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- ### Overview
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  As part of an ongoing worldwide effort to comprehend and monitor insect biodiversity, we present the BIOSCAN-5M Insect dataset to the machine learning community. BIOSCAN-5M is a comprehensive dataset containing multi-modal information for over 5 million insect specimens,
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  and it significantly expands existing image-based biological datasets by including taxonomic labels, raw nucleotide barcode sequences, assigned barcode index numbers, geographical information, and specimen size.
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  ### Citation
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  ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/64cac7e17221ef3c7e2eed1f/ZgP3fd2Z9eVgucsZHYYvA.png)
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+ ## Overview
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  As part of an ongoing worldwide effort to comprehend and monitor insect biodiversity, we present the BIOSCAN-5M Insect dataset to the machine learning community. BIOSCAN-5M is a comprehensive dataset containing multi-modal information for over 5 million insect specimens,
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  and it significantly expands existing image-based biological datasets by including taxonomic labels, raw nucleotide barcode sequences, assigned barcode index numbers, geographical information, and specimen size.
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+ ### Large-Scale Foundation Model Training
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+ #### BIOSCAN-5M is partitioned to support both closed-world and open-world biodiversity learning:
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+ - **Closed-world (train, val, test):**
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+ Samples with known species names for supervised classification.
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+ - **Open-world (key_unseen, val_unseen, test_unseen):**
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+ Placeholder species but known genera, enabling generalization to unseen species.
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+ - **Novelty detection (other_heldout):**
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+ Unknown species and genus, suitable for open-set detection.
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+ - **Pretraining (pretrain):**
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+ Unlabeled data for self- or semi-supervised learning at scale.
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+ #### Supported Tasks
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+ - **Task I: DNA-based Taxonomic Classification**
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+ Predict taxonomic labels from raw DNA barcode sequences.
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+ - **Task II: Zero-Shot Transfer Learning**
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+ Evaluate whether unlabeled models can organize data into semantically meaningful clusters—across modalities like image and DNA—using learned representations.
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+ - **Task III: Multimodal Retrieval Learning**
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+ Retrieve matching specimens across modalities (e.g., image ↔ DNA ↔ Text) using shared embeddings.
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  ### Citation
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