'' + k**2 * y = 0
+        y(0) = y(1) = 0
+
+    It is known that a non-trivial solution y = A * sin(k * x) is possible for
+    k = pi * n, where n is an integer. To establish the normalization constant
+    A = 1 we add a boundary condition::
+
+        y'(0) = k
+
+    Again, we rewrite our equation as a first-order system and implement its
+    right-hand side evaluation::
+
+        y1' = y2
+        y2' = -k**2 * y1
+
+    >>> def fun(x, y, p):
+    ...     k = p[0]
+    ...     return np.vstack((y[1], -k**2 * y[0]))
+
+    Note that parameters p are passed as a vector (with one element in our
+    case).
+
+    Implement the boundary conditions:
+
+    >>> def bc(ya, yb, p):
+    ...     k = p[0]
+    ...     return np.array([ya[0], yb[0], ya[1] - k])
+
+    Set up the initial mesh and guess for y. We aim to find the solution for
+    k = 2 * pi, to achieve that we set values of y to approximately follow
+    sin(2 * pi * x):
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 1, 5)
+    >>> y = np.zeros((2, x.size))
+    >>> y[0, 1] = 1
+    >>> y[0, 3] = -1
+
+    Run the solver with 6 as an initial guess for k.
+
+    >>> sol = solve_bvp(fun, bc, x, y, p=[6])
+
+    We see that the found k is approximately correct:
+
+    >>> sol.p[0]
+    6.28329460046
+
+    And, finally, plot the solution to see the anticipated sinusoid:
+
+    >>> x_plot = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
+    >>> y_plot = sol.sol(x_plot)[0]
+    >>> plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot)
+    >>> plt.xlabel("x")
+    >>> plt.ylabel("y")
+    >>> plt.show()
+    """
+    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=float)
+    if x.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("`x` must be 1 dimensional.")
+    h = np.diff(x)
+    if np.any(h <= 0):
+        raise ValueError("`x` must be strictly increasing.")
+    a = x[0]
+
+    y = np.asarray(y)
+    if np.issubdtype(y.dtype, np.complexfloating):
+        dtype = complex
+    else:
+        dtype = float
+    y = y.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    if y.ndim != 2:
+        raise ValueError("`y` must be 2 dimensional.")
+    if y.shape[1] != x.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError(f"`y` is expected to have {x.shape[0]} columns, but actually "
+                         f"has {y.shape[1]}.")
+
+    if p is None:
+        p = np.array([])
+    else:
+        p = np.asarray(p, dtype=dtype)
+    if p.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("`p` must be 1 dimensional.")
+
+    if tol < 100 * EPS:
+        warn(f"`tol` is too low, setting to {100 * EPS:.2e}", stacklevel=2)
+        tol = 100 * EPS
+
+    if verbose not in [0, 1, 2]:
+        raise ValueError("`verbose` must be in [0, 1, 2].")
+
+    n = y.shape[0]
+    k = p.shape[0]
+
+    if S is not None:
+        S = np.asarray(S, dtype=dtype)
+        if S.shape != (n, n):
+            raise ValueError(f"`S` is expected to have shape {(n, n)}, "
+                             f"but actually has {S.shape}")
+
+        # Compute I - S^+ S to impose necessary boundary conditions.
+        B = np.identity(n) - np.dot(pinv(S), S)
+
+        y[:, 0] = np.dot(B, y[:, 0])
+
+        # Compute (I - S)^+ to correct derivatives at x=a.
+        D = pinv(np.identity(n) - S)
+    else:
+        B = None
+        D = None
+
+    if bc_tol is None:
+        bc_tol = tol
+
+    # Maximum number of iterations
+    max_iteration = 10
+
+    fun_wrapped, bc_wrapped, fun_jac_wrapped, bc_jac_wrapped = wrap_functions(
+        fun, bc, fun_jac, bc_jac, k, a, S, D, dtype)
+
+    f = fun_wrapped(x, y, p)
+    if f.shape != y.shape:
+        raise ValueError(f"`fun` return is expected to have shape {y.shape}, "
+                         f"but actually has {f.shape}.")
+
+    bc_res = bc_wrapped(y[:, 0], y[:, -1], p)
+    if bc_res.shape != (n + k,):
+        raise ValueError(f"`bc` return is expected to have shape {(n + k,)}, "
+                         f"but actually has {bc_res.shape}.")
+
+    status = 0
+    iteration = 0
+    if verbose == 2:
+        print_iteration_header()
+
+    while True:
+        m = x.shape[0]
+
+        col_fun, jac_sys = prepare_sys(n, m, k, fun_wrapped, bc_wrapped,
+                                       fun_jac_wrapped, bc_jac_wrapped, x, h)
+        y, p, singular = solve_newton(n, m, h, col_fun, bc_wrapped, jac_sys,
+                                      y, p, B, tol, bc_tol)
+        iteration += 1
+
+        col_res, y_middle, f, f_middle = collocation_fun(fun_wrapped, y,
+                                                         p, x, h)
+        bc_res = bc_wrapped(y[:, 0], y[:, -1], p)
+        max_bc_res = np.max(abs(bc_res))
+
+        # This relation is not trivial, but can be verified.
+        r_middle = 1.5 * col_res / h
+        sol = create_spline(y, f, x, h)
+        rms_res = estimate_rms_residuals(fun_wrapped, sol, x, h, p,
+                                         r_middle, f_middle)
+        max_rms_res = np.max(rms_res)
+
+        if singular:
+            status = 2
+            break
+
+        insert_1, = np.nonzero((rms_res > tol) & (rms_res < 100 * tol))
+        insert_2, = np.nonzero(rms_res >= 100 * tol)
+        nodes_added = insert_1.shape[0] + 2 * insert_2.shape[0]
+
+        if m + nodes_added > max_nodes:
+            status = 1
+            if verbose == 2:
+                nodes_added = f"({nodes_added})"
+                print_iteration_progress(iteration, max_rms_res, max_bc_res,
+                                         m, nodes_added)
+            break
+
+        if verbose == 2:
+            print_iteration_progress(iteration, max_rms_res, max_bc_res, m,
+                                     nodes_added)
+
+        if nodes_added > 0:
+            x = modify_mesh(x, insert_1, insert_2)
+            h = np.diff(x)
+            y = sol(x)
+        elif max_bc_res <= bc_tol:
+            status = 0
+            break
+        elif iteration >= max_iteration:
+            status = 3
+            break
+
+    if verbose > 0:
+        if status == 0:
+            print(f"Solved in {iteration} iterations, number of nodes {x.shape[0]}. \n"
+                  f"Maximum relative residual: {max_rms_res:.2e} \n"
+                  f"Maximum boundary residual: {max_bc_res:.2e}")
+        elif status == 1:
+            print(f"Number of nodes is exceeded after iteration {iteration}. \n"
+                  f"Maximum relative residual: {max_rms_res:.2e} \n"
+                  f"Maximum boundary residual: {max_bc_res:.2e}")
+        elif status == 2:
+            print("Singular Jacobian encountered when solving the collocation "
+                  f"system on iteration {iteration}. \n"
+                  f"Maximum relative residual: {max_rms_res:.2e} \n"
+                  f"Maximum boundary residual: {max_bc_res:.2e}")
+        elif status == 3:
+            print("The solver was unable to satisfy boundary conditions "
+                  f"tolerance on iteration {iteration}. \n"
+                  f"Maximum relative residual: {max_rms_res:.2e} \n"
+                  f"Maximum boundary residual: {max_bc_res:.2e}")
+
+    if p.size == 0:
+        p = None
+
+    return BVPResult(sol=sol, p=p, x=x, y=y, yp=f, rms_residuals=rms_res,
+                     niter=iteration, status=status,
+                     message=TERMINATION_MESSAGES[status], success=status == 0)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""Suite of ODE solvers implemented in Python."""
+from .ivp import solve_ivp
+from .rk import RK23, RK45, DOP853
+from .radau import Radau
+from .bdf import BDF
+from .lsoda import LSODA
+from .common import OdeSolution
+from .base import DenseOutput, OdeSolver

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def check_arguments(fun, y0, support_complex):
+    """Helper function for checking arguments common to all solvers."""
+    y0 = np.asarray(y0)
+    if np.issubdtype(y0.dtype, np.complexfloating):
+        if not support_complex:
+            raise ValueError("`y0` is complex, but the chosen solver does "
+                             "not support integration in a complex domain.")
+        dtype = complex
+    else:
+        dtype = float
+    y0 = y0.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    if y0.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("`y0` must be 1-dimensional.")
+
+    if not np.isfinite(y0).all():
+        raise ValueError("All components of the initial state `y0` must be finite.")
+
+    def fun_wrapped(t, y):
+        return np.asarray(fun(t, y), dtype=dtype)
+
+    return fun_wrapped, y0
+
+
+class OdeSolver:
+    """Base class for ODE solvers.
+
+    In order to implement a new solver you need to follow the guidelines:
+
+        1. A constructor must accept parameters presented in the base class
+           (listed below) along with any other parameters specific to a solver.
+        2. A constructor must accept arbitrary extraneous arguments
+           ``**extraneous``, but warn that these arguments are irrelevant
+           using `common.warn_extraneous` function. Do not pass these
+           arguments to the base class.
+        3. A solver must implement a private method `_step_impl(self)` which
+           propagates a solver one step further. It must return tuple
+           ``(success, message)``, where ``success`` is a boolean indicating
+           whether a step was successful, and ``message`` is a string
+           containing description of a failure if a step failed or None
+           otherwise.
+        4. A solver must implement a private method `_dense_output_impl(self)`,
+           which returns a `DenseOutput` object covering the last successful
+           step.
+        5. A solver must have attributes listed below in Attributes section.
+           Note that ``t_old`` and ``step_size`` are updated automatically.
+        6. Use `fun(self, t, y)` method for the system rhs evaluation, this
+           way the number of function evaluations (`nfev`) will be tracked
+           automatically.
+        7. For convenience, a base class provides `fun_single(self, t, y)` and
+           `fun_vectorized(self, t, y)` for evaluating the rhs in
+           non-vectorized and vectorized fashions respectively (regardless of
+           how `fun` from the constructor is implemented). These calls don't
+           increment `nfev`.
+        8. If a solver uses a Jacobian matrix and LU decompositions, it should
+           track the number of Jacobian evaluations (`njev`) and the number of
+           LU decompositions (`nlu`).
+        9. By convention, the function evaluations used to compute a finite
+           difference approximation of the Jacobian should not be counted in
+           `nfev`, thus use `fun_single(self, t, y)` or
+           `fun_vectorized(self, t, y)` when computing a finite difference
+           approximation of the Jacobian.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. ``fun`` must
+        return an array of the same shape as ``y``. See `vectorized` for more
+        information.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time --- the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    vectorized : bool
+        Whether `fun` can be called in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by methods 'Radau' and 'BDF', but
+        will result in slower execution for other methods. It can also
+        result in slower overall execution for 'Radau' and 'BDF' in some
+        circumstances (e.g. small ``len(y0)``).
+    support_complex : bool, optional
+        Whether integration in a complex domain should be supported.
+        Generally determined by a derived solver class capabilities.
+        Default is False.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number of the system's rhs evaluations.
+    njev : int
+        Number of the Jacobian evaluations.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions.
+    """
+    TOO_SMALL_STEP = "Required step size is less than spacing between numbers."
+
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, vectorized,
+                 support_complex=False):
+        self.t_old = None
+        self.t = t0
+        self._fun, self.y = check_arguments(fun, y0, support_complex)
+        self.t_bound = t_bound
+        self.vectorized = vectorized
+
+        if vectorized:
+            def fun_single(t, y):
+                return self._fun(t, y[:, None]).ravel()
+            fun_vectorized = self._fun
+        else:
+            fun_single = self._fun
+
+            def fun_vectorized(t, y):
+                f = np.empty_like(y)
+                for i, yi in enumerate(y.T):
+                    f[:, i] = self._fun(t, yi)
+                return f
+
+        def fun(t, y):
+            self.nfev += 1
+            return self.fun_single(t, y)
+
+        self.fun = fun
+        self.fun_single = fun_single
+        self.fun_vectorized = fun_vectorized
+
+        self.direction = np.sign(t_bound - t0) if t_bound != t0 else 1
+        self.n = self.y.size
+        self.status = 'running'
+
+        self.nfev = 0
+        self.njev = 0
+        self.nlu = 0
+
+    @property
+    def step_size(self):
+        if self.t_old is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return np.abs(self.t - self.t_old)
+
+    def step(self):
+        """Perform one integration step.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        message : string or None
+            Report from the solver. Typically a reason for a failure if
+            `self.status` is 'failed' after the step was taken or None
+            otherwise.
+        """
+        if self.status != 'running':
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempt to step on a failed or finished "
+                               "solver.")
+
+        if self.n == 0 or self.t == self.t_bound:
+            # Handle corner cases of empty solver or no integration.
+            self.t_old = self.t
+            self.t = self.t_bound
+            message = None
+            self.status = 'finished'
+        else:
+            t = self.t
+            success, message = self._step_impl()
+
+            if not success:
+                self.status = 'failed'
+            else:
+                self.t_old = t
+                if self.direction * (self.t - self.t_bound) >= 0:
+                    self.status = 'finished'
+
+        return message
+
+    def dense_output(self):
+        """Compute a local interpolant over the last successful step.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        sol : `DenseOutput`
+            Local interpolant over the last successful step.
+        """
+        if self.t_old is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Dense output is available after a successful "
+                               "step was made.")
+
+        if self.n == 0 or self.t == self.t_old:
+            # Handle corner cases of empty solver and no integration.
+            return ConstantDenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, self.y)
+        else:
+            return self._dense_output_impl()
+
+    def _step_impl(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class DenseOutput:
+    """Base class for local interpolant over step made by an ODE solver.
+
+    It interpolates between `t_min` and `t_max` (see Attributes below).
+    Evaluation outside this interval is not forbidden, but the accuracy is not
+    guaranteed.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    t_min, t_max : float
+        Time range of the interpolation.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t):
+        self.t_old = t_old
+        self.t = t
+        self.t_min = min(t, t_old)
+        self.t_max = max(t, t_old)
+
+    def __call__(self, t):
+        """Evaluate the interpolant.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        t : float or array_like with shape (n_points,)
+            Points to evaluate the solution at.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : ndarray, shape (n,) or (n, n_points)
+            Computed values. Shape depends on whether `t` was a scalar or a
+            1-D array.
+        """
+        t = np.asarray(t)
+        if t.ndim > 1:
+            raise ValueError("`t` must be a float or a 1-D array.")
+        return self._call_impl(t)
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class ConstantDenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    """Constant value interpolator.
+
+    This class used for degenerate integration cases: equal integration limits
+    or a system with 0 equations.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, value):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.value = value
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            return self.value
+        else:
+            ret = np.empty((self.value.shape[0], t.shape[0]))
+            ret[:] = self.value[:, None]
+            return ret

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/bdf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.linalg import lu_factor, lu_solve
+from scipy.sparse import issparse, csc_matrix, eye
+from scipy.sparse.linalg import splu
+from scipy.optimize._numdiff import group_columns
+from .common import (validate_max_step, validate_tol, select_initial_step,
+                     norm, EPS, num_jac, validate_first_step,
+                     warn_extraneous)
+from .base import OdeSolver, DenseOutput
+
+
+MAX_ORDER = 5
+NEWTON_MAXITER = 4
+MIN_FACTOR = 0.2
+MAX_FACTOR = 10
+
+
+def compute_R(order, factor):
+    """Compute the matrix for changing the differences array."""
+    I = np.arange(1, order + 1)[:, None]
+    J = np.arange(1, order + 1)
+    M = np.zeros((order + 1, order + 1))
+    M[1:, 1:] = (I - 1 - factor * J) / I
+    M[0] = 1
+    return np.cumprod(M, axis=0)
+
+
+def change_D(D, order, factor):
+    """Change differences array in-place when step size is changed."""
+    R = compute_R(order, factor)
+    U = compute_R(order, 1)
+    RU = R.dot(U)
+    D[:order + 1] = np.dot(RU.T, D[:order + 1])
+
+
+def solve_bdf_system(fun, t_new, y_predict, c, psi, LU, solve_lu, scale, tol):
+    """Solve the algebraic system resulting from BDF method."""
+    d = 0
+    y = y_predict.copy()
+    dy_norm_old = None
+    converged = False
+    for k in range(NEWTON_MAXITER):
+        f = fun(t_new, y)
+        if not np.all(np.isfinite(f)):
+            break
+
+        dy = solve_lu(LU, c * f - psi - d)
+        dy_norm = norm(dy / scale)
+
+        if dy_norm_old is None:
+            rate = None
+        else:
+            rate = dy_norm / dy_norm_old
+
+        if (rate is not None and (rate >= 1 or
+                rate ** (NEWTON_MAXITER - k) / (1 - rate) * dy_norm > tol)):
+            break
+
+        y += dy
+        d += dy
+
+        if (dy_norm == 0 or
+                rate is not None and rate / (1 - rate) * dy_norm < tol):
+            converged = True
+            break
+
+        dy_norm_old = dy_norm
+
+    return converged, k + 1, y, d
+
+
+class BDF(OdeSolver):
+    """Implicit method based on backward-differentiation formulas.
+
+    This is a variable order method with the order varying automatically from
+    1 to 5. The general framework of the BDF algorithm is described in [1]_.
+    This class implements a quasi-constant step size as explained in [2]_.
+    The error estimation strategy for the constant-step BDF is derived in [3]_.
+    An accuracy enhancement using modified formulas (NDF) [2]_ is also implemented.
+
+    Can be applied in the complex domain.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. ``fun`` must
+        return an array of the same shape as ``y``. See `vectorized` for more
+        information.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    jac : {None, array_like, sparse_matrix, callable}, optional
+        Jacobian matrix of the right-hand side of the system with respect to y,
+        required by this method. The Jacobian matrix has shape (n, n) and its
+        element (i, j) is equal to ``d f_i / d y_j``.
+        There are three ways to define the Jacobian:
+
+            * If array_like or sparse_matrix, the Jacobian is assumed to
+              be constant.
+            * If callable, the Jacobian is assumed to depend on both
+              t and y; it will be called as ``jac(t, y)`` as necessary.
+              For the 'Radau' and 'BDF' methods, the return value might be a
+              sparse matrix.
+            * If None (default), the Jacobian will be approximated by
+              finite differences.
+
+        It is generally recommended to provide the Jacobian rather than
+        relying on a finite-difference approximation.
+    jac_sparsity : {None, array_like, sparse matrix}, optional
+        Defines a sparsity structure of the Jacobian matrix for a
+        finite-difference approximation. Its shape must be (n, n). This argument
+        is ignored if `jac` is not `None`. If the Jacobian has only few non-zero
+        elements in *each* row, providing the sparsity structure will greatly
+        speed up the computations [4]_. A zero entry means that a corresponding
+        element in the Jacobian is always zero. If None (default), the Jacobian
+        is assumed to be dense.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` can be called in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by this method, but may result in slower
+        execution overall in some circumstances (e.g. small ``len(y0)``).
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] G. D. Byrne, A. C. Hindmarsh, "A Polyalgorithm for the Numerical
+           Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations", ACM Transactions on
+           Mathematical Software, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 71-96, March 1975.
+    .. [2] L. F. Shampine, M. W. Reichelt, "THE MATLAB ODE SUITE", SIAM J. SCI.
+           COMPUTE., Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-22, January 1997.
+    .. [3] E. Hairer, G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations I:
+           Nonstiff Problems", Sec. III.2.
+    .. [4] A. Curtis, M. J. D. Powell, and J. Reid, "On the estimation of
+           sparse Jacobian matrices", Journal of the Institute of Mathematics
+           and its Applications, 13, pp. 117-120, 1974.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, max_step=np.inf,
+                 rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6, jac=None, jac_sparsity=None,
+                 vectorized=False, first_step=None, **extraneous):
+        warn_extraneous(extraneous)
+        super().__init__(fun, t0, y0, t_bound, vectorized,
+                         support_complex=True)
+        self.max_step = validate_max_step(max_step)
+        self.rtol, self.atol = validate_tol(rtol, atol, self.n)
+        f = self.fun(self.t, self.y)
+        if first_step is None:
+            self.h_abs = select_initial_step(self.fun, self.t, self.y, f,
+                                             self.direction, 1,
+                                             self.rtol, self.atol)
+        else:
+            self.h_abs = validate_first_step(first_step, t0, t_bound)
+        self.h_abs_old = None
+        self.error_norm_old = None
+
+        self.newton_tol = max(10 * EPS / rtol, min(0.03, rtol ** 0.5))
+
+        self.jac_factor = None
+        self.jac, self.J = self._validate_jac(jac, jac_sparsity)
+        if issparse(self.J):
+            def lu(A):
+                self.nlu += 1
+                return splu(A)
+
+            def solve_lu(LU, b):
+                return LU.solve(b)
+
+            I = eye(self.n, format='csc', dtype=self.y.dtype)
+        else:
+            def lu(A):
+                self.nlu += 1
+                return lu_factor(A, overwrite_a=True)
+
+            def solve_lu(LU, b):
+                return lu_solve(LU, b, overwrite_b=True)
+
+            I = np.identity(self.n, dtype=self.y.dtype)
+
+        self.lu = lu
+        self.solve_lu = solve_lu
+        self.I = I
+
+        kappa = np.array([0, -0.1850, -1/9, -0.0823, -0.0415, 0])
+        self.gamma = np.hstack((0, np.cumsum(1 / np.arange(1, MAX_ORDER + 1))))
+        self.alpha = (1 - kappa) * self.gamma
+        self.error_const = kappa * self.gamma + 1 / np.arange(1, MAX_ORDER + 2)
+
+        D = np.empty((MAX_ORDER + 3, self.n), dtype=self.y.dtype)
+        D[0] = self.y
+        D[1] = f * self.h_abs * self.direction
+        self.D = D
+
+        self.order = 1
+        self.n_equal_steps = 0
+        self.LU = None
+
+    def _validate_jac(self, jac, sparsity):
+        t0 = self.t
+        y0 = self.y
+
+        if jac is None:
+            if sparsity is not None:
+                if issparse(sparsity):
+                    sparsity = csc_matrix(sparsity)
+                groups = group_columns(sparsity)
+                sparsity = (sparsity, groups)
+
+            def jac_wrapped(t, y):
+                self.njev += 1
+                f = self.fun_single(t, y)
+                J, self.jac_factor = num_jac(self.fun_vectorized, t, y, f,
+                                             self.atol, self.jac_factor,
+                                             sparsity)
+                return J
+            J = jac_wrapped(t0, y0)
+        elif callable(jac):
+            J = jac(t0, y0)
+            self.njev += 1
+            if issparse(J):
+                J = csc_matrix(J, dtype=y0.dtype)
+
+                def jac_wrapped(t, y):
+                    self.njev += 1
+                    return csc_matrix(jac(t, y), dtype=y0.dtype)
+            else:
+                J = np.asarray(J, dtype=y0.dtype)
+
+                def jac_wrapped(t, y):
+                    self.njev += 1
+                    return np.asarray(jac(t, y), dtype=y0.dtype)
+
+            if J.shape != (self.n, self.n):
+                raise ValueError("`jac` is expected to have shape {}, but "
+                                 "actually has {}."
+                                 .format((self.n, self.n), J.shape))
+        else:
+            if issparse(jac):
+                J = csc_matrix(jac, dtype=y0.dtype)
+            else:
+                J = np.asarray(jac, dtype=y0.dtype)
+
+            if J.shape != (self.n, self.n):
+                raise ValueError("`jac` is expected to have shape {}, but "
+                                 "actually has {}."
+                                 .format((self.n, self.n), J.shape))
+            jac_wrapped = None
+
+        return jac_wrapped, J
+
+    def _step_impl(self):
+        t = self.t
+        D = self.D
+
+        max_step = self.max_step
+        min_step = 10 * np.abs(np.nextafter(t, self.direction * np.inf) - t)
+        if self.h_abs > max_step:
+            h_abs = max_step
+            change_D(D, self.order, max_step / self.h_abs)
+            self.n_equal_steps = 0
+        elif self.h_abs < min_step:
+            h_abs = min_step
+            change_D(D, self.order, min_step / self.h_abs)
+            self.n_equal_steps = 0
+        else:
+            h_abs = self.h_abs
+
+        atol = self.atol
+        rtol = self.rtol
+        order = self.order
+
+        alpha = self.alpha
+        gamma = self.gamma
+        error_const = self.error_const
+
+        J = self.J
+        LU = self.LU
+        current_jac = self.jac is None
+
+        step_accepted = False
+        while not step_accepted:
+            if h_abs < min_step:
+                return False, self.TOO_SMALL_STEP
+
+            h = h_abs * self.direction
+            t_new = t + h
+
+            if self.direction * (t_new - self.t_bound) > 0:
+                t_new = self.t_bound
+                change_D(D, order, np.abs(t_new - t) / h_abs)
+                self.n_equal_steps = 0
+                LU = None
+
+            h = t_new - t
+            h_abs = np.abs(h)
+
+            y_predict = np.sum(D[:order + 1], axis=0)
+
+            scale = atol + rtol * np.abs(y_predict)
+            psi = np.dot(D[1: order + 1].T, gamma[1: order + 1]) / alpha[order]
+
+            converged = False
+            c = h / alpha[order]
+            while not converged:
+                if LU is None:
+                    LU = self.lu(self.I - c * J)
+
+                converged, n_iter, y_new, d = solve_bdf_system(
+                    self.fun, t_new, y_predict, c, psi, LU, self.solve_lu,
+                    scale, self.newton_tol)
+
+                if not converged:
+                    if current_jac:
+                        break
+                    J = self.jac(t_new, y_predict)
+                    LU = None
+                    current_jac = True
+
+            if not converged:
+                factor = 0.5
+                h_abs *= factor
+                change_D(D, order, factor)
+                self.n_equal_steps = 0
+                LU = None
+                continue
+
+            safety = 0.9 * (2 * NEWTON_MAXITER + 1) / (2 * NEWTON_MAXITER
+                                                       + n_iter)
+
+            scale = atol + rtol * np.abs(y_new)
+            error = error_const[order] * d
+            error_norm = norm(error / scale)
+
+            if error_norm > 1:
+                factor = max(MIN_FACTOR,
+                             safety * error_norm ** (-1 / (order + 1)))
+                h_abs *= factor
+                change_D(D, order, factor)
+                self.n_equal_steps = 0
+                # As we didn't have problems with convergence, we don't
+                # reset LU here.
+            else:
+                step_accepted = True
+
+        self.n_equal_steps += 1
+
+        self.t = t_new
+        self.y = y_new
+
+        self.h_abs = h_abs
+        self.J = J
+        self.LU = LU
+
+        # Update differences. The principal relation here is
+        # D^{j + 1} y_n = D^{j} y_n - D^{j} y_{n - 1}. Keep in mind that D
+        # contained difference for previous interpolating polynomial and
+        # d = D^{k + 1} y_n. Thus this elegant code follows.
+        D[order + 2] = d - D[order + 1]
+        D[order + 1] = d
+        for i in reversed(range(order + 1)):
+            D[i] += D[i + 1]
+
+        if self.n_equal_steps < order + 1:
+            return True, None
+
+        if order > 1:
+            error_m = error_const[order - 1] * D[order]
+            error_m_norm = norm(error_m / scale)
+        else:
+            error_m_norm = np.inf
+
+        if order < MAX_ORDER:
+            error_p = error_const[order + 1] * D[order + 2]
+            error_p_norm = norm(error_p / scale)
+        else:
+            error_p_norm = np.inf
+
+        error_norms = np.array([error_m_norm, error_norm, error_p_norm])
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            factors = error_norms ** (-1 / np.arange(order, order + 3))
+
+        delta_order = np.argmax(factors) - 1
+        order += delta_order
+        self.order = order
+
+        factor = min(MAX_FACTOR, safety * np.max(factors))
+        self.h_abs *= factor
+        change_D(D, order, factor)
+        self.n_equal_steps = 0
+        self.LU = None
+
+        return True, None
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        return BdfDenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, self.h_abs * self.direction,
+                              self.order, self.D[:self.order + 1].copy())
+
+
+class BdfDenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, h, order, D):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.order = order
+        self.t_shift = self.t - h * np.arange(self.order)
+        self.denom = h * (1 + np.arange(self.order))
+        self.D = D
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            x = (t - self.t_shift) / self.denom
+            p = np.cumprod(x)
+        else:
+            x = (t - self.t_shift[:, None]) / self.denom[:, None]
+            p = np.cumprod(x, axis=0)
+
+        y = np.dot(self.D[1:].T, p)
+        if y.ndim == 1:
+            y += self.D[0]
+        else:
+            y += self.D[0, :, None]
+
+        return y

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+from itertools import groupby
+from warnings import warn
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.sparse import find, coo_matrix
+
+
+EPS = np.finfo(float).eps
+
+
+def validate_first_step(first_step, t0, t_bound):
+    """Assert that first_step is valid and return it."""
+    if first_step <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("`first_step` must be positive.")
+    if first_step > np.abs(t_bound - t0):
+        raise ValueError("`first_step` exceeds bounds.")
+    return first_step
+
+
+def validate_max_step(max_step):
+    """Assert that max_Step is valid and return it."""
+    if max_step <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("`max_step` must be positive.")
+    return max_step
+
+
+def warn_extraneous(extraneous):
+    """Display a warning for extraneous keyword arguments.
+
+    The initializer of each solver class is expected to collect keyword
+    arguments that it doesn't understand and warn about them. This function
+    prints a warning for each key in the supplied dictionary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    extraneous : dict
+        Extraneous keyword arguments
+    """
+    if extraneous:
+        warn("The following arguments have no effect for a chosen solver: {}."
+             .format(", ".join(f"`{x}`" for x in extraneous)),
+             stacklevel=3)
+
+
+def validate_tol(rtol, atol, n):
+    """Validate tolerance values."""
+
+    if np.any(rtol < 100 * EPS):
+        warn("At least one element of `rtol` is too small. "
+             f"Setting `rtol = np.maximum(rtol, {100 * EPS})`.",
+             stacklevel=3)
+        rtol = np.maximum(rtol, 100 * EPS)
+
+    atol = np.asarray(atol)
+    if atol.ndim > 0 and atol.shape != (n,):
+        raise ValueError("`atol` has wrong shape.")
+
+    if np.any(atol < 0):
+        raise ValueError("`atol` must be positive.")
+
+    return rtol, atol
+
+
+def norm(x):
+    """Compute RMS norm."""
+    return np.linalg.norm(x) / x.size ** 0.5
+
+
+def select_initial_step(fun, t0, y0, f0, direction, order, rtol, atol):
+    """Empirically select a good initial step.
+
+    The algorithm is described in [1]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial value of the independent variable.
+    y0 : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Initial value of the dependent variable.
+    f0 : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Initial value of the derivative, i.e., ``fun(t0, y0)``.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction.
+    order : float
+        Error estimator order. It means that the error controlled by the
+        algorithm is proportional to ``step_size ** (order + 1)`.
+    rtol : float
+        Desired relative tolerance.
+    atol : float
+        Desired absolute tolerance.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    h_abs : float
+        Absolute value of the suggested initial step.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] E. Hairer, S. P. Norsett G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential
+           Equations I: Nonstiff Problems", Sec. II.4.
+    """
+    if y0.size == 0:
+        return np.inf
+
+    scale = atol + np.abs(y0) * rtol
+    d0 = norm(y0 / scale)
+    d1 = norm(f0 / scale)
+    if d0 < 1e-5 or d1 < 1e-5:
+        h0 = 1e-6
+    else:
+        h0 = 0.01 * d0 / d1
+
+    y1 = y0 + h0 * direction * f0
+    f1 = fun(t0 + h0 * direction, y1)
+    d2 = norm((f1 - f0) / scale) / h0
+
+    if d1 <= 1e-15 and d2 <= 1e-15:
+        h1 = max(1e-6, h0 * 1e-3)
+    else:
+        h1 = (0.01 / max(d1, d2)) ** (1 / (order + 1))
+
+    return min(100 * h0, h1)
+
+
+class OdeSolution:
+    """Continuous ODE solution.
+
+    It is organized as a collection of `DenseOutput` objects which represent
+    local interpolants. It provides an algorithm to select a right interpolant
+    for each given point.
+
+    The interpolants cover the range between `t_min` and `t_max` (see
+    Attributes below). Evaluation outside this interval is not forbidden, but
+    the accuracy is not guaranteed.
+
+    When evaluating at a breakpoint (one of the values in `ts`) a segment with
+    the lower index is selected.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ts : array_like, shape (n_segments + 1,)
+        Time instants between which local interpolants are defined. Must
+        be strictly increasing or decreasing (zero segment with two points is
+        also allowed).
+    interpolants : list of DenseOutput with n_segments elements
+        Local interpolants. An i-th interpolant is assumed to be defined
+        between ``ts[i]`` and ``ts[i + 1]``.
+    alt_segment : boolean
+        Requests the alternative interpolant segment selection scheme. At each
+        solver integration point, two interpolant segments are available. The
+        default (False) and alternative (True) behaviours select the segment
+        for which the requested time corresponded to ``t`` and ``t_old``,
+        respectively. This functionality is only relevant for testing the
+        interpolants' accuracy: different integrators use different
+        construction strategies.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    t_min, t_max : float
+        Time range of the interpolation.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, ts, interpolants, alt_segment=False):
+        ts = np.asarray(ts)
+        d = np.diff(ts)
+        # The first case covers integration on zero segment.
+        if not ((ts.size == 2 and ts[0] == ts[-1])
+                or np.all(d > 0) or np.all(d < 0)):
+            raise ValueError("`ts` must be strictly increasing or decreasing.")
+
+        self.n_segments = len(interpolants)
+        if ts.shape != (self.n_segments + 1,):
+            raise ValueError("Numbers of time stamps and interpolants "
+                             "don't match.")
+
+        self.ts = ts
+        self.interpolants = interpolants
+        if ts[-1] >= ts[0]:
+            self.t_min = ts[0]
+            self.t_max = ts[-1]
+            self.ascending = True
+            self.side = "right" if alt_segment else "left"
+            self.ts_sorted = ts
+        else:
+            self.t_min = ts[-1]
+            self.t_max = ts[0]
+            self.ascending = False
+            self.side = "left" if alt_segment else "right"
+            self.ts_sorted = ts[::-1]
+
+    def _call_single(self, t):
+        # Here we preserve a certain symmetry that when t is in self.ts,
+        # if alt_segment=False, then we prioritize a segment with a lower
+        # index.
+        ind = np.searchsorted(self.ts_sorted, t, side=self.side)
+
+        segment = min(max(ind - 1, 0), self.n_segments - 1)
+        if not self.ascending:
+            segment = self.n_segments - 1 - segment
+
+        return self.interpolants[segment](t)
+
+    def __call__(self, t):
+        """Evaluate the solution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        t : float or array_like with shape (n_points,)
+            Points to evaluate at.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : ndarray, shape (n_states,) or (n_states, n_points)
+            Computed values. Shape depends on whether `t` is a scalar or a
+            1-D array.
+        """
+        t = np.asarray(t)
+
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            return self._call_single(t)
+
+        order = np.argsort(t)
+        reverse = np.empty_like(order)
+        reverse[order] = np.arange(order.shape[0])
+        t_sorted = t[order]
+
+        # See comment in self._call_single.
+        segments = np.searchsorted(self.ts_sorted, t_sorted, side=self.side)
+        segments -= 1
+        segments[segments < 0] = 0
+        segments[segments > self.n_segments - 1] = self.n_segments - 1
+        if not self.ascending:
+            segments = self.n_segments - 1 - segments
+
+        ys = []
+        group_start = 0
+        for segment, group in groupby(segments):
+            group_end = group_start + len(list(group))
+            y = self.interpolants[segment](t_sorted[group_start:group_end])
+            ys.append(y)
+            group_start = group_end
+
+        ys = np.hstack(ys)
+        ys = ys[:, reverse]
+
+        return ys
+
+
+NUM_JAC_DIFF_REJECT = EPS ** 0.875
+NUM_JAC_DIFF_SMALL = EPS ** 0.75
+NUM_JAC_DIFF_BIG = EPS ** 0.25
+NUM_JAC_MIN_FACTOR = 1e3 * EPS
+NUM_JAC_FACTOR_INCREASE = 10
+NUM_JAC_FACTOR_DECREASE = 0.1
+
+
+def num_jac(fun, t, y, f, threshold, factor, sparsity=None):
+    """Finite differences Jacobian approximation tailored for ODE solvers.
+
+    This function computes finite difference approximation to the Jacobian
+    matrix of `fun` with respect to `y` using forward differences.
+    The Jacobian matrix has shape (n, n) and its element (i, j) is equal to
+    ``d f_i / d y_j``.
+
+    A special feature of this function is the ability to correct the step
+    size from iteration to iteration. The main idea is to keep the finite
+    difference significantly separated from its round-off error which
+    approximately equals ``EPS * np.abs(f)``. It reduces a possibility of a
+    huge error and assures that the estimated derivative are reasonably close
+    to the true values (i.e., the finite difference approximation is at least
+    qualitatively reflects the structure of the true Jacobian).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system implemented in a vectorized fashion.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Current state.
+    f : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Value of the right hand side at (t, y).
+    threshold : float
+        Threshold for `y` value used for computing the step size as
+        ``factor * np.maximum(np.abs(y), threshold)``. Typically, the value of
+        absolute tolerance (atol) for a solver should be passed as `threshold`.
+    factor : ndarray with shape (n,) or None
+        Factor to use for computing the step size. Pass None for the very
+        evaluation, then use the value returned from this function.
+    sparsity : tuple (structure, groups) or None
+        Sparsity structure of the Jacobian, `structure` must be csc_matrix.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    J : ndarray or csc_matrix, shape (n, n)
+        Jacobian matrix.
+    factor : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Suggested `factor` for the next evaluation.
+    """
+    y = np.asarray(y)
+    n = y.shape[0]
+    if n == 0:
+        return np.empty((0, 0)), factor
+
+    if factor is None:
+        factor = np.full(n, EPS ** 0.5)
+    else:
+        factor = factor.copy()
+
+    # Direct the step as ODE dictates, hoping that such a step won't lead to
+    # a problematic region. For complex ODEs it makes sense to use the real
+    # part of f as we use steps along real axis.
+    f_sign = 2 * (np.real(f) >= 0).astype(float) - 1
+    y_scale = f_sign * np.maximum(threshold, np.abs(y))
+    h = (y + factor * y_scale) - y
+
+    # Make sure that the step is not 0 to start with. Not likely it will be
+    # executed often.
+    for i in np.nonzero(h == 0)[0]:
+        while h[i] == 0:
+            factor[i] *= 10
+            h[i] = (y[i] + factor[i] * y_scale[i]) - y[i]
+
+    if sparsity is None:
+        return _dense_num_jac(fun, t, y, f, h, factor, y_scale)
+    else:
+        structure, groups = sparsity
+        return _sparse_num_jac(fun, t, y, f, h, factor, y_scale,
+                               structure, groups)
+
+
+def _dense_num_jac(fun, t, y, f, h, factor, y_scale):
+    n = y.shape[0]
+    h_vecs = np.diag(h)
+    f_new = fun(t, y[:, None] + h_vecs)
+    diff = f_new - f[:, None]
+    max_ind = np.argmax(np.abs(diff), axis=0)
+    r = np.arange(n)
+    max_diff = np.abs(diff[max_ind, r])
+    scale = np.maximum(np.abs(f[max_ind]), np.abs(f_new[max_ind, r]))
+
+    diff_too_small = max_diff < NUM_JAC_DIFF_REJECT * scale
+    if np.any(diff_too_small):
+        ind, = np.nonzero(diff_too_small)
+        new_factor = NUM_JAC_FACTOR_INCREASE * factor[ind]
+        h_new = (y[ind] + new_factor * y_scale[ind]) - y[ind]
+        h_vecs[ind, ind] = h_new
+        f_new = fun(t, y[:, None] + h_vecs[:, ind])
+        diff_new = f_new - f[:, None]
+        max_ind = np.argmax(np.abs(diff_new), axis=0)
+        r = np.arange(ind.shape[0])
+        max_diff_new = np.abs(diff_new[max_ind, r])
+        scale_new = np.maximum(np.abs(f[max_ind]), np.abs(f_new[max_ind, r]))
+
+        update = max_diff[ind] * scale_new < max_diff_new * scale[ind]
+        if np.any(update):
+            update, = np.nonzero(update)
+            update_ind = ind[update]
+            factor[update_ind] = new_factor[update]
+            h[update_ind] = h_new[update]
+            diff[:, update_ind] = diff_new[:, update]
+            scale[update_ind] = scale_new[update]
+            max_diff[update_ind] = max_diff_new[update]
+
+    diff /= h
+
+    factor[max_diff < NUM_JAC_DIFF_SMALL * scale] *= NUM_JAC_FACTOR_INCREASE
+    factor[max_diff > NUM_JAC_DIFF_BIG * scale] *= NUM_JAC_FACTOR_DECREASE
+    factor = np.maximum(factor, NUM_JAC_MIN_FACTOR)
+
+    return diff, factor
+
+
+def _sparse_num_jac(fun, t, y, f, h, factor, y_scale, structure, groups):
+    n = y.shape[0]
+    n_groups = np.max(groups) + 1
+    h_vecs = np.empty((n_groups, n))
+    for group in range(n_groups):
+        e = np.equal(group, groups)
+        h_vecs[group] = h * e
+    h_vecs = h_vecs.T
+
+    f_new = fun(t, y[:, None] + h_vecs)
+    df = f_new - f[:, None]
+
+    i, j, _ = find(structure)
+    diff = coo_matrix((df[i, groups[j]], (i, j)), shape=(n, n)).tocsc()
+    max_ind = np.array(abs(diff).argmax(axis=0)).ravel()
+    r = np.arange(n)
+    max_diff = np.asarray(np.abs(diff[max_ind, r])).ravel()
+    scale = np.maximum(np.abs(f[max_ind]),
+                       np.abs(f_new[max_ind, groups[r]]))
+
+    diff_too_small = max_diff < NUM_JAC_DIFF_REJECT * scale
+    if np.any(diff_too_small):
+        ind, = np.nonzero(diff_too_small)
+        new_factor = NUM_JAC_FACTOR_INCREASE * factor[ind]
+        h_new = (y[ind] + new_factor * y_scale[ind]) - y[ind]
+        h_new_all = np.zeros(n)
+        h_new_all[ind] = h_new
+
+        groups_unique = np.unique(groups[ind])
+        groups_map = np.empty(n_groups, dtype=int)
+        h_vecs = np.empty((groups_unique.shape[0], n))
+        for k, group in enumerate(groups_unique):
+            e = np.equal(group, groups)
+            h_vecs[k] = h_new_all * e
+            groups_map[group] = k
+        h_vecs = h_vecs.T
+
+        f_new = fun(t, y[:, None] + h_vecs)
+        df = f_new - f[:, None]
+        i, j, _ = find(structure[:, ind])
+        diff_new = coo_matrix((df[i, groups_map[groups[ind[j]]]],
+                               (i, j)), shape=(n, ind.shape[0])).tocsc()
+
+        max_ind_new = np.array(abs(diff_new).argmax(axis=0)).ravel()
+        r = np.arange(ind.shape[0])
+        max_diff_new = np.asarray(np.abs(diff_new[max_ind_new, r])).ravel()
+        scale_new = np.maximum(
+            np.abs(f[max_ind_new]),
+            np.abs(f_new[max_ind_new, groups_map[groups[ind]]]))
+
+        update = max_diff[ind] * scale_new < max_diff_new * scale[ind]
+        if np.any(update):
+            update, = np.nonzero(update)
+            update_ind = ind[update]
+            factor[update_ind] = new_factor[update]
+            h[update_ind] = h_new[update]
+            diff[:, update_ind] = diff_new[:, update]
+            scale[update_ind] = scale_new[update]
+            max_diff[update_ind] = max_diff_new[update]
+
+    diff.data /= np.repeat(h, np.diff(diff.indptr))
+
+    factor[max_diff < NUM_JAC_DIFF_SMALL * scale] *= NUM_JAC_FACTOR_INCREASE
+    factor[max_diff > NUM_JAC_DIFF_BIG * scale] *= NUM_JAC_FACTOR_DECREASE
+    factor = np.maximum(factor, NUM_JAC_MIN_FACTOR)
+
+    return diff, factor

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/dop853_coefficients.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+N_STAGES = 12
+N_STAGES_EXTENDED = 16
+INTERPOLATOR_POWER = 7
+
+C = np.array([0.0,
+              0.526001519587677318785587544488e-01,
+              0.789002279381515978178381316732e-01,
+              0.118350341907227396726757197510,
+              0.281649658092772603273242802490,
+              0.333333333333333333333333333333,
+              0.25,
+              0.307692307692307692307692307692,
+              0.651282051282051282051282051282,
+              0.6,
+              0.857142857142857142857142857142,
+              1.0,
+              1.0,
+              0.1,
+              0.2,
+              0.777777777777777777777777777778])
+
+A = np.zeros((N_STAGES_EXTENDED, N_STAGES_EXTENDED))
+A[1, 0] = 5.26001519587677318785587544488e-2
+
+A[2, 0] = 1.97250569845378994544595329183e-2
+A[2, 1] = 5.91751709536136983633785987549e-2
+
+A[3, 0] = 2.95875854768068491816892993775e-2
+A[3, 2] = 8.87627564304205475450678981324e-2
+
+A[4, 0] = 2.41365134159266685502369798665e-1
+A[4, 2] = -8.84549479328286085344864962717e-1
+A[4, 3] = 9.24834003261792003115737966543e-1
+
+A[5, 0] = 3.7037037037037037037037037037e-2
+A[5, 3] = 1.70828608729473871279604482173e-1
+A[5, 4] = 1.25467687566822425016691814123e-1
+
+A[6, 0] = 3.7109375e-2
+A[6, 3] = 1.70252211019544039314978060272e-1
+A[6, 4] = 6.02165389804559606850219397283e-2
+A[6, 5] = -1.7578125e-2
+
+A[7, 0] = 3.70920001185047927108779319836e-2
+A[7, 3] = 1.70383925712239993810214054705e-1
+A[7, 4] = 1.07262030446373284651809199168e-1
+A[7, 5] = -1.53194377486244017527936158236e-2
+A[7, 6] = 8.27378916381402288758473766002e-3
+
+A[8, 0] = 6.24110958716075717114429577812e-1
+A[8, 3] = -3.36089262944694129406857109825
+A[8, 4] = -8.68219346841726006818189891453e-1
+A[8, 5] = 2.75920996994467083049415600797e1
+A[8, 6] = 2.01540675504778934086186788979e1
+A[8, 7] = -4.34898841810699588477366255144e1
+
+A[9, 0] = 4.77662536438264365890433908527e-1
+A[9, 3] = -2.48811461997166764192642586468
+A[9, 4] = -5.90290826836842996371446475743e-1
+A[9, 5] = 2.12300514481811942347288949897e1
+A[9, 6] = 1.52792336328824235832596922938e1
+A[9, 7] = -3.32882109689848629194453265587e1
+A[9, 8] = -2.03312017085086261358222928593e-2
+
+A[10, 0] = -9.3714243008598732571704021658e-1
+A[10, 3] = 5.18637242884406370830023853209
+A[10, 4] = 1.09143734899672957818500254654
+A[10, 5] = -8.14978701074692612513997267357
+A[10, 6] = -1.85200656599969598641566180701e1
+A[10, 7] = 2.27394870993505042818970056734e1
+A[10, 8] = 2.49360555267965238987089396762
+A[10, 9] = -3.0467644718982195003823669022
+
+A[11, 0] = 2.27331014751653820792359768449
+A[11, 3] = -1.05344954667372501984066689879e1
+A[11, 4] = -2.00087205822486249909675718444
+A[11, 5] = -1.79589318631187989172765950534e1
+A[11, 6] = 2.79488845294199600508499808837e1
+A[11, 7] = -2.85899827713502369474065508674
+A[11, 8] = -8.87285693353062954433549289258
+A[11, 9] = 1.23605671757943030647266201528e1
+A[11, 10] = 6.43392746015763530355970484046e-1
+
+A[12, 0] = 5.42937341165687622380535766363e-2
+A[12, 5] = 4.45031289275240888144113950566
+A[12, 6] = 1.89151789931450038304281599044
+A[12, 7] = -5.8012039600105847814672114227
+A[12, 8] = 3.1116436695781989440891606237e-1
+A[12, 9] = -1.52160949662516078556178806805e-1
+A[12, 10] = 2.01365400804030348374776537501e-1
+A[12, 11] = 4.47106157277725905176885569043e-2
+
+A[13, 0] = 5.61675022830479523392909219681e-2
+A[13, 6] = 2.53500210216624811088794765333e-1
+A[13, 7] = -2.46239037470802489917441475441e-1
+A[13, 8] = -1.24191423263816360469010140626e-1
+A[13, 9] = 1.5329179827876569731206322685e-1
+A[13, 10] = 8.20105229563468988491666602057e-3
+A[13, 11] = 7.56789766054569976138603589584e-3
+A[13, 12] = -8.298e-3
+
+A[14, 0] = 3.18346481635021405060768473261e-2
+A[14, 5] = 2.83009096723667755288322961402e-2
+A[14, 6] = 5.35419883074385676223797384372e-2
+A[14, 7] = -5.49237485713909884646569340306e-2
+A[14, 10] = -1.08347328697249322858509316994e-4
+A[14, 11] = 3.82571090835658412954920192323e-4
+A[14, 12] = -3.40465008687404560802977114492e-4
+A[14, 13] = 1.41312443674632500278074618366e-1
+
+A[15, 0] = -4.28896301583791923408573538692e-1
+A[15, 5] = -4.69762141536116384314449447206
+A[15, 6] = 7.68342119606259904184240953878
+A[15, 7] = 4.06898981839711007970213554331
+A[15, 8] = 3.56727187455281109270669543021e-1
+A[15, 12] = -1.39902416515901462129418009734e-3
+A[15, 13] = 2.9475147891527723389556272149
+A[15, 14] = -9.15095847217987001081870187138
+
+
+B = A[N_STAGES, :N_STAGES]
+
+E3 = np.zeros(N_STAGES + 1)
+E3[:-1] = B.copy()
+E3[0] -= 0.244094488188976377952755905512
+E3[8] -= 0.733846688281611857341361741547
+E3[11] -= 0.220588235294117647058823529412e-1
+
+E5 = np.zeros(N_STAGES + 1)
+E5[0] = 0.1312004499419488073250102996e-1
+E5[5] = -0.1225156446376204440720569753e+1
+E5[6] = -0.4957589496572501915214079952
+E5[7] = 0.1664377182454986536961530415e+1
+E5[8] = -0.3503288487499736816886487290
+E5[9] = 0.3341791187130174790297318841
+E5[10] = 0.8192320648511571246570742613e-1
+E5[11] = -0.2235530786388629525884427845e-1
+
+# First 3 coefficients are computed separately.
+D = np.zeros((INTERPOLATOR_POWER - 3, N_STAGES_EXTENDED))
+D[0, 0] = -0.84289382761090128651353491142e+1
+D[0, 5] = 0.56671495351937776962531783590
+D[0, 6] = -0.30689499459498916912797304727e+1
+D[0, 7] = 0.23846676565120698287728149680e+1
+D[0, 8] = 0.21170345824450282767155149946e+1
+D[0, 9] = -0.87139158377797299206789907490
+D[0, 10] = 0.22404374302607882758541771650e+1
+D[0, 11] = 0.63157877876946881815570249290
+D[0, 12] = -0.88990336451333310820698117400e-1
+D[0, 13] = 0.18148505520854727256656404962e+2
+D[0, 14] = -0.91946323924783554000451984436e+1
+D[0, 15] = -0.44360363875948939664310572000e+1
+
+D[1, 0] = 0.10427508642579134603413151009e+2
+D[1, 5] = 0.24228349177525818288430175319e+3
+D[1, 6] = 0.16520045171727028198505394887e+3
+D[1, 7] = -0.37454675472269020279518312152e+3
+D[1, 8] = -0.22113666853125306036270938578e+2
+D[1, 9] = 0.77334326684722638389603898808e+1
+D[1, 10] = -0.30674084731089398182061213626e+2
+D[1, 11] = -0.93321305264302278729567221706e+1
+D[1, 12] = 0.15697238121770843886131091075e+2
+D[1, 13] = -0.31139403219565177677282850411e+2
+D[1, 14] = -0.93529243588444783865713862664e+1
+D[1, 15] = 0.35816841486394083752465898540e+2
+
+D[2, 0] = 0.19985053242002433820987653617e+2
+D[2, 5] = -0.38703730874935176555105901742e+3
+D[2, 6] = -0.18917813819516756882830838328e+3
+D[2, 7] = 0.52780815920542364900561016686e+3
+D[2, 8] = -0.11573902539959630126141871134e+2
+D[2, 9] = 0.68812326946963000169666922661e+1
+D[2, 10] = -0.10006050966910838403183860980e+1
+D[2, 11] = 0.77771377980534432092869265740
+D[2, 12] = -0.27782057523535084065932004339e+1
+D[2, 13] = -0.60196695231264120758267380846e+2
+D[2, 14] = 0.84320405506677161018159903784e+2
+D[2, 15] = 0.11992291136182789328035130030e+2
+
+D[3, 0] = -0.25693933462703749003312586129e+2
+D[3, 5] = -0.15418974869023643374053993627e+3
+D[3, 6] = -0.23152937917604549567536039109e+3
+D[3, 7] = 0.35763911791061412378285349910e+3
+D[3, 8] = 0.93405324183624310003907691704e+2
+D[3, 9] = -0.37458323136451633156875139351e+2
+D[3, 10] = 0.10409964950896230045147246184e+3
+D[3, 11] = 0.29840293426660503123344363579e+2
+D[3, 12] = -0.43533456590011143754432175058e+2
+D[3, 13] = 0.96324553959188282948394950600e+2
+D[3, 14] = -0.39177261675615439165231486172e+2
+D[3, 15] = -0.14972683625798562581422125276e+3

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/ivp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+import inspect
+import numpy as np
+from .bdf import BDF
+from .radau import Radau
+from .rk import RK23, RK45, DOP853
+from .lsoda import LSODA
+from scipy.optimize import OptimizeResult
+from .common import EPS, OdeSolution
+from .base import OdeSolver
+
+
+METHODS = {'RK23': RK23,
+           'RK45': RK45,
+           'DOP853': DOP853,
+           'Radau': Radau,
+           'BDF': BDF,
+           'LSODA': LSODA}
+
+
+MESSAGES = {0: "The solver successfully reached the end of the integration interval.",
+            1: "A termination event occurred."}
+
+
+class OdeResult(OptimizeResult):
+    pass
+
+
+def prepare_events(events):
+    """Standardize event functions and extract attributes."""
+    if callable(events):
+        events = (events,)
+
+    max_events = np.empty(len(events))
+    direction = np.empty(len(events))
+    for i, event in enumerate(events):
+        terminal = getattr(event, 'terminal', None)
+        direction[i] = getattr(event, 'direction', 0)
+
+        message = ('The `terminal` attribute of each event '
+                   'must be a boolean or positive integer.')
+        if terminal is None or terminal == 0:
+            max_events[i] = np.inf
+        elif int(terminal) == terminal and terminal > 0:
+            max_events[i] = terminal
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(message)
+
+    return events, max_events, direction
+
+
+def solve_event_equation(event, sol, t_old, t):
+    """Solve an equation corresponding to an ODE event.
+
+    The equation is ``event(t, y(t)) = 0``, here ``y(t)`` is known from an
+    ODE solver using some sort of interpolation. It is solved by
+    `scipy.optimize.brentq` with xtol=atol=4*EPS.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    event : callable
+        Function ``event(t, y)``.
+    sol : callable
+        Function ``sol(t)`` which evaluates an ODE solution between `t_old`
+        and  `t`.
+    t_old, t : float
+        Previous and new values of time. They will be used as a bracketing
+        interval.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    root : float
+        Found solution.
+    """
+    from scipy.optimize import brentq
+    return brentq(lambda t: event(t, sol(t)), t_old, t,
+                  xtol=4 * EPS, rtol=4 * EPS)
+
+
+def handle_events(sol, events, active_events, event_count, max_events,
+                  t_old, t):
+    """Helper function to handle events.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sol : DenseOutput
+        Function ``sol(t)`` which evaluates an ODE solution between `t_old`
+        and  `t`.
+    events : list of callables, length n_events
+        Event functions with signatures ``event(t, y)``.
+    active_events : ndarray
+        Indices of events which occurred.
+    event_count : ndarray
+        Current number of occurrences for each event.
+    max_events : ndarray, shape (n_events,)
+        Number of occurrences allowed for each event before integration
+        termination is issued.
+    t_old, t : float
+        Previous and new values of time.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    root_indices : ndarray
+        Indices of events which take zero between `t_old` and `t` and before
+        a possible termination.
+    roots : ndarray
+        Values of t at which events occurred.
+    terminate : bool
+        Whether a terminal event occurred.
+    """
+    roots = [solve_event_equation(events[event_index], sol, t_old, t)
+             for event_index in active_events]
+
+    roots = np.asarray(roots)
+
+    if np.any(event_count[active_events] >= max_events[active_events]):
+        if t > t_old:
+            order = np.argsort(roots)
+        else:
+            order = np.argsort(-roots)
+        active_events = active_events[order]
+        roots = roots[order]
+        t = np.nonzero(event_count[active_events]
+                       >= max_events[active_events])[0][0]
+        active_events = active_events[:t + 1]
+        roots = roots[:t + 1]
+        terminate = True
+    else:
+        terminate = False
+
+    return active_events, roots, terminate
+
+
+def find_active_events(g, g_new, direction):
+    """Find which event occurred during an integration step.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    g, g_new : array_like, shape (n_events,)
+        Values of event functions at a current and next points.
+    direction : ndarray, shape (n_events,)
+        Event "direction" according to the definition in `solve_ivp`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    active_events : ndarray
+        Indices of events which occurred during the step.
+    """
+    g, g_new = np.asarray(g), np.asarray(g_new)
+    up = (g <= 0) & (g_new >= 0)
+    down = (g >= 0) & (g_new <= 0)
+    either = up | down
+    mask = (up & (direction > 0) |
+            down & (direction < 0) |
+            either & (direction == 0))
+
+    return np.nonzero(mask)[0]
+
+
+def solve_ivp(fun, t_span, y0, method='RK45', t_eval=None, dense_output=False,
+              events=None, vectorized=False, args=None, **options):
+    """Solve an initial value problem for a system of ODEs.
+
+    This function numerically integrates a system of ordinary differential
+    equations given an initial value::
+
+        dy / dt = f(t, y)
+        y(t0) = y0
+
+    Here t is a 1-D independent variable (time), y(t) is an
+    N-D vector-valued function (state), and an N-D
+    vector-valued function f(t, y) determines the differential equations.
+    The goal is to find y(t) approximately satisfying the differential
+    equations, given an initial value y(t0)=y0.
+
+    Some of the solvers support integration in the complex domain, but note
+    that for stiff ODE solvers, the right-hand side must be
+    complex-differentiable (satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations [11]_).
+    To solve a problem in the complex domain, pass y0 with a complex data type.
+    Another option always available is to rewrite your problem for real and
+    imaginary parts separately.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. Additional
+        arguments need to be passed if ``args`` is used (see documentation of
+        ``args`` argument). ``fun`` must return an array of the same shape as
+        ``y``. See `vectorized` for more information.
+    t_span : 2-member sequence
+        Interval of integration (t0, tf). The solver starts with t=t0 and
+        integrates until it reaches t=tf. Both t0 and tf must be floats
+        or values interpretable by the float conversion function.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state. For problems in the complex domain, pass `y0` with a
+        complex data type (even if the initial value is purely real).
+    method : string or `OdeSolver`, optional
+        Integration method to use:
+
+            * 'RK45' (default): Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 5(4) [1]_.
+              The error is controlled assuming accuracy of the fourth-order
+              method, but steps are taken using the fifth-order accurate
+              formula (local extrapolation is done). A quartic interpolation
+              polynomial is used for the dense output [2]_. Can be applied in
+              the complex domain.
+            * 'RK23': Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 3(2) [3]_. The error
+              is controlled assuming accuracy of the second-order method, but
+              steps are taken using the third-order accurate formula (local
+              extrapolation is done). A cubic Hermite polynomial is used for the
+              dense output. Can be applied in the complex domain.
+            * 'DOP853': Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 8 [13]_.
+              Python implementation of the "DOP853" algorithm originally
+              written in Fortran [14]_. A 7-th order interpolation polynomial
+              accurate to 7-th order is used for the dense output.
+              Can be applied in the complex domain.
+            * 'Radau': Implicit Runge-Kutta method of the Radau IIA family of
+              order 5 [4]_. The error is controlled with a third-order accurate
+              embedded formula. A cubic polynomial which satisfies the
+              collocation conditions is used for the dense output.
+            * 'BDF': Implicit multi-step variable-order (1 to 5) method based
+              on a backward differentiation formula for the derivative
+              approximation [5]_. The implementation follows the one described
+              in [6]_. A quasi-constant step scheme is used and accuracy is
+              enhanced using the NDF modification. Can be applied in the
+              complex domain.
+            * 'LSODA': Adams/BDF method with automatic stiffness detection and
+              switching [7]_, [8]_. This is a wrapper of the Fortran solver
+              from ODEPACK.
+
+        Explicit Runge-Kutta methods ('RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853') should be used
+        for non-stiff problems and implicit methods ('Radau', 'BDF') for
+        stiff problems [9]_. Among Runge-Kutta methods, 'DOP853' is recommended
+        for solving with high precision (low values of `rtol` and `atol`).
+
+        If not sure, first try to run 'RK45'. If it makes unusually many
+        iterations, diverges, or fails, your problem is likely to be stiff and
+        you should use 'Radau' or 'BDF'. 'LSODA' can also be a good universal
+        choice, but it might be somewhat less convenient to work with as it
+        wraps old Fortran code.
+
+        You can also pass an arbitrary class derived from `OdeSolver` which
+        implements the solver.
+    t_eval : array_like or None, optional
+        Times at which to store the computed solution, must be sorted and lie
+        within `t_span`. If None (default), use points selected by the solver.
+    dense_output : bool, optional
+        Whether to compute a continuous solution. Default is False.
+    events : callable, or list of callables, optional
+        Events to track. If None (default), no events will be tracked.
+        Each event occurs at the zeros of a continuous function of time and
+        state. Each function must have the signature ``event(t, y)`` where
+        additional argument have to be passed if ``args`` is used (see
+        documentation of ``args`` argument). Each function must return a
+        float. The solver will find an accurate value of `t` at which
+        ``event(t, y(t)) = 0`` using a root-finding algorithm. By default,
+        all zeros will be found. The solver looks for a sign change over
+        each step, so if multiple zero crossings occur within one step,
+        events may be missed. Additionally each `event` function might
+        have the following attributes:
+
+            terminal: bool or int, optional
+                When boolean, whether to terminate integration if this event occurs.
+                When integral, termination occurs after the specified the number of
+                occurences of this event.
+                Implicitly False if not assigned.
+            direction: float, optional
+                Direction of a zero crossing. If `direction` is positive,
+                `event` will only trigger when going from negative to positive,
+                and vice versa if `direction` is negative. If 0, then either
+                direction will trigger event. Implicitly 0 if not assigned.
+
+        You can assign attributes like ``event.terminal = True`` to any
+        function in Python.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` can be called in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by methods 'Radau' and 'BDF', but
+        will result in slower execution for other methods and for 'Radau' and
+        'BDF' in some circumstances (e.g. small ``len(y0)``).
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Additional arguments to pass to the user-defined functions.  If given,
+        the additional arguments are passed to all user-defined functions.
+        So if, for example, `fun` has the signature ``fun(t, y, a, b, c)``,
+        then `jac` (if given) and any event functions must have the same
+        signature, and `args` must be a tuple of length 3.
+    **options
+        Options passed to a chosen solver. All options available for already
+        implemented solvers are listed below.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is `None` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float or array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    jac : array_like, sparse_matrix, callable or None, optional
+        Jacobian matrix of the right-hand side of the system with respect
+        to y, required by the 'Radau', 'BDF' and 'LSODA' method. The
+        Jacobian matrix has shape (n, n) and its element (i, j) is equal to
+        ``d f_i / d y_j``.  There are three ways to define the Jacobian:
+
+            * If array_like or sparse_matrix, the Jacobian is assumed to
+              be constant. Not supported by 'LSODA'.
+            * If callable, the Jacobian is assumed to depend on both
+              t and y; it will be called as ``jac(t, y)``, as necessary.
+              Additional arguments have to be passed if ``args`` is
+              used (see documentation of ``args`` argument).
+              For 'Radau' and 'BDF' methods, the return value might be a
+              sparse matrix.
+            * If None (default), the Jacobian will be approximated by
+              finite differences.
+
+        It is generally recommended to provide the Jacobian rather than
+        relying on a finite-difference approximation.
+    jac_sparsity : array_like, sparse matrix or None, optional
+        Defines a sparsity structure of the Jacobian matrix for a finite-
+        difference approximation. Its shape must be (n, n). This argument
+        is ignored if `jac` is not `None`. If the Jacobian has only few
+        non-zero elements in *each* row, providing the sparsity structure
+        will greatly speed up the computations [10]_. A zero entry means that
+        a corresponding element in the Jacobian is always zero. If None
+        (default), the Jacobian is assumed to be dense.
+        Not supported by 'LSODA', see `lband` and `uband` instead.
+    lband, uband : int or None, optional
+        Parameters defining the bandwidth of the Jacobian for the 'LSODA'
+        method, i.e., ``jac[i, j] != 0 only for i - lband <= j <= i + uband``.
+        Default is None. Setting these requires your jac routine to return the
+        Jacobian in the packed format: the returned array must have ``n``
+        columns and ``uband + lband + 1`` rows in which Jacobian diagonals are
+        written. Specifically ``jac_packed[uband + i - j , j] = jac[i, j]``.
+        The same format is used in `scipy.linalg.solve_banded` (check for an
+        illustration).  These parameters can be also used with ``jac=None`` to
+        reduce the number of Jacobian elements estimated by finite differences.
+    min_step : float, optional
+        The minimum allowed step size for 'LSODA' method.
+        By default `min_step` is zero.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Bunch object with the following fields defined:
+    t : ndarray, shape (n_points,)
+        Time points.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n, n_points)
+        Values of the solution at `t`.
+    sol : `OdeSolution` or None
+        Found solution as `OdeSolution` instance; None if `dense_output` was
+        set to False.
+    t_events : list of ndarray or None
+        Contains for each event type a list of arrays at which an event of
+        that type event was detected. None if `events` was None.
+    y_events : list of ndarray or None
+        For each value of `t_events`, the corresponding value of the solution.
+        None if `events` was None.
+    nfev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions.
+    status : int
+        Reason for algorithm termination:
+
+            * -1: Integration step failed.
+            *  0: The solver successfully reached the end of `tspan`.
+            *  1: A termination event occurred.
+
+    message : string
+        Human-readable description of the termination reason.
+    success : bool
+        True if the solver reached the interval end or a termination event
+        occurred (``status >= 0``).
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] J. R. Dormand, P. J. Prince, "A family of embedded Runge-Kutta
+           formulae", Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 6,
+           No. 1, pp. 19-26, 1980.
+    .. [2] L. W. Shampine, "Some Practical Runge-Kutta Formulas", Mathematics
+           of Computation,, Vol. 46, No. 173, pp. 135-150, 1986.
+    .. [3] P. Bogacki, L.F. Shampine, "A 3(2) Pair of Runge-Kutta Formulas",
+           Appl. Math. Lett. Vol. 2, No. 4. pp. 321-325, 1989.
+    .. [4] E. Hairer, G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II:
+           Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems", Sec. IV.8.
+    .. [5] `Backward Differentiation Formula
+            <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_differentiation_formula>`_
+            on Wikipedia.
+    .. [6] L. F. Shampine, M. W. Reichelt, "THE MATLAB ODE SUITE", SIAM J. SCI.
+           COMPUTE., Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-22, January 1997.
+    .. [7] A. C. Hindmarsh, "ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE
+           Solvers," IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation, Vol 1.,
+           pp. 55-64, 1983.
+    .. [8] L. Petzold, "Automatic selection of methods for solving stiff and
+           nonstiff systems of ordinary differential equations", SIAM Journal
+           on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 136-148,
+           1983.
+    .. [9] `Stiff equation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_equation>`_ on
+           Wikipedia.
+    .. [10] A. Curtis, M. J. D. Powell, and J. Reid, "On the estimation of
+            sparse Jacobian matrices", Journal of the Institute of Mathematics
+            and its Applications, 13, pp. 117-120, 1974.
+    .. [11] `Cauchy-Riemann equations
+             <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy-Riemann_equations>`_ on
+             Wikipedia.
+    .. [12] `Lotka-Volterra equations
+            <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations>`_
+            on Wikipedia.
+    .. [13] E. Hairer, S. P. Norsett G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential
+            Equations I: Nonstiff Problems", Sec. II.
+    .. [14] `Page with original Fortran code of DOP853
+            <http://www.unige.ch/~hairer/software.html>`_.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Basic exponential decay showing automatically chosen time points.
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import solve_ivp
+    >>> def exponential_decay(t, y): return -0.5 * y
+    >>> sol = solve_ivp(exponential_decay, [0, 10], [2, 4, 8])
+    >>> print(sol.t)
+    [ 0.          0.11487653  1.26364188  3.06061781  4.81611105  6.57445806
+      8.33328988 10.        ]
+    >>> print(sol.y)
+    [[2.         1.88836035 1.06327177 0.43319312 0.18017253 0.07483045
+      0.03107158 0.01350781]
+     [4.         3.7767207  2.12654355 0.86638624 0.36034507 0.14966091
+      0.06214316 0.02701561]
+     [8.         7.5534414  4.25308709 1.73277247 0.72069014 0.29932181
+      0.12428631 0.05403123]]
+
+    Specifying points where the solution is desired.
+
+    >>> sol = solve_ivp(exponential_decay, [0, 10], [2, 4, 8],
+    ...                 t_eval=[0, 1, 2, 4, 10])
+    >>> print(sol.t)
+    [ 0  1  2  4 10]
+    >>> print(sol.y)
+    [[2.         1.21305369 0.73534021 0.27066736 0.01350938]
+     [4.         2.42610739 1.47068043 0.54133472 0.02701876]
+     [8.         4.85221478 2.94136085 1.08266944 0.05403753]]
+
+    Cannon fired upward with terminal event upon impact. The ``terminal`` and
+    ``direction`` fields of an event are applied by monkey patching a function.
+    Here ``y[0]`` is position and ``y[1]`` is velocity. The projectile starts
+    at position 0 with velocity +10. Note that the integration never reaches
+    t=100 because the event is terminal.
+
+    >>> def upward_cannon(t, y): return [y[1], -0.5]
+    >>> def hit_ground(t, y): return y[0]
+    >>> hit_ground.terminal = True
+    >>> hit_ground.direction = -1
+    >>> sol = solve_ivp(upward_cannon, [0, 100], [0, 10], events=hit_ground)
+    >>> print(sol.t_events)
+    [array([40.])]
+    >>> print(sol.t)
+    [0.00000000e+00 9.99900010e-05 1.09989001e-03 1.10988901e-02
+     1.11088891e-01 1.11098890e+00 1.11099890e+01 4.00000000e+01]
+
+    Use `dense_output` and `events` to find position, which is 100, at the apex
+    of the cannonball's trajectory. Apex is not defined as terminal, so both
+    apex and hit_ground are found. There is no information at t=20, so the sol
+    attribute is used to evaluate the solution. The sol attribute is returned
+    by setting ``dense_output=True``. Alternatively, the `y_events` attribute
+    can be used to access the solution at the time of the event.
+
+    >>> def apex(t, y): return y[1]
+    >>> sol = solve_ivp(upward_cannon, [0, 100], [0, 10],
+    ...                 events=(hit_ground, apex), dense_output=True)
+    >>> print(sol.t_events)
+    [array([40.]), array([20.])]
+    >>> print(sol.t)
+    [0.00000000e+00 9.99900010e-05 1.09989001e-03 1.10988901e-02
+     1.11088891e-01 1.11098890e+00 1.11099890e+01 4.00000000e+01]
+    >>> print(sol.sol(sol.t_events[1][0]))
+    [100.   0.]
+    >>> print(sol.y_events)
+    [array([[-5.68434189e-14, -1.00000000e+01]]),
+     array([[1.00000000e+02, 1.77635684e-15]])]
+
+    As an example of a system with additional parameters, we'll implement
+    the Lotka-Volterra equations [12]_.
+
+    >>> def lotkavolterra(t, z, a, b, c, d):
+    ...     x, y = z
+    ...     return [a*x - b*x*y, -c*y + d*x*y]
+    ...
+
+    We pass in the parameter values a=1.5, b=1, c=3 and d=1 with the `args`
+    argument.
+
+    >>> sol = solve_ivp(lotkavolterra, [0, 15], [10, 5], args=(1.5, 1, 3, 1),
+    ...                 dense_output=True)
+
+    Compute a dense solution and plot it.
+
+    >>> t = np.linspace(0, 15, 300)
+    >>> z = sol.sol(t)
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> plt.plot(t, z.T)
+    >>> plt.xlabel('t')
+    >>> plt.legend(['x', 'y'], shadow=True)
+    >>> plt.title('Lotka-Volterra System')
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    A couple examples of using solve_ivp to solve the differential
+    equation ``y' = Ay`` with complex matrix ``A``.
+
+    >>> A = np.array([[-0.25 + 0.14j, 0, 0.33 + 0.44j],
+    ...               [0.25 + 0.58j, -0.2 + 0.14j, 0],
+    ...               [0, 0.2 + 0.4j, -0.1 + 0.97j]])
+
+    Solving an IVP with ``A`` from above and ``y`` as 3x1 vector:
+
+    >>> def deriv_vec(t, y):
+    ...     return A @ y
+    >>> result = solve_ivp(deriv_vec, [0, 25],
+    ...                    np.array([10 + 0j, 20 + 0j, 30 + 0j]),
+    ...                    t_eval=np.linspace(0, 25, 101))
+    >>> print(result.y[:, 0])
+    [10.+0.j 20.+0.j 30.+0.j]
+    >>> print(result.y[:, -1])
+    [18.46291039+45.25653651j 10.01569306+36.23293216j
+     -4.98662741+80.07360388j]
+
+    Solving an IVP with ``A`` from above with ``y`` as 3x3 matrix :
+
+    >>> def deriv_mat(t, y):
+    ...     return (A @ y.reshape(3, 3)).flatten()
+    >>> y0 = np.array([[2 + 0j, 3 + 0j, 4 + 0j],
+    ...                [5 + 0j, 6 + 0j, 7 + 0j],
+    ...                [9 + 0j, 34 + 0j, 78 + 0j]])
+
+    >>> result = solve_ivp(deriv_mat, [0, 25], y0.flatten(),
+    ...                    t_eval=np.linspace(0, 25, 101))
+    >>> print(result.y[:, 0].reshape(3, 3))
+    [[ 2.+0.j  3.+0.j  4.+0.j]
+     [ 5.+0.j  6.+0.j  7.+0.j]
+     [ 9.+0.j 34.+0.j 78.+0.j]]
+    >>> print(result.y[:, -1].reshape(3, 3))
+    [[  5.67451179 +12.07938445j  17.2888073  +31.03278837j
+        37.83405768 +63.25138759j]
+     [  3.39949503 +11.82123994j  21.32530996 +44.88668871j
+        53.17531184+103.80400411j]
+     [ -2.26105874 +22.19277664j -15.1255713  +70.19616341j
+       -38.34616845+153.29039931j]]
+
+
+    """
+    if method not in METHODS and not (
+            inspect.isclass(method) and issubclass(method, OdeSolver)):
+        raise ValueError(f"`method` must be one of {METHODS} or OdeSolver class.")
+
+    t0, tf = map(float, t_span)
+
+    if args is not None:
+        # Wrap the user's fun (and jac, if given) in lambdas to hide the
+        # additional parameters.  Pass in the original fun as a keyword
+        # argument to keep it in the scope of the lambda.
+        try:
+            _ = [*(args)]
+        except TypeError as exp:
+            suggestion_tuple = (
+                "Supplied 'args' cannot be unpacked. Please supply `args`"
+                f" as a tuple (e.g. `args=({args},)`)"
+            )
+            raise TypeError(suggestion_tuple) from exp
+
+        def fun(t, x, fun=fun):
+            return fun(t, x, *args)
+        jac = options.get('jac')
+        if callable(jac):
+            options['jac'] = lambda t, x: jac(t, x, *args)
+
+    if t_eval is not None:
+        t_eval = np.asarray(t_eval)
+        if t_eval.ndim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("`t_eval` must be 1-dimensional.")
+
+        if np.any(t_eval < min(t0, tf)) or np.any(t_eval > max(t0, tf)):
+            raise ValueError("Values in `t_eval` are not within `t_span`.")
+
+        d = np.diff(t_eval)
+        if tf > t0 and np.any(d <= 0) or tf < t0 and np.any(d >= 0):
+            raise ValueError("Values in `t_eval` are not properly sorted.")
+
+        if tf > t0:
+            t_eval_i = 0
+        else:
+            # Make order of t_eval decreasing to use np.searchsorted.
+            t_eval = t_eval[::-1]
+            # This will be an upper bound for slices.
+            t_eval_i = t_eval.shape[0]
+
+    if method in METHODS:
+        method = METHODS[method]
+
+    solver = method(fun, t0, y0, tf, vectorized=vectorized, **options)
+
+    if t_eval is None:
+        ts = [t0]
+        ys = [y0]
+    elif t_eval is not None and dense_output:
+        ts = []
+        ti = [t0]
+        ys = []
+    else:
+        ts = []
+        ys = []
+
+    interpolants = []
+
+    if events is not None:
+        events, max_events, event_dir = prepare_events(events)
+        event_count = np.zeros(len(events))
+        if args is not None:
+            # Wrap user functions in lambdas to hide the additional parameters.
+            # The original event function is passed as a keyword argument to the
+            # lambda to keep the original function in scope (i.e., avoid the
+            # late binding closure "gotcha").
+            events = [lambda t, x, event=event: event(t, x, *args)
+                      for event in events]
+        g = [event(t0, y0) for event in events]
+        t_events = [[] for _ in range(len(events))]
+        y_events = [[] for _ in range(len(events))]
+    else:
+        t_events = None
+        y_events = None
+
+    status = None
+    while status is None:
+        message = solver.step()
+
+        if solver.status == 'finished':
+            status = 0
+        elif solver.status == 'failed':
+            status = -1
+            break
+
+        t_old = solver.t_old
+        t = solver.t
+        y = solver.y
+
+        if dense_output:
+            sol = solver.dense_output()
+            interpolants.append(sol)
+        else:
+            sol = None
+
+        if events is not None:
+            g_new = [event(t, y) for event in events]
+            active_events = find_active_events(g, g_new, event_dir)
+            if active_events.size > 0:
+                if sol is None:
+                    sol = solver.dense_output()
+
+                event_count[active_events] += 1
+                root_indices, roots, terminate = handle_events(
+                    sol, events, active_events, event_count, max_events,
+                    t_old, t)
+
+                for e, te in zip(root_indices, roots):
+                    t_events[e].append(te)
+                    y_events[e].append(sol(te))
+
+                if terminate:
+                    status = 1
+                    t = roots[-1]
+                    y = sol(t)
+
+            g = g_new
+
+        if t_eval is None:
+            ts.append(t)
+            ys.append(y)
+        else:
+            # The value in t_eval equal to t will be included.
+            if solver.direction > 0:
+                t_eval_i_new = np.searchsorted(t_eval, t, side='right')
+                t_eval_step = t_eval[t_eval_i:t_eval_i_new]
+            else:
+                t_eval_i_new = np.searchsorted(t_eval, t, side='left')
+                # It has to be done with two slice operations, because
+                # you can't slice to 0th element inclusive using backward
+                # slicing.
+                t_eval_step = t_eval[t_eval_i_new:t_eval_i][::-1]
+
+            if t_eval_step.size > 0:
+                if sol is None:
+                    sol = solver.dense_output()
+                ts.append(t_eval_step)
+                ys.append(sol(t_eval_step))
+                t_eval_i = t_eval_i_new
+
+        if t_eval is not None and dense_output:
+            ti.append(t)
+
+    message = MESSAGES.get(status, message)
+
+    if t_events is not None:
+        t_events = [np.asarray(te) for te in t_events]
+        y_events = [np.asarray(ye) for ye in y_events]
+
+    if t_eval is None:
+        ts = np.array(ts)
+        ys = np.vstack(ys).T
+    elif ts:
+        ts = np.hstack(ts)
+        ys = np.hstack(ys)
+
+    if dense_output:
+        if t_eval is None:
+            sol = OdeSolution(
+                ts, interpolants, alt_segment=True if method in [BDF, LSODA] else False
+            )
+        else:
+            sol = OdeSolution(
+                ti, interpolants, alt_segment=True if method in [BDF, LSODA] else False
+            )
+    else:
+        sol = None
+
+    return OdeResult(t=ts, y=ys, sol=sol, t_events=t_events, y_events=y_events,
+                     nfev=solver.nfev, njev=solver.njev, nlu=solver.nlu,
+                     status=status, message=message, success=status >= 0)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/lsoda.py

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.integrate import ode
+from .common import validate_tol, validate_first_step, warn_extraneous
+from .base import OdeSolver, DenseOutput
+
+
+class LSODA(OdeSolver):
+    """Adams/BDF method with automatic stiffness detection and switching.
+
+    This is a wrapper to the Fortran solver from ODEPACK [1]_. It switches
+    automatically between the nonstiff Adams method and the stiff BDF method.
+    The method was originally detailed in [2]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. ``fun`` must
+        return an array of the same shape as ``y``. See `vectorized` for more
+        information.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    min_step : float, optional
+        Minimum allowed step size. Default is 0.0, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    jac : None or callable, optional
+        Jacobian matrix of the right-hand side of the system with respect to
+        ``y``. The Jacobian matrix has shape (n, n) and its element (i, j) is
+        equal to ``d f_i / d y_j``. The function will be called as
+        ``jac(t, y)``. If None (default), the Jacobian will be
+        approximated by finite differences. It is generally recommended to
+        provide the Jacobian rather than relying on a finite-difference
+        approximation.
+    lband, uband : int or None
+        Parameters defining the bandwidth of the Jacobian,
+        i.e., ``jac[i, j] != 0 only for i - lband <= j <= i + uband``. Setting
+        these requires your jac routine to return the Jacobian in the packed format:
+        the returned array must have ``n`` columns and ``uband + lband + 1``
+        rows in which Jacobian diagonals are written. Specifically
+        ``jac_packed[uband + i - j , j] = jac[i, j]``. The same format is used
+        in `scipy.linalg.solve_banded` (check for an illustration).
+        These parameters can be also used with ``jac=None`` to reduce the
+        number of Jacobian elements estimated by finite differences.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` may be called in a vectorized fashion. False (default)
+        is recommended for this solver.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by methods 'Radau' and 'BDF', but
+        will result in slower execution for this solver.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] A. C. Hindmarsh, "ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE
+           Solvers," IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation, Vol 1.,
+           pp. 55-64, 1983.
+    .. [2] L. Petzold, "Automatic selection of methods for solving stiff and
+           nonstiff systems of ordinary differential equations", SIAM Journal
+           on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 136-148,
+           1983.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, first_step=None, min_step=0.0,
+                 max_step=np.inf, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6, jac=None, lband=None,
+                 uband=None, vectorized=False, **extraneous):
+        warn_extraneous(extraneous)
+        super().__init__(fun, t0, y0, t_bound, vectorized)
+
+        if first_step is None:
+            first_step = 0  # LSODA value for automatic selection.
+        else:
+            first_step = validate_first_step(first_step, t0, t_bound)
+
+        first_step *= self.direction
+
+        if max_step == np.inf:
+            max_step = 0  # LSODA value for infinity.
+        elif max_step <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("`max_step` must be positive.")
+
+        if min_step < 0:
+            raise ValueError("`min_step` must be nonnegative.")
+
+        rtol, atol = validate_tol(rtol, atol, self.n)
+
+        solver = ode(self.fun, jac)
+        solver.set_integrator('lsoda', rtol=rtol, atol=atol, max_step=max_step,
+                              min_step=min_step, first_step=first_step,
+                              lband=lband, uband=uband)
+        solver.set_initial_value(y0, t0)
+
+        # Inject t_bound into rwork array as needed for itask=5.
+        solver._integrator.rwork[0] = self.t_bound
+        solver._integrator.call_args[4] = solver._integrator.rwork
+
+        self._lsoda_solver = solver
+
+    def _step_impl(self):
+        solver = self._lsoda_solver
+        integrator = solver._integrator
+
+        # From lsoda.step and lsoda.integrate itask=5 means take a single
+        # step and do not go past t_bound.
+        itask = integrator.call_args[2]
+        integrator.call_args[2] = 5
+        solver._y, solver.t = integrator.run(
+            solver.f, solver.jac or (lambda: None), solver._y, solver.t,
+            self.t_bound, solver.f_params, solver.jac_params)
+        integrator.call_args[2] = itask
+
+        if solver.successful():
+            self.t = solver.t
+            self.y = solver._y
+            # From LSODA Fortran source njev is equal to nlu.
+            self.njev = integrator.iwork[12]
+            self.nlu = integrator.iwork[12]
+            return True, None
+        else:
+            return False, 'Unexpected istate in LSODA.'
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        iwork = self._lsoda_solver._integrator.iwork
+        rwork = self._lsoda_solver._integrator.rwork
+
+        # We want to produce the Nordsieck history array, yh, up to the order
+        # used in the last successful iteration. The step size is unimportant
+        # because it will be scaled out in LsodaDenseOutput. Some additional
+        # work may be required because ODEPACK's LSODA implementation produces
+        # the Nordsieck history in the state needed for the next iteration.
+
+        # iwork[13] contains order from last successful iteration, while
+        # iwork[14] contains order to be attempted next.
+        order = iwork[13]
+
+        # rwork[11] contains the step size to be attempted next, while
+        # rwork[10] contains step size from last successful iteration.
+        h = rwork[11]
+
+        # rwork[20:20 + (iwork[14] + 1) * self.n] contains entries of the
+        # Nordsieck array in state needed for next iteration. We want
+        # the entries up to order for the last successful step so use the 
+        # following.
+        yh = np.reshape(rwork[20:20 + (order + 1) * self.n],
+                        (self.n, order + 1), order='F').copy()
+        if iwork[14] < order:
+            # If the order is set to decrease then the final column of yh
+            # has not been updated within ODEPACK's LSODA
+            # implementation because this column will not be used in the
+            # next iteration. We must rescale this column to make the
+            # associated step size consistent with the other columns.
+            yh[:, -1] *= (h / rwork[10]) ** order
+
+        return LsodaDenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, h, order, yh)
+
+
+class LsodaDenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, h, order, yh):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.h = h
+        self.yh = yh
+        self.p = np.arange(order + 1)
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            x = ((t - self.t) / self.h) ** self.p
+        else:
+            x = ((t - self.t) / self.h) ** self.p[:, None]
+
+        return np.dot(self.yh, x)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/radau.py

@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.linalg import lu_factor, lu_solve
+from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix, issparse, eye
+from scipy.sparse.linalg import splu
+from scipy.optimize._numdiff import group_columns
+from .common import (validate_max_step, validate_tol, select_initial_step,
+                     norm, num_jac, EPS, warn_extraneous,
+                     validate_first_step)
+from .base import OdeSolver, DenseOutput
+
+S6 = 6 ** 0.5
+
+# Butcher tableau. A is not used directly, see below.
+C = np.array([(4 - S6) / 10, (4 + S6) / 10, 1])
+E = np.array([-13 - 7 * S6, -13 + 7 * S6, -1]) / 3
+
+# Eigendecomposition of A is done: A = T L T**-1. There is 1 real eigenvalue
+# and a complex conjugate pair. They are written below.
+MU_REAL = 3 + 3 ** (2 / 3) - 3 ** (1 / 3)
+MU_COMPLEX = (3 + 0.5 * (3 ** (1 / 3) - 3 ** (2 / 3))
+              - 0.5j * (3 ** (5 / 6) + 3 ** (7 / 6)))
+
+# These are transformation matrices.
+T = np.array([
+    [0.09443876248897524, -0.14125529502095421, 0.03002919410514742],
+    [0.25021312296533332, 0.20412935229379994, -0.38294211275726192],
+    [1, 1, 0]])
+TI = np.array([
+    [4.17871859155190428, 0.32768282076106237, 0.52337644549944951],
+    [-4.17871859155190428, -0.32768282076106237, 0.47662355450055044],
+    [0.50287263494578682, -2.57192694985560522, 0.59603920482822492]])
+# These linear combinations are used in the algorithm.
+TI_REAL = TI[0]
+TI_COMPLEX = TI[1] + 1j * TI[2]
+
+# Interpolator coefficients.
+P = np.array([
+    [13/3 + 7*S6/3, -23/3 - 22*S6/3, 10/3 + 5 * S6],
+    [13/3 - 7*S6/3, -23/3 + 22*S6/3, 10/3 - 5 * S6],
+    [1/3, -8/3, 10/3]])
+
+
+NEWTON_MAXITER = 6  # Maximum number of Newton iterations.
+MIN_FACTOR = 0.2  # Minimum allowed decrease in a step size.
+MAX_FACTOR = 10  # Maximum allowed increase in a step size.
+
+
+def solve_collocation_system(fun, t, y, h, Z0, scale, tol,
+                             LU_real, LU_complex, solve_lu):
+    """Solve the collocation system.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Current state.
+    h : float
+        Step to try.
+    Z0 : ndarray, shape (3, n)
+        Initial guess for the solution. It determines new values of `y` at
+        ``t + h * C`` as ``y + Z0``, where ``C`` is the Radau method constants.
+    scale : ndarray, shape (n)
+        Problem tolerance scale, i.e. ``rtol * abs(y) + atol``.
+    tol : float
+        Tolerance to which solve the system. This value is compared with
+        the normalized by `scale` error.
+    LU_real, LU_complex
+        LU decompositions of the system Jacobians.
+    solve_lu : callable
+        Callable which solves a linear system given a LU decomposition. The
+        signature is ``solve_lu(LU, b)``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    converged : bool
+        Whether iterations converged.
+    n_iter : int
+        Number of completed iterations.
+    Z : ndarray, shape (3, n)
+        Found solution.
+    rate : float
+        The rate of convergence.
+    """
+    n = y.shape[0]
+    M_real = MU_REAL / h
+    M_complex = MU_COMPLEX / h
+
+    W = TI.dot(Z0)
+    Z = Z0
+
+    F = np.empty((3, n))
+    ch = h * C
+
+    dW_norm_old = None
+    dW = np.empty_like(W)
+    converged = False
+    rate = None
+    for k in range(NEWTON_MAXITER):
+        for i in range(3):
+            F[i] = fun(t + ch[i], y + Z[i])
+
+        if not np.all(np.isfinite(F)):
+            break
+
+        f_real = F.T.dot(TI_REAL) - M_real * W[0]
+        f_complex = F.T.dot(TI_COMPLEX) - M_complex * (W[1] + 1j * W[2])
+
+        dW_real = solve_lu(LU_real, f_real)
+        dW_complex = solve_lu(LU_complex, f_complex)
+
+        dW[0] = dW_real
+        dW[1] = dW_complex.real
+        dW[2] = dW_complex.imag
+
+        dW_norm = norm(dW / scale)
+        if dW_norm_old is not None:
+            rate = dW_norm / dW_norm_old
+
+        if (rate is not None and (rate >= 1 or
+                rate ** (NEWTON_MAXITER - k) / (1 - rate) * dW_norm > tol)):
+            break
+
+        W += dW
+        Z = T.dot(W)
+
+        if (dW_norm == 0 or
+                rate is not None and rate / (1 - rate) * dW_norm < tol):
+            converged = True
+            break
+
+        dW_norm_old = dW_norm
+
+    return converged, k + 1, Z, rate
+
+
+def predict_factor(h_abs, h_abs_old, error_norm, error_norm_old):
+    """Predict by which factor to increase/decrease the step size.
+
+    The algorithm is described in [1]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    h_abs, h_abs_old : float
+        Current and previous values of the step size, `h_abs_old` can be None
+        (see Notes).
+    error_norm, error_norm_old : float
+        Current and previous values of the error norm, `error_norm_old` can
+        be None (see Notes).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    factor : float
+        Predicted factor.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If `h_abs_old` and `error_norm_old` are both not None then a two-step
+    algorithm is used, otherwise a one-step algorithm is used.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] E. Hairer, S. P. Norsett G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential
+           Equations II: Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems", Sec. IV.8.
+    """
+    if error_norm_old is None or h_abs_old is None or error_norm == 0:
+        multiplier = 1
+    else:
+        multiplier = h_abs / h_abs_old * (error_norm_old / error_norm) ** 0.25
+
+    with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+        factor = min(1, multiplier) * error_norm ** -0.25
+
+    return factor
+
+
+class Radau(OdeSolver):
+    """Implicit Runge-Kutta method of Radau IIA family of order 5.
+
+    The implementation follows [1]_. The error is controlled with a
+    third-order accurate embedded formula. A cubic polynomial which satisfies
+    the collocation conditions is used for the dense output.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. ``fun`` must
+        return an array of the same shape as ``y``. See `vectorized` for more
+        information.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. HHere `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    jac : {None, array_like, sparse_matrix, callable}, optional
+        Jacobian matrix of the right-hand side of the system with respect to
+        y, required by this method. The Jacobian matrix has shape (n, n) and
+        its element (i, j) is equal to ``d f_i / d y_j``.
+        There are three ways to define the Jacobian:
+
+            * If array_like or sparse_matrix, the Jacobian is assumed to
+              be constant.
+            * If callable, the Jacobian is assumed to depend on both
+              t and y; it will be called as ``jac(t, y)`` as necessary.
+              For the 'Radau' and 'BDF' methods, the return value might be a
+              sparse matrix.
+            * If None (default), the Jacobian will be approximated by
+              finite differences.
+
+        It is generally recommended to provide the Jacobian rather than
+        relying on a finite-difference approximation.
+    jac_sparsity : {None, array_like, sparse matrix}, optional
+        Defines a sparsity structure of the Jacobian matrix for a
+        finite-difference approximation. Its shape must be (n, n). This argument
+        is ignored if `jac` is not `None`. If the Jacobian has only few non-zero
+        elements in *each* row, providing the sparsity structure will greatly
+        speed up the computations [2]_. A zero entry means that a corresponding
+        element in the Jacobian is always zero. If None (default), the Jacobian
+        is assumed to be dense.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` can be called in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by this method, but may result in slower
+        execution overall in some circumstances (e.g. small ``len(y0)``).
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] E. Hairer, G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II:
+           Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems", Sec. IV.8.
+    .. [2] A. Curtis, M. J. D. Powell, and J. Reid, "On the estimation of
+           sparse Jacobian matrices", Journal of the Institute of Mathematics
+           and its Applications, 13, pp. 117-120, 1974.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, max_step=np.inf,
+                 rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6, jac=None, jac_sparsity=None,
+                 vectorized=False, first_step=None, **extraneous):
+        warn_extraneous(extraneous)
+        super().__init__(fun, t0, y0, t_bound, vectorized)
+        self.y_old = None
+        self.max_step = validate_max_step(max_step)
+        self.rtol, self.atol = validate_tol(rtol, atol, self.n)
+        self.f = self.fun(self.t, self.y)
+        # Select initial step assuming the same order which is used to control
+        # the error.
+        if first_step is None:
+            self.h_abs = select_initial_step(
+                self.fun, self.t, self.y, self.f, self.direction,
+                3, self.rtol, self.atol)
+        else:
+            self.h_abs = validate_first_step(first_step, t0, t_bound)
+        self.h_abs_old = None
+        self.error_norm_old = None
+
+        self.newton_tol = max(10 * EPS / rtol, min(0.03, rtol ** 0.5))
+        self.sol = None
+
+        self.jac_factor = None
+        self.jac, self.J = self._validate_jac(jac, jac_sparsity)
+        if issparse(self.J):
+            def lu(A):
+                self.nlu += 1
+                return splu(A)
+
+            def solve_lu(LU, b):
+                return LU.solve(b)
+
+            I = eye(self.n, format='csc')
+        else:
+            def lu(A):
+                self.nlu += 1
+                return lu_factor(A, overwrite_a=True)
+
+            def solve_lu(LU, b):
+                return lu_solve(LU, b, overwrite_b=True)
+
+            I = np.identity(self.n)
+
+        self.lu = lu
+        self.solve_lu = solve_lu
+        self.I = I
+
+        self.current_jac = True
+        self.LU_real = None
+        self.LU_complex = None
+        self.Z = None
+
+    def _validate_jac(self, jac, sparsity):
+        t0 = self.t
+        y0 = self.y
+
+        if jac is None:
+            if sparsity is not None:
+                if issparse(sparsity):
+                    sparsity = csc_matrix(sparsity)
+                groups = group_columns(sparsity)
+                sparsity = (sparsity, groups)
+
+            def jac_wrapped(t, y, f):
+                self.njev += 1
+                J, self.jac_factor = num_jac(self.fun_vectorized, t, y, f,
+                                             self.atol, self.jac_factor,
+                                             sparsity)
+                return J
+            J = jac_wrapped(t0, y0, self.f)
+        elif callable(jac):
+            J = jac(t0, y0)
+            self.njev = 1
+            if issparse(J):
+                J = csc_matrix(J)
+
+                def jac_wrapped(t, y, _=None):
+                    self.njev += 1
+                    return csc_matrix(jac(t, y), dtype=float)
+
+            else:
+                J = np.asarray(J, dtype=float)
+
+                def jac_wrapped(t, y, _=None):
+                    self.njev += 1
+                    return np.asarray(jac(t, y), dtype=float)
+
+            if J.shape != (self.n, self.n):
+                raise ValueError("`jac` is expected to have shape {}, but "
+                                 "actually has {}."
+                                 .format((self.n, self.n), J.shape))
+        else:
+            if issparse(jac):
+                J = csc_matrix(jac)
+            else:
+                J = np.asarray(jac, dtype=float)
+
+            if J.shape != (self.n, self.n):
+                raise ValueError("`jac` is expected to have shape {}, but "
+                                 "actually has {}."
+                                 .format((self.n, self.n), J.shape))
+            jac_wrapped = None
+
+        return jac_wrapped, J
+
+    def _step_impl(self):
+        t = self.t
+        y = self.y
+        f = self.f
+
+        max_step = self.max_step
+        atol = self.atol
+        rtol = self.rtol
+
+        min_step = 10 * np.abs(np.nextafter(t, self.direction * np.inf) - t)
+        if self.h_abs > max_step:
+            h_abs = max_step
+            h_abs_old = None
+            error_norm_old = None
+        elif self.h_abs < min_step:
+            h_abs = min_step
+            h_abs_old = None
+            error_norm_old = None
+        else:
+            h_abs = self.h_abs
+            h_abs_old = self.h_abs_old
+            error_norm_old = self.error_norm_old
+
+        J = self.J
+        LU_real = self.LU_real
+        LU_complex = self.LU_complex
+
+        current_jac = self.current_jac
+        jac = self.jac
+
+        rejected = False
+        step_accepted = False
+        message = None
+        while not step_accepted:
+            if h_abs < min_step:
+                return False, self.TOO_SMALL_STEP
+
+            h = h_abs * self.direction
+            t_new = t + h
+
+            if self.direction * (t_new - self.t_bound) > 0:
+                t_new = self.t_bound
+
+            h = t_new - t
+            h_abs = np.abs(h)
+
+            if self.sol is None:
+                Z0 = np.zeros((3, y.shape[0]))
+            else:
+                Z0 = self.sol(t + h * C).T - y
+
+            scale = atol + np.abs(y) * rtol
+
+            converged = False
+            while not converged:
+                if LU_real is None or LU_complex is None:
+                    LU_real = self.lu(MU_REAL / h * self.I - J)
+                    LU_complex = self.lu(MU_COMPLEX / h * self.I - J)
+
+                converged, n_iter, Z, rate = solve_collocation_system(
+                    self.fun, t, y, h, Z0, scale, self.newton_tol,
+                    LU_real, LU_complex, self.solve_lu)
+
+                if not converged:
+                    if current_jac:
+                        break
+
+                    J = self.jac(t, y, f)
+                    current_jac = True
+                    LU_real = None
+                    LU_complex = None
+
+            if not converged:
+                h_abs *= 0.5
+                LU_real = None
+                LU_complex = None
+                continue
+
+            y_new = y + Z[-1]
+            ZE = Z.T.dot(E) / h
+            error = self.solve_lu(LU_real, f + ZE)
+            scale = atol + np.maximum(np.abs(y), np.abs(y_new)) * rtol
+            error_norm = norm(error / scale)
+            safety = 0.9 * (2 * NEWTON_MAXITER + 1) / (2 * NEWTON_MAXITER
+                                                       + n_iter)
+
+            if rejected and error_norm > 1:
+                error = self.solve_lu(LU_real, self.fun(t, y + error) + ZE)
+                error_norm = norm(error / scale)
+
+            if error_norm > 1:
+                factor = predict_factor(h_abs, h_abs_old,
+                                        error_norm, error_norm_old)
+                h_abs *= max(MIN_FACTOR, safety * factor)
+
+                LU_real = None
+                LU_complex = None
+                rejected = True
+            else:
+                step_accepted = True
+
+        recompute_jac = jac is not None and n_iter > 2 and rate > 1e-3
+
+        factor = predict_factor(h_abs, h_abs_old, error_norm, error_norm_old)
+        factor = min(MAX_FACTOR, safety * factor)
+
+        if not recompute_jac and factor < 1.2:
+            factor = 1
+        else:
+            LU_real = None
+            LU_complex = None
+
+        f_new = self.fun(t_new, y_new)
+        if recompute_jac:
+            J = jac(t_new, y_new, f_new)
+            current_jac = True
+        elif jac is not None:
+            current_jac = False
+
+        self.h_abs_old = self.h_abs
+        self.error_norm_old = error_norm
+
+        self.h_abs = h_abs * factor
+
+        self.y_old = y
+
+        self.t = t_new
+        self.y = y_new
+        self.f = f_new
+
+        self.Z = Z
+
+        self.LU_real = LU_real
+        self.LU_complex = LU_complex
+        self.current_jac = current_jac
+        self.J = J
+
+        self.t_old = t
+        self.sol = self._compute_dense_output()
+
+        return step_accepted, message
+
+    def _compute_dense_output(self):
+        Q = np.dot(self.Z.T, P)
+        return RadauDenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, self.y_old, Q)
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        return self.sol
+
+
+class RadauDenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, y_old, Q):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.h = t - t_old
+        self.Q = Q
+        self.order = Q.shape[1] - 1
+        self.y_old = y_old
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        x = (t - self.t_old) / self.h
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            p = np.tile(x, self.order + 1)
+            p = np.cumprod(p)
+        else:
+            p = np.tile(x, (self.order + 1, 1))
+            p = np.cumprod(p, axis=0)
+        # Here we don't multiply by h, not a mistake.
+        y = np.dot(self.Q, p)
+        if y.ndim == 2:
+            y += self.y_old[:, None]
+        else:
+            y += self.y_old
+
+        return y

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/rk.py

@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+import numpy as np
+from .base import OdeSolver, DenseOutput
+from .common import (validate_max_step, validate_tol, select_initial_step,
+                     norm, warn_extraneous, validate_first_step)
+from . import dop853_coefficients
+
+# Multiply steps computed from asymptotic behaviour of errors by this.
+SAFETY = 0.9
+
+MIN_FACTOR = 0.2  # Minimum allowed decrease in a step size.
+MAX_FACTOR = 10  # Maximum allowed increase in a step size.
+
+
+def rk_step(fun, t, y, f, h, A, B, C, K):
+    """Perform a single Runge-Kutta step.
+
+    This function computes a prediction of an explicit Runge-Kutta method and
+    also estimates the error of a less accurate method.
+
+    Notation for Butcher tableau is as in [1]_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Current state.
+    f : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Current value of the derivative, i.e., ``fun(x, y)``.
+    h : float
+        Step to use.
+    A : ndarray, shape (n_stages, n_stages)
+        Coefficients for combining previous RK stages to compute the next
+        stage. For explicit methods the coefficients at and above the main
+        diagonal are zeros.
+    B : ndarray, shape (n_stages,)
+        Coefficients for combining RK stages for computing the final
+        prediction.
+    C : ndarray, shape (n_stages,)
+        Coefficients for incrementing time for consecutive RK stages.
+        The value for the first stage is always zero.
+    K : ndarray, shape (n_stages + 1, n)
+        Storage array for putting RK stages here. Stages are stored in rows.
+        The last row is a linear combination of the previous rows with
+        coefficients
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y_new : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Solution at t + h computed with a higher accuracy.
+    f_new : ndarray, shape (n,)
+        Derivative ``fun(t + h, y_new)``.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] E. Hairer, S. P. Norsett G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential
+           Equations I: Nonstiff Problems", Sec. II.4.
+    """
+    K[0] = f
+    for s, (a, c) in enumerate(zip(A[1:], C[1:]), start=1):
+        dy = np.dot(K[:s].T, a[:s]) * h
+        K[s] = fun(t + c * h, y + dy)
+
+    y_new = y + h * np.dot(K[:-1].T, B)
+    f_new = fun(t + h, y_new)
+
+    K[-1] = f_new
+
+    return y_new, f_new
+
+
+class RungeKutta(OdeSolver):
+    """Base class for explicit Runge-Kutta methods."""
+    C: np.ndarray = NotImplemented
+    A: np.ndarray = NotImplemented
+    B: np.ndarray = NotImplemented
+    E: np.ndarray = NotImplemented
+    P: np.ndarray = NotImplemented
+    order: int = NotImplemented
+    error_estimator_order: int = NotImplemented
+    n_stages: int = NotImplemented
+
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, max_step=np.inf,
+                 rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6, vectorized=False,
+                 first_step=None, **extraneous):
+        warn_extraneous(extraneous)
+        super().__init__(fun, t0, y0, t_bound, vectorized,
+                         support_complex=True)
+        self.y_old = None
+        self.max_step = validate_max_step(max_step)
+        self.rtol, self.atol = validate_tol(rtol, atol, self.n)
+        self.f = self.fun(self.t, self.y)
+        if first_step is None:
+            self.h_abs = select_initial_step(
+                self.fun, self.t, self.y, self.f, self.direction,
+                self.error_estimator_order, self.rtol, self.atol)
+        else:
+            self.h_abs = validate_first_step(first_step, t0, t_bound)
+        self.K = np.empty((self.n_stages + 1, self.n), dtype=self.y.dtype)
+        self.error_exponent = -1 / (self.error_estimator_order + 1)
+        self.h_previous = None
+
+    def _estimate_error(self, K, h):
+        return np.dot(K.T, self.E) * h
+
+    def _estimate_error_norm(self, K, h, scale):
+        return norm(self._estimate_error(K, h) / scale)
+
+    def _step_impl(self):
+        t = self.t
+        y = self.y
+
+        max_step = self.max_step
+        rtol = self.rtol
+        atol = self.atol
+
+        min_step = 10 * np.abs(np.nextafter(t, self.direction * np.inf) - t)
+
+        if self.h_abs > max_step:
+            h_abs = max_step
+        elif self.h_abs < min_step:
+            h_abs = min_step
+        else:
+            h_abs = self.h_abs
+
+        step_accepted = False
+        step_rejected = False
+
+        while not step_accepted:
+            if h_abs < min_step:
+                return False, self.TOO_SMALL_STEP
+
+            h = h_abs * self.direction
+            t_new = t + h
+
+            if self.direction * (t_new - self.t_bound) > 0:
+                t_new = self.t_bound
+
+            h = t_new - t
+            h_abs = np.abs(h)
+
+            y_new, f_new = rk_step(self.fun, t, y, self.f, h, self.A,
+                                   self.B, self.C, self.K)
+            scale = atol + np.maximum(np.abs(y), np.abs(y_new)) * rtol
+            error_norm = self._estimate_error_norm(self.K, h, scale)
+
+            if error_norm < 1:
+                if error_norm == 0:
+                    factor = MAX_FACTOR
+                else:
+                    factor = min(MAX_FACTOR,
+                                 SAFETY * error_norm ** self.error_exponent)
+
+                if step_rejected:
+                    factor = min(1, factor)
+
+                h_abs *= factor
+
+                step_accepted = True
+            else:
+                h_abs *= max(MIN_FACTOR,
+                             SAFETY * error_norm ** self.error_exponent)
+                step_rejected = True
+
+        self.h_previous = h
+        self.y_old = y
+
+        self.t = t_new
+        self.y = y_new
+
+        self.h_abs = h_abs
+        self.f = f_new
+
+        return True, None
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        Q = self.K.T.dot(self.P)
+        return RkDenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, self.y_old, Q)
+
+
+class RK23(RungeKutta):
+    """Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 3(2).
+
+    This uses the Bogacki-Shampine pair of formulas [1]_. The error is controlled
+    assuming accuracy of the second-order method, but steps are taken using the
+    third-order accurate formula (local extrapolation is done). A cubic Hermite
+    polynomial is used for the dense output.
+
+    Can be applied in the complex domain.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system: the time derivative of the state ``y``
+        at time ``t``. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``, where ``t`` is a
+        scalar and ``y`` is an ndarray with ``len(y) = len(y0)``. ``fun`` must
+        return an array of the same shape as ``y``. See `vectorized` for more
+        information.
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` may be called in a vectorized fashion. False (default)
+        is recommended for this solver.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is False, `fun` will always be called with ``y`` of
+        shape ``(n,)``, where ``n = len(y0)``.
+
+        If ``vectorized`` is True, `fun` may be called with ``y`` of shape
+        ``(n, k)``, where ``k`` is an integer. In this case, `fun` must behave
+        such that ``fun(t, y)[:, i] == fun(t, y[:, i])`` (i.e. each column of
+        the returned array is the time derivative of the state corresponding
+        with a column of ``y``).
+
+        Setting ``vectorized=True`` allows for faster finite difference
+        approximation of the Jacobian by methods 'Radau' and 'BDF', but
+        will result in slower execution for this solver.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number evaluations of the system's right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+        Is always 0 for this solver as it does not use the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions. Is always 0 for this solver.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] P. Bogacki, L.F. Shampine, "A 3(2) Pair of Runge-Kutta Formulas",
+           Appl. Math. Lett. Vol. 2, No. 4. pp. 321-325, 1989.
+    """
+    order = 3
+    error_estimator_order = 2
+    n_stages = 3
+    C = np.array([0, 1/2, 3/4])
+    A = np.array([
+        [0, 0, 0],
+        [1/2, 0, 0],
+        [0, 3/4, 0]
+    ])
+    B = np.array([2/9, 1/3, 4/9])
+    E = np.array([5/72, -1/12, -1/9, 1/8])
+    P = np.array([[1, -4 / 3, 5 / 9],
+                  [0, 1, -2/3],
+                  [0, 4/3, -8/9],
+                  [0, -1, 1]])
+
+
+class RK45(RungeKutta):
+    """Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 5(4).
+
+    This uses the Dormand-Prince pair of formulas [1]_. The error is controlled
+    assuming accuracy of the fourth-order method accuracy, but steps are taken
+    using the fifth-order accurate formula (local extrapolation is done).
+    A quartic interpolation polynomial is used for the dense output [2]_.
+
+    Can be applied in the complex domain.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``.
+        Here ``t`` is a scalar, and there are two options for the ndarray ``y``:
+        It can either have shape (n,); then ``fun`` must return array_like with
+        shape (n,). Alternatively it can have shape (n, k); then ``fun``
+        must return an array_like with shape (n, k), i.e., each column
+        corresponds to a single column in ``y``. The choice between the two
+        options is determined by `vectorized` argument (see below).
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e., the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` is implemented in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number evaluations of the system's right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian.
+        Is always 0 for this solver as it does not use the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions. Is always 0 for this solver.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] J. R. Dormand, P. J. Prince, "A family of embedded Runge-Kutta
+           formulae", Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 6,
+           No. 1, pp. 19-26, 1980.
+    .. [2] L. W. Shampine, "Some Practical Runge-Kutta Formulas", Mathematics
+           of Computation,, Vol. 46, No. 173, pp. 135-150, 1986.
+    """
+    order = 5
+    error_estimator_order = 4
+    n_stages = 6
+    C = np.array([0, 1/5, 3/10, 4/5, 8/9, 1])
+    A = np.array([
+        [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+        [1/5, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+        [3/40, 9/40, 0, 0, 0],
+        [44/45, -56/15, 32/9, 0, 0],
+        [19372/6561, -25360/2187, 64448/6561, -212/729, 0],
+        [9017/3168, -355/33, 46732/5247, 49/176, -5103/18656]
+    ])
+    B = np.array([35/384, 0, 500/1113, 125/192, -2187/6784, 11/84])
+    E = np.array([-71/57600, 0, 71/16695, -71/1920, 17253/339200, -22/525,
+                  1/40])
+    # Corresponds to the optimum value of c_6 from [2]_.
+    P = np.array([
+        [1, -8048581381/2820520608, 8663915743/2820520608,
+         -12715105075/11282082432],
+        [0, 0, 0, 0],
+        [0, 131558114200/32700410799, -68118460800/10900136933,
+         87487479700/32700410799],
+        [0, -1754552775/470086768, 14199869525/1410260304,
+         -10690763975/1880347072],
+        [0, 127303824393/49829197408, -318862633887/49829197408,
+         701980252875 / 199316789632],
+        [0, -282668133/205662961, 2019193451/616988883, -1453857185/822651844],
+        [0, 40617522/29380423, -110615467/29380423, 69997945/29380423]])
+
+
+class DOP853(RungeKutta):
+    """Explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 8.
+
+    This is a Python implementation of "DOP853" algorithm originally written
+    in Fortran [1]_, [2]_. Note that this is not a literal translation, but
+    the algorithmic core and coefficients are the same.
+
+    Can be applied in the complex domain.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fun : callable
+        Right-hand side of the system. The calling signature is ``fun(t, y)``.
+        Here, ``t`` is a scalar, and there are two options for the ndarray ``y``:
+        It can either have shape (n,); then ``fun`` must return array_like with
+        shape (n,). Alternatively it can have shape (n, k); then ``fun``
+        must return an array_like with shape (n, k), i.e. each column
+        corresponds to a single column in ``y``. The choice between the two
+        options is determined by `vectorized` argument (see below).
+    t0 : float
+        Initial time.
+    y0 : array_like, shape (n,)
+        Initial state.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time - the integration won't continue beyond it. It also
+        determines the direction of the integration.
+    first_step : float or None, optional
+        Initial step size. Default is ``None`` which means that the algorithm
+        should choose.
+    max_step : float, optional
+        Maximum allowed step size. Default is np.inf, i.e. the step size is not
+        bounded and determined solely by the solver.
+    rtol, atol : float and array_like, optional
+        Relative and absolute tolerances. The solver keeps the local error
+        estimates less than ``atol + rtol * abs(y)``. Here `rtol` controls a
+        relative accuracy (number of correct digits), while `atol` controls
+        absolute accuracy (number of correct decimal places). To achieve the
+        desired `rtol`, set `atol` to be smaller than the smallest value that
+        can be expected from ``rtol * abs(y)`` so that `rtol` dominates the
+        allowable error. If `atol` is larger than ``rtol * abs(y)`` the
+        number of correct digits is not guaranteed. Conversely, to achieve the
+        desired `atol` set `rtol` such that ``rtol * abs(y)`` is always smaller
+        than `atol`. If components of y have different scales, it might be
+        beneficial to set different `atol` values for different components by
+        passing array_like with shape (n,) for `atol`. Default values are
+        1e-3 for `rtol` and 1e-6 for `atol`.
+    vectorized : bool, optional
+        Whether `fun` is implemented in a vectorized fashion. Default is False.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of equations.
+    status : string
+        Current status of the solver: 'running', 'finished' or 'failed'.
+    t_bound : float
+        Boundary time.
+    direction : float
+        Integration direction: +1 or -1.
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current state.
+    t_old : float
+        Previous time. None if no steps were made yet.
+    step_size : float
+        Size of the last successful step. None if no steps were made yet.
+    nfev : int
+        Number evaluations of the system's right-hand side.
+    njev : int
+        Number of evaluations of the Jacobian. Is always 0 for this solver
+        as it does not use the Jacobian.
+    nlu : int
+        Number of LU decompositions. Is always 0 for this solver.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] E. Hairer, S. P. Norsett G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential
+           Equations I: Nonstiff Problems", Sec. II.
+    .. [2] `Page with original Fortran code of DOP853
+            <http://www.unige.ch/~hairer/software.html>`_.
+    """
+    n_stages = dop853_coefficients.N_STAGES
+    order = 8
+    error_estimator_order = 7
+    A = dop853_coefficients.A[:n_stages, :n_stages]
+    B = dop853_coefficients.B
+    C = dop853_coefficients.C[:n_stages]
+    E3 = dop853_coefficients.E3
+    E5 = dop853_coefficients.E5
+    D = dop853_coefficients.D
+
+    A_EXTRA = dop853_coefficients.A[n_stages + 1:]
+    C_EXTRA = dop853_coefficients.C[n_stages + 1:]
+
+    def __init__(self, fun, t0, y0, t_bound, max_step=np.inf,
+                 rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6, vectorized=False,
+                 first_step=None, **extraneous):
+        super().__init__(fun, t0, y0, t_bound, max_step, rtol, atol,
+                         vectorized, first_step, **extraneous)
+        self.K_extended = np.empty((dop853_coefficients.N_STAGES_EXTENDED,
+                                    self.n), dtype=self.y.dtype)
+        self.K = self.K_extended[:self.n_stages + 1]
+
+    def _estimate_error(self, K, h):  # Left for testing purposes.
+        err5 = np.dot(K.T, self.E5)
+        err3 = np.dot(K.T, self.E3)
+        denom = np.hypot(np.abs(err5), 0.1 * np.abs(err3))
+        correction_factor = np.ones_like(err5)
+        mask = denom > 0
+        correction_factor[mask] = np.abs(err5[mask]) / denom[mask]
+        return h * err5 * correction_factor
+
+    def _estimate_error_norm(self, K, h, scale):
+        err5 = np.dot(K.T, self.E5) / scale
+        err3 = np.dot(K.T, self.E3) / scale
+        err5_norm_2 = np.linalg.norm(err5)**2
+        err3_norm_2 = np.linalg.norm(err3)**2
+        if err5_norm_2 == 0 and err3_norm_2 == 0:
+            return 0.0
+        denom = err5_norm_2 + 0.01 * err3_norm_2
+        return np.abs(h) * err5_norm_2 / np.sqrt(denom * len(scale))
+
+    def _dense_output_impl(self):
+        K = self.K_extended
+        h = self.h_previous
+        for s, (a, c) in enumerate(zip(self.A_EXTRA, self.C_EXTRA),
+                                   start=self.n_stages + 1):
+            dy = np.dot(K[:s].T, a[:s]) * h
+            K[s] = self.fun(self.t_old + c * h, self.y_old + dy)
+
+        F = np.empty((dop853_coefficients.INTERPOLATOR_POWER, self.n),
+                     dtype=self.y_old.dtype)
+
+        f_old = K[0]
+        delta_y = self.y - self.y_old
+
+        F[0] = delta_y
+        F[1] = h * f_old - delta_y
+        F[2] = 2 * delta_y - h * (self.f + f_old)
+        F[3:] = h * np.dot(self.D, K)
+
+        return Dop853DenseOutput(self.t_old, self.t, self.y_old, F)
+
+
+class RkDenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, y_old, Q):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.h = t - t_old
+        self.Q = Q
+        self.order = Q.shape[1] - 1
+        self.y_old = y_old
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        x = (t - self.t_old) / self.h
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            p = np.tile(x, self.order + 1)
+            p = np.cumprod(p)
+        else:
+            p = np.tile(x, (self.order + 1, 1))
+            p = np.cumprod(p, axis=0)
+        y = self.h * np.dot(self.Q, p)
+        if y.ndim == 2:
+            y += self.y_old[:, None]
+        else:
+            y += self.y_old
+
+        return y
+
+
+class Dop853DenseOutput(DenseOutput):
+    def __init__(self, t_old, t, y_old, F):
+        super().__init__(t_old, t)
+        self.h = t - t_old
+        self.F = F
+        self.y_old = y_old
+
+    def _call_impl(self, t):
+        x = (t - self.t_old) / self.h
+
+        if t.ndim == 0:
+            y = np.zeros_like(self.y_old)
+        else:
+            x = x[:, None]
+            y = np.zeros((len(x), len(self.y_old)), dtype=self.y_old.dtype)
+
+        for i, f in enumerate(reversed(self.F)):
+            y += f
+            if i % 2 == 0:
+                y *= x
+            else:
+                y *= 1 - x
+        y += self.y_old
+
+        return y.T

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/tests/test_ivp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+from itertools import product
+from numpy.testing import (assert_, assert_allclose, assert_array_less,
+                           assert_equal, assert_no_warnings, suppress_warnings)
+import pytest
+from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.optimize._numdiff import group_columns
+from scipy.integrate import solve_ivp, RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA
+from scipy.integrate import OdeSolution
+from scipy.integrate._ivp.common import num_jac
+from scipy.integrate._ivp.base import ConstantDenseOutput
+from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix, csc_matrix
+
+
+def fun_zero(t, y):
+    return np.zeros_like(y)
+
+
+def fun_linear(t, y):
+    return np.array([-y[0] - 5 * y[1], y[0] + y[1]])
+
+
+def jac_linear():
+    return np.array([[-1, -5], [1, 1]])
+
+
+def sol_linear(t):
+    return np.vstack((-5 * np.sin(2 * t),
+                      2 * np.cos(2 * t) + np.sin(2 * t)))
+
+
+def fun_rational(t, y):
+    return np.array([y[1] / t,
+                     y[1] * (y[0] + 2 * y[1] - 1) / (t * (y[0] - 1))])
+
+
+def fun_rational_vectorized(t, y):
+    return np.vstack((y[1] / t,
+                      y[1] * (y[0] + 2 * y[1] - 1) / (t * (y[0] - 1))))
+
+
+def jac_rational(t, y):
+    return np.array([
+        [0, 1 / t],
+        [-2 * y[1] ** 2 / (t * (y[0] - 1) ** 2),
+         (y[0] + 4 * y[1] - 1) / (t * (y[0] - 1))]
+    ])
+
+
+def jac_rational_sparse(t, y):
+    return csc_matrix([
+        [0, 1 / t],
+        [-2 * y[1] ** 2 / (t * (y[0] - 1) ** 2),
+         (y[0] + 4 * y[1] - 1) / (t * (y[0] - 1))]
+    ])
+
+
+def sol_rational(t):
+    return np.asarray((t / (t + 10), 10 * t / (t + 10) ** 2))
+
+
+def fun_medazko(t, y):
+    n = y.shape[0] // 2
+    k = 100
+    c = 4
+
+    phi = 2 if t <= 5 else 0
+    y = np.hstack((phi, 0, y, y[-2]))
+
+    d = 1 / n
+    j = np.arange(n) + 1
+    alpha = 2 * (j * d - 1) ** 3 / c ** 2
+    beta = (j * d - 1) ** 4 / c ** 2
+
+    j_2_p1 = 2 * j + 2
+    j_2_m3 = 2 * j - 2
+    j_2_m1 = 2 * j
+    j_2 = 2 * j + 1
+
+    f = np.empty(2 * n)
+    f[::2] = (alpha * (y[j_2_p1] - y[j_2_m3]) / (2 * d) +
+              beta * (y[j_2_m3] - 2 * y[j_2_m1] + y[j_2_p1]) / d ** 2 -
+              k * y[j_2_m1] * y[j_2])
+    f[1::2] = -k * y[j_2] * y[j_2_m1]
+
+    return f
+
+
+def medazko_sparsity(n):
+    cols = []
+    rows = []
+
+    i = np.arange(n) * 2
+
+    cols.append(i[1:])
+    rows.append(i[1:] - 2)
+
+    cols.append(i)
+    rows.append(i)
+
+    cols.append(i)
+    rows.append(i + 1)
+
+    cols.append(i[:-1])
+    rows.append(i[:-1] + 2)
+
+    i = np.arange(n) * 2 + 1
+
+    cols.append(i)
+    rows.append(i)
+
+    cols.append(i)
+    rows.append(i - 1)
+
+    cols = np.hstack(cols)
+    rows = np.hstack(rows)
+
+    return coo_matrix((np.ones_like(cols), (cols, rows)))
+
+
+def fun_complex(t, y):
+    return -y
+
+
+def jac_complex(t, y):
+    return -np.eye(y.shape[0])
+
+
+def jac_complex_sparse(t, y):
+    return csc_matrix(jac_complex(t, y))
+
+
+def sol_complex(t):
+    y = (0.5 + 1j) * np.exp(-t)
+    return y.reshape((1, -1))
+
+
+def fun_event_dense_output_LSODA(t, y):
+    return y * (t - 2)
+
+
+def jac_event_dense_output_LSODA(t, y):
+    return t - 2
+
+
+def sol_event_dense_output_LSODA(t):
+    return np.exp(t ** 2 / 2 - 2 * t + np.log(0.05) - 6)
+
+
+def compute_error(y, y_true, rtol, atol):
+    e = (y - y_true) / (atol + rtol * np.abs(y_true))
+    return np.linalg.norm(e, axis=0) / np.sqrt(e.shape[0])
+
+
+def test_integration():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+
+    for vectorized, method, t_span, jac in product(
+            [False, True],
+            ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA'],
+            [[5, 9], [5, 1]],
+            [None, jac_rational, jac_rational_sparse]):
+
+        if vectorized:
+            fun = fun_rational_vectorized
+        else:
+            fun = fun_rational
+
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(UserWarning,
+                       "The following arguments have no effect for a chosen "
+                       "solver: `jac`")
+            res = solve_ivp(fun, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol,
+                            atol=atol, method=method, dense_output=True,
+                            jac=jac, vectorized=vectorized)
+        assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+        assert_(res.t_events is None)
+        assert_(res.y_events is None)
+        assert_(res.success)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+        if method == 'DOP853':
+            # DOP853 spends more functions evaluation because it doesn't
+            # have enough time to develop big enough step size.
+            assert_(res.nfev < 50)
+        else:
+            assert_(res.nfev < 40)
+
+        if method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'LSODA']:
+            assert_equal(res.njev, 0)
+            assert_equal(res.nlu, 0)
+        else:
+            assert_(0 < res.njev < 3)
+            assert_(0 < res.nlu < 10)
+
+        y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+        e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+        tc = np.linspace(*t_span)
+        yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+        tc = (t_span[0] + t_span[-1]) / 2
+        yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+        assert_allclose(res.sol(res.t), res.y, rtol=1e-15, atol=1e-15)
+
+
+def test_integration_complex():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [0.5 + 1j]
+    t_span = [0, 1]
+    tc = np.linspace(t_span[0], t_span[1])
+    for method, jac in product(['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'BDF'],
+                               [None, jac_complex, jac_complex_sparse]):
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(UserWarning,
+                       "The following arguments have no effect for a chosen "
+                       "solver: `jac`")
+            res = solve_ivp(fun_complex, t_span, y0, method=method,
+                            dense_output=True, rtol=rtol, atol=atol, jac=jac)
+
+        assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+        assert_(res.t_events is None)
+        assert_(res.y_events is None)
+        assert_(res.success)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+        if method == 'DOP853':
+            assert res.nfev < 35
+        else:
+            assert res.nfev < 25
+
+        if method == 'BDF':
+            assert_equal(res.njev, 1)
+            assert res.nlu < 6
+        else:
+            assert res.njev == 0
+            assert res.nlu == 0
+
+        y_true = sol_complex(res.t)
+        e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert np.all(e < 5)
+
+        yc_true = sol_complex(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+
+        assert np.all(e < 5)
+
+
+def test_integration_sparse_difference():
+    n = 200
+    t_span = [0, 20]
+    y0 = np.zeros(2 * n)
+    y0[1::2] = 1
+    sparsity = medazko_sparsity(n)
+
+    for method in ['BDF', 'Radau']:
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_medazko, t_span, y0, method=method,
+                        jac_sparsity=sparsity)
+
+        assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+        assert_(res.t_events is None)
+        assert_(res.y_events is None)
+        assert_(res.success)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+        assert_allclose(res.y[78, -1], 0.233994e-3, rtol=1e-2)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[79, -1], 0, atol=1e-3)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[148, -1], 0.359561e-3, rtol=1e-2)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[149, -1], 0, atol=1e-3)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[198, -1], 0.117374129e-3, rtol=1e-2)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[199, -1], 0.6190807e-5, atol=1e-3)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[238, -1], 0, atol=1e-3)
+        assert_allclose(res.y[239, -1], 0.9999997, rtol=1e-2)
+
+
+def test_integration_const_jac():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [0, 2]
+    t_span = [0, 2]
+    J = jac_linear()
+    J_sparse = csc_matrix(J)
+
+    for method, jac in product(['Radau', 'BDF'], [J, J_sparse]):
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_linear, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                        method=method, dense_output=True, jac=jac)
+        assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+        assert_(res.t_events is None)
+        assert_(res.y_events is None)
+        assert_(res.success)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+        assert_(res.nfev < 100)
+        assert_equal(res.njev, 0)
+        assert_(0 < res.nlu < 15)
+
+        y_true = sol_linear(res.t)
+        e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 10))
+
+        tc = np.linspace(*t_span)
+        yc_true = sol_linear(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 15))
+
+        assert_allclose(res.sol(res.t), res.y, rtol=1e-14, atol=1e-14)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA'])
+def test_integration_stiff(method):
+    rtol = 1e-6
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1e4, 0, 0]
+    tspan = [0, 1e8]
+
+    def fun_robertson(t, state):
+        x, y, z = state
+        return [
+            -0.04 * x + 1e4 * y * z,
+            0.04 * x - 1e4 * y * z - 3e7 * y * y,
+            3e7 * y * y,
+        ]
+
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_robertson, tspan, y0, rtol=rtol,
+                    atol=atol, method=method)
+
+    # If the stiff mode is not activated correctly, these numbers will be much bigger
+    assert res.nfev < 5000
+    assert res.njev < 200
+
+
+def test_events():
+    def event_rational_1(t, y):
+        return y[0] - y[1] ** 0.7
+
+    def event_rational_2(t, y):
+        return y[1] ** 0.6 - y[0]
+
+    def event_rational_3(t, y):
+        return t - 7.4
+
+    event_rational_3.terminal = True
+
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 8], [1/3, 2/9], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 1)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[1][0] < 7.7)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_2(res.t_events[1][0], res.y_events[1][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = 1
+        event_rational_2.direction = 1
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 8], [1 / 3, 2 / 9], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 0)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (0,))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = -1
+        event_rational_2.direction = -1
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 8], [1 / 3, 2 / 9], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 1)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[1][0] < 7.7)
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (0,))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_2(res.t_events[1][0], res.y_events[1][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = 0
+        event_rational_2.direction = 0
+
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 8], [1 / 3, 2 / 9], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2,
+                                event_rational_3), dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[2].size, 1)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[2][0] < 7.5)
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (0,))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[2].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_3(res.t_events[2][0], res.y_events[2][0]), 0)
+
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 8], [1 / 3, 2 / 9], method=method,
+                        events=event_rational_1, dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+
+        # Also test that termination by event doesn't break interpolants.
+        tc = np.linspace(res.t[0], res.t[-1])
+        yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, 1e-3, 1e-6)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+        # Test that the y_event matches solution
+        assert np.allclose(sol_rational(res.t_events[0][0]), res.y_events[0][0],
+                           rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6)
+
+    # Test in backward direction.
+    event_rational_1.direction = 0
+    event_rational_2.direction = 0
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [8, 5], [4/9, 20/81], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 1)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[1][0] < 7.7)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_2(res.t_events[1][0], res.y_events[1][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = -1
+        event_rational_2.direction = -1
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [8, 5], [4/9, 20/81], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 0)
+        assert_(5.3 < res.t_events[0][0] < 5.7)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (0,))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_1(res.t_events[0][0], res.y_events[0][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = 1
+        event_rational_2.direction = 1
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [8, 5], [4/9, 20/81], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2))
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 1)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[1][0] < 7.7)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (0,))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_2(res.t_events[1][0], res.y_events[1][0]), 0)
+
+        event_rational_1.direction = 0
+        event_rational_2.direction = 0
+
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [8, 5], [4/9, 20/81], method=method,
+                        events=(event_rational_1, event_rational_2,
+                                event_rational_3), dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[0].size, 0)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[1].size, 1)
+        assert_equal(res.t_events[2].size, 1)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[1][0] < 7.7)
+        assert_(7.3 < res.t_events[2][0] < 7.5)
+
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[0].shape, (0,))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[1].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert_equal(res.y_events[2].shape, (1, 2))
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_2(res.t_events[1][0], res.y_events[1][0]), 0)
+        assert np.isclose(
+            event_rational_3(res.t_events[2][0], res.y_events[2][0]), 0)
+
+        # Also test that termination by event doesn't break interpolants.
+        tc = np.linspace(res.t[-1], res.t[0])
+        yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+        yc = res.sol(tc)
+        e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, 1e-3, 1e-6)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+        assert np.allclose(sol_rational(res.t_events[1][0]), res.y_events[1][0],
+                           rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6)
+        assert np.allclose(sol_rational(res.t_events[2][0]), res.y_events[2][0],
+                           rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-6)
+
+
+def _get_harmonic_oscillator():
+    def f(t, y):
+        return [y[1], -y[0]]
+
+    def event(t, y):
+        return y[0]
+
+    return f, event
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('n_events', [3, 4])
+def test_event_terminal_integer(n_events):
+    f, event = _get_harmonic_oscillator()
+    event.terminal = n_events
+    res = solve_ivp(f, (0, 100), [1, 0], events=event)
+    assert len(res.t_events[0]) == n_events
+    assert len(res.y_events[0]) == n_events
+    assert_allclose(res.y_events[0][:, 0], 0, atol=1e-14)
+
+
+def test_event_terminal_iv():
+    f, event = _get_harmonic_oscillator()
+    args = (f, (0, 100), [1, 0])
+
+    event.terminal = None
+    res = solve_ivp(*args, events=event)
+    event.terminal = 0
+    ref = solve_ivp(*args, events=event)
+    assert_allclose(res.t_events, ref.t_events)
+
+    message = "The `terminal` attribute..."
+    event.terminal = -1
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        solve_ivp(*args, events=event)
+    event.terminal = 3.5
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        solve_ivp(*args, events=event)
+
+
+def test_max_step():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+    for method in [RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA]:
+        for t_span in ([5, 9], [5, 1]):
+            res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol,
+                            max_step=0.5, atol=atol, method=method,
+                            dense_output=True)
+            assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+            assert_equal(res.t[-1], t_span[-1])
+            assert_(np.all(np.abs(np.diff(res.t)) <= 0.5 + 1e-15))
+            assert_(res.t_events is None)
+            assert_(res.success)
+            assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+            y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+            e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+            assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+            tc = np.linspace(*t_span)
+            yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+            yc = res.sol(tc)
+
+            e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+            assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+            assert_allclose(res.sol(res.t), res.y, rtol=1e-15, atol=1e-15)
+
+            assert_raises(ValueError, method, fun_rational, t_span[0], y0,
+                          t_span[1], max_step=-1)
+
+            if method is not LSODA:
+                solver = method(fun_rational, t_span[0], y0, t_span[1],
+                                rtol=rtol, atol=atol, max_step=1e-20)
+                message = solver.step()
+
+                assert_equal(solver.status, 'failed')
+                assert_("step size is less" in message)
+                assert_raises(RuntimeError, solver.step)
+
+
+def test_first_step():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+    first_step = 0.1
+    for method in [RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA]:
+        for t_span in ([5, 9], [5, 1]):
+            res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol,
+                            max_step=0.5, atol=atol, method=method,
+                            dense_output=True, first_step=first_step)
+
+            assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+            assert_equal(res.t[-1], t_span[-1])
+            assert_allclose(first_step, np.abs(res.t[1] - 5))
+            assert_(res.t_events is None)
+            assert_(res.success)
+            assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+            y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+            e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+            assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+            tc = np.linspace(*t_span)
+            yc_true = sol_rational(tc)
+            yc = res.sol(tc)
+
+            e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+            assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+            assert_allclose(res.sol(res.t), res.y, rtol=1e-15, atol=1e-15)
+
+            assert_raises(ValueError, method, fun_rational, t_span[0], y0,
+                          t_span[1], first_step=-1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, method, fun_rational, t_span[0], y0,
+                          t_span[1], first_step=5)
+
+
+def test_t_eval():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+    for t_span in ([5, 9], [5, 1]):
+        t_eval = np.linspace(t_span[0], t_span[1], 10)
+        res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                        t_eval=t_eval)
+        assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+        assert_(res.t_events is None)
+        assert_(res.success)
+        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+        y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+        e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+        assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+    t_eval = [5, 5.01, 7, 8, 8.01, 9]
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 9], y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                    t_eval=t_eval)
+    assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+    assert_(res.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res.success)
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+    e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+    assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+    t_eval = [5, 4.99, 3, 1.5, 1.1, 1.01, 1]
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 1], y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                    t_eval=t_eval)
+    assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+    assert_(res.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res.success)
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    t_eval = [5.01, 7, 8, 8.01]
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 9], y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                    t_eval=t_eval)
+    assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+    assert_(res.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res.success)
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+    e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+    assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+    t_eval = [4.99, 3, 1.5, 1.1, 1.01]
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, [5, 1], y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                    t_eval=t_eval)
+    assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+    assert_(res.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res.success)
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    t_eval = [4, 6]
+    assert_raises(ValueError, solve_ivp, fun_rational, [5, 9], y0,
+                  rtol=rtol, atol=atol, t_eval=t_eval)
+
+
+def test_t_eval_dense_output():
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+    t_span = [5, 9]
+    t_eval = np.linspace(t_span[0], t_span[1], 10)
+    res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                    t_eval=t_eval)
+    res_d = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                      t_eval=t_eval, dense_output=True)
+    assert_equal(res.t, t_eval)
+    assert_(res.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res.success)
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    assert_equal(res.t, res_d.t)
+    assert_equal(res.y, res_d.y)
+    assert_(res_d.t_events is None)
+    assert_(res_d.success)
+    assert_equal(res_d.status, 0)
+
+    # if t and y are equal only test values for one case
+    y_true = sol_rational(res.t)
+    e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+    assert_(np.all(e < 5))
+
+
+def test_t_eval_early_event():
+    def early_event(t, y):
+        return t - 7
+
+    early_event.terminal = True
+
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [1/3, 2/9]
+    t_span = [5, 9]
+    t_eval = np.linspace(7.5, 9, 16)
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(UserWarning,
+                       "The following arguments have no effect for a chosen "
+                       "solver: `jac`")
+            res = solve_ivp(fun_rational, t_span, y0, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                            method=method, t_eval=t_eval, events=early_event,
+                            jac=jac_rational)
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.message == 'A termination event occurred.'
+        assert res.status == 1
+        assert not res.t and not res.y
+        assert len(res.t_events) == 1
+        assert res.t_events[0].size == 1
+        assert res.t_events[0][0] == 7
+
+
+def test_event_dense_output_LSODA():
+    def event_lsoda(t, y):
+        return y[0] - 2.02e-5
+
+    rtol = 1e-3
+    atol = 1e-6
+    y0 = [0.05]
+    t_span = [-2, 2]
+    first_step = 1e-3
+    res = solve_ivp(
+        fun_event_dense_output_LSODA,
+        t_span,
+        y0,
+        method="LSODA",
+        dense_output=True,
+        events=event_lsoda,
+        first_step=first_step,
+        max_step=1,
+        rtol=rtol,
+        atol=atol,
+        jac=jac_event_dense_output_LSODA,
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(res.t[0], t_span[0])
+    assert_equal(res.t[-1], t_span[-1])
+    assert_allclose(first_step, np.abs(res.t[1] - t_span[0]))
+    assert res.success
+    assert_equal(res.status, 0)
+
+    y_true = sol_event_dense_output_LSODA(res.t)
+    e = compute_error(res.y, y_true, rtol, atol)
+    assert_array_less(e, 5)
+
+    tc = np.linspace(*t_span)
+    yc_true = sol_event_dense_output_LSODA(tc)
+    yc = res.sol(tc)
+    e = compute_error(yc, yc_true, rtol, atol)
+    assert_array_less(e, 5)
+
+    assert_allclose(res.sol(res.t), res.y, rtol=1e-15, atol=1e-15)
+
+
+def test_no_integration():
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        sol = solve_ivp(lambda t, y: -y, [4, 4], [2, 3],
+                        method=method, dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(sol.sol(4), [2, 3])
+        assert_equal(sol.sol([4, 5, 6]), [[2, 2, 2], [3, 3, 3]])
+
+
+def test_no_integration_class():
+    for method in [RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA]:
+        solver = method(lambda t, y: -y, 0.0, [10.0, 0.0], 0.0)
+        solver.step()
+        assert_equal(solver.status, 'finished')
+        sol = solver.dense_output()
+        assert_equal(sol(0.0), [10.0, 0.0])
+        assert_equal(sol([0, 1, 2]), [[10, 10, 10], [0, 0, 0]])
+
+        solver = method(lambda t, y: -y, 0.0, [], np.inf)
+        solver.step()
+        assert_equal(solver.status, 'finished')
+        sol = solver.dense_output()
+        assert_equal(sol(100.0), [])
+        assert_equal(sol([0, 1, 2]), np.empty((0, 3)))
+
+
+def test_empty():
+    def fun(t, y):
+        return np.zeros((0,))
+
+    y0 = np.zeros((0,))
+
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        sol = assert_no_warnings(solve_ivp, fun, [0, 10], y0,
+                                 method=method, dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(sol.sol(10), np.zeros((0,)))
+        assert_equal(sol.sol([1, 2, 3]), np.zeros((0, 3)))
+
+    for method in ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA']:
+        sol = assert_no_warnings(solve_ivp, fun, [0, np.inf], y0,
+                                 method=method, dense_output=True)
+        assert_equal(sol.sol(10), np.zeros((0,)))
+        assert_equal(sol.sol([1, 2, 3]), np.zeros((0, 3)))
+
+
+def test_ConstantDenseOutput():
+    sol = ConstantDenseOutput(0, 1, np.array([1, 2]))
+    assert_allclose(sol(1.5), [1, 2])
+    assert_allclose(sol([1, 1.5, 2]), [[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2]])
+
+    sol = ConstantDenseOutput(0, 1, np.array([]))
+    assert_allclose(sol(1.5), np.empty(0))
+    assert_allclose(sol([1, 1.5, 2]), np.empty((0, 3)))
+
+
+def test_classes():
+    y0 = [1 / 3, 2 / 9]
+    for cls in [RK23, RK45, DOP853, Radau, BDF, LSODA]:
+        solver = cls(fun_rational, 5, y0, np.inf)
+        assert_equal(solver.n, 2)
+        assert_equal(solver.status, 'running')
+        assert_equal(solver.t_bound, np.inf)
+        assert_equal(solver.direction, 1)
+        assert_equal(solver.t, 5)
+        assert_equal(solver.y, y0)
+        assert_(solver.step_size is None)
+        if cls is not LSODA:
+            assert_(solver.nfev > 0)
+            assert_(solver.njev >= 0)
+            assert_equal(solver.nlu, 0)
+        else:
+            assert_equal(solver.nfev, 0)
+            assert_equal(solver.njev, 0)
+            assert_equal(solver.nlu, 0)
+
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, solver.dense_output)
+
+        message = solver.step()
+        assert_equal(solver.status, 'running')
+        assert_equal(message, None)
+        assert_equal(solver.n, 2)
+        assert_equal(solver.t_bound, np.inf)
+        assert_equal(solver.direction, 1)
+        assert_(solver.t > 5)
+        assert_(not np.all(np.equal(solver.y, y0)))
+        assert_(solver.step_size > 0)
+        assert_(solver.nfev > 0)
+        assert_(solver.njev >= 0)
+        assert_(solver.nlu >= 0)
+        sol = solver.dense_output()
+        assert_allclose(sol(5), y0, rtol=1e-15, atol=0)
+
+
+def test_OdeSolution():
+    ts = np.array([0, 2, 5], dtype=float)
+    s1 = ConstantDenseOutput(ts[0], ts[1], np.array([-1]))
+    s2 = ConstantDenseOutput(ts[1], ts[2], np.array([1]))
+
+    sol = OdeSolution(ts, [s1, s2])
+
+    assert_equal(sol(-1), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(1), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(2), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(3), [1])
+    assert_equal(sol(5), [1])
+    assert_equal(sol(6), [1])
+
+    assert_equal(sol([0, 6, -2, 1.5, 4.5, 2.5, 5, 5.5, 2]),
+                 np.array([[-1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1]]))
+
+    ts = np.array([10, 4, -3])
+    s1 = ConstantDenseOutput(ts[0], ts[1], np.array([-1]))
+    s2 = ConstantDenseOutput(ts[1], ts[2], np.array([1]))
+
+    sol = OdeSolution(ts, [s1, s2])
+    assert_equal(sol(11), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(10), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(5), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(4), [-1])
+    assert_equal(sol(0), [1])
+    assert_equal(sol(-3), [1])
+    assert_equal(sol(-4), [1])
+
+    assert_equal(sol([12, -5, 10, -3, 6, 1, 4]),
+                 np.array([[-1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1]]))
+
+    ts = np.array([1, 1])
+    s = ConstantDenseOutput(1, 1, np.array([10]))
+    sol = OdeSolution(ts, [s])
+    assert_equal(sol(0), [10])
+    assert_equal(sol(1), [10])
+    assert_equal(sol(2), [10])
+
+    assert_equal(sol([2, 1, 0]), np.array([[10, 10, 10]]))
+
+
+def test_num_jac():
+    def fun(t, y):
+        return np.vstack([
+            -0.04 * y[0] + 1e4 * y[1] * y[2],
+            0.04 * y[0] - 1e4 * y[1] * y[2] - 3e7 * y[1] ** 2,
+            3e7 * y[1] ** 2
+        ])
+
+    def jac(t, y):
+        return np.array([
+            [-0.04, 1e4 * y[2], 1e4 * y[1]],
+            [0.04, -1e4 * y[2] - 6e7 * y[1], -1e4 * y[1]],
+            [0, 6e7 * y[1], 0]
+        ])
+
+    t = 1
+    y = np.array([1, 0, 0])
+    J_true = jac(t, y)
+    threshold = 1e-5
+    f = fun(t, y).ravel()
+
+    J_num, factor = num_jac(fun, t, y, f, threshold, None)
+    assert_allclose(J_num, J_true, rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-5)
+
+    J_num, factor = num_jac(fun, t, y, f, threshold, factor)
+    assert_allclose(J_num, J_true, rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-5)
+
+
+def test_num_jac_sparse():
+    def fun(t, y):
+        e = y[1:]**3 - y[:-1]**2
+        z = np.zeros(y.shape[1])
+        return np.vstack((z, 3 * e)) + np.vstack((2 * e, z))
+
+    def structure(n):
+        A = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=int)
+        A[0, 0] = 1
+        A[0, 1] = 1
+        for i in range(1, n - 1):
+            A[i, i - 1: i + 2] = 1
+        A[-1, -1] = 1
+        A[-1, -2] = 1
+
+        return A
+
+    np.random.seed(0)
+    n = 20
+    y = np.random.randn(n)
+    A = structure(n)
+    groups = group_columns(A)
+
+    f = fun(0, y[:, None]).ravel()
+
+    # Compare dense and sparse results, assuming that dense implementation
+    # is correct (as it is straightforward).
+    J_num_sparse, factor_sparse = num_jac(fun, 0, y.ravel(), f, 1e-8, None,
+                                          sparsity=(A, groups))
+    J_num_dense, factor_dense = num_jac(fun, 0, y.ravel(), f, 1e-8, None)
+    assert_allclose(J_num_dense, J_num_sparse.toarray(),
+                    rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-14)
+    assert_allclose(factor_dense, factor_sparse, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-14)
+
+    # Take small factors to trigger their recomputing inside.
+    factor = np.random.uniform(0, 1e-12, size=n)
+    J_num_sparse, factor_sparse = num_jac(fun, 0, y.ravel(), f, 1e-8, factor,
+                                          sparsity=(A, groups))
+    J_num_dense, factor_dense = num_jac(fun, 0, y.ravel(), f, 1e-8, factor)
+
+    assert_allclose(J_num_dense, J_num_sparse.toarray(),
+                    rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-14)
+    assert_allclose(factor_dense, factor_sparse, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-14)
+
+
+def test_args():
+
+    # sys3 is actually two decoupled systems. (x, y) form a
+    # linear oscillator, while z is a nonlinear first order
+    # system with equilibria at z=0 and z=1. If k > 0, z=1
+    # is stable and z=0 is unstable.
+
+    def sys3(t, w, omega, k, zfinal):
+        x, y, z = w
+        return [-omega*y, omega*x, k*z*(1 - z)]
+
+    def sys3_jac(t, w, omega, k, zfinal):
+        x, y, z = w
+        J = np.array([[0, -omega, 0],
+                      [omega, 0, 0],
+                      [0, 0, k*(1 - 2*z)]])
+        return J
+
+    def sys3_x0decreasing(t, w, omega, k, zfinal):
+        x, y, z = w
+        return x
+
+    def sys3_y0increasing(t, w, omega, k, zfinal):
+        x, y, z = w
+        return y
+
+    def sys3_zfinal(t, w, omega, k, zfinal):
+        x, y, z = w
+        return z - zfinal
+
+    # Set the event flags for the event functions.
+    sys3_x0decreasing.direction = -1
+    sys3_y0increasing.direction = 1
+    sys3_zfinal.terminal = True
+
+    omega = 2
+    k = 4
+
+    tfinal = 5
+    zfinal = 0.99
+    # Find z0 such that when z(0) = z0, z(tfinal) = zfinal.
+    # The condition z(tfinal) = zfinal is the terminal event.
+    z0 = np.exp(-k*tfinal)/((1 - zfinal)/zfinal + np.exp(-k*tfinal))
+
+    w0 = [0, -1, z0]
+
+    # Provide the jac argument and use the Radau method to ensure that the use
+    # of the Jacobian function is exercised.
+    # If event handling is working, the solution will stop at tfinal, not tend.
+    tend = 2*tfinal
+    sol = solve_ivp(sys3, [0, tend], w0,
+                    events=[sys3_x0decreasing, sys3_y0increasing, sys3_zfinal],
+                    dense_output=True, args=(omega, k, zfinal),
+                    method='Radau', jac=sys3_jac,
+                    rtol=1e-10, atol=1e-13)
+
+    # Check that we got the expected events at the expected times.
+    x0events_t = sol.t_events[0]
+    y0events_t = sol.t_events[1]
+    zfinalevents_t = sol.t_events[2]
+    assert_allclose(x0events_t, [0.5*np.pi, 1.5*np.pi])
+    assert_allclose(y0events_t, [0.25*np.pi, 1.25*np.pi])
+    assert_allclose(zfinalevents_t, [tfinal])
+
+    # Check that the solution agrees with the known exact solution.
+    t = np.linspace(0, zfinalevents_t[0], 250)
+    w = sol.sol(t)
+    assert_allclose(w[0], np.sin(omega*t), rtol=1e-9, atol=1e-12)
+    assert_allclose(w[1], -np.cos(omega*t), rtol=1e-9, atol=1e-12)
+    assert_allclose(w[2], 1/(((1 - z0)/z0)*np.exp(-k*t) + 1),
+                    rtol=1e-9, atol=1e-12)
+
+    # Check that the state variables have the expected values at the events.
+    x0events = sol.sol(x0events_t)
+    y0events = sol.sol(y0events_t)
+    zfinalevents = sol.sol(zfinalevents_t)
+    assert_allclose(x0events[0], np.zeros_like(x0events[0]), atol=5e-14)
+    assert_allclose(x0events[1], np.ones_like(x0events[1]))
+    assert_allclose(y0events[0], np.ones_like(y0events[0]))
+    assert_allclose(y0events[1], np.zeros_like(y0events[1]), atol=5e-14)
+    assert_allclose(zfinalevents[2], [zfinal])
+
+
+def test_array_rtol():
+    # solve_ivp had a bug with array_like `rtol`; see gh-15482
+    # check that it's fixed
+    def f(t, y):
+        return y[0], y[1]
+
+    # no warning (or error) when `rtol` is array_like
+    sol = solve_ivp(f, (0, 1), [1., 1.], rtol=[1e-1, 1e-1])
+    err1 = np.abs(np.linalg.norm(sol.y[:, -1] - np.exp(1)))
+
+    # warning when an element of `rtol` is too small
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="At least one element..."):
+        sol = solve_ivp(f, (0, 1), [1., 1.], rtol=[1e-1, 1e-16])
+        err2 = np.abs(np.linalg.norm(sol.y[:, -1] - np.exp(1)))
+
+    # tighter rtol improves the error
+    assert err2 < err1
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['RK23', 'RK45', 'DOP853', 'Radau', 'BDF', 'LSODA'])
+def test_integration_zero_rhs(method):
+    result = solve_ivp(fun_zero, [0, 10], np.ones(3), method=method)
+    assert_(result.success)
+    assert_equal(result.status, 0)
+    assert_allclose(result.y, 1.0, rtol=1e-15)
+
+
+def test_args_single_value():
+    def fun_with_arg(t, y, a):
+        return a*y
+
+    message = "Supplied 'args' cannot be unpacked."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        solve_ivp(fun_with_arg, (0, 0.1), [1], args=-1)
+
+    sol = solve_ivp(fun_with_arg, (0, 0.1), [1], args=(-1,))
+    assert_allclose(sol.y[0, -1], np.exp(-0.1))
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("f0_fill", [np.nan, np.inf])
+def test_initial_state_finiteness(f0_fill):
+    # regression test for gh-17846
+    msg = "All components of the initial state `y0` must be finite."
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        solve_ivp(fun_zero, [0, 10], np.full(3, f0_fill))

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ivp/tests/test_rk.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.integrate import RK23, RK45, DOP853
+from scipy.integrate._ivp import dop853_coefficients
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("solver", [RK23, RK45, DOP853])
+def test_coefficient_properties(solver):
+    assert_allclose(np.sum(solver.B), 1, rtol=1e-15)
+    assert_allclose(np.sum(solver.A, axis=1), solver.C, rtol=1e-14)
+
+
+def test_coefficient_properties_dop853():
+    assert_allclose(np.sum(dop853_coefficients.B), 1, rtol=1e-15)
+    assert_allclose(np.sum(dop853_coefficients.A, axis=1),
+                    dop853_coefficients.C,
+                    rtol=1e-14)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("solver_class", [RK23, RK45, DOP853])
+def test_error_estimation(solver_class):
+    step = 0.2
+    solver = solver_class(lambda t, y: y, 0, [1], 1, first_step=step)
+    solver.step()
+    error_estimate = solver._estimate_error(solver.K, step)
+    error = solver.y - np.exp([step])
+    assert_(np.abs(error) < np.abs(error_estimate))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("solver_class", [RK23, RK45, DOP853])
+def test_error_estimation_complex(solver_class):
+    h = 0.2
+    solver = solver_class(lambda t, y: 1j * y, 0, [1j], 1, first_step=h)
+    solver.step()
+    err_norm = solver._estimate_error_norm(solver.K, h, scale=[1])
+    assert np.isrealobj(err_norm)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_ode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1376 @@
+# Authors: Pearu Peterson, Pauli Virtanen, John Travers
+"""
+First-order ODE integrators.
+
+User-friendly interface to various numerical integrators for solving a
+system of first order ODEs with prescribed initial conditions::
+
+    d y(t)[i]
+    ---------  = f(t,y(t))[i],
+       d t
+
+    y(t=0)[i] = y0[i],
+
+where::
+
+    i = 0, ..., len(y0) - 1
+
+class ode
+---------
+
+A generic interface class to numeric integrators. It has the following
+methods::
+
+    integrator = ode(f, jac=None)
+    integrator = integrator.set_integrator(name, **params)
+    integrator = integrator.set_initial_value(y0, t0=0.0)
+    integrator = integrator.set_f_params(*args)
+    integrator = integrator.set_jac_params(*args)
+    y1 = integrator.integrate(t1, step=False, relax=False)
+    flag = integrator.successful()
+
+class complex_ode
+-----------------
+
+This class has the same generic interface as ode, except it can handle complex
+f, y and Jacobians by transparently translating them into the equivalent
+real-valued system. It supports the real-valued solvers (i.e., not zvode) and is
+an alternative to ode with the zvode solver, sometimes performing better.
+"""
+# XXX: Integrators must have:
+# ===========================
+# cvode - C version of vode and vodpk with many improvements.
+#   Get it from http://www.netlib.org/ode/cvode.tar.gz.
+#   To wrap cvode to Python, one must write the extension module by
+#   hand. Its interface is too much 'advanced C' that using f2py
+#   would be too complicated (or impossible).
+#
+# How to define a new integrator:
+# ===============================
+#
+# class myodeint(IntegratorBase):
+#
+#     runner = <odeint function> or None
+#
+#     def __init__(self,...):                           # required
+#         <initialize>
+#
+#     def reset(self,n,has_jac):                        # optional
+#         # n - the size of the problem (number of equations)
+#         # has_jac - whether user has supplied its own routine for Jacobian
+#         <allocate memory,initialize further>
+#
+#     def run(self,f,jac,y0,t0,t1,f_params,jac_params): # required
+#         # this method is called to integrate from t=t0 to t=t1
+#         # with initial condition y0. f and jac are user-supplied functions
+#         # that define the problem. f_params,jac_params are additional
+#         # arguments
+#         # to these functions.
+#         <calculate y1>
+#         if <calculation was unsuccessful>:
+#             self.success = 0
+#         return t1,y1
+#
+#     # In addition, one can define step() and run_relax() methods (they
+#     # take the same arguments as run()) if the integrator can support
+#     # these features (see IntegratorBase doc strings).
+#
+# if myodeint.runner:
+#     IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(myodeint)
+
+__all__ = ['ode', 'complex_ode']
+
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from numpy import asarray, array, zeros, isscalar, real, imag, vstack
+
+from . import _vode
+from . import _dop
+from . import _lsoda
+
+
+_dop_int_dtype = _dop.types.intvar.dtype
+_vode_int_dtype = _vode.types.intvar.dtype
+_lsoda_int_dtype = _lsoda.types.intvar.dtype
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# User interface
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class ode:
+    """
+    A generic interface class to numeric integrators.
+
+    Solve an equation system :math:`y'(t) = f(t,y)` with (optional) ``jac = df/dy``.
+
+    *Note*: The first two arguments of ``f(t, y, ...)`` are in the
+    opposite order of the arguments in the system definition function used
+    by `scipy.integrate.odeint`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : callable ``f(t, y, *f_args)``
+        Right-hand side of the differential equation. t is a scalar,
+        ``y.shape == (n,)``.
+        ``f_args`` is set by calling ``set_f_params(*args)``.
+        `f` should return a scalar, array or list (not a tuple).
+    jac : callable ``jac(t, y, *jac_args)``, optional
+        Jacobian of the right-hand side, ``jac[i,j] = d f[i] / d y[j]``.
+        ``jac_args`` is set by calling ``set_jac_params(*args)``.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current variable values.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    odeint : an integrator with a simpler interface based on lsoda from ODEPACK
+    quad : for finding the area under a curve
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Available integrators are listed below. They can be selected using
+    the `set_integrator` method.
+
+    "vode"
+
+        Real-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation
+        solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation. It provides
+        implicit Adams method (for non-stiff problems) and a method based on
+        backward differentiation formulas (BDF) (for stiff problems).
+
+        Source: http://www.netlib.org/ode/vode.f
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           This integrator is not re-entrant. You cannot have two `ode`
+           instances using the "vode" integrator at the same time.
+
+        This integrator accepts the following parameters in `set_integrator`
+        method of the `ode` class:
+
+        - atol : float or sequence
+          absolute tolerance for solution
+        - rtol : float or sequence
+          relative tolerance for solution
+        - lband : None or int
+        - uband : None or int
+          Jacobian band width, jac[i,j] != 0 for i-lband <= j <= i+uband.
+          Setting these requires your jac routine to return the jacobian
+          in packed format, jac_packed[i-j+uband, j] = jac[i,j]. The
+          dimension of the matrix must be (lband+uband+1, len(y)).
+        - method: 'adams' or 'bdf'
+          Which solver to use, Adams (non-stiff) or BDF (stiff)
+        - with_jacobian : bool
+          This option is only considered when the user has not supplied a
+          Jacobian function and has not indicated (by setting either band)
+          that the Jacobian is banded. In this case, `with_jacobian` specifies
+          whether the iteration method of the ODE solver's correction step is
+          chord iteration with an internally generated full Jacobian or
+          functional iteration with no Jacobian.
+        - nsteps : int
+          Maximum number of (internally defined) steps allowed during one
+          call to the solver.
+        - first_step : float
+        - min_step : float
+        - max_step : float
+          Limits for the step sizes used by the integrator.
+        - order : int
+          Maximum order used by the integrator,
+          order <= 12 for Adams, <= 5 for BDF.
+
+    "zvode"
+
+        Complex-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation
+        solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation. It provides
+        implicit Adams method (for non-stiff problems) and a method based on
+        backward differentiation formulas (BDF) (for stiff problems).
+
+        Source: http://www.netlib.org/ode/zvode.f
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           This integrator is not re-entrant. You cannot have two `ode`
+           instances using the "zvode" integrator at the same time.
+
+        This integrator accepts the same parameters in `set_integrator`
+        as the "vode" solver.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            When using ZVODE for a stiff system, it should only be used for
+            the case in which the function f is analytic, that is, when each f(i)
+            is an analytic function of each y(j). Analyticity means that the
+            partial derivative df(i)/dy(j) is a unique complex number, and this
+            fact is critical in the way ZVODE solves the dense or banded linear
+            systems that arise in the stiff case. For a complex stiff ODE system
+            in which f is not analytic, ZVODE is likely to have convergence
+            failures, and for this problem one should instead use DVODE on the
+            equivalent real system (in the real and imaginary parts of y).
+
+    "lsoda"
+
+        Real-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation
+        solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation. It provides
+        automatic method switching between implicit Adams method (for non-stiff
+        problems) and a method based on backward differentiation formulas (BDF)
+        (for stiff problems).
+
+        Source: http://www.netlib.org/odepack
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           This integrator is not re-entrant. You cannot have two `ode`
+           instances using the "lsoda" integrator at the same time.
+
+        This integrator accepts the following parameters in `set_integrator`
+        method of the `ode` class:
+
+        - atol : float or sequence
+          absolute tolerance for solution
+        - rtol : float or sequence
+          relative tolerance for solution
+        - lband : None or int
+        - uband : None or int
+          Jacobian band width, jac[i,j] != 0 for i-lband <= j <= i+uband.
+          Setting these requires your jac routine to return the jacobian
+          in packed format, jac_packed[i-j+uband, j] = jac[i,j].
+        - with_jacobian : bool
+          *Not used.*
+        - nsteps : int
+          Maximum number of (internally defined) steps allowed during one
+          call to the solver.
+        - first_step : float
+        - min_step : float
+        - max_step : float
+          Limits for the step sizes used by the integrator.
+        - max_order_ns : int
+          Maximum order used in the nonstiff case (default 12).
+        - max_order_s : int
+          Maximum order used in the stiff case (default 5).
+        - max_hnil : int
+          Maximum number of messages reporting too small step size (t + h = t)
+          (default 0)
+        - ixpr : int
+          Whether to generate extra printing at method switches (default False).
+
+    "dopri5"
+
+        This is an explicit runge-kutta method of order (4)5 due to Dormand &
+        Prince (with stepsize control and dense output).
+
+        Authors:
+
+            E. Hairer and G. Wanner
+            Universite de Geneve, Dept. de Mathematiques
+            CH-1211 Geneve 24, Switzerland
+            e-mail:  [email protected], [email protected]
+
+        This code is described in [HNW93]_.
+
+        This integrator accepts the following parameters in set_integrator()
+        method of the ode class:
+
+        - atol : float or sequence
+          absolute tolerance for solution
+        - rtol : float or sequence
+          relative tolerance for solution
+        - nsteps : int
+          Maximum number of (internally defined) steps allowed during one
+          call to the solver.
+        - first_step : float
+        - max_step : float
+        - safety : float
+          Safety factor on new step selection (default 0.9)
+        - ifactor : float
+        - dfactor : float
+          Maximum factor to increase/decrease step size by in one step
+        - beta : float
+          Beta parameter for stabilised step size control.
+        - verbosity : int
+          Switch for printing messages (< 0 for no messages).
+
+    "dop853"
+
+        This is an explicit runge-kutta method of order 8(5,3) due to Dormand
+        & Prince (with stepsize control and dense output).
+
+        Options and references the same as "dopri5".
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    A problem to integrate and the corresponding jacobian:
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import ode
+    >>>
+    >>> y0, t0 = [1.0j, 2.0], 0
+    >>>
+    >>> def f(t, y, arg1):
+    ...     return [1j*arg1*y[0] + y[1], -arg1*y[1]**2]
+    >>> def jac(t, y, arg1):
+    ...     return [[1j*arg1, 1], [0, -arg1*2*y[1]]]
+
+    The integration:
+
+    >>> r = ode(f, jac).set_integrator('zvode', method='bdf')
+    >>> r.set_initial_value(y0, t0).set_f_params(2.0).set_jac_params(2.0)
+    >>> t1 = 10
+    >>> dt = 1
+    >>> while r.successful() and r.t < t1:
+    ...     print(r.t+dt, r.integrate(r.t+dt))
+    1 [-0.71038232+0.23749653j  0.40000271+0.j        ]
+    2.0 [0.19098503-0.52359246j 0.22222356+0.j        ]
+    3.0 [0.47153208+0.52701229j 0.15384681+0.j        ]
+    4.0 [-0.61905937+0.30726255j  0.11764744+0.j        ]
+    5.0 [0.02340997-0.61418799j 0.09523835+0.j        ]
+    6.0 [0.58643071+0.339819j 0.08000018+0.j      ]
+    7.0 [-0.52070105+0.44525141j  0.06896565+0.j        ]
+    8.0 [-0.15986733-0.61234476j  0.06060616+0.j        ]
+    9.0 [0.64850462+0.15048982j 0.05405414+0.j        ]
+    10.0 [-0.38404699+0.56382299j  0.04878055+0.j        ]
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [HNW93] E. Hairer, S.P. Norsett and G. Wanner, Solving Ordinary
+        Differential Equations i. Nonstiff Problems. 2nd edition.
+        Springer Series in Computational Mathematics,
+        Springer-Verlag (1993)
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f, jac=None):
+        self.stiff = 0
+        self.f = f
+        self.jac = jac
+        self.f_params = ()
+        self.jac_params = ()
+        self._y = []
+
+    @property
+    def y(self):
+        return self._y
+
+    def set_initial_value(self, y, t=0.0):
+        """Set initial conditions y(t) = y."""
+        if isscalar(y):
+            y = [y]
+        n_prev = len(self._y)
+        if not n_prev:
+            self.set_integrator('')  # find first available integrator
+        self._y = asarray(y, self._integrator.scalar)
+        self.t = t
+        self._integrator.reset(len(self._y), self.jac is not None)
+        return self
+
+    def set_integrator(self, name, **integrator_params):
+        """
+        Set integrator by name.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name : str
+            Name of the integrator.
+        **integrator_params
+            Additional parameters for the integrator.
+        """
+        integrator = find_integrator(name)
+        if integrator is None:
+            # FIXME: this really should be raise an exception. Will that break
+            # any code?
+            message = f'No integrator name match with {name!r} or is not available.'
+            warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            self._integrator = integrator(**integrator_params)
+            if not len(self._y):
+                self.t = 0.0
+                self._y = array([0.0], self._integrator.scalar)
+            self._integrator.reset(len(self._y), self.jac is not None)
+        return self
+
+    def integrate(self, t, step=False, relax=False):
+        """Find y=y(t), set y as an initial condition, and return y.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        t : float
+            The endpoint of the integration step.
+        step : bool
+            If True, and if the integrator supports the step method,
+            then perform a single integration step and return.
+            This parameter is provided in order to expose internals of
+            the implementation, and should not be changed from its default
+            value in most cases.
+        relax : bool
+            If True and if the integrator supports the run_relax method,
+            then integrate until t_1 >= t and return. ``relax`` is not
+            referenced if ``step=True``.
+            This parameter is provided in order to expose internals of
+            the implementation, and should not be changed from its default
+            value in most cases.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : float
+            The integrated value at t
+        """
+        if step and self._integrator.supports_step:
+            mth = self._integrator.step
+        elif relax and self._integrator.supports_run_relax:
+            mth = self._integrator.run_relax
+        else:
+            mth = self._integrator.run
+
+        try:
+            self._y, self.t = mth(self.f, self.jac or (lambda: None),
+                                  self._y, self.t, t,
+                                  self.f_params, self.jac_params)
+        except SystemError as e:
+            # f2py issue with tuple returns, see ticket 1187.
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Function to integrate must not return a tuple.'
+            ) from e
+
+        return self._y
+
+    def successful(self):
+        """Check if integration was successful."""
+        try:
+            self._integrator
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.set_integrator('')
+        return self._integrator.success == 1
+
+    def get_return_code(self):
+        """Extracts the return code for the integration to enable better control
+        if the integration fails.
+
+        In general, a return code > 0 implies success, while a return code < 0
+        implies failure.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This section describes possible return codes and their meaning, for available
+        integrators that can be selected by `set_integrator` method.
+
+        "vode"
+
+        ===========  =======
+        Return Code  Message
+        ===========  =======
+        2            Integration successful.
+        -1           Excess work done on this call. (Perhaps wrong MF.)
+        -2           Excess accuracy requested. (Tolerances too small.)
+        -3           Illegal input detected. (See printed message.)
+        -4           Repeated error test failures. (Check all input.)
+        -5           Repeated convergence failures. (Perhaps bad Jacobian
+                     supplied or wrong choice of MF or tolerances.)
+        -6           Error weight became zero during problem. (Solution
+                     component i vanished, and ATOL or ATOL(i) = 0.)
+        ===========  =======
+
+        "zvode"
+
+        ===========  =======
+        Return Code  Message
+        ===========  =======
+        2            Integration successful.
+        -1           Excess work done on this call. (Perhaps wrong MF.)
+        -2           Excess accuracy requested. (Tolerances too small.)
+        -3           Illegal input detected. (See printed message.)
+        -4           Repeated error test failures. (Check all input.)
+        -5           Repeated convergence failures. (Perhaps bad Jacobian
+                     supplied or wrong choice of MF or tolerances.)
+        -6           Error weight became zero during problem. (Solution
+                     component i vanished, and ATOL or ATOL(i) = 0.)
+        ===========  =======
+
+        "dopri5"
+
+        ===========  =======
+        Return Code  Message
+        ===========  =======
+        1            Integration successful.
+        2            Integration successful (interrupted by solout).
+        -1           Input is not consistent.
+        -2           Larger nsteps is needed.
+        -3           Step size becomes too small.
+        -4           Problem is probably stiff (interrupted).
+        ===========  =======
+
+        "dop853"
+
+        ===========  =======
+        Return Code  Message
+        ===========  =======
+        1            Integration successful.
+        2            Integration successful (interrupted by solout).
+        -1           Input is not consistent.
+        -2           Larger nsteps is needed.
+        -3           Step size becomes too small.
+        -4           Problem is probably stiff (interrupted).
+        ===========  =======
+
+        "lsoda"
+
+        ===========  =======
+        Return Code  Message
+        ===========  =======
+        2            Integration successful.
+        -1           Excess work done on this call (perhaps wrong Dfun type).
+        -2           Excess accuracy requested (tolerances too small).
+        -3           Illegal input detected (internal error).
+        -4           Repeated error test failures (internal error).
+        -5           Repeated convergence failures (perhaps bad Jacobian or tolerances).
+        -6           Error weight became zero during problem.
+        -7           Internal workspace insufficient to finish (internal error).
+        ===========  =======
+        """
+        try:
+            self._integrator
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.set_integrator('')
+        return self._integrator.istate
+
+    def set_f_params(self, *args):
+        """Set extra parameters for user-supplied function f."""
+        self.f_params = args
+        return self
+
+    def set_jac_params(self, *args):
+        """Set extra parameters for user-supplied function jac."""
+        self.jac_params = args
+        return self
+
+    def set_solout(self, solout):
+        """
+        Set callable to be called at every successful integration step.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        solout : callable
+            ``solout(t, y)`` is called at each internal integrator step,
+            t is a scalar providing the current independent position
+            y is the current solution ``y.shape == (n,)``
+            solout should return -1 to stop integration
+            otherwise it should return None or 0
+
+        """
+        if self._integrator.supports_solout:
+            self._integrator.set_solout(solout)
+            if self._y is not None:
+                self._integrator.reset(len(self._y), self.jac is not None)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("selected integrator does not support solout,"
+                             " choose another one")
+
+
+def _transform_banded_jac(bjac):
+    """
+    Convert a real matrix of the form (for example)
+
+        [0 0 A B]        [0 0 0 B]
+        [0 0 C D]        [0 0 A D]
+        [E F G H]   to   [0 F C H]
+        [I J K L]        [E J G L]
+                         [I 0 K 0]
+
+    That is, every other column is shifted up one.
+    """
+    # Shift every other column.
+    newjac = zeros((bjac.shape[0] + 1, bjac.shape[1]))
+    newjac[1:, ::2] = bjac[:, ::2]
+    newjac[:-1, 1::2] = bjac[:, 1::2]
+    return newjac
+
+
+class complex_ode(ode):
+    """
+    A wrapper of ode for complex systems.
+
+    This functions similarly as `ode`, but re-maps a complex-valued
+    equation system to a real-valued one before using the integrators.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : callable ``f(t, y, *f_args)``
+        Rhs of the equation. t is a scalar, ``y.shape == (n,)``.
+        ``f_args`` is set by calling ``set_f_params(*args)``.
+    jac : callable ``jac(t, y, *jac_args)``
+        Jacobian of the rhs, ``jac[i,j] = d f[i] / d y[j]``.
+        ``jac_args`` is set by calling ``set_f_params(*args)``.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    t : float
+        Current time.
+    y : ndarray
+        Current variable values.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    For usage examples, see `ode`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f, jac=None):
+        self.cf = f
+        self.cjac = jac
+        if jac is None:
+            ode.__init__(self, self._wrap, None)
+        else:
+            ode.__init__(self, self._wrap, self._wrap_jac)
+
+    def _wrap(self, t, y, *f_args):
+        f = self.cf(*((t, y[::2] + 1j * y[1::2]) + f_args))
+        # self.tmp is a real-valued array containing the interleaved
+        # real and imaginary parts of f.
+        self.tmp[::2] = real(f)
+        self.tmp[1::2] = imag(f)
+        return self.tmp
+
+    def _wrap_jac(self, t, y, *jac_args):
+        # jac is the complex Jacobian computed by the user-defined function.
+        jac = self.cjac(*((t, y[::2] + 1j * y[1::2]) + jac_args))
+
+        # jac_tmp is the real version of the complex Jacobian.  Each complex
+        # entry in jac, say 2+3j, becomes a 2x2 block of the form
+        #     [2 -3]
+        #     [3  2]
+        jac_tmp = zeros((2 * jac.shape[0], 2 * jac.shape[1]))
+        jac_tmp[1::2, 1::2] = jac_tmp[::2, ::2] = real(jac)
+        jac_tmp[1::2, ::2] = imag(jac)
+        jac_tmp[::2, 1::2] = -jac_tmp[1::2, ::2]
+
+        ml = getattr(self._integrator, 'ml', None)
+        mu = getattr(self._integrator, 'mu', None)
+        if ml is not None or mu is not None:
+            # Jacobian is banded.  The user's Jacobian function has computed
+            # the complex Jacobian in packed format.  The corresponding
+            # real-valued version has every other column shifted up.
+            jac_tmp = _transform_banded_jac(jac_tmp)
+
+        return jac_tmp
+
+    @property
+    def y(self):
+        return self._y[::2] + 1j * self._y[1::2]
+
+    def set_integrator(self, name, **integrator_params):
+        """
+        Set integrator by name.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        name : str
+            Name of the integrator
+        **integrator_params
+            Additional parameters for the integrator.
+        """
+        if name == 'zvode':
+            raise ValueError("zvode must be used with ode, not complex_ode")
+
+        lband = integrator_params.get('lband')
+        uband = integrator_params.get('uband')
+        if lband is not None or uband is not None:
+            # The Jacobian is banded.  Override the user-supplied bandwidths
+            # (which are for the complex Jacobian) with the bandwidths of
+            # the corresponding real-valued Jacobian wrapper of the complex
+            # Jacobian.
+            integrator_params['lband'] = 2 * (lband or 0) + 1
+            integrator_params['uband'] = 2 * (uband or 0) + 1
+
+        return ode.set_integrator(self, name, **integrator_params)
+
+    def set_initial_value(self, y, t=0.0):
+        """Set initial conditions y(t) = y."""
+        y = asarray(y)
+        self.tmp = zeros(y.size * 2, 'float')
+        self.tmp[::2] = real(y)
+        self.tmp[1::2] = imag(y)
+        return ode.set_initial_value(self, self.tmp, t)
+
+    def integrate(self, t, step=False, relax=False):
+        """Find y=y(t), set y as an initial condition, and return y.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        t : float
+            The endpoint of the integration step.
+        step : bool
+            If True, and if the integrator supports the step method,
+            then perform a single integration step and return.
+            This parameter is provided in order to expose internals of
+            the implementation, and should not be changed from its default
+            value in most cases.
+        relax : bool
+            If True and if the integrator supports the run_relax method,
+            then integrate until t_1 >= t and return. ``relax`` is not
+            referenced if ``step=True``.
+            This parameter is provided in order to expose internals of
+            the implementation, and should not be changed from its default
+            value in most cases.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        y : float
+            The integrated value at t
+        """
+        y = ode.integrate(self, t, step, relax)
+        return y[::2] + 1j * y[1::2]
+
+    def set_solout(self, solout):
+        """
+        Set callable to be called at every successful integration step.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        solout : callable
+            ``solout(t, y)`` is called at each internal integrator step,
+            t is a scalar providing the current independent position
+            y is the current solution ``y.shape == (n,)``
+            solout should return -1 to stop integration
+            otherwise it should return None or 0
+
+        """
+        if self._integrator.supports_solout:
+            self._integrator.set_solout(solout, complex=True)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("selected integrator does not support solouta,"
+                            + "choose another one")
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ODE integrators
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def find_integrator(name):
+    for cl in IntegratorBase.integrator_classes:
+        if re.match(name, cl.__name__, re.I):
+            return cl
+    return None
+
+
+class IntegratorConcurrencyError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Failure due to concurrent usage of an integrator that can be used
+    only for a single problem at a time.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        msg = ("Integrator `%s` can be used to solve only a single problem "
+               "at a time. If you want to integrate multiple problems, "
+               "consider using a different integrator "
+               "(see `ode.set_integrator`)") % name
+        RuntimeError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+
+class IntegratorBase:
+    runner = None  # runner is None => integrator is not available
+    success = None  # success==1 if integrator was called successfully
+    istate = None  # istate > 0 means success, istate < 0 means failure
+    supports_run_relax = None
+    supports_step = None
+    supports_solout = False
+    integrator_classes = []
+    scalar = float
+
+    def acquire_new_handle(self):
+        # Some of the integrators have internal state (ancient
+        # Fortran...), and so only one instance can use them at a time.
+        # We keep track of this, and fail when concurrent usage is tried.
+        self.__class__.active_global_handle += 1
+        self.handle = self.__class__.active_global_handle
+
+    def check_handle(self):
+        if self.handle is not self.__class__.active_global_handle:
+            raise IntegratorConcurrencyError(self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        """Prepare integrator for call: allocate memory, set flags, etc.
+        n - number of equations.
+        has_jac - if user has supplied function for evaluating Jacobian.
+        """
+
+    def run(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        """Integrate from t=t0 to t=t1 using y0 as an initial condition.
+        Return 2-tuple (y1,t1) where y1 is the result and t=t1
+        defines the stoppage coordinate of the result.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('all integrators must define '
+                                  'run(f, jac, t0, t1, y0, f_params, jac_params)')
+
+    def step(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        """Make one integration step and return (y1,t1)."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('%s does not support step() method' %
+                                  self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def run_relax(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        """Integrate from t=t0 to t>=t1 and return (y1,t)."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('%s does not support run_relax() method' %
+                                  self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    # XXX: __str__ method for getting visual state of the integrator
+
+
+def _vode_banded_jac_wrapper(jacfunc, ml, jac_params):
+    """
+    Wrap a banded Jacobian function with a function that pads
+    the Jacobian with `ml` rows of zeros.
+    """
+
+    def jac_wrapper(t, y):
+        jac = asarray(jacfunc(t, y, *jac_params))
+        padded_jac = vstack((jac, zeros((ml, jac.shape[1]))))
+        return padded_jac
+
+    return jac_wrapper
+
+
+class vode(IntegratorBase):
+    runner = getattr(_vode, 'dvode', None)
+
+    messages = {-1: 'Excess work done on this call. (Perhaps wrong MF.)',
+                -2: 'Excess accuracy requested. (Tolerances too small.)',
+                -3: 'Illegal input detected. (See printed message.)',
+                -4: 'Repeated error test failures. (Check all input.)',
+                -5: 'Repeated convergence failures. (Perhaps bad'
+                    ' Jacobian supplied or wrong choice of MF or tolerances.)',
+                -6: 'Error weight became zero during problem. (Solution'
+                    ' component i vanished, and ATOL or ATOL(i) = 0.)'
+                }
+    supports_run_relax = 1
+    supports_step = 1
+    active_global_handle = 0
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 method='adams',
+                 with_jacobian=False,
+                 rtol=1e-6, atol=1e-12,
+                 lband=None, uband=None,
+                 order=12,
+                 nsteps=500,
+                 max_step=0.0,  # corresponds to infinite
+                 min_step=0.0,
+                 first_step=0.0,  # determined by solver
+                 ):
+
+        if re.match(method, r'adams', re.I):
+            self.meth = 1
+        elif re.match(method, r'bdf', re.I):
+            self.meth = 2
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unknown integration method %s' % method)
+        self.with_jacobian = with_jacobian
+        self.rtol = rtol
+        self.atol = atol
+        self.mu = uband
+        self.ml = lband
+
+        self.order = order
+        self.nsteps = nsteps
+        self.max_step = max_step
+        self.min_step = min_step
+        self.first_step = first_step
+        self.success = 1
+
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def _determine_mf_and_set_bands(self, has_jac):
+        """
+        Determine the `MF` parameter (Method Flag) for the Fortran subroutine `dvode`.
+
+        In the Fortran code, the legal values of `MF` are:
+            10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
+            -11, -12, -14, -15, -21, -22, -24, -25
+        but this Python wrapper does not use negative values.
+
+        Returns
+
+            mf  = 10*self.meth + miter
+
+        self.meth is the linear multistep method:
+            self.meth == 1:  method="adams"
+            self.meth == 2:  method="bdf"
+
+        miter is the correction iteration method:
+            miter == 0:  Functional iteration; no Jacobian involved.
+            miter == 1:  Chord iteration with user-supplied full Jacobian.
+            miter == 2:  Chord iteration with internally computed full Jacobian.
+            miter == 3:  Chord iteration with internally computed diagonal Jacobian.
+            miter == 4:  Chord iteration with user-supplied banded Jacobian.
+            miter == 5:  Chord iteration with internally computed banded Jacobian.
+
+        Side effects: If either self.mu or self.ml is not None and the other is None,
+        then the one that is None is set to 0.
+        """
+
+        jac_is_banded = self.mu is not None or self.ml is not None
+        if jac_is_banded:
+            if self.mu is None:
+                self.mu = 0
+            if self.ml is None:
+                self.ml = 0
+
+        # has_jac is True if the user provided a Jacobian function.
+        if has_jac:
+            if jac_is_banded:
+                miter = 4
+            else:
+                miter = 1
+        else:
+            if jac_is_banded:
+                if self.ml == self.mu == 0:
+                    miter = 3  # Chord iteration with internal diagonal Jacobian.
+                else:
+                    miter = 5  # Chord iteration with internal banded Jacobian.
+            else:
+                # self.with_jacobian is set by the user in
+                # the call to ode.set_integrator.
+                if self.with_jacobian:
+                    miter = 2  # Chord iteration with internal full Jacobian.
+                else:
+                    miter = 0  # Functional iteration; no Jacobian involved.
+
+        mf = 10 * self.meth + miter
+        return mf
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        mf = self._determine_mf_and_set_bands(has_jac)
+
+        if mf == 10:
+            lrw = 20 + 16 * n
+        elif mf in [11, 12]:
+            lrw = 22 + 16 * n + 2 * n * n
+        elif mf == 13:
+            lrw = 22 + 17 * n
+        elif mf in [14, 15]:
+            lrw = 22 + 18 * n + (3 * self.ml + 2 * self.mu) * n
+        elif mf == 20:
+            lrw = 20 + 9 * n
+        elif mf in [21, 22]:
+            lrw = 22 + 9 * n + 2 * n * n
+        elif mf == 23:
+            lrw = 22 + 10 * n
+        elif mf in [24, 25]:
+            lrw = 22 + 11 * n + (3 * self.ml + 2 * self.mu) * n
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unexpected mf=%s' % mf)
+
+        if mf % 10 in [0, 3]:
+            liw = 30
+        else:
+            liw = 30 + n
+
+        rwork = zeros((lrw,), float)
+        rwork[4] = self.first_step
+        rwork[5] = self.max_step
+        rwork[6] = self.min_step
+        self.rwork = rwork
+
+        iwork = zeros((liw,), _vode_int_dtype)
+        if self.ml is not None:
+            iwork[0] = self.ml
+        if self.mu is not None:
+            iwork[1] = self.mu
+        iwork[4] = self.order
+        iwork[5] = self.nsteps
+        iwork[6] = 2  # mxhnil
+        self.iwork = iwork
+
+        self.call_args = [self.rtol, self.atol, 1, 1,
+                          self.rwork, self.iwork, mf]
+        self.success = 1
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def run(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        if self.initialized:
+            self.check_handle()
+        else:
+            self.initialized = True
+            self.acquire_new_handle()
+
+        if self.ml is not None and self.ml > 0:
+            # Banded Jacobian. Wrap the user-provided function with one
+            # that pads the Jacobian array with the extra `self.ml` rows
+            # required by the f2py-generated wrapper.
+            jac = _vode_banded_jac_wrapper(jac, self.ml, jac_params)
+
+        args = ((f, jac, y0, t0, t1) + tuple(self.call_args) +
+                (f_params, jac_params))
+        y1, t, istate = self.runner(*args)
+        self.istate = istate
+        if istate < 0:
+            unexpected_istate_msg = f'Unexpected istate={istate:d}'
+            warnings.warn('{:s}: {:s}'.format(self.__class__.__name__,
+                          self.messages.get(istate, unexpected_istate_msg)),
+                          stacklevel=2)
+            self.success = 0
+        else:
+            self.call_args[3] = 2  # upgrade istate from 1 to 2
+            self.istate = 2
+        return y1, t
+
+    def step(self, *args):
+        itask = self.call_args[2]
+        self.call_args[2] = 2
+        r = self.run(*args)
+        self.call_args[2] = itask
+        return r
+
+    def run_relax(self, *args):
+        itask = self.call_args[2]
+        self.call_args[2] = 3
+        r = self.run(*args)
+        self.call_args[2] = itask
+        return r
+
+
+if vode.runner is not None:
+    IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(vode)
+
+
+class zvode(vode):
+    runner = getattr(_vode, 'zvode', None)
+
+    supports_run_relax = 1
+    supports_step = 1
+    scalar = complex
+    active_global_handle = 0
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        mf = self._determine_mf_and_set_bands(has_jac)
+
+        if mf in (10,):
+            lzw = 15 * n
+        elif mf in (11, 12):
+            lzw = 15 * n + 2 * n ** 2
+        elif mf in (-11, -12):
+            lzw = 15 * n + n ** 2
+        elif mf in (13,):
+            lzw = 16 * n
+        elif mf in (14, 15):
+            lzw = 17 * n + (3 * self.ml + 2 * self.mu) * n
+        elif mf in (-14, -15):
+            lzw = 16 * n + (2 * self.ml + self.mu) * n
+        elif mf in (20,):
+            lzw = 8 * n
+        elif mf in (21, 22):
+            lzw = 8 * n + 2 * n ** 2
+        elif mf in (-21, -22):
+            lzw = 8 * n + n ** 2
+        elif mf in (23,):
+            lzw = 9 * n
+        elif mf in (24, 25):
+            lzw = 10 * n + (3 * self.ml + 2 * self.mu) * n
+        elif mf in (-24, -25):
+            lzw = 9 * n + (2 * self.ml + self.mu) * n
+
+        lrw = 20 + n
+
+        if mf % 10 in (0, 3):
+            liw = 30
+        else:
+            liw = 30 + n
+
+        zwork = zeros((lzw,), complex)
+        self.zwork = zwork
+
+        rwork = zeros((lrw,), float)
+        rwork[4] = self.first_step
+        rwork[5] = self.max_step
+        rwork[6] = self.min_step
+        self.rwork = rwork
+
+        iwork = zeros((liw,), _vode_int_dtype)
+        if self.ml is not None:
+            iwork[0] = self.ml
+        if self.mu is not None:
+            iwork[1] = self.mu
+        iwork[4] = self.order
+        iwork[5] = self.nsteps
+        iwork[6] = 2  # mxhnil
+        self.iwork = iwork
+
+        self.call_args = [self.rtol, self.atol, 1, 1,
+                          self.zwork, self.rwork, self.iwork, mf]
+        self.success = 1
+        self.initialized = False
+
+
+if zvode.runner is not None:
+    IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(zvode)
+
+
+class dopri5(IntegratorBase):
+    runner = getattr(_dop, 'dopri5', None)
+    name = 'dopri5'
+    supports_solout = True
+
+    messages = {1: 'computation successful',
+                2: 'computation successful (interrupted by solout)',
+                -1: 'input is not consistent',
+                -2: 'larger nsteps is needed',
+                -3: 'step size becomes too small',
+                -4: 'problem is probably stiff (interrupted)',
+                }
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 rtol=1e-6, atol=1e-12,
+                 nsteps=500,
+                 max_step=0.0,
+                 first_step=0.0,  # determined by solver
+                 safety=0.9,
+                 ifactor=10.0,
+                 dfactor=0.2,
+                 beta=0.0,
+                 method=None,
+                 verbosity=-1,  # no messages if negative
+                 ):
+        self.rtol = rtol
+        self.atol = atol
+        self.nsteps = nsteps
+        self.max_step = max_step
+        self.first_step = first_step
+        self.safety = safety
+        self.ifactor = ifactor
+        self.dfactor = dfactor
+        self.beta = beta
+        self.verbosity = verbosity
+        self.success = 1
+        self.set_solout(None)
+
+    def set_solout(self, solout, complex=False):
+        self.solout = solout
+        self.solout_cmplx = complex
+        if solout is None:
+            self.iout = 0
+        else:
+            self.iout = 1
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        work = zeros((8 * n + 21,), float)
+        work[1] = self.safety
+        work[2] = self.dfactor
+        work[3] = self.ifactor
+        work[4] = self.beta
+        work[5] = self.max_step
+        work[6] = self.first_step
+        self.work = work
+        iwork = zeros((21,), _dop_int_dtype)
+        iwork[0] = self.nsteps
+        iwork[2] = self.verbosity
+        self.iwork = iwork
+        self.call_args = [self.rtol, self.atol, self._solout,
+                          self.iout, self.work, self.iwork]
+        self.success = 1
+
+    def run(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        x, y, iwork, istate = self.runner(*((f, t0, y0, t1) +
+                                          tuple(self.call_args) + (f_params,)))
+        self.istate = istate
+        if istate < 0:
+            unexpected_istate_msg = f'Unexpected istate={istate:d}'
+            warnings.warn('{:s}: {:s}'.format(self.__class__.__name__,
+                          self.messages.get(istate, unexpected_istate_msg)),
+                          stacklevel=2)
+            self.success = 0
+        return y, x
+
+    def _solout(self, nr, xold, x, y, nd, icomp, con):
+        if self.solout is not None:
+            if self.solout_cmplx:
+                y = y[::2] + 1j * y[1::2]
+            return self.solout(x, y)
+        else:
+            return 1
+
+
+if dopri5.runner is not None:
+    IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(dopri5)
+
+
+class dop853(dopri5):
+    runner = getattr(_dop, 'dop853', None)
+    name = 'dop853'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 rtol=1e-6, atol=1e-12,
+                 nsteps=500,
+                 max_step=0.0,
+                 first_step=0.0,  # determined by solver
+                 safety=0.9,
+                 ifactor=6.0,
+                 dfactor=0.3,
+                 beta=0.0,
+                 method=None,
+                 verbosity=-1,  # no messages if negative
+                 ):
+        super().__init__(rtol, atol, nsteps, max_step, first_step, safety,
+                         ifactor, dfactor, beta, method, verbosity)
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        work = zeros((11 * n + 21,), float)
+        work[1] = self.safety
+        work[2] = self.dfactor
+        work[3] = self.ifactor
+        work[4] = self.beta
+        work[5] = self.max_step
+        work[6] = self.first_step
+        self.work = work
+        iwork = zeros((21,), _dop_int_dtype)
+        iwork[0] = self.nsteps
+        iwork[2] = self.verbosity
+        self.iwork = iwork
+        self.call_args = [self.rtol, self.atol, self._solout,
+                          self.iout, self.work, self.iwork]
+        self.success = 1
+
+
+if dop853.runner is not None:
+    IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(dop853)
+
+
+class lsoda(IntegratorBase):
+    runner = getattr(_lsoda, 'lsoda', None)
+    active_global_handle = 0
+
+    messages = {
+        2: "Integration successful.",
+        -1: "Excess work done on this call (perhaps wrong Dfun type).",
+        -2: "Excess accuracy requested (tolerances too small).",
+        -3: "Illegal input detected (internal error).",
+        -4: "Repeated error test failures (internal error).",
+        -5: "Repeated convergence failures (perhaps bad Jacobian or tolerances).",
+        -6: "Error weight became zero during problem.",
+        -7: "Internal workspace insufficient to finish (internal error)."
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 with_jacobian=False,
+                 rtol=1e-6, atol=1e-12,
+                 lband=None, uband=None,
+                 nsteps=500,
+                 max_step=0.0,  # corresponds to infinite
+                 min_step=0.0,
+                 first_step=0.0,  # determined by solver
+                 ixpr=0,
+                 max_hnil=0,
+                 max_order_ns=12,
+                 max_order_s=5,
+                 method=None
+                 ):
+
+        self.with_jacobian = with_jacobian
+        self.rtol = rtol
+        self.atol = atol
+        self.mu = uband
+        self.ml = lband
+
+        self.max_order_ns = max_order_ns
+        self.max_order_s = max_order_s
+        self.nsteps = nsteps
+        self.max_step = max_step
+        self.min_step = min_step
+        self.first_step = first_step
+        self.ixpr = ixpr
+        self.max_hnil = max_hnil
+        self.success = 1
+
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def reset(self, n, has_jac):
+        # Calculate parameters for Fortran subroutine dvode.
+        if has_jac:
+            if self.mu is None and self.ml is None:
+                jt = 1
+            else:
+                if self.mu is None:
+                    self.mu = 0
+                if self.ml is None:
+                    self.ml = 0
+                jt = 4
+        else:
+            if self.mu is None and self.ml is None:
+                jt = 2
+            else:
+                if self.mu is None:
+                    self.mu = 0
+                if self.ml is None:
+                    self.ml = 0
+                jt = 5
+        lrn = 20 + (self.max_order_ns + 4) * n
+        if jt in [1, 2]:
+            lrs = 22 + (self.max_order_s + 4) * n + n * n
+        elif jt in [4, 5]:
+            lrs = 22 + (self.max_order_s + 5 + 2 * self.ml + self.mu) * n
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unexpected jt=%s' % jt)
+        lrw = max(lrn, lrs)
+        liw = 20 + n
+        rwork = zeros((lrw,), float)
+        rwork[4] = self.first_step
+        rwork[5] = self.max_step
+        rwork[6] = self.min_step
+        self.rwork = rwork
+        iwork = zeros((liw,), _lsoda_int_dtype)
+        if self.ml is not None:
+            iwork[0] = self.ml
+        if self.mu is not None:
+            iwork[1] = self.mu
+        iwork[4] = self.ixpr
+        iwork[5] = self.nsteps
+        iwork[6] = self.max_hnil
+        iwork[7] = self.max_order_ns
+        iwork[8] = self.max_order_s
+        self.iwork = iwork
+        self.call_args = [self.rtol, self.atol, 1, 1,
+                          self.rwork, self.iwork, jt]
+        self.success = 1
+        self.initialized = False
+
+    def run(self, f, jac, y0, t0, t1, f_params, jac_params):
+        if self.initialized:
+            self.check_handle()
+        else:
+            self.initialized = True
+            self.acquire_new_handle()
+        args = [f, y0, t0, t1] + self.call_args[:-1] + \
+               [jac, self.call_args[-1], f_params, 0, jac_params]
+        y1, t, istate = self.runner(*args)
+        self.istate = istate
+        if istate < 0:
+            unexpected_istate_msg = f'Unexpected istate={istate:d}'
+            warnings.warn('{:s}: {:s}'.format(self.__class__.__name__,
+                          self.messages.get(istate, unexpected_istate_msg)),
+                          stacklevel=2)
+            self.success = 0
+        else:
+            self.call_args[3] = 2  # upgrade istate from 1 to 2
+            self.istate = 2
+        return y1, t
+
+    def step(self, *args):
+        itask = self.call_args[2]
+        self.call_args[2] = 2
+        r = self.run(*args)
+        self.call_args[2] = itask
+        return r
+
+    def run_relax(self, *args):
+        itask = self.call_args[2]
+        self.call_args[2] = 3
+        r = self.run(*args)
+        self.call_args[2] = itask
+        return r
+
+
+if lsoda.runner:
+    IntegratorBase.integrator_classes.append(lsoda)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_odepack_py.py

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# Author: Travis Oliphant
+
+__all__ = ['odeint', 'ODEintWarning']
+
+import numpy as np
+from . import _odepack
+from copy import copy
+import warnings
+
+
+class ODEintWarning(Warning):
+    """Warning raised during the execution of `odeint`."""
+    pass
+
+
+_msgs = {2: "Integration successful.",
+         1: "Nothing was done; the integration time was 0.",
+         -1: "Excess work done on this call (perhaps wrong Dfun type).",
+         -2: "Excess accuracy requested (tolerances too small).",
+         -3: "Illegal input detected (internal error).",
+         -4: "Repeated error test failures (internal error).",
+         -5: "Repeated convergence failures (perhaps bad Jacobian or tolerances).",
+         -6: "Error weight became zero during problem.",
+         -7: "Internal workspace insufficient to finish (internal error).",
+         -8: "Run terminated (internal error)."
+         }
+
+
+def odeint(func, y0, t, args=(), Dfun=None, col_deriv=0, full_output=0,
+           ml=None, mu=None, rtol=None, atol=None, tcrit=None, h0=0.0,
+           hmax=0.0, hmin=0.0, ixpr=0, mxstep=0, mxhnil=0, mxordn=12,
+           mxords=5, printmessg=0, tfirst=False):
+    """
+    Integrate a system of ordinary differential equations.
+
+    .. note:: For new code, use `scipy.integrate.solve_ivp` to solve a
+              differential equation.
+
+    Solve a system of ordinary differential equations using lsoda from the
+    FORTRAN library odepack.
+
+    Solves the initial value problem for stiff or non-stiff systems
+    of first order ode-s::
+
+        dy/dt = func(y, t, ...)  [or func(t, y, ...)]
+
+    where y can be a vector.
+
+    .. note:: By default, the required order of the first two arguments of
+              `func` are in the opposite order of the arguments in the system
+              definition function used by the `scipy.integrate.ode` class and
+              the function `scipy.integrate.solve_ivp`. To use a function with
+              the signature ``func(t, y, ...)``, the argument `tfirst` must be
+              set to ``True``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable(y, t, ...) or callable(t, y, ...)
+        Computes the derivative of y at t.
+        If the signature is ``callable(t, y, ...)``, then the argument
+        `tfirst` must be set ``True``.
+    y0 : array
+        Initial condition on y (can be a vector).
+    t : array
+        A sequence of time points for which to solve for y. The initial
+        value point should be the first element of this sequence.
+        This sequence must be monotonically increasing or monotonically
+        decreasing; repeated values are allowed.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to function.
+    Dfun : callable(y, t, ...) or callable(t, y, ...)
+        Gradient (Jacobian) of `func`.
+        If the signature is ``callable(t, y, ...)``, then the argument
+        `tfirst` must be set ``True``.
+    col_deriv : bool, optional
+        True if `Dfun` defines derivatives down columns (faster),
+        otherwise `Dfun` should define derivatives across rows.
+    full_output : bool, optional
+        True if to return a dictionary of optional outputs as the second output
+    printmessg : bool, optional
+        Whether to print the convergence message
+    tfirst : bool, optional
+        If True, the first two arguments of `func` (and `Dfun`, if given)
+        must ``t, y`` instead of the default ``y, t``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : array, shape (len(t), len(y0))
+        Array containing the value of y for each desired time in t,
+        with the initial value `y0` in the first row.
+    infodict : dict, only returned if full_output == True
+        Dictionary containing additional output information
+
+        =======  ============================================================
+        key      meaning
+        =======  ============================================================
+        'hu'     vector of step sizes successfully used for each time step
+        'tcur'   vector with the value of t reached for each time step
+                 (will always be at least as large as the input times)
+        'tolsf'  vector of tolerance scale factors, greater than 1.0,
+                 computed when a request for too much accuracy was detected
+        'tsw'    value of t at the time of the last method switch
+                 (given for each time step)
+        'nst'    cumulative number of time steps
+        'nfe'    cumulative number of function evaluations for each time step
+        'nje'    cumulative number of jacobian evaluations for each time step
+        'nqu'    a vector of method orders for each successful step
+        'imxer'  index of the component of largest magnitude in the
+                 weighted local error vector (e / ewt) on an error return, -1
+                 otherwise
+        'lenrw'  the length of the double work array required
+        'leniw'  the length of integer work array required
+        'mused'  a vector of method indicators for each successful time step:
+                 1: adams (nonstiff), 2: bdf (stiff)
+        =======  ============================================================
+
+    Other Parameters
+    ----------------
+    ml, mu : int, optional
+        If either of these are not None or non-negative, then the
+        Jacobian is assumed to be banded. These give the number of
+        lower and upper non-zero diagonals in this banded matrix.
+        For the banded case, `Dfun` should return a matrix whose
+        rows contain the non-zero bands (starting with the lowest diagonal).
+        Thus, the return matrix `jac` from `Dfun` should have shape
+        ``(ml + mu + 1, len(y0))`` when ``ml >=0`` or ``mu >=0``.
+        The data in `jac` must be stored such that ``jac[i - j + mu, j]``
+        holds the derivative of the ``i``\\ th equation with respect to the
+        ``j``\\ th state variable.  If `col_deriv` is True, the transpose of
+        this `jac` must be returned.
+    rtol, atol : float, optional
+        The input parameters `rtol` and `atol` determine the error
+        control performed by the solver.  The solver will control the
+        vector, e, of estimated local errors in y, according to an
+        inequality of the form ``max-norm of (e / ewt) <= 1``,
+        where ewt is a vector of positive error weights computed as
+        ``ewt = rtol * abs(y) + atol``.
+        rtol and atol can be either vectors the same length as y or scalars.
+        Defaults to 1.49012e-8.
+    tcrit : ndarray, optional
+        Vector of critical points (e.g., singularities) where integration
+        care should be taken.
+    h0 : float, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        The step size to be attempted on the first step.
+    hmax : float, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        The maximum absolute step size allowed.
+    hmin : float, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        The minimum absolute step size allowed.
+    ixpr : bool, optional
+        Whether to generate extra printing at method switches.
+    mxstep : int, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        Maximum number of (internally defined) steps allowed for each
+        integration point in t.
+    mxhnil : int, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        Maximum number of messages printed.
+    mxordn : int, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        Maximum order to be allowed for the non-stiff (Adams) method.
+    mxords : int, (0: solver-determined), optional
+        Maximum order to be allowed for the stiff (BDF) method.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    solve_ivp : solve an initial value problem for a system of ODEs
+    ode : a more object-oriented integrator based on VODE
+    quad : for finding the area under a curve
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    The second order differential equation for the angle `theta` of a
+    pendulum acted on by gravity with friction can be written::
+
+        theta''(t) + b*theta'(t) + c*sin(theta(t)) = 0
+
+    where `b` and `c` are positive constants, and a prime (') denotes a
+    derivative. To solve this equation with `odeint`, we must first convert
+    it to a system of first order equations. By defining the angular
+    velocity ``omega(t) = theta'(t)``, we obtain the system::
+
+        theta'(t) = omega(t)
+        omega'(t) = -b*omega(t) - c*sin(theta(t))
+
+    Let `y` be the vector [`theta`, `omega`]. We implement this system
+    in Python as:
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> def pend(y, t, b, c):
+    ...     theta, omega = y
+    ...     dydt = [omega, -b*omega - c*np.sin(theta)]
+    ...     return dydt
+    ...
+
+    We assume the constants are `b` = 0.25 and `c` = 5.0:
+
+    >>> b = 0.25
+    >>> c = 5.0
+
+    For initial conditions, we assume the pendulum is nearly vertical
+    with `theta(0)` = `pi` - 0.1, and is initially at rest, so
+    `omega(0)` = 0.  Then the vector of initial conditions is
+
+    >>> y0 = [np.pi - 0.1, 0.0]
+
+    We will generate a solution at 101 evenly spaced samples in the interval
+    0 <= `t` <= 10.  So our array of times is:
+
+    >>> t = np.linspace(0, 10, 101)
+
+    Call `odeint` to generate the solution. To pass the parameters
+    `b` and `c` to `pend`, we give them to `odeint` using the `args`
+    argument.
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import odeint
+    >>> sol = odeint(pend, y0, t, args=(b, c))
+
+    The solution is an array with shape (101, 2). The first column
+    is `theta(t)`, and the second is `omega(t)`. The following code
+    plots both components.
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> plt.plot(t, sol[:, 0], 'b', label='theta(t)')
+    >>> plt.plot(t, sol[:, 1], 'g', label='omega(t)')
+    >>> plt.legend(loc='best')
+    >>> plt.xlabel('t')
+    >>> plt.grid()
+    >>> plt.show()
+    """
+
+    if ml is None:
+        ml = -1  # changed to zero inside function call
+    if mu is None:
+        mu = -1  # changed to zero inside function call
+
+    dt = np.diff(t)
+    if not ((dt >= 0).all() or (dt <= 0).all()):
+        raise ValueError("The values in t must be monotonically increasing "
+                         "or monotonically decreasing; repeated values are "
+                         "allowed.")
+
+    t = copy(t)
+    y0 = copy(y0)
+    output = _odepack.odeint(func, y0, t, args, Dfun, col_deriv, ml, mu,
+                             full_output, rtol, atol, tcrit, h0, hmax, hmin,
+                             ixpr, mxstep, mxhnil, mxordn, mxords,
+                             int(bool(tfirst)))
+    if output[-1] < 0:
+        warning_msg = (f"{_msgs[output[-1]]} Run with full_output = 1 to "
+                       f"get quantitative information.")
+        warnings.warn(warning_msg, ODEintWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    elif printmessg:
+        warning_msg = _msgs[output[-1]]
+        warnings.warn(warning_msg, ODEintWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if full_output:
+        output[1]['message'] = _msgs[output[-1]]
+
+    output = output[:-1]
+    if len(output) == 1:
+        return output[0]
+    else:
+        return output

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_quad_vec.py

@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+import sys
+import copy
+import heapq
+import collections
+import functools
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from scipy._lib._util import MapWrapper, _FunctionWrapper
+
+
+class LRUDict(collections.OrderedDict):
+    def __init__(self, max_size):
+        self.__max_size = max_size
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        existing_key = (key in self)
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        if existing_key:
+            self.move_to_end(key)
+        elif len(self) > self.__max_size:
+            self.popitem(last=False)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        # Not needed below
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class SemiInfiniteFunc:
+    """
+    Argument transform from (start, +-oo) to (0, 1)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, func, start, infty):
+        self._func = func
+        self._start = start
+        self._sgn = -1 if infty < 0 else 1
+
+        # Overflow threshold for the 1/t**2 factor
+        self._tmin = sys.float_info.min**0.5
+
+    def get_t(self, x):
+        z = self._sgn * (x - self._start) + 1
+        if z == 0:
+            # Can happen only if point not in range
+            return np.inf
+        return 1 / z
+
+    def __call__(self, t):
+        if t < self._tmin:
+            return 0.0
+        else:
+            x = self._start + self._sgn * (1 - t) / t
+            f = self._func(x)
+            return self._sgn * (f / t) / t
+
+
+class DoubleInfiniteFunc:
+    """
+    Argument transform from (-oo, oo) to (-1, 1)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self._func = func
+
+        # Overflow threshold for the 1/t**2 factor
+        self._tmin = sys.float_info.min**0.5
+
+    def get_t(self, x):
+        s = -1 if x < 0 else 1
+        return s / (abs(x) + 1)
+
+    def __call__(self, t):
+        if abs(t) < self._tmin:
+            return 0.0
+        else:
+            x = (1 - abs(t)) / t
+            f = self._func(x)
+            return (f / t) / t
+
+
+def _max_norm(x):
+    return np.amax(abs(x))
+
+
+def _get_sizeof(obj):
+    try:
+        return sys.getsizeof(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        # occurs on pypy
+        if hasattr(obj, '__sizeof__'):
+            return int(obj.__sizeof__())
+        return 64
+
+
+class _Bunch:
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self.__keys = kwargs.keys()
+        self.__dict__.update(**kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "_Bunch({})".format(", ".join(f"{k}={repr(self.__dict__[k])}"
+                                             for k in self.__keys))
+
+
+def quad_vec(f, a, b, epsabs=1e-200, epsrel=1e-8, norm='2', cache_size=100e6,
+             limit=10000, workers=1, points=None, quadrature=None, full_output=False,
+             *, args=()):
+    r"""Adaptive integration of a vector-valued function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : callable
+        Vector-valued function f(x) to integrate.
+    a : float
+        Initial point.
+    b : float
+        Final point.
+    epsabs : float, optional
+        Absolute tolerance.
+    epsrel : float, optional
+        Relative tolerance.
+    norm : {'max', '2'}, optional
+        Vector norm to use for error estimation.
+    cache_size : int, optional
+        Number of bytes to use for memoization.
+    limit : float or int, optional
+        An upper bound on the number of subintervals used in the adaptive
+        algorithm.
+    workers : int or map-like callable, optional
+        If `workers` is an integer, part of the computation is done in
+        parallel subdivided to this many tasks (using
+        :class:`python:multiprocessing.pool.Pool`).
+        Supply `-1` to use all cores available to the Process.
+        Alternatively, supply a map-like callable, such as
+        :meth:`python:multiprocessing.pool.Pool.map` for evaluating the
+        population in parallel.
+        This evaluation is carried out as ``workers(func, iterable)``.
+    points : list, optional
+        List of additional breakpoints.
+    quadrature : {'gk21', 'gk15', 'trapezoid'}, optional
+        Quadrature rule to use on subintervals.
+        Options: 'gk21' (Gauss-Kronrod 21-point rule),
+        'gk15' (Gauss-Kronrod 15-point rule),
+        'trapezoid' (composite trapezoid rule).
+        Default: 'gk21' for finite intervals and 'gk15' for (semi-)infinite
+    full_output : bool, optional
+        Return an additional ``info`` dictionary.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to function, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : {float, array-like}
+        Estimate for the result
+    err : float
+        Error estimate for the result in the given norm
+    info : dict
+        Returned only when ``full_output=True``.
+        Info dictionary. Is an object with the attributes:
+
+            success : bool
+                Whether integration reached target precision.
+            status : int
+                Indicator for convergence, success (0),
+                failure (1), and failure due to rounding error (2).
+            neval : int
+                Number of function evaluations.
+            intervals : ndarray, shape (num_intervals, 2)
+                Start and end points of subdivision intervals.
+            integrals : ndarray, shape (num_intervals, ...)
+                Integral for each interval.
+                Note that at most ``cache_size`` values are recorded,
+                and the array may contains *nan* for missing items.
+            errors : ndarray, shape (num_intervals,)
+                Estimated integration error for each interval.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The algorithm mainly follows the implementation of QUADPACK's
+    DQAG* algorithms, implementing global error control and adaptive
+    subdivision.
+
+    The algorithm here has some differences to the QUADPACK approach:
+
+    Instead of subdividing one interval at a time, the algorithm
+    subdivides N intervals with largest errors at once. This enables
+    (partial) parallelization of the integration.
+
+    The logic of subdividing "next largest" intervals first is then
+    not implemented, and we rely on the above extension to avoid
+    concentrating on "small" intervals only.
+
+    The Wynn epsilon table extrapolation is not used (QUADPACK uses it
+    for infinite intervals). This is because the algorithm here is
+    supposed to work on vector-valued functions, in an user-specified
+    norm, and the extension of the epsilon algorithm to this case does
+    not appear to be widely agreed. For max-norm, using elementwise
+    Wynn epsilon could be possible, but we do not do this here with
+    the hope that the epsilon extrapolation is mainly useful in
+    special cases.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    [1] R. Piessens, E. de Doncker, QUADPACK (1983).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    We can compute integrations of a vector-valued function:
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import quad_vec
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> alpha = np.linspace(0.0, 2.0, num=30)
+    >>> f = lambda x: x**alpha
+    >>> x0, x1 = 0, 2
+    >>> y, err = quad_vec(f, x0, x1)
+    >>> plt.plot(alpha, y)
+    >>> plt.xlabel(r"$\alpha$")
+    >>> plt.ylabel(r"$\int_{0}^{2} x^\alpha dx$")
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    a = float(a)
+    b = float(b)
+
+    if args:
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
+
+        # create a wrapped function to allow the use of map and Pool.map
+        f = _FunctionWrapper(f, args)
+
+    # Use simple transformations to deal with integrals over infinite
+    # intervals.
+    kwargs = dict(epsabs=epsabs,
+                  epsrel=epsrel,
+                  norm=norm,
+                  cache_size=cache_size,
+                  limit=limit,
+                  workers=workers,
+                  points=points,
+                  quadrature='gk15' if quadrature is None else quadrature,
+                  full_output=full_output)
+    if np.isfinite(a) and np.isinf(b):
+        f2 = SemiInfiniteFunc(f, start=a, infty=b)
+        if points is not None:
+            kwargs['points'] = tuple(f2.get_t(xp) for xp in points)
+        return quad_vec(f2, 0, 1, **kwargs)
+    elif np.isfinite(b) and np.isinf(a):
+        f2 = SemiInfiniteFunc(f, start=b, infty=a)
+        if points is not None:
+            kwargs['points'] = tuple(f2.get_t(xp) for xp in points)
+        res = quad_vec(f2, 0, 1, **kwargs)
+        return (-res[0],) + res[1:]
+    elif np.isinf(a) and np.isinf(b):
+        sgn = -1 if b < a else 1
+
+        # NB. explicitly split integral at t=0, which separates
+        # the positive and negative sides
+        f2 = DoubleInfiniteFunc(f)
+        if points is not None:
+            kwargs['points'] = (0,) + tuple(f2.get_t(xp) for xp in points)
+        else:
+            kwargs['points'] = (0,)
+
+        if a != b:
+            res = quad_vec(f2, -1, 1, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            res = quad_vec(f2, 1, 1, **kwargs)
+
+        return (res[0]*sgn,) + res[1:]
+    elif not (np.isfinite(a) and np.isfinite(b)):
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid integration bounds a={a}, b={b}")
+
+    norm_funcs = {
+        None: _max_norm,
+        'max': _max_norm,
+        '2': np.linalg.norm
+    }
+    if callable(norm):
+        norm_func = norm
+    else:
+        norm_func = norm_funcs[norm]
+
+    parallel_count = 128
+    min_intervals = 2
+
+    try:
+        _quadrature = {None: _quadrature_gk21,
+                       'gk21': _quadrature_gk21,
+                       'gk15': _quadrature_gk15,
+                       'trapz': _quadrature_trapezoid,  # alias for backcompat
+                       'trapezoid': _quadrature_trapezoid}[quadrature]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown quadrature {quadrature!r}") from e
+
+    # Initial interval set
+    if points is None:
+        initial_intervals = [(a, b)]
+    else:
+        prev = a
+        initial_intervals = []
+        for p in sorted(points):
+            p = float(p)
+            if not (a < p < b) or p == prev:
+                continue
+            initial_intervals.append((prev, p))
+            prev = p
+        initial_intervals.append((prev, b))
+
+    global_integral = None
+    global_error = None
+    rounding_error = None
+    interval_cache = None
+    intervals = []
+    neval = 0
+
+    for x1, x2 in initial_intervals:
+        ig, err, rnd = _quadrature(x1, x2, f, norm_func)
+        neval += _quadrature.num_eval
+
+        if global_integral is None:
+            if isinstance(ig, (float, complex)):
+                # Specialize for scalars
+                if norm_func in (_max_norm, np.linalg.norm):
+                    norm_func = abs
+
+            global_integral = ig
+            global_error = float(err)
+            rounding_error = float(rnd)
+
+            cache_count = cache_size // _get_sizeof(ig)
+            interval_cache = LRUDict(cache_count)
+        else:
+            global_integral += ig
+            global_error += err
+            rounding_error += rnd
+
+        interval_cache[(x1, x2)] = copy.copy(ig)
+        intervals.append((-err, x1, x2))
+
+    heapq.heapify(intervals)
+
+    CONVERGED = 0
+    NOT_CONVERGED = 1
+    ROUNDING_ERROR = 2
+    NOT_A_NUMBER = 3
+
+    status_msg = {
+        CONVERGED: "Target precision reached.",
+        NOT_CONVERGED: "Target precision not reached.",
+        ROUNDING_ERROR: "Target precision could not be reached due to rounding error.",
+        NOT_A_NUMBER: "Non-finite values encountered."
+    }
+
+    # Process intervals
+    with MapWrapper(workers) as mapwrapper:
+        ier = NOT_CONVERGED
+
+        while intervals and len(intervals) < limit:
+            # Select intervals with largest errors for subdivision
+            tol = max(epsabs, epsrel*norm_func(global_integral))
+
+            to_process = []
+            err_sum = 0
+
+            for j in range(parallel_count):
+                if not intervals:
+                    break
+
+                if j > 0 and err_sum > global_error - tol/8:
+                    # avoid unnecessary parallel splitting
+                    break
+
+                interval = heapq.heappop(intervals)
+
+                neg_old_err, a, b = interval
+                old_int = interval_cache.pop((a, b), None)
+                to_process.append(
+                    ((-neg_old_err, a, b, old_int), f, norm_func, _quadrature)
+                )
+                err_sum += -neg_old_err
+
+            # Subdivide intervals
+            for parts in mapwrapper(_subdivide_interval, to_process):
+                dint, derr, dround_err, subint, dneval = parts
+                neval += dneval
+                global_integral += dint
+                global_error += derr
+                rounding_error += dround_err
+                for x in subint:
+                    x1, x2, ig, err = x
+                    interval_cache[(x1, x2)] = ig
+                    heapq.heappush(intervals, (-err, x1, x2))
+
+            # Termination check
+            if len(intervals) >= min_intervals:
+                tol = max(epsabs, epsrel*norm_func(global_integral))
+                if global_error < tol/8:
+                    ier = CONVERGED
+                    break
+                if global_error < rounding_error:
+                    ier = ROUNDING_ERROR
+                    break
+
+            if not (np.isfinite(global_error) and np.isfinite(rounding_error)):
+                ier = NOT_A_NUMBER
+                break
+
+    res = global_integral
+    err = global_error + rounding_error
+
+    if full_output:
+        res_arr = np.asarray(res)
+        dummy = np.full(res_arr.shape, np.nan, dtype=res_arr.dtype)
+        integrals = np.array([interval_cache.get((z[1], z[2]), dummy)
+                                      for z in intervals], dtype=res_arr.dtype)
+        errors = np.array([-z[0] for z in intervals])
+        intervals = np.array([[z[1], z[2]] for z in intervals])
+
+        info = _Bunch(neval=neval,
+                      success=(ier == CONVERGED),
+                      status=ier,
+                      message=status_msg[ier],
+                      intervals=intervals,
+                      integrals=integrals,
+                      errors=errors)
+        return (res, err, info)
+    else:
+        return (res, err)
+
+
+def _subdivide_interval(args):
+    interval, f, norm_func, _quadrature = args
+    old_err, a, b, old_int = interval
+
+    c = 0.5 * (a + b)
+
+    # Left-hand side
+    if getattr(_quadrature, 'cache_size', 0) > 0:
+        f = functools.lru_cache(_quadrature.cache_size)(f)
+
+    s1, err1, round1 = _quadrature(a, c, f, norm_func)
+    dneval = _quadrature.num_eval
+    s2, err2, round2 = _quadrature(c, b, f, norm_func)
+    dneval += _quadrature.num_eval
+    if old_int is None:
+        old_int, _, _ = _quadrature(a, b, f, norm_func)
+        dneval += _quadrature.num_eval
+
+    if getattr(_quadrature, 'cache_size', 0) > 0:
+        dneval = f.cache_info().misses
+
+    dint = s1 + s2 - old_int
+    derr = err1 + err2 - old_err
+    dround_err = round1 + round2
+
+    subintervals = ((a, c, s1, err1), (c, b, s2, err2))
+    return dint, derr, dround_err, subintervals, dneval
+
+
+def _quadrature_trapezoid(x1, x2, f, norm_func):
+    """
+    Composite trapezoid quadrature
+    """
+    x3 = 0.5*(x1 + x2)
+    f1 = f(x1)
+    f2 = f(x2)
+    f3 = f(x3)
+
+    s2 = 0.25 * (x2 - x1) * (f1 + 2*f3 + f2)
+
+    round_err = 0.25 * abs(x2 - x1) * (float(norm_func(f1))
+                                       + 2*float(norm_func(f3))
+                                       + float(norm_func(f2))) * 2e-16
+
+    s1 = 0.5 * (x2 - x1) * (f1 + f2)
+    err = 1/3 * float(norm_func(s1 - s2))
+    return s2, err, round_err
+
+
+_quadrature_trapezoid.cache_size = 3 * 3
+_quadrature_trapezoid.num_eval = 3
+
+
+def _quadrature_gk(a, b, f, norm_func, x, w, v):
+    """
+    Generic Gauss-Kronrod quadrature
+    """
+
+    fv = [0.0]*len(x)
+
+    c = 0.5 * (a + b)
+    h = 0.5 * (b - a)
+
+    # Gauss-Kronrod
+    s_k = 0.0
+    s_k_abs = 0.0
+    for i in range(len(x)):
+        ff = f(c + h*x[i])
+        fv[i] = ff
+
+        vv = v[i]
+
+        # \int f(x)
+        s_k += vv * ff
+        # \int |f(x)|
+        s_k_abs += vv * abs(ff)
+
+    # Gauss
+    s_g = 0.0
+    for i in range(len(w)):
+        s_g += w[i] * fv[2*i + 1]
+
+    # Quadrature of abs-deviation from average
+    s_k_dabs = 0.0
+    y0 = s_k / 2.0
+    for i in range(len(x)):
+        # \int |f(x) - y0|
+        s_k_dabs += v[i] * abs(fv[i] - y0)
+
+    # Use similar error estimation as quadpack
+    err = float(norm_func((s_k - s_g) * h))
+    dabs = float(norm_func(s_k_dabs * h))
+    if dabs != 0 and err != 0:
+        err = dabs * min(1.0, (200 * err / dabs)**1.5)
+
+    eps = sys.float_info.epsilon
+    round_err = float(norm_func(50 * eps * h * s_k_abs))
+
+    if round_err > sys.float_info.min:
+        err = max(err, round_err)
+
+    return h * s_k, err, round_err
+
+
+def _quadrature_gk21(a, b, f, norm_func):
+    """
+    Gauss-Kronrod 21 quadrature with error estimate
+    """
+    # Gauss-Kronrod points
+    x = (0.995657163025808080735527280689003,
+         0.973906528517171720077964012084452,
+         0.930157491355708226001207180059508,
+         0.865063366688984510732096688423493,
+         0.780817726586416897063717578345042,
+         0.679409568299024406234327365114874,
+         0.562757134668604683339000099272694,
+         0.433395394129247190799265943165784,
+         0.294392862701460198131126603103866,
+         0.148874338981631210884826001129720,
+         0,
+         -0.148874338981631210884826001129720,
+         -0.294392862701460198131126603103866,
+         -0.433395394129247190799265943165784,
+         -0.562757134668604683339000099272694,
+         -0.679409568299024406234327365114874,
+         -0.780817726586416897063717578345042,
+         -0.865063366688984510732096688423493,
+         -0.930157491355708226001207180059508,
+         -0.973906528517171720077964012084452,
+         -0.995657163025808080735527280689003)
+
+    # 10-point weights
+    w = (0.066671344308688137593568809893332,
+         0.149451349150580593145776339657697,
+         0.219086362515982043995534934228163,
+         0.269266719309996355091226921569469,
+         0.295524224714752870173892994651338,
+         0.295524224714752870173892994651338,
+         0.269266719309996355091226921569469,
+         0.219086362515982043995534934228163,
+         0.149451349150580593145776339657697,
+         0.066671344308688137593568809893332)
+
+    # 21-point weights
+    v = (0.011694638867371874278064396062192,
+         0.032558162307964727478818972459390,
+         0.054755896574351996031381300244580,
+         0.075039674810919952767043140916190,
+         0.093125454583697605535065465083366,
+         0.109387158802297641899210590325805,
+         0.123491976262065851077958109831074,
+         0.134709217311473325928054001771707,
+         0.142775938577060080797094273138717,
+         0.147739104901338491374841515972068,
+         0.149445554002916905664936468389821,
+         0.147739104901338491374841515972068,
+         0.142775938577060080797094273138717,
+         0.134709217311473325928054001771707,
+         0.123491976262065851077958109831074,
+         0.109387158802297641899210590325805,
+         0.093125454583697605535065465083366,
+         0.075039674810919952767043140916190,
+         0.054755896574351996031381300244580,
+         0.032558162307964727478818972459390,
+         0.011694638867371874278064396062192)
+
+    return _quadrature_gk(a, b, f, norm_func, x, w, v)
+
+
+_quadrature_gk21.num_eval = 21
+
+
+def _quadrature_gk15(a, b, f, norm_func):
+    """
+    Gauss-Kronrod 15 quadrature with error estimate
+    """
+    # Gauss-Kronrod points
+    x = (0.991455371120812639206854697526329,
+         0.949107912342758524526189684047851,
+         0.864864423359769072789712788640926,
+         0.741531185599394439863864773280788,
+         0.586087235467691130294144838258730,
+         0.405845151377397166906606412076961,
+         0.207784955007898467600689403773245,
+         0.000000000000000000000000000000000,
+         -0.207784955007898467600689403773245,
+         -0.405845151377397166906606412076961,
+         -0.586087235467691130294144838258730,
+         -0.741531185599394439863864773280788,
+         -0.864864423359769072789712788640926,
+         -0.949107912342758524526189684047851,
+         -0.991455371120812639206854697526329)
+
+    # 7-point weights
+    w = (0.129484966168869693270611432679082,
+         0.279705391489276667901467771423780,
+         0.381830050505118944950369775488975,
+         0.417959183673469387755102040816327,
+         0.381830050505118944950369775488975,
+         0.279705391489276667901467771423780,
+         0.129484966168869693270611432679082)
+
+    # 15-point weights
+    v = (0.022935322010529224963732008058970,
+         0.063092092629978553290700663189204,
+         0.104790010322250183839876322541518,
+         0.140653259715525918745189590510238,
+         0.169004726639267902826583426598550,
+         0.190350578064785409913256402421014,
+         0.204432940075298892414161999234649,
+         0.209482141084727828012999174891714,
+         0.204432940075298892414161999234649,
+         0.190350578064785409913256402421014,
+         0.169004726639267902826583426598550,
+         0.140653259715525918745189590510238,
+         0.104790010322250183839876322541518,
+         0.063092092629978553290700663189204,
+         0.022935322010529224963732008058970)
+
+    return _quadrature_gk(a, b, f, norm_func, x, w, v)
+
+
+_quadrature_gk15.num_eval = 15

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_quadpack_py.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@
+# Author: Travis Oliphant 2001
+# Author: Nathan Woods 2013 (nquad &c)
+import sys
+import warnings
+from functools import partial
+
+from . import _quadpack
+import numpy as np
+
+__all__ = ["quad", "dblquad", "tplquad", "nquad", "IntegrationWarning"]
+
+
+error = _quadpack.error
+
+class IntegrationWarning(UserWarning):
+    """
+    Warning on issues during integration.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+def quad(func, a, b, args=(), full_output=0, epsabs=1.49e-8, epsrel=1.49e-8,
+         limit=50, points=None, weight=None, wvar=None, wopts=None, maxp1=50,
+         limlst=50, complex_func=False):
+    """
+    Compute a definite integral.
+
+    Integrate func from `a` to `b` (possibly infinite interval) using a
+    technique from the Fortran library QUADPACK.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : {function, scipy.LowLevelCallable}
+        A Python function or method to integrate. If `func` takes many
+        arguments, it is integrated along the axis corresponding to the
+        first argument.
+
+        If the user desires improved integration performance, then `f` may
+        be a `scipy.LowLevelCallable` with one of the signatures::
+
+            double func(double x)
+            double func(double x, void *user_data)
+            double func(int n, double *xx)
+            double func(int n, double *xx, void *user_data)
+
+        The ``user_data`` is the data contained in the `scipy.LowLevelCallable`.
+        In the call forms with ``xx``,  ``n`` is the length of the ``xx``
+        array which contains ``xx[0] == x`` and the rest of the items are
+        numbers contained in the ``args`` argument of quad.
+
+        In addition, certain ctypes call signatures are supported for
+        backward compatibility, but those should not be used in new code.
+    a : float
+        Lower limit of integration (use -numpy.inf for -infinity).
+    b : float
+        Upper limit of integration (use numpy.inf for +infinity).
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to `func`.
+    full_output : int, optional
+        Non-zero to return a dictionary of integration information.
+        If non-zero, warning messages are also suppressed and the
+        message is appended to the output tuple.
+    complex_func : bool, optional
+        Indicate if the function's (`func`) return type is real
+        (``complex_func=False``: default) or complex (``complex_func=True``).
+        In both cases, the function's argument is real.
+        If full_output is also non-zero, the `infodict`, `message`, and
+        `explain` for the real and complex components are returned in
+        a dictionary with keys "real output" and "imag output".
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : float
+        The integral of func from `a` to `b`.
+    abserr : float
+        An estimate of the absolute error in the result.
+    infodict : dict
+        A dictionary containing additional information.
+    message
+        A convergence message.
+    explain
+        Appended only with 'cos' or 'sin' weighting and infinite
+        integration limits, it contains an explanation of the codes in
+        infodict['ierlst']
+
+    Other Parameters
+    ----------------
+    epsabs : float or int, optional
+        Absolute error tolerance. Default is 1.49e-8. `quad` tries to obtain
+        an accuracy of ``abs(i-result) <= max(epsabs, epsrel*abs(i))``
+        where ``i`` = integral of `func` from `a` to `b`, and ``result`` is the
+        numerical approximation. See `epsrel` below.
+    epsrel : float or int, optional
+        Relative error tolerance. Default is 1.49e-8.
+        If ``epsabs <= 0``, `epsrel` must be greater than both 5e-29
+        and ``50 * (machine epsilon)``. See `epsabs` above.
+    limit : float or int, optional
+        An upper bound on the number of subintervals used in the adaptive
+        algorithm.
+    points : (sequence of floats,ints), optional
+        A sequence of break points in the bounded integration interval
+        where local difficulties of the integrand may occur (e.g.,
+        singularities, discontinuities). The sequence does not have
+        to be sorted. Note that this option cannot be used in conjunction
+        with ``weight``.
+    weight : float or int, optional
+        String indicating weighting function. Full explanation for this
+        and the remaining arguments can be found below.
+    wvar : optional
+        Variables for use with weighting functions.
+    wopts : optional
+        Optional input for reusing Chebyshev moments.
+    maxp1 : float or int, optional
+        An upper bound on the number of Chebyshev moments.
+    limlst : int, optional
+        Upper bound on the number of cycles (>=3) for use with a sinusoidal
+        weighting and an infinite end-point.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dblquad : double integral
+    tplquad : triple integral
+    nquad : n-dimensional integrals (uses `quad` recursively)
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    odeint : ODE integrator
+    ode : ODE integrator
+    simpson : integrator for sampled data
+    romb : integrator for sampled data
+    scipy.special : for coefficients and roots of orthogonal polynomials
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For valid results, the integral must converge; behavior for divergent
+    integrals is not guaranteed.
+
+    **Extra information for quad() inputs and outputs**
+
+    If full_output is non-zero, then the third output argument
+    (infodict) is a dictionary with entries as tabulated below. For
+    infinite limits, the range is transformed to (0,1) and the
+    optional outputs are given with respect to this transformed range.
+    Let M be the input argument limit and let K be infodict['last'].
+    The entries are:
+
+    'neval'
+        The number of function evaluations.
+    'last'
+        The number, K, of subintervals produced in the subdivision process.
+    'alist'
+        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
+        left end points of the subintervals in the partition of the
+        integration range.
+    'blist'
+        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
+        right end points of the subintervals.
+    'rlist'
+        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
+        integral approximations on the subintervals.
+    'elist'
+        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
+        moduli of the absolute error estimates on the subintervals.
+    'iord'
+        A rank-1 integer array of length M, the first L elements of
+        which are pointers to the error estimates over the subintervals
+        with ``L=K`` if ``K<=M/2+2`` or ``L=M+1-K`` otherwise. Let I be the
+        sequence ``infodict['iord']`` and let E be the sequence
+        ``infodict['elist']``.  Then ``E[I[1]], ..., E[I[L]]`` forms a
+        decreasing sequence.
+
+    If the input argument points is provided (i.e., it is not None),
+    the following additional outputs are placed in the output
+    dictionary. Assume the points sequence is of length P.
+
+    'pts'
+        A rank-1 array of length P+2 containing the integration limits
+        and the break points of the intervals in ascending order.
+        This is an array giving the subintervals over which integration
+        will occur.
+    'level'
+        A rank-1 integer array of length M (=limit), containing the
+        subdivision levels of the subintervals, i.e., if (aa,bb) is a
+        subinterval of ``(pts[1], pts[2])`` where ``pts[0]`` and ``pts[2]``
+        are adjacent elements of ``infodict['pts']``, then (aa,bb) has level l
+        if ``|bb-aa| = |pts[2]-pts[1]| * 2**(-l)``.
+    'ndin'
+        A rank-1 integer array of length P+2. After the first integration
+        over the intervals (pts[1], pts[2]), the error estimates over some
+        of the intervals may have been increased artificially in order to
+        put their subdivision forward. This array has ones in slots
+        corresponding to the subintervals for which this happens.
+
+    **Weighting the integrand**
+
+    The input variables, *weight* and *wvar*, are used to weight the
+    integrand by a select list of functions. Different integration
+    methods are used to compute the integral with these weighting
+    functions, and these do not support specifying break points. The
+    possible values of weight and the corresponding weighting functions are.
+
+    ==========  ===================================   =====================
+    ``weight``  Weight function used                  ``wvar``
+    ==========  ===================================   =====================
+    'cos'       cos(w*x)                              wvar = w
+    'sin'       sin(w*x)                              wvar = w
+    'alg'       g(x) = ((x-a)**alpha)*((b-x)**beta)   wvar = (alpha, beta)
+    'alg-loga'  g(x)*log(x-a)                         wvar = (alpha, beta)
+    'alg-logb'  g(x)*log(b-x)                         wvar = (alpha, beta)
+    'alg-log'   g(x)*log(x-a)*log(b-x)                wvar = (alpha, beta)
+    'cauchy'    1/(x-c)                               wvar = c
+    ==========  ===================================   =====================
+
+    wvar holds the parameter w, (alpha, beta), or c depending on the weight
+    selected. In these expressions, a and b are the integration limits.
+
+    For the 'cos' and 'sin' weighting, additional inputs and outputs are
+    available.
+
+    For finite integration limits, the integration is performed using a
+    Clenshaw-Curtis method which uses Chebyshev moments. For repeated
+    calculations, these moments are saved in the output dictionary:
+
+    'momcom'
+        The maximum level of Chebyshev moments that have been computed,
+        i.e., if ``M_c`` is ``infodict['momcom']`` then the moments have been
+        computed for intervals of length ``|b-a| * 2**(-l)``,
+        ``l=0,1,...,M_c``.
+    'nnlog'
+        A rank-1 integer array of length M(=limit), containing the
+        subdivision levels of the subintervals, i.e., an element of this
+        array is equal to l if the corresponding subinterval is
+        ``|b-a|* 2**(-l)``.
+    'chebmo'
+        A rank-2 array of shape (25, maxp1) containing the computed
+        Chebyshev moments. These can be passed on to an integration
+        over the same interval by passing this array as the second
+        element of the sequence wopts and passing infodict['momcom'] as
+        the first element.
+
+    If one of the integration limits is infinite, then a Fourier integral is
+    computed (assuming w neq 0). If full_output is 1 and a numerical error
+    is encountered, besides the error message attached to the output tuple,
+    a dictionary is also appended to the output tuple which translates the
+    error codes in the array ``info['ierlst']`` to English messages. The
+    output information dictionary contains the following entries instead of
+    'last', 'alist', 'blist', 'rlist', and 'elist':
+
+    'lst'
+        The number of subintervals needed for the integration (call it ``K_f``).
+    'rslst'
+        A rank-1 array of length M_f=limlst, whose first ``K_f`` elements
+        contain the integral contribution over the interval
+        ``(a+(k-1)c, a+kc)`` where ``c = (2*floor(|w|) + 1) * pi / |w|``
+        and ``k=1,2,...,K_f``.
+    'erlst'
+        A rank-1 array of length ``M_f`` containing the error estimate
+        corresponding to the interval in the same position in
+        ``infodict['rslist']``.
+    'ierlst'
+        A rank-1 integer array of length ``M_f`` containing an error flag
+        corresponding to the interval in the same position in
+        ``infodict['rslist']``.  See the explanation dictionary (last entry
+        in the output tuple) for the meaning of the codes.
+
+
+    **Details of QUADPACK level routines**
+
+    `quad` calls routines from the FORTRAN library QUADPACK. This section
+    provides details on the conditions for each routine to be called and a
+    short description of each routine. The routine called depends on
+    `weight`, `points` and the integration limits `a` and `b`.
+
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+    QUADPACK routine  `weight`        `points`    infinite bounds
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+    qagse             None            No          No
+    qagie             None            No          Yes
+    qagpe             None            Yes         No
+    qawoe             'sin', 'cos'    No          No
+    qawfe             'sin', 'cos'    No          either `a` or `b`
+    qawse             'alg*'          No          No
+    qawce             'cauchy'        No          No
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+
+    The following provides a short description from [1]_ for each
+    routine.
+
+    qagse
+        is an integrator based on globally adaptive interval
+        subdivision in connection with extrapolation, which will
+        eliminate the effects of integrand singularities of
+        several types.
+    qagie
+        handles integration over infinite intervals. The infinite range is
+        mapped onto a finite interval and subsequently the same strategy as
+        in ``QAGS`` is applied.
+    qagpe
+        serves the same purposes as QAGS, but also allows the
+        user to provide explicit information about the location
+        and type of trouble-spots i.e. the abscissae of internal
+        singularities, discontinuities and other difficulties of
+        the integrand function.
+    qawoe
+        is an integrator for the evaluation of
+        :math:`\\int^b_a \\cos(\\omega x)f(x)dx` or
+        :math:`\\int^b_a \\sin(\\omega x)f(x)dx`
+        over a finite interval [a,b], where :math:`\\omega` and :math:`f`
+        are specified by the user. The rule evaluation component is based
+        on the modified Clenshaw-Curtis technique
+
+        An adaptive subdivision scheme is used in connection
+        with an extrapolation procedure, which is a modification
+        of that in ``QAGS`` and allows the algorithm to deal with
+        singularities in :math:`f(x)`.
+    qawfe
+        calculates the Fourier transform
+        :math:`\\int^\\infty_a \\cos(\\omega x)f(x)dx` or
+        :math:`\\int^\\infty_a \\sin(\\omega x)f(x)dx`
+        for user-provided :math:`\\omega` and :math:`f`. The procedure of
+        ``QAWO`` is applied on successive finite intervals, and convergence
+        acceleration by means of the :math:`\\varepsilon`-algorithm is applied
+        to the series of integral approximations.
+    qawse
+        approximate :math:`\\int^b_a w(x)f(x)dx`, with :math:`a < b` where
+        :math:`w(x) = (x-a)^{\\alpha}(b-x)^{\\beta}v(x)` with
+        :math:`\\alpha,\\beta > -1`, where :math:`v(x)` may be one of the
+        following functions: :math:`1`, :math:`\\log(x-a)`, :math:`\\log(b-x)`,
+        :math:`\\log(x-a)\\log(b-x)`.
+
+        The user specifies :math:`\\alpha`, :math:`\\beta` and the type of the
+        function :math:`v`. A globally adaptive subdivision strategy is
+        applied, with modified Clenshaw-Curtis integration on those
+        subintervals which contain `a` or `b`.
+    qawce
+        compute :math:`\\int^b_a f(x) / (x-c)dx` where the integral must be
+        interpreted as a Cauchy principal value integral, for user specified
+        :math:`c` and :math:`f`. The strategy is globally adaptive. Modified
+        Clenshaw-Curtis integration is used on those intervals containing the
+        point :math:`x = c`.
+
+    **Integration of Complex Function of a Real Variable**
+
+    A complex valued function, :math:`f`, of a real variable can be written as
+    :math:`f = g + ih`.  Similarly, the integral of :math:`f` can be
+    written as
+
+    .. math::
+        \\int_a^b f(x) dx = \\int_a^b g(x) dx + i\\int_a^b h(x) dx
+
+    assuming that the integrals of :math:`g` and :math:`h` exist
+    over the interval :math:`[a,b]` [2]_. Therefore, ``quad`` integrates
+    complex-valued functions by integrating the real and imaginary components
+    separately.
+
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    .. [1] Piessens, Robert; de Doncker-Kapenga, Elise;
+           Überhuber, Christoph W.; Kahaner, David (1983).
+           QUADPACK: A subroutine package for automatic integration.
+           Springer-Verlag.
+           ISBN 978-3-540-12553-2.
+
+    .. [2] McCullough, Thomas; Phillips, Keith (1973).
+           Foundations of Analysis in the Complex Plane.
+           Holt Rinehart Winston.
+           ISBN 0-03-086370-8
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^4_0 x^2 dx` and compare with an analytic result
+
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> x2 = lambda x: x**2
+    >>> integrate.quad(x2, 0, 4)
+    (21.333333333333332, 2.3684757858670003e-13)
+    >>> print(4**3 / 3.)  # analytical result
+    21.3333333333
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^\\infty_0 e^{-x} dx`
+
+    >>> invexp = lambda x: np.exp(-x)
+    >>> integrate.quad(invexp, 0, np.inf)
+    (1.0, 5.842605999138044e-11)
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^1_0 a x \\,dx` for :math:`a = 1, 3`
+
+    >>> f = lambda x, a: a*x
+    >>> y, err = integrate.quad(f, 0, 1, args=(1,))
+    >>> y
+    0.5
+    >>> y, err = integrate.quad(f, 0, 1, args=(3,))
+    >>> y
+    1.5
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^1_0 x^2 + y^2 dx` with ctypes, holding
+    y parameter as 1::
+
+        testlib.c =>
+            double func(int n, double args[n]){
+                return args[0]*args[0] + args[1]*args[1];}
+        compile to library testlib.*
+
+    ::
+
+       from scipy import integrate
+       import ctypes
+       lib = ctypes.CDLL('/home/.../testlib.*') #use absolute path
+       lib.func.restype = ctypes.c_double
+       lib.func.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int,ctypes.c_double)
+       integrate.quad(lib.func,0,1,(1))
+       #(1.3333333333333333, 1.4802973661668752e-14)
+       print((1.0**3/3.0 + 1.0) - (0.0**3/3.0 + 0.0)) #Analytic result
+       # 1.3333333333333333
+
+    Be aware that pulse shapes and other sharp features as compared to the
+    size of the integration interval may not be integrated correctly using
+    this method. A simplified example of this limitation is integrating a
+    y-axis reflected step function with many zero values within the integrals
+    bounds.
+
+    >>> y = lambda x: 1 if x<=0 else 0
+    >>> integrate.quad(y, -1, 1)
+    (1.0, 1.1102230246251565e-14)
+    >>> integrate.quad(y, -1, 100)
+    (1.0000000002199108, 1.0189464580163188e-08)
+    >>> integrate.quad(y, -1, 10000)
+    (0.0, 0.0)
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    # check the limits of integration: \int_a^b, expect a < b
+    flip, a, b = b < a, min(a, b), max(a, b)
+
+    if complex_func:
+        def imfunc(x, *args):
+            return func(x, *args).imag
+
+        def refunc(x, *args):
+            return func(x, *args).real
+
+        re_retval = quad(refunc, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs,
+                         epsrel, limit, points, weight, wvar, wopts,
+                         maxp1, limlst, complex_func=False)
+        im_retval = quad(imfunc, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs,
+                         epsrel, limit, points, weight, wvar, wopts,
+                         maxp1, limlst, complex_func=False)
+        integral = re_retval[0] + 1j*im_retval[0]
+        error_estimate = re_retval[1] + 1j*im_retval[1]
+        retval = integral, error_estimate
+        if full_output:
+            msgexp = {}
+            msgexp["real"] = re_retval[2:]
+            msgexp["imag"] = im_retval[2:]
+            retval = retval + (msgexp,)
+
+        return retval
+
+    if weight is None:
+        retval = _quad(func, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs, epsrel, limit,
+                       points)
+    else:
+        if points is not None:
+            msg = ("Break points cannot be specified when using weighted integrand.\n"
+                   "Continuing, ignoring specified points.")
+            warnings.warn(msg, IntegrationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        retval = _quad_weight(func, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs, epsrel,
+                              limlst, limit, maxp1, weight, wvar, wopts)
+
+    if flip:
+        retval = (-retval[0],) + retval[1:]
+
+    ier = retval[-1]
+    if ier == 0:
+        return retval[:-1]
+
+    msgs = {80: "A Python error occurred possibly while calling the function.",
+             1: f"The maximum number of subdivisions ({limit}) has been achieved.\n  "
+                f"If increasing the limit yields no improvement it is advised to "
+                f"analyze \n  the integrand in order to determine the difficulties.  "
+                f"If the position of a \n  local difficulty can be determined "
+                f"(singularity, discontinuity) one will \n  probably gain from "
+                f"splitting up the interval and calling the integrator \n  on the "
+                f"subranges.  Perhaps a special-purpose integrator should be used.",
+             2: "The occurrence of roundoff error is detected, which prevents \n  "
+                "the requested tolerance from being achieved.  "
+                "The error may be \n  underestimated.",
+             3: "Extremely bad integrand behavior occurs at some points of the\n  "
+                "integration interval.",
+             4: "The algorithm does not converge.  Roundoff error is detected\n  "
+                "in the extrapolation table.  It is assumed that the requested "
+                "tolerance\n  cannot be achieved, and that the returned result "
+                "(if full_output = 1) is \n  the best which can be obtained.",
+             5: "The integral is probably divergent, or slowly convergent.",
+             6: "The input is invalid.",
+             7: "Abnormal termination of the routine.  The estimates for result\n  "
+                "and error are less reliable.  It is assumed that the requested "
+                "accuracy\n  has not been achieved.",
+            'unknown': "Unknown error."}
+
+    if weight in ['cos','sin'] and (b == np.inf or a == -np.inf):
+        msgs[1] = (
+            "The maximum number of cycles allowed has been achieved., e.e.\n  of "
+            "subintervals (a+(k-1)c, a+kc) where c = (2*int(abs(omega)+1))\n  "
+            "*pi/abs(omega), for k = 1, 2, ..., lst.  "
+            "One can allow more cycles by increasing the value of limlst.  "
+            "Look at info['ierlst'] with full_output=1."
+        )
+        msgs[4] = (
+            "The extrapolation table constructed for convergence acceleration\n  of "
+            "the series formed by the integral contributions over the cycles, \n  does "
+            "not converge to within the requested accuracy.  "
+            "Look at \n  info['ierlst'] with full_output=1."
+        )
+        msgs[7] = (
+            "Bad integrand behavior occurs within one or more of the cycles.\n  "
+            "Location and type of the difficulty involved can be determined from \n  "
+            "the vector info['ierlist'] obtained with full_output=1."
+        )
+        explain = {1: "The maximum number of subdivisions (= limit) has been \n  "
+                      "achieved on this cycle.",
+                   2: "The occurrence of roundoff error is detected and prevents\n  "
+                      "the tolerance imposed on this cycle from being achieved.",
+                   3: "Extremely bad integrand behavior occurs at some points of\n  "
+                      "this cycle.",
+                   4: "The integral over this cycle does not converge (to within the "
+                      "required accuracy) due to roundoff in the extrapolation "
+                      "procedure invoked on this cycle.  It is assumed that the result "
+                      "on this interval is the best which can be obtained.",
+                   5: "The integral over this cycle is probably divergent or "
+                      "slowly convergent."}
+
+    try:
+        msg = msgs[ier]
+    except KeyError:
+        msg = msgs['unknown']
+
+    if ier in [1,2,3,4,5,7]:
+        if full_output:
+            if weight in ['cos', 'sin'] and (b == np.inf or a == -np.inf):
+                return retval[:-1] + (msg, explain)
+            else:
+                return retval[:-1] + (msg,)
+        else:
+            warnings.warn(msg, IntegrationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return retval[:-1]
+
+    elif ier == 6:  # Forensic decision tree when QUADPACK throws ier=6
+        if epsabs <= 0:  # Small error tolerance - applies to all methods
+            if epsrel < max(50 * sys.float_info.epsilon, 5e-29):
+                msg = ("If 'epsabs'<=0, 'epsrel' must be greater than both"
+                       " 5e-29 and 50*(machine epsilon).")
+            elif weight in ['sin', 'cos'] and (abs(a) + abs(b) == np.inf):
+                msg = ("Sine or cosine weighted integrals with infinite domain"
+                       " must have 'epsabs'>0.")
+
+        elif weight is None:
+            if points is None:  # QAGSE/QAGIE
+                msg = ("Invalid 'limit' argument. There must be"
+                       " at least one subinterval")
+            else:  # QAGPE
+                if not (min(a, b) <= min(points) <= max(points) <= max(a, b)):
+                    msg = ("All break points in 'points' must lie within the"
+                           " integration limits.")
+                elif len(points) >= limit:
+                    msg = (f"Number of break points ({len(points):d}) "
+                           f"must be less than subinterval limit ({limit:d})")
+
+        else:
+            if maxp1 < 1:
+                msg = "Chebyshev moment limit maxp1 must be >=1."
+
+            elif weight in ('cos', 'sin') and abs(a+b) == np.inf:  # QAWFE
+                msg = "Cycle limit limlst must be >=3."
+
+            elif weight.startswith('alg'):  # QAWSE
+                if min(wvar) < -1:
+                    msg = "wvar parameters (alpha, beta) must both be >= -1."
+                if b < a:
+                    msg = "Integration limits a, b must satistfy a<b."
+
+            elif weight == 'cauchy' and wvar in (a, b):
+                msg = ("Parameter 'wvar' must not equal"
+                       " integration limits 'a' or 'b'.")
+
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _quad(func,a,b,args,full_output,epsabs,epsrel,limit,points):
+    infbounds = 0
+    if (b != np.inf and a != -np.inf):
+        pass   # standard integration
+    elif (b == np.inf and a != -np.inf):
+        infbounds = 1
+        bound = a
+    elif (b == np.inf and a == -np.inf):
+        infbounds = 2
+        bound = 0     # ignored
+    elif (b != np.inf and a == -np.inf):
+        infbounds = -1
+        bound = b
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("Infinity comparisons don't work for you.")
+
+    if points is None:
+        if infbounds == 0:
+            return _quadpack._qagse(func,a,b,args,full_output,epsabs,epsrel,limit)
+        else:
+            return _quadpack._qagie(func, bound, infbounds, args, full_output, 
+                                    epsabs, epsrel, limit)
+    else:
+        if infbounds != 0:
+            raise ValueError("Infinity inputs cannot be used with break points.")
+        else:
+            #Duplicates force function evaluation at singular points
+            the_points = np.unique(points)
+            the_points = the_points[a < the_points]
+            the_points = the_points[the_points < b]
+            the_points = np.concatenate((the_points, (0., 0.)))
+            return _quadpack._qagpe(func, a, b, the_points, args, full_output,
+                                    epsabs, epsrel, limit)
+
+
+def _quad_weight(func, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs, epsrel,
+                 limlst, limit, maxp1,weight, wvar, wopts):
+    if weight not in ['cos','sin','alg','alg-loga','alg-logb','alg-log','cauchy']:
+        raise ValueError("%s not a recognized weighting function." % weight)
+
+    strdict = {'cos':1,'sin':2,'alg':1,'alg-loga':2,'alg-logb':3,'alg-log':4}
+
+    if weight in ['cos','sin']:
+        integr = strdict[weight]
+        if (b != np.inf and a != -np.inf):  # finite limits
+            if wopts is None:         # no precomputed Chebyshev moments
+                return _quadpack._qawoe(func, a, b, wvar, integr, args, full_output,
+                                        epsabs, epsrel, limit, maxp1,1)
+            else:                     # precomputed Chebyshev moments
+                momcom = wopts[0]
+                chebcom = wopts[1]
+                return _quadpack._qawoe(func, a, b, wvar, integr, args,
+                                        full_output,epsabs, epsrel, limit, maxp1, 2,
+                                        momcom, chebcom)
+
+        elif (b == np.inf and a != -np.inf):
+            return _quadpack._qawfe(func, a, wvar, integr, args, full_output,
+                                    epsabs, limlst, limit, maxp1)
+        elif (b != np.inf and a == -np.inf):  # remap function and interval
+            if weight == 'cos':
+                def thefunc(x,*myargs):
+                    y = -x
+                    func = myargs[0]
+                    myargs = (y,) + myargs[1:]
+                    return func(*myargs)
+            else:
+                def thefunc(x,*myargs):
+                    y = -x
+                    func = myargs[0]
+                    myargs = (y,) + myargs[1:]
+                    return -func(*myargs)
+            args = (func,) + args
+            return _quadpack._qawfe(thefunc, -b, wvar, integr, args,
+                                    full_output, epsabs, limlst, limit, maxp1)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot integrate with this weight from -Inf to +Inf.")
+    else:
+        if a in [-np.inf, np.inf] or b in [-np.inf, np.inf]:
+            message = "Cannot integrate with this weight over an infinite interval."
+            raise ValueError(message)
+
+        if weight.startswith('alg'):
+            integr = strdict[weight]
+            return _quadpack._qawse(func, a, b, wvar, integr, args,
+                                    full_output, epsabs, epsrel, limit)
+        else:  # weight == 'cauchy'
+            return _quadpack._qawce(func, a, b, wvar, args, full_output,
+                                    epsabs, epsrel, limit)
+
+
+def dblquad(func, a, b, gfun, hfun, args=(), epsabs=1.49e-8, epsrel=1.49e-8):
+    """
+    Compute a double integral.
+
+    Return the double (definite) integral of ``func(y, x)`` from ``x = a..b``
+    and ``y = gfun(x)..hfun(x)``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable
+        A Python function or method of at least two variables: y must be the
+        first argument and x the second argument.
+    a, b : float
+        The limits of integration in x: `a` < `b`
+    gfun : callable or float
+        The lower boundary curve in y which is a function taking a single
+        floating point argument (x) and returning a floating point result
+        or a float indicating a constant boundary curve.
+    hfun : callable or float
+        The upper boundary curve in y (same requirements as `gfun`).
+    args : sequence, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to `func`.
+    epsabs : float, optional
+        Absolute tolerance passed directly to the inner 1-D quadrature
+        integration. Default is 1.49e-8. ``dblquad`` tries to obtain
+        an accuracy of ``abs(i-result) <= max(epsabs, epsrel*abs(i))``
+        where ``i`` = inner integral of ``func(y, x)`` from ``gfun(x)``
+        to ``hfun(x)``, and ``result`` is the numerical approximation.
+        See `epsrel` below.
+    epsrel : float, optional
+        Relative tolerance of the inner 1-D integrals. Default is 1.49e-8.
+        If ``epsabs <= 0``, `epsrel` must be greater than both 5e-29
+        and ``50 * (machine epsilon)``. See `epsabs` above.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : float
+        The resultant integral.
+    abserr : float
+        An estimate of the error.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : single integral
+    tplquad : triple integral
+    nquad : N-dimensional integrals
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    odeint : ODE integrator
+    ode : ODE integrator
+    simpson : integrator for sampled data
+    romb : integrator for sampled data
+    scipy.special : for coefficients and roots of orthogonal polynomials
+
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For valid results, the integral must converge; behavior for divergent
+    integrals is not guaranteed.
+
+    **Details of QUADPACK level routines**
+
+    `quad` calls routines from the FORTRAN library QUADPACK. This section
+    provides details on the conditions for each routine to be called and a
+    short description of each routine. For each level of integration, ``qagse``
+    is used for finite limits or ``qagie`` is used if either limit (or both!)
+    are infinite. The following provides a short description from [1]_ for each
+    routine.
+
+    qagse
+        is an integrator based on globally adaptive interval
+        subdivision in connection with extrapolation, which will
+        eliminate the effects of integrand singularities of
+        several types.
+    qagie
+        handles integration over infinite intervals. The infinite range is
+        mapped onto a finite interval and subsequently the same strategy as
+        in ``QAGS`` is applied.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    .. [1] Piessens, Robert; de Doncker-Kapenga, Elise;
+           Überhuber, Christoph W.; Kahaner, David (1983).
+           QUADPACK: A subroutine package for automatic integration.
+           Springer-Verlag.
+           ISBN 978-3-540-12553-2.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Compute the double integral of ``x * y**2`` over the box
+    ``x`` ranging from 0 to 2 and ``y`` ranging from 0 to 1.
+    That is, :math:`\\int^{x=2}_{x=0} \\int^{y=1}_{y=0} x y^2 \\,dy \\,dx`.
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> f = lambda y, x: x*y**2
+    >>> integrate.dblquad(f, 0, 2, 0, 1)
+        (0.6666666666666667, 7.401486830834377e-15)
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^{x=\\pi/4}_{x=0} \\int^{y=\\cos(x)}_{y=\\sin(x)} 1
+    \\,dy \\,dx`.
+
+    >>> f = lambda y, x: 1
+    >>> integrate.dblquad(f, 0, np.pi/4, np.sin, np.cos)
+        (0.41421356237309503, 1.1083280054755938e-14)
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^{x=1}_{x=0} \\int^{y=2-x}_{y=x} a x y \\,dy \\,dx`
+    for :math:`a=1, 3`.
+
+    >>> f = lambda y, x, a: a*x*y
+    >>> integrate.dblquad(f, 0, 1, lambda x: x, lambda x: 2-x, args=(1,))
+        (0.33333333333333337, 5.551115123125783e-15)
+    >>> integrate.dblquad(f, 0, 1, lambda x: x, lambda x: 2-x, args=(3,))
+        (0.9999999999999999, 1.6653345369377348e-14)
+
+    Compute the two-dimensional Gaussian Integral, which is the integral of the
+    Gaussian function :math:`f(x,y) = e^{-(x^{2} + y^{2})}`, over
+    :math:`(-\\infty,+\\infty)`. That is, compute the integral
+    :math:`\\iint^{+\\infty}_{-\\infty} e^{-(x^{2} + y^{2})} \\,dy\\,dx`.
+
+    >>> f = lambda x, y: np.exp(-(x ** 2 + y ** 2))
+    >>> integrate.dblquad(f, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf)
+        (3.141592653589777, 2.5173086737433208e-08)
+
+    """
+
+    def temp_ranges(*args):
+        return [gfun(args[0]) if callable(gfun) else gfun,
+                hfun(args[0]) if callable(hfun) else hfun]
+
+    return nquad(func, [temp_ranges, [a, b]], args=args,
+            opts={"epsabs": epsabs, "epsrel": epsrel})
+
+
+def tplquad(func, a, b, gfun, hfun, qfun, rfun, args=(), epsabs=1.49e-8,
+            epsrel=1.49e-8):
+    """
+    Compute a triple (definite) integral.
+
+    Return the triple integral of ``func(z, y, x)`` from ``x = a..b``,
+    ``y = gfun(x)..hfun(x)``, and ``z = qfun(x,y)..rfun(x,y)``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : function
+        A Python function or method of at least three variables in the
+        order (z, y, x).
+    a, b : float
+        The limits of integration in x: `a` < `b`
+    gfun : function or float
+        The lower boundary curve in y which is a function taking a single
+        floating point argument (x) and returning a floating point result
+        or a float indicating a constant boundary curve.
+    hfun : function or float
+        The upper boundary curve in y (same requirements as `gfun`).
+    qfun : function or float
+        The lower boundary surface in z.  It must be a function that takes
+        two floats in the order (x, y) and returns a float or a float
+        indicating a constant boundary surface.
+    rfun : function or float
+        The upper boundary surface in z. (Same requirements as `qfun`.)
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to `func`.
+    epsabs : float, optional
+        Absolute tolerance passed directly to the innermost 1-D quadrature
+        integration. Default is 1.49e-8.
+    epsrel : float, optional
+        Relative tolerance of the innermost 1-D integrals. Default is 1.49e-8.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : float
+        The resultant integral.
+    abserr : float
+        An estimate of the error.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : Adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    quadrature : Adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    fixed_quad : Fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    dblquad : Double integrals
+    nquad : N-dimensional integrals
+    romb : Integrators for sampled data
+    simpson : Integrators for sampled data
+    ode : ODE integrators
+    odeint : ODE integrators
+    scipy.special : For coefficients and roots of orthogonal polynomials
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For valid results, the integral must converge; behavior for divergent
+    integrals is not guaranteed.
+
+    **Details of QUADPACK level routines**
+
+    `quad` calls routines from the FORTRAN library QUADPACK. This section
+    provides details on the conditions for each routine to be called and a
+    short description of each routine. For each level of integration, ``qagse``
+    is used for finite limits or ``qagie`` is used, if either limit (or both!)
+    are infinite. The following provides a short description from [1]_ for each
+    routine.
+
+    qagse
+        is an integrator based on globally adaptive interval
+        subdivision in connection with extrapolation, which will
+        eliminate the effects of integrand singularities of
+        several types.
+    qagie
+        handles integration over infinite intervals. The infinite range is
+        mapped onto a finite interval and subsequently the same strategy as
+        in ``QAGS`` is applied.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    .. [1] Piessens, Robert; de Doncker-Kapenga, Elise;
+           Überhuber, Christoph W.; Kahaner, David (1983).
+           QUADPACK: A subroutine package for automatic integration.
+           Springer-Verlag.
+           ISBN 978-3-540-12553-2.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Compute the triple integral of ``x * y * z``, over ``x`` ranging
+    from 1 to 2, ``y`` ranging from 2 to 3, ``z`` ranging from 0 to 1.
+    That is, :math:`\\int^{x=2}_{x=1} \\int^{y=3}_{y=2} \\int^{z=1}_{z=0} x y z
+    \\,dz \\,dy \\,dx`.
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> f = lambda z, y, x: x*y*z
+    >>> integrate.tplquad(f, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0, 1)
+    (1.8749999999999998, 3.3246447942574074e-14)
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^{x=1}_{x=0} \\int^{y=1-2x}_{y=0}
+    \\int^{z=1-x-2y}_{z=0} x y z \\,dz \\,dy \\,dx`.
+    Note: `qfun`/`rfun` takes arguments in the order (x, y), even though ``f``
+    takes arguments in the order (z, y, x).
+
+    >>> f = lambda z, y, x: x*y*z
+    >>> integrate.tplquad(f, 0, 1, 0, lambda x: 1-2*x, 0, lambda x, y: 1-x-2*y)
+    (0.05416666666666668, 2.1774196738157757e-14)
+
+    Calculate :math:`\\int^{x=1}_{x=0} \\int^{y=1}_{y=0} \\int^{z=1}_{z=0}
+    a x y z \\,dz \\,dy \\,dx` for :math:`a=1, 3`.
+
+    >>> f = lambda z, y, x, a: a*x*y*z
+    >>> integrate.tplquad(f, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, args=(1,))
+        (0.125, 5.527033708952211e-15)
+    >>> integrate.tplquad(f, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, args=(3,))
+        (0.375, 1.6581101126856635e-14)
+
+    Compute the three-dimensional Gaussian Integral, which is the integral of
+    the Gaussian function :math:`f(x,y,z) = e^{-(x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2})}`, over
+    :math:`(-\\infty,+\\infty)`. That is, compute the integral
+    :math:`\\iiint^{+\\infty}_{-\\infty} e^{-(x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2})} \\,dz
+    \\,dy\\,dx`.
+
+    >>> f = lambda x, y, z: np.exp(-(x ** 2 + y ** 2 + z ** 2))
+    >>> integrate.tplquad(f, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf)
+        (5.568327996830833, 4.4619078828029765e-08)
+
+    """
+    # f(z, y, x)
+    # qfun/rfun(x, y)
+    # gfun/hfun(x)
+    # nquad will hand (y, x, t0, ...) to ranges0
+    # nquad will hand (x, t0, ...) to ranges1
+    # Only qfun / rfun is different API...
+
+    def ranges0(*args):
+        return [qfun(args[1], args[0]) if callable(qfun) else qfun,
+                rfun(args[1], args[0]) if callable(rfun) else rfun]
+
+    def ranges1(*args):
+        return [gfun(args[0]) if callable(gfun) else gfun,
+                hfun(args[0]) if callable(hfun) else hfun]
+
+    ranges = [ranges0, ranges1, [a, b]]
+    return nquad(func, ranges, args=args,
+            opts={"epsabs": epsabs, "epsrel": epsrel})
+
+
+def nquad(func, ranges, args=None, opts=None, full_output=False):
+    r"""
+    Integration over multiple variables.
+
+    Wraps `quad` to enable integration over multiple variables.
+    Various options allow improved integration of discontinuous functions, as
+    well as the use of weighted integration, and generally finer control of the
+    integration process.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : {callable, scipy.LowLevelCallable}
+        The function to be integrated. Has arguments of ``x0, ... xn``,
+        ``t0, ... tm``, where integration is carried out over ``x0, ... xn``,
+        which must be floats.  Where ``t0, ... tm`` are extra arguments
+        passed in args.
+        Function signature should be ``func(x0, x1, ..., xn, t0, t1, ..., tm)``.
+        Integration is carried out in order.  That is, integration over ``x0``
+        is the innermost integral, and ``xn`` is the outermost.
+
+        If the user desires improved integration performance, then `f` may
+        be a `scipy.LowLevelCallable` with one of the signatures::
+
+            double func(int n, double *xx)
+            double func(int n, double *xx, void *user_data)
+
+        where ``n`` is the number of variables and args.  The ``xx`` array
+        contains the coordinates and extra arguments. ``user_data`` is the data
+        contained in the `scipy.LowLevelCallable`.
+    ranges : iterable object
+        Each element of ranges may be either a sequence  of 2 numbers, or else
+        a callable that returns such a sequence. ``ranges[0]`` corresponds to
+        integration over x0, and so on. If an element of ranges is a callable,
+        then it will be called with all of the integration arguments available,
+        as well as any parametric arguments. e.g., if
+        ``func = f(x0, x1, x2, t0, t1)``, then ``ranges[0]`` may be defined as
+        either ``(a, b)`` or else as ``(a, b) = range0(x1, x2, t0, t1)``.
+    args : iterable object, optional
+        Additional arguments ``t0, ... tn``, required by ``func``, ``ranges``,
+        and ``opts``.
+    opts : iterable object or dict, optional
+        Options to be passed to `quad`. May be empty, a dict, or
+        a sequence of dicts or functions that return a dict. If empty, the
+        default options from scipy.integrate.quad are used. If a dict, the same
+        options are used for all levels of integraion. If a sequence, then each
+        element of the sequence corresponds to a particular integration. e.g.,
+        ``opts[0]`` corresponds to integration over ``x0``, and so on. If a
+        callable, the signature must be the same as for ``ranges``. The
+        available options together with their default values are:
+
+          - epsabs = 1.49e-08
+          - epsrel = 1.49e-08
+          - limit  = 50
+          - points = None
+          - weight = None
+          - wvar   = None
+          - wopts  = None
+
+        For more information on these options, see `quad`.
+
+    full_output : bool, optional
+        Partial implementation of ``full_output`` from scipy.integrate.quad.
+        The number of integrand function evaluations ``neval`` can be obtained
+        by setting ``full_output=True`` when calling nquad.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    result : float
+        The result of the integration.
+    abserr : float
+        The maximum of the estimates of the absolute error in the various
+        integration results.
+    out_dict : dict, optional
+        A dict containing additional information on the integration.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : 1-D numerical integration
+    dblquad, tplquad : double and triple integrals
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For valid results, the integral must converge; behavior for divergent
+    integrals is not guaranteed.
+
+    **Details of QUADPACK level routines**
+
+    `nquad` calls routines from the FORTRAN library QUADPACK. This section
+    provides details on the conditions for each routine to be called and a
+    short description of each routine. The routine called depends on
+    `weight`, `points` and the integration limits `a` and `b`.
+
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+    QUADPACK routine  `weight`        `points`    infinite bounds
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+    qagse             None            No          No
+    qagie             None            No          Yes
+    qagpe             None            Yes         No
+    qawoe             'sin', 'cos'    No          No
+    qawfe             'sin', 'cos'    No          either `a` or `b`
+    qawse             'alg*'          No          No
+    qawce             'cauchy'        No          No
+    ================  ==============  ==========  =====================
+
+    The following provides a short description from [1]_ for each
+    routine.
+
+    qagse
+        is an integrator based on globally adaptive interval
+        subdivision in connection with extrapolation, which will
+        eliminate the effects of integrand singularities of
+        several types.
+    qagie
+        handles integration over infinite intervals. The infinite range is
+        mapped onto a finite interval and subsequently the same strategy as
+        in ``QAGS`` is applied.
+    qagpe
+        serves the same purposes as QAGS, but also allows the
+        user to provide explicit information about the location
+        and type of trouble-spots i.e. the abscissae of internal
+        singularities, discontinuities and other difficulties of
+        the integrand function.
+    qawoe
+        is an integrator for the evaluation of
+        :math:`\int^b_a \cos(\omega x)f(x)dx` or
+        :math:`\int^b_a \sin(\omega x)f(x)dx`
+        over a finite interval [a,b], where :math:`\omega` and :math:`f`
+        are specified by the user. The rule evaluation component is based
+        on the modified Clenshaw-Curtis technique
+
+        An adaptive subdivision scheme is used in connection
+        with an extrapolation procedure, which is a modification
+        of that in ``QAGS`` and allows the algorithm to deal with
+        singularities in :math:`f(x)`.
+    qawfe
+        calculates the Fourier transform
+        :math:`\int^\infty_a \cos(\omega x)f(x)dx` or
+        :math:`\int^\infty_a \sin(\omega x)f(x)dx`
+        for user-provided :math:`\omega` and :math:`f`. The procedure of
+        ``QAWO`` is applied on successive finite intervals, and convergence
+        acceleration by means of the :math:`\varepsilon`-algorithm is applied
+        to the series of integral approximations.
+    qawse
+        approximate :math:`\int^b_a w(x)f(x)dx`, with :math:`a < b` where
+        :math:`w(x) = (x-a)^{\alpha}(b-x)^{\beta}v(x)` with
+        :math:`\alpha,\beta > -1`, where :math:`v(x)` may be one of the
+        following functions: :math:`1`, :math:`\log(x-a)`, :math:`\log(b-x)`,
+        :math:`\log(x-a)\log(b-x)`.
+
+        The user specifies :math:`\alpha`, :math:`\beta` and the type of the
+        function :math:`v`. A globally adaptive subdivision strategy is
+        applied, with modified Clenshaw-Curtis integration on those
+        subintervals which contain `a` or `b`.
+    qawce
+        compute :math:`\int^b_a f(x) / (x-c)dx` where the integral must be
+        interpreted as a Cauchy principal value integral, for user specified
+        :math:`c` and :math:`f`. The strategy is globally adaptive. Modified
+        Clenshaw-Curtis integration is used on those intervals containing the
+        point :math:`x = c`.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    .. [1] Piessens, Robert; de Doncker-Kapenga, Elise;
+           Überhuber, Christoph W.; Kahaner, David (1983).
+           QUADPACK: A subroutine package for automatic integration.
+           Springer-Verlag.
+           ISBN 978-3-540-12553-2.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Calculate
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \int^{1}_{-0.15} \int^{0.8}_{0.13} \int^{1}_{-1} \int^{1}_{0}
+        f(x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3) \,dx_0 \,dx_1 \,dx_2 \,dx_3 ,
+
+    where
+
+    .. math::
+
+        f(x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3) = \begin{cases}
+          x_0^2+x_1 x_2-x_3^3+ \sin{x_0}+1 & (x_0-0.2 x_3-0.5-0.25 x_1 > 0) \\
+          x_0^2+x_1 x_2-x_3^3+ \sin{x_0}+0 & (x_0-0.2 x_3-0.5-0.25 x_1 \leq 0)
+        \end{cases} .
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> func = lambda x0,x1,x2,x3 : x0**2 + x1*x2 - x3**3 + np.sin(x0) + (
+    ...                                 1 if (x0-.2*x3-.5-.25*x1>0) else 0)
+    >>> def opts0(*args, **kwargs):
+    ...     return {'points':[0.2*args[2] + 0.5 + 0.25*args[0]]}
+    >>> integrate.nquad(func, [[0,1], [-1,1], [.13,.8], [-.15,1]],
+    ...                 opts=[opts0,{},{},{}], full_output=True)
+    (1.5267454070738633, 2.9437360001402324e-14, {'neval': 388962})
+
+    Calculate
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \int^{t_0+t_1+1}_{t_0+t_1-1}
+        \int^{x_2+t_0^2 t_1^3+1}_{x_2+t_0^2 t_1^3-1}
+        \int^{t_0 x_1+t_1 x_2+1}_{t_0 x_1+t_1 x_2-1}
+        f(x_0,x_1, x_2,t_0,t_1)
+        \,dx_0 \,dx_1 \,dx_2,
+
+    where
+
+    .. math::
+
+        f(x_0, x_1, x_2, t_0, t_1) = \begin{cases}
+          x_0 x_2^2 + \sin{x_1}+2 & (x_0+t_1 x_1-t_0 > 0) \\
+          x_0 x_2^2 +\sin{x_1}+1 & (x_0+t_1 x_1-t_0 \leq 0)
+        \end{cases}
+
+    and :math:`(t_0, t_1) = (0, 1)` .
+
+    >>> def func2(x0, x1, x2, t0, t1):
+    ...     return x0*x2**2 + np.sin(x1) + 1 + (1 if x0+t1*x1-t0>0 else 0)
+    >>> def lim0(x1, x2, t0, t1):
+    ...     return [t0*x1 + t1*x2 - 1, t0*x1 + t1*x2 + 1]
+    >>> def lim1(x2, t0, t1):
+    ...     return [x2 + t0**2*t1**3 - 1, x2 + t0**2*t1**3 + 1]
+    >>> def lim2(t0, t1):
+    ...     return [t0 + t1 - 1, t0 + t1 + 1]
+    >>> def opts0(x1, x2, t0, t1):
+    ...     return {'points' : [t0 - t1*x1]}
+    >>> def opts1(x2, t0, t1):
+    ...     return {}
+    >>> def opts2(t0, t1):
+    ...     return {}
+    >>> integrate.nquad(func2, [lim0, lim1, lim2], args=(0,1),
+    ...                 opts=[opts0, opts1, opts2])
+    (36.099919226771625, 1.8546948553373528e-07)
+
+    """
+    depth = len(ranges)
+    ranges = [rng if callable(rng) else _RangeFunc(rng) for rng in ranges]
+    if args is None:
+        args = ()
+    if opts is None:
+        opts = [dict([])] * depth
+
+    if isinstance(opts, dict):
+        opts = [_OptFunc(opts)] * depth
+    else:
+        opts = [opt if callable(opt) else _OptFunc(opt) for opt in opts]
+    return _NQuad(func, ranges, opts, full_output).integrate(*args)
+
+
+class _RangeFunc:
+    def __init__(self, range_):
+        self.range_ = range_
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        """Return stored value.
+
+        *args needed because range_ can be float or func, and is called with
+        variable number of parameters.
+        """
+        return self.range_
+
+
+class _OptFunc:
+    def __init__(self, opt):
+        self.opt = opt
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        """Return stored dict."""
+        return self.opt
+
+
+class _NQuad:
+    def __init__(self, func, ranges, opts, full_output):
+        self.abserr = 0
+        self.func = func
+        self.ranges = ranges
+        self.opts = opts
+        self.maxdepth = len(ranges)
+        self.full_output = full_output
+        if self.full_output:
+            self.out_dict = {'neval': 0}
+
+    def integrate(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        depth = kwargs.pop('depth', 0)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise ValueError('unexpected kwargs')
+
+        # Get the integration range and options for this depth.
+        ind = -(depth + 1)
+        fn_range = self.ranges[ind]
+        low, high = fn_range(*args)
+        fn_opt = self.opts[ind]
+        opt = dict(fn_opt(*args))
+
+        if 'points' in opt:
+            opt['points'] = [x for x in opt['points'] if low <= x <= high]
+        if depth + 1 == self.maxdepth:
+            f = self.func
+        else:
+            f = partial(self.integrate, depth=depth+1)
+        quad_r = quad(f, low, high, args=args, full_output=self.full_output,
+                      **opt)
+        value = quad_r[0]
+        abserr = quad_r[1]
+        if self.full_output:
+            infodict = quad_r[2]
+            # The 'neval' parameter in full_output returns the total
+            # number of times the integrand function was evaluated.
+            # Therefore, only the innermost integration loop counts.
+            if depth + 1 == self.maxdepth:
+                self.out_dict['neval'] += infodict['neval']
+        self.abserr = max(self.abserr, abserr)
+        if depth > 0:
+            return value
+        else:
+            # Final result of N-D integration with error
+            if self.full_output:
+                return value, self.abserr, self.out_dict
+            else:
+                return value, self.abserr

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_quadrature.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1830 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Any, cast
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import math
+import warnings
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from scipy.special import roots_legendre
+from scipy.special import gammaln, logsumexp
+from scipy._lib._util import _rng_spawn
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import (_NoValue, _deprecate_positional_args,
+                                    _deprecated)
+
+
+__all__ = ['fixed_quad', 'quadrature', 'romberg', 'romb',
+           'trapezoid', 'trapz', 'simps', 'simpson',
+           'cumulative_trapezoid', 'cumtrapz', 'newton_cotes',
+           'qmc_quad', 'AccuracyWarning', 'cumulative_simpson']
+
+
+def trapezoid(y, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1):
+    r"""
+    Integrate along the given axis using the composite trapezoidal rule.
+
+    If `x` is provided, the integration happens in sequence along its
+    elements - they are not sorted.
+
+    Integrate `y` (`x`) along each 1d slice on the given axis, compute
+    :math:`\int y(x) dx`.
+    When `x` is specified, this integrates along the parametric curve,
+    computing :math:`\int_t y(t) dt =
+    \int_t y(t) \left.\frac{dx}{dt}\right|_{x=x(t)} dt`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    y : array_like
+        Input array to integrate.
+    x : array_like, optional
+        The sample points corresponding to the `y` values. If `x` is None,
+        the sample points are assumed to be evenly spaced `dx` apart. The
+        default is None.
+    dx : scalar, optional
+        The spacing between sample points when `x` is None. The default is 1.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which to integrate.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    trapezoid : float or ndarray
+        Definite integral of `y` = n-dimensional array as approximated along
+        a single axis by the trapezoidal rule. If `y` is a 1-dimensional array,
+        then the result is a float. If `n` is greater than 1, then the result
+        is an `n`-1 dimensional array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    cumulative_trapezoid, simpson, romb
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Image [2]_ illustrates trapezoidal rule -- y-axis locations of points
+    will be taken from `y` array, by default x-axis distances between
+    points will be 1.0, alternatively they can be provided with `x` array
+    or with `dx` scalar.  Return value will be equal to combined area under
+    the red lines.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule
+
+    .. [2] Illustration image:
+           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration.png
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Use the trapezoidal rule on evenly spaced points:
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid([1, 2, 3])
+    4.0
+
+    The spacing between sample points can be selected by either the
+    ``x`` or ``dx`` arguments:
+
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid([1, 2, 3], x=[4, 6, 8])
+    8.0
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid([1, 2, 3], dx=2)
+    8.0
+
+    Using a decreasing ``x`` corresponds to integrating in reverse:
+
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid([1, 2, 3], x=[8, 6, 4])
+    -8.0
+
+    More generally ``x`` is used to integrate along a parametric curve. We can
+    estimate the integral :math:`\int_0^1 x^2 = 1/3` using:
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 1, num=50)
+    >>> y = x**2
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid(y, x)
+    0.33340274885464394
+
+    Or estimate the area of a circle, noting we repeat the sample which closes
+    the curve:
+
+    >>> theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, num=1000, endpoint=True)
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid(np.cos(theta), x=np.sin(theta))
+    3.141571941375841
+
+    ``trapezoid`` can be applied along a specified axis to do multiple
+    computations in one call:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid(a, axis=0)
+    array([1.5, 2.5, 3.5])
+    >>> integrate.trapezoid(a, axis=1)
+    array([2.,  8.])
+    """
+    y = np.asanyarray(y)
+    if x is None:
+        d = dx
+    else:
+        x = np.asanyarray(x)
+        if x.ndim == 1:
+            d = np.diff(x)
+            # reshape to correct shape
+            shape = [1]*y.ndim
+            shape[axis] = d.shape[0]
+            d = d.reshape(shape)
+        else:
+            d = np.diff(x, axis=axis)
+    nd = y.ndim
+    slice1 = [slice(None)]*nd
+    slice2 = [slice(None)]*nd
+    slice1[axis] = slice(1, None)
+    slice2[axis] = slice(None, -1)
+    try:
+        ret = (d * (y[tuple(slice1)] + y[tuple(slice2)]) / 2.0).sum(axis)
+    except ValueError:
+        # Operations didn't work, cast to ndarray
+        d = np.asarray(d)
+        y = np.asarray(y)
+        ret = np.add.reduce(d * (y[tuple(slice1)]+y[tuple(slice2)])/2.0, axis)
+    return ret
+
+
+# Note: alias kept for backwards compatibility. Rename was done
+# because trapz is a slur in colloquial English (see gh-12924).
+def trapz(y, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1):
+    """An alias of `trapezoid`.
+
+    `trapz` is kept for backwards compatibility. For new code, prefer
+    `trapezoid` instead.
+    """
+    msg = ("'scipy.integrate.trapz' is deprecated in favour of "
+           "'scipy.integrate.trapezoid' and will be removed in SciPy 1.14.0")
+    warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis)
+
+
+class AccuracyWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # workaround for mypy function attributes see:
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/2087#issuecomment-462726600
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    class CacheAttributes(Protocol):
+        cache: dict[int, tuple[Any, Any]]
+else:
+    CacheAttributes = Callable
+
+
+def cache_decorator(func: Callable) -> CacheAttributes:
+    return cast(CacheAttributes, func)
+
+
+@cache_decorator
+def _cached_roots_legendre(n):
+    """
+    Cache roots_legendre results to speed up calls of the fixed_quad
+    function.
+    """
+    if n in _cached_roots_legendre.cache:
+        return _cached_roots_legendre.cache[n]
+
+    _cached_roots_legendre.cache[n] = roots_legendre(n)
+    return _cached_roots_legendre.cache[n]
+
+
+_cached_roots_legendre.cache = dict()
+
+
+def fixed_quad(func, a, b, args=(), n=5):
+    """
+    Compute a definite integral using fixed-order Gaussian quadrature.
+
+    Integrate `func` from `a` to `b` using Gaussian quadrature of
+    order `n`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable
+        A Python function or method to integrate (must accept vector inputs).
+        If integrating a vector-valued function, the returned array must have
+        shape ``(..., len(x))``.
+    a : float
+        Lower limit of integration.
+    b : float
+        Upper limit of integration.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to function, if any.
+    n : int, optional
+        Order of quadrature integration. Default is 5.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    val : float
+        Gaussian quadrature approximation to the integral
+    none : None
+        Statically returned value of None
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    dblquad : double integrals
+    tplquad : triple integrals
+    romberg : adaptive Romberg quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    romb : integrators for sampled data
+    simpson : integrators for sampled data
+    cumulative_trapezoid : cumulative integration for sampled data
+    ode : ODE integrator
+    odeint : ODE integrator
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> f = lambda x: x**8
+    >>> integrate.fixed_quad(f, 0.0, 1.0, n=4)
+    (0.1110884353741496, None)
+    >>> integrate.fixed_quad(f, 0.0, 1.0, n=5)
+    (0.11111111111111102, None)
+    >>> print(1/9.0)  # analytical result
+    0.1111111111111111
+
+    >>> integrate.fixed_quad(np.cos, 0.0, np.pi/2, n=4)
+    (0.9999999771971152, None)
+    >>> integrate.fixed_quad(np.cos, 0.0, np.pi/2, n=5)
+    (1.000000000039565, None)
+    >>> np.sin(np.pi/2)-np.sin(0)  # analytical result
+    1.0
+
+    """
+    x, w = _cached_roots_legendre(n)
+    x = np.real(x)
+    if np.isinf(a) or np.isinf(b):
+        raise ValueError("Gaussian quadrature is only available for "
+                         "finite limits.")
+    y = (b-a)*(x+1)/2.0 + a
+    return (b-a)/2.0 * np.sum(w*func(y, *args), axis=-1), None
+
+
+def vectorize1(func, args=(), vec_func=False):
+    """Vectorize the call to a function.
+
+    This is an internal utility function used by `romberg` and
+    `quadrature` to create a vectorized version of a function.
+
+    If `vec_func` is True, the function `func` is assumed to take vector
+    arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable
+        User defined function.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments for the function.
+    vec_func : bool, optional
+        True if the function func takes vector arguments.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    vfunc : callable
+        A function that will take a vector argument and return the
+        result.
+
+    """
+    if vec_func:
+        def vfunc(x):
+            return func(x, *args)
+    else:
+        def vfunc(x):
+            if np.isscalar(x):
+                return func(x, *args)
+            x = np.asarray(x)
+            # call with first point to get output type
+            y0 = func(x[0], *args)
+            n = len(x)
+            dtype = getattr(y0, 'dtype', type(y0))
+            output = np.empty((n,), dtype=dtype)
+            output[0] = y0
+            for i in range(1, n):
+                output[i] = func(x[i], *args)
+            return output
+    return vfunc
+
+
+@_deprecated("`scipy.integrate.quadrature` is deprecated as of SciPy 1.12.0"
+             "and will be removed in SciPy 1.15.0. Please use"
+             "`scipy.integrate.quad` instead.")
+def quadrature(func, a, b, args=(), tol=1.49e-8, rtol=1.49e-8, maxiter=50,
+               vec_func=True, miniter=1):
+    """
+    Compute a definite integral using fixed-tolerance Gaussian quadrature.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.12.0
+
+          This function is deprecated as of SciPy 1.12.0 and will be removed
+          in SciPy 1.15.0. Please use `scipy.integrate.quad` instead.
+
+    Integrate `func` from `a` to `b` using Gaussian quadrature
+    with absolute tolerance `tol`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : function
+        A Python function or method to integrate.
+    a : float
+        Lower limit of integration.
+    b : float
+        Upper limit of integration.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to function.
+    tol, rtol : float, optional
+        Iteration stops when error between last two iterates is less than
+        `tol` OR the relative change is less than `rtol`.
+    maxiter : int, optional
+        Maximum order of Gaussian quadrature.
+    vec_func : bool, optional
+        True or False if func handles arrays as arguments (is
+        a "vector" function). Default is True.
+    miniter : int, optional
+        Minimum order of Gaussian quadrature.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    val : float
+        Gaussian quadrature approximation (within tolerance) to integral.
+    err : float
+        Difference between last two estimates of the integral.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    romberg : adaptive Romberg quadrature
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    quad : adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    dblquad : double integrals
+    tplquad : triple integrals
+    romb : integrator for sampled data
+    simpson : integrator for sampled data
+    cumulative_trapezoid : cumulative integration for sampled data
+    ode : ODE integrator
+    odeint : ODE integrator
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> f = lambda x: x**8
+    >>> integrate.quadrature(f, 0.0, 1.0)
+    (0.11111111111111106, 4.163336342344337e-17)
+    >>> print(1/9.0)  # analytical result
+    0.1111111111111111
+
+    >>> integrate.quadrature(np.cos, 0.0, np.pi/2)
+    (0.9999999999999536, 3.9611425250996035e-11)
+    >>> np.sin(np.pi/2)-np.sin(0)  # analytical result
+    1.0
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
+    vfunc = vectorize1(func, args, vec_func=vec_func)
+    val = np.inf
+    err = np.inf
+    maxiter = max(miniter+1, maxiter)
+    for n in range(miniter, maxiter+1):
+        newval = fixed_quad(vfunc, a, b, (), n)[0]
+        err = abs(newval-val)
+        val = newval
+
+        if err < tol or err < rtol*abs(val):
+            break
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "maxiter (%d) exceeded. Latest difference = %e" % (maxiter, err),
+            AccuracyWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+    return val, err
+
+
+def tupleset(t, i, value):
+    l = list(t)
+    l[i] = value
+    return tuple(l)
+
+
+# Note: alias kept for backwards compatibility. Rename was done
+# because cumtrapz is a slur in colloquial English (see gh-12924).
+def cumtrapz(y, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1, initial=None):
+    """An alias of `cumulative_trapezoid`.
+
+    `cumtrapz` is kept for backwards compatibility. For new code, prefer
+    `cumulative_trapezoid` instead.
+    """
+    msg = ("'scipy.integrate.cumtrapz' is deprecated in favour of "
+           "'scipy.integrate.cumulative_trapezoid' and will be removed "
+           "in SciPy 1.14.0")
+    warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return cumulative_trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis, initial=initial)
+
+
+def cumulative_trapezoid(y, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1, initial=None):
+    """
+    Cumulatively integrate y(x) using the composite trapezoidal rule.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    y : array_like
+        Values to integrate.
+    x : array_like, optional
+        The coordinate to integrate along. If None (default), use spacing `dx`
+        between consecutive elements in `y`.
+    dx : float, optional
+        Spacing between elements of `y`. Only used if `x` is None.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Specifies the axis to cumulate. Default is -1 (last axis).
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        If given, insert this value at the beginning of the returned result.
+        0 or None are the only values accepted. Default is None, which means
+        `res` has one element less than `y` along the axis of integration.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.12.0
+            The option for non-zero inputs for `initial` will be deprecated in
+            SciPy 1.15.0. After this time, a ValueError will be raised if
+            `initial` is not None or 0.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        The result of cumulative integration of `y` along `axis`.
+        If `initial` is None, the shape is such that the axis of integration
+        has one less value than `y`. If `initial` is given, the shape is equal
+        to that of `y`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.cumsum, numpy.cumprod
+    cumulative_simpson : cumulative integration using Simpson's 1/3 rule
+    quad : adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    romberg : adaptive Romberg quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    dblquad : double integrals
+    tplquad : triple integrals
+    romb : integrators for sampled data
+    ode : ODE integrators
+    odeint : ODE integrators
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(-2, 2, num=20)
+    >>> y = x
+    >>> y_int = integrate.cumulative_trapezoid(y, x, initial=0)
+    >>> plt.plot(x, y_int, 'ro', x, y[0] + 0.5 * x**2, 'b-')
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    y = np.asarray(y)
+    if y.shape[axis] == 0:
+        raise ValueError("At least one point is required along `axis`.")
+    if x is None:
+        d = dx
+    else:
+        x = np.asarray(x)
+        if x.ndim == 1:
+            d = np.diff(x)
+            # reshape to correct shape
+            shape = [1] * y.ndim
+            shape[axis] = -1
+            d = d.reshape(shape)
+        elif len(x.shape) != len(y.shape):
+            raise ValueError("If given, shape of x must be 1-D or the "
+                             "same as y.")
+        else:
+            d = np.diff(x, axis=axis)
+
+        if d.shape[axis] != y.shape[axis] - 1:
+            raise ValueError("If given, length of x along axis must be the "
+                             "same as y.")
+
+    nd = len(y.shape)
+    slice1 = tupleset((slice(None),)*nd, axis, slice(1, None))
+    slice2 = tupleset((slice(None),)*nd, axis, slice(None, -1))
+    res = np.cumsum(d * (y[slice1] + y[slice2]) / 2.0, axis=axis)
+
+    if initial is not None:
+        if initial != 0:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The option for values for `initial` other than None or 0 is "
+                "deprecated as of SciPy 1.12.0 and will raise a value error in"
+                " SciPy 1.15.0.",
+                DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+            )
+        if not np.isscalar(initial):
+            raise ValueError("`initial` parameter should be a scalar.")
+
+        shape = list(res.shape)
+        shape[axis] = 1
+        res = np.concatenate([np.full(shape, initial, dtype=res.dtype), res],
+                             axis=axis)
+
+    return res
+
+
+def _basic_simpson(y, start, stop, x, dx, axis):
+    nd = len(y.shape)
+    if start is None:
+        start = 0
+    step = 2
+    slice_all = (slice(None),)*nd
+    slice0 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(start, stop, step))
+    slice1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(start+1, stop+1, step))
+    slice2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(start+2, stop+2, step))
+
+    if x is None:  # Even-spaced Simpson's rule.
+        result = np.sum(y[slice0] + 4.0*y[slice1] + y[slice2], axis=axis)
+        result *= dx / 3.0
+    else:
+        # Account for possibly different spacings.
+        #    Simpson's rule changes a bit.
+        h = np.diff(x, axis=axis)
+        sl0 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(start, stop, step))
+        sl1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(start+1, stop+1, step))
+        h0 = h[sl0].astype(float, copy=False)
+        h1 = h[sl1].astype(float, copy=False)
+        hsum = h0 + h1
+        hprod = h0 * h1
+        h0divh1 = np.true_divide(h0, h1, out=np.zeros_like(h0), where=h1 != 0)
+        tmp = hsum/6.0 * (y[slice0] *
+                          (2.0 - np.true_divide(1.0, h0divh1,
+                                                out=np.zeros_like(h0divh1),
+                                                where=h0divh1 != 0)) +
+                          y[slice1] * (hsum *
+                                       np.true_divide(hsum, hprod,
+                                                      out=np.zeros_like(hsum),
+                                                      where=hprod != 0)) +
+                          y[slice2] * (2.0 - h0divh1))
+        result = np.sum(tmp, axis=axis)
+    return result
+
+
+# Note: alias kept for backwards compatibility. simps was renamed to simpson
+# because the former is a slur in colloquial English (see gh-12924).
+def simps(y, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1, even=_NoValue):
+    """An alias of `simpson`.
+
+    `simps` is kept for backwards compatibility. For new code, prefer
+    `simpson` instead.
+    """
+    msg = ("'scipy.integrate.simps' is deprecated in favour of "
+           "'scipy.integrate.simpson' and will be removed in SciPy 1.14.0")
+    warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # we don't deprecate positional use as the wrapper is going away completely
+    return simpson(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis, even=even)
+
+
+@_deprecate_positional_args(version="1.14")
+def simpson(y, *, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1, even=_NoValue):
+    """
+    Integrate y(x) using samples along the given axis and the composite
+    Simpson's rule. If x is None, spacing of dx is assumed.
+
+    If there are an even number of samples, N, then there are an odd
+    number of intervals (N-1), but Simpson's rule requires an even number
+    of intervals. The parameter 'even' controls how this is handled.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    y : array_like
+        Array to be integrated.
+    x : array_like, optional
+        If given, the points at which `y` is sampled.
+    dx : float, optional
+        Spacing of integration points along axis of `x`. Only used when
+        `x` is None. Default is 1.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which to integrate. Default is the last axis.
+    even : {None, 'simpson', 'avg', 'first', 'last'}, optional
+        'avg' : Average two results:
+            1) use the first N-2 intervals with
+               a trapezoidal rule on the last interval and
+            2) use the last
+               N-2 intervals with a trapezoidal rule on the first interval.
+
+        'first' : Use Simpson's rule for the first N-2 intervals with
+                a trapezoidal rule on the last interval.
+
+        'last' : Use Simpson's rule for the last N-2 intervals with a
+               trapezoidal rule on the first interval.
+
+        None : equivalent to 'simpson' (default)
+
+        'simpson' : Use Simpson's rule for the first N-2 intervals with the
+                  addition of a 3-point parabolic segment for the last
+                  interval using equations outlined by Cartwright [1]_.
+                  If the axis to be integrated over only has two points then
+                  the integration falls back to a trapezoidal integration.
+
+                  .. versionadded:: 1.11.0
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.11.0
+            The newly added 'simpson' option is now the default as it is more
+            accurate in most situations.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.11.0
+            Parameter `even` is deprecated and will be removed in SciPy
+            1.14.0. After this time the behaviour for an even number of
+            points will follow that of `even='simpson'`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        The estimated integral computed with the composite Simpson's rule.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    romberg : adaptive Romberg quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    dblquad : double integrals
+    tplquad : triple integrals
+    romb : integrators for sampled data
+    cumulative_trapezoid : cumulative integration for sampled data
+    cumulative_simpson : cumulative integration using Simpson's 1/3 rule
+    ode : ODE integrators
+    odeint : ODE integrators
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For an odd number of samples that are equally spaced the result is
+    exact if the function is a polynomial of order 3 or less. If
+    the samples are not equally spaced, then the result is exact only
+    if the function is a polynomial of order 2 or less.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Cartwright, Kenneth V. Simpson's Rule Cumulative Integration with
+           MS Excel and Irregularly-spaced Data. Journal of Mathematical
+           Sciences and Mathematics Education. 12 (2): 1-9
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> x = np.arange(0, 10)
+    >>> y = np.arange(0, 10)
+
+    >>> integrate.simpson(y, x=x)
+    40.5
+
+    >>> y = np.power(x, 3)
+    >>> integrate.simpson(y, x=x)
+    1640.5
+    >>> integrate.quad(lambda x: x**3, 0, 9)[0]
+    1640.25
+
+    >>> integrate.simpson(y, x=x, even='first')
+    1644.5
+
+    """
+    y = np.asarray(y)
+    nd = len(y.shape)
+    N = y.shape[axis]
+    last_dx = dx
+    first_dx = dx
+    returnshape = 0
+    if x is not None:
+        x = np.asarray(x)
+        if len(x.shape) == 1:
+            shapex = [1] * nd
+            shapex[axis] = x.shape[0]
+            saveshape = x.shape
+            returnshape = 1
+            x = x.reshape(tuple(shapex))
+        elif len(x.shape) != len(y.shape):
+            raise ValueError("If given, shape of x must be 1-D or the "
+                             "same as y.")
+        if x.shape[axis] != N:
+            raise ValueError("If given, length of x along axis must be the "
+                             "same as y.")
+
+    # even keyword parameter is deprecated
+    if even is not _NoValue:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'even' keyword is deprecated as of SciPy 1.11.0 and will be "
+            "removed in SciPy 1.14.0",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
+    if N % 2 == 0:
+        val = 0.0
+        result = 0.0
+        slice_all = (slice(None),) * nd
+
+        # default is 'simpson'
+        even = even if even not in (_NoValue, None) else "simpson"
+
+        if even not in ['avg', 'last', 'first', 'simpson']:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Parameter 'even' must be 'simpson', "
+                "'avg', 'last', or 'first'."
+            )
+
+        if N == 2:
+            # need at least 3 points in integration axis to form parabolic
+            # segment. If there are two points then any of 'avg', 'first',
+            # 'last' should give the same result.
+            slice1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -1)
+            slice2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -2)
+            if x is not None:
+                last_dx = x[slice1] - x[slice2]
+            val += 0.5 * last_dx * (y[slice1] + y[slice2])
+
+            # calculation is finished. Set `even` to None to skip other
+            # scenarios
+            even = None
+
+        if even == 'simpson':
+            # use Simpson's rule on first intervals
+            result = _basic_simpson(y, 0, N-3, x, dx, axis)
+
+            slice1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -1)
+            slice2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -2)
+            slice3 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -3)
+
+            h = np.asarray([dx, dx], dtype=np.float64)
+            if x is not None:
+                # grab the last two spacings from the appropriate axis
+                hm2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(-2, -1, 1))
+                hm1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, slice(-1, None, 1))
+
+                diffs = np.float64(np.diff(x, axis=axis))
+                h = [np.squeeze(diffs[hm2], axis=axis),
+                     np.squeeze(diffs[hm1], axis=axis)]
+
+            # This is the correction for the last interval according to
+            # Cartwright.
+            # However, I used the equations given at
+            # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_rule#Composite_Simpson's_rule_for_irregularly_spaced_data
+            # A footnote on Wikipedia says:
+            # Cartwright 2017, Equation 8. The equation in Cartwright is
+            # calculating the first interval whereas the equations in the
+            # Wikipedia article are adjusting for the last integral. If the
+            # proper algebraic substitutions are made, the equation results in
+            # the values shown.
+            num = 2 * h[1] ** 2 + 3 * h[0] * h[1]
+            den = 6 * (h[1] + h[0])
+            alpha = np.true_divide(
+                num,
+                den,
+                out=np.zeros_like(den),
+                where=den != 0
+            )
+
+            num = h[1] ** 2 + 3.0 * h[0] * h[1]
+            den = 6 * h[0]
+            beta = np.true_divide(
+                num,
+                den,
+                out=np.zeros_like(den),
+                where=den != 0
+            )
+
+            num = 1 * h[1] ** 3
+            den = 6 * h[0] * (h[0] + h[1])
+            eta = np.true_divide(
+                num,
+                den,
+                out=np.zeros_like(den),
+                where=den != 0
+            )
+
+            result += alpha*y[slice1] + beta*y[slice2] - eta*y[slice3]
+
+        # The following code (down to result=result+val) can be removed
+        # once the 'even' keyword is removed.
+
+        # Compute using Simpson's rule on first intervals
+        if even in ['avg', 'first']:
+            slice1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -1)
+            slice2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -2)
+            if x is not None:
+                last_dx = x[slice1] - x[slice2]
+            val += 0.5*last_dx*(y[slice1]+y[slice2])
+            result = _basic_simpson(y, 0, N-3, x, dx, axis)
+        # Compute using Simpson's rule on last set of intervals
+        if even in ['avg', 'last']:
+            slice1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, 0)
+            slice2 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, 1)
+            if x is not None:
+                first_dx = x[tuple(slice2)] - x[tuple(slice1)]
+            val += 0.5*first_dx*(y[slice2]+y[slice1])
+            result += _basic_simpson(y, 1, N-2, x, dx, axis)
+        if even == 'avg':
+            val /= 2.0
+            result /= 2.0
+        result = result + val
+    else:
+        result = _basic_simpson(y, 0, N-2, x, dx, axis)
+    if returnshape:
+        x = x.reshape(saveshape)
+    return result
+
+
+def _cumulatively_sum_simpson_integrals(
+    y: np.ndarray, 
+    dx: np.ndarray, 
+    integration_func: Callable[[np.ndarray, np.ndarray], np.ndarray],
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Calculate cumulative sum of Simpson integrals.
+    Takes as input the integration function to be used. 
+    The integration_func is assumed to return the cumulative sum using
+    composite Simpson's rule. Assumes the axis of summation is -1.
+    """
+    sub_integrals_h1 = integration_func(y, dx)
+    sub_integrals_h2 = integration_func(y[..., ::-1], dx[..., ::-1])[..., ::-1]
+    
+    shape = list(sub_integrals_h1.shape)
+    shape[-1] += 1
+    sub_integrals = np.empty(shape)
+    sub_integrals[..., :-1:2] = sub_integrals_h1[..., ::2]
+    sub_integrals[..., 1::2] = sub_integrals_h2[..., ::2]
+    # Integral over last subinterval can only be calculated from 
+    # formula for h2
+    sub_integrals[..., -1] = sub_integrals_h2[..., -1]
+    res = np.cumsum(sub_integrals, axis=-1)
+    return res
+
+
+def _cumulative_simpson_equal_intervals(y: np.ndarray, dx: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Calculate the Simpson integrals for all h1 intervals assuming equal interval
+    widths. The function can also be used to calculate the integral for all
+    h2 intervals by reversing the inputs, `y` and `dx`.
+    """
+    d = dx[..., :-1]
+    f1 = y[..., :-2]
+    f2 = y[..., 1:-1]
+    f3 = y[..., 2:]
+
+    # Calculate integral over the subintervals (eqn (10) of Reference [2])
+    return d / 3 * (5 * f1 / 4 + 2 * f2 - f3 / 4)
+
+
+def _cumulative_simpson_unequal_intervals(y: np.ndarray, dx: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Calculate the Simpson integrals for all h1 intervals assuming unequal interval
+    widths. The function can also be used to calculate the integral for all
+    h2 intervals by reversing the inputs, `y` and `dx`.
+    """
+    x21 = dx[..., :-1]
+    x32 = dx[..., 1:]
+    f1 = y[..., :-2]
+    f2 = y[..., 1:-1]
+    f3 = y[..., 2:]
+
+    x31 = x21 + x32
+    x21_x31 = x21/x31
+    x21_x32 = x21/x32
+    x21x21_x31x32 = x21_x31 * x21_x32
+
+    # Calculate integral over the subintervals (eqn (8) of Reference [2])
+    coeff1 = 3 - x21_x31
+    coeff2 = 3 + x21x21_x31x32 + x21_x31
+    coeff3 = -x21x21_x31x32
+
+    return x21/6 * (coeff1*f1 + coeff2*f2 + coeff3*f3)
+
+
+def _ensure_float_array(arr: npt.ArrayLike) -> np.ndarray:
+    arr = np.asarray(arr)
+    if np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.integer):
+        arr = arr.astype(float, copy=False)
+    return arr
+
+
+def cumulative_simpson(y, *, x=None, dx=1.0, axis=-1, initial=None):
+    r"""
+    Cumulatively integrate y(x) using the composite Simpson's 1/3 rule.
+    The integral of the samples at every point is calculated by assuming a 
+    quadratic relationship between each point and the two adjacent points.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    y : array_like
+        Values to integrate. Requires at least one point along `axis`. If two or fewer
+        points are provided along `axis`, Simpson's integration is not possible and the
+        result is calculated with `cumulative_trapezoid`.
+    x : array_like, optional
+        The coordinate to integrate along. Must have the same shape as `y` or
+        must be 1D with the same length as `y` along `axis`. `x` must also be
+        strictly increasing along `axis`.
+        If `x` is None (default), integration is performed using spacing `dx`
+        between consecutive elements in `y`.
+    dx : scalar or array_like, optional
+        Spacing between elements of `y`. Only used if `x` is None. Can either 
+        be a float, or an array with the same shape as `y`, but of length one along
+        `axis`. Default is 1.0.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Specifies the axis to integrate along. Default is -1 (last axis).
+    initial : scalar or array_like, optional
+        If given, insert this value at the beginning of the returned result,
+        and add it to the rest of the result. Default is None, which means no
+        value at ``x[0]`` is returned and `res` has one element less than `y`
+        along the axis of integration. Can either be a float, or an array with
+        the same shape as `y`, but of length one along `axis`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        The result of cumulative integration of `y` along `axis`.
+        If `initial` is None, the shape is such that the axis of integration
+        has one less value than `y`. If `initial` is given, the shape is equal
+        to that of `y`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.cumsum
+    cumulative_trapezoid : cumulative integration using the composite 
+        trapezoidal rule
+    simpson : integrator for sampled data using the Composite Simpson's Rule
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    The composite Simpson's 1/3 method can be used to approximate the definite 
+    integral of a sampled input function :math:`y(x)` [1]_. The method assumes 
+    a quadratic relationship over the interval containing any three consecutive
+    sampled points.
+
+    Consider three consecutive points: 
+    :math:`(x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), (x_3, y_3)`.
+
+    Assuming a quadratic relationship over the three points, the integral over
+    the subinterval between :math:`x_1` and :math:`x_2` is given by formula
+    (8) of [2]_:
+    
+    .. math::
+        \int_{x_1}^{x_2} y(x) dx\ &= \frac{x_2-x_1}{6}\left[\
+        \left\{3-\frac{x_2-x_1}{x_3-x_1}\right\} y_1 + \
+        \left\{3 + \frac{(x_2-x_1)^2}{(x_3-x_2)(x_3-x_1)} + \
+        \frac{x_2-x_1}{x_3-x_1}\right\} y_2\\
+        - \frac{(x_2-x_1)^2}{(x_3-x_2)(x_3-x_1)} y_3\right]
+
+    The integral between :math:`x_2` and :math:`x_3` is given by swapping
+    appearances of :math:`x_1` and :math:`x_3`. The integral is estimated
+    separately for each subinterval and then cumulatively summed to obtain
+    the final result.
+    
+    For samples that are equally spaced, the result is exact if the function
+    is a polynomial of order three or less [1]_ and the number of subintervals
+    is even. Otherwise, the integral is exact for polynomials of order two or
+    less. 
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_rule
+    .. [2] Cartwright, Kenneth V. Simpson's Rule Cumulative Integration with
+            MS Excel and Irregularly-spaced Data. Journal of Mathematical
+            Sciences and Mathematics Education. 12 (2): 1-9
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> x = np.linspace(-2, 2, num=20)
+    >>> y = x**2
+    >>> y_int = integrate.cumulative_simpson(y, x=x, initial=0)
+    >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+    >>> ax.plot(x, y_int, 'ro', x, x**3/3 - (x[0])**3/3, 'b-')
+    >>> ax.grid()
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    The output of `cumulative_simpson` is similar to that of iteratively
+    calling `simpson` with successively higher upper limits of integration, but
+    not identical.
+
+    >>> def cumulative_simpson_reference(y, x):
+    ...     return np.asarray([integrate.simpson(y[:i], x=x[:i])
+    ...                        for i in range(2, len(y) + 1)])
+    >>>
+    >>> rng = np.random.default_rng(354673834679465)
+    >>> x, y = rng.random(size=(2, 10))
+    >>> x.sort()
+    >>>
+    >>> res = integrate.cumulative_simpson(y, x=x)
+    >>> ref = cumulative_simpson_reference(y, x)
+    >>> equal = np.abs(res - ref) < 1e-15
+    >>> equal  # not equal when `simpson` has even number of subintervals
+    array([False,  True, False,  True, False,  True, False,  True,  True])
+
+    This is expected: because `cumulative_simpson` has access to more
+    information than `simpson`, it can typically produce more accurate
+    estimates of the underlying integral over subintervals.
+
+    """
+    y = _ensure_float_array(y)
+
+    # validate `axis` and standardize to work along the last axis
+    original_y = y
+    original_shape = y.shape
+    try:
+        y = np.swapaxes(y, axis, -1)
+    except IndexError as e:
+        message = f"`axis={axis}` is not valid for `y` with `y.ndim={y.ndim}`."
+        raise ValueError(message) from e
+    if y.shape[-1] < 3:
+        res = cumulative_trapezoid(original_y, x, dx=dx, axis=axis, initial=None)
+        res = np.swapaxes(res, axis, -1)
+
+    elif x is not None:
+        x = _ensure_float_array(x)
+        message = ("If given, shape of `x` must be the same as `y` or 1-D with "
+                   "the same length as `y` along `axis`.")
+        if not (x.shape == original_shape
+                or (x.ndim == 1 and len(x) == original_shape[axis])):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+
+        x = np.broadcast_to(x, y.shape) if x.ndim == 1 else np.swapaxes(x, axis, -1)
+        dx = np.diff(x, axis=-1)
+        if np.any(dx <= 0):
+            raise ValueError("Input x must be strictly increasing.")
+        res = _cumulatively_sum_simpson_integrals(
+            y, dx, _cumulative_simpson_unequal_intervals
+        )
+
+    else:
+        dx = _ensure_float_array(dx)
+        final_dx_shape = tupleset(original_shape, axis, original_shape[axis] - 1)
+        alt_input_dx_shape = tupleset(original_shape, axis, 1)
+        message = ("If provided, `dx` must either be a scalar or have the same "
+                   "shape as `y` but with only 1 point along `axis`.")
+        if not (dx.ndim == 0 or dx.shape == alt_input_dx_shape):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+        dx = np.broadcast_to(dx, final_dx_shape)
+        dx = np.swapaxes(dx, axis, -1)
+        res = _cumulatively_sum_simpson_integrals(
+            y, dx, _cumulative_simpson_equal_intervals
+        )
+
+    if initial is not None:
+        initial = _ensure_float_array(initial)
+        alt_initial_input_shape = tupleset(original_shape, axis, 1)
+        message = ("If provided, `initial` must either be a scalar or have the "
+                   "same shape as `y` but with only 1 point along `axis`.")
+        if not (initial.ndim == 0 or initial.shape == alt_initial_input_shape):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+        initial = np.broadcast_to(initial, alt_initial_input_shape)
+        initial = np.swapaxes(initial, axis, -1)
+
+        res += initial
+        res = np.concatenate((initial, res), axis=-1)
+
+    res = np.swapaxes(res, -1, axis)
+    return res
+
+
+def romb(y, dx=1.0, axis=-1, show=False):
+    """
+    Romberg integration using samples of a function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    y : array_like
+        A vector of ``2**k + 1`` equally-spaced samples of a function.
+    dx : float, optional
+        The sample spacing. Default is 1.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which to integrate. Default is -1 (last axis).
+    show : bool, optional
+        When `y` is a single 1-D array, then if this argument is True
+        print the table showing Richardson extrapolation from the
+        samples. Default is False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    romb : ndarray
+        The integrated result for `axis`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad : adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK
+    romberg : adaptive Romberg quadrature
+    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
+    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
+    dblquad : double integrals
+    tplquad : triple integrals
+    simpson : integrators for sampled data
+    cumulative_trapezoid : cumulative integration for sampled data
+    ode : ODE integrators
+    odeint : ODE integrators
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> x = np.arange(10, 14.25, 0.25)
+    >>> y = np.arange(3, 12)
+
+    >>> integrate.romb(y)
+    56.0
+
+    >>> y = np.sin(np.power(x, 2.5))
+    >>> integrate.romb(y)
+    -0.742561336672229
+
+    >>> integrate.romb(y, show=True)
+    Richardson Extrapolation Table for Romberg Integration
+    ======================================================
+    -0.81576
+     4.63862  6.45674
+    -1.10581 -3.02062 -3.65245
+    -2.57379 -3.06311 -3.06595 -3.05664
+    -1.34093 -0.92997 -0.78776 -0.75160 -0.74256
+    ======================================================
+    -0.742561336672229  # may vary
+
+    """
+    y = np.asarray(y)
+    nd = len(y.shape)
+    Nsamps = y.shape[axis]
+    Ninterv = Nsamps-1
+    n = 1
+    k = 0
+    while n < Ninterv:
+        n <<= 1
+        k += 1
+    if n != Ninterv:
+        raise ValueError("Number of samples must be one plus a "
+                         "non-negative power of 2.")
+
+    R = {}
+    slice_all = (slice(None),) * nd
+    slice0 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, 0)
+    slicem1 = tupleset(slice_all, axis, -1)
+    h = Ninterv * np.asarray(dx, dtype=float)
+    R[(0, 0)] = (y[slice0] + y[slicem1])/2.0*h
+    slice_R = slice_all
+    start = stop = step = Ninterv
+    for i in range(1, k+1):
+        start >>= 1
+        slice_R = tupleset(slice_R, axis, slice(start, stop, step))
+        step >>= 1
+        R[(i, 0)] = 0.5*(R[(i-1, 0)] + h*y[slice_R].sum(axis=axis))
+        for j in range(1, i+1):
+            prev = R[(i, j-1)]
+            R[(i, j)] = prev + (prev-R[(i-1, j-1)]) / ((1 << (2*j))-1)
+        h /= 2.0
+
+    if show:
+        if not np.isscalar(R[(0, 0)]):
+            print("*** Printing table only supported for integrals" +
+                  " of a single data set.")
+        else:
+            try:
+                precis = show[0]
+            except (TypeError, IndexError):
+                precis = 5
+            try:
+                width = show[1]
+            except (TypeError, IndexError):
+                width = 8
+            formstr = "%%%d.%df" % (width, precis)
+
+            title = "Richardson Extrapolation Table for Romberg Integration"
+            print(title, "=" * len(title), sep="\n", end="\n")
+            for i in range(k+1):
+                for j in range(i+1):
+                    print(formstr % R[(i, j)], end=" ")
+                print()
+            print("=" * len(title))
+
+    return R[(k, k)]
+
+# Romberg quadratures for numeric integration.
+#
+# Written by Scott M. Ransom <[email protected]>
+# last revision: 14 Nov 98
+#
+# Cosmetic changes by Konrad Hinsen <[email protected]>
+# last revision: 1999-7-21
+#
+# Adapted to SciPy by Travis Oliphant <[email protected]>
+# last revision: Dec 2001
+
+
+def _difftrap(function, interval, numtraps):
+    """
+    Perform part of the trapezoidal rule to integrate a function.
+    Assume that we had called difftrap with all lower powers-of-2
+    starting with 1. Calling difftrap only returns the summation
+    of the new ordinates. It does _not_ multiply by the width
+    of the trapezoids. This must be performed by the caller.
+        'function' is the function to evaluate (must accept vector arguments).
+        'interval' is a sequence with lower and upper limits
+                   of integration.
+        'numtraps' is the number of trapezoids to use (must be a
+                   power-of-2).
+    """
+    if numtraps <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("numtraps must be > 0 in difftrap().")
+    elif numtraps == 1:
+        return 0.5*(function(interval[0])+function(interval[1]))
+    else:
+        numtosum = numtraps/2
+        h = float(interval[1]-interval[0])/numtosum
+        lox = interval[0] + 0.5 * h
+        points = lox + h * np.arange(numtosum)
+        s = np.sum(function(points), axis=0)
+        return s
+
+
+def _romberg_diff(b, c, k):
+    """
+    Compute the differences for the Romberg quadrature corrections.
+    See Forman Acton's "Real Computing Made Real," p 143.
+    """
+    tmp = 4.0**k
+    return (tmp * c - b)/(tmp - 1.0)
+
+
+def _printresmat(function, interval, resmat):
+    # Print the Romberg result matrix.
+    i = j = 0
+    print('Romberg integration of', repr(function), end=' ')
+    print('from', interval)
+    print('')
+    print('%6s %9s %9s' % ('Steps', 'StepSize', 'Results'))
+    for i in range(len(resmat)):
+        print('%6d %9f' % (2**i, (interval[1]-interval[0])/(2.**i)), end=' ')
+        for j in range(i+1):
+            print('%9f' % (resmat[i][j]), end=' ')
+        print('')
+    print('')
+    print('The final result is', resmat[i][j], end=' ')
+    print('after', 2**(len(resmat)-1)+1, 'function evaluations.')
+
+
+@_deprecated("`scipy.integrate.romberg` is deprecated as of SciPy 1.12.0"
+             "and will be removed in SciPy 1.15.0. Please use"
+             "`scipy.integrate.quad` instead.")
+def romberg(function, a, b, args=(), tol=1.48e-8, rtol=1.48e-8, show=False,
+            divmax=10, vec_func=False):
+    """
+    Romberg integration of a callable function or method.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.12.0
+
+          This function is deprecated as of SciPy 1.12.0 and will be removed
+          in SciPy 1.15.0. Please use `scipy.integrate.quad` instead.
+
+    Returns the integral of `function` (a function of one variable)
+    over the interval (`a`, `b`).
+
+    If `show` is 1, the triangular array of the intermediate results
+    will be printed. If `vec_func` is True (default is False), then
+    `function` is assumed to support vector arguments.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    function : callable
+        Function to be integrated.
+    a : float
+        Lower limit of integration.
+    b : float
+        Upper limit of integration.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    results : float
+        Result of the integration.
+
+    Other Parameters
+    ----------------
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Extra arguments to pass to function. Each element of `args` will
+        be passed as a single argument to `func`. Default is to pass no
+        extra arguments.
+    tol, rtol : float, optional
+        The desired absolute and relative tolerances. Defaults are 1.48e-8.
+    show : bool, optional
+        Whether to print the results. Default is False.
+    divmax : int, optional
+        Maximum order of extrapolation. Default is 10.
+    vec_func : bool, optional
+        Whether `func` handles arrays as arguments (i.e., whether it is a
+        "vector" function). Default is False.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    fixed_quad : Fixed-order Gaussian quadrature.
+    quad : Adaptive quadrature using QUADPACK.
+    dblquad : Double integrals.
+    tplquad : Triple integrals.
+    romb : Integrators for sampled data.
+    simpson : Integrators for sampled data.
+    cumulative_trapezoid : Cumulative integration for sampled data.
+    ode : ODE integrator.
+    odeint : ODE integrator.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] 'Romberg's method' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romberg%27s_method
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Integrate a gaussian from 0 to 1 and compare to the error function.
+
+    >>> from scipy import integrate
+    >>> from scipy.special import erf
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> gaussian = lambda x: 1/np.sqrt(np.pi) * np.exp(-x**2)
+    >>> result = integrate.romberg(gaussian, 0, 1, show=True)
+    Romberg integration of <function vfunc at ...> from [0, 1]
+
+    ::
+
+       Steps  StepSize  Results
+           1  1.000000  0.385872
+           2  0.500000  0.412631  0.421551
+           4  0.250000  0.419184  0.421368  0.421356
+           8  0.125000  0.420810  0.421352  0.421350  0.421350
+          16  0.062500  0.421215  0.421350  0.421350  0.421350  0.421350
+          32  0.031250  0.421317  0.421350  0.421350  0.421350  0.421350  0.421350
+
+    The final result is 0.421350396475 after 33 function evaluations.
+
+    >>> print("%g %g" % (2*result, erf(1)))
+    0.842701 0.842701
+
+    """
+    if np.isinf(a) or np.isinf(b):
+        raise ValueError("Romberg integration only available "
+                         "for finite limits.")
+    vfunc = vectorize1(function, args, vec_func=vec_func)
+    n = 1
+    interval = [a, b]
+    intrange = b - a
+    ordsum = _difftrap(vfunc, interval, n)
+    result = intrange * ordsum
+    resmat = [[result]]
+    err = np.inf
+    last_row = resmat[0]
+    for i in range(1, divmax+1):
+        n *= 2
+        ordsum += _difftrap(vfunc, interval, n)
+        row = [intrange * ordsum / n]
+        for k in range(i):
+            row.append(_romberg_diff(last_row[k], row[k], k+1))
+        result = row[i]
+        lastresult = last_row[i-1]
+        if show:
+            resmat.append(row)
+        err = abs(result - lastresult)
+        if err < tol or err < rtol * abs(result):
+            break
+        last_row = row
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "divmax (%d) exceeded. Latest difference = %e" % (divmax, err),
+            AccuracyWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if show:
+        _printresmat(vfunc, interval, resmat)
+    return result
+
+
+# Coefficients for Newton-Cotes quadrature
+#
+# These are the points being used
+#  to construct the local interpolating polynomial
+#  a are the weights for Newton-Cotes integration
+#  B is the error coefficient.
+#  error in these coefficients grows as N gets larger.
+#  or as samples are closer and closer together
+
+# You can use maxima to find these rational coefficients
+#  for equally spaced data using the commands
+#  a(i,N) := (integrate(product(r-j,j,0,i-1) * product(r-j,j,i+1,N),r,0,N)
+#             / ((N-i)! * i!) * (-1)^(N-i));
+#  Be(N) := N^(N+2)/(N+2)! * (N/(N+3) - sum((i/N)^(N+2)*a(i,N),i,0,N));
+#  Bo(N) := N^(N+1)/(N+1)! * (N/(N+2) - sum((i/N)^(N+1)*a(i,N),i,0,N));
+#  B(N) := (if (mod(N,2)=0) then Be(N) else Bo(N));
+#
+# pre-computed for equally-spaced weights
+#
+# num_a, den_a, int_a, num_B, den_B = _builtincoeffs[N]
+#
+#  a = num_a*array(int_a)/den_a
+#  B = num_B*1.0 / den_B
+#
+#  integrate(f(x),x,x_0,x_N) = dx*sum(a*f(x_i)) + B*(dx)^(2k+3) f^(2k+2)(x*)
+#    where k = N // 2
+#
+_builtincoeffs = {
+    1: (1,2,[1,1],-1,12),
+    2: (1,3,[1,4,1],-1,90),
+    3: (3,8,[1,3,3,1],-3,80),
+    4: (2,45,[7,32,12,32,7],-8,945),
+    5: (5,288,[19,75,50,50,75,19],-275,12096),
+    6: (1,140,[41,216,27,272,27,216,41],-9,1400),
+    7: (7,17280,[751,3577,1323,2989,2989,1323,3577,751],-8183,518400),
+    8: (4,14175,[989,5888,-928,10496,-4540,10496,-928,5888,989],
+        -2368,467775),
+    9: (9,89600,[2857,15741,1080,19344,5778,5778,19344,1080,
+                 15741,2857], -4671, 394240),
+    10: (5,299376,[16067,106300,-48525,272400,-260550,427368,
+                   -260550,272400,-48525,106300,16067],
+         -673175, 163459296),
+    11: (11,87091200,[2171465,13486539,-3237113, 25226685,-9595542,
+                      15493566,15493566,-9595542,25226685,-3237113,
+                      13486539,2171465], -2224234463, 237758976000),
+    12: (1, 5255250, [1364651,9903168,-7587864,35725120,-51491295,
+                      87516288,-87797136,87516288,-51491295,35725120,
+                      -7587864,9903168,1364651], -3012, 875875),
+    13: (13, 402361344000,[8181904909, 56280729661, -31268252574,
+                           156074417954,-151659573325,206683437987,
+                           -43111992612,-43111992612,206683437987,
+                           -151659573325,156074417954,-31268252574,
+                           56280729661,8181904909], -2639651053,
+         344881152000),
+    14: (7, 2501928000, [90241897,710986864,-770720657,3501442784,
+                         -6625093363,12630121616,-16802270373,19534438464,
+                         -16802270373,12630121616,-6625093363,3501442784,
+                         -770720657,710986864,90241897], -3740727473,
+         1275983280000)
+    }
+
+
+def newton_cotes(rn, equal=0):
+    r"""
+    Return weights and error coefficient for Newton-Cotes integration.
+
+    Suppose we have (N+1) samples of f at the positions
+    x_0, x_1, ..., x_N. Then an N-point Newton-Cotes formula for the
+    integral between x_0 and x_N is:
+
+    :math:`\int_{x_0}^{x_N} f(x)dx = \Delta x \sum_{i=0}^{N} a_i f(x_i)
+    + B_N (\Delta x)^{N+2} f^{N+1} (\xi)`
+
+    where :math:`\xi \in [x_0,x_N]`
+    and :math:`\Delta x = \frac{x_N-x_0}{N}` is the average samples spacing.
+
+    If the samples are equally-spaced and N is even, then the error
+    term is :math:`B_N (\Delta x)^{N+3} f^{N+2}(\xi)`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rn : int
+        The integer order for equally-spaced data or the relative positions of
+        the samples with the first sample at 0 and the last at N, where N+1 is
+        the length of `rn`. N is the order of the Newton-Cotes integration.
+    equal : int, optional
+        Set to 1 to enforce equally spaced data.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    an : ndarray
+        1-D array of weights to apply to the function at the provided sample
+        positions.
+    B : float
+        Error coefficient.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Normally, the Newton-Cotes rules are used on smaller integration
+    regions and a composite rule is used to return the total integral.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Compute the integral of sin(x) in [0, :math:`\pi`]:
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import newton_cotes
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> def f(x):
+    ...     return np.sin(x)
+    >>> a = 0
+    >>> b = np.pi
+    >>> exact = 2
+    >>> for N in [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]:
+    ...     x = np.linspace(a, b, N + 1)
+    ...     an, B = newton_cotes(N, 1)
+    ...     dx = (b - a) / N
+    ...     quad = dx * np.sum(an * f(x))
+    ...     error = abs(quad - exact)
+    ...     print('{:2d}  {:10.9f}  {:.5e}'.format(N, quad, error))
+    ...
+     2   2.094395102   9.43951e-02
+     4   1.998570732   1.42927e-03
+     6   2.000017814   1.78136e-05
+     8   1.999999835   1.64725e-07
+    10   2.000000001   1.14677e-09
+
+    """
+    try:
+        N = len(rn)-1
+        if equal:
+            rn = np.arange(N+1)
+        elif np.all(np.diff(rn) == 1):
+            equal = 1
+    except Exception:
+        N = rn
+        rn = np.arange(N+1)
+        equal = 1
+
+    if equal and N in _builtincoeffs:
+        na, da, vi, nb, db = _builtincoeffs[N]
+        an = na * np.array(vi, dtype=float) / da
+        return an, float(nb)/db
+
+    if (rn[0] != 0) or (rn[-1] != N):
+        raise ValueError("The sample positions must start at 0"
+                         " and end at N")
+    yi = rn / float(N)
+    ti = 2 * yi - 1
+    nvec = np.arange(N+1)
+    C = ti ** nvec[:, np.newaxis]
+    Cinv = np.linalg.inv(C)
+    # improve precision of result
+    for i in range(2):
+        Cinv = 2*Cinv - Cinv.dot(C).dot(Cinv)
+    vec = 2.0 / (nvec[::2]+1)
+    ai = Cinv[:, ::2].dot(vec) * (N / 2.)
+
+    if (N % 2 == 0) and equal:
+        BN = N/(N+3.)
+        power = N+2
+    else:
+        BN = N/(N+2.)
+        power = N+1
+
+    BN = BN - np.dot(yi**power, ai)
+    p1 = power+1
+    fac = power*math.log(N) - gammaln(p1)
+    fac = math.exp(fac)
+    return ai, BN*fac
+
+
+def _qmc_quad_iv(func, a, b, n_points, n_estimates, qrng, log):
+
+    # lazy import to avoid issues with partially-initialized submodule
+    if not hasattr(qmc_quad, 'qmc'):
+        from scipy import stats
+        qmc_quad.stats = stats
+    else:
+        stats = qmc_quad.stats
+
+    if not callable(func):
+        message = "`func` must be callable."
+        raise TypeError(message)
+
+    # a, b will be modified, so copy. Oh well if it's copied twice.
+    a = np.atleast_1d(a).copy()
+    b = np.atleast_1d(b).copy()
+    a, b = np.broadcast_arrays(a, b)
+    dim = a.shape[0]
+
+    try:
+        func((a + b) / 2)
+    except Exception as e:
+        message = ("`func` must evaluate the integrand at points within "
+                   "the integration range; e.g. `func( (a + b) / 2)` "
+                   "must return the integrand at the centroid of the "
+                   "integration volume.")
+        raise ValueError(message) from e
+
+    try:
+        func(np.array([a, b]).T)
+        vfunc = func
+    except Exception as e:
+        message = ("Exception encountered when attempting vectorized call to "
+                   f"`func`: {e}. For better performance, `func` should "
+                   "accept two-dimensional array `x` with shape `(len(a), "
+                   "n_points)` and return an array of the integrand value at "
+                   "each of the `n_points.")
+        warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=3)
+
+        def vfunc(x):
+            return np.apply_along_axis(func, axis=-1, arr=x)
+
+    n_points_int = np.int64(n_points)
+    if n_points != n_points_int:
+        message = "`n_points` must be an integer."
+        raise TypeError(message)
+
+    n_estimates_int = np.int64(n_estimates)
+    if n_estimates != n_estimates_int:
+        message = "`n_estimates` must be an integer."
+        raise TypeError(message)
+
+    if qrng is None:
+        qrng = stats.qmc.Halton(dim)
+    elif not isinstance(qrng, stats.qmc.QMCEngine):
+        message = "`qrng` must be an instance of scipy.stats.qmc.QMCEngine."
+        raise TypeError(message)
+
+    if qrng.d != a.shape[0]:
+        message = ("`qrng` must be initialized with dimensionality equal to "
+                   "the number of variables in `a`, i.e., "
+                   "`qrng.random().shape[-1]` must equal `a.shape[0]`.")
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    rng_seed = getattr(qrng, 'rng_seed', None)
+    rng = stats._qmc.check_random_state(rng_seed)
+
+    if log not in {True, False}:
+        message = "`log` must be boolean (`True` or `False`)."
+        raise TypeError(message)
+
+    return (vfunc, a, b, n_points_int, n_estimates_int, qrng, rng, log, stats)
+
+
+QMCQuadResult = namedtuple('QMCQuadResult', ['integral', 'standard_error'])
+
+
+def qmc_quad(func, a, b, *, n_estimates=8, n_points=1024, qrng=None,
+             log=False):
+    """
+    Compute an integral in N-dimensions using Quasi-Monte Carlo quadrature.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable
+        The integrand. Must accept a single argument ``x``, an array which
+        specifies the point(s) at which to evaluate the scalar-valued
+        integrand, and return the value(s) of the integrand.
+        For efficiency, the function should be vectorized to accept an array of
+        shape ``(d, n_points)``, where ``d`` is the number of variables (i.e.
+        the dimensionality of the function domain) and `n_points` is the number
+        of quadrature points, and return an array of shape ``(n_points,)``,
+        the integrand at each quadrature point.
+    a, b : array-like
+        One-dimensional arrays specifying the lower and upper integration
+        limits, respectively, of each of the ``d`` variables.
+    n_estimates, n_points : int, optional
+        `n_estimates` (default: 8) statistically independent QMC samples, each
+        of `n_points` (default: 1024) points, will be generated by `qrng`.
+        The total number of points at which the integrand `func` will be
+        evaluated is ``n_points * n_estimates``. See Notes for details.
+    qrng : `~scipy.stats.qmc.QMCEngine`, optional
+        An instance of the QMCEngine from which to sample QMC points.
+        The QMCEngine must be initialized to a number of dimensions ``d``
+        corresponding with the number of variables ``x1, ..., xd`` passed to
+        `func`.
+        The provided QMCEngine is used to produce the first integral estimate.
+        If `n_estimates` is greater than one, additional QMCEngines are
+        spawned from the first (with scrambling enabled, if it is an option.)
+        If a QMCEngine is not provided, the default `scipy.stats.qmc.Halton`
+        will be initialized with the number of dimensions determine from
+        the length of `a`.
+    log : boolean, default: False
+        When set to True, `func` returns the log of the integrand, and
+        the result object contains the log of the integral.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    result : object
+        A result object with attributes:
+
+        integral : float
+            The estimate of the integral.
+        standard_error :
+            The error estimate. See Notes for interpretation.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Values of the integrand at each of the `n_points` points of a QMC sample
+    are used to produce an estimate of the integral. This estimate is drawn
+    from a population of possible estimates of the integral, the value of
+    which we obtain depends on the particular points at which the integral
+    was evaluated. We perform this process `n_estimates` times, each time
+    evaluating the integrand at different scrambled QMC points, effectively
+    drawing i.i.d. random samples from the population of integral estimates.
+    The sample mean :math:`m` of these integral estimates is an
+    unbiased estimator of the true value of the integral, and the standard
+    error of the mean :math:`s` of these estimates may be used to generate
+    confidence intervals using the t distribution with ``n_estimates - 1``
+    degrees of freedom. Perhaps counter-intuitively, increasing `n_points`
+    while keeping the total number of function evaluation points
+    ``n_points * n_estimates`` fixed tends to reduce the actual error, whereas
+    increasing `n_estimates` tends to decrease the error estimate.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    QMC quadrature is particularly useful for computing integrals in higher
+    dimensions. An example integrand is the probability density function
+    of a multivariate normal distribution.
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+    >>> dim = 8
+    >>> mean = np.zeros(dim)
+    >>> cov = np.eye(dim)
+    >>> def func(x):
+    ...     # `multivariate_normal` expects the _last_ axis to correspond with
+    ...     # the dimensionality of the space, so `x` must be transposed
+    ...     return stats.multivariate_normal.pdf(x.T, mean, cov)
+
+    To compute the integral over the unit hypercube:
+
+    >>> from scipy.integrate import qmc_quad
+    >>> a = np.zeros(dim)
+    >>> b = np.ones(dim)
+    >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
+    >>> qrng = stats.qmc.Halton(d=dim, seed=rng)
+    >>> n_estimates = 8
+    >>> res = qmc_quad(func, a, b, n_estimates=n_estimates, qrng=qrng)
+    >>> res.integral, res.standard_error
+    (0.00018429555666024108, 1.0389431116001344e-07)
+
+    A two-sided, 99% confidence interval for the integral may be estimated
+    as:
+
+    >>> t = stats.t(df=n_estimates-1, loc=res.integral,
+    ...             scale=res.standard_error)
+    >>> t.interval(0.99)
+    (0.0001839319802536469, 0.00018465913306683527)
+
+    Indeed, the value reported by `scipy.stats.multivariate_normal` is
+    within this range.
+
+    >>> stats.multivariate_normal.cdf(b, mean, cov, lower_limit=a)
+    0.00018430867675187443
+
+    """
+    args = _qmc_quad_iv(func, a, b, n_points, n_estimates, qrng, log)
+    func, a, b, n_points, n_estimates, qrng, rng, log, stats = args
+
+    def sum_product(integrands, dA, log=False):
+        if log:
+            return logsumexp(integrands) + np.log(dA)
+        else:
+            return np.sum(integrands * dA)
+
+    def mean(estimates, log=False):
+        if log:
+            return logsumexp(estimates) - np.log(n_estimates)
+        else:
+            return np.mean(estimates)
+
+    def std(estimates, m=None, ddof=0, log=False):
+        m = m or mean(estimates, log)
+        if log:
+            estimates, m = np.broadcast_arrays(estimates, m)
+            temp = np.vstack((estimates, m + np.pi * 1j))
+            diff = logsumexp(temp, axis=0)
+            return np.real(0.5 * (logsumexp(2 * diff)
+                                  - np.log(n_estimates - ddof)))
+        else:
+            return np.std(estimates, ddof=ddof)
+
+    def sem(estimates, m=None, s=None, log=False):
+        m = m or mean(estimates, log)
+        s = s or std(estimates, m, ddof=1, log=log)
+        if log:
+            return s - 0.5*np.log(n_estimates)
+        else:
+            return s / np.sqrt(n_estimates)
+
+    # The sign of the integral depends on the order of the limits. Fix this by
+    # ensuring that lower bounds are indeed lower and setting sign of resulting
+    # integral manually
+    if np.any(a == b):
+        message = ("A lower limit was equal to an upper limit, so the value "
+                   "of the integral is zero by definition.")
+        warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=2)
+        return QMCQuadResult(-np.inf if log else 0, 0)
+
+    i_swap = b < a
+    sign = (-1)**(i_swap.sum(axis=-1))  # odd # of swaps -> negative
+    a[i_swap], b[i_swap] = b[i_swap], a[i_swap]
+
+    A = np.prod(b - a)
+    dA = A / n_points
+
+    estimates = np.zeros(n_estimates)
+    rngs = _rng_spawn(qrng.rng, n_estimates)
+    for i in range(n_estimates):
+        # Generate integral estimate
+        sample = qrng.random(n_points)
+        # The rationale for transposing is that this allows users to easily
+        # unpack `x` into separate variables, if desired. This is consistent
+        # with the `xx` array passed into the `scipy.integrate.nquad` `func`.
+        x = stats.qmc.scale(sample, a, b).T  # (n_dim, n_points)
+        integrands = func(x)
+        estimates[i] = sum_product(integrands, dA, log)
+
+        # Get a new, independently-scrambled QRNG for next time
+        qrng = type(qrng)(seed=rngs[i], **qrng._init_quad)
+
+    integral = mean(estimates, log)
+    standard_error = sem(estimates, m=integral, log=log)
+    integral = integral + np.pi*1j if (log and sign < 0) else integral*sign
+    return QMCQuadResult(integral, standard_error)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/_tanhsinh.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1231 @@
+# mypy: disable-error-code="attr-defined"
+import numpy as np
+from scipy import special
+import scipy._lib._elementwise_iterative_method as eim
+from scipy._lib._util import _RichResult
+
+# todo:
+#  figure out warning situation
+#  address https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/18650#discussion_r1233032521
+#  without `minweight`, we are also suppressing infinities within the interval.
+#    Is that OK? If so, we can probably get rid of `status=3`.
+#  Add heuristic to stop when improvement is too slow / antithrashing
+#  support singularities? interval subdivision? this feature will be added
+#    eventually, but do we adjust the interface now?
+#  When doing log-integration, should the tolerances control the error of the
+#    log-integral or the error of the integral?  The trouble is that `log`
+#    inherently looses some precision so it may not be possible to refine
+#    the integral further. Example: 7th moment of stats.f(15, 20)
+#  respect function evaluation limit?
+#  make public?
+
+
+def _tanhsinh(f, a, b, *, args=(), log=False, maxfun=None, maxlevel=None,
+              minlevel=2, atol=None, rtol=None, preserve_shape=False,
+              callback=None):
+    """Evaluate a convergent integral numerically using tanh-sinh quadrature.
+
+    In practice, tanh-sinh quadrature achieves quadratic convergence for
+    many integrands: the number of accurate *digits* scales roughly linearly
+    with the number of function evaluations [1]_.
+
+    Either or both of the limits of integration may be infinite, and
+    singularities at the endpoints are acceptable. Divergent integrals and
+    integrands with non-finite derivatives or singularities within an interval
+    are out of scope, but the latter may be evaluated be calling `_tanhsinh` on
+    each sub-interval separately.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : callable
+        The function to be integrated. The signature must be::
+            func(x: ndarray, *fargs) -> ndarray
+         where each element of ``x`` is a finite real and ``fargs`` is a tuple,
+         which may contain an arbitrary number of arrays that are broadcastable
+         with `x`. ``func`` must be an elementwise-scalar function; see
+         documentation of parameter `preserve_shape` for details.
+         If ``func`` returns a value with complex dtype when evaluated at
+         either endpoint, subsequent arguments ``x`` will have complex dtype
+         (but zero imaginary part).
+    a, b : array_like
+        Real lower and upper limits of integration. Must be broadcastable.
+        Elements may be infinite.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Additional positional arguments to be passed to `func`. Must be arrays
+        broadcastable with `a` and `b`. If the callable to be integrated
+        requires arguments that are not broadcastable with `a` and `b`, wrap
+        that callable with `f`. See Examples.
+    log : bool, default: False
+        Setting to True indicates that `f` returns the log of the integrand
+        and that `atol` and `rtol` are expressed as the logs of the absolute
+        and relative errors. In this case, the result object will contain the
+        log of the integral and error. This is useful for integrands for which
+        numerical underflow or overflow would lead to inaccuracies.
+        When ``log=True``, the integrand (the exponential of `f`) must be real,
+        but it may be negative, in which case the log of the integrand is a
+        complex number with an imaginary part that is an odd multiple of π.
+    maxlevel : int, default: 10
+        The maximum refinement level of the algorithm.
+
+        At the zeroth level, `f` is called once, performing 16 function
+        evaluations. At each subsequent level, `f` is called once more,
+        approximately doubling the number of function evaluations that have
+        been performed. Accordingly, for many integrands, each successive level
+        will double the number of accurate digits in the result (up to the
+        limits of floating point precision).
+
+        The algorithm will terminate after completing level `maxlevel` or after
+        another termination condition is satisfied, whichever comes first.
+    minlevel : int, default: 2
+        The level at which to begin iteration (default: 2). This does not
+        change the total number of function evaluations or the abscissae at
+        which the function is evaluated; it changes only the *number of times*
+        `f` is called. If ``minlevel=k``, then the integrand is evaluated at
+        all abscissae from levels ``0`` through ``k`` in a single call.
+        Note that if `minlevel` exceeds `maxlevel`, the provided `minlevel` is
+        ignored, and `minlevel` is set equal to `maxlevel`.
+    atol, rtol : float, optional
+        Absolute termination tolerance (default: 0) and relative termination
+        tolerance (default: ``eps**0.75``, where ``eps`` is the precision of
+        the result dtype), respectively. The error estimate is as
+        described in [1]_ Section 5. While not theoretically rigorous or
+        conservative, it is said to work well in practice. Must be non-negative
+        and finite if `log` is False, and must be expressed as the log of a
+        non-negative and finite number if `log` is True.
+    preserve_shape : bool, default: False
+        In the following, "arguments of `f`" refers to the array ``x`` and
+        any arrays within ``fargs``. Let ``shape`` be the broadcasted shape
+        of `a`, `b`, and all elements of `args` (which is conceptually
+        distinct from ``fargs`` passed into `f`).
+
+        - When ``preserve_shape=False`` (default), `f` must accept arguments
+          of *any* broadcastable shapes.
+
+        - When ``preserve_shape=True``, `f` must accept arguments of shape
+          ``shape`` *or* ``shape + (n,)``, where ``(n,)`` is the number of
+          abscissae at which the function is being evaluated.
+
+        In either case, for each scalar element ``xi`` within `x`, the array
+        returned by `f` must include the scalar ``f(xi)`` at the same index.
+        Consequently, the shape of the output is always the shape of the input
+        ``x``.
+
+        See Examples.
+
+    callback : callable, optional
+        An optional user-supplied function to be called before the first
+        iteration and after each iteration.
+        Called as ``callback(res)``, where ``res`` is a ``_RichResult``
+        similar to that returned by `_differentiate` (but containing the
+        current iterate's values of all variables). If `callback` raises a
+        ``StopIteration``, the algorithm will terminate immediately and
+        `_tanhsinh` will return a result object.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : _RichResult
+        An instance of `scipy._lib._util._RichResult` with the following
+        attributes. (The descriptions are written as though the values will be
+        scalars; however, if `func` returns an array, the outputs will be
+        arrays of the same shape.)
+        success : bool
+            ``True`` when the algorithm terminated successfully (status ``0``).
+        status : int
+            An integer representing the exit status of the algorithm.
+            ``0`` : The algorithm converged to the specified tolerances.
+            ``-1`` : (unused)
+            ``-2`` : The maximum number of iterations was reached.
+            ``-3`` : A non-finite value was encountered.
+            ``-4`` : Iteration was terminated by `callback`.
+            ``1`` : The algorithm is proceeding normally (in `callback` only).
+        integral : float
+            An estimate of the integral
+        error : float
+            An estimate of the error. Only available if level two or higher
+            has been completed; otherwise NaN.
+        maxlevel : int
+            The maximum refinement level used.
+        nfev : int
+            The number of points at which `func` was evaluated.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    quad, quadrature
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Implements the algorithm as described in [1]_ with minor adaptations for
+    finite-precision arithmetic, including some described by [2]_ and [3]_. The
+    tanh-sinh scheme was originally introduced in [4]_.
+
+    Due to floating-point error in the abscissae, the function may be evaluated
+    at the endpoints of the interval during iterations. The values returned by
+    the function at the endpoints will be ignored.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    [1] Bailey, David H., Karthik Jeyabalan, and Xiaoye S. Li. "A comparison of
+        three high-precision quadrature schemes." Experimental Mathematics 14.3
+        (2005): 317-329.
+    [2] Vanherck, Joren, Bart Sorée, and Wim Magnus. "Tanh-sinh quadrature for
+        single and multiple integration using floating-point arithmetic."
+        arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.15057 (2020).
+    [3] van Engelen, Robert A.  "Improving the Double Exponential Quadrature
+        Tanh-Sinh, Sinh-Sinh and Exp-Sinh Formulas."
+        https://www.genivia.com/files/qthsh.pdf
+    [4] Takahasi, Hidetosi, and Masatake Mori. "Double exponential formulas for
+        numerical integration." Publications of the Research Institute for
+        Mathematical Sciences 9.3 (1974): 721-741.
+
+    Example
+    -------
+    Evaluate the Gaussian integral:
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy.integrate._tanhsinh import _tanhsinh
+    >>> def f(x):
+    ...     return np.exp(-x**2)
+    >>> res = _tanhsinh(f, -np.inf, np.inf)
+    >>> res.integral  # true value is np.sqrt(np.pi), 1.7724538509055159
+     1.7724538509055159
+    >>> res.error  # actual error is 0
+    4.0007963937534104e-16
+
+    The value of the Gaussian function (bell curve) is nearly zero for
+    arguments sufficiently far from zero, so the value of the integral
+    over a finite interval is nearly the same.
+
+    >>> _tanhsinh(f, -20, 20).integral
+    1.772453850905518
+
+    However, with unfavorable integration limits, the integration scheme
+    may not be able to find the important region.
+
+    >>> _tanhsinh(f, -np.inf, 1000).integral
+    4.500490856620352
+
+    In such cases, or when there are singularities within the interval,
+    break the integral into parts with endpoints at the important points.
+
+    >>> _tanhsinh(f, -np.inf, 0).integral + _tanhsinh(f, 0, 1000).integral
+    1.772453850905404
+
+    For integration involving very large or very small magnitudes, use
+    log-integration. (For illustrative purposes, the following example shows a
+    case in which both regular and log-integration work, but for more extreme
+    limits of integration, log-integration would avoid the underflow
+    experienced when evaluating the integral normally.)
+
+    >>> res = _tanhsinh(f, 20, 30, rtol=1e-10)
+    >>> res.integral, res.error
+    4.7819613911309014e-176, 4.670364401645202e-187
+    >>> def log_f(x):
+    ...     return -x**2
+    >>> np.exp(res.integral), np.exp(res.error)
+    4.7819613911306924e-176, 4.670364401645093e-187
+
+    The limits of integration and elements of `args` may be broadcastable
+    arrays, and integration is performed elementwise.
+
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+    >>> dist = stats.gausshyper(13.8, 3.12, 2.51, 5.18)
+    >>> a, b = dist.support()
+    >>> x = np.linspace(a, b, 100)
+    >>> res = _tanhsinh(dist.pdf, a, x)
+    >>> ref = dist.cdf(x)
+    >>> np.allclose(res.integral, ref)
+
+    By default, `preserve_shape` is False, and therefore the callable
+    `f` may be called with arrays of any broadcastable shapes.
+    For example:
+
+    >>> shapes = []
+    >>> def f(x, c):
+    ...    shape = np.broadcast_shapes(x.shape, c.shape)
+    ...    shapes.append(shape)
+    ...    return np.sin(c*x)
+    >>>
+    >>> c = [1, 10, 30, 100]
+    >>> res = _tanhsinh(f, 0, 1, args=(c,), minlevel=1)
+    >>> shapes
+    [(4,), (4, 66), (3, 64), (2, 128), (1, 256)]
+
+    To understand where these shapes are coming from - and to better
+    understand how `_tanhsinh` computes accurate results - note that
+    higher values of ``c`` correspond with higher frequency sinusoids.
+    The higher frequency sinusoids make the integrand more complicated,
+    so more function evaluations are required to achieve the target
+    accuracy:
+
+    >>> res.nfev
+    array([ 67, 131, 259, 515])
+
+    The initial ``shape``, ``(4,)``, corresponds with evaluating the
+    integrand at a single abscissa and all four frequencies; this is used
+    for input validation and to determine the size and dtype of the arrays
+    that store results. The next shape corresponds with evaluating the
+    integrand at an initial grid of abscissae and all four frequencies.
+    Successive calls to the function double the total number of abscissae at
+    which the function has been evaluated. However, in later function
+    evaluations, the integrand is evaluated at fewer frequencies because
+    the corresponding integral has already converged to the required
+    tolerance. This saves function evaluations to improve performance, but
+    it requires the function to accept arguments of any shape.
+
+    "Vector-valued" integrands, such as those written for use with
+    `scipy.integrate.quad_vec`, are unlikely to satisfy this requirement.
+    For example, consider
+
+    >>> def f(x):
+    ...    return [x, np.sin(10*x), np.cos(30*x), x*np.sin(100*x)**2]
+
+    This integrand is not compatible with `_tanhsinh` as written; for instance,
+    the shape of the output will not be the same as the shape of ``x``. Such a
+    function *could* be converted to a compatible form with the introduction of
+    additional parameters, but this would be inconvenient. In such cases,
+    a simpler solution would be to use `preserve_shape`.
+
+    >>> shapes = []
+    >>> def f(x):
+    ...     shapes.append(x.shape)
+    ...     x0, x1, x2, x3 = x
+    ...     return [x0, np.sin(10*x1), np.cos(30*x2), x3*np.sin(100*x3)]
+    >>>
+    >>> a = np.zeros(4)
+    >>> res = _tanhsinh(f, a, 1, preserve_shape=True)
+    >>> shapes
+    [(4,), (4, 66), (4, 64), (4, 128), (4, 256)]
+
+    Here, the broadcasted shape of `a` and `b` is ``(4,)``. With
+    ``preserve_shape=True``, the function may be called with argument
+    ``x`` of shape ``(4,)`` or ``(4, n)``, and this is what we observe.
+
+    """
+    (f, a, b, log, maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel,
+     atol, rtol, args, preserve_shape, callback) = _tanhsinh_iv(
+        f, a, b, log, maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel, atol,
+        rtol, args, preserve_shape, callback)
+
+    # Initialization
+    # `eim._initialize` does several important jobs, including
+    # ensuring that limits, each of the `args`, and the output of `f`
+    # broadcast correctly and are of consistent types. To save a function
+    # evaluation, I pass the midpoint of the integration interval. This comes
+    # at a cost of some gymnastics to ensure that the midpoint has the right
+    # shape and dtype. Did you know that 0d and >0d arrays follow different
+    # type promotion rules?
+    with np.errstate(over='ignore', invalid='ignore', divide='ignore'):
+        c = ((a.ravel() + b.ravel())/2).reshape(a.shape)
+        inf_a, inf_b = np.isinf(a), np.isinf(b)
+        c[inf_a] = b[inf_a] - 1  # takes care of infinite a
+        c[inf_b] = a[inf_b] + 1  # takes care of infinite b
+        c[inf_a & inf_b] = 0  # takes care of infinite a and b
+        temp = eim._initialize(f, (c,), args, complex_ok=True,
+                               preserve_shape=preserve_shape)
+    f, xs, fs, args, shape, dtype = temp
+    a = np.broadcast_to(a, shape).astype(dtype).ravel()
+    b = np.broadcast_to(b, shape).astype(dtype).ravel()
+
+    # Transform improper integrals
+    a, b, a0, negative, abinf, ainf, binf = _transform_integrals(a, b)
+
+    # Define variables we'll need
+    nit, nfev = 0, 1  # one function evaluation performed above
+    zero = -np.inf if log else 0
+    pi = dtype.type(np.pi)
+    maxiter = maxlevel - minlevel + 1
+    eps = np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    if rtol is None:
+        rtol = 0.75*np.log(eps) if log else eps**0.75
+
+    Sn = np.full(shape, zero, dtype=dtype).ravel()  # latest integral estimate
+    Sn[np.isnan(a) | np.isnan(b) | np.isnan(fs[0])] = np.nan
+    Sk = np.empty_like(Sn).reshape(-1, 1)[:, 0:0]  # all integral estimates
+    aerr = np.full(shape, np.nan, dtype=dtype).ravel()  # absolute error
+    status = np.full(shape, eim._EINPROGRESS, dtype=int).ravel()
+    h0 = np.real(_get_base_step(dtype=dtype))  # base step
+
+    # For term `d4` of error estimate ([1] Section 5), we need to keep the
+    # most extreme abscissae and corresponding `fj`s, `wj`s in Euler-Maclaurin
+    # sum. Here, we initialize these variables.
+    xr0 = np.full(shape, -np.inf, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    fr0 = np.full(shape, np.nan, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    wr0 = np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    xl0 = np.full(shape, np.inf, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    fl0 = np.full(shape, np.nan, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    wl0 = np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+    d4 = np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype).ravel()
+
+    work = _RichResult(
+        Sn=Sn, Sk=Sk, aerr=aerr, h=h0, log=log, dtype=dtype, pi=pi, eps=eps,
+        a=a.reshape(-1, 1), b=b.reshape(-1, 1),  # integration limits
+        n=minlevel, nit=nit, nfev=nfev, status=status,  # iter/eval counts
+        xr0=xr0, fr0=fr0, wr0=wr0, xl0=xl0, fl0=fl0, wl0=wl0, d4=d4,  # err est
+        ainf=ainf, binf=binf, abinf=abinf, a0=a0.reshape(-1, 1))  # transforms
+    # Constant scalars don't need to be put in `work` unless they need to be
+    # passed outside `tanhsinh`. Examples: atol, rtol, h0, minlevel.
+
+    # Correspondence between terms in the `work` object and the result
+    res_work_pairs = [('status', 'status'), ('integral', 'Sn'),
+                      ('error', 'aerr'), ('nit', 'nit'), ('nfev', 'nfev')]
+
+    def pre_func_eval(work):
+        # Determine abscissae at which to evaluate `f`
+        work.h = h0 / 2**work.n
+        xjc, wj = _get_pairs(work.n, h0, dtype=work.dtype,
+                             inclusive=(work.n == minlevel))
+        work.xj, work.wj = _transform_to_limits(xjc, wj, work.a, work.b)
+
+        # Perform abscissae substitutions for infinite limits of integration
+        xj = work.xj.copy()
+        xj[work.abinf] = xj[work.abinf] / (1 - xj[work.abinf]**2)
+        xj[work.binf] = 1/xj[work.binf] - 1 + work.a0[work.binf]
+        xj[work.ainf] *= -1
+        return xj
+
+    def post_func_eval(x, fj, work):
+        # Weight integrand as required by substitutions for infinite limits
+        if work.log:
+            fj[work.abinf] += (np.log(1 + work.xj[work.abinf] ** 2)
+                               - 2*np.log(1 - work.xj[work.abinf] ** 2))
+            fj[work.binf] -= 2 * np.log(work.xj[work.binf])
+        else:
+            fj[work.abinf] *= ((1 + work.xj[work.abinf]**2) /
+                               (1 - work.xj[work.abinf]**2)**2)
+            fj[work.binf] *= work.xj[work.binf]**-2.
+
+        # Estimate integral with Euler-Maclaurin Sum
+        fjwj, Sn = _euler_maclaurin_sum(fj, work)
+        if work.Sk.shape[-1]:
+            Snm1 = work.Sk[:, -1]
+            Sn = (special.logsumexp([Snm1 - np.log(2), Sn], axis=0) if log
+                  else Snm1 / 2 + Sn)
+
+        work.fjwj = fjwj
+        work.Sn = Sn
+
+    def check_termination(work):
+        """Terminate due to convergence or encountering non-finite values"""
+        stop = np.zeros(work.Sn.shape, dtype=bool)
+
+        # Terminate before first iteration if integration limits are equal
+        if work.nit == 0:
+            i = (work.a == work.b).ravel()  # ravel singleton dimension
+            zero = -np.inf if log else 0
+            work.Sn[i] = zero
+            work.aerr[i] = zero
+            work.status[i] = eim._ECONVERGED
+            stop[i] = True
+        else:
+            # Terminate if convergence criterion is met
+            work.rerr, work.aerr = _estimate_error(work)
+            i = ((work.rerr < rtol) | (work.rerr + np.real(work.Sn) < atol) if log
+                 else (work.rerr < rtol) | (work.rerr * abs(work.Sn) < atol))
+            work.status[i] = eim._ECONVERGED
+            stop[i] = True
+
+        # Terminate if integral estimate becomes invalid
+        if log:
+            i = (np.isposinf(np.real(work.Sn)) | np.isnan(work.Sn)) & ~stop
+        else:
+            i = ~np.isfinite(work.Sn) & ~stop
+        work.status[i] = eim._EVALUEERR
+        stop[i] = True
+
+        return stop
+
+    def post_termination_check(work):
+        work.n += 1
+        work.Sk = np.concatenate((work.Sk, work.Sn[:, np.newaxis]), axis=-1)
+        return
+
+    def customize_result(res, shape):
+        # If the integration limits were such that b < a, we reversed them
+        # to perform the calculation, and the final result needs to be negated.
+        if log and np.any(negative):
+            pi = res['integral'].dtype.type(np.pi)
+            j = np.complex64(1j)  # minimum complex type
+            res['integral'] = res['integral'] + negative*pi*j
+        else:
+            res['integral'][negative] *= -1
+
+        # For this algorithm, it seems more appropriate to report the maximum
+        # level rather than the number of iterations in which it was performed.
+        res['maxlevel'] = minlevel + res['nit'] - 1
+        res['maxlevel'][res['nit'] == 0] = -1
+        del res['nit']
+        return shape
+
+    # Suppress all warnings initially, since there are many places in the code
+    # for which this is expected behavior.
+    with np.errstate(over='ignore', invalid='ignore', divide='ignore'):
+        res = eim._loop(work, callback, shape, maxiter, f, args, dtype, pre_func_eval,
+                        post_func_eval, check_termination, post_termination_check,
+                        customize_result, res_work_pairs, preserve_shape)
+    return res
+
+
+def _get_base_step(dtype=np.float64):
+    # Compute the base step length for the provided dtype. Theoretically, the
+    # Euler-Maclaurin sum is infinite, but it gets cut off when either the
+    # weights underflow or the abscissae cannot be distinguished from the
+    # limits of integration. The latter happens to occur first for float32 and
+    # float64, and it occurs when `xjc` (the abscissa complement)
+    # in `_compute_pair` underflows. We can solve for the argument `tmax` at
+    # which it will underflow using [2] Eq. 13.
+    fmin = 4*np.finfo(dtype).tiny  # stay a little away from the limit
+    tmax = np.arcsinh(np.log(2/fmin - 1) / np.pi)
+
+    # Based on this, we can choose a base step size `h` for level 0.
+    # The number of function evaluations will be `2 + m*2^(k+1)`, where `k` is
+    # the level and `m` is an integer we get to choose. I choose
+    # m = _N_BASE_STEPS = `8` somewhat arbitrarily, but a rationale is that a
+    # power of 2 makes floating point arithmetic more predictable. It also
+    # results in a base step size close to `1`, which is what [1] uses (and I
+    # used here until I found [2] and these ideas settled).
+    h0 = tmax / _N_BASE_STEPS
+    return h0.astype(dtype)
+
+
+_N_BASE_STEPS = 8
+
+
+def _compute_pair(k, h0):
+    # Compute the abscissa-weight pairs for each level k. See [1] page 9.
+
+    # For now, we compute and store in 64-bit precision. If higher-precision
+    # data types become better supported, it would be good to compute these
+    # using the highest precision available. Or, once there is an Array API-
+    # compatible arbitrary precision array, we can compute at the required
+    # precision.
+
+    # "....each level k of abscissa-weight pairs uses h = 2 **-k"
+    # We adapt to floating point arithmetic using ideas of [2].
+    h = h0 / 2**k
+    max = _N_BASE_STEPS * 2**k
+
+    # For iterations after the first, "....the integrand function needs to be
+    # evaluated only at the odd-indexed abscissas at each level."
+    j = np.arange(max+1) if k == 0 else np.arange(1, max+1, 2)
+    jh = j * h
+
+    # "In this case... the weights wj = u1/cosh(u2)^2, where..."
+    pi_2 = np.pi / 2
+    u1 = pi_2*np.cosh(jh)
+    u2 = pi_2*np.sinh(jh)
+    # Denominators get big here. Overflow then underflow doesn't need warning.
+    # with np.errstate(under='ignore', over='ignore'):
+    wj = u1 / np.cosh(u2)**2
+    # "We actually store 1-xj = 1/(...)."
+    xjc = 1 / (np.exp(u2) * np.cosh(u2))  # complement of xj = np.tanh(u2)
+
+    # When level k == 0, the zeroth xj corresponds with xj = 0. To simplify
+    # code, the function will be evaluated there twice; each gets half weight.
+    wj[0] = wj[0] / 2 if k == 0 else wj[0]
+
+    return xjc, wj  # store at full precision
+
+
+def _pair_cache(k, h0):
+    # Cache the abscissa-weight pairs up to a specified level.
+    # Abscissae and weights of consecutive levels are concatenated.
+    # `index` records the indices that correspond with each level:
+    # `xjc[index[k]:index[k+1]` extracts the level `k` abscissae.
+    if h0 != _pair_cache.h0:
+        _pair_cache.xjc = np.empty(0)
+        _pair_cache.wj = np.empty(0)
+        _pair_cache.indices = [0]
+
+    xjcs = [_pair_cache.xjc]
+    wjs = [_pair_cache.wj]
+
+    for i in range(len(_pair_cache.indices)-1, k + 1):
+        xjc, wj = _compute_pair(i, h0)
+        xjcs.append(xjc)
+        wjs.append(wj)
+        _pair_cache.indices.append(_pair_cache.indices[-1] + len(xjc))
+
+    _pair_cache.xjc = np.concatenate(xjcs)
+    _pair_cache.wj = np.concatenate(wjs)
+    _pair_cache.h0 = h0
+
+_pair_cache.xjc = np.empty(0)
+_pair_cache.wj = np.empty(0)
+_pair_cache.indices = [0]
+_pair_cache.h0 = None
+
+
+def _get_pairs(k, h0, inclusive=False, dtype=np.float64):
+    # Retrieve the specified abscissa-weight pairs from the cache
+    # If `inclusive`, return all up to and including the specified level
+    if len(_pair_cache.indices) <= k+2 or h0 != _pair_cache.h0:
+        _pair_cache(k, h0)
+
+    xjc = _pair_cache.xjc
+    wj = _pair_cache.wj
+    indices = _pair_cache.indices
+
+    start = 0 if inclusive else indices[k]
+    end = indices[k+1]
+
+    return xjc[start:end].astype(dtype), wj[start:end].astype(dtype)
+
+
+def _transform_to_limits(xjc, wj, a, b):
+    # Transform integral according to user-specified limits. This is just
+    # math that follows from the fact that the standard limits are (-1, 1).
+    # Note: If we had stored xj instead of xjc, we would have
+    # xj = alpha * xj + beta, where beta = (a + b)/2
+    alpha = (b - a) / 2
+    xj = np.concatenate((-alpha * xjc + b, alpha * xjc + a), axis=-1)
+    wj = wj*alpha  # arguments get broadcasted, so we can't use *=
+    wj = np.concatenate((wj, wj), axis=-1)
+
+    # Points at the boundaries can be generated due to finite precision
+    # arithmetic, but these function values aren't supposed to be included in
+    # the Euler-Maclaurin sum. Ideally we wouldn't evaluate the function at
+    # these points; however, we can't easily filter out points since this
+    # function is vectorized. Instead, zero the weights.
+    invalid = (xj <= a) | (xj >= b)
+    wj[invalid] = 0
+    return xj, wj
+
+
+def _euler_maclaurin_sum(fj, work):
+    # Perform the Euler-Maclaurin Sum, [1] Section 4
+
+    # The error estimate needs to know the magnitude of the last term
+    # omitted from the Euler-Maclaurin sum. This is a bit involved because
+    # it may have been computed at a previous level. I sure hope it's worth
+    # all the trouble.
+    xr0, fr0, wr0 = work.xr0, work.fr0, work.wr0
+    xl0, fl0, wl0 = work.xl0, work.fl0, work.wl0
+
+    # It is much more convenient to work with the transposes of our work
+    # variables here.
+    xj, fj, wj = work.xj.T, fj.T, work.wj.T
+    n_x, n_active = xj.shape  # number of abscissae, number of active elements
+
+    # We'll work with the left and right sides separately
+    xr, xl = xj.reshape(2, n_x // 2, n_active).copy()  # this gets modified
+    fr, fl = fj.reshape(2, n_x // 2, n_active)
+    wr, wl = wj.reshape(2, n_x // 2, n_active)
+
+    invalid_r = ~np.isfinite(fr) | (wr == 0)
+    invalid_l = ~np.isfinite(fl) | (wl == 0)
+
+    # integer index of the maximum abscissa at this level
+    xr[invalid_r] = -np.inf
+    ir = np.argmax(xr, axis=0, keepdims=True)
+    # abscissa, function value, and weight at this index
+    xr_max = np.take_along_axis(xr, ir, axis=0)[0]
+    fr_max = np.take_along_axis(fr, ir, axis=0)[0]
+    wr_max = np.take_along_axis(wr, ir, axis=0)[0]
+    # boolean indices at which maximum abscissa at this level exceeds
+    # the incumbent maximum abscissa (from all previous levels)
+    j = xr_max > xr0
+    # Update record of the incumbent abscissa, function value, and weight
+    xr0[j] = xr_max[j]
+    fr0[j] = fr_max[j]
+    wr0[j] = wr_max[j]
+
+    # integer index of the minimum abscissa at this level
+    xl[invalid_l] = np.inf
+    il = np.argmin(xl, axis=0, keepdims=True)
+    # abscissa, function value, and weight at this index
+    xl_min = np.take_along_axis(xl, il, axis=0)[0]
+    fl_min = np.take_along_axis(fl, il, axis=0)[0]
+    wl_min = np.take_along_axis(wl, il, axis=0)[0]
+    # boolean indices at which minimum abscissa at this level is less than
+    # the incumbent minimum abscissa (from all previous levels)
+    j = xl_min < xl0
+    # Update record of the incumbent abscissa, function value, and weight
+    xl0[j] = xl_min[j]
+    fl0[j] = fl_min[j]
+    wl0[j] = wl_min[j]
+    fj = fj.T
+
+    # Compute the error estimate `d4` - the magnitude of the leftmost or
+    # rightmost term, whichever is greater.
+    flwl0 = fl0 + np.log(wl0) if work.log else fl0 * wl0  # leftmost term
+    frwr0 = fr0 + np.log(wr0) if work.log else fr0 * wr0  # rightmost term
+    magnitude = np.real if work.log else np.abs
+    work.d4 = np.maximum(magnitude(flwl0), magnitude(frwr0))
+
+    # There are two approaches to dealing with function values that are
+    # numerically infinite due to approaching a singularity - zero them, or
+    # replace them with the function value at the nearest non-infinite point.
+    # [3] pg. 22 suggests the latter, so let's do that given that we have the
+    # information.
+    fr0b = np.broadcast_to(fr0[np.newaxis, :], fr.shape)
+    fl0b = np.broadcast_to(fl0[np.newaxis, :], fl.shape)
+    fr[invalid_r] = fr0b[invalid_r]
+    fl[invalid_l] = fl0b[invalid_l]
+
+    # When wj is zero, log emits a warning
+    # with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+    fjwj = fj + np.log(work.wj) if work.log else fj * work.wj
+
+    # update integral estimate
+    Sn = (special.logsumexp(fjwj + np.log(work.h), axis=-1) if work.log
+          else np.sum(fjwj, axis=-1) * work.h)
+
+    work.xr0, work.fr0, work.wr0 = xr0, fr0, wr0
+    work.xl0, work.fl0, work.wl0 = xl0, fl0, wl0
+
+    return fjwj, Sn
+
+
+def _estimate_error(work):
+    # Estimate the error according to [1] Section 5
+
+    if work.n == 0 or work.nit == 0:
+        # The paper says to use "one" as the error before it can be calculated.
+        # NaN seems to be more appropriate.
+        nan = np.full_like(work.Sn, np.nan)
+        return nan, nan
+
+    indices = _pair_cache.indices
+
+    n_active = len(work.Sn)  # number of active elements
+    axis_kwargs = dict(axis=-1, keepdims=True)
+
+    # With a jump start (starting at level higher than 0), we haven't
+    # explicitly calculated the integral estimate at lower levels. But we have
+    # all the function value-weight products, so we can compute the
+    # lower-level estimates.
+    if work.Sk.shape[-1] == 0:
+        h = 2 * work.h  # step size at this level
+        n_x = indices[work.n]  # number of abscissa up to this level
+        # The right and left fjwj terms from all levels are concatenated along
+        # the last axis. Get out only the terms up to this level.
+        fjwj_rl = work.fjwj.reshape(n_active, 2, -1)
+        fjwj = fjwj_rl[:, :, :n_x].reshape(n_active, 2*n_x)
+        # Compute the Euler-Maclaurin sum at this level
+        Snm1 = (special.logsumexp(fjwj, **axis_kwargs) + np.log(h) if work.log
+                else np.sum(fjwj, **axis_kwargs) * h)
+        work.Sk = np.concatenate((Snm1, work.Sk), axis=-1)
+
+    if work.n == 1:
+        nan = np.full_like(work.Sn, np.nan)
+        return nan, nan
+
+    # The paper says not to calculate the error for n<=2, but it's not clear
+    # about whether it starts at level 0 or level 1. We start at level 0, so
+    # why not compute the error beginning in level 2?
+    if work.Sk.shape[-1] < 2:
+        h = 4 * work.h  # step size at this level
+        n_x = indices[work.n-1]  # number of abscissa up to this level
+        # The right and left fjwj terms from all levels are concatenated along
+        # the last axis. Get out only the terms up to this level.
+        fjwj_rl = work.fjwj.reshape(len(work.Sn), 2, -1)
+        fjwj = fjwj_rl[..., :n_x].reshape(n_active, 2*n_x)
+        # Compute the Euler-Maclaurin sum at this level
+        Snm2 = (special.logsumexp(fjwj, **axis_kwargs) + np.log(h) if work.log
+                else np.sum(fjwj, **axis_kwargs) * h)
+        work.Sk = np.concatenate((Snm2, work.Sk), axis=-1)
+
+    Snm2 = work.Sk[..., -2]
+    Snm1 = work.Sk[..., -1]
+
+    e1 = work.eps
+
+    if work.log:
+        log_e1 = np.log(e1)
+        # Currently, only real integrals are supported in log-scale. All
+        # complex values have imaginary part in increments of pi*j, which just
+        # carries sign information of the original integral, so use of
+        # `np.real` here is equivalent to absolute value in real scale.
+        d1 = np.real(special.logsumexp([work.Sn, Snm1 + work.pi*1j], axis=0))
+        d2 = np.real(special.logsumexp([work.Sn, Snm2 + work.pi*1j], axis=0))
+        d3 = log_e1 + np.max(np.real(work.fjwj), axis=-1)
+        d4 = work.d4
+        aerr = np.max([d1 ** 2 / d2, 2 * d1, d3, d4], axis=0)
+        rerr = np.maximum(log_e1, aerr - np.real(work.Sn))
+    else:
+        # Note: explicit computation of log10 of each of these is unnecessary.
+        d1 = np.abs(work.Sn - Snm1)
+        d2 = np.abs(work.Sn - Snm2)
+        d3 = e1 * np.max(np.abs(work.fjwj), axis=-1)
+        d4 = work.d4
+        # If `d1` is 0, no need to warn. This does the right thing.
+        # with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+        aerr = np.max([d1**(np.log(d1)/np.log(d2)), d1**2, d3, d4], axis=0)
+        rerr = np.maximum(e1, aerr/np.abs(work.Sn))
+    return rerr, aerr.reshape(work.Sn.shape)
+
+
+def _transform_integrals(a, b):
+    # Transform integrals to a form with finite a < b
+    # For b < a, we reverse the limits and will multiply the final result by -1
+    # For infinite limit on the right, we use the substitution x = 1/t - 1 + a
+    # For infinite limit on the left, we substitute x = -x and treat as above
+    # For infinite limits, we substitute x = t / (1-t**2)
+
+    negative = b < a
+    a[negative], b[negative] = b[negative], a[negative]
+
+    abinf = np.isinf(a) & np.isinf(b)
+    a[abinf], b[abinf] = -1, 1
+
+    ainf = np.isinf(a)
+    a[ainf], b[ainf] = -b[ainf], -a[ainf]
+
+    binf = np.isinf(b)
+    a0 = a.copy()
+    a[binf], b[binf] = 0, 1
+
+    return a, b, a0, negative, abinf, ainf, binf
+
+
+def _tanhsinh_iv(f, a, b, log, maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel,
+                 atol, rtol, args, preserve_shape, callback):
+    # Input validation and standardization
+
+    message = '`f` must be callable.'
+    if not callable(f):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    message = 'All elements of `a` and `b` must be real numbers.'
+    a, b = np.broadcast_arrays(a, b)
+    if np.any(np.iscomplex(a)) or np.any(np.iscomplex(b)):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    message = '`log` must be True or False.'
+    if log not in {True, False}:
+        raise ValueError(message)
+    log = bool(log)
+
+    if atol is None:
+        atol = -np.inf if log else 0
+
+    rtol_temp = rtol if rtol is not None else 0.
+
+    params = np.asarray([atol, rtol_temp, 0.])
+    message = "`atol` and `rtol` must be real numbers."
+    if not np.issubdtype(params.dtype, np.floating):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if log:
+        message = '`atol` and `rtol` may not be positive infinity.'
+        if np.any(np.isposinf(params)):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+    else:
+        message = '`atol` and `rtol` must be non-negative and finite.'
+        if np.any(params < 0) or np.any(np.isinf(params)):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+    atol = params[0]
+    rtol = rtol if rtol is None else params[1]
+
+    BIGINT = float(2**62)
+    if maxfun is None and maxlevel is None:
+        maxlevel = 10
+
+    maxfun = BIGINT if maxfun is None else maxfun
+    maxlevel = BIGINT if maxlevel is None else maxlevel
+
+    message = '`maxfun`, `maxlevel`, and `minlevel` must be integers.'
+    params = np.asarray([maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel])
+    if not (np.issubdtype(params.dtype, np.number)
+            and np.all(np.isreal(params))
+            and np.all(params.astype(np.int64) == params)):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+    message = '`maxfun`, `maxlevel`, and `minlevel` must be non-negative.'
+    if np.any(params < 0):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+    maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel = params.astype(np.int64)
+    minlevel = min(minlevel, maxlevel)
+
+    if not np.iterable(args):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    message = '`preserve_shape` must be True or False.'
+    if preserve_shape not in {True, False}:
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if callback is not None and not callable(callback):
+        raise ValueError('`callback` must be callable.')
+
+    return (f, a, b, log, maxfun, maxlevel, minlevel,
+            atol, rtol, args, preserve_shape, callback)
+
+
+def _logsumexp(x, axis=0):
+    # logsumexp raises with empty array
+    x = np.asarray(x)
+    shape = list(x.shape)
+    if shape[axis] == 0:
+        shape.pop(axis)
+        return np.full(shape, fill_value=-np.inf, dtype=x.dtype)
+    else:
+        return special.logsumexp(x, axis=axis)
+
+
+def _nsum_iv(f, a, b, step, args, log, maxterms, atol, rtol):
+    # Input validation and standardization
+
+    message = '`f` must be callable.'
+    if not callable(f):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    message = 'All elements of `a`, `b`, and `step` must be real numbers.'
+    a, b, step = np.broadcast_arrays(a, b, step)
+    dtype = np.result_type(a.dtype, b.dtype, step.dtype)
+    if not np.issubdtype(dtype, np.number) or np.issubdtype(dtype, np.complexfloating):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    valid_a = np.isfinite(a)
+    valid_b = b >= a  # NaNs will be False
+    valid_step = np.isfinite(step) & (step > 0)
+    valid_abstep = valid_a & valid_b & valid_step
+
+    message = '`log` must be True or False.'
+    if log not in {True, False}:
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if atol is None:
+        atol = -np.inf if log else 0
+
+    rtol_temp = rtol if rtol is not None else 0.
+
+    params = np.asarray([atol, rtol_temp, 0.])
+    message = "`atol` and `rtol` must be real numbers."
+    if not np.issubdtype(params.dtype, np.floating):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if log:
+        message = '`atol`, `rtol` may not be positive infinity or NaN.'
+        if np.any(np.isposinf(params) | np.isnan(params)):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+    else:
+        message = '`atol`, and `rtol` must be non-negative and finite.'
+        if np.any((params < 0) | (~np.isfinite(params))):
+            raise ValueError(message)
+    atol = params[0]
+    rtol = rtol if rtol is None else params[1]
+
+    maxterms_int = int(maxterms)
+    if maxterms_int != maxterms or maxterms < 0:
+        message = "`maxterms` must be a non-negative integer."
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    if not np.iterable(args):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    return f, a, b, step, valid_abstep, args, log, maxterms_int, atol, rtol
+
+
+def _nsum(f, a, b, step=1, args=(), log=False, maxterms=int(2**20), atol=None,
+          rtol=None):
+    r"""Evaluate a convergent sum.
+
+    For finite `b`, this evaluates::
+
+        f(a + np.arange(n)*step).sum()
+
+    where ``n = int((b - a) / step) + 1``. If `f` is smooth, positive, and
+    monotone decreasing, `b` may be infinite, in which case the infinite sum
+    is approximated using integration.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : callable
+        The function that evaluates terms to be summed. The signature must be::
+
+            f(x: ndarray, *args) -> ndarray
+
+         where each element of ``x`` is a finite real and ``args`` is a tuple,
+         which may contain an arbitrary number of arrays that are broadcastable
+         with `x`. `f` must represent a smooth, positive, and monotone decreasing
+         function of `x`; `_nsum` performs no checks to verify that these conditions
+         are met and may return erroneous results if they are violated.
+    a, b : array_like
+        Real lower and upper limits of summed terms. Must be broadcastable.
+        Each element of `a` must be finite and less than the corresponding
+        element in `b`, but elements of `b` may be infinite.
+    step : array_like
+        Finite, positive, real step between summed terms. Must be broadcastable
+        with `a` and `b`.
+    args : tuple, optional
+        Additional positional arguments to be passed to `f`. Must be arrays
+        broadcastable with `a`, `b`, and `step`. If the callable to be summed
+        requires arguments that are not broadcastable with `a`, `b`, and `step`,
+        wrap that callable with `f`. See Examples.
+    log : bool, default: False
+        Setting to True indicates that `f` returns the log of the terms
+        and that `atol` and `rtol` are expressed as the logs of the absolute
+        and relative errors. In this case, the result object will contain the
+        log of the sum and error. This is useful for summands for which
+        numerical underflow or overflow would lead to inaccuracies.
+    maxterms : int, default: 2**32
+        The maximum number of terms to evaluate when summing directly. 
+        Additional function evaluations may be performed for input
+        validation and integral evaluation. 
+    atol, rtol : float, optional
+        Absolute termination tolerance (default: 0) and relative termination
+        tolerance (default: ``eps**0.5``, where ``eps`` is the precision of
+        the result dtype), respectively. Must be non-negative
+        and finite if `log` is False, and must be expressed as the log of a
+        non-negative and finite number if `log` is True.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : _RichResult
+        An instance of `scipy._lib._util._RichResult` with the following
+        attributes. (The descriptions are written as though the values will be
+        scalars; however, if `func` returns an array, the outputs will be
+
+        arrays of the same shape.)
+        success : bool
+            ``True`` when the algorithm terminated successfully (status ``0``).
+        status : int
+            An integer representing the exit status of the algorithm.
+            ``0`` : The algorithm converged to the specified tolerances.
+            ``-1`` : Element(s) of `a`, `b`, or `step` are invalid
+            ``-2`` : Numerical integration reached its iteration limit; the sum may be divergent.
+            ``-3`` : A non-finite value was encountered.
+        sum : float
+            An estimate of the sum.
+        error : float
+            An estimate of the absolute error, assuming all terms are non-negative.
+        nfev : int
+            The number of points at which `func` was evaluated.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    tanhsinh
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The method implemented for infinite summation is related to the integral
+    test for convergence of an infinite series: assuming `step` size 1 for
+    simplicity of exposition, the sum of a monotone decreasing function is bounded by
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \int_u^\infty f(x) dx \leq \sum_{k=u}^\infty f(k) \leq \int_u^\infty f(x) dx + f(u)
+
+    Let :math:`a` represent  `a`, :math:`n` represent `maxterms`, :math:`\epsilon_a`
+    represent `atol`, and :math:`\epsilon_r` represent `rtol`.
+    The implementation first evaluates the integral :math:`S_l=\int_a^\infty f(x) dx`
+    as a lower bound of the infinite sum. Then, it seeks a value :math:`c > a` such
+    that :math:`f(c) < \epsilon_a + S_l \epsilon_r`, if it exists; otherwise,
+    let :math:`c = a + n`. Then the infinite sum is approximated as
+    
+    .. math::
+
+        \sum_{k=a}^{c-1} f(k) + \int_c^\infty f(x) dx + f(c)/2
+
+    and the reported error is :math:`f(c)/2` plus the error estimate of
+    numerical integration. The approach described above is generalized for non-unit
+    `step` and finite `b` that is too large for direct evaluation of the sum,
+    i.e. ``b - a + 1 > maxterms``.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    [1] Wikipedia. "Integral test for convergence."
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_test_for_convergence
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Compute the infinite sum of the reciprocals of squared integers.
+    
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy.integrate._tanhsinh import _nsum
+    >>> res = _nsum(lambda k: 1/k**2, 1, np.inf, maxterms=1e3)
+    >>> ref = np.pi**2/6  # true value
+    >>> res.error  # estimated error
+    4.990014980029223e-07
+    >>> (res.sum - ref)/ref  # true error
+    -1.0101760641302586e-10
+    >>> res.nfev  # number of points at which callable was evaluated
+    1142
+    
+    Compute the infinite sums of the reciprocals of integers raised to powers ``p``.
+    
+    >>> from scipy import special
+    >>> p = np.arange(2, 10)
+    >>> res = _nsum(lambda k, p: 1/k**p, 1, np.inf, maxterms=1e3, args=(p,))
+    >>> ref = special.zeta(p, 1)
+    >>> np.allclose(res.sum, ref)
+    True
+    
+    """ # noqa: E501
+    # Potential future work:
+    # - more careful testing of when `b` is slightly less than `a` plus an
+    #   integer multiple of step (needed before this is public)
+    # - improve error estimate of `_direct` sum
+    # - add other methods for convergence acceleration (Richardson, epsilon)
+    # - support infinite lower limit?
+    # - support negative monotone increasing functions?
+    # - b < a / negative step?
+    # - complex-valued function?
+    # - check for violations of monotonicity?
+
+    # Function-specific input validation / standardization
+    tmp = _nsum_iv(f, a, b, step, args, log, maxterms, atol, rtol)
+    f, a, b, step, valid_abstep, args, log, maxterms, atol, rtol = tmp
+
+    # Additional elementwise algorithm input validation / standardization
+    tmp = eim._initialize(f, (a,), args, complex_ok=False)
+    f, xs, fs, args, shape, dtype = tmp
+
+    # Finish preparing `a`, `b`, and `step` arrays
+    a = xs[0]
+    b = np.broadcast_to(b, shape).ravel().astype(dtype)
+    step = np.broadcast_to(step, shape).ravel().astype(dtype)
+    valid_abstep = np.broadcast_to(valid_abstep, shape).ravel()
+    nterms = np.floor((b - a) / step)
+    b = a + nterms*step
+
+    # Define constants
+    eps = np.finfo(dtype).eps
+    zero = np.asarray(-np.inf if log else 0, dtype=dtype)[()]
+    if rtol is None:
+        rtol = 0.5*np.log(eps) if log else eps**0.5
+    constants = (dtype, log, eps, zero, rtol, atol, maxterms)
+
+    # Prepare result arrays
+    S = np.empty_like(a)
+    E = np.empty_like(a)
+    status = np.zeros(len(a), dtype=int)
+    nfev = np.ones(len(a), dtype=int)  # one function evaluation above
+
+    # Branch for direct sum evaluation / integral approximation / invalid input
+    i1 = (nterms + 1 <= maxterms) & valid_abstep
+    i2 = (nterms + 1 > maxterms) & valid_abstep
+    i3 = ~valid_abstep
+
+    if np.any(i1):
+        args_direct = [arg[i1] for arg in args]
+        tmp = _direct(f, a[i1], b[i1], step[i1], args_direct, constants)
+        S[i1], E[i1] = tmp[:-1]
+        nfev[i1] += tmp[-1]
+        status[i1] = -3 * (~np.isfinite(S[i1]))
+
+    if np.any(i2):
+        args_indirect = [arg[i2] for arg in args]
+        tmp = _integral_bound(f, a[i2], b[i2], step[i2], args_indirect, constants)
+        S[i2], E[i2], status[i2] = tmp[:-1]
+        nfev[i2] += tmp[-1]
+
+    if np.any(i3):
+        S[i3], E[i3] = np.nan, np.nan
+        status[i3] = -1
+
+    # Return results
+    S, E = S.reshape(shape)[()], E.reshape(shape)[()]
+    status, nfev = status.reshape(shape)[()], nfev.reshape(shape)[()]
+    return _RichResult(sum=S, error=E, status=status, success=status == 0,
+                       nfev=nfev)
+
+
+def _direct(f, a, b, step, args, constants, inclusive=True):
+    # Directly evaluate the sum.
+
+    # When used in the context of distributions, `args` would contain the
+    # distribution parameters. We have broadcasted for simplicity, but we could
+    # reduce function evaluations when distribution parameters are the same but
+    # sum limits differ. Roughly:
+    # - compute the function at all points between min(a) and max(b),
+    # - compute the cumulative sum,
+    # - take the difference between elements of the cumulative sum
+    #   corresponding with b and a.
+    # This is left to future enhancement
+
+    dtype, log, eps, zero, _, _, _ = constants
+
+    # To allow computation in a single vectorized call, find the maximum number
+    # of points (over all slices) at which the function needs to be evaluated.
+    # Note: if `inclusive` is `True`, then we want `1` more term in the sum.
+    # I didn't think it was great style to use `True` as `1` in Python, so I
+    # explicitly converted it to an `int` before using it.
+    inclusive_adjustment = int(inclusive)
+    steps = np.round((b - a) / step) + inclusive_adjustment
+    # Equivalently, steps = np.round((b - a) / step) + inclusive
+    max_steps = int(np.max(steps))
+
+    # In each slice, the function will be evaluated at the same number of points,
+    # but excessive points (those beyond the right sum limit `b`) are replaced
+    # with NaN to (potentially) reduce the time of these unnecessary calculations.
+    # Use a new last axis for these calculations for consistency with other
+    # elementwise algorithms.
+    a2, b2, step2 = a[:, np.newaxis], b[:, np.newaxis], step[:, np.newaxis]
+    args2 = [arg[:, np.newaxis] for arg in args]
+    ks = a2 + np.arange(max_steps, dtype=dtype) * step2
+    i_nan = ks >= (b2 + inclusive_adjustment*step2/2)
+    ks[i_nan] = np.nan
+    fs = f(ks, *args2)
+
+    # The function evaluated at NaN is NaN, and NaNs are zeroed in the sum.
+    # In some cases it may be faster to loop over slices than to vectorize
+    # like this. This is an optimization that can be added later.
+    fs[i_nan] = zero
+    nfev = max_steps - i_nan.sum(axis=-1)
+    S = _logsumexp(fs, axis=-1) if log else np.sum(fs, axis=-1)
+    # Rough, non-conservative error estimate. See gh-19667 for improvement ideas.
+    E = np.real(S) + np.log(eps) if log else eps * abs(S)
+    return S, E, nfev
+
+
+def _integral_bound(f, a, b, step, args, constants):
+    # Estimate the sum with integral approximation
+    dtype, log, _, _, rtol, atol, maxterms = constants
+    log2 = np.log(2, dtype=dtype)
+
+    # Get a lower bound on the sum and compute effective absolute tolerance
+    lb = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, args=args, atol=atol, rtol=rtol, log=log)
+    tol = np.broadcast_to(atol, lb.integral.shape)
+    tol = _logsumexp((tol, rtol + lb.integral)) if log else tol + rtol*lb.integral
+    i_skip = lb.status < 0  # avoid unnecessary f_evals if integral is divergent
+    tol[i_skip] = np.nan
+    status = lb.status
+
+    # As in `_direct`, we'll need a temporary new axis for points
+    # at which to evaluate the function. Append axis at the end for
+    # consistency with other elementwise algorithms.
+    a2 = a[..., np.newaxis]
+    step2 = step[..., np.newaxis]
+    args2 = [arg[..., np.newaxis] for arg in args]
+
+    # Find the location of a term that is less than the tolerance (if possible)
+    log2maxterms = np.floor(np.log2(maxterms)) if maxterms else 0
+    n_steps = np.concatenate([2**np.arange(0, log2maxterms), [maxterms]], dtype=dtype)
+    nfev = len(n_steps)
+    ks = a2 + n_steps * step2
+    fks = f(ks, *args2)
+    nt = np.minimum(np.sum(fks > tol[:, np.newaxis], axis=-1),  n_steps.shape[-1]-1)
+    n_steps = n_steps[nt]
+
+    # Directly evaluate the sum up to this term
+    k = a + n_steps * step
+    left, left_error, left_nfev = _direct(f, a, k, step, args,
+                                          constants, inclusive=False)
+    i_skip |= np.isposinf(left)  # if sum is not finite, no sense in continuing
+    status[np.isposinf(left)] = -3
+    k[i_skip] = np.nan
+
+    # Use integration to estimate the remaining sum
+    # Possible optimization for future work: if there were no terms less than
+    # the tolerance, there is no need to compute the integral to better accuracy.
+    # Something like:
+    # atol = np.maximum(atol, np.minimum(fk/2 - fb/2))
+    # rtol = np.maximum(rtol, np.minimum((fk/2 - fb/2)/left))
+    # where `fk`/`fb` are currently calculated below.
+    right = _tanhsinh(f, k, b, args=args, atol=atol, rtol=rtol, log=log)
+
+    # Calculate the full estimate and error from the pieces
+    fk = fks[np.arange(len(fks)), nt]
+    fb = f(b, *args)
+    nfev += 1
+    if log:
+        log_step = np.log(step)
+        S_terms = (left, right.integral - log_step, fk - log2, fb - log2)
+        S = _logsumexp(S_terms, axis=0)
+        E_terms = (left_error, right.error - log_step, fk-log2, fb-log2+np.pi*1j)
+        E = _logsumexp(E_terms, axis=0).real
+    else:
+        S = left + right.integral/step + fk/2 + fb/2
+        E = left_error + right.error/step + fk/2 - fb/2
+    status[~i_skip] = right.status[~i_skip]
+    return S, E, status, left_nfev + right.nfev + nfev + lb.nfev

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/dop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
+
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
+
+__all__ = [  # noqa: F822
+    'dopri5',
+    'dop853'
+]
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="integrate", module="dop",
+                                   private_modules=["_dop"], all=__all__,
+                                   attribute=name)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/lsoda.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
+
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
+
+__all__ = ['lsoda']  # noqa: F822
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="integrate", module="lsoda",
+                                   private_modules=["_lsoda"], all=__all__,
+                                   attribute=name)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/odepack.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
+# Use the `scipy.integrate` namespace for importing the functions
+# included below.
+
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
+
+__all__ = ['odeint', 'ODEintWarning']  # noqa: F822
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="integrate", module="odepack",
+                                   private_modules=["_odepack_py"], all=__all__,
+                                   attribute=name)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/quadpack.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
+# Use the `scipy.integrate` namespace for importing the functions
+# included below.
+
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
+
+__all__ = [  # noqa: F822
+    "quad",
+    "dblquad",
+    "tplquad",
+    "nquad",
+    "IntegrationWarning",
+    "error",
+]
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="integrate", module="quadpack",
+                                   private_modules=["_quadpack_py"], all=__all__,
+                                   attribute=name)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/integrate/vode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
+
+from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
+
+__all__ = [  # noqa: F822
+    'dvode',
+    'zvode'
+]
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="integrate", module="vode",
+                                   private_modules=["_vode"], all=__all__,
+                                   attribute=name)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/io/_harwell_boeing/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from .hb import (MalformedHeader, hb_read, hb_write, HBInfo,
+                HBFile, HBMatrixType)
+from ._fortran_format_parser import (FortranFormatParser, IntFormat,
+                                    ExpFormat, BadFortranFormat)
+
+# Deprecated namespaces, to be removed in v2.0.0
+from . import hb
+
+__all__ = [
+    'MalformedHeader', 'hb_read', 'hb_write', 'HBInfo',
+    'HBFile', 'HBMatrixType', 'FortranFormatParser', 'IntFormat',
+    'ExpFormat', 'BadFortranFormat', 'hb'
+]
+
+from scipy._lib._testutils import PytestTester
+test = PytestTester(__name__)
+del PytestTester

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/io/_harwell_boeing/_fortran_format_parser.py

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+"""
+Preliminary module to handle Fortran formats for IO. Does not use this outside
+scipy.sparse io for now, until the API is deemed reasonable.
+
+The *Format classes handle conversion between Fortran and Python format, and
+FortranFormatParser can create *Format instances from raw Fortran format
+strings (e.g. '(3I4)', '(10I3)', etc...)
+"""
+import re
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+__all__ = ["BadFortranFormat", "FortranFormatParser", "IntFormat", "ExpFormat"]
+
+
+TOKENS = {
+    "LPAR": r"\(",
+    "RPAR": r"\)",
+    "INT_ID": r"I",
+    "EXP_ID": r"E",
+    "INT": r"\d+",
+    "DOT": r"\.",
+}
+
+
+class BadFortranFormat(SyntaxError):
+    pass
+
+
+def number_digits(n):
+    return int(np.floor(np.log10(np.abs(n))) + 1)
+
+
+class IntFormat:
+    @classmethod
+    def from_number(cls, n, min=None):
+        """Given an integer, returns a "reasonable" IntFormat instance to represent
+        any number between 0 and n if n > 0, -n and n if n < 0
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : int
+            max number one wants to be able to represent
+        min : int
+            minimum number of characters to use for the format
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        res : IntFormat
+            IntFormat instance with reasonable (see Notes) computed width
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Reasonable should be understood as the minimal string length necessary
+        without losing precision. For example, IntFormat.from_number(1) will
+        return an IntFormat instance of width 2, so that any 0 and 1 may be
+        represented as 1-character strings without loss of information.
+        """
+        width = number_digits(n) + 1
+        if n < 0:
+            width += 1
+        repeat = 80 // width
+        return cls(width, min, repeat=repeat)
+
+    def __init__(self, width, min=None, repeat=None):
+        self.width = width
+        self.repeat = repeat
+        self.min = min
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r = "IntFormat("
+        if self.repeat:
+            r += "%d" % self.repeat
+        r += "I%d" % self.width
+        if self.min:
+            r += ".%d" % self.min
+        return r + ")"
+
+    @property
+    def fortran_format(self):
+        r = "("
+        if self.repeat:
+            r += "%d" % self.repeat
+        r += "I%d" % self.width
+        if self.min:
+            r += ".%d" % self.min
+        return r + ")"
+
+    @property
+    def python_format(self):
+        return "%" + str(self.width) + "d"
+
+
+class ExpFormat:
+    @classmethod
+    def from_number(cls, n, min=None):
+        """Given a float number, returns a "reasonable" ExpFormat instance to
+        represent any number between -n and n.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n : float
+            max number one wants to be able to represent
+        min : int
+            minimum number of characters to use for the format
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        res : ExpFormat
+            ExpFormat instance with reasonable (see Notes) computed width
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Reasonable should be understood as the minimal string length necessary
+        to avoid losing precision.
+        """
+        # len of one number in exp format: sign + 1|0 + "." +
+        # number of digit for fractional part + 'E' + sign of exponent +
+        # len of exponent
+        finfo = np.finfo(n.dtype)
+        # Number of digits for fractional part
+        n_prec = finfo.precision + 1
+        # Number of digits for exponential part
+        n_exp = number_digits(np.max(np.abs([finfo.maxexp, finfo.minexp])))
+        width = 1 + 1 + n_prec + 1 + n_exp + 1
+        if n < 0:
+            width += 1
+        repeat = int(np.floor(80 / width))
+        return cls(width, n_prec, min, repeat=repeat)
+
+    def __init__(self, width, significand, min=None, repeat=None):
+        """\
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        width : int
+            number of characters taken by the string (includes space).
+        """
+        self.width = width
+        self.significand = significand
+        self.repeat = repeat
+        self.min = min
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r = "ExpFormat("
+        if self.repeat:
+            r += "%d" % self.repeat
+        r += "E%d.%d" % (self.width, self.significand)
+        if self.min:
+            r += "E%d" % self.min
+        return r + ")"
+
+    @property
+    def fortran_format(self):
+        r = "("
+        if self.repeat:
+            r += "%d" % self.repeat
+        r += "E%d.%d" % (self.width, self.significand)
+        if self.min:
+            r += "E%d" % self.min
+        return r + ")"
+
+    @property
+    def python_format(self):
+        return "%" + str(self.width-1) + "." + str(self.significand) + "E"
+
+
+class Token:
+    def __init__(self, type, value, pos):
+        self.type = type
+        self.value = value
+        self.pos = pos
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"""Token('{self.type}', "{self.value}")"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+
+class Tokenizer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.tokens = list(TOKENS.keys())
+        self.res = [re.compile(TOKENS[i]) for i in self.tokens]
+
+    def input(self, s):
+        self.data = s
+        self.curpos = 0
+        self.len = len(s)
+
+    def next_token(self):
+        curpos = self.curpos
+
+        while curpos < self.len:
+            for i, r in enumerate(self.res):
+                m = r.match(self.data, curpos)
+                if m is None:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    self.curpos = m.end()
+                    return Token(self.tokens[i], m.group(), self.curpos)
+            raise SyntaxError("Unknown character at position %d (%s)"
+                              % (self.curpos, self.data[curpos]))
+
+
+# Grammar for fortran format:
+# format            : LPAR format_string RPAR
+# format_string     : repeated | simple
+# repeated          : repeat simple
+# simple            : int_fmt | exp_fmt
+# int_fmt           : INT_ID width
+# exp_fmt           : simple_exp_fmt
+# simple_exp_fmt    : EXP_ID width DOT significand
+# extended_exp_fmt  : EXP_ID width DOT significand EXP_ID ndigits
+# repeat            : INT
+# width             : INT
+# significand       : INT
+# ndigits           : INT
+
+# Naive fortran formatter - parser is hand-made
+class FortranFormatParser:
+    """Parser for Fortran format strings. The parse method returns a *Format
+    instance.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Only ExpFormat (exponential format for floating values) and IntFormat
+    (integer format) for now.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.tokenizer = Tokenizer()
+
+    def parse(self, s):
+        self.tokenizer.input(s)
+
+        tokens = []
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                t = self.tokenizer.next_token()
+                if t is None:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    tokens.append(t)
+            return self._parse_format(tokens)
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            raise BadFortranFormat(str(e)) from e
+
+    def _get_min(self, tokens):
+        next = tokens.pop(0)
+        if not next.type == "DOT":
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        next = tokens.pop(0)
+        return next.value
+
+    def _expect(self, token, tp):
+        if not token.type == tp:
+            raise SyntaxError()
+
+    def _parse_format(self, tokens):
+        if not tokens[0].type == "LPAR":
+            raise SyntaxError("Expected left parenthesis at position "
+                              "%d (got '%s')" % (0, tokens[0].value))
+        elif not tokens[-1].type == "RPAR":
+            raise SyntaxError("Expected right parenthesis at position "
+                              "%d (got '%s')" % (len(tokens), tokens[-1].value))
+
+        tokens = tokens[1:-1]
+        types = [t.type for t in tokens]
+        if types[0] == "INT":
+            repeat = int(tokens.pop(0).value)
+        else:
+            repeat = None
+
+        next = tokens.pop(0)
+        if next.type == "INT_ID":
+            next = self._next(tokens, "INT")
+            width = int(next.value)
+            if tokens:
+                min = int(self._get_min(tokens))
+            else:
+                min = None
+            return IntFormat(width, min, repeat)
+        elif next.type == "EXP_ID":
+            next = self._next(tokens, "INT")
+            width = int(next.value)
+
+            next = self._next(tokens, "DOT")
+
+            next = self._next(tokens, "INT")
+            significand = int(next.value)
+
+            if tokens:
+                next = self._next(tokens, "EXP_ID")
+
+                next = self._next(tokens, "INT")
+                min = int(next.value)
+            else:
+                min = None
+            return ExpFormat(width, significand, min, repeat)
+        else:
+            raise SyntaxError("Invalid formatter type %s" % next.value)
+
+    def _next(self, tokens, tp):
+        if not len(tokens) > 0:
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        next = tokens.pop(0)
+        self._expect(next, tp)
+        return next

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/io/_harwell_boeing/hb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+"""
+Implementation of Harwell-Boeing read/write.
+
+At the moment not the full Harwell-Boeing format is supported. Supported
+features are:
+
+    - assembled, non-symmetric, real matrices
+    - integer for pointer/indices
+    - exponential format for float values, and int format
+
+"""
+# TODO:
+#   - Add more support (symmetric/complex matrices, non-assembled matrices ?)
+
+# XXX: reading is reasonably efficient (>= 85 % is in numpy.fromstring), but
+# takes a lot of memory. Being faster would require compiled code.
+# write is not efficient. Although not a terribly exciting task,
+# having reusable facilities to efficiently read/write fortran-formatted files
+# would be useful outside this module.
+
+import warnings
+
+import numpy as np
+from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix
+from ._fortran_format_parser import FortranFormatParser, IntFormat, ExpFormat
+
+__all__ = ["MalformedHeader", "hb_read", "hb_write", "HBInfo", "HBFile",
+           "HBMatrixType"]
+
+
+class MalformedHeader(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class LineOverflow(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+def _nbytes_full(fmt, nlines):
+    """Return the number of bytes to read to get every full lines for the
+    given parsed fortran format."""
+    return (fmt.repeat * fmt.width + 1) * (nlines - 1)
+
+
+class HBInfo:
+    @classmethod
+    def from_data(cls, m, title="Default title", key="0", mxtype=None, fmt=None):
+        """Create a HBInfo instance from an existing sparse matrix.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        m : sparse matrix
+            the HBInfo instance will derive its parameters from m
+        title : str
+            Title to put in the HB header
+        key : str
+            Key
+        mxtype : HBMatrixType
+            type of the input matrix
+        fmt : dict
+            not implemented
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        hb_info : HBInfo instance
+        """
+        m = m.tocsc(copy=False)
+
+        pointer = m.indptr
+        indices = m.indices
+        values = m.data
+
+        nrows, ncols = m.shape
+        nnon_zeros = m.nnz
+
+        if fmt is None:
+            # +1 because HB use one-based indexing (Fortran), and we will write
+            # the indices /pointer as such
+            pointer_fmt = IntFormat.from_number(np.max(pointer+1))
+            indices_fmt = IntFormat.from_number(np.max(indices+1))
+
+            if values.dtype.kind in np.typecodes["AllFloat"]:
+                values_fmt = ExpFormat.from_number(-np.max(np.abs(values)))
+            elif values.dtype.kind in np.typecodes["AllInteger"]:
+                values_fmt = IntFormat.from_number(-np.max(np.abs(values)))
+            else:
+                message = f"type {values.dtype.kind} not implemented yet"
+                raise NotImplementedError(message)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("fmt argument not supported yet.")
+
+        if mxtype is None:
+            if not np.isrealobj(values):
+                raise ValueError("Complex values not supported yet")
+            if values.dtype.kind in np.typecodes["AllInteger"]:
+                tp = "integer"
+            elif values.dtype.kind in np.typecodes["AllFloat"]:
+                tp = "real"
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError("type %s for values not implemented"
+                                          % values.dtype)
+            mxtype = HBMatrixType(tp, "unsymmetric", "assembled")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("mxtype argument not handled yet.")
+
+        def _nlines(fmt, size):
+            nlines = size // fmt.repeat
+            if nlines * fmt.repeat != size:
+                nlines += 1
+            return nlines
+
+        pointer_nlines = _nlines(pointer_fmt, pointer.size)
+        indices_nlines = _nlines(indices_fmt, indices.size)
+        values_nlines = _nlines(values_fmt, values.size)
+
+        total_nlines = pointer_nlines + indices_nlines + values_nlines
+
+        return cls(title, key,
+            total_nlines, pointer_nlines, indices_nlines, values_nlines,
+            mxtype, nrows, ncols, nnon_zeros,
+            pointer_fmt.fortran_format, indices_fmt.fortran_format,
+            values_fmt.fortran_format)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_file(cls, fid):
+        """Create a HBInfo instance from a file object containing a matrix in the
+        HB format.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        fid : file-like matrix
+            File or file-like object containing a matrix in the HB format.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        hb_info : HBInfo instance
+        """
+        # First line
+        line = fid.readline().strip("\n")
+        if not len(line) > 72:
+            raise ValueError("Expected at least 72 characters for first line, "
+                             "got: \n%s" % line)
+        title = line[:72]
+        key = line[72:]
+
+        # Second line
+        line = fid.readline().strip("\n")
+        if not len(line.rstrip()) >= 56:
+            raise ValueError("Expected at least 56 characters for second line, "
+                             "got: \n%s" % line)
+        total_nlines = _expect_int(line[:14])
+        pointer_nlines = _expect_int(line[14:28])
+        indices_nlines = _expect_int(line[28:42])
+        values_nlines = _expect_int(line[42:56])
+
+        rhs_nlines = line[56:72].strip()
+        if rhs_nlines == '':
+            rhs_nlines = 0
+        else:
+            rhs_nlines = _expect_int(rhs_nlines)
+        if not rhs_nlines == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Only files without right hand side supported for "
+                             "now.")
+
+        # Third line
+        line = fid.readline().strip("\n")
+        if not len(line) >= 70:
+            raise ValueError("Expected at least 72 character for third line, got:\n"
+                             "%s" % line)
+
+        mxtype_s = line[:3].upper()
+        if not len(mxtype_s) == 3:
+            raise ValueError("mxtype expected to be 3 characters long")
+
+        mxtype = HBMatrixType.from_fortran(mxtype_s)
+        if mxtype.value_type not in ["real", "integer"]:
+            raise ValueError("Only real or integer matrices supported for "
+                             "now (detected %s)" % mxtype)
+        if not mxtype.structure == "unsymmetric":
+            raise ValueError("Only unsymmetric matrices supported for "
+                             "now (detected %s)" % mxtype)
+        if not mxtype.storage == "assembled":
+            raise ValueError("Only assembled matrices supported for now")
+
+        if not line[3:14] == " " * 11:
+            raise ValueError("Malformed data for third line: %s" % line)
+
+        nrows = _expect_int(line[14:28])
+        ncols = _expect_int(line[28:42])
+        nnon_zeros = _expect_int(line[42:56])
+        nelementals = _expect_int(line[56:70])
+        if not nelementals == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Unexpected value %d for nltvl (last entry of line 3)"
+                             % nelementals)
+
+        # Fourth line
+        line = fid.readline().strip("\n")
+
+        ct = line.split()
+        if not len(ct) == 3:
+            raise ValueError("Expected 3 formats, got %s" % ct)
+
+        return cls(title, key,
+                   total_nlines, pointer_nlines, indices_nlines, values_nlines,
+                   mxtype, nrows, ncols, nnon_zeros,
+                   ct[0], ct[1], ct[2],
+                   rhs_nlines, nelementals)
+
+    def __init__(self, title, key,
+            total_nlines, pointer_nlines, indices_nlines, values_nlines,
+            mxtype, nrows, ncols, nnon_zeros,
+            pointer_format_str, indices_format_str, values_format_str,
+            right_hand_sides_nlines=0, nelementals=0):
+        """Do not use this directly, but the class ctrs (from_* functions)."""
+        self.title = title
+        self.key = key
+        if title is None:
+            title = "No Title"
+        if len(title) > 72:
+            raise ValueError("title cannot be > 72 characters")
+
+        if key is None:
+            key = "|No Key"
+        if len(key) > 8:
+            warnings.warn("key is > 8 characters (key is %s)" % key,
+                          LineOverflow, stacklevel=3)
+
+        self.total_nlines = total_nlines
+        self.pointer_nlines = pointer_nlines
+        self.indices_nlines = indices_nlines
+        self.values_nlines = values_nlines
+
+        parser = FortranFormatParser()
+        pointer_format = parser.parse(pointer_format_str)
+        if not isinstance(pointer_format, IntFormat):
+            raise ValueError("Expected int format for pointer format, got %s"
+                             % pointer_format)
+
+        indices_format = parser.parse(indices_format_str)
+        if not isinstance(indices_format, IntFormat):
+            raise ValueError("Expected int format for indices format, got %s" %
+                             indices_format)
+
+        values_format = parser.parse(values_format_str)
+        if isinstance(values_format, ExpFormat):
+            if mxtype.value_type not in ["real", "complex"]:
+                raise ValueError(f"Inconsistency between matrix type {mxtype} and "
+                                 f"value type {values_format}")
+            values_dtype = np.float64
+        elif isinstance(values_format, IntFormat):
+            if mxtype.value_type not in ["integer"]:
+                raise ValueError(f"Inconsistency between matrix type {mxtype} and "
+                                 f"value type {values_format}")
+            # XXX: fortran int -> dtype association ?
+            values_dtype = int
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported format for values {values_format!r}")
+
+        self.pointer_format = pointer_format
+        self.indices_format = indices_format
+        self.values_format = values_format
+
+        self.pointer_dtype = np.int32
+        self.indices_dtype = np.int32
+        self.values_dtype = values_dtype
+
+        self.pointer_nlines = pointer_nlines
+        self.pointer_nbytes_full = _nbytes_full(pointer_format, pointer_nlines)
+
+        self.indices_nlines = indices_nlines
+        self.indices_nbytes_full = _nbytes_full(indices_format, indices_nlines)
+
+        self.values_nlines = values_nlines
+        self.values_nbytes_full = _nbytes_full(values_format, values_nlines)
+
+        self.nrows = nrows
+        self.ncols = ncols
+        self.nnon_zeros = nnon_zeros
+        self.nelementals = nelementals
+        self.mxtype = mxtype
+
+    def dump(self):
+        """Gives the header corresponding to this instance as a string."""
+        header = [self.title.ljust(72) + self.key.ljust(8)]
+
+        header.append("%14d%14d%14d%14d" %
+                      (self.total_nlines, self.pointer_nlines,
+                       self.indices_nlines, self.values_nlines))
+        header.append("%14s%14d%14d%14d%14d" %
+                      (self.mxtype.fortran_format.ljust(14), self.nrows,
+                       self.ncols, self.nnon_zeros, 0))
+
+        pffmt = self.pointer_format.fortran_format
+        iffmt = self.indices_format.fortran_format
+        vffmt = self.values_format.fortran_format
+        header.append("%16s%16s%20s" %
+                      (pffmt.ljust(16), iffmt.ljust(16), vffmt.ljust(20)))
+        return "\n".join(header)
+
+
+def _expect_int(value, msg=None):
+    try:
+        return int(value)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = "Expected an int, got %s"
+        raise ValueError(msg % value) from e
+
+
+def _read_hb_data(content, header):
+    # XXX: look at a way to reduce memory here (big string creation)
+    ptr_string = "".join([content.read(header.pointer_nbytes_full),
+                           content.readline()])
+    ptr = np.fromstring(ptr_string,
+            dtype=int, sep=' ')
+
+    ind_string = "".join([content.read(header.indices_nbytes_full),
+                       content.readline()])
+    ind = np.fromstring(ind_string,
+            dtype=int, sep=' ')
+
+    val_string = "".join([content.read(header.values_nbytes_full),
+                          content.readline()])
+    val = np.fromstring(val_string,
+            dtype=header.values_dtype, sep=' ')
+
+    try:
+        return csc_matrix((val, ind-1, ptr-1),
+                          shape=(header.nrows, header.ncols))
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise e
+
+
+def _write_data(m, fid, header):
+    m = m.tocsc(copy=False)
+
+    def write_array(f, ar, nlines, fmt):
+        # ar_nlines is the number of full lines, n is the number of items per
+        # line, ffmt the fortran format
+        pyfmt = fmt.python_format
+        pyfmt_full = pyfmt * fmt.repeat
+
+        # for each array to write, we first write the full lines, and special
+        # case for partial line
+        full = ar[:(nlines - 1) * fmt.repeat]
+        for row in full.reshape((nlines-1, fmt.repeat)):
+            f.write(pyfmt_full % tuple(row) + "\n")
+        nremain = ar.size - full.size
+        if nremain > 0:
+            f.write((pyfmt * nremain) % tuple(ar[ar.size - nremain:]) + "\n")
+
+    fid.write(header.dump())
+    fid.write("\n")
+    # +1 is for Fortran one-based indexing
+    write_array(fid, m.indptr+1, header.pointer_nlines,
+                header.pointer_format)
+    write_array(fid, m.indices+1, header.indices_nlines,
+                header.indices_format)
+    write_array(fid, m.data, header.values_nlines,
+                header.values_format)
+
+
+class HBMatrixType:
+    """Class to hold the matrix type."""
+    # q2f* translates qualified names to Fortran character
+    _q2f_type = {
+        "real": "R",
+        "complex": "C",
+        "pattern": "P",
+        "integer": "I",
+    }
+    _q2f_structure = {
+            "symmetric": "S",
+            "unsymmetric": "U",
+            "hermitian": "H",
+            "skewsymmetric": "Z",
+            "rectangular": "R"
+    }
+    _q2f_storage = {
+        "assembled": "A",
+        "elemental": "E",
+    }
+
+    _f2q_type = {j: i for i, j in _q2f_type.items()}
+    _f2q_structure = {j: i for i, j in _q2f_structure.items()}
+    _f2q_storage = {j: i for i, j in _q2f_storage.items()}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_fortran(cls, fmt):
+        if not len(fmt) == 3:
+            raise ValueError("Fortran format for matrix type should be 3 "
+                             "characters long")
+        try:
+            value_type = cls._f2q_type[fmt[0]]
+            structure = cls._f2q_structure[fmt[1]]
+            storage = cls._f2q_storage[fmt[2]]
+            return cls(value_type, structure, storage)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise ValueError("Unrecognized format %s" % fmt) from e
+
+    def __init__(self, value_type, structure, storage="assembled"):
+        self.value_type = value_type
+        self.structure = structure
+        self.storage = storage
+
+        if value_type not in self._q2f_type:
+            raise ValueError("Unrecognized type %s" % value_type)
+        if structure not in self._q2f_structure:
+            raise ValueError("Unrecognized structure %s" % structure)
+        if storage not in self._q2f_storage:
+            raise ValueError("Unrecognized storage %s" % storage)
+
+    @property
+    def fortran_format(self):
+        return self._q2f_type[self.value_type] + \
+               self._q2f_structure[self.structure] + \
+               self._q2f_storage[self.storage]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"HBMatrixType({self.value_type}, {self.structure}, {self.storage})"
+
+
+class HBFile:
+    def __init__(self, file, hb_info=None):
+        """Create a HBFile instance.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        file : file-object
+            StringIO work as well
+        hb_info : HBInfo, optional
+            Should be given as an argument for writing, in which case the file
+            should be writable.
+        """
+        self._fid = file
+        if hb_info is None:
+            self._hb_info = HBInfo.from_file(file)
+        else:
+            #raise OSError("file %s is not writable, and hb_info "
+            #              "was given." % file)
+            self._hb_info = hb_info
+
+    @property
+    def title(self):
+        return self._hb_info.title
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self._hb_info.key
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._hb_info.mxtype.value_type
+
+    @property
+    def structure(self):
+        return self._hb_info.mxtype.structure
+
+    @property
+    def storage(self):
+        return self._hb_info.mxtype.storage
+
+    def read_matrix(self):
+        return _read_hb_data(self._fid, self._hb_info)
+
+    def write_matrix(self, m):
+        return _write_data(m, self._fid, self._hb_info)
+
+
+def hb_read(path_or_open_file):
+    """Read HB-format file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path_or_open_file : path-like or file-like
+        If a file-like object, it is used as-is. Otherwise, it is opened
+        before reading.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    data : scipy.sparse.csc_matrix instance
+        The data read from the HB file as a sparse matrix.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    At the moment not the full Harwell-Boeing format is supported. Supported
+    features are:
+
+        - assembled, non-symmetric, real matrices
+        - integer for pointer/indices
+        - exponential format for float values, and int format
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    We can read and write a harwell-boeing format file:
+
+    >>> from scipy.io import hb_read, hb_write
+    >>> from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix, eye
+    >>> data = csr_matrix(eye(3))  # create a sparse matrix
+    >>> hb_write("data.hb", data)  # write a hb file
+    >>> print(hb_read("data.hb"))  # read a hb file
+      (0, 0)	1.0
+      (1, 1)	1.0
+      (2, 2)	1.0
+
+    """
+    def _get_matrix(fid):
+        hb = HBFile(fid)
+        return hb.read_matrix()
+
+    if hasattr(path_or_open_file, 'read'):
+        return _get_matrix(path_or_open_file)
+    else:
+        with open(path_or_open_file) as f:
+            return _get_matrix(f)
+
+
+def hb_write(path_or_open_file, m, hb_info=None):
+    """Write HB-format file.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path_or_open_file : path-like or file-like
+        If a file-like object, it is used as-is. Otherwise, it is opened
+        before writing.
+    m : sparse-matrix
+        the sparse matrix to write
+    hb_info : HBInfo
+        contains the meta-data for write
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    At the moment not the full Harwell-Boeing format is supported. Supported
+    features are:
+
+        - assembled, non-symmetric, real matrices
+        - integer for pointer/indices
+        - exponential format for float values, and int format
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    We can read and write a harwell-boeing format file:
+
+    >>> from scipy.io import hb_read, hb_write
+    >>> from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix, eye
+    >>> data = csr_matrix(eye(3))  # create a sparse matrix
+    >>> hb_write("data.hb", data)  # write a hb file
+    >>> print(hb_read("data.hb"))  # read a hb file
+      (0, 0)	1.0
+      (1, 1)	1.0
+      (2, 2)	1.0
+
+    """
+    m = m.tocsc(copy=False)
+
+    if hb_info is None:
+        hb_info = HBInfo.from_data(m)
+
+    def _set_matrix(fid):
+        hb = HBFile(fid, hb_info)
+        return hb.write_matrix(m)
+
+    if hasattr(path_or_open_file, 'write'):
+        return _set_matrix(path_or_open_file)
+    else:
+        with open(path_or_open_file, 'w') as f:
+            return _set_matrix(f)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/io/_harwell_boeing/tests/test_fortran_format.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_equal
+from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+
+from scipy.io._harwell_boeing import (
+        FortranFormatParser, IntFormat, ExpFormat, BadFortranFormat)
+
+
+class TestFortranFormatParser:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.parser = FortranFormatParser()
+
+    def _test_equal(self, format, ref):
+        ret = self.parser.parse(format)
+        assert_equal(ret.__dict__, ref.__dict__)
+
+    def test_simple_int(self):
+        self._test_equal("(I4)", IntFormat(4))
+
+    def test_simple_repeated_int(self):
+        self._test_equal("(3I4)", IntFormat(4, repeat=3))
+
+    def test_simple_exp(self):
+        self._test_equal("(E4.3)", ExpFormat(4, 3))
+
+    def test_exp_exp(self):
+        self._test_equal("(E8.3E3)", ExpFormat(8, 3, 3))
+
+    def test_repeat_exp(self):
+        self._test_equal("(2E4.3)", ExpFormat(4, 3, repeat=2))
+
+    def test_repeat_exp_exp(self):
+        self._test_equal("(2E8.3E3)", ExpFormat(8, 3, 3, repeat=2))
+
+    def test_wrong_formats(self):
+        def _test_invalid(bad_format):
+            assert_raises(BadFortranFormat, lambda: self.parser.parse(bad_format))
+        _test_invalid("I4")
+        _test_invalid("(E4)")
+        _test_invalid("(E4.)")
+        _test_invalid("(E4.E3)")
+
+
+class TestIntFormat:
+    def test_to_fortran(self):
+        f = [IntFormat(10), IntFormat(12, 10), IntFormat(12, 10, 3)]
+        res = ["(I10)", "(I12.10)", "(3I12.10)"]
+
+        for i, j in zip(f, res):
+            assert_equal(i.fortran_format, j)
+
+    def test_from_number(self):
+        f = [10, -12, 123456789]
+        r_f = [IntFormat(3, repeat=26), IntFormat(4, repeat=20),
+               IntFormat(10, repeat=8)]
+        for i, j in zip(f, r_f):
+            assert_equal(IntFormat.from_number(i).__dict__, j.__dict__)
+
+
+class TestExpFormat:
+    def test_to_fortran(self):
+        f = [ExpFormat(10, 5), ExpFormat(12, 10), ExpFormat(12, 10, min=3),
+             ExpFormat(10, 5, repeat=3)]
+        res = ["(E10.5)", "(E12.10)", "(E12.10E3)", "(3E10.5)"]
+
+        for i, j in zip(f, res):
+            assert_equal(i.fortran_format, j)
+
+    def test_from_number(self):
+        f = np.array([1.0, -1.2])
+        r_f = [ExpFormat(24, 16, repeat=3), ExpFormat(25, 16, repeat=3)]
+        for i, j in zip(f, r_f):
+            assert_equal(ExpFormat.from_number(i).__dict__, j.__dict__)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/io/_harwell_boeing/tests/test_hb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from io import StringIO
+import tempfile
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_equal, \
+    assert_array_almost_equal_nulp
+
+from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix, csc_matrix, rand
+
+from scipy.io import hb_read, hb_write
+
+
+SIMPLE = """\
+No Title                                                                |No Key
+             9             4             1             4
+RUA                      100           100            10             0
+(26I3)          (26I3)          (3E23.15)
+1  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3
+3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3
+3  3  3  3  3  3  3  4  4  4  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  8  9  9  9  9
+9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9 11
+37 71 89 18 30 45 70 19 25 52
+2.971243799687726e-01  3.662366682877375e-01  4.786962174699534e-01
+6.490068647991184e-01  6.617490424831662e-02  8.870370343191623e-01
+4.196478590163001e-01  5.649603072111251e-01  9.934423887087086e-01
+6.912334991524289e-01
+"""
+
+SIMPLE_MATRIX = coo_matrix(
+    ((0.297124379969, 0.366236668288, 0.47869621747, 0.649006864799,
+      0.0661749042483, 0.887037034319, 0.419647859016,
+      0.564960307211, 0.993442388709, 0.691233499152,),
+     (np.array([[36, 70, 88, 17, 29, 44, 69, 18, 24, 51],
+                [0, 4, 58, 61, 61, 72, 72, 73, 99, 99]]))))
+
+
+def assert_csc_almost_equal(r, l):
+    r = csc_matrix(r)
+    l = csc_matrix(l)
+    assert_equal(r.indptr, l.indptr)
+    assert_equal(r.indices, l.indices)
+    assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(r.data, l.data, 10000)
+
+
+class TestHBReader:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        m = hb_read(StringIO(SIMPLE))
+        assert_csc_almost_equal(m, SIMPLE_MATRIX)
+
+
+class TestHBReadWrite:
+
+    def check_save_load(self, value):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+t') as file:
+            hb_write(file, value)
+            file.file.seek(0)
+            value_loaded = hb_read(file)
+        assert_csc_almost_equal(value, value_loaded)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        random_matrix = rand(10, 100, 0.1)
+        for matrix_format in ('coo', 'csc', 'csr', 'bsr', 'dia', 'dok', 'lil'):
+            matrix = random_matrix.asformat(matrix_format, copy=False)
+            self.check_save_load(matrix)

env-llmeval/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/ndimage/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""
+=========================================================
+Multidimensional image processing (:mod:`scipy.ndimage`)
+=========================================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: scipy.ndimage
+
+This package contains various functions for multidimensional image
+processing.
+
+
+Filters
+=======
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   convolve - Multidimensional convolution
+   convolve1d - 1-D convolution along the given axis
+   correlate - Multidimensional correlation
+   correlate1d - 1-D correlation along the given axis
+   gaussian_filter
+   gaussian_filter1d
+   gaussian_gradient_magnitude
+   gaussian_laplace
+   generic_filter - Multidimensional filter using a given function
+   generic_filter1d - 1-D generic filter along the given axis
+   generic_gradient_magnitude
+   generic_laplace
+   laplace - N-D Laplace filter based on approximate second derivatives
+   maximum_filter
+   maximum_filter1d
+   median_filter - Calculates a multidimensional median filter
+   minimum_filter
+   minimum_filter1d
+   percentile_filter - Calculates a multidimensional percentile filter
+   prewitt
+   rank_filter - Calculates a multidimensional rank filter
+   sobel
+   uniform_filter - Multidimensional uniform filter
+   uniform_filter1d - 1-D uniform filter along the given axis
+
+Fourier filters
+===============
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   fourier_ellipsoid
+   fourier_gaussian
+   fourier_shift
+   fourier_uniform
+
+Interpolation
+=============
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   affine_transform - Apply an affine transformation
+   geometric_transform - Apply an arbitrary geometric transform
+   map_coordinates - Map input array to new coordinates by interpolation
+   rotate - Rotate an array
+   shift - Shift an array
+   spline_filter
+   spline_filter1d
+   zoom - Zoom an array
+
+Measurements
+============
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   center_of_mass - The center of mass of the values of an array at labels
+   extrema - Min's and max's of an array at labels, with their positions
+   find_objects - Find objects in a labeled array
+   histogram - Histogram of the values of an array, optionally at labels
+   label - Label features in an array
+   labeled_comprehension
+   maximum
+   maximum_position
+   mean - Mean of the values of an array at labels
+   median
+   minimum
+   minimum_position
+   standard_deviation - Standard deviation of an N-D image array
+   sum_labels - Sum of the values of the array
+   value_indices - Find indices of each distinct value in given array
+   variance - Variance of the values of an N-D image array
+   watershed_ift
+
+Morphology
+==========
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated/
+
+   binary_closing
+   binary_dilation
+   binary_erosion
+   binary_fill_holes
+   binary_hit_or_miss
+   binary_opening
+   binary_propagation
+   black_tophat
+   distance_transform_bf
+   distance_transform_cdt
+   distance_transform_edt
+   generate_binary_structure
+   grey_closing
+   grey_dilation
+   grey_erosion
+   grey_opening
+   iterate_structure
+   morphological_gradient
+   morphological_laplace
+   white_tophat
+
+"""
+
+# Copyright (C) 2003-2005 Peter J. Verveer
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+#
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+#    copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+#    disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+#    with the distribution.
+#
+# 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
+#    products derived from this software without specific prior
+#    written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
+# OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+# DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
+# GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
+# WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+# NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+from ._filters import *
+from ._fourier import *
+from ._interpolation import *
+from ._measurements import *
+from ._morphology import *
+
+# Deprecated namespaces, to be removed in v2.0.0
+from . import filters
+from . import fourier
+from . import interpolation
+from . import measurements
+from . import morphology
+
+__all__ = [s for s in dir() if not s.startswith('_')]
+
+from scipy._lib._testutils import PytestTester
+test = PytestTester(__name__)
+del PytestTester