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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
Wilson's disease
noun, Pathology
a rare hereditary disease in which copper accumulates in the brain and liver, gradually leading to tremors, muscular rigidity, kidney malfunction, and cognitive disturbances: marked by Kayser-Fleischer rings.
Origin of Wilson's disease
named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1936), British neurologist, who described it in 1912 Unabridged
Cite This Source
Wilson's disease in Medicine
Wilson's disease Wil·son's disease (wĭl'sənz)
1. See hepatolenticular degeneration.
2. See exfoliative dermatitis.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for Wilson's disease
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for Wilson
Scrabble Words With Friends
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23099
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Word of the Day
Sunday, June 25, 2006
Definitions for sedulous
1. Diligent in application or pursuit; steadily industrious.
2. Characterized by or accomplished with care and perseverance.
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Citations for sedulous
He did not attain this distinction by accident but by sedulous study from the cradle forward. Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Al Gore: A User's Manual
Origin of sedulous
Sedulous is from Latin sedulus, "busy, diligent," from se-, "apart, without" + dolus, "guile, trickery."
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23104
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Free Software Foundation!
Join now
From Free Software Directory
Revision as of 12:32, 23 March 2013 by Agj (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation,
FreeSnell is a program which computes optical properties of multilayer thin-film coatings. Dielectric, metallic, and granular metallic films are supported. The FreeSnell package includes a SCM script (program) "nk" to create, manage, and query a refractive-index spectral database. FreeSnell is an application of the SCM Scheme implementation and the WB B-tree database package.
Download version 1b9 (stable)
released on 30 June 2010
LicenseVerified byVerified onNotes
GPLv3orlaterAubrey Jaffer23 March 2013
Leaders and contributors
Aubrey Jaffer Maintainer
Resources and communication
Audience Resource type URI
Developer VCS Repository Webview
Bug Tracking,Developer,Help,Support E-mail
Help Newsgroup sci.optics
Software prerequisites
Kind Description
Weak prerequisite
Required to use wb
Required to use slib
Required to use scm
This entry (in part or in whole) was last reviewed on 23 March 2013.
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Free Software Foundation!
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From Free Software Directory
Revision as of 09:00, 12 April 2011 by WikiSysop (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation,
mhWaveEdit is a program for playing, editing, and recording sound files. It supports .wav files and a few other formats. It can edit both large and small files, and has support for 8/16/24/32-bit signed and unsigned sample formats.
Download version 1.4.3 (stable)
released on 12 August 2005
Related Projects
LicenseVerified byVerified onNotes
GPLv2orlaterJanet Casey12 November 2002
Leaders and contributors
Magnus Hjorth Maintainer
Resources and communication
Audience Resource type URI
Bug Tracking,Developer,Support E-mail
Software prerequisites
Kind Description
Weak prerequisite libsndfile v. 1 (for loading and saving some formats besides .wav)
Required to use GTK+ 1.2 or 2.0
Personal tools
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23108
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Administration Console Online Help
Previous Next Open TOC in new window
Content starts here
Shut down a server instance
To shut down a server instance from the Administration Console:
2. In the Servers table, click the name of the server that you want to shut down.
3. Select Control > Start/Stop.
4. In the Server Status table, select the server that you want to shut down.
5. In the Shutdown drop-down menu, select one of the following options:
1. When work completes.
This command initiates a graceful shutdown, which gives WebLogic Server subsystems time to complete certain application processing currently in progress. For more information, see Graceful shutdown.
2. Force shutdown now.
This command initiates a forced shutdown, in which the server instructs subsystems to immediately drop in-flight requests. For more information, see Force Shutdown.
6. Click Yes to confirm and shut down the server.
If you shut down the Administration Server, the Administration Console is no longer active.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23109
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Sun Java Communications Suite 5 Deployment Planning Guide
MTA Performance Considerations
MTA performance is affected by a number of factors including, but not limited to:
The MTA is both CPU and I/O intensive. The MTA reads from and writes to two different directories: the queue directory and the logging directory. For a small host (four processors or less) functioning as an MTA, you do not need to separate these directories on different file systems. The queue directory is written to synchronously with fairly large writes. The logging directory is a series of smaller asynchronous and sequential writes. On systems that experience high traffic, consider separating these two directories onto two different file systems.
In most cases, you will want to plan for redundancy in the MTA in the disk subsystem to avoid permanent loss of mail in the event of a spindle failure. (A spindle failure is by far the single most likely hardware failure.) This implies that either an external disk array or a system with many internal spindles is optimal.
MTA and RAID Trade-offs
There are trade-offs between using external hardware RAID controller devices and using JBOD arrays with software mirroring. The JBOD approach is sometimes less expensive in terms of hardware purchase but always requires more rack space and power. The JBOD approach also marginally decreases server performance, because of the cost of doing the mirroring in software, and usually implies a higher maintenance cost. Software RAID5 has such an impact on performance that it is not a viable alternative. For these reasons, use RAID5 caching controller arrays if RAID5 is preferred.
MTA and Processor Scalability
The MTA does scale linearly beyond eight processors, and like the Message Store, more than linearly from one processor to four.
MTA and High Availability
It is rarely advisable to put the MTA under HA control, but there are exceptional circumstances where this is warranted. If you have a requirement that mail delivery happens in a short, specified time frame, even in the event of hardware failure, then the MTA must be put under HA software control. In most environments, simply increase the number of MTAs that are available by one or more over the peak load requirement. This ensures that proper traffic flow can occur even with a single MTA failure, or in very large environments, when multiple MTAs are offline for some reason.
In addition, with respect to placement of MTAs, you should always deploy the MTA inside your firewall.
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Sun Java System Access Manager 7.1 C API Reference
Creating Single Sign-on Token Handles
Once activated, an SSOToken can be obtained and inserted into a single sign-on token handle by passing the SSOTokenID to am_sso_create_sso_token_handle(). This function then checks to see if the identifier is in its local cache and, if not, retrieves the session information associated with the SSOTokenID from Access Manager and caches it. A single sign-on token handle is then assigned to it.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23135
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Disease Information for Nephrotic syndrome: Clinical Manifestations
Signs & Symptoms
Edema of Lower Extremities
Signs & Symptoms
Edema Children
Facial edema/swelling
Bilateral ankle swelling
Bilateral leg edema/swelling
Bilateral severe leg edema
Diastolic hypertension
Dizzy on Standing/Giddy Response
Fluid retention/Mild edema
High blood pressure child
High blood pressure/sign
Mobile edema/shifts overnight
Orthostatic drop in blood pressure
Beau's lines/Mees lines fingernails
Nail Striations
Striae/Purple striae
Yellow nails
Yellow skin discoloration
Scrotal edema/swelling
Swelling of scrotum
Abdominal Distension
Abdominal distension/protrusion/sign
Abdominal Distention
Abdominal fullness feeling
Abdominal Pain
Abdominal wall edema
Anorexia Decreased appetite
Protruberant Abdomen
Weight gain in Children
Yellow skin/white sclera
Edema of Lower Extremities
Swelling all extremities
Swollen Limb
Dark urine
Frothy urine/Foamy
Nocturia in Children
Nocturia in Elderly
Oliguria/Decreased urine output
Fatigue Tiredness Exhaustion
Fatigue Tiredness in Children
Muscle Wasting/Diffuse
Weight gain
Bilateral Eyelid Edema
Difficulty Focusing Eyes
Diplopia Double vision
Periorbital edema/Puffy eyes
Retinal lipid deposits
Retinal sheen
Visual symptoms
Floppy ear/soft cartilage
Clinical Presentation & Variations
Presentation/High Salt Intake
Fever and High Sed Rate
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Wikijunior:The Elements/Plasma
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Wikijunior:The Elements
Jump to: navigation, search
A plasma Lamp
Plasma is known as the fourth state of matter and is in fact the most common state of matter. Over 99% of the matter in the universe is plasma. It is in the form of an excited gas. Plasma is created when the gas gets so hot that the electrons are stripped away from the atoms, giving it a positive charge.
A candle flame is plasma.
Examples of Plasma[edit]
One common example of a plasma is the flame of a candle. The candle wax burns and gives off a hot gas that emits energy, in the form of light. It is this excited and hot flame that is known as plasma. All fire is plasma. The light we see during a lightning strike is plasma. Another example of plasma is the sun and other stars. The light and heat of the sun is a result of hydrogen and other elements in a plasma state.
Uses of Plasma[edit]
Argon gas in a plasma state interacting with the phosphor coating within a glass tube gives us fluorescent lighting. Neon signs use argon in a plasma state interacting with mercury and phosphorus to produce their bright colors. Another example is the plasma television which works by applying electricity to cells of xenon, neon, and helium gas between two plates of glass. When the electricity is applied to the cells the gasses become plasma and interact with different phosphors to form the colors we see on the screen.
Gas laser systems, for example Helium/Neon types, use the two inert gases in a hot and excited state to emit large bursts of light energy.
Some specialised welding apparatus use a plasma of inert gas to prevent the metals from oxidising (by excluding oxygen from the surrounding air) while being welded.
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...Off the Bone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
...Off the Bone
Compilation album by The Cramps
Released 1983
Recorded 1978–1983
Genre Garage punk, psychobilly
Length 45:20
Label Illegal
Producer Alex Chilton, The Cramps
The Cramps chronology
Smell of Female
...Off the Bone
Bad Music for Bad People
...Off the Bone is the first compilation of previously released material by American garage punk band The Cramps. It was released in 1983 in the United Kingdom on Illegal Records. The original release featured an anaglyph on the cover and a pair of paper red and blue "3D glasses" inside the sleeve for viewing it.
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars [1]
British weekly Sounds gave the album a 5-star review, calling it "...a hell-fire cocktail of gutter riffing and chattering Rockabilly voodoo strum into which is dropped an electric sugar cube of psychedelic power".[2]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written and composed by Lux Interior and Poison Ivy Rorschach, except where noted.
Side One
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Human Fly"
2. "The Way I Walk" Jack Scott
3. "Domino" Sam Phillips
4. "Surfin' Bird" Steve Wahrer
5. "Lonesome Town" Baker Knight
6. "Garbage Man"
7. "Fever" John Davenport, Eddie Cooley
Side Two
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Drug Train"
2. "Love Me" Marty Lott
4. "Goo Goo Muck" Ronnie Cook
5. "She Said" Hasil Adkins
6. "The Crusher" Bobby Nolan
7. "Save It" Hargus Robbins, Mary Biggs
8. "New Kind of Kick"
1. ^ Fennessy, Kathleen C. "The Cramps: Off the Bone > Review at AllMusic. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
2. ^ Edwin Pouncey, Sounds magazine June 18 1983
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This is a good article. Click here for more information.
1952 Atlantic hurricane season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1952 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First system formed February 2, 1952
Last system dissipated November 30, 1952
Strongest storm Fox – 934 mbar (hPa) (27.59 inHg), 145 mph (230 km/h)
Total depressions 11
Total storms 11
Hurricanes 5
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 2
Total fatalities 47
Total damage $13.75 million (1952 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954
The 1952 Atlantic hurricane season was a near normal Atlantic hurricane season, although it was the least active since 1946.[1] The season officially started on June 15;[2] however, a pre-season unnamed storm formed on Groundhog Day, becoming the only storm on record in the month of February. The other six tropical cyclones were named using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, the first of which formed on August 18. The final storm of the season dissipated on October 28, two and a half weeks before the season officially ended on November 15.[3]
Four of the tropical cyclones made landfall during the season, the first being the February tropical storm that crossed southern Florida. The first hurricane, named Able, struck South Carolina with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h), causing heavy damage near the coast and widespread power outages. It moved up most of the East Coast of the United States, leaving 3 deaths and widespread damage. As a developing tropical cyclone, Hurricane Charlie caused damaging flooding and landslides in southwest Puerto Rico. The final and strongest of the season, Hurricane Fox, struck Cuba with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h); it killed 40 people and left heavy damage, particularly to the sugar crop, reaching $10 million (1952 USD, $88.8 million 2015 USD).
Hurricane Fox (1952) 1952 Groundhog Day tropical storm Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Unnamed Tropical Storm[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration February 2 – February 3
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) ≤ 990 mbar (hPa)
On February 2, a tropical depression formed in the western Caribbean Sea two months after the end of the hurricane season. It moved quickly north-northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm, followed by a northeast turn after brushing the Yucatan Peninsula. Early on February 3, the storm struck Cape Sable, Florida and quickly crossed the state.[4] The Miami National Weather Service office recorded a wind gust of 68 mph (110 km/h) during its passage.[5] The winds damaged windows and power lines,[6] catching residents and tourists off-guard.[7] The cyclone also dropped 2–4 inches (50–100 mm) of precipitation along its path, causing crop damage in Miami-Dade County.[5]
After leaving Florida, the storm continued rapidly northeastward, strengthening to 70 mph (110 km/h) winds. On February 4 it completed the transition into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of North Carolina. Later that day, it passed over Cape Cod, and early on February 5 dissipated after crossing into Maine.[4] The storm caused scattered power outages and gusty winds across New England.[8] The cyclone remains the only tropical or subtropical storm on record during the month of February, and marked the earliest in a calendar year a tropical cyclone made landfall in the United States.[4]
Hurricane Able[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 18 – September 3
Peak intensity 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min) 980 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Able (1952)
Over six months after the previous storm dissipated, a tropical depression developed just off the west coast of Africa on August 18. It moved generally west- to west-northwestward for much of its duration, intensifying into a tropical storm on August 24 east of the Lesser Antilles.[4] The next day, Hurricane Hunters confirmed the presence of Tropical Storm Able. Passing north of the islands, the storm attained hurricane status on August 27. On August 30, Able turned to the north-northwest due to an approaching cold front, and the next day made landfall near Beaufort, South Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane with peak winds of 100 mph (160 km/h).[1][4] The town was heavily damaged,[9] and was briefly isolated after winds downed power and telephone lines.[10] Across South Carolina, the hurricane caused two indirect deaths, as well as moderate damage totaling $2.2 million (1952 USD, $19.5 million 2015 USD).[1]
As Able turned north and northeastward over land, the winds quickly weakened to tropical storm force, although it retained gale force winds through North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland; this was due to remaining over the flat terrain east of the Appalachian Mountains, as well as retaining a plume of tropical moisture from its south. It left light damage in North Carolina, some of it due to a tornado.[1] In Maryland, heavy rainfall caused widespread flooding, which washed out the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad near Baltimore. In Ellicott City, Maryland, the rains flooded several houses, forcing families to evacuate.[11] Two tornadoes were also reported in the region, and damage in the Washington, D.C. area reached $500,000 (1952 USD, $4.44 million 2015 USD). Further northeast, the storm continued to produce heavy rainfall, causing flooding, as well as one indirect death in Pennsylvania. After moving through New England, Able dissipated on September 2 near Portland, Maine.[1]
Tropical Storm Three[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 27 – August 28
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1000 mbar (hPa)
Hurricane Baker[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 31 – September 8
Peak intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) 969 mbar (hPa)
The third tropical cyclone of the season developed on August 31 a short distance east of the northern Lesser Antilles.[4] Its presence was reported by a ship the next day that encountered rough seas and gale force winds. As a result, the Weather Bureau sent the Hurricane Hunters to investigate the system, which reported a strengthening hurricane moving northwestward.[1] Given the name Baker, the hurricane passed north of the Lesser Antilles, reaching peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) late on September 3.[4] For several days, the Hurricane Hunters reported similar winds, along with gusts up to 140 mph (230 km/h).[1]
With a large anticyclone located over the Ohio Valley, Baker turned to the northeast on September 5,[12] passing about halfway between Bermuda and North Carolina. The hurricane slowly weakened as it moved through the north Atlantic Ocean, just missing Newfoundland while maintaining winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[4] Wind gusts on Avalon Peninsula reached 70 mph (110 km/h), and heavy fishing damage was reported in Lower Island Cove.[13] After affecting the island, Baker transitioned into an extratropical storm, which lasted another day before dissipating south of Greenland.[4]
Tropical Storm Five[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 8 – September 11
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) ≤ 999 mbar (hPa)
Hurricane Charlie[edit]
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 24 – September 28
Peak intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min) ≤ 958 mbar (hPa)
On September 22, a tropical wave moved into the eastern Caribbean Sea,[1] spawning a tropical depression near Hispaniola early on September 24.[4] As it tracked west-northwestward, the low dropped heavy rainfall, peaking at 4.42 in (112 mm) in Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands, as well as 11.9 in (300 mm) in Garzas, Puerto Rico.[14] In Puerto Rico, the rains caused and landslides that affected seven towns, notably Ponce, the island's second-largest city.[15] There, at least 14 buildings were destroyed.[16] The floods left more than 1,000 people homeless, 300 of whom took refuge in a Red Cross shelter.[15] Overall, the flooding on the island killed four people and left moderate damage of around $1 million (1952 USD, $8.88 million 2015 USD).[1]
After affecting Puerto Rico, the low continued to organize, and subsequently struck the Dominican Republic on September 23. The circulation became disrupted while crossing Hispaniola, although it reorganized near the Turks and Caicos Islands and became Tropical Storm Charlie before reaching those islands.[1] On September 25, Charlie attained hurricane status,[4], and due to its continued northwest motion, the Weather Bureau advised small craft to remain at port in the southeastern United States coast.[17] However, the hurricane turned to the north and northeast on September 26, during which the Hurricane Hunters recorded peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[4] It briefly threatened Bermuda, prompting the United States Air Force to evacuate its fleet of airplanes from Kindley Air Force Base.[18] Charlie ultimately northwest of Bermuda, and later began weakening. On September 29 it turned eastward, and later that day transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants lasted two more days before dissipating 400 mi (640 km) southeast of Newfoundland.[1]
Tropical Storm Dog[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 24 – September 30
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) 998 mbar (hPa)
On September 25, a tropical wave spawned a tropical storm about 700 mi (1,100 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. Given the name Dog, the storm moved northwestward for its entire duration. On September 26, Hurricane Hunters observed winds of 78 mph (126 km/h), which indicated that Dog strengthened to just below hurricane intensity. The plane also estimated winds of around 100 mph (160 km/h), although they were unable to located a closed center of circulation.[1] After approaching hurricane status,[4], Dog began a marked weakening trend, with winds of only 50 mph (85 km/h) by September 27. Continuing to weaken, the storm dissipated on September 29.[1] The Weather Bureau advised ships to avoid the storm, but overall Dog did not affect land.[18] As the Hurricane Hunters did not reported a well-defined circulation, there was a possibility Dog was not a tropical cyclone; the report of the 1952 season assessed that Dog remained a tropical wave.
Tropical Storm Eight[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 25 – September 30
Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) ≤ 1000 mbar (hPa)
Hurricane Easy[edit]
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration October 6 – October 11
Peak intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) 968 mbar (hPa)
On October 6, a tropical depression formed about 700 mi (1,100 km) east of Antigua, near where the previous hurricane developed. The depression proceeded northward, and was detected by the Hurricane Hunters on October 7. The next day, a plane flew into Easy and reported peak winds of 110 mph (180 km/h), indicating the storm had rapidly intensified. By the time it reached peak intensity, the hurricane had turned sharply to the east, and later began to move toward the south. As quickly as it strengthened, Easy began to weaken, and an aircraft reported winds of only 48 mph (77 km/h) on October 9. The storm headed southwest, ultimately dissipating on October 11 about 155 mi (249 km) southwest of where it formed. Easy never affected land.[4][1]
Hurricane Fox[edit]
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration October 20 – October 27
Peak intensity 145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min) 934 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Fox (1952)
The strongest tropical cyclone of the season formed on October 20 in the Caribbean Sea off the northwest coast of Colombia,[4] believed to have been from the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[1] It moved northwestward, intensifying into a tropical storm on October 21 and a hurricane the following day. Fox subsequently turned to the north, intensifying to a major hurricane as it passed west of the Cayman Islands. Late on October 24, the cyclone struck the small island of Cayo Guano del Estes in the Archipelago de los Canarreos, south of Cienfuegos, Cuba. It struck the island with peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h), and the island reported a minimum pressure of 934 mbar (27.59 inHg). Shortly thereafter, Fox crossed the mainland coast of Cuba west of Cienfuegos, and it weakened while crossing the island.[4][1]
Hurricane Fox crossed Cuba in a rural area dominated by sugar plantations, with heavy damage reported to 36 mills. In one town, the hurricane destroyed about 600 homes and damaged over 1,000 more.[1] Across the island, the strongest winds downed large trees and washed a large freighter ashore.[19] Heavy rainfall affected all but the extreme eastern and western end of the island, with a peak of 6.84 in (174 mm) near Havana.[20] The rains flooded low-lying areas and caused rivers to exceed their banks.[19] Throughout Cuba, Hurricane Fox injured 70 people,[19] killed 40, and heavy damage totaling $10 million (1952 USD, $88.8 million 2015 USD). Fox was among the strongest hurricanes to strike the country.[21]
After crossing Cuba, Fox emerged into the Atlantic Ocean with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h), crossing central Andros and turning eastward though the Bahamas.[4] On New Providence, the hurricane dropped 13.27 in (337 mm) of rainfall,[20] Strong winds caused severe crop damage, leaving 30% of the tomato crop destroyed.[1] After briefly restrengthening to a major hurricane, Fox began a steady weakening trend. It turned abruptly to the north-northwest, followed by another turn to the northeast. On October 28, Fox was absorbed by a cold front west-southwest of Bermuda.[4][1]
Tropical Storm Eleven[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration November 26 – November 30
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) ≤ 992 mbar (hPa)
Storm names[edit]
These names were used to name storms during the 1952 season, the third and final time storm names were taken from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Names that were not used to designate tropical cyclones are marked in gray.[22]
• Able
• Baker
• Charlie
• Dog
• Easy
• Fox
• George (unused)
• How (unused)
• Item (unused)
• Jig (unused)
• King (unused)
• Love (unused)
• Mike (unused)
• Nan (unused)
• Oboe (unused)
• Peter (unused)
• Queen (unused)
• Roger (unused)
• Sugar (unused)
• Tare (unused)
• Uncle (unused)
• Victor (unused)
• William (unused)
• Xray (unused)
• Yoke (unused)
• Zebra (unused)
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Grady Norton, U.S. Weather Bureau (January 1953). "Hurricanes of the 1952 Season" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
2. ^ Staff Writer (1952-06-15). "Hurricane Season Opens Today". The News and Courier. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
3. ^ Robert Hunger (1952-11-14). "End of Hurricane Season". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (May 7, 2015). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
5. ^ a b "Only February tropical storm hit Florida in 1952". (USA Today). 2008. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
6. ^ Staff Writer (1952-02-04). "Cyclone Whirls Near Carolinas". United Press.
7. ^ Staff Writer (1952-02-05). "Johnny Come Lately Winds High". United Press.
8. ^ Staff Writer (1952-02-04). "Ship With 26 Is Wrecked Off Carolina As Gale From Atlantic Sweeps Up Coast". New York Times. United Press. Archived from the original on 2001-08-13. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
9. ^ Staff Writer (1952-08-31). "Three Dead in U.S. Hurricane". The Age. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
10. ^ Staff Writer (1952-08-31). "Hurricane Hits Carolina Coast Areas". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
11. ^ Staff Writer (1952-09-01). "Dying Hurricane Causes Big Damage". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
12. ^ Isidro D. Carino (1953). "A Study of Hurricane Baker of 1952" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
13. ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre (2009-11-09). "1952-Baker". Retrieved 2011-01-14.
14. ^ David M. Roth (2008-09-28). "Tropical Storm Charlie - September 21–24, 1952". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
15. ^ a b Staff Writer (1952-09-22). "Floods, Landslides Hit Puerto Rico; 2 Missing". The Telegraph-Herald. United Press. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
16. ^ Staff Writer (1952-09-24). "Floods Kill 2". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
17. ^ Staff Writer (1952-09-25). "Hurricane 'Charlie' Forms in Atlantic". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
18. ^ a b Staff Writer (1952-09-28). "Hurricane Dog Degenerates Into Swirl". Sarasota Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
19. ^ a b c Staff Writer (1952-10-25). "Hurricane Skirts Florida After Lashing Cuba". Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
20. ^ a b David M. Roth (2010-08-17). "Hurricane Fox - October 21–29, 1952". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
21. ^ Roger A. Pielke Jr.; Jose Rubiera; Christopher Landsea; Mario L. Fernandez; and Roberta Klein (August 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). National Hazards Review (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration): 108. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
22. ^ Gary Padgett (2007). "History of the Naming of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, Part 1 - The Fabulous Fifties". Retrieved 2011-01-13.
External links[edit]
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23145
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Anglo-Saxon charters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Anglo-Saxon Charters)
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Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in England, which typically made a grant of land, or recorded a privilege. The earliest surviving charters were drawn up in the 670s: the oldest surviving charters granted land to the Church, but from the eighth century, surviving charters were increasingly used to grant land to lay people.
The term charter covers a range of written legal documentation including diplomas, writs and wills.[1] A diploma was a royal charter that granted rights over land or other privileges by the king, whereas a writ was an instruction (or prohibition) by the king which may have contained evidence of rights or privileges. Diplomas were usually written on parchment in Latin, but often contained sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, which often correspond closely to modern parish boundaries. The writ was authenticated by a seal and gradually replaced the diploma as evidence of land tenure during the late Anglo-Saxon and early Norman periods. Land held by virtue of a charter was known as bookland.
Charters have provided historians with fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England, complementing the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other literary sources. They are catalogued in Peter Sawyer's Annotated List and are usually referred to by their Sawyer number (e.g. S407).
Survival and authenticity[edit]
Charter of king Æthelbald of Mercia from 736
The Anglo-Saxon charter can take many forms: it can be a lease (often presented as a chirograph), a will, an agreement, a writ or, most commonly, a grant of land.[1] Our picture is skewed towards those that regard land, particularly in the earlier period (though it must also be admitted that the emergence of wills and cyrographs also owed much to later development). Land charters can further be subdivided into royal charters, or diplomas, and private charters (donations by figures other than the king). Over a thousand Anglo-Saxon charters are extant today, as a result of being maintained in the archives of religious houses. These preserved their charters so as to record their right to land. Some surviving charters are later copies, which sometimes include interpolations.[2] Anglo-Saxon charters were sometimes used in legal disputes, and the recording of the contents of a charter within a legal document has ensured the survival of text when the original charter has been lost. Overall, some two hundred charters exist in the original form, whilst others are post-Conquest copies, that were often made by the compilers of cartularies (collections of title-deeds) or by early modern antiquaries.
The importance of charters in legal disputes over land as evidence of land tenure, gave rise to numerous charter forgeries,[3] sometimes by those same monastic houses in whose archives they were preserved. The primary motivation for forging charters was to provide evidence of rights to land. Often forging was focussed on providing written evidence for the holdings recorded as belonging to a religious house in the Domesday Book. It is important when studying charters to establish their authenticity. The study of charters to determine authenticity gave rise to diplomatics - the science of ancient documents.
Anglo-Saxon charters are catalogued in Peter Sawyer's 'Annotated List',[4] and are usually referred to by their Sawyer number (e.g. S407).
Charter forms[edit]
The three most common forms of Anglo-Saxon charter are diplomas, writs and wills.
The largest number of surviving charters are diplomas, or royal charters, that granted privileges and rights, usually over land. The typical diploma had three sections:[5] protocol, corpus, and eschatocol. The protocol opened the charter by invoking God and enumerating the pious considerations for the King's act (proem). The corpus was usually in Latin and named the beneficiary, recorded the grant or transfer (dispositive clause), reserved common burdens (reservation clause) and invoked the wrath of God on anyone who failed to observe it (anathema or sanction). The corpus' final section, which was often in Old English, described the boundaries of the land (boundary clause). The eschatocol was composed of a dating clause and witness-list, which usually included powerful lay and ecclesiastical members of the king's court.
Much of the language of the diploma was explicitly religious[6] - that a grant was made for the benefit of the grantor's soul or that anyone breaking the charter would be excommunicated. Charters typically opened by situating themselves firmly within the Christian order, with a pictorial (cross, chrismon or alpha-omega) and a verbal invocation to God. Many early charters were granted in anticipation of the founding of a monastery. The document served a largely secular purpose - to document the legal possession of land and to free that land from certain duties that would otherwise be attached to it.
The second most common form of Anglo-Saxon charter, although far fewer in number than the diploma, is the royal writ. These differed from the diploma in both form and function. A writ was an instruction from the king to a named official or group of recipients. It started with a greeting and was authenticated by a royal seal. The writ did not require witnesses and was often written in Old English.[7] Under the Normans, the use of writs was extended to cover many other aspects of royal business and was written in Latin. Florence Harmer has provided the text (and translation when written in Old English) of 120 pre-Conquest royal writs.
Wills are rarer than writs. Dorothy Whitelock published an annotated edition of thirty nine Anglo-Saxon wills. They were intended to make gifts of property (including land) after the writer's death, but they were not wills in the modern sense.[8]
Boundary descriptions[edit]
A typical royal diploma had a clause describing the boundaries of the territory that is the subject of the charter. There are also boundary descriptions in a number of leases and two wills. In the earliest examples, these boundary descriptions are short, in Latin and with few boundary points. In time, the descriptions became longer, more detailed and written in Old English. By the end of the 9th century, all boundary clauses were written in Old English.[9] Many charters, particularly those that have survived in later copies, do not have boundary clauses. In some instances, space has been left for a boundary clause that was never copied. A few boundary descriptions survive that do not appear to be related to any surviving charter.
The content of these boundary descriptions varied, but in many instances these descriptions revealed the Anglo-Saxons ideas about their landscape.[10]
Historical significance[edit]
A page from the charter of Edgar to the New Minster, Winchester. Unusually, the charter is in the form of a book.
Charters have provided fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England that complements the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other literary sources. They are often used by historians as sources for the history of Anglo-Saxon England.[11] It was frequently kings who gave land in charters. By seeing what land was awarded, it is possible to see the extent of a king's control and how he exercised his power. In 846, Æthelwulf of Wessex granted land in Devon by charter, perhaps dividing the spoils from this recently conquered territory among his men.
Charters give lists of persons that attested the document and so it is possible to see who was present at the king's court.[12] The very detailed diplomas drafted by the scribe known as "Æthelstan A" show that several Welsh kings, including Hywel Dda, attended the court of Æthelstan in the late 920s and the 930s. A person's absence from court can be equally revealing: Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York from 931 to 956, failed to attest any royal charters between 936 and 941, during which time the Battle of Brunanburh was fought between Æthelstan and an alliance of the Hiberno-Norse king of Dublin, Olaf Guthfrithson and the Scottish king, Constantine. Wulfstan was rather independently-minded and his absence from the West Saxon court can be linked with possible participation at Brunanburh and his later activity as a kind of kingmaker in York. It is also possible to trace a man's career at court through his position in the witness list, as in the case of Eadric Streona at the court of Æthelred 'the Unready' in the early 11th century.
Burdens that were due by landowners to the king, such as providing soldiers, resources and man-power, were sometimes relieved in charters.[13] This gives historians the opportunity to examine aspects of Anglo-Saxon society.
A joint committee of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society was set up in 1966 to oversee a definitive edition of the entire corpus of Anglo-Saxon charters. The edition is to be published in approximately thirty volumes. The late Professor Nicholas Brooks was chairman of the committee in charge; he has been replaced by Professor Simon Keynes.[14] Eighteen volumes had appeared by 2013.[15]
1. ^ a b P.H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography, (London, 1968)
2. ^ Hooke, Della; Sawyer, P. H. (1990). Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds. Boydell.
3. ^ Stephenson's 1898 lectures on "The Anglo-Saxon Chancery"
4. ^ Sawyer, P.H. (1968). Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography. London.
5. ^ F.W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond (1897).
6. ^ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (OUP, reissued 2001)
7. ^ Harmer, Florence (1989). Anglo-Saxon Writs (compilation). Paul Watkins.
8. ^ Whitelock, Dorothy (1930). Anglo-Saxon Wills. Cambridge University Press.
9. ^ Reed, Michael (1984). "Anglo-Saxon Charter Boundaries". Discovering Past Landscapes. Croom Helm. p. 277.
10. ^ The Language of Landscape: Reading the Anglo-Saxon Countryside
11. ^ For example Keynes, S D (1980). The diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978 - 1016: A study in their use as historical evidence. Cambridge.
12. ^ Sources for Medieval History
13. ^ For example charter S1186a
14. ^ Anglo Saxon Charters Homepage; British Academy Anglo-Saxon Charters
15. ^ Anglo-Saxon Charters
Secondary sources[edit]
• Maitland, F.W. (1897). Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. Reprinted: 1996.
• Stenton, Frank (1943, 2001). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Further reading[edit]
• Brooks, Nicholas (1974). "Anglo-Saxon Charters: the Work of the Last Twenty Years." Anglo-Saxon England 3.
• Kelly, Susan E. (1990). "Anglo-Saxon Lay Society and the Written Word." In The Uses of Literacy in Early Mediaeval Europe, ed. R. McKitterick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Keynes, Simon (forthcoming). Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archives and Single Sheets. Anglo-Saxon Charters Supplementary Series 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Keynes, Simon (1999). "Charters and Writs." In The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Thompson, S.D. (2006). Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas. A Palaeography. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 6. Woodbridge.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Battle of Nahāvand
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Battle of Nahāvand
Part of the Muslim conquests
Castle Nahavend by Eugène Flandin.jpg
Painting of the Nahavand Castle, which was one of the last Sasanian strongholds left.
Date 642
Location Nahāvand, near Hamadan, Iran
Result Decisive Rashidun Caliphate victory[1]
Collapse of the Sassanid Empire[2]
Black flag.svg Rashidun Caliphate Derafsh Kaviani.png Sasanian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Black flag.svg Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas
Black flag.svg An-Numan ibn Muqarrin [3]
Tulayha [4]
Derafsh Kaviani.png Piruz Khosrow
Derafsh Kaviani.png Mardanshah
Derafsh Kaviani.png Varaztirots
30,000[5] 100,000[6]-150,000 many soldiers from Kumis[7][8]
Casualties and losses
Heavy[9][10] Heavy[10][11]
The Battle of Nahāvand (also Nihāvand or Nahāwand) (Arabic:معركة نهاوند) was fought in 642 between Arab Muslims and Sassanid armies.[12] The battle is known to Muslims as the "Victory of Victories." The Sassanid King Yazdegerd III escaped to the Merv area, but was unable to raise another substantial army. It was a decisive victory for the Rashidun Caliphate and the Persians consequently lost the surrounding cities including Sephahan (renamed Isfahan). The Khan of the Turks later lent him some soldiers, but the soldiers mutinied in the year 652.
The former Sassanid provinces, in alliance with Parthian and White Hun nobles, resisted for a few more years in the region south of the Caspian Sea, even as the Rashidun Caliphate was replaced by the Umayyads, thus perpetuating the Sassanid court styles, Zoroastrian religion, and Persian speech.
Number of Arab and Sasanian forces[edit]
The History of Tabari mentions that Piruz Khosrow, the officer serving the Sasanian King Yazdegerd III, had about 100,000 men, versus a Muslim army of about 30,000-100,000. The Persians were outmanoeuvered, trapped in a narrow mountain valley, and lost many men in the ensuing rout.
Various versions are told about Nahāvand and how the battle was ensued in the early stages. Some note that the Muslim Arabs managed to deceive the Persians through a ruse, that Caliph Omar had died. The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounted an ill-prepared pursuit of the bedouins who swiftly retreated to a safe area and eventually surrounded and trapped the Persian force before assailing it from all sides and decisively defeating it.
As the historian Tabari mentions, the Persians were never again able to unite their men in such numbers and many were already talking of dissolving the Empire and going their separate ways when the battle was commencing. Many of Yazdegerd's military and civilian officials had abandoned him.[13]
Nahāvand marked the dissolution of the Sassanian Imperial army, with the fall of the last of the grand marshals of the army and the rise of warlordism among the Persians. The Emperor Yazdegerd III attempted to raise troops by appealing to other neighbouring areas such as the princes of Tukharistan and Sogdia and eventually sent his son Peroz III to the Tang court, but without any success.
Yezdegerd hurriedly fled towards the east where he was ill-treated by several Marzban (provincial governors) in the north as well as in Merv, where the governor Mahoye openly showed his hostility to the Emperor. According to non-Muslim sources, Yazdegerd failed to rally enough support in Eastern Persia where the Sassanians were unpopular with the locals.[14] Muslim sources like Tabari reported that the province of Khorasan revolted against Sassanian rule, just as it had years earlier when it had sided with Khosrau II's uncle Vistahm. When Yazdegerd was crowned in Estakhr, Persia had in fact three Kings ruling in different regions and this province had not given its support to Yazdegerd at first.
Before Yazdegerd had a chance to receive help from the Hepthalites and Turkish tribes, he was assassinated by a local miller in Merv in 651.[14][15] Thereafter, Yazdegerd's son Peroz attempted to re-establish the Sassanid empire against the Rashidun Caliphate and its successor, the Umayyad Caliphate, though the plan did not develop, as Peroz ultimately died in China.
1. ^ The Expansion of the Saracens-The East, C.H. Becker, The Cambridge Medieval History:The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire, Vol. 2, ed. John Bagnell Bury, (MacMillan Company, 1913), 348.
2. ^ A Short History of Syriac Literature By William Wright. pg 44
3. ^ Iran, Arab Conquest of (636-671), Adam Ali, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 406.
4. ^ Islamic desk reference, By E. J. van Donzel, pg.458
5. ^ "Battle of Nahāvand". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
6. ^ John Laffin, Brassey's Dictionary of Battles, (Barnes & Noble, 1995), 306.
7. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Parts 83-84 edited by Sir H. A. R. Gibb
8. ^ Parvaneh Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, (I.B.Tauris, 2009), 216.
9. ^ Iran in the Early Islamic Period, Michael G. Morony, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, ed. Touraj Daryaee, (Oxford University Press, 2012), 211.
10. ^ a b
11. ^ Iran in the Early Islamic Period, Michael G. Morony, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, 211.
12. ^ Willem Vogelsang (2002), The Afghans, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-19841-5
14. ^ a b The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg 67
15. ^ History of Islamic Philosophy - With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam By I. M. N. Al-Jubouri, pg. 142
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Ben Fine
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For the New York Times reporter, see Benjamin Fine.
Ben Fine (born 1948) is Professor of Economics at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies. He is the author of a number of works in the broad tradition of Marxist economics, and has made contributions on economic imperialism and social capital. Perhaps his most significant book to date is: Marx's 'Capital' 5th ed. (2010). He took his doctorate in economics at the London School of Economics, under the supervision of Amartya Sen. He was professor at Birkbeck, University of London and the University of Cambridge. Currently he is a member of the Social Science Research Committee of the UK’s Food Standards Agency.
Selected bibliography[edit]
• Class Politics: An Answer to its Critics, (with other authors) (1985)
• Social Capital versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium (Contemporary Political Economy) (2001)
External links[edit]
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Bensalem Himmich
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Bensalem Himmich (Arabic:بنسالم حميش) (born in 1948 in Meknes) is a novelist, poet and philosopher who teaches at the Mohammed V University, Rabat in Morocco. [1]
He has published 26 books, both literary and scientific works, in Arabic and French. As a liberal philosopher, Himmich is concerned with matters including ideological education in Islam. He advocates the division of church and state.
His work deals with the problems and conflicts with which Morocco is faced today.
• De la formation idéologique en Islam
• Le Calife de l'épouvante (Le serpent à plumes)
• The Polymath, ed.: American University in Cairo
• Au pays de nos crises
• Bensalem Himmich won the prize of the critics (1990) for his novel le fou du pouvoir, a book elected by the Arab union of writers as one of the hundred best books of the 20th century.
• He won the prize Charika of the Arab culture of jury composed of UNESCO and well known literary personalities.
• Ben Salem Himmich won the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature for his book Al-'Allamah (2001; The Polymath, a book about the great Arab writer Ibn Khaldoun) (The award was established in 1996 and awarded for the best contemporary novel published in Arabic. The winning work is translated into English and published in Cairo, London, and New York.) [2]
1. ^ Simon Gikandi, Encyclopedia of African Literature, ed. Taylor & Francis, 2003 ISBN 978-0-415-23019-3, p. 310
2. ^ Al-Ahram 19 - 25 December 2002, Issue No. 617, "Ibn Khaldun resurrected, Amina Elbendary attends the Mahfouz Award Ceremony at AUC" [1] (retrieved Feb. 15, 2009)
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Benjamin Angoua
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Benjamin Angoua
Benjamen Angoua.png
Angoua with Valenciennes in 2010
Personal information
Full name Brou Benjamin Angoua
Date of birth (1986-11-28) 28 November 1986 (age 28)
Place of birth Anyama, Ivory Coast
Height 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Playing position Center back
Club information
Current team
Number 3
Youth career
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2004–2006 Africa Sports 41 (1)
2006–2010 Budapest Honvéd 95 (1)
2010–2014 Valenciennes 106 (3)
2014– Guingamp 19 (0)
National team
2008 Côte d'Ivoire U23 4 (0)
2008– Côte d'Ivoire 18 (1)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 12 May 2015.
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 20 January 2014
Brou Benjamin Angoua (born 28 November 1986 in Anyama) is an Ivorian association football player who plays for French club Guingamp in Ligue 1. He is equally adept at playing as either a defensive midfielder or a central defender.[1]
Club career[edit]
Angoua began his career with local club Toumodi before joining Africa Sports National in the Côte d'Ivoire Premier Division. After two seasons with the club, Angoua moved abroad to play with Budapest Honvéd in Hungary. While with Budapest Honvéd, he was teammates with fellow countryman Abraham Guie Gneki. After four years with the club, in which he made over 90 appearances, in June 2010, Angoua moved to France to play with first division club Valenciennes. After a four-season-and-a half at Valenciennes, he signed on to play for Guingamp on 15 July 2014.[2]
International career[edit]
Angoua represented his country at the 2008 Olympic Games.[3]
1. ^
2. ^ Benjamin Angoua (Valenciennes), a signé pour un an (Benjamin Angoua (Valenciennes), has signed a one year) 15 July 2014.(French)
3. ^ Ivorian Olympian's sights on South Africa 29 August 2008.
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Beşbarmaq, or Beshbarmak (Kyrgyz: бешбармак, Kazakh: беcбармак, Bashkir: бишбармаҡ, bişbarmag, Tatar: бишбармакfive finger), is the national dish among nomadic Turkic peoples in Central Asia.
The term Beshbarmak means "five fingers", because the dish is eaten with one's hands. The boiled meat is usually diced with knives, often mixed with boiled noodles, and spiced with onion sauce. It is usually served in a big round dish. Beshbarmak is usually served with shorpomutton broth in bowls called kese.
Serving ritual[edit]
Beshbarmak with potatoes (Kazakh beshbarmak)
Beshbarmak is traditionally served according to ritual. Sheep's head boiled in a kazan is put before the most honored guest, usually the eldest one. This person cuts the bits and parts from the head and offers them to the other guests at the table. The younger adults often receive the bones of the legs and shoulders. Boys are given the sheep's ear with wishes to be careful; girls get the palate so as to be diligent. The other parts of the carcass are equally meaningful. The most respected guests are treated to gammon and shank. A young bride receives the brisket; however, married women are given the neck bones. Children are given the kidneys and heart, which are supposed to help them mature but not sheep's brain, because it is believed to make them weak-willed. Knuckle is never served to a young girl, because of the belief that it will cause her to remain an old maid.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Chinese hamster
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Chinese hamster
A wild-type Chinese hamster
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Genus: Cricetulus
Species: C. griseus
Binomial name
Cricetulus griseus
Milne-Edwards, 1867
The Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus), is a species of hamster originating from the deserts of northern China and Mongolia.
These animals grow to between 82 and 127 mm in body length (tail length 20–33 mm) and weigh 1.7 grams at birth, then as they get older can weigh 30–45 grams. They live two to three years on average. A Chinese hamster's body proportions, compared with those of other hamsters, appear "long and thin" and they have (for a hamster) a relatively long tail. Males have a relatively large scrotum, therefore females were generally kept as pets and males used solely for breeding and research purposes, until scientists started using other rodents, albino mice and rats. Chinese hamsters are not related to the social "dwarf" hamsters. The term "dwarf" is often used to refer solely to animals in the genus Phodopus, (the two types of Russian dwarf hamsters and Roborovski dwarf hamsters).
The wild colour is brown with a black stripe down the spine, black and grey ticks and a whitish belly. This coloration, combined with their lithe build and longer tail, makes them look "mousy" to some eyes and, in fact, they are members of the group called ratlike hamsters. Besides the wild colour, a well-known variation is the white-spotted Chinese hamster, which often is grayish white all over, with only a dark stripe on its back.
They can have quite vicious temperaments, but are easily handled; one of their endearing traits is that of clinging to a finger with all four paws, rather like a harvest mouse on a corn stalk. Chinese hamsters can be quite nervous as youngsters but, once they are tame, can display an endearing calmness and gentleness of character.
In the past, Chinese hamsters were commonly used laboratory animals, until they were replaced by the common mouse and rat, which are easier to keep and breed; however, quite a few biotech drugs are still being produced by putting the gene for the protein into Chinese hamster ovary cells, which then produce the protein.
Of note, some United States states such as California and New Jersey regard the Chinese hamster as a pest, and as a result require a special permit to own, breed or sell them.[1] Some states, including New Jersey, call it an exotic animal, and require a similar permit in order to sell them.
Colour mutations[edit]
Only three known colour mutations are found in Chinese hamsters, normal/wild type, dominant spot and black-eyed white. Normal and dominant spot are readily available in the pet trade throughout the United Kingdom (UK), whereas the black-eyed white is extremely rare; only a few are owned by hobbyist breeders in the UK.
Naming of the Chinese hamster and the closely related Chinese striped hamster are confusing. Some people consider the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the Chinese striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) different species,[2] whereas others classify them as subspecies,[3] in which case the Latin name of the Chinese hamster becomes Cricetulus barabensis griseus.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Lianne McLeod, "Chinese Hamsters,"
2. ^ "Cricetulus," The NCBI taxonomy database.
3. ^ European Molecular Biology network. "SRS db query re 'Chinese hamster'". Columbia University. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
4. ^ Russell Tofts, "The Chinese Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis)".
External links[edit]
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Chris Daggett
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Chris Daggett
Independent candidate for
Governor of New Jersey
Election date
November 3, 2009
Running mate Frank Esposito
Opponent(s) Jon Corzine (D)
Chris Christie (R)
10 Others
Incumbent Jon Corzine
Personal details
Born Christopher Jarvis Daggett
(1950-03-07) March 7, 1950 (age 65)
Orange, New Jersey, U.S.
Political party Independent
Spouse(s) Bea Horvath Daggett
Alma mater University of North Carolina, B.A.
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ed.D.
Christopher Jarvis "Chris" Daggett (born March 7, 1950) is the President and CEO of the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, one of the largest foundations in New Jersey. A former regional administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, he ran as an independent candidate for Governor of New Jersey in 2009, garnering 5.8% of the vote.
Daggett was born in Orange, New Jersey and was raised in Linwood. He later moved to Bernards Township and attended Ridge High School. He graduated from the University of North Carolina and went on to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he received a Doctor of Education degree in 1977.[1][2]
Daggett returned to New Jersey and worked on the 1977 gubernatorial campaign of Republican Party candidate Raymond Bateman against the incumbent Brendan Byrne. In 1981, he joined the campaign of Republican gubernatorial candidate Thomas Kean. When Kean was elected Governor, Daggett served as deputy chief of staff specializing in education policy.[1]
In 1984, Daggett was named regional administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for Region 2, which includes New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. He was recommended for the position by Governor Kean.[3]
Daggett rejoined the Kean administration in 1988, when he was appointed acting Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. He was also nominated by Kean to be the permanent Commissioner, but his nomination was delayed by an ethics investigation over his attendance at a fundraiser for George H. W. Bush hosted by Republican National Finance Committee chairman Lawrence E. Bathgate II. Bathgate was an attorney for Ciba-Geigy, which was under indictment for dumping hazardous waste at its facility in Ocean County. Daggett said that he did no wrong in attending the fundraiser, and his nomination was finally cleared by the New Jersey Senate in February 1989.[4][5]
Daggett served until the end of 1989, when he left public service to become a partner at William E. Simon & Sons, a Morristown investment firm founded by William E. Simon and his sons Bill Simon and J. Peter Simon.[1]
Daggett continued to work on environmental issues with Republican and Democratic governors of New Jersey. He was appointed by Governor Jon Corzine as chairman of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Permit Efficiency Task Force. He also works at J.M. Sorge Inc., an environmental consulting firm.[1]
Shortly after his gubernatorial campaign ended, Daggett was named the President and CEO of the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation based in Morristown, New Jersey, one of the largest private foundations in the state of New Jersey. "This is a good opportunity to look at what are doing and why we are doing it, whether we can better spend our money and who we can work with collaboratively to have a bigger impact," said Daggett, who officially took over as CEO on June 14, 2010. Former governor Tom Kean praised the selection of Daggett, calling it "a superb choice".[6]
Daggett resides in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township with his wife, Bea (née Horvath).[1]
2009 gubernatorial campaign[edit]
On April 20, 2009, Daggett announced that he was entering the New Jersey gubernatorial race as an independent candidate.[7] Daggett raised enough money to qualify him for taxpayer matching funds, which would allow him to participate in televised debates with Governor Corzine and Republican candidate Christopher J. Christie.[8]
On July 27, 2009, Daggett named Frank J. Esposito of Ocean Township as his ticket's candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Esposito is a history professor at Kean University and once served as interim president there.[9]
In the gubernatorial race, Daggett received the endorsement of the New Jersey Sierra Club. It was the first time that the organization endorsed an independent candidate.[10] He was also endorsed by Louise Wilson, mayor of Montgomery Township.[11]
On October 10, 2009, Daggett was endorsed by New Jersey's largest circulated newspaper, The Star-Ledger.[12] Recorder Newspapers, the parent company for 15 newspapers throughout central New Jersey, rescinded their endorsement for Chris Christie and issued an endorsement for Chris Daggett.[13]
In late October, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani demanded Daggett withdraw from the race. Daggett replied: "I'd ask him to withdraw from New Jersey. I don't know why he's coming into New Jersey and trying to tell us how to run our state." [14]
Though Daggett polled as high as 20% in statewide opinion polls in October, he ultimately received 5.8% of the vote when the election was held on November 3, 2009.[15]
Electoral history[edit]
New Jersey Gubernatorial Election 2009
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Chris Christie 1,174,445 48.5
Democratic Jon Corzine 1,087,731 44.9
Independent Chris Daggett 139,579 5.8
Republican gain from Democratic Swing
1. ^ a b c d e "About Chris". Princeton University. Retrieved 2012-12-12. [dead link]
2. ^ Daggett, Christopher Jarvis (1977). A Study to Determine the Role of Attending Physicians in the Clinical Training of Medical Students and Resident Physicians. University of Massachusetts Amherst (Thesis, Ed.D.). Retrieved 2009-07-08.
3. ^ "Kean Aide Named To Post at E.P.A.". The New York Times. 1984-08-17. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
4. ^ "Daggett Focus of Ethics Investigation; DEP Appointment May Be Delayed". The Record (Bergen County). 1988-09-14. p. A3.
5. ^ "Daggett Confirmed as DEP Chief". The Record (Bergen County). 1989-02-28. p. A4.
6. ^ "Former N.J. governor candidate Chris Daggett is named Dodge Foundation CEO". The Star Ledger. 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
7. ^ Young, Elise (2009-04-21). "Ex-environmental commissioner throws hat in ring for governor". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
8. ^ Mulvihill, Geoff (2009-07-07). "Independent NJ candidate qualifies for match". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
9. ^ "Independent in NJ gov's race selects running mate". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2009-07-27. [dead link]
10. ^ "N.J. Sierra Club endorses Independent Daggett for governor". 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
11. ^ "Daggett supports affordable housing, with changes". Asbury Park Press. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-09-23. [dead link]
12. ^ "Star-Ledger endorses independent Chris Daggett for N.J. governor". The Star-Ledger ( 2009-10-10. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
13. ^
14. ^
15. ^ "Official General Election Results" (PDF). New Jersey Division of Elections. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
External links[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by
Richard T. Dewling
Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Succeeded by
Judith A. Yaskin
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City of Heroes (comics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from City of Heroes comic book)
Jump to: navigation, search
Dark Horse promotional comic cover
City of Heroes is an American comic book based on the characters and situations from the now closed City of Heroes massively multiplayer online role-playing computer game.
North American subscribers to the game originally received the City of Heroes monthly comic book in the mail; it is also available in some comic book stores. The comic follows the adventures of fictional Paragon City heroes and ties into the game's plot development at times, as well as featuring a section devoted to fan art, fan fiction, and other miscellany in the back. At times, this rear section has also included comic strips by Tim Buckley of Ctrl+Alt+Del and Aaron Williams of PS238 and Nodwick.
Promotional comic[edit]
A single promotional comic was released in 2002 by Dark Horse Comics to promote the game. Written by Richard Dakan and drawn by Rick Zombo, the issue followed the story of a hero new to Paragon City named Thunder-Clap, and set some of the story behind the game, including the Fifth Column, the Freakshow, and the Statesman. This promotional issue also featured Apex and War Witch, who later became protagonists in the Blue King Studios publication of the comic book.
Blue King Studios run[edit]
The comic's first volume was published by Blue King Studios and ran 12 issues cover-dated from June 2004 to May 2005. It was written by one of the game's designers, Rick Dakan, art was by Brandon McKinney. Coloring was by Moose Bauman (issues 1–4) and Austin McKinley (issues 5–12). Issue 12 was written by Neil Hendrick, who lettered the entire series.
It followed the story of the heroes Apex, a martial artist with no super powers; War Witch, a magic user who had ice blasts and a mystical fiery sword; and Horus, an Egyptian-themed hero who nearly died during the Ritki War and was saved from death by becoming the host of a Kheldian.
These characters were virtually unmentioned in the game save for an Exploration Badge in Steel Canyon stating that Apex and War Witch were roommates (and possibly lovers). There is also an exploration badge in the Faultline zone which references where Apex tracked down the archvillain, Dr. Vahzilok. In Issue #5, War Witch was made the trainer (an NPC hero where players level up) in Croatoa as a ghost. When Pocket D was revamped in February 2006, War Witch was made an NPC stationary character on the Hero side of the dance club. In Issue 20, Apex was added as a new Task Force contact, with his in game description summarizing the events of the last few issues of this series, making them official in-game canon. There have been no other mentions of Horus, yet.
Image Comics' Top Cow Productions run[edit]
Beginning with the June 2005 issue, the comic book was published by Top Cow Productions,[1] written by noted comic book writer Mark Waid, and illustrated by newcomer David Nakayama. Unlike the previous volume, this series follows the adventures of the city's most illustrious supergroup, the Freedom Phalanx led by the Statesman.
Mark Waid wrote the first three issues of the new Top Cow comic. Starting with issue four,[2] Troy Hickman wrote a three-issue story arc entitled Smoke and Mirrors. This was followed up by Dan Jurgens, who wrote the next three-issue arc named Bloodlines.
As of City of Villains launch, the free comic book deal switched from being an actual comic book being mailed to you to being able to access all existing CoH comic books on the company's website. It's believed Cryptic did this not only to compensate for the lack of additional monthly fees for playing both CoH and CoV, but also to solve the problem of comic books getting lost in the mail. For a small additional fee (US$2 per issue), players could still get the actual comics sent by mail.
The comic was said to be converting from a monthly to bimonthly format after issue #15,[3] however, due to various delays, issues 15 and 16 turned up in late November 2006, four months behind schedule. This run of the comic book ended at issue #20. But if you include the special edition made for international Comicon and the fact the issue #1 was actually 3 separate books the there were 23 issues. So the game developers and NCSoft can work more on game content as well as interacting with the players.[4] The comic books were discontinued after their 20th issue.
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Common brushtail possum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Common brushtail possum[1]
Trichosurus vulpecula 1.jpg
Common brushtail possums at Austins Ferry, Tasmania, Australia
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Phalangeridae
Genus: Trichosurus
Species: T. vulpecula
Binomial name
Trichosurus vulpecula
(Kerr, 1792)
T. v. vulpecula
T. v. arnhemensis
T. v. eburacensis
T. v. johnsoni
T. v. fuliginosus
Common Brushtail Possum area.png
Common brushtail possum range
The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus Phalangista[3]) is a nocturnal, semi-arboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae, it is native to Australia, and the second largest of the possums.
Like most possums, the common brushtail possum is nocturnal. It is mainly a folivore, but has been known to eat small mammals such as rats. In most Australian habitats, leaves of eucalyptus are a significant part of the diet but rarely the sole item eaten. The tail is prehensile and naked on its lower underside. There are four colour variations: silver-grey, brown, black, and gold.[4]
It is the Australian marsupial most often seen by city-dwellers, as it is one of few that thrives in cities, as well as a wide range of natural and human-modified environments. Around human habitations, common brushtails are inventive and determined foragers with a liking for fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and kitchen raids.
The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand in 1837 to establish a fur industry, but in the mild subtropical climate of New Zealand, and with few to no natural predators, it thrived to the extent that it became a major agricultural and conservation pest.
Skeleton of common brushtail possum
The common brushtail possum has large and pointed ears. It has a bushy tail (hence its name) that is adapted to grasping branches, prehensile at the end with a hairless ventral patch.[5][6] Its forefeet have sharp claws and the first toe of each hind foot is clawless but has a strong grasp.[6] The possum grooms itself with the third and fourth toes which are fused together.[6] The common brushtail possum has a thick and woolly pelage that ranges in colour depending on the subspecies. Colour patterns tend to be silver-gray, brown, black, red or cream. The ventral areas are typically lighter and the tail is usually brown or black.[5][6] The muzzle is marked with dark patches. The common brushtail possum has a head and body length of 32–58 cm[5] with a tail length of 24–40 cm.[6] It weighs 1.2-4.5 kg.[6] Males are generally larger than females. In addition, the coat of the male tends to be reddish at the shoulders. As with most marsupials, the female brushtail possum has a forward-opening, well-developed pouch.[5] The common brushtail possum’s chest has a scent gland that emits a reddish secretion which stains that fur around it. It marks its territory with these secretions.[7]
Biology and ecology[edit]
Range and habitat[edit]
Brushtail possum in tree
The common brushtail possum is perhaps most widespread marsupial of Australia. It is found throughout the eastern and northern parts of the continent, as well as some western regions, Tasmania and a number of offshore islands, such as Kangaroo Island and Barrow Island.[8][9][10] It is also widespread in New Zealand since its introduction in 1840. The common brushtail possum can be found in a variety of habitats, such as forests, semiarid areas and even cultivated or urban areas.[5][6] It is mostly a forest inhabiting species, however it is also found in treeless areas.[6] In New Zealand, possums favour broadleaf-podocarp near farmland pastures.[11] In southern beech forests and pine plantations, possums are less common.[11] Overall, brushtail possums are more densely populated in New Zealand than in their native Australia.[12] This may be because Australia has more fragmented eucalypt forests and more predators. In Australia, brushtail possums are threatened by humans, tiger quolls, dogs, foxes, cats, goannas, carpet snakes and certain owls. In New Zealand, brushtail possums are threatened only by humans and cats.[12]
Food and foraging[edit]
Dentition of a common brushtail possum
The common brushtail possum can adapt to numerous kinds of vegetation.[12] It prefers Eucalyptus leaves but will also eat flowers, shoots, fruits and seeds.[12] It may also consume animal matter such as insects, birds’ eggs and small vertebrates. Brushtail possums may eat three or four different plant species during a foraging trip, unlike some other arboreal marsupials, such as the koala and the greater glider, which focus on single species. The brushtail possum's rounded molars cannot cut Eucalyptus leaves as finely as more specialised feeders. They are more adapted to crushing their food which enables them to chew fruit or herbs more effectively. The brushtail possums’ caecum lacks internal ridges and cannot separate coarse and fine particles as efficiently as some other arboreal marsupials.[12] The brushtail possum cannot rely on Eucalyptus alone to provide sufficient nitrogen.[13] Its more generalised and mixed diet, however, does provide adequate nitrogen.[14]
Brushtail possums feeding
Brushtail possum (brown form)
The common brushtail possum is largely arboreal and nocturnal. It has a mostly solitary lifestyle, and individuals keep their distance with scent markings (urinating) and vocalisations. Brushtail possums usually make their dens in natural places like tree hollows and caves but will also use spaces in the roofs of houses. While they sometimes share dens, brushtails normally sleep in separate dens. Individuals from New Zealand use many more den sites than those from Australia.[15] Brushtail possums compete with each other and other animals for den spaces and this contributes to their mortality. This is likely another reason why brushtail possum population densities are smaller in Australia than in New Zealand.[12] Brushtail possums are usually not aggressive towards each other and usually just stare with erect ears.[12] Brushtail possums vocalise with clicks, grunts, hisses, alarm chatters, guttural coughs and screeching.[5][6]
Reproduction and life history[edit]
Brushtail possum with young
The common brushtail possum can breed at any time of the year, but breeding tends to peak in spring, from September to November, and in autumn, from March to May, in some areas. Mating is promiscuous and random; some males can sire several young in a season while over half sire none.[12] In one Queensland population, it apparently takes the males one month of consorting with females before they can mate with them.[16] Females have a gestation period of 16–18 days, after which they give birth to single young.[5][6] A newborn brushtail possum is only 1.5 cm long and weighs only 2 g. As usual for marsupials, the newborn brushtail possum may climb, unaided, through the female’s fur and into the pouch and attach to a teat. The young develops and remains inside the mother’s pouch for another four or five months. When older, the young is left in the den or rides on its mother’s back until it is seven to nine months old.[5][6] Females reach sexual maturity when they are one year old, and males do so at the end of their second year.[5][6] Female young have a higher survival rate than their male counterparts due to establishing their home ranges closer to their mothers, while males travel farther in search of new nesting sites, encountering pre-established territories from which they may be forcibly ejected. In the Orongorongo population, female young have been found to continue to associate with their mothers after weaning, and some will inherit the prime den sites.[17] There is possible competition between mothers and daughters for dens, and daughters may be excluded from a den occupied by the mother.[18] In forests with shortages of den sites, females apparently produce more sons, which do not compete directly for den sites, while in forests with plentiful den sites, female young are greater in number.[18] Brushtail possums can live up to 13 years in the wild.[5][6]
Brushtail possum exhibiting exudative dermatitis, a condition that often results from stress associated with overcrowding, particularly in young males attempting to assert territory.
Relationship with humans[edit]
Abandoned baby possum handed to Fauna Rescue, Adelaide, South Australia
Abandoned baby possum with Fauna Rescue volunteer, Adelaide, South Australia
The common brushtail possum is considered a pest in some areas as it is known to cause damage to pine plantations, regenerating forest, flowers, fruit trees and buildings.
Its fur has been considered valuable and has been harvested. Although once hunted extensively for its fur in Australia, the common brushtail possum is now protected in mainland states, but only partially protected in Tasmania where there is an annual hunting season. In addition, Tasmania gives Crop Protection Permits to landowners whose property has been damaged.[7]
While its populations are declining in some regional areas due to habitat loss, urban populations indicate an adaptation to the presence of humans.[19] In the mainland states, possum trapping is legal when attempting to evict possums from human residences (e.g. roofs), however possums must be released after dusk within 24 hours of capture, no more than 50 metres from the trapping site. In some states e.g. Victoria, trapped possums may be taken to registered veterinarians for euthanasia.[20] In South Australia, they are fully protected and permits are required for trapping possums in human residences[21] or for keeping or rescuing sick or injured wild possums and other native animals.[22]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, where they are an introduced wild species, there are no restrictions on hunting but the population seems to be stable despite the annual killing of the animals in the thousands.[7] In addition, in New Zealand (but not Australia where the disease has been eradicated) it is a host for the highly contagious bovine tuberculosis.[7] The New Zealand Department of Conservation controls possum numbers in many areas via the aerial dropping of highly toxic 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) laced bait.[23]
1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ Morris, K., Woinarski, J., Friend, T., Foulkes, J., Kerle, A. & Ellis, M. (2008). Trichosurus vulpecula. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
3. ^ "Define Phalangista vulpina - Source: '*'". Retrieved 2010-03-10.
4. ^ "Brushtail Possum". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowak, R.M. (1991) Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cronin, L. (2008) Cronin’s Key Guide Australian Mammals. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
7. ^ a b c d Meyer, Grace (2000). "Trichosurus vulpecula (silver-gray brushtail possum)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
8. ^ "Living with Possums in South Australia" (PDF). City of Holdfast Bay. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
9. ^ "Brushtail possum". Department of Environment and Conservation. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
10. ^ "Northern brush tailed possum". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
11. ^ a b Efford MG (2000) "Possum density, population structure, and dynamics". In: The Brushtail Possum. TL Montague. (ed) Chapter 5, pp. 47-66. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln New Zealand.
12. ^ a b c d e f g h H Tyndale-Biscoe. (2005) Life of Marsupials. pp. 250-58. CSIRO Publishing.
13. ^ Wellard GA, Hume ID (1981) "Nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen requirement of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr)." Australian Journal of Zoology 29:147-57.
14. ^ Harris PM, Dellow DW, Broadhurst RB, (1985) "Protein and energy requirement and deposition in the growing brushtail possum and rex rabbit". Australian Journal of Zoology 33:425-36.
15. ^ Green WQ (1984) "A review of ecological studies relevant to management of the common brushtail possum". In Possums and Gliders. AP Smith, ID Hume pp 483-99. New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited.
16. ^ Winter JW (1976) The behaviour and social organisation of the brush-tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, Kerr) PhD Thesis, University of Queensland.
17. ^ Brockie R. (1992) A Living New Zealand Forest. Pp. 172. Dave Bateman Auckland.
18. ^ a b Johnson CN, Clinchy M, Taylor AC, Krebs CJ, Jarman PJ, Payne A, Ritchie EG. (2001) "Adjustment of offspring sex ratios in relation to the availability of resources for philopatric offspring in the common brushtail possum". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:2001-05.
19. ^ Roetman, P.E.J. & Daniels, C.B. (2009): The Possum-Tail Tree: Understanding Possums through Citizen Science. Barbara Hardy Centre for Sustainable Urban Environments, University of South Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-52199-2
20. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment > Living with Possums in Victoria - Questions and Answers Accessed 10 July 2012.
21. ^ Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources > Plants and animals > Possums Accessed 10 July 2012.
22. ^ Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources > Plants and animals > Permits and licences Accessed 10 July 2012.
23. ^ Green, Wren. "The use of 1080 for pest control" (PDF). The use of 1080 for pest control. Animal Health Board and Department of Conservation. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Further reading[edit]
• Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. (2003). The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and a generalist herbivore (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Zoology, 51, 41-42.
External links[edit]
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Dale Kinkade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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M. Dale Kinkade (1933–2004) was a linguist known especially for his work on Salishan languages.
Born July 18, 1933, in Hartline, Washington, he graduated from Peshastin High School in 1950. He received his B.A. from the University of Washington in 1955 and his M.A. in 1957. He then moved to Indiana University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1963. After serving for three years in the United States Army, he taught at Washington State College from 1961 to 1964, and the University of Kansas from 1964 to 1973 before moving to the University of British Columbia where he remained until his retirement in 1998 as Distinguished Professor of Linguistics.[1]
Kinkade served for many years as a trustee of the Jacobs Fund of the Whatcom Museum Foundation, which supports fieldwork on Pacific Northwest languages and cultures and was one of the founders of the annual International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages in 1966. He continued to work after his retirement; his last major work was his Cowlitz dictionary and grammatical sketch published in 2004.
Kinkade was known for his insightful and in-depth research on all aspects of Salishan languages. Between 1960 and 1976 he conducted extensive fieldwork on several severely endangered languages. His own fieldwork together with his mastery of the literature made him the undisputed dean of Salishan linguistics.[1] His contributions include dictionaries of three Salishan languages: Moses Columbia (1981), Upper Chehalis (1991), and Cowlitz (2004);[2] over one hundred papers; several contributions to the Handbook of North American Indians (Volumes 7, 12, and 17); and several encyclopaedia and other general articles. As befits a specialist in a group of languages renowned for their phonetic difficulty Kinkade had a reputation as a master practical phonetician.
Kinkade had a great, though dry, sense of humor and was generous with his time and extensive knowledge. He had a deep interest in classical music, especially opera, and was a strong supporter of the Seattle Opera. He was also an avid baseball fan and sometimes combined this interest with opera by listening to an opera while watching a baseball game.[1] Although he lived and worked in Canada for more than 30 years he never became a Canadian citizen.
Shortly before his death on December 19, 2004 from a brain tumor he was honored by the presentation of a Festschrift Studies in Salish linguistics in honor of M. Dale Kinkade.[2]
1. ^ a b c Davis, Henry, Donna Gerdts, and William Seaburg (2004) SSILA Bulletin 217 In memoriam M. Dale Kinkade at the Wayback Machine Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. pp. 1-2
2. ^ a b Linguist List obituary
• Donna B. Gerdts & Lisa Matthewson (eds.) (2004) Studies in Salish linguistics in honor of M. Dale Kinkade. Missoula: University of Montana Working Papers in Linguistics 17.
External links[edit]
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Dash (spaniel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Princess Victoria with her spaniel Dash, by Sir George Hayter, 1833
Dash (1830–1840) was a King Charles spaniel owned by Queen Victoria. Victoria's biographer Elizabeth Longford, called him "the Queen's closest childhood companion",[1] and in the words of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, he "was the first in a long line of beloved little dogs".[2]
He was given to Victoria's mother, the Duchess of Kent, on 14 January 1833 by Sir John Conroy, the Comptroller of the Duchess's household.[3] By the end of April 1833, he had become Victoria's companion, and by Christmas that year she was doting on him, giving him a set of rubber balls and two pieces of gingerbread as presents.[3] In return, the dog was loyal to Victoria; on one occasion she went sailing on a yacht, and Dash leapt from the coastline into the sea and swam after her.[3]
Victoria, who was 13 when given Dash, had few if any childhood friends as she was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and Conroy.[4] The only girl of a similar age with whom she had regular contact was Conroy's youngest daughter, Victoire, but they seemed to have had only a formal acquaintanceship.[5] In her diary, Victoria refers to Victoire as "Miss Conroy" but the dog is showered with endearments: "dear sweet little Dash" and "dear Dashy".[6]
In November 1834, Victoria and her mother took a holiday at St Leonards-on-Sea. They, with Dash, Lady Flora Hastings and Baroness Louise Lehzen, were driving in a landau drawn by two horses when the horses got caught in the traces and fell. With the horses struggling on the ground, there was a danger the carriage would overturn, injuring the women. Victoria scrambled out with Dash in her arms, and, as she recalled, "ran on with him in my arms calling Mama to follow, Lehzen and Lady Flora followed us also."[7] While two passing gentleman cut the horses free, the ladies, and Dash, took shelter behind a wall.[8]
Dash remained with Victoria after her accession as queen in 1837. Following her coronation on 28 June 1838, Victoria returned to Buckingham Palace and ran up to her rooms to give Dash his usual bath.[9]
Dash died at the end of 1840, and was buried at Adelaide Cottage in Windsor Home Park. A marble effigy was erected over the grave, bearing the inscription:[1]
Here lies
The favourite spaniel of Her Majesty Queen Victoria
In his 10th year
His attachment was without selfishness
His playfulness without malice
His fidelity without deceit
If you would be beloved and die regretted
Profit by the example of
See also[edit]
Dash (left) with Lory (parrot), Hector (greyhound) and Nero (Irish wolfhound), by Edwin Henry Landseer, 1837
1. ^ a b Longford, p. 155
2. ^ Matthew and Reynolds
3. ^ a b c Longford, p. 46
4. ^ Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72
5. ^ See, for example, Woodham-Smith, p. 111
6. ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 91
7. ^ Victoria's diary, 11 November 1834, quoted in Longford, p. 43
8. ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 96
9. ^ Longford, p. 83; Strachey, p. 73
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Duchy Originals from Waitrose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Duchy Originals from Waitrose
Private,[1] Brand
Industry Food
Founded 1990[1]
Founder Charles, Prince of Wales[1]
Owner Waitrose
Website duchyoriginals.com
Duchy Originals from Waitrose[2] (Formerly Duchy Originals) is a brand of organic food sold mainly in Waitrose stores in the United Kingdom, and small independent stores.[3] The Duchy Originals company was originally set up by Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1990 and named after the Duchy of Cornwall estates that are held in trust by the Prince of Wales.
In September 2009, it was announced that a new arrangement had been agreed with Waitrose: this came into effect from August 2010 when products were relaunched along with a number of new lines under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose brand. This was as a result of an exclusive agreement between the two organisations.[4] From the brand's inception in 1990, Waitrose had been its largest customer. Prior to September 2009, a selected range of Duchy Originals products had been widely available in most major UK supermarkets.
In September 2009 it was announced that Duchy Originals had agreed an exclusive deal with Waitrose, for Waitrose to originate, manufacture, distribute and sell Duchy products within the UK, whereby Waitrose plan to expand the current range of around 200 products to around 500, and will continue the tradition of donating royalties to charity.[5] It was also stated that the Prince of Wales would continue his involvement with the brand.[4]
In 2013, The Daily Telegraph declared the brand as a global success.[6]
The brand[edit]
Duchy Originals was the name given to the brand of premium organic food and drink products. The company Duchy Originals owned the Duchy Originals brand, but does not sell food or drink that carries the Duchy Originals brand name. Instead products with the Duchy Originals name were sold and manufactured by a number of different retail companies, all of whom pay royalties to the Duchy Originals Company. The total annual value of these retail sales was over £53 million. However in September 2009 Waitrose gained the right to originate, manufacture, distribute and sell Duchy products. In August 2010 the range was relaunched albeit with new lines under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose brand.[2]
In December 2008, it was announced that the Duchy Originals brand was partnering with Nelsons to produce a line of herbal remedies.[7]
There are two other brands, Duchy Selections and Duchy Collections. Duchy Selections is a range of premium free-range (but not organic) pork and fish products and mineral waters, and Duchy Collections is a range of high quality non food products.
Financial information[edit]
The "turnover" of the Duchy Originals Ltd company, which is the royalty income notified to the company and which is also the gross profit, came to £4.86 million in 2006/7. Administrative expenses came to £3.31 million, giving an operating profit of £1.53 million.[8]
The company Duchy Originals Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary company of The Prince's Charities Foundation, and from the profit of £1.53 million, a charitable donation of £743,000 was given to the Prince's Charities Foundation. The proceeds from sales of Duchy Originals products in Canada are donated to the charities associated with The Prince's Charities Canada. More than one million dollars has been raised annually in this manner.[9]
For the financial year 2008/9, Duchy failed to make any profits and turnover slumped to £2.2 million, with an operating loss of £3.3 million, compared to the previous year's operating profit of £57,000. This was prior to the exclusive arrangement with Waitrose which rescued the brand in 2009.[10]
In 2013, it was stated that, through the brand, the Prince's Charities have now raised £11 million from its profits.[6] With record breaking sales, Waitrose gave the Prince's Charities £2.8 million.[11]
Global success[edit]
In 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the brand had grown to distribute over 230 products, which are sold in 30 countries from the United Kingdom, Australia and to Japan. The first product of the brand, oaten biscuits which were grown on the Prince of Wales Highgrove House estate have sold 70 million in total.[6]
The Duchy Originals Food company was a wholly owned subsidiary of Duchy Originals.
The Duchy Originals company did not manufacture Duchy Originals products until 2006, when the Duchy Originals Food company opened a factory in Launceston in Cornwall. The factory made both sweet and savoury pastry products. The factory made a loss of £447,158 in the financial year 2006/7.[12]
The bakery in Launceston was sold in 2009. This contributed towards the Duchy Originals company making a loss for 2009-10.[13]
The company was the subject of controversy, in which leading UK scientists say Duchy Originals promotes its herbal remedies with scientifically unsound claims. Edzard Ernst, the UK's first professor of complementary medicine, said Duchy Originals detox products are "outright quackery".[14]
1. ^ a b c About Duchy Originals
2. ^ a b "Duchy Originals - THE NEW FACE OF BRITISH ORGANIC FOOD". Duchy Originals. 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
3. ^ "Duchy Originals - Where to Buy". Duchy Originals. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
4. ^ a b "Duchy Originals has joined forces with Waitrose". Waitrose. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
5. ^ "Charities to benefit as Duchy Originals joins forces with Waitrose". Duchy Originals. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
6. ^ a b c "Why Prince Charles's Duchy Originals takes the biscuit". The Daily Telegraph. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
7. ^ Prince Charles' Duchy Originals food firm launches herbal remedy range, Daily Mail, 16 December 2008
8. ^ "Duchy Originals Ltd Accounts 2006/7.".
9. ^ "Duchy Originals Products in Canada". The Prince's Charities Canada. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
10. ^ Harry Wallop (2010-02-10). "Telegraph.co.uk - Prince of Wales's Duchy Originals slumps to loss". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
11. ^ "Waitrose gives £2.8m to Prince's charities: Record sales of Duchy Originals fund bumper contribution". The Daily Mail. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
12. ^ "Duchy Originals Foods Ltd Accounts 2006/7.".
13. ^ Dean Best (2010-02-11). "Just Food -UK: Duchy Originals reports loss as sales slump". Aroq Ltd. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
14. ^ Prince Charles detox 'quackery', BBC News, 10 March 2009
Further reading[edit]
• Acton, Johnny & Sandler, Nick (2006) Duchy Originals Cookbook. London: Kyle Cathie ISBN 1-85626-653-2
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Enter the Fat Dragon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Enter the Fat Dragon
Japanese film poster
Traditional 肥龍過江
Simplified 肥龙过江
Mandarin Féi Lóng Guò Jiāng
Cantonese Fei4 Lung4 Gwo3 Gong1
Directed by Sammo Hung
Produced by Florence Yu
Written by Ni Kuang
Starring Sammo Hung
Billy Chan
Fung Hak-On
Lam Ching-ying
Music by Frankie Chan
Cinematography Ricky Lau
Release dates
• 13 July 1978 (1978-07-13)
Running time
100 minutes
Country Hong Kong
Language Cantonese
Enter the Fat Dragon (Chinese: 肥龍過江) is a 1978 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Sammo Hung, who also starred in the film. The film is mostly a parody of the Bruce Lee's 1972 film Way of the Dragon, and a satire of the Bruceploitation phenomenon of the '70s.
The film had a belated video release in the United States, eventually coming out in 1999 after director and actor Sammo Hung became an unexpected success with his American TV series Martial Law.
Ah Lung is a pig farmer and a devoted Bruce Lee fan who is anxious to follow in Lee's footsteps, but only ridiculed for his attempts. He is sent to the city to earn a living working at his uncle's restaurant, but when he arrives, he finds a gang of thugs causing trouble in the restaurant. He takes the chance to prove himself and attacks the thugs, defeating them and saving the restaurant. Soon, he becomes a waiter, and discovers a plot by the same thugs to kidnap a woman he works with. Eventually, he defeats the thugs once again and saves the day.
Actor Role
Sammo Hung Ah Lung
Yung San Baan Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Yuen Biao Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Billy Chan Thug/Action Movie Fighter
Chung Fat Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Wah Cheung
Roy Chiao Chiu
Lam Ching-ying Action Movie Fighter
Ngai Hung Chik
Yuet Sang Chin
Feng Feng Uncle Hung
Ging Man Fung Spectacles vendor
Fung Hak-On Gene
Meg Lam Baat Je
Lee Hoi San Karate Thug
Hoi-sook Lee Chen
King Lee Party fighter
Tony Leung Siu-hung Tseng Hsiao-lung
Ling Ling
Billy Chan Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Ke Ming Lin
Lau Chau Sang
Mang Hoi Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Mars Fighter in Opening Credit Sequence
Gwa-pau Sai
Eric Tsang Party Host's Son
Ha Wong
Ji Keung Wong
Huang Ha Movie Director
David Nick Boxing Thug
Yeung Wai
Bryan Leung Bearded Fighter
Peter Yang Kwan Professor Bak / Bai
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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FIRST Robotics Competition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from FIRST Robotics)
Jump to: navigation, search
FIRST Robotics Competition
Current season, competition or edition:
Current sports event Recycle Rush
FIRST Robotics Competition (logo).png
Sport Robotics-related games
Founded Dean Kamen
Woodie Flowers
Commissioner Frank Merrick[1]
Motto The varsity sport for the mind
Inaugural season 1992
No. of teams 2,908[2]
Most recent champion(s) Chairman's Award Winner:
United States 597: "Wolverines' [3]
Champion Teams:
United States 118: "Robonauts"
United States 1678: "Citrus Circuits"
United States 1671: "Buchanan Bird Brains"
United States 5012: "Gryffingear" [4]
Most titles World Champions:
United States 71: Team Hammond (4 titles)
Blue Banners:
United States 254: The Cheesy Poofs (39 Banners)
Canada 1114: Simbotics (39 Banners)
Regional & District Wins:
United States 254: The Cheesy Poofs (29 titles)
Longest Win Streak :
Canada 2056: OP Robotics (22 titles)
Greatest Combination in History :
Canada 2056: OP Robotics and 1114: Simbotics (17 Regional wins together)
Regional & District Chairman's Award:
United States 503: Frog Force (9 awards)[5]
TV partner(s) NBCUniversal
Related competitions FIRST Tech Challenge
FIRST Lego League
Junior FIRST Lego League
Official website
FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) is an international high school robotics competition. Each year, teams of high school students and mentors work during a six-week period to build game-playing robots that weigh up to 120 pounds (54 kg)[6] Robots complete tasks such as scoring balls into goals, frisbees into goals, inner tubes onto racks, hanging on bars, and balancing robots on balance beams. The game changes yearly, keeping the excitement fresh and giving each team a more level playing field. While teams are given a standard set of parts, they are also allowed a budget and encouraged to buy or make specialized parts. FRC is one of four robotics competition programs organized by FIRST.
FRC has a unique culture, built around two values. Gracious Professionalism embraces the competition inherent in the program, but rejects trash talk and chest-thumping, instead embracing empathy and respect for other teams. Coopertition emphasizes that teams can cooperate and compete at the same time.[7] The goal of the program is to inspire students to be science and technology leaders.
In 2015, the 24th year of competition, 2904 teams with roughly 73,000 students and 17,500 mentors from 19 countries built robots. They will compete in 56 Regional Competitions, 48 District Qualifying Competitions, and 5 District Championships. 600 teams will win slots to attend the FIRST Championship, where they compete in a tournament. In addition to on-field competition, teams and team members compete for awards recognizing entrepreneurship, creativity, engineering, industrial design, safety, controls, media, quality, and exemplifying the core values of the program.
Most teams reside in the United States, with Canada, Israel, and Mexico contributing significant numbers of teams.[8]
FIRST was founded in 1989 by inventor and entrepreneur Dean Kamen, with inspiration and assistance from physicist and MIT professor emeritus Woodie Flowers. Kamen was disappointed with the number of kids—particularly women and minorities—who considered science and technology careers, and decided to do something about it. As an inventor, he looked for activities that captured the enthusiasm of students, and decided that combining the excitement of sports competition with science and technology had potential.
Distilling what sports had done right into a recipe for engaging young people, Kamen says, turned out to be relatively straightforward. "It's after school, not in school. It's aspirational, not required," he explained to me.
"You don't get quizzes and tests, you go into competitions and get trophies and letters. You don't have teachers, you have coaches. You nurture, you don't judge. You create teamwork between all the participants. We justify sports for teamwork but why, when we do it in the classroom, do we call it cheating?"
Most of all, it was a nonjudgmental space, where in contrast science and math in traditional educational settings had been soured with embarrassment and uncertainty.[9]
Kamen has stated that FIRST is the invention he feels most proud of, and predicts that participants will be responsible for significant technological advances in years to come.[10] The first FRC season was in 1992 and had one event at a high school gymnasium in New Hampshire.[11] That first competition was relatively small-scale, similar in size to today's FIRST Tech Challenge and Vex Robotics Competition games. Robots relied on a wired connection to receive data from drivers; in the following year, it quickly transitioned to a wireless system.[12][13]
Since 2005, the games have been played with two opposing "alliances" each composed of three teams. Prior to that, a variety of other formats were used, including 2-team alliances, 4-team alliances and 3 teams competing independently.
Starting in 1995, the FIRST Championship (and by extension, the FRC championships) has been held at a large venue, such as Epcot in Orlando, Reliant Park in Houston, the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, and the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis.
FIRST sponsors have included major companies such as Boeing, Microsoft, National Instruments, Google, Texas Instruments, and United Technologies.
Members of the FRC community are generally very friendly and cooperative with one another; at competitions, it is commonplace for teams to aid each other in repairs and improvements, even if the involved teams are slated to compete against each other. Most regional competitions have systems set up to facilitate the lending of parts and tools between teams. A notable example of parts-sharing is the "One-Day Wonder". In 2004, at the Championship Event in Atlanta, GA, the Tottenville High School Pyrobots found themselves without a robot due to a shipping error. The Robotic Eagles (358), Adams Robotics (1340), the Killer Bees (33), and the Goodrich Martians (494), some of who would be on opposing teams in future matches, donated parts, tools, and assistance constructing a competition ready robot within a single day - a feat which the competition allows six weeks for.[14][15][16][17]
Many teams also choose to collaborate during the build season. The degree of collaboration can range from sharing part designs to each team building exactly the same robot. FIRST has encouraged this practice, as shown in an official Q&A response from 2006:
Q: Is collaboration between 2 teams acceptable and encouraged by FIRST?
A: Absolutely. Teams are encouraged to share their knowledge, experience, and innovations with each other on and off the play field, as well as before, during and after the competition season. Without inter-team collaborations, many of the central elements of the FIRST philosophy - such as distribution of technical innovations, team workshops, shared designs, software code-sharing, teams mentoring teams, team-run off-season events, etc. - would all be impossible. The whole concept of "coopertition" is based on the idea of teams helping each other to compete.
Annual schedule[edit]
The competition is an annual event. The most intense participation occurs between January and April, but invitational mini-competitions are hosted by many teams in school gymnasiums throughout the year.[18]
The official start of the FRC is kickoff, the early January announcement of the new game. During a live, worldwide webcast, all participating teams hear about the new game and watch an animation that illustrates game basics. During kickoff, teams receive the Kit of Parts, software, and rules manuals for the game.
The build season, the six weeks following kickoff, is the most intense time period of the competition year. Teams immediately begin to design a robot that is able to play the game, essentially from scratch. Team members spend time designing strategies to play the game, drawing up ideas for robot parts, working with size and weight constraints, and finally, building and assembling their robot. Other challenges include learning to drive the robot, building the electronics for the robot, and software development. After the build season has ended (usually the 3rd full week of February), teams must stop work on their robot and place it in a sealed bag, where it stays until the team arrives at a competition.
Competition starts two weeks after the end of the build season, and run for seven weeks. They take two forms—three day Regional competitions and two day District competitions—depending on what part of the US/Canada a team is from. Winners at Regional competitions directly qualify for Championship participation; winners of District competitions can both directly qualify for the Championship or gain points toward qualification from the District. FRC is migrating to District competitions in many areas, as District events give teams more opportunities to compete and can be hosted closer to teams.
The Championship event is held every year in April, and brings together the world championship competitions for FRC, FTC, and FLL.[19] For FRC, the championship event consists of eight divisions of 75 teams competing on one of six fields: Archimedes, Carson, Carver, Curie, Galileo, Hopper, Newton, and Tesla.[20] The teams compete for the division championship title in the same way they would compete in a regional. The division champions then bring their robots over to the Einstein field to compete in an elimination tournament to determine the overall champion.
A New York City FIRST Robotics Team at a Greater DC Regional with their robot (Hunter College High School-3419)
The average FRC team has approximately 25 students, but can range anywhere from 2 to 150. Teams are aided by adult mentors, who can be professional engineers, teachers, parents, college students, or other interested adults. The degree to which the mentors are involved varies significantly from team to team.
Countries currently represented (in decreasing order of number of teams, as of 2015):[2]
• United States of America (2,536)
• Canada (198)
• Israel (55)
• Mexico (39)
• Australia (25)
• Turkey (8)
• China (25)
• Brazil (5)
• Chile (2)
• Colombia (2)
• Dominican Republic (2)
• Japan (2)
• Netherlands (2)
• United Kingdom (2)
• France (1)
• Germany (1)
• Taiwan (1)
• Singapore (1)
• United Arab Emirates (1)
Teams solicit individuals, sponsors, and businesses for support in the form of donations of time, money, or skills.
Each year, a new game is announced in early January in a live worldwide webcast. Game pieces, scoring, and the shape and location of goals are different for each game. Other rules, such as the overall structure of the competition and construction rules for the robot, vary little year-to-year. The competitive structure has not changed significantly since the establishment of the three team alliance in 2005.
Competitions are structured into a set of qualification matches followed immediately by an elimination tournament. During each qualification match, teams are randomly assigned to alliances of three teams, where they play the game to earn qualifying points. Points are earned based on the combined performance of the alliance. Each team usually participates in 8-10 qualifying matches.
Once qualification matches are completed, a draft occurs to fill brackets for the elimination tournament. Eight teams with the highest number of qualifying points draft other teams to create three team alliances. Unlike the qualification matches, these alliances contain the same teams throughout the elimination tournament. These alliances then compete in a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the best-of-three moving on to the next round.
Match structure changes every year, but for the most part, involves autonomous (computer controlled) robot operation for 10–15 seconds at the beginning of a match, followed by a much longer period (usually 2 minutes) of remote control by one or more drivers.[21][22][23][24][25] Teams use scoring objects on the field to get points. Some games also allow points for achieving tasks such as ending with the robot on a platform, behind a certain line, or even hanging from a field structure.
The 2011-2017 FIRST Championship will be held at the Edward Jones Dome.
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2011 FRC events in the United States and Canada; excludes the competition held in Israel. Regional events have also previously been held in Brazil, and regionals have since been held in Mexico as well.
Competitive events[edit]
Teams compete locally from late February through early April in events to qualify to attend the FIRST Championship, held in late April. Depending on the number of teams in a geographic area, competition occurs at either Regional or District competitions.[26]
Regional Competitions[edit]
Regional Competitions typically involve between 40–65 teams. Teams that win a Regional Competition, as well as the winners of the Rookie All-Star, Engineering Inspiration, and Chairman's Awards automatically qualify for the FIRST Championship. In 2015, there were 56 Regional Competitions held throughout the world.[2] Regional Competitions are three days long and commonly run from Thursday to Saturday.
Regional Competition Schedule (typical)
Day Activities
Thursday Practice
Friday Qualification matches
Saturday Qualification matches (morning)
Elimination matches (afternoon)
District Qualifying Competitions[edit]
Teams in more densely populated areas participate in district competitions. Under this model, a team competes at two District Qualifying Competitions, earning points to qualify for a District Championship.
Districts with Geographic Regions (2015)
District Geographic Region
Indiana Indiana, USA
Michigan Michigan, USA
Mid-Atlantic Deleware, USA
New Jersey, USA
Pennsylvania, USA (eastern portion)
New England Connecticut, USA
Maine, USA
Massachusetts, USA
New Hampshire, USA
Rhode Island, USA
Vermont, USA
Pacific Northwest Oregon, USA
Washington, USA
District Qualifying Competitions[edit]
These competitions are generally smaller than Regional competitions, and are held at venues such as high school gymnasiums. A typical District Qualifying Competition has an average of 30-40 teams. Teams accumulate points both during match competition and for judged awards, and the teams accumulating the most points throughout a district qualify for the District Championship.[27]
District Competition Schedule (typical)
Day Activities
Friday Qualification matches
Saturday Qualification matches (morning)
Elimination matches (afternoon)
District Championship competitions[edit]
The best-performing teams during the District Qualifying Competitions in each district qualify for the District Championship. At the District Championship, teams compete to qualify for the FIRST Championship. Some teams qualify based on winning or receiving awards, and others on the point system.
FIRST Championship[edit]
Main article: FIRST Championship
The FIRST Championship is the culmination of the FRC competition season, and occurs in late April each year. Roughly 600 teams will participate in 2015.
The three most prestigious awards are presented to those teams and individuals who have done the most to realize FIRST's mission.
Chairman's Award[edit]
The Chairman's Award is the most prestigious award a team can win at a regional or at the championship, more so than even winning the competition itself.[28] Demonstrating the prestige of the award, a team that wins a Regional Chairman's Award receives a reserved spot at the championship event so that they may compete for the Championship Chairman's award, regardless of their on-field performance. A team that wins a Championship Chairman's Award is inducted into the FIRST "Hall of Fame" and invited back to Championships every year regardless of their performance at regional or district events. The Chairman's award was created to recognize teams that demonstrate the greatest commitment to spreading passion about science and technology into their communities and schools. Submission involves writing an essay of no more than 10,000 characters documenting the team's efforts at spreading the message of FIRST, a five-minute presentation to a panel of judges—followed by a five-minute Q&A session for the judges—and a three-minute video. New to the 2014 season, teams are allowed to present their Chairman's Award submission at all events they attend - regional or district - until they win[29]
Woodie Flowers Award[edit]
The Woodie Flowers Award (WFA) is awarded to a mentor within a team that the team believes has made a large contribution to them and deserves to be recognized. Criteria is based on how well the chosen mentor inspires the students towards better communication and engineering. Each team may submit one mentor at one regional for the regional Woodie Flowers Award. At each regional, one regional WFA winner is selected. Any regional WFA winner is eligible to be considered for the Championship WFA, though past regional WFA winners may not again win a regional WFA, to allow other mentors the chance to be recognized. The WFA trophy itself is a head-sized Möbius strip with bearings inside it.
Dean's List Award[edit]
The Dean's List Award is given to individual student team members. Much like the Woodie Flowers Award for mentors, the Dean's List Award is to recognize students for their technical knowledge, leadership skills, and their ability to inspire their team toward the mission of FIRST. Teams are allowed to recognize 2 students on their team as Dean's List Semi-Finalists. As semi-finalists, these students are eligible to win the Dean's List Finalist Award at a regional. 2 Dean's List Finalist Awards are given out at every regional, and these student's names are announced at the State championship. At the annual FIRST World Championship, 10 finalists are then awarded the Dean's List Award during a special award ceremony.
The 2014 Dean's List Winners include: Kinney Anderson, Team 2486, CocoNuts, Flagstaff, Ariz.; Callie Carbajal, Team 1671, Buchanan Bird Brains, Clovis, Calif.; Bryce Croucher, Team 2471, Team Mean Machine, Camas, Wash.; Michael Foley, Team 1923, The MidKnight Inventors, Plainsboro, N.J.; Alec Kumpf, Team 1311, Kell Robotics, Marietta, Ga.; Alexander Lew, Team 1912, Team Combustion, Slidell, La.; Madeleine Logeais, Team 2177, The Robettes, Mendota Heights, Minn; Simran Parwani, Team 3504, Girls of Steel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Camron Razdar, Team 27, Team RUSH, Clarkston, Mich.; Anthony Stuart, Team 4201, Vitruvian Bots, Hawthorne, Calif.[30]
Kit of parts[edit]
At the start of the FIRST season all teams receive the Kit Of Parts and the game description. The kit includes the control system and a collection of parts to build a basic robot, as well as many parts donated by participating sponsors. Besides the control system, the kit includes items such as motors, structural components, speed controllers, pneumatic actuators, wheels, and gearboxes, as well as programming and design software. As soon as the teams receive their kit of parts, the 6-week build season begins.[31] Teams are allowed to purchase additional off-the-shelf items where each individual item value may not exceed $400 USD with a total maximum project budget of $4,000.[32]
Beginning in the 2013 Season, in partnership with AndyMark, FRC launched FIRST Choice, an online web store allowing for teams to purchase items using special FIRST Choice credits. The same number of credits are allotted to each team, and each item's credit value varies with real world price and availability. A catalog of hundreds of items is available to choose from, ranging from 0 to 400 credits each. In 2014, thanks to generous suppliers, FIRST Choice held a lottery to distribute hundreds of 3-D Printers, with the entry price into the lottery being all of a team's FIRST Choice Credits. 2014 also saw the inclusion of 3-D Printing Coupons available for multiple locations across the continental United States.
The main controller on FRC robots is a National Instruments roboRio.[33]
Media exposure[edit]
From 1996 to 1998, the FIRST Championship was covered by ESPN.[34] Live coverage is currently provided by NASA TV, which can be viewed on the internet, TVRO, DirecTV, and Dish Network; the sophistication of the broadcast of each event is dependent on the organizers of that event, and range from professionally called with color commentary, such as the 2011 Michigan State Championship, to single-camera setups with no commentary other than the on-field play caller, which is typical of most events.
The PBS documentary "Gearing Up" followed four teams through the 2008 season.[35]
In the television series Dean of Invention, Dean Kamen made appeals promoting FIRST prior to commercial breaks.[36]
During the 2010 FIRST Robotics Competition season, FIRST team 3132, Thunder Down Under, was followed by a Macquarie University student film crew to document the first year of FRC in Australia. The crew produced a documentary film called I, Wombot.[37][38] The film premiered during the 2011 Dungog Film Festival.[39][40]
A book called The New Cool was written by Neal Bascomb about the story of Team 1717 from Goleta, California as they competed in the 2009 game season. A movie adaptation directed by Michael Bacall is being produced.[41]
The CNN documentary "Don't Fail Me: Education in America", which aired on 15 May 2011, followed three FRC teams during the 2011 season. The documentary profiled one student from each team, covering different geographic and socioeconomic levels: Shaan Patel from Team 1403 Cougar Robotics, Maria Castro from Team 842 Falcon Robotics, and Brian Whited from Team 3675 Eagletrons.[42]
On 14 August 2011, ABC aired a special on FIRST called " FIRST: Science is Rock and Roll"[43] that featured many famous musical artists such as The Black Eyed Peas and Willow Smith. himself was the executive producer of the special. The program placed a special focus on the FIRST Robotics competition, even though it included segments on the FIRST Tech Challenge, FIRST Lego League, and Junior FIRST Lego League.[citation needed]
The movie 'Drive Like A Girl' followed the Bronx High School of Science's all girls robot team the Fe Maidens
For the 2013 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, five FRC teams and their robots led the parade, with one robot cutting the ribbon and the others shooting confetti.[44][45]
In the 2014 movie Transformers: Age of Extinction, a FRC Robot built by Team 2468, Team Appreciate, for the 2012 Season was featured in Cade Yeager's garage shooting the foam basketball game pieces from Rebound Rumble.[46]
The 2015 Kickoff was, for the first time, broadcast by NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast, and was available via OnDemand for the month of January 2015. [47]
FIRST Robotics Competition
Older logo from website
Intermission during Aim High in Los Angeles, encouraging teams to socialize
The 2006 Triplets of 1114, 1503, and 1680. 1114 and 1503 won 3 regionals each, while 1680 won a silver finalist medal and was a quarterfinalist twice.
Competition at the 2008 Hawaii regionals.
"Raptor", Team 254's 2007 FRC robot.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Merrick, Frank. "Title Change". US FIRST. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
2. ^ a b c d "FIRST ® Robotics Competition: 2015 SEASON FACTS" (PDF). For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
3. ^ @FRCTeams. "Everyone's on their feet for '15 Chairman's Award winner, Team 597 from LA. #omgrobots #FIRSTChamp #morethanrobots". FRC Teams. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
4. ^ "Einstein Field (2015)". The Blue Alliance. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
5. ^ "Insights Overview". The Blue Alliance. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
6. ^ "FRC 2015 Game Manual" (PDF). Retrieved 1 March 2015.
7. ^ "Gracious Professionalism and Coopertition". FIRST. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
8. ^ "2014 Season Facts" (PDF). FIRST. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
9. ^
10. ^ Harris, Mark (10 June 2010). "Brain scan: Mr Segway's difficult path". The Economist. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
11. ^ FIRST History |
12. ^ 1992 FIRST Robotics final match - YouTube
13. ^ 1993 US FIRST Robotics "Rug Rage" match - YouTube
14. ^ Best robots at Nationals - Page 4 - Chief Delphi
15. ^ pic: 1396 One-Day Robot - Chief Delphi
16. ^ pic: 1396 One-Day Robot - Page 3 - Chief Delphi
17. ^'s_%22One-Day_Wonder%22
18. ^
19. ^
20. ^
21. ^ Microsoft Word - Section 1 - 2002 Manual - final.doc
22. ^
23. ^
24. ^ Microsoft Word - 4-The Game rev C.doc
25. ^
26. ^
27. ^
28. ^
29. ^
30. ^
31. ^
32. ^
33. ^ "2015 Control System and Kit of Parts Survey". FRC Blog. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
34. ^ 1996 FIRST Championships ESPN part1 - YouTube
35. ^ "What Is Gearing Up?". KETC. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
36. ^ "Behind the Scenes With Dean Kamen on Dean of Invention". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
37. ^ FRC Team3132 - The Thunder Down Under
38. ^ I, Wombot (2011) - IMDb
39. ^ I, Wombot
40. ^ Newsroom - Macquarie University
41. ^ McCarthy, Erin (28 April 2012). "Director Michael Bacall on FIRST Robotics Movie The New Cool". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
42. ^ "Don't Fail Me: Education in America airs Sunday". CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
44. ^ Canessa, Kevin (28 November 2013). "Martin County student robotics team kick off Macy's Thanksgiving Parade". WPTV. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
45. ^ "Robots Come FIRST® at Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade®". FIRST. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
46. ^ Stenglein, Jack (16 July 2014). "Chap Robotics makes appearance in new Transformers movie". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
47. ^ "2015 FIRST® Robotics Competition (FRC®) Kickoff!". Comcast. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Temporal range: Early Cretaceous to present
Mymar female.jpg
Mymar sp. (female)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Superfamily: Chalcidoidea
Family: Mymaridae
Haliday, 1833
Type genus
Curtis, 1829
See text.
0–2 subfamilies
c.100 genera
c.1,400 species
The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. It contains around 100 genera with 1400 species.
Fairyflies are very tiny insects, like most chalcid wasps. They average at only 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.020 to 0.039 in) long. They include the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long. They usually have nonmetallic black, brown, or yellow bodies. The antennae of the females are distinctively tipped by club-like segments, while male antennae are thread-like. Their wings are usually slender and possess long bristles, giving them a hairy or feathery appearance. Though some species may have greatly reduced stubby wings or lack wings altogether. They can be distinguished from other chalcid wasps by the H-shaped pattern of sutures on the front of their heads.
Fairyflies are some of the most common chalcid wasps, but are rarely noticed by humans because of their extremely small sizes. Their adult lifespans are very short, usually lasting for only a few days. All known fairyflies are parasitoids of the eggs of other insects, and several species have been successfully used as biological pest control agents.
The fossil record of fairyflies extends from at least the Albian age (about 100 Mya) of the Early Cretaceous. They are the only chalcid wasp family known from the Cretaceous, thus are considered the most primitive family within Chalcidoidea.
An illustration of the 'feather-winged' Mymar pulchellum by John Curtis, circa 1840
The family Mymaridae was first established in 1833 by Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday. Haliday and two close friends and respected entomologists in their own right, John Curtis and Francis Walker, were influential in the early studies on Hymenoptera in the 19th century.[1][2]
Haliday originally described fairyflies as the tribe "Mymares" of the family "Chalcides". He based his descriptions on the type genus Mymar, described by Curtis in 1829.[3]
Earlier attempts of classification by Walker treated the group as a genus, and classified all other known fairyflies under it as subgenera. Walker (who was infamous for his shortcomings in systematic nomenclature)[1] later conceded to Haliday's classification in a letter in 1839 and requested assistance from Haliday in classifying the chalcid wasps collected by Charles Darwin on his voyage on the HMS Beagle.[4] "Mymares", as well as other "tribes", were elevated to the family rank (as Mymaridae) by Haliday in 1839.[5][6][7]
Haliday described fairyflies as "the very atoms of the order Hymenoptera" and remarked on the beauty of their wings when viewed under the microscope.[3] These characteristics of fairyflies also made them popular to entomologists and microscopists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The beautifully mounted fairyfly specimens of the early 20th century English microscopist Fred Enock are possibly the most famous of the collections.[5][8]
The generic name Mymar (and by extension, Mymaridae) was derived by Curtis from the Greek word μΰμαρ (mumar), an Aeolian variant of the standard Greek μῶμος (mōmos, "spot" or "blot", also "blame", "reproach", or "disgrace").[6]
For the list of genera under Mymaridae, see the Genera subsecton
The Mymaridae are the most primitive members of the chalcid wasp superfamily (Chalcidoidea).[9] About 1424 species of fairyflies are grouped in about 100 genera.[10] Of the extant fairyfly genera, Eustochomorpha is the most primitive.[11] The largest genera are Anagrus, Anaphes, Gonatocerus, and Polynema, which comprise around half of all known species. They are the most commonly encountered fairyflies, followed by Alaptus, Camptoptera, Erythmelus, Ooctonus, and Stethynium, which make up a further quarter of known species.[12][13] The Mymaridae are considered to be monophyletic, but their exact relationships with other chalcid wasps remain unclear.[14]
No commonly accepted subfamilies have been acknowledged,[10] but two proposals are notable. Annecke & Doutte (1961) proposed the subfamilies Alaptinae and Mymarinae based on the morphology of the gasters. Peck et al. (1964) proposed the subfamilies Gonatocerinae and Mymarinae based on the number of segments (tarsomeres) in the tarsi. Both systems included further tribal categories.[15] A fossil subfamily was also proposed for a genus recovered from Canadian amber.[12]
Fairyflies are very small insects. They have body lengths from 0.13 to 5.4 mm (0.0051 to 0.2126 in), averaging at 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.020 to 0.039 in).[12] Their bodies are usually nonmetallic and colored black, brown, or yellow.[16] They can be distinguished from other chalcid wasps by having an H-shaped pattern of sutures, known as trabeculae or carinae, below the frontmost ocelli and the inner eye margins.[12] Rarely, the sutures can also extend behind the ocelli.[10] Fairyflies have long antennae, at least as long as the head and the mesosoma (middle part of the body).[16] The antennal toruli (sockets of the antennae) are set high on the head and near the eye margins. They are separated by a distance of three to five times their own diameter. In contrast, the antennae of other chalcid wasps are separated only by one diameter.[17] In females, the antennae are tipped with club-like segments known as clava. In males, the antennae are filiform (thread-like).[16]
Mymarilla wollastoni: (1) Female exhibiting the extraordinarily densely hairy (setose) and domed forewings peculiar to the species. (2) Close-up of the thread-like antennae of a male. Mymarilla wollastoni is endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic. Scale bar = 1000 μm
Most fairyflies possess wings with long bristles (marginal setae) on the fringes. The fore wings usually have hypochaeta. These are small bristles (setae) which point distinctly backwards on the ventral surface of the wing membrane.[12]
Fairyflies exhibit considerable variation in their wing shapes in comparison to other chalcid wasps. The fully developed (macropterous) wings of fairyflies are normally flat with rounded tips and are several times longer than they are wide. These kinds of wings usually exhibit interspecific and intergeneric variation in terms of the length to width ratio and the shape of the wing outline (especially of the tips and the rear margins) of the forewings. In some species the forewings are relatively wide, like in the genus Paranaphoidea which have fore wings only two and a half times as long as they are wide. In other species, the fore wings are extremely narrow, like in Cleruchus bicilliatus whose forewings are about thirty times as long as they are wide.[18]
Cremnomymar sp. (female) exhibiting the usual macropterous and flat wings of fairyflies. Scale bar = 1000 μm
Greatly reduced (micropterous) wings on Paracmotemnus sp. (female)
Fore wing curvature, such that it is distinctly convex or dome-shaped, is also exhibited by at least one species of the genera Cremnomymar, Mymarilla, Parapolynema, and Richteria. Most of these species inhabit particularly harsh and wind-swept environments, and the curvature may help in absorbing and retaining heat or prevent the fairyflies from being blown away.[18]
The hind wings are stalked (petiolate) and very narrow.[16][18] They don't exhibit much variation, in contrast to the forewings. They can range from narrow and thread-like (as in members of the genus Mymar) to relatively wide (as in members of the genus Paranaphoidea). In rare instances, the hind wings may also exhibit curvature, with a convex or concave anterior and posterior margins.[18]
Some fairyflies possess slightly reduced (brachypterous) to greatly reduced (micropterous) wings, while others may even be completely wingless (apterous).[16][18][19] Wing reduction or absence are usually exhibited by at least one sex (usually the females) of species which search for host eggs in confined areas (like leaf litter, soil, or the tubules of bracket fungi). They are also exhibited by of species which inhabit windy habitats like oceanic islands or in high elevations. Particularly endemic species which are found in isolated habitats or are located far from the nearest mainland. In these habitats, wings would only be a hindrance to the fairyflies, so are strongly selected against in evolution. For example, the three known species of fairyflies found in the far southern islands of Campbell and Auckland of the southwestern Pacific and South Georgia of the southern Atlantic, as well as 20% of the fairyfly fauna in the Juan Fernández Islands, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island, are all wingless or short-winged. While wingless and short-winged species may also be found in islands near continents and in continental habitats, they usually constitute only a small percentage of the overall number of species.[18]
Because of their small sizes, fairyflies may sometimes be mistaken for members of the families Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae, but members of these other families can readily be distinguished by having much shorter antennae.[16]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Fairyflies are some of the most common chalcid wasps, but because of their minute sizes, they are seldom noticed by humans. This apparent invisibility, their delicate bodies, and their hair-fringed wings have earned them their common name.[20]
Fairyflies are found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world.[17] The largest number of species can be found in tropical forests, with the greatest diversity in genera found in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, New Zealand, and Australia). In the Nearctic (North America), only around 28 (of around 100) genera and 120 (of around 1424) species are found.[16]
Fairyflies can survive in all kinds of terrestrial habitats, from deserts to rainforests.[12] At least five species are also known to be aquatic, inhabiting freshwater ponds and streams.[21] Among these is Caraphractus cinctus, which uses its wings as paddles to swim around.[22] They can remain underwater for as long as 15 days.[5][23] Because of their small sizes, however, they have to exit the water by climbing up plant stems that jut through the surface, as they would not be able to break the surface tension of the water otherwise.[24]
All known fairyflies are parasitoids of eggs of other insects. These eggs are commonly laid in concealed locations, such as in plant tissues or underground.[10][17] They do not seem to be species-specific when it comes to choosing hosts. Some species are known to parasitize insects from several families of a single order. Their most common hosts are insects belonging to the order Hemiptera (true bugs), especially Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers, cicadas, and allies) and Coccoidea (scale insects),[16][25] but this might be because these groups are simply better studied. Other important host orders include Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (true flies), Odonata (dragonflies and allies), Psocoptera (booklice and allies), and Thysanoptera (thrips). Hosts are known definitely for only a quarter of all known genera.[12][26]
Fairyflies include the smallest known insect, Dicopomorpha echmepterygis from Costa Rica, which have males that are only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in) long. They do not have wings or eyes, their mouths are mere holes, and their antennae are simply spherical blobs. The ends of their legs have been modified into suction cups for clutching at females long enough to fertilize them.[20] They are so small, their entire bodies are smaller than a single-celled Paramecium.[27][28] Four male individuals, lined up end-to-end, would just about encompass the width of a period at the end of a typical printed sentence.[12] The females of the species, however, are typical fairyflies, and are much larger.[5][20] The smallest flying insect is also a mymarid, Kikiki huna from Hawaii, which is 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long.[29]
Life history[edit]
Arescon sp. (female) from Thailand
Very little is known of the life histories of fairyflies, as only a few species have been observed extensively.[16] They are usually solitary, but can sometimes be gregarious.[10][17]
Mating occurs immediately after emergence. No courting behaviors have been observed and each female is fertilized by only one male.[15] Once fertilized, the males lose interest in the female and the female also loses interest in further mating.[14] In Prestwichia aquatica, mating has been reported to occur prior to the emergence of females from the host eggs.[15] In P. aquatica, Anagres incarnatus, A. armatus, and Anaphes nipponicus, females outnumber males in each brood; from two to 20 females for each male.[15] In Polynema striaticorne, it is the opposite, with males outnumbering females by a ratio of three or more to one. In Anagrus atomus, A. frequens, A. optabilis, A. perforator, and Polynema euchariformes, females are able to reproduce without males (parthenogenesis), though males may still sometimes be found within broods.[15][30]
Adult lifespans of fairyflies are very short.[15] In Stethynium, adults (males and females) can live for only one to two days. In Anagrus, depending on the species, it can range from three to 11 days.[31] Each fertilized (or parthenogenic) female can lay a maximum of only about 100 eggs.[30] Access to food can prolong lifespans and increase fecundity.[31] In Gonatocerus, with the absence of hosts, females can resorb eggs, retaining energy to live longer and increase the chances of finding hosts.[32]
After emerging, females search rapidly for suitable host eggs by tapping their antennae over stems or barks of plants. When a telltale scar left by egg-laying insects is found, they will insert their antennae into the recess and check to see if the eggs are suitable. If they are, she will thrust her ovipositor into all of the eggs and lay her own eggs inside in quick succession. She retains contact with each of the eggs with her antennae while doing this.[15][30]
Most fairyflies require a sufficient amount of development in embryos inside the eggs before they attack them, as their offspring cannot mature if the eggs are too new or if the embryos inside are too advanced. Older host embryos are apparently harder for the fairyfly larvae to digest,[14] but there are exceptions. Some species of Polynema can attack embryos at various stages of development. They have been recorded to produce three successive generations in a single brood of the treehopper Ceresa.[15]
All fairyflies possess ellipsoid eggs with a long tapering stalk. They develop rapidly once laid and can hatch in six hours to two days.[14] Several generations may be produced in a year, often on different hosts.[12]
Fairyflies have two to four larval stages, all apparently without functional spiracles or tracheae.[10][33] Metamorphosis occurs completely within the host egg.[12] They are peculiar for insects which exhibit complete metamorphosis (holometabolism) in that they produce two distinct kinds of larval instars before pupation. In some fairyflies, such as Anaphes, the first instar is a highly mobile "mymmariform" larva. The second instar, however, is a completely immobile, sac-like larva without discernible segments, spines, or setae. In other fairyflies, such as Anagrus, this is reversed. The first instar is immobile, while the second instar is a very distinctive, highly active "hystriobdellid" larva.[12][30] At least one instar of the larvae is capable of overwintering when laid in colder seasons.[10][15]
Economic importance[edit]
Fairyflies have been used for the biological pest control of various crop pests.[34] They are especially valued for their ability to locate the eggs of their hosts.[35] Of the fairyflies, the cosmopolitan genus Anagrus is the most promising, as it can parasitize a wide range of hosts. At least ten instances of successful introductions of fairyflies to control pests are known.[14]
Gonatocerus triguttatus laying its eggs in glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs embedded in a leaf
In Hawaii, Anagrus optabilis has been successfully used to control the sugarcane planthopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida).[30] Anagrus epos has also previously been used effectively against the grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegans) and the variegated grape leafhopper (Erythroneura variabilis).[36][37] At first, it met limited success, as the wasps died in winter for lack of hosts. The planting of wild blackberries (Rubus spp.) near vineyards in California brought along with it the blackberry leafhopper (Dikrella cruentata). Though not pests, D. cruentata proved to be sufficient hosts for A. epos in winter, allowing them to survive into the next year.[14][35] They have also been shown to be capable of overwintering in prune leafhoppers (Edwardsiana prunicola).[38]
Gonatocerus triguttatus, Gonatocerus tuberculifemur, and Anagrus epos (which is probably a species complex) were also studied for possible use in controlling glassy-winged sharpshooters (Homalodisca vitripennis) in California.[37][39][40] Gonatocerus triguttatus and Gonatocerus ashmeadi were eventually introduced in California in 2000. It proved to be very successful, causing about a 90% decline in populations of glassy-winged sharpshooters.[41]
In 2005, Gonatocerus ashmeadi was used against invasive glassy-winged sharpshooters in Tahiti and Moorea of the French Polynesia. Again, it was very effective, bringing down the pest density by about 95% in just a year after introduction.[42] It was subsequently also released in the Society Islands, the Marquesas, and the Austral Islands, where similar results were obtained against glassy-winged sharpshooters.[43]
In South Africa, Anaphes nitens was introduced very successfully to control the eucalyptus snout beetle (Gonipterus scutellatus).[14] In Australia and Israel, members of the genus Stethynium are being investigated as possible biological control agents for gall-forming crop pests, particularly Ophelimus maskelli.[31]
Fossil record[edit]
Fairyflies are well represented in fossil amber inclusions, copal, and compression fossils. Their fossils have been found from the Early Cretaceous up to the Miocene epoch. It is, in fact, the only family of chalcid wasps definitely known to date back to the Cretaceous period.[44]
Paleogene and Neogene fossils of fairyflies were first described in 1901 by Fernand Anatole Meunier. He described fossil fairyflies from Baltic amber, most of them from the Eocene (55 to 37 mya). In 1973, Richard L. Doutt described several species from the Burdigalian (20 to 15 mya) amber of Mexico. In 1983, Csaba Thuróczy described another species from Baltic amber, this time dating to the Oligocene (33 to 23 mya). And in 2011, John T. Huber and Dale Greenwalt described fairyfly fossils from the oil shales of the Kishenehn Formation (Lutetian age) of Montana. These comprised two new genera and six species.[45]
Cretaceous fairyflies are much rarer. In 1975, Carl M. Yoshimoto described four genera of fairyflies from the Cretaceous of Canada. In 2011, John T. Huber and George Poinar, Jr. described the genus Myanmymar from Burmese amber. Dating back to the Upper Albian age (about 100 mya) of the Early Cretaceous, it is the oldest known fairyfly (and chalcid wasp). They are surprisingly very similar to modern genera, though with a greater number of flagellar segments and longer forewing veins. The characteristics of the fossil (taking into account Yoshimoto's earlier discoveries) led them to conclude fairfylies either may have existed much earlier than Myanmymar, or they may have diversified rapidly during that time period.[44]
Mymaridae include the genera listed below.[46][47] Allomymar and Metanthemus has been transferred to the family Aphelinidae. The fossil genus Protooctonus has been transferred to the family Mymarommatidae, and is now considered to be a synonym of Archaeromma.[6] Nesopolynema, Oncomymar, and Scolopsopteron were synonymized to the genus Cremnomymar in 2013, and their species are now classified under the latter.[18] Shillingsworthia is also excluded, as it was a tongue-in-cheek hypothetical concept of a species from the planet Jupiter, "described" by Alexandre Arsène Girault in 1920 to disparage his colleague Johann Francis Illingworth.[6][48]
Genera marked with † are extinct.
Richteria ara (female) with the characteristic double-domed forewings of the species. Scale bar = 1000 μm
Myanmymar aresconoides (female) is the oldest known fairyfly fossil
Extant genera[edit]
Fossil genera[edit]
These fossil genera are classified under Mymaridae:[6][44]
Collection and preservation[edit]
Despite their relative abundance, fairyflies are unpopular among modern insect collectors because of the great difficulty in collecting them.[5][49] As one of the least known insect families, a large amount of information is still waiting to be discovered about fairyflies.[12] This is an area of entomology where an amateur naturalist can still make significant contributions.[23]
In the 19th century, Curtis described the methods by which Haliday collected fairyflies as thus:[50]
The minute Hymenoptera are best collected by beating into, and sweeping with, a net made of fine gauze, and Mr. Haliday recommends me to collect them in quills, and afterwards to empty their contents into hot water, by which means their wings are naturally expanded; then by introducing a card under them to take them out of the water, arranging the legs and wings when necessary with a camel's hair pencil, and leaving them upon the card till they are dry, they may afterwards be taken off with a penknife, and gummed upon the points of small pieces of drawing- or card-paper of a long triangular form.
John CurtisBritish Entomology Vol. 7 (1830)[50]
The best modern collection method is using Malaise traps. It requires little maintenance and can collect insects in great abundance. Other effective methods include yellow pan trapping, sweep nets, and suction trapping. Direct collection from leaf litter with Berlese funnels can also result in specimens that can not be collected by other means.[5][51]
Rearing is also another method that can bring the most rewards. This can be done with wild host eggs or laboratory-prepared host eggs that are exposed in suitable habitats outside. They can then be taken in after a sufficient amount of time has passed and examined for developing fairyflies. With this method, it is possible to observe the life history and determine the hosts of particular species of discovered fairyflies.[5]
Preservation is a problem for fairyflies (and other small chalcid wasps). Their tiny sizes require special methods. Specimens have to be dried, if collected wet, e.g. if ethyl alcohol is used as the killing agent. Drying can make specimens extremely brittle, so additional care should also be taken not to disintegrate them. Mounting specimens (preferably in permanent slides) is also time-consuming and requires a fair amount of practice. They are gummed or glued onto cards, as they can not be mounted on pins like larger insects.[5][52]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Kari T. Ryder Wilkie. "Francis Walker (1809–1874)". Global Ant Project – World Ant Taxonomists.
2. ^ L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz. "British Insects". DELTA, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
3. ^ a b Alexander Henry Haliday (1833). "An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus" (PDF). The Entomological Magazine 1.
4. ^ "Letters from Francis Walker to Alexander Henry Haliday (July 29, 1839)". Wikisource.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h J.S. Noyes & E.W. Valentine (1989). "Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) — introduction, and review of genera" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand (DSIR Publishing) (17).
6. ^ a b c d e John T. Huber (2005). "The gender and derivation of genus-group names in Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera)" (PDF). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 69: 167–183. ISSN 1211-376X.
7. ^ Francis Walker (1846). "Descriptions of Mymaridae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History (R. & J.E. Taylor). XVIII: 49–54. doi:10.1080/037454809494390.
8. ^ "Helios". Natural History Museum.
9. ^ Vladimir E. Gokhman (2009). Karyotypes of Parasitic Hymenoptera. Springer. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4020-9806-2.
10. ^ a b c d e f g B.R. Pitkin (June 7, 2004). "Mymaridae". Universal Chalcidoidea Database, The Natural History Museum.
11. ^ John T. Huber. "The Basal Lineages of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) and Description of a New Genus, Borneomymar". In George Melika & Csaba Thuróczy. Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control (PDF).
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Elisabetta Chiappini & John T. Huber (2008). "Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)". In John L. Capinera. Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer. p. 1407–1409. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
13. ^ S.V. Triapitsyn (2003). "Review of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of Primorskii Krai: Genus Erthymelus Enock, with Taxonomic Notes on Some Extralimital Species" (PDF). Far Eastern Entomologist (Far East Branch of the Russian Entomological Society and Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Biology and Soil Science) (126): 1–44. ISSN 1026-051X.
14. ^ a b c d e f g James T. Cronin & Donald R. Strong (1990). "Biology of Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae)" (PDF). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83 (4): 846–854. doi:10.1093/aesa/83.4.846.
15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Checklist of UK Recorded Mymaridae". Hedgerows, Hedges and Verges of Britain and Ireland.
16. ^ a b c d e f g h i John T. Huber (1997). "Chapter 14. Mymaridae". In Gary A. P. Gibson, John Theodore Huber, & James Braden Woolley. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Series. NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. p. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-660-16669-8.
17. ^ a b c d Systematic Entomology Laboratory. "Family Mymaridae". Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
18. ^ a b c d e f g John T. Huber (2013). "Redescription of Mymarilla Westwood, new synonymies under Cremnomymar Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) and discussion of unusual wings" (PDF). ZooKeys 345: 47–72. doi:10.3897/zookeys.345.6209.
19. ^ Richard L. Doutt & Carl M. Yoshimoto (1970). "Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae of South Georgia" (PDF). Pacific Insects Monograph 23: 293–294.
20. ^ a b c John T. Huber (2009). "Biodiversity of Hymenoptera". In Robert G. Foottit & Peter Holdridge Adler. Insect biodiversity: Science and Society. John Wiley and Sons. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9.
21. ^ Seguei V. Triapitsyn, Ranyse B. Querino, & Malu C.B. Feitosa (2008). "A New Species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Amazonas, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Entomology 37 (6): 681–684. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000600009.
22. ^ Gilbert Waldbauer (2008). A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-674-02765-7.
23. ^ a b Carl M. Yoshimoto (1990). A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea). Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 978-1-877743-04-7.
24. ^ May Berenbaum (1993). Ninety-nine more maggots, mites, and munchers. University of Illinois Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-252-06322-0.
25. ^ Cedric Gillott (1999). Entomology. Springer. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
26. ^ E. Baquero & R. Jordana (2005). "Contribution to the knowledge of the family Mymaridae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Navarra, North of Iberian península" (PDF). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent. 26 (3–4): 75–91. ISSN 0210-8984.
27. ^ John R. Meyer. "World's Smallest Insect". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Northern California State University.
28. ^ Christer Björkman, Karl Gotthard, & Mats W. Pettersson (2009). "Body Size". In Timothy D. Schowalter. Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. Academic Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8.
29. ^ John T. Huber & John W. Beardsley (2000). "A New Genus of Fairyfly, Kikiki, from the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)" (PDF). Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 34: 65–70.
30. ^ a b c d e Kazi Abdus Sahad (1984). "Biology of Anagrus optabilis (Perkins) (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of Delphacid Planthoppers" (PDF). ESAKIA (22): 129–144.
31. ^ a b c John T. Huber, Zvi Mendel, Alex Protasov, & John La Salle (2006). "Two new Australian species of Stethynium (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), larval parasitoids of Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Eucalyptus" (PDF). Journal of Natural History (Taylor & Francis) 40 (32–34): 1909–1921. doi:10.1080/00222930601046428. ISSN 1464-5262.
32. ^ Mark S. Hoddle, Nic Irvin, & Robert Luck (2005–2006). "Realized Lifetime Parasitism of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Egg Masses by Gonatocerus ashmeadi" (PDF). California Agriculture.
33. ^ Jean-Yves Rasplus, Claire Villemant, Maria Rosa Paiva, Gérard Delvare, & Alain Roques (2010). "Hymenoptera". BioRisk 4 (2): 669–776. doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.55.
34. ^ E. Baquero & R. Jordana (1999). "Species of Anagrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae) in Navarra (Spain)". Miscellania Zoologica (Museu de Zoologia) (22.2): 39–50. ISSN 0211-6529.
35. ^ a b Richard E. Warner & Kathleen M. Hendrix (1984). California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press. pp. 978–979. ISBN 978-0-520-05035-8.
36. ^ Charles H. Pickett, Lloyd T. Wilson, Daniel Gonzalez, & Donald L. Flaherty (1987). "Biological control of variegated grape leafhopper" (PDF). California Agriculture (July–August): 146–16.
37. ^ a b Joseph G. Morse, Richard Stouthammer, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, David J.W. Morgan, Jonathan M. Lytle, & Rodrigo Krugner (2005–2006). "The Anagrus epos complex: A likely source of effective classical biological agents for glassy-winged sharpshooter control" (PDF).
38. ^ L. Ted Wilson, Charles H. Pickett, Donald L. Flaherty, & Teresa A. Bates (1989). "French prune trees: refuge for grape leafhopper parasite". California Agriculture (March–April): 7–8.
39. ^ Sergeui V. Triapitsyn & Phil A. Phillips (2000). "First Record of Gonatocerus triguttatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) from Eggs of Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with Notes on the Distribution of the Host" (PDF). Florida Entomologist (Florida Entomological Society) 83 (2): 200–203. doi:10.2307/3496158.
40. ^ Eduardo G. Virla, Guillermo A. Logarzo, Walker A. Jones, & Sergeui Triapitsyn (2005). "Biology of Gonatocerus tuberculifemur (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Sharpshooter, Tapajosa rubromarginata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)". Florida Entomologist (Florida Entomological Society) 88 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0067:BOGTHM]2.0.CO;2.
41. ^ Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Luigi Ponti, Mark Hoddle, Rodrigo P.P. Almeida, & Nicola A. Irvin (2011). "Geographic Distribution and Relative Abundance of the Invasive Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter: Effects of Temperature and Egg Parasitoids" (PDF). Environ. Entomol. 40 (4): 755–769. doi:10.1603/EN10174.
42. ^ Hoddle M.S., Grandgirard J., Petit J., Roderick G.K., Davies N. (2006). "Glassy-winged sharpshooter Ko'ed – First round – in French Polynesia". Biocontrol News and Information 27 (3): 47N–62N.
43. ^ Julie Grandgirard, Mark S. Hoddle, Jerome N. Petit, George K. Roderick, & Neil Davies (2008). "Classical biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, by the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi in the Society, Marquesas and Austral archipelagos of French Polynesia". Biological Control 48 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.10.005.
44. ^ a b c George Poinar Jr. & John T. Huber (2011). D.E. Shcherbakov, M.S. Engel, & M.J. Sharkey, ed. "Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn". ZooKeys (Pensoft) 130: 461–472. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1241. PMC 3260775. PMID 22259293. |chapter= ignored (help)
45. ^ John T. Huber & Dale Greenwalt (2011). D.E. Shcherbakov, M.S. Engel, & M.J. Sharkey, ed. "Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn". ZooKeys (Pensoft) 130: 473–494. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1717. |chapter= ignored (help)
46. ^ Simon van Noort. "Mymaridae: Classification of afrotropical mymarid wasps". WaspWeb, Iziko South African Museum.
47. ^ John T. Huber, Gennaro Viggiani, & Ricardo Jesu (2009). "Order Hymenoptera, family Mymaridae" (PDF). Arthropod fauna of the UAE 2: 270–297.
48. ^ A.A. Girault (1920). "Some Insects never before seen by Mankind" (PDF).
49. ^ Peter Charles Barnard (1999). Identifying British insects and arachnids: an annotated bibliography of key works. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-521-63241-6.
50. ^ a b John Curtis (1830). British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found 7.
51. ^ Ankita Gupta & J. Poorani (2008). "New distribution and host records of Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from various parts of India". Check List 4 (4): 410–414.
52. ^ A.S. Packard, Jr. (1870). Guide to the Study of Insects. Naturalist's Book Agency. p. 115.
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Gateway (video game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gateway (computer game))
Jump to: navigation, search
Gateway (Frederik Pohl's Gateway, 1992) and Gateway II (Gateway II: Homeworld, 1993), are interactive fiction games released by Legend Entertainment, and written by Glen Dahlgren and Mike Verdu. They are based on Frederik Pohl's Heechee universe.
Βoth games have virtually identical interfaces that hybridize traditional parsers with illustration and mouse-based aids. The games (especially the second) have a number of timed events, but the possibility of player death outside them is quite rare. Unwinnable states are possible, but difficult to achieve.
Relationship to the novels[edit]
They are based on Frederik Pohl's novels, but deviate significantly while still being similar enough to make both the games and the books severe spoilers for each other[citation needed].
Gateway shares its premise with Pohl's first book, of a poor space prospector arrives on the eponymously named space station with the intent to use the dangerously poorly understood alien crafts that are based there to explore distant worlds and strike it rich. The similarities soon end as the game introduces original elements, changes (in the novel's terms: travel times are negligible, Gateway has Earth-normal gravity, all ships are ones and bastard control panels are the norm) and material from the later books. The second game is set ten years after the first, and bears less resemblance to the novels' plots while using more of their elements.
A century in the future, humans land on Venus and colonize it. Below the surface, thousands of miles of artificial tunnels are discovered. They are believed to have been built thousands of years ago by an alien species known as the Heechee, but little else is known about them until an explorer discovers a Heechee ship, intact and operational, in one of the tunnels.
Rather than report his findings, he climbs in and activate it. The ship launches and goes into "TAU Space," a faster-than-light travel method. It arrives at a huge space station carved out of an asteroid floating halfway between Venus and Mercury, which is full of thousands of similar ships, but otherwise empty. However, the explorer is unable to figure out how to return to Venus, and faced with a lack of supplies, figures out how to detonate the fuel cell of the ship he came in. The detonation kills him, but also attracts the attention of a NASA tracking station, who send an expedition to investigate.
The discovery of the station and its ships allow humanity to verge into deep space. Although they were unable to reverse engineer the Heechee technology, they can use the ships' stored destinations and the station becomes humanity's "Gateway" to outer space, hence the name. This almost leads to war among the superpowers of Earth over ownership, until a compromise is finally worked out. A co-operative called the Gateway Corporation is formed, with the superpowers each holding one quarter of company stock.
The alien ships that are found still function, but their built-in destinations are a mystery. Navigation is accomplished by using 5 digit codes with the ships' computers, but there is no way to tell what codes go where. Volunteers called prospectors come to Gateway to test the codes and pilot the ships to their destination, explore and report back what they find (as well as bring anything interesting back). A large majority of the prospectors return with little or nothing, a tenth never return, but the remaining 1.5% return with artifacts or knowledge that make them incredibly rich.
Frederick Pohl's Gateway
Frederick Pohl's Gateway Coverart.png
Developer(s) Legend Entertainment
Publisher(s) Legend Entertainment
Designer(s) Glen Dahlgren, Mike Verdu
Platform(s) PC on DOS and Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) 1992
Genre(s) Interactive fiction, Adventure
Mode(s) Single player
The player character has won a one-way ticket to Gateway, membership as a prospector in the Gateway Corporation and 10 days of provided life support along with a small amount of money. The player begins as a Prospector and follows procedures in order to know Gateway better and afterwards begin exploring Heechee coordinates. The findings are important enough to get him secure 'Green Badge' status; prospectors of that status are sent to explore only known destinations, with considerably higher probabilities of Heechee finds.
Screenshot of Barracks and Main interface in Gateway I
Exploration in one such planet brings a Heechee 'computer' which makes him rich; however, after being analyzed by the Gateway Corporation, it reveals that a hostile alien race, dubbed the Assassins threatens all advanced civilizations in the universe, and the Heechee managed to evade them. Leonard Worden, the deputy chief of the exploration program, informs the player that even after all those years, reactivation of the Heechee technology by humans would only make them detectable to the Assassins. However the same computer provides coordinates to an interplanetary shield device.
The game plot then sends the player to four planets in order to activate a shield device that would 'cloak' the technology signal from the Assassins.
The game's climax occurs on a world of the Assassins, dubbed "Watchtower" where the player is sent to activate the mechanism. There he will meet a Heechee artificial intelligence entity and also an electronic Assassin entity which will trap the player in a VR environment. Following the Heechee AI's guidance, the player is tasked to escape them by creating paradoxes and afterwards upload the Heechee AI.
The game ends with the player's return as a hero and the fear that the threat of the Assassins still exists.
Gateway II: Homeworld[edit]
Gateway II: Homeworld
Gateway II - Homeworld Coverart.png
Developer(s) Legend Entertainment
Publisher(s) Legend Entertainment
Designer(s) Glen Dahlgren, Mike Verdu
Platform(s) PC on DOS and Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) December, 1993
Genre(s) Interactive fiction, Adventure
Mode(s) Single player
A strange, incredibly large object, dubbed "The Artifact" has been located outside the orbit of Pluto. The Artifact is assumed to be a ship, possibly of Heechee origin. The Gateway Corporation plans to send a shuttle to investigate, but a terrorist sect attempts to hijack the shuttle. Their plans are to use The Artifact to alert the Assassins, a highly destructive alien race, of Earth's presence in order to purify humanity.
The player character launches the shuttle before the terrorists arrive, and takes over the Artifact rendezvous mission to discover that it is indeed a Heechee ship; specifically a sample collector. As the narration progresses, the player realized that unfortunate Gateway prospectors had already discovered the ship until they died by an 'insane' Heechee artificial intelligence which took over the system and stored their personalities digitally.
In the third part the sect overcomes the ship and use it to travel to a place dubbed 'Kugelblitz' and bring the Assassins to Earth, hoping to bring a Utopia; meanwhile we are told that the main character had secretly escaped in a Heechee pod. He ends up on a planet with Heechee installations, occupied by native crystalline sentient eels dubbed as 'Kords'. The objective here is to activate the ancient Heechee center and escape with the Heeche ship, which eventually brings the player to the new Heechee homeworld hidden inside a black hole.
In the fourth and final part, the player delves into Heechee intrigue and familiarizes with the sect of the White Hand. These help the human intending to overthrow the modern Heechee regiment and bring the Heechee back to the galaxy from their current hiding place. The player is tasked in several missions to infiltrate and steal several items that enable his ship to return to Earth in time.
The ending sequence brings the player back in the Artifact attempting to sabotage the terrorists' plans to reach Kugelblitz. The epilogue shows that the White Hand has reformed the Heechee civilization and proceeded in an alliance with humanity and an agreement to destroy the Assassins.
Computer Gaming World 's Charles Ardai stated that "Pohl's influence is felt throughout" Gateway except in the puzzles, which were "pretty good" but based on "the last decade of adventure game design ... most would not be out of place in a golden oldie like Starcross or Planetfall", especially the "jarring and inappropriate" logic puzzles. He approved of the game's graphics and sound but stated that he mostly ignored them because "Gateway is essentially a text adventure with amenities". Ardai disapproved of the game's small number of locations, which the large number of puzzles and repetitive "stall tactics" obscured, and the possibility that a player might never die (which "seems to directly contradict the premise of the game"). He concluded that Gateway was "good enough" but "nothing about the game makes it compelling", predicting that it "will most likely join Rendezvous with Rama, Fahrenheit 451 and their like in a dusty corner of adventure game history".[1]
Gateway II: Homeworld was reviewed in 1994 in Dragon #205 by Sandy Petersen in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Petersen gave the game 2 out of 5 stars.[2]
1. ^ Ardai, Charles (October 1992). "Pohl Position: Legend's Gateway". Computer Gaming World. pp. 32–33. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
2. ^ Petersen, Sandy (May 1994). "Eye of the Monitor". Dragon (205): 59–62.
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George Olshevsky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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George Olshevsky (born 1946) is a freelance editor, writer, publisher, amateur paleontologist, and mathematician living in San Diego, California.
Olshevsky maintains the comprehensive online Dinosaur Genera List. He is known as the originator of the Birds Came First hypothesis in the descent of birds debate, which states that all dinosaurs are the descendants of small, arboreal and perhaps flying ancestors.
Olshevsky is part of a collaborative effort to recognize and standardize terms used to describe uniform 4-polytopes and uniform polytopes, the analogues of uniform polyhedra in four and higher dimensions.
Marvel Comics indexing[edit]
George Olshevsky was born on June 12, 1946, and for many years (particularly the 1960s to the 1980s) "collected Marvel Comics and compiled the Official Marvel Comics Index for Marvel," owning for 14 years "the world’s only complete collection of Marvel superhero comics that extended all the way back to Marvel’s first comic book, Marvel Comics #1, October–November 1939". While compiling the Marvel Indices, he "produced some 60 fully illustrated books, totaling more than a million and a quarter words," producing indices to all the major Marvel Superheroes (including Avengers, The Amazing Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, Marvel Team-Up, etc.) mostly between 1976 and 1988, although he notes that beyond the 1976 date, he "never did manage to index every single Marvel superhero comic, just the more popular runs". Since that time, he does not think of himself as an active comics collector, although he notes that the impulse to index remains - his Dinosaur Genera List is "essentially an index to all the dinosaur names"; his Uniform Polychora website is "an index to all the convex uniform polychora" and his day job (as of the late 1990s/early 2000s) is freelance book indexing.[1]
Birds Came First[edit]
The Birds Came First-hypothesis ("BCF") is a radical expansion of the possibility that some dinosaurs are secondarily flightless, arguing that all dinosaurs are "postvolant". The hypothesis, or ecomorphological and phylogenetic scenario, was developed by Olshevsky in the early nineties. Shortly after reading Gregory S. Paul's Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, Olshevsky realized that the arguments expounded there for the secondarily flightlessness of the Maniraptora might well be adapted to argue for the same condition in all Theropoda, indeed in all Dinosauria.
"BCF" accepts the close relationship between dinosaurs and birds, but argues that, merely given this relationship, it is just as likely that dinosaurs descended from birds as the other way around. In this case the term "birds" refers to a morphological state, not to Aves as they have been cladistically defined. Olshevsky does not claim that the branch leading to modern birds split off from other dinosaurs very early; in fact precisely the opposite: he thinks that Aves is but the most derived expression of a vast diversification of flying dinosaurs all through the Jurassic.
BCF admits that most dinosaurs found are large and very derived in morphology compared to a hypothetical flying ancestor, and it also accepts the results of cladistic analysis connecting these large species into a cladogram, suggesting that the intermediate forms were also large. BCF could have avoided this problem by claiming that just a very basal form was volant and all subsequent forms large. Instead Olshevsky resorted to a far more radical position by emphasising the point that a cladogram doesn't logically imply the morphology of its intermediate steps. He claimed, basing himself partly on Cope's law, that there was a hidden stem lineage of small arboreal forms that during the Mesozoic was the real engine driving dinosaurian evolution, generating time and again larger ground-dwelling species. The smallness and arboreality of the forms was used to explain the fact that they rarely left a trace in the fossil record. Of course being small and arboreal doesn't imply the capacity to fly and Olshevsky allowed his hypothesis to diverge in three subhypotheses: the weakest was that the stem line consisted of small tree-living species; the stronger was that these could glide; the strongest that they possessed full powered flight.
BCF has not found acceptance among professional paleontologists. It was only published twice, once in a magazine, Mesozoic Meanderings, which Olshevsky himself produced, and once in the popular-science magazine Omni.[2] Paul perfunctorily dismissed the hypothesis in his Dinosaurs of the Air; in the peer-reviewed literature it is never even mentioned as such. However this does not mean the hypothesis has been completely ignored by professionals. Olshevsky is a well-known figure among dinosaur enthusiasts in the USA and has been for many years a very active participant in the various internet fora dedicated to the study of dinosaurs. This has led to much debate about BCF. The main objections from the professional side are that the scenario as a whole is too vague to be testable and that the empirical support for the most interesting subhypothesis — full flight capacity — is poor. Only for the group of the Tetanurae, which are already quite derived theropods, are there some slight indications, and these can be explained as exaptations. Because of the many convergences needed, BCF is also not very parsimonious when analysed from a cladistic point of view, as it implies that flight was lost many times. The parsimony problem would only be remedied if many flying forms would be found basal to the various groups. Current paleontological consensus is that dinosaurs started as, and largely remained, ground-dwelling forms, that most major branching points in Mesozoic dinosaurian phylogeny were not volant and that it were only the members of the derived dinosaurian clade Maniraptora that took to the trees — and to the air — during the Jurassic.
1. ^ Uniform Polytopes in Four Dimensions: Hobbies and Interests at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2007). Accessed March 14, 2008
2. ^ Olshevsky, G. (1994). "The birds first? A theory to fit the facts - evolution of reptiles into birds". Omni, June, 1994
External links[edit]
Olshevsky's websites[edit]
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Hessian dialects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hessian dialect)
Jump to: navigation, search
Native to Germany
Native speakers
(no estimate available)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog hess1239[1]
Central German dialects
(4): Hessen
Hessen (Ger.: Hessisch) is a West Central German group of dialects of the German language in the central German state of Hessen. The dialect most similar to Hessen is Palatinate German (Ger.: Pfälzisch, pronounced [ˈp͡fɛlt͡sɪʃ]) of the Rhine Franconian sub-family. However, the Hessen dialects have some features which set them somewhat apart from other West-Central German dialects.
Hessian can be divided into four main dialects, namely those of:
Northern Hesse (around the city of Kassel),
Central Hesse (including the Marburg and Gießen areas),
Eastern Hesse (around Fulda),
Southern Hesse (around Darmstadt).
To understand this division one must consider the history of Hesse and the fact that this state is the result of an administrative reform.[2]
Southern Hessian[edit]
Changes to consonants
Consonants are often softened, as outlined by Carsten Keil in his document "A Quick Guide to the Language of Frankfurt". For instance the German "Äpfel" (apples) becomes "Ebbel" in Hessian.[3]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Hessen Middle High German". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. ^ The German Dialects, a practical approach, Wolfgang Näser, retrieved 19 July 2011
3. ^ A Quick Guide to the Language of Frankfurt, Carsten Keil, retrieved 19 July 2011
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Kaiser Matanzima
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003) was a leader of the Transkei in South Africa.
Born in Qamata, Eastern Cape, a nephew of Nelson Mandela, Matanzima received the name Daliwonga (meaning "Maker of Majesty") upon reaching manhood as an "isikhahlelo" (praise name). Matanzima studied law at Fort Hare University and completed his articles in the Transkei capital, Mthatha, in 1948. However, he never practised law, instead he involved himself in Thembu and Transkei politics.
Public service[edit]
Made paramount chief of the "Emigrant Thembus", a breakaway and sub-group to the Thembus, Matanzima's support of the South African government's Bantu Authorities Act (1951), which looked to foster traditional African leadership structures, gave the Act credibility in the eyes of many chiefs, but saw him part ways with Mandela politically (although the two initially remained friends, with Matanzima acting as best man at Mandela's wedding).
In his 1975 book Independence my Way, Matanzima argued that liberation would come through a federation of black states, such as Transkei, rather than through liberation movements like the Nelson Mandela-led African National Congress. Mandela condemned Matanzima's de facto support of apartheid.
Matanzima became a member of the United Transkeian Territorial Council in 1955 and an Executive Council member of the newly created Transkeian Territorial Authority (TTA) in 1956. In 1961 he graduated to Chairman of the TTA, survived an assassination attempt in December 1962 by members of the Pan Africanist Congress, and in 1963 was an obvious candidate for Chief Minister of the newly formed Transkeian Legislative Assembly. Matanzima founded the Transkei National Independence Party, led it to election victories in 1968 and 1973, and was sworn in as Prime Minister in 1976 when Transkei became the first bantustan to gain nominal independence. According to an article published in Time Magazine at the time, though Transkei declared independence theoretically as a “free state”, Matanzima ruled the territory as a de facto puppet-state dictator, banning local opposition parties and buying at subsidized prices Transkei farmlands offered by the South African government.[1]
Matanzima clashed with the South African government over various issues, mostly connected with territorial demands made by Matanzima. This led to his announcement on 2 February 1978 that Transkei would break all diplomatic ties with South Africa, including the non-aggression pact between them. He ordered that all South African Defence Force members seconded to the Transkei Army leave Transkei by 31 March. But he soon backed down in the face of Transkei's dependence on South African economic aid.
In 1979, after the death of Botha Sigcau, Matanzima became State President, with his brother George as Prime Minister. Their approach included jailing protesters and banning such opposition parties as, in 1980, the Democratic Progressive Party. That party's leader, Thembu King Sabata Dalindyebo, was convicted of "violating the dignity" of President Matanzima, but escaped to Zambia and joined the ANC.
Mandela's father-in-law was a member of the Transkei cabinet, and Matanzima attempted to persuade Mandela to accept exile in Transkei in lieu of imprisonment. Mandela not only refused, but declined to see Matanzima during his imprisonment on Robben Island, fearing that such a meeting would legitimise the bantustans to the international community.
On 20 February 1986, faced with South African evidence of corruption, Matanzima was forced to retire as President. He was succeeded by his brother George. Kaiser Matanzima was still described as Transkei's effective leader for a time,[2] but the two soon fell out and Kaiser was temporarily detained in the Transkei gaols in 1987; upon release, he was restricted to Qamata.
Matanzima died in Queenstown on his 88th birthday. He received an official funeral, but not a state one as former allies and supporters had hoped. The continued mixed feelings toward him in South Africa were reflected in then President Thabo Mbeki's eulogy for him, and Mandela's speaking warmly of Matanzima's role as a Thembu elder.
Matanzima's grandson, King Lwandile Zwelenkosi Matanzima, ruler of Western Thembuland of Eastern Cape, died on 22 May 2010.
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Lithuanian Nationalist Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Lithuanian National Union.
Lithuanian Nationalist Union
Leader Julius Panka
Headquarters Vilnius
Membership 1,453 (as of August 2012)[1]
Ideology Lithuanian nationalism,
National conservatism
Political position Right-wing
Colours Blue, Gold
0 / 141
Politics of Lithuania
Political parties
The Lithuanian Nationalist Union (Lithuanian: Lietuvių tautininkų sąjunga, LTS), also known as the Nationalists (Tautininkai), is a nationalist, right-wing political party in Lithuania, founded in 1924 when the Party of National Progress merged with the Lithuanian Farmers' Association. It was the ruling party of Lithuania from the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état in December 1926 to the Soviet occupation in June 1940. The party was re-established when Lithuania declared independence in 1990.
The party did not enjoy popular support and in the May 1926 parliamentary elections managed to win only 3 seats out of 85. However, its leaders Antanas Smetona and Augustinas Voldemaras were popular and influential public figures. The party was conservative and nationalistic; it stressed the need for a strong army and a strong leader.
During the December 1926 coup the military deposed the democratically elected government and invited Smetona to become the new President of Lithuania and Voldemaras the new Prime Minister. The Nationalists and the Lithuanian Christian Democrats formed a new government. However, the relationship between the two parties soon became tense as Christian Democrats regarded the coup as a temporary measure and wished to hold new elections to the Seimas. In April 1927 Smetona dissolved the Seimas and in May Christian Democrats resigned from the government. The Nationalists remained the only party in power for another thirteen years.
Voldemaras established Iron Wolf (Geležinis Vilkas) as the paramilitary wing of the Nationalists. Political opponents were incarcerated. The new constitution of 1928 established a presidential dictatorship. In 1929, Smetona removed his party colleague Voldemaras from the office of prime minister and ruled autocratically until Lithuania was conquered by the Soviet Union in 1940.[2]
The Nationalist Union had initial sympathies and contacts with the Mussolini regime.[3] However, Nationalist Union governments expressed disapproval of German racism and national-socialism as early as 1932, and staged Europe's first trial of Nazi criminals (in 1937).[4]
Since 1990[edit]
After the party was re-established in 1990, it played a diminishing role in Lithuanian politics. In the elections of the Seimas of 1992 the Lithuanian National Union won 4 places; in 1996 - 3 places, and since 2000 it has no representatives. The number of representatives in the regional municipalities is also diminishing: the party won 49 mandates in 1995, 23 in 1997, 13 in 2000, 14 in 2002 and 3 in 2007 elections.
On 11 March 2008 Lithuanian Nationalist Union merged in to Homeland Union, but in 2011 they announced their withdrawal from it.[5] The party declared its political resurrection in a General Assembly on 17 December 2011.
Two members of the party, Kazimieras Uoka and Gintaras Songaila were elected to Seimas of 2008-2012 (even though they were initially elected as the members of Homeland Union.
On 23 August 2013, Nationalist Union signed the Declaration of Bauska together with Conservative People's Party of Estonia and All for Latvia!. The declaration calls for a new national awakening of the Baltic states and warns about threats posed by international globalism, multiculturalism and Russian imperial ambitions.[6][7]
1. ^ Lietuvos Respublikos politinių partijų sąrašas. Informacija atnaujinta 2012-08-02
2. ^ Berend, Iván T. (1998), Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II, University of California Press, p. 134
3. ^ Roger Griffin. The Nature of Fascism. New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Pp. 121. The Lithuanian Nationalist Union was a member present at the 1934 Montreux Fascist conference.
4. ^ Matas Krygeris. Atsiminimai. Kaunas, Lithuania, 1994.
5. ^ [1]
6. ^ Nacionālā apvienība: Baltijas nacionālisti paraksta sadarbības līgumu, vēršoties pret globālajiem apdraudējumiem
7. ^ Baltimaade konservatiivid: aeg on küps uueks rahvuslikuks ärkamiseks
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Lost Souls (Torchwood)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Lost Souls"
Torchwood audioplay
Lost Souls.jpg
Writer Joseph Lidster
Director Kate McAll[1]
Originally broadcast 10 September 2008
← Preceded by Followed by →
"Exit Wounds" (episode) "Asylum" (radio play)
"Lost Souls" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Joseph Lidster and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who.[2][3] It aired on 10 September 2008 in the Afternoon Play slot as part of Radio 4's Big Bang Day which celebrated the switching on of CERN's Large Hadron Collider that same day.[2] Andrew Marr introduced the audio play live from CERN. An mp3 version of the audio play was freely available until 18 September,[3] when the play was released on CD and as a purchasable download.
Torchwood Three are chasing a Weevil through Cardiff Bay. Dr. Martha Jones phones Captain Jack Harkness, requesting help. Jack immediately agrees to meet Martha when she says people are disappearing from the CERN facility in Switzerland, where she's working. Martha suggests they go undercover, and Torchwood set off for Geneva.
Gwen Cooper says there aren't any records of the disappearances, but instead on the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC. Jack explains to her and Ianto Jones that CERN seeks the 'Higgs Particle', the fundamental particle of existence. CERN had found a way of examining the building blocks of matter itself; and built the world's largest particle collider which runs from Switzerland to France, in a 27 km round tunnel. Jack excitedly states that the plan is to collide protons moving at the speed of light together, to produce what would effectively be like the "Big Bang". Jack guesses the people may have discovered something unusual and were forcibly removed. He explains that the particle collision is thought to expose parallel dimensions, create black holes or turn the world inside out. After noticing Gwen and Ianto's expressions, Jack assures them that it would all be fine since it's theoretical.
Meeting in Geneva, Martha and the others discuss how they're coping since Toshiko Sato and Dr. Owen Harper's funeral. Gwen replies they're okay, and Martha says she's been spending her time working in Switzerland. She informs Torchwood about her missing friend, Julia Swales. Working as a CERN doctor, Julia realised people were falling ill with undiagnosable symptoms. The patients were sent to a hospital in France because of this, but upon contacting the hospital, Julia was informed the 11 patients never arrived. Julia told Martha, but UNIT couldn't find anything wrong. Martha called Torchwood when Julia disappeared, knowing she'd need their help.
Martha and the team head to the facility, where a reception for the LHC is being held. Martha introduces Ianto as the Welsh Ambassador and Gwen as his wife to the guard, Jack being their assistant. Arriving in what Martha calls an 'underground city' - where the research takes place - the team view the housing of ATLAS, the largest particle detector (Gwen and Ianto describe it as a jet engine the size of the London Eye), and are met by Professor Katrina Johnson.
Being informed that the collider countdown has started, Martha introduces her UNIT boss, Dr Oliver Harrington, who dismisses claims of side effects from the collider activation. Martha mentions his wife's death and that his coping mechanism is to work. She leads them to an ill patient, Leon, who worked as a technician in the tunnel. There aren't any physical signs of injury, and Martha states that he is comatose. Gwen suggests a deep tissue scan, amazing Martha. Gwen mentions that Owen was working on its adaptation before he died. The readings aren't comprehensive; Leon's skin starts glowing. As Martha tries to help Leon, he speaks in a strange voice. Jack suggests they find a link between the patients; Gwen and Ianto head to the control room to hack computers, himself and Martha remaining. They talk about Owen and Tosh; Jack stating he needs to be strong for Gwen and Ianto. Martha doesn't believe it, and Jack dismisses her, lamenting his immortality and the fact he couldn't save them, blaming himself.
Gwen and Ianto search for the patients. According to their findings, the missing people were all in the tunnel when they became sick. Martha notes that Leon is disintegrating, discovering that his neutrons are missing. Jack reveals he'd seen a colony fall victim to a creature the same way. As Gwen and Ianto search for links between the tunnel and the collider, Jack and Martha inform them about Leon. The creature in question feeds on neutrons in the body. They deduce that the bodies are in an unmarked building, and Martha heads there while Jack goes to the Professor. Gwen and Ianto head to the tunnel to locate the creature. Jack instructs them to scan for creatures and not to engage with them, before they split up on bicycles.
Meanwhile, the activation of the collider is about to begin. As Professor Johnson makes a speech, Jack demands the closure of the operation. He reveals himself as Torchwood, explaining that a creature slipped through during a test in May. The Professor asks him about the missing people; Jack assuming she is feigning. Martha contacts Gwen and they talk about Owen and Tosh. Gwen says she can't accept they're gone and that the funeral didn't give her the closure she wanted. Martha finds the building and attempts to enter. After commenting on the lack of sonic screwdriver, she breaks in using a rock, finding Julia and the others in comas.
In the tunnel, the creature poses as Owen, Tosh and Lisa Hallett, tempting Ianto to 'help' them return to life. Gwen contacts Jack, who is trying to stop the activation, informing him that Ianto has found the creature. Martha also contacts him, reporting that she'd found the building and the missing people, who are all glowing. In the tunnel, Ianto is torn between going to Gwen and succumbing to the alien posing as Lisa. Martha, trying to help Julia and the other patients, is held at gunpoint by Dr. Harrington, who reveals himself to be behind their storage. As Gwen reaches Ianto, she resists the alien as she helps Ianto. Ianto expresses his sorrow over losing Tosh, Owen and Lisa, and begs to be with them.
Professor Johnson prepares for lockdown. Jack suggests they use CERN's Anti-Proton Beam Facility to reverse the polarity of the magnets; combining a proton beam and an anti proton beam will cause them to cancel each other out. Dr. Harrington arrives with Martha and demands control. In the tunnel, Gwen struggles with Ianto, who has begun to glow. Harrington states that he'd been contacted by his wife (the creature), and thinks all the dead can come back to life if he helped his wife. Martha tells him that their neutrons are missing and that his wife isn't coming back. He exits, Martha following him.
As Gwen and Ianto struggle towards the exit, Ianto remarks the irony of seeing the wonders of the universe before dying in a tunnel in Switzerland. Gwen reassures him and herself and the alien tempts her to release it. In the Anti-Proton Beam Facility, Jack and the Professor note that they'll see the Higgs Particle because the proton beams will hit the anti proton beams instead, exposing it. They are informed that Harrington activated the tunnel shut down sequence. Gwen and Ianto meet Harrington in the tunnel and he helps her to get them out. Martha arrives and before they can stop him, Harrington heads back to the tunnel, locking himself in. With the tunnel locked down the collider is activated, creating the anti proton beams. Martha informs them about Harrington, Jack realising it's too late to help him. In the tunnel, Harrington and the creature perish in the tunnel as the collider is activated. Jack notes that the comatose patients should return to normal. The Professor thanks Jack before he returns to Gwen, Ianto and Martha.
Ianto thanks Gwen for helping him, although he cannot remember any of it, and Martha reports that all the patients have returned to normal. As Ianto quotes Tennyson, Gwen asks why the human race 'needs to be ready'. Jack simply says that they're worth fighting for, which the others dismiss. Jack says they never stop searching for answers - even when they don't know what the questions are - and that makes them special. Jack states that the answer is somewhere out there, and that sometimes asking the question IS the answer, before they head home.
The Torchwood team are still grieving the deaths of their colleagues Owen Harper and Toshiko Sato.[4] They have not seen Martha Jones, who is working for UNIT, since the funeral. Upon greeting Martha, Jack welcomes her with the words "voice of a nightingale", the phrase he greeted her with upon her arrival in the Torchwood episode "Reset"[5] and upon commencing their telephone conversation in the Doctor Who episode "The Stolen Earth".[6] The team are heard in pursuit of recurring Torchwood monsters Weevils and reference is made to Martha's fiancé, Thomas Milligan, a character seen in the Doctor Who episode "Last of the Time Lords"[7] and her friend Julia Swales, a character seen in the Doctor Who episode "Smith and Jones".[8]
An alien creature poses as the ghosts of Owen, Toshiko and Ianto's deceased girlfriend, Lisa Hallett, a character seen in the Torchwood episode "Cyberwoman".[9] Jack uses the phrase "reverse the polarity", a phrase associated with the Third Doctor in Doctor Who. The Bekaran deep-tissue scanner first appeared in the Torchwood spin-off novel Another Life[10] and Martha mentions the sonic screwdriver, a device used by the Doctor.[11] Ianto's phrase on dying in a tunnel in Switzerland also echoes the Ninth Doctor's line on dying in a cellar in Cardiff in "The Unquiet Dead".
CERN was involved in the production of Lost Souls from its inception; according to writer Joseph Lidster, "they're apparently big Torchwood fans."[12] Representatives from CERN read the script to check for scientific accuracy; they also approved the plot, which required "that if the team were going to CERN, something had to go wrong".[12]
When Lidster began writing the script, he did not know that the characters of Owen and Tosh would be killed in the episode "Exit Wounds", so the characters were included in his first treatment.[12] He subsequently introduced the theme of grief into the episode, to address the characters' reactions to their friends' deaths.[12]
Broadcast and reception[edit]
Lost Souls was commissioned and broadcast as part of Radio 4's "Big Bang Day", a day of special programming commemorating the switch-on of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.[13][14] As part of the "Big Bang Day" coverage, James Gillies, director of communications for CERN, wrote an article for Radio 4's website comparing the fictional LHC of Lost Souls with the real LHC: "The CERN of reality bears little resemblance to that of Joseph Lidster's Torchwood script. The geography is all wrong and there's no way that anyone could be in the accelerator tunnel while it's running. The cool down happens inside a long blue tube, so the tunnel itself does not get cold. I could go on, but that would be churlish. By ignoring reality, by rearranging geography and by playing with time in his own way, Lidster creates drama." Gillies added "Captain Jack displays a surprising knowledge of particle physics."[15]
Prior to the special's broadcast, the prospect of a radio version of Torchwood yielded mixed responses from the critics. Writing in The Sunday Times, Paul Donovan celebrated the special, particularly the contributions of the "beguiling" and "sympathetic" Freema Agyeman; of the special and the rest of the Big Bang Day programming, Donovan said, "This is the sort of output we pay the licence fee for, the sort of ambitious and expensive programming no commercial radio station could ever hope to do in the present ecology of broadcasting."[16] However, at The Times, Chris Campling lamented "a special radio episode of the terrible Dr Who spinoff Torchwood, set at CERN and involving the supernatural. It's as though Radio 4 approached the point of serious educational broadcasting — and then disappeared into the black hole of celebrity."[17] According to John Barrowman, Lost Souls was the most downloaded radio or television that day on the BBC's iPlayer site,[18] leading to a further three radio episodes being commissioned.[19]
1. ^ "Radio 4 - Big Bang". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
2. ^ a b "Radio 4:Big Bang experiment programmes". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
3. ^ a b "Torchwood: Lost Souls". Retrieved 2008-09-10.
4. ^ Writer Chris Chibnall, Director Ashley Way, Producers Richard Stokes, Chris Chibnall (2008-04-04). "Exit Wounds". Torchwood. BBC. BBC Two.
5. ^ Writer J. C. Wilsher, Director Ashley Way, Producers Richard Stokes, Chris Chibnall (2008-02-13). "Reset". Torchwood. BBC. BBC Three.
6. ^ Writer Russell T Davies, Director Graeme Harper, Producer Phil Collinson (2008-06-28). "The Stolen Earth". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
7. ^ Writer Russell T Davies, Director Colin Teague, Producer Phil Collinson (2007-06-30). "Last of the Time Lords". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
8. ^ Writer Russell T Davies, Director Charles Palmer, Producer Phil Collinson (2007-03-31). "Smith and Jones". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
9. ^ Writer Chris Chibnall, Director James Strong, Producers Richard Stokes, Chris Chibnall (2006-11-05). "Cyberwoman". Torchwood. BBC. BBC Three.
10. ^ Anghelides, Peter (2007-01-04). Another Life. London: BBC Books. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-563-48653-4.
11. ^ Writer Joseph Lidster, Producer/Director Kate McAll (2008-09-10). "Lost Souls". Torchwood. BBC. BBC Radio 4.
12. ^ a b c d "Torchwood - Lost Souls". The Stage. TV Today blog. 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
13. ^ "Radio 4 has exclusive access to CERN'S Big Bang experiment" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
14. ^ "Torchwood set for 'Big Bang' day". BBC News. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
15. ^ Gillies, James. "CERN in Science-Fiction". BBC Radio 4 website. BBC. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
16. ^ Donovan, Paul (2008-09-07). "The BBC has Big Bang to rights". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
17. ^ Campling, Chris (2008-09-09). "Radio 4 goes Big Bangtastic". The Times. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
18. ^ Neil Wilkes, Nick Levine (24 November 2008). "A quickie with John Barrowman". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
19. ^ Torchwood Magazine. Jan–Feb 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
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Mohan Babu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mohan Babu
Born Modhugulapalem Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Alma mater Madras Film Institute
YMCA College of Physical Education
Occupation Actor
Social Worker
Years active 1975 – present
Spouse(s) Late Manchu Vidya Devi, Manchu Nirmala Devi
Children Manchu Lakshmi Prasanna
Manchu Vishnu Vardhan Babu
Manchu Manoj Kumar
Parent(s) Manchu Narayanaswamy Naidu
Manchu Lakshmamma
Mohan Babu
Mohan Babu Manchu (born Manchu Bhakthavatsalam Naidu) is an Indian film actor, director, and producer, known for his works predominantly in Telugu Cinema and few Tamil films. Mohan Babu has attended the Madras Film Institute.[1] He has acted in more than five hundred feature films in lead, supporting and cameo roles.[2][3] In 1995, He has received Filmfare Best Actor Award, for his work in the multi-starrer Pedarayudu, which also starred Rajnikanth in a pivotal role.[4] In 2007, He has received the CineMAA Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in Yamadonga.[5] Mohan Babu was awarded an honorary doctorate from University of California, Berkely for his contribution to the field of cinema and education.[6][7]
In 1980, He was starred in the Tamil film, Guru, alongside Kamal Hassan. In the same year he portrayed a British commanding officer in Sardar Papa Rayudu, alongside N. T. Rama Rao.[8] He received critical reception for his antagonist roles in films like Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974), Swargam Narakam (1975), Gorantha Deepam (1978), Sivaranjani (1978), Padaharella Vayasu (1978), Driver Ramudu (1979), Satyam Shivam (1981), Premabhishekam (1981), Chattaniki Kallu Levu (1981), Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu (1982), Grihalakshmi (1984), Adavi Donga (1985), khaidi No.786 (1988), Gruhapravesam (1988), Janaki Ramudu (1988), Lankeshwarudu (1989), Kodama Simham (1990), Kondaveeti Donga (1990), Annamayya (1997), and Sri Jagadguru Aadi Sankara (2013).[9]
On the other hand, he was starred in blockbusters like Alludugaru (1990) alongside Ramya Krishnan, Assembly Rowdy (1991) alongside Divya Bharti, Allari Mogudu (1992) alongside Meena, Major Chandrakanth (1993) alongside Nagma, Veedevadandi Babu (1997) alongside Shilpa Shetty, Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda (2014) alongside Raveena Tandon, and Rowdy (2014) alongside Jaya Sudha.[10][11] A former Physical education instructor, Mohan Babu is a noted educationalist, and operates Sri Vidya Niketan Educational Institutions, and is the founder of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust.[12] In the year 2007, he received Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of Arts and education.[13][14] He is a former Member of Parliament – Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh after being elected in the year 1995.[15] He was also elected a Deputy into the International Parliament for Safety and Peace, an intergovernmental organization based in Italy.[16] He is referred to in the media as Dialogue King, Collection King, Nataprapoorna, and Natavachaspathi.[17][18]
He is also the owner of production companies Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures, 24 Frames Factory and Manchu Entertainment.
Early life[edit]
Mohan Babu was born to Narayanaswamy Naidu and Lakshmamma in the Modhugulapalem village near the banks of the river Swarnamukhi. Mohan Babu grew up with his three younger brothers, Ranganath Chowdary, Ramachandra Chowdary, Krishna and his sister Vijaya. After finishing primary schooling from Yerpedu village, he attended the S.P.J.N.M High School in Tirupati. As a child, Mohan Babu developed an interest with the stage and actively appeared in school plays from the age of 14. His father, a headmaster, was keen on his son pursuing an academic career. It was during this time that Mohan Babu moved to Chennai and acquired a degree in Physical education from the YMCA College of Physical Education.
Mohan Babu began his career as a Physical education instructor at the YAMCA college of physical education for many years. Drawn to arts as a child and convinced that the film industry was the place meant for him, Mohan Babu started traveling to many studios based in Chennai in search of opportunities. Finally, in the year 1969, he received an opportunity to work with director Lakshmi Deepak as an apprentice marking his entry into the film industry. He spent many years behind the camera until his thirst for acting and expression brought him on the screen with 1974 films Kannavari Kalalu and Alluri Seetha Rama Raju as an actor.
During this time, Mohan Babu was introduced to Dasari Narayana Rao who was then a script writer in Tollywood. This would pan out to become the most significant event of his career. Mohan Babu's first major breakthrough as an actor came with the 1975 film Swargam Narakam directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. Dasari cast him as a villain in the movie and went on to achieve great success. It was after this movie that his birth name Bakthavatsalam Naidu changed to Mohan Babu. After appearing in many films as a comedy-villain, he proceeded to star as the leading actor in Khadi Kalidasu, Ketugadu, Gruhapravesham, Assembly Rowdy, Allari mogudu and many more. After receiving success in Telugu Cinema, Mohan Babu as a lover of arts was also drawn to the happenings of Tamil Cinema. After being initiated into the Tamil Film Industry by Sivaji Ganesan, he went on to appear in over 20 Tamil films with a multitude of roles to his credit.[19]
Mohan Babu continued his foray into the film industry by wanting to seize opportunities to experiment with his acting skills. In the year 1982, Mohan Babu established Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures. Named after his daughter Lakshmi Manchu, the movie house released Pratigna. The film was very successful and went on to be showcased in theaters for 100 days. Under Mohan Babu's guidance, the production company went on to deliver major blockbusters including Assembly Rowdy, Rowdygari Pellam, Alludu Garu, Major Chandrakanth, Pedarayudu and Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary and many more.
As an ardent admirer of N.T. Rama Rao, in the year 1993, Mohan Babu produced Major Chandrakanth starring N.T. Rama Rao and himself in the lead roles. The movie was directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and went on to become a major blockbuster. The movie also celebrated its silver jubilee and stands as the last movie in N.T. Rama Rao's film career.[20]
Political views[edit]
Known for his long association with the late N.T. Rama Rao, Mohan Babu ardently campaigned for the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) when it was led by N.T. Rama Rao and consequently joined the party in 1982. While he was making his political presence felt, Mohan Babu received a nomination for Rajya Sabha as a member of parliament representing Andhra Pradesh in the year 1995. During his six-year tenure with the Rajya Sabha, Mohan Babu undertook various projects to develop the Chittoor district including laying roads, providing clean water, developing sanitation and hygiene.
While serving his tenure in the Rajya Sabha, he was also a member of the Committee on Human Resource Development from 1996 to 1997, the committee on Urban and Rural Development and the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. As part of the Social Forestry programme, he took charge of extensive sapling plantation in scores of villages with the help of villagers and the Vana Samrakshana Samithis. He also initiated programmes on health, nutrition and education on a large scale for the rural populace.
During the Ralayaseema drought, he toured to many villages extensively to address the plight of the agrarian community and offer solutions for disaster management including crop preservation. During these visits, he also worked towards tackling the shortage of drinking water in many villages.
After leaving the TDP, Mohan Babu continued with his career in the film industry. While in the midst of producing a movie titled Sri Ramuliah, he narrowly escaped a bomb blast which killed 23 people and injuring 35 others in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad.[21]
Mohan Babu is also known to have actively participated in improving the living standards of many underprivileged artists in the South Indian Film Industry. Currently, Mohan Babu does not participate actively in Politics, however there have been many rumors and speculation that he will start his own political party and get back to contributing to the society by fighting corruption.[22]
Contributions to education[edit]
Mohan Babu established the Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust in 1993.
Today, Sree Vidyanikethan runs the Sree Vidyanikethan International School, Sree Vidyanikethan degree College, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Nursing, The Sree Vidyanikethan College of Management and the Sree Vidyanikethan College for Post Graduation Studies.
Personal life[edit]
Dr. M. Mohan Babu was married to Manchu Vidya Devi and has a son Manchu Vishnu and a daughter Manchu Lakshmi Prasanna – both of who are actors in the film industry. After her demise, he married Manchu Nirmala Devi, the sister of his first wife and have a son Manchu Manoj who is also an actor. [23]
Padma Shri controversy[edit]
As per a petition filed by BJP Party Leader N. Indrasena Reddy, Mohan Babu was found 'misusing' the Padma Shri title in recently released film 'Denikaina Ready'. The court motioned in favor of the petitioner and on 23 December 2013 announced quoting Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, that the national award did not amount to a "title" and should not be used as a suffix or prefix and in case of non-compliance, the defaulter forfeit the award.[24][25] However, Mohan Babu has challenged the orders of High Court in the apex court. Subsequently, the Supreme court of India, has ordered Mohan Babu to file an affidavit that he will not misuse the title elsewhere, and ordered for further hearing on 17 April 2014.[26]
Filmfare Awards South
CineMAA Awards
Other honors
• Natavachaspathi Title by TSR Kalaparishath
• The Glory of India International Award
Below are the selected filmography of Mohan Babu.
1. ^ "Multifaceted Mohan Babu".
2. ^ Karthik Pasupulate (4 April 2014) "Mohan Babu steals the show with Rowdy". The Times of India.
3. ^ "Rajinikanth comforts Mohan Babu after death of his father". CNN-IBN. 19 February 2013
4. ^ Filmfare Awards at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 October 1999). Retrieved 3 February 2013.
5. ^ "Cinemaa awards 2008 presentation – Telugu cinema".
6. ^ "Telugu Cinema Celebrity Bio Data – Collection King Mohan Babu –".
7. ^ "Mohan Babu Bio | Mohan Babu Career". MTV Artists.
8. ^ " – Nostalgia – Sardar Paparayudu".
9. ^ "Mohan Babu to play reel Yama". The Hindu.
10. ^ "Actor Mohan Babu to be felicitated". The Hindu. 30 April 2012
11. ^ "'Rowdy' Review: Varma Weaves Magic With Mohan Babu". 4 April 2014
12. ^ "Mohan Babu's birthday and Sri Vidya Niketan anniversary – Telugu Cinema news".
13. ^ "Revoke Mohan Babu's Padma Shri: High Court". The New Indian Express. 5 February 2014
14. ^ "Dr. Mohan Babu wins ‘Natavachaspathi’ award |".
15. ^ "Mohan Babu Movies List, Biography, Career – Business of Tollywood". Business of Tollywood. October 2013
16. ^ "Mohan Babu". FilmiBeat.
17. ^ "Proud moment for State Padma Shri winners". The Hindu. 27 January 2007
18. ^ "The Hindu : Metro Plus Hyderabad / Cinema : Mohan Babu's Hollywood guest". The Hindu. 25 October 2005
19. ^ Manchu Manoj Kumar: Actor Son. (28 August 2008). Retrieved 12 April 2012.
20. ^ 'Major Chandrakanth' completes 20 years. 23 April 2013
21. ^ 23 killed as Mohan Babu survives car bomb attack.
22. ^ Mohan Babu to launch Political Party. 23 November 2005
23. ^
24. ^ "HC asks Mohan Babu to return Padma Shri". The Times of India. 24 December 2013
25. ^ "Andhra Pradesh high court asks Telugu actors Mohan Babu, Brahmanandam to return Padma Shri". The Times of India. 23 December 2013
26. ^ "SC orders Mohan Babu to file an affidavit". The Times of India.
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Momentum diffusion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Momentum diffusion most commonly refers to the diffusion, or spread of momentum between particles (atoms or molecules) of matter, often in the Fluid state. This transport of momentum can occur in any direction of the fluid flow. Momentum diffusion can be attributed to either external Pressure or Shear stress or both.
Diffusion due to pressure[edit]
When pressure is applied on an incompressible fluid the velocity of the fluid will change. The fluid accelerates or deccelerates depending on the relative direction of pressure with respect to the flow direction. This is due to the fact that applying pressure on the fluid has caused momentum diffusion in that direction. Understanding the exact nature of diffusion is a key aspect towards understanding momentum diffusion due to pressure. [1]
Momentum diffusion due to Shear stresses[edit]
A fluid flowing along a flat plate will stick to it at the point of contact and this is known as the no-slip condition. This is an outcome of the adhesive forces between the flat plate and the fluid.The presence of the wall has an effect up to a certain distance in the fluid (in the direction perpendicular to the wall area and flow ) and this is known as the boundary layer.
Any layer of fluid that is not in contact with the wall will be flowing with a certain velocity and will be sandwiched between 2 layers of fluid. Now the layer just above it (flowing with a greater velocity) will try to drag it in the direction of flow, whereas the layer just below it (flowing with a lesser velocity) will try to slow it down. The attraction between the layers of the fluid is the result of cohesive forces, and viscosity is the property that explains the nature and strength of cohesive forces within a fluid.
It is common to experience the fact that the flowing fluid will exert a certain amount of force on the plate, trying to pull it in in its flow direction. The flat plate exerts an equal amount of force on the fluid. (Newton's third law)
Experiments on the fluid flow parallel to a flat plate reveal that the force, known as shear stress can be expressed mathematically as
\Tau = -\mu*(du/dy)
Note this is valid only for one dimensional fluid flow in rectangular coordinates. The \Tau is the shear stress at any layer of the fluid where du/dy (i.e the gradient of velocity in a direction perpendicular to the flow and the area of the flat plate), is the local gradient and \mu is the viscosity.
The units of shear stress are Force/Unit Area. This is N/m^2 in M.K.S system. This can also be interpreted as Kg/m.s^2 . However, these are also the units of momentum flux. This is the precise reason why shear stress in a fluid can also be interpreted as the flux of momentum. The diffusion of momentum is in the direction of decreasing velocity. This means that momentum is being transferred from the fluid in the upper layers (which has greater momentum) towards the fluid that is close to the wall( which has lesser momentum due to its lower velocity).
The phrase "momentum diffusion" can also refer to the diffusion of the probability for a single particles to have a particular momentum.[2] In this case, it is the probability distribution function that diffuses in momentum space, rather than the (conserved) quantity of momentum that diffuses among many particles.
1. ^ R.Bryon Bird,Warren E.Stewart,Edwin N. Lightfoot, Wiley India Edition, Transport Phenomena,
2. ^ K. Berg-Sorenson et al. (1992). "Momentum diffusion of atoms moving in laser fields". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 25: 4195.
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Paddy Roberts (songwriter)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
John Godfrey Owen "Paddy" Roberts (18 January 1910[1] – 24 August 1975)[2] was a South African songwriter and singer, having previously been a lawyer and a pilot (serving with the RAF in World War II). He then joined BOAC and flew Lockheed Constellations for that airline in the late 1940s/1950s.
Roberts, who was born in Durban, South Africa, enjoyed success with a number of songs in the 1950s and 1960s and wrote songs for several films. He released several LPs and EPs of his own material, often featuring what were, for the time, slightly risqué lyrics. One of his most popular and amusing compositions that he recorded himself was entitled "The Ballad of Bethnal Green" which was also recorded by Beatrice Lillie.[3] Roberts was five times the winner of an Ivor Novello Award, four for songwriting and one for services to the British Music Industry. He co-wrote the UK chart-topper, "Softly, Softly", as sung by Ruby Murray and "Lay Down Your Arms" by Anne Shelton which reached No. 1 in the UK charts in 1956.
Roberts died in August 1975 in Dartmouth, Devon, England.[2]
• "L'Anglais Avec Son Sang-froid"
• "Follow Me"
• "Love Isn't What it Used To Be"
• "The Book" (David Whitfield)
• "Lay Down Your Arms" (Anne Shelton) (1956)
• "Meet Me on the Corner" (Max Bygraves)
• "Pickin' a Chicken" (Eve Boswell)
• "Evermore" (Ruby Murray)
• "Softly, Softly" (Ruby Murray) (1955)
• "Johnny is the Boy for Me"
• "It's a Boy" (Lita Roza)
• "That Dear Old Gentleman"
• "Send For Me"
• "The Three Galleons"
• "Merry Christmas You Suckers" (released in the US as "And A Happy New Year")
• "The Belle of Barking Creek"
• "The Big Deejay"
• "The Lavender Cowboy"
• "The Ballad of Bethnal Green" – Ivor Novello Awards winner (1959)
• "Tattooed Lady"
• "What's All This Fuss About Love"
• "I Remember Tilly"
• "Our Little Village"
• "Auntie Bridget"
• "I Love Mary"
• "Country Girl"[4]
Soundtrack songs[edit]
• Strictly for Grown Ups (1959) – No. 8 UK Decca LF 1322
• Paddy Roberts Tries Again (1960) – No. 16 UK Decca LK 4358/SKL 4104
• Paddy Roberts at the Blue Angel (1961) Decca LK 4410
• Songs for Gay Dogs (1963) Decca LK 4560
• ...But Not in Front of the Children (1966) Decca LK 4774
• Funny World (1967) Decca LK4964/SKL 4964
• Doctor Dolittle – With Marty Wilde and others (1967) Marble Arch MAL 738
• The Best of Paddy Roberts (1968) – Re-recordings MFP 1276
• The World of Paddy Roberts (1969) – Compilation Decca PA 37/SPA 37[6]
EPs and singles[edit]
Singles: featuring recordings not issued on albums
• "Love Is A Wonderful Thing" / "Send For Me" Decca F11446
• "Merry Christmas You Suckers" / "Got An Idea" Decca F11552
• Strictly for Grown Ups Decca DFE 6584
• Paddy Roberts Strikes Again (with The Dennis Wilson Octet) Decca DFE 6641[7]
• Paddy[A] Decca DFE 6701
• A ^ Featuring recordings not issued on albums.
Discography notes[edit]
Many of Robert's recordings were made available in the United States. "Merry Christmas You Suckers" was issued with an alternative title of "And A Happy New Year".
Although most the albums were only issued in mono, it appears that the studio albums at least were recorded in stereo. The tracks from Strictly For Grown Ups that are included on The World of Paddy Roberts" are in stereo, leading to the assumption that the whole album was recorded that way (but never issued that way). Songs for Gay Dogs was issued in stereo for the first time in 2006 when released on CD which indicated that ...But Not in front of the Children was also recorded that way.
The musical director on most recordings was Dennis Wilson. The exceptions being Songs For Gay Dogs (Peter Knight), Funny World (Ronnie Aldrich), Live at the Blue Angel (Barry Morgan) and Doctor Dolittle (Cyril Stapleton). The director for "Love Is A Wonderful Thing" / "Send For Me" was Johnny Pearson. There is no director listed for his MFP album.
All Decca Material with the exception of ...But Not in front of the Children and Funny World was produced by Hugh Mendl.
CD releases[edit]
• Strictly For Grown Ups/Paddy Roberts Tries Again
• Must Close Saturday Records MCSR 3022
• Songs For Gay Dogs/Funny World
• Must Close Saturday Records MCSR 3034'
Strictly For Grown Ups has also been released without Paddy Roberts Tries Again, but with various other Roberts compositions sung by others on MCSR 3046.
See also[edit]
1. ^ General Register Office deaths index, Newton Abbot district, Jul–Sep 1975, Volume 21 Page 1447
2. ^ a b "Paddy Roberts". Retrieved 28 June 2013.
3. ^ Directory of Popular Music by Leslie Lowe
4. ^ "Paddy Roberts – Songs". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
5. ^ "Paddy Roberts". Retrieved 28 June 2013.
7. ^ "Paddy Roberts Strikes Again (EP)". Discogs. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
External links[edit]
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Paula Seling
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Paula Seling
ESC2014 - Romania 13 (crop).jpg
Paula Seling (2014)
Background information
Born (1978-12-25) 25 December 1978 (age 36)
Baia Mare, Romania
• Singer
• songwriter
• musician
• record producer
• composer
• radio DJ
• TV personality
Instruments vocal piano
Years active 1995–present
• Unicorn Records
• Roton
• CatMusic Production
Associated acts
Notable instruments
Paula Seling (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈpa.ula ˈseliŋɡ], born 25 December 1978, in Baia Mare) is a Romanian singer, radio DJ, and a coach from television music competition franchise X Factor, Season 1.
She has released more than thirteen albums (including three Christmas albums) and over twenty singles, including two top-ten hits in the Romanian Top 100,[1] a minor European hit which entered the charts in Finland and Norway,[2] as well as the UK Singles Chart,[3] and a good position on the worldwide chart of popularity by the name of Starcount, that analysed fans concern about artists from all over the world.[1]
Paula is trilingual and speaks, writes and performs in French, English and Romanian; in addition she performs in Italian.[4] She has also provides the Romanian voices in Cars 2, for Holley Shiftwell.[5] She is an outspoken supporter of personal freedoms, individual rights and human rights.
She represented Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, together with Ovidiu Cernăuțeanu, with the song "Playing with Fire". They finished third in the final.[6] She then participated in Dansez Pentru Tine (Romanian Dancing with the Stars) where she finished third.[7][8][9][10][11] From October 2011, Seling was a juror and mentor in the Romanian X Factor.[12] In 2011 she collaborated with Al Bano and Plan D. In 2011/2012 she sang a song called "I'll Show You"[13] with Alexander Rybak. The song, written by Rybak, premiere on 30 May 2012.
In 2012, she was chosen by Walt Disney to record the song "My Spirit Flies" ("Chiar pot zbura"), for the Pixar Academy Award winning animation Brave.[14]
Early life[edit]
Paula Seling, who has a brother called Paul, was born in Baia Mare on 25 December 1978. After graduating from the Gheorghe Şincai National College in June 1997,[15][16] she studied journalism in Bucharest, graduating in 2002.
She has been playing piano since she was 6 years old, studying at the "School of Performing Arts" with Mariana Tilca Mariana. At the age of 10, she began to sing in the school choir, soon becoming a soloist, and at the age of 15, she joined a band, the "Enders", as a piano player.[17]
"I learned a lot about music by participating in national and county level piano contests, festivals and choral music contests. It was my success in these Performances that helped me find confidence. I learned a lot during this time... I gained some experience and self-confidence as a result of successful performances.."
—Seling, on the difficulty of her music career[18][irrelevant citation]
In 1995, she won the Best Instrumental Interpreter award at the “Steaua de cristal” (The Crystal Star) Contest in Botoșani, “Ursulețul de aur” (The Golden Teddy Bear) award in Baia Mare, and the first place at the "Armonia" (Harmony) Festival in Bucharest. That year she met Paul Nanca of the Phoenix Cultural Foundation and most of her musician friends who are still with her today.
In 1996, she won, under the guidance of Anda Popp. the "Aurelian Andreescu" trophy, and she had her first performance at the "Golden Stag",[19] in the show “Viața de român” (Romanian life)[20] as a backup vocalist.
Then, in the same show, she was invited to sing "When the Winter Comes" by herself.
In 1997, she opened for Joan Baez,[21] participated in the Mamaia Trophy with the song "Trurli" a Romanian song, and released her first album in English, "Only Love", recorded at Sound House Records, Germany;[22][23] then sang in the show "Din darul magilor" (From the Magi's Gift) in December 1997.
Music career 1998–2008[edit]
Paula Seling competed in the Selectia Nationala 1998[24][25] along with the band Talisman with the song "Te iubesc". They managed to end up fourth (with 565 points), as they were the second favorites for the jurors and the sixth favorites for televoters. The special jury considered their song the most suitable for the Eurovision Song Contest 1998.
Seling competed in the Mamaia Festival 2001 with her performance of "Ploaie în Luna lui Marte"[26] (a cover of Nicu Alifantis' older hit). Then, she received national recognition after winning the Golden Stag Festival in 2002.
Seling was signed to Roton Records in the fall of 2002, after winning The Golden Stag International trophy. In 2003 she won an MTV Romanian Award for "Best Music Video", for a video which she co-directed. In early 2005 she launched her own record label, "Unicorn Records Romania", along with her father and brother. She has sung duets with Al Bano, Anita Doth (from 2 Unlimited) and Tony Hawks. She has performed as an opening act for Joan Baez (27 June 1997), Chick Corea (9 November 1998), Michael Bolton (7 July 2007), and Beyoncé (26 October 2007). In 2008, she performed a song together with manele singer Florin Salam at the Bucharest Symphonic Orchestra. The show host described their performance as a reconciliation between manele and mainstream pop music; in the same respect, the song's lyrics raised the problem of ethnic intolerance.
The first step in the world of music[edit]
Paula Seling decided to perform rock, jazz, jazz-rock, soul, rhythm and blues and more, but unfortunately she didn't realize how big that goal was.[27] At the time, unplugged music became popular so Paula suggested to people at the Phoenix Foundation that they work together to add this sort of music to an album.
Dana Cristescu had the idea to involve Nicu Alifantis with composing and producing this album. Seling remembers that he offered her some songs to be recorded in the beginning. Therefore, she chose "Ploaie în Luna lui Marte",[28] to be the first track.
Paula remembers clearly "all the bright eyes looking at me kindly as I was looking out to the audience and hundreds of voices were singing with me "ploouuaaa infernaaaal" and "noooi ne iubeaaam..." it's an amazing feeling. It was nice to see people happy and enjoying my music! "[citation needed]
The first album and Ploaie în Luna lui Marte success[edit]
Amy Winehouse tribute concert in Bucharest with Paula
The song eventually got to George Zafiu, DJ at Radio 21, who started to broadcast it on his shows." After many requests, Paula's team agreed to record the first album in Romanian named Ştiu că exist/ "I know I exist"[29] and “Colinde și Cantece Sfinte” (Christmas carols and Holy songs)[30] with the Romanian singer-songwriter Narcisa Suciu. It represents the best of her musical self study at that time.
At the same time, Paula won the "Ascending Star" award by Avantaje magazine.
This year brought her the fulfilment of a dream: to perform in 9 November at the opening of Chick Corea's concert[31] in Bucharest. The project that came after the concert involving her with the percussionist Lucian Maxim and it was a fusion of jazz with classical music and old Romanian gypsy music found in the traditional remakes of Marius Mihalache.
A new album was ready to released in 1999, called "De dragoste" (For Love)[32][33][34] that gathered ten songs composed by Nicu Alifantis. It is the first complete album that she had released, with songs such as "Almost Silence"/"Aproape liniște"; "The Shadow"/"Umbra"; "How Good Cause You Are"/"Ce bine că ești".
Nicu Alifantis was influential with her career direction. "Ploaie în luna lui Marte" brought her an award "The Hit of the Year" at the Mamaia Festival in the same year. After all this Paula took a break, while she was trying to find her way in life and in her music. "I wanted to sing but I also wanted to give real attention to the courses I had registered for."
Eventually Seling started to write music and lyrics, with her brother, Paul Seling. They started to plan an album that would mark a change in her music, a change of attitude, music and sound.
Performances and music videos[edit]
In January 2001 Paula released "Mă voi întoarce" (I’ll be back),[35] a special album, calm and gentle, with winter songs. The song "Lângă mine"[36] (Next to me),which was a duet with the band Direcția 5, more precisely with Cristi Enache[37][38] and it was also included in their album.
They worked on the album until the fall of 2001. Paul and Paula succeeded to mostly finalize the album and they decided to include Cezar Stănciulescu and Cristi Ştefănescu, members of the Band, NSK. This two were excellent guys to work with, they were, as Paula says : "artists with brilliant ideas about music, that considerably improved the album and its sound". It was the first album in which all the lyrics were written only by Paula. The title of the album was "Știi ce înseamnă (să fii fericit)" (You know what it means (to be happy)),[22] and encompass songs lile "Promise"/"Promit", one of the most known songs of Paula, that was available in Romanian, and in English, as well. Also in 2001, a truly tense year, Paula released the album " Prima selecție " (First selection),[22] a song collection from concerts, duets and remakes of some of her best songs. In the same period, our teen star, worked with an artist that she found very interesting: Puya[39] from La Familia. They arrived earlier at the studio where she was recording a song with strong message and Puya had not found a female vocalist yet. The song seemed very good to Paula's abilities and she offered to record it with him.
The song named "Fii pregătit" (Be ready) was released and was very popular so a few weeks later, they were presenting it in a performance from Mamaia.[40] As 2001 finish, Seling received The Award for the best female singer within the Awards of the Romanian Music Industries. It was very important, because it proved to her that he was on the right track with his music and his performances. After that, Paula also had the opportunity to cooperate with one of the best directors from Romania, Andreea Păduraru, for the music video of the song "Serile verii" (Summer evenings)[41] (of the album "You know what it means"/"Știi ce înseamnă").
Remarkably the music video was filmed under the water, and at the middle of the video, Paula recite: We wait, each of us, with our soul sit back by our body and by each of our words/Our shadows are laying to the world, and we wait for their dead in the darkness, with terraces, and songs.... . This music video in turn brought for our celebrity, the award for the best artist in a Music Video, and the award for the best Music Video on the MTV Music Awards Romania 2002.[42] Yes, we can say it very loud: 2002, was for Paula's career, the passage to "professionalism".
Later on, Paula thought she was artistically experienced enough to try to prepare herself for the Golden Stag Festival,[43][44] where she present two of her songs: "Noapte caldă" (Warm Night) and "That old devil called love". This festival had, in a way, a certain kind of fairy tale fragrance, it represented a symbol of the passage to "professionalism" for the artist, it was a test for her music career, maybe also because, for many years, she was watching it with her parents, and they were prognosticating about possible winners, they were granting qualifications and mainly, she was dreaming.
"I was dreaming that I could somehow get there. I prepared myself when I was participating in the piano contests and I was not allowed to use my hands except for studying, not even for cleaning the house, I was not allowed, isn't that great. I rescheduled all the performances of that period and I was studying for three hours each day. I had to remember each musical note from the score for voice and the piano, I had practiced it hundreds of times and I wanted to be prepared for everything"
Paula was wondering about her musical skills[18][irrelevant citation]
The event called for two songs to be performed. The first song was only piano and vocalist. She walked out on the stage with her eyes closed, rehearsing what she had previously prepared. Paula was a little bit scared but was very excited. Then she sat on the chairman. With determination and "feeling", this girl performed the first few notes ... and nothing! The piano did not work! She felt like crying, she had no idea what to do, she could not believe what was happening. On the day of the contest the piano had decided to quit. Paula was just about to give up when she though maybe somehow they forgot to turn on, remembered just in time that there was a power switch. "I reach over and switched it on and I had such an emotional start that it improved my "performance", I made it through and I won the most important award in my life."
Another thing that Paula remember from Brașov was on the day of the festivity, when everybody was full of excitement and pressure, then, she met a journalist who do an interview about the contest. They sat around a table, and, with an attitude of self-confidence, he told her: "Look: We are going to make this interview work by pretending that you do not know about winning of the award..." In that moment all that Paula wants was to win this award so much but she didn't dare hope she was getting it. She also did not want to find out, not yet wanted to hear it when it was announced that evening, while sitting alone with her thoughts and her prayers, in the first row in front of the stage. The evening was incredible, she remember: " The Scorpions, one of my favorite bands since I was a child, was invited to Brașov to close the Golden Stag Festival with a performance. Well, they invited me on the stage and dedicated the most wonderful song – Still Loving You. At that time, I cried, It was incredible!".[45]
Seling and international collaborations[edit]
Paula Seling in Copenhagen for the Eurovision Song Contest
This year, 2002, was for Seling, an international opportunity indeed: was herself, in the TV series documentary Open House,[46] in the episode dated on 20 February 2002; also she had a very interesting experience, being a fairy tale character in a story about making a music hit somewhere, in the world. Tony Hawks, producer, composer, director and writer proposed himself to cast a documentary movie on the Discovery Channel, a movie, named "One Hit Wonderland",[47] that reveals to the audience the recipe for the success of a song. He picked Paula as a study subject in Romania, they recorded a song, his composition, in his studio from London and then, the city started promoting it.
The whole story took off and they performed it on Gloria Hunniford's show on Channel 5 in London. Then Paula and Tony went to club Kashmir, famous for many British star debuts, where together with her band Paula performed her songs, and the show was broadcast on the internet, also. A new award come to Paula's treasury, awards at FIDOF international festivals in Cesme, Turkey, Skopje; Macedonia, LA VALETTA–Malta.[48]
2003 year brought Seling a management agreement with a French producer. She worked intensely to compose, orchestrate and record an album for the French market. The album that consisted of songs in French and English was recorded in Paris. Unfortunately the album could not be completed but Paula got to see France, so all was not lost. In the same year, the singer released the most "consistent" album, so far it had 17 songs and it was called "Fara sfârșit" (Endless). On the same album was the song "Timpul"(La radio se-anunță ploi)/ Time (Rains are announced on the Radio) whose music video was completed in Venice by another director of exception – Dragoș Buliga, and it has 2.297.821 views on YouTube, becoming her emblem song[49] After dark comes new clouds, so, after was nominated in 2004 for MTV Music Awards as the best artist for the same song (Time), in 2005 ring the wedding bells, for Paula, and a handsome man, Radu Bucura; they were doing everything together, furthermore they opened a production studio, UNICORN RECORDS where the word working was to the fore, they want to do their best for music.
In 2005 was a year of celebration, cause Paula "solemnize" 10 years from her debut. Ten years from her first performance at the Golden Stag Festival 1996. They seemed to pass in a moment and looking back, she feel that each second was great. "Every joy, every tear, every song recorded and every moment of comfort and loneliness had its own role."[18] Paula remember with all of her heart this moment : "I can especially remember what I felt when the entire audience in the Sică Alexandrescu theatre hall sang together with me, with my band and the Orchestra, in the anniversary concert that took place on 1 June 2006, remembering with each song, moments of the past 10 years."
The next year, 2006 was the time for a new album in Paula's opinion, by the same token, because this year ended in a great way, Radu and the star was released a special album called "De sarbatori" /"For Holidays" with traditional Christmas carols and sacred songs of Paula.
2007 came with three of the most important events of Paula's career : opening act for Michael Bolton in Brașov on 7 July and for Beyonce in Cluj on 22 October. The same year sge had the pleasure of meeting Anita Doth, a member of the band 2 Unlimited with whom she sang a duet on the stage of Callatis – a festival in a beautiful seaside resort called Mangalia. "It was an amazing experience, I had the chance to know her better, talk a lot, sing a lot and I realised she is a great and warm person, a special and powerful voice." The interesting fact is that they recorded together the song "If you want it" the English version of "Noapte caldă"[50] which she wrote together with her brother back in 2001.
Al Bano choose Paula Seling[edit]
The year 2008 started with a great achievement – Paula had the chance to sing in duet with Al Bano[51] in Iași. Al Bano was definitely a great musician, a wonderful man and a special personality, so Paula was lucky to have met him and to have shared the stage with "The Maestro" for five times already, and each time was a joy and a blessing for her. Later that year Seling and her team, decided to make a "Best of", sort of a compilation with the most important songs of the 10 years of her musical career, includes 19 tracks, some of them with their original orchestration, some of them with a new production redone in Unicorn Records studio. The album was called "1998–2008".
The same year, on 22 December – very close to Seling's birthday – The National Journal produced an album of her with 23 Holyday songs that sold in almost 100.000 copies in few hours. That was the best present that her listeners could give her that year, for her birthday. Also, in the same year she took the 3rd Place, National Selection Eurovision Final with the song "Seven Days".
Her most recent studio album is Culeg Vise/Believe,[52] released in 2009. The first single from this album is "Believe" and it reached the top 40 of Romanian Top 100. The official launch of "Believe" was on 10 June 2009 at Siver Church Club, in Bucharest. From August to December 2009 she was on tour in Canada and Western Europe. She took part in the 2009 Golden Stag Festival, in September, as a judge, where she met her collaborator Ovidiu Cernăuţeanu.
Paula Seling and Ovi performing "Playing with Fire" during the second semi-final of Eurovision Song Contest 2010.
Eurovision Song Contest 2010[edit]
After the Golden Stag festival Ovi, who won her vote at the contest, suggested to Seling that they should perform together in the future. She accepted and Ovi called her back in November, inviting her to participate together at the 2010 Selectia Nationala. They re-recorded the original version of the song and signed up for pre-selection. They were selected as a finalist for the Romanian selection show on 27 January 2010[53][54] and won the competition on 6 March 2010.
Seling and Ovi performed "Playing with Fire" live in the second Eurovision Song Contest 2010 semi-final, in Oslo on 27 May 2010. They qualified from the semi-final and competed in final on 29 May 2010. They finished in 3rd place. This is the second time that Romania have achieved this, their highest placing, in the Eurovision Song Contest.
2010: After Eurovision[edit]
She and Ovi will continue promoting their Eurovision song in Romania and Europe. Seling is also planning to release a new album in some time. The duo released another two songs on YouTube: "We got something" and "Counting down".
In 2010, she was in a Romanian dance competition, " Dansez pentru tine "(the Romanian version of Dancing With the Stars), with her partner Tudor Moldoveanu. The pair peaked at 3rd place in the competition. Seling was the co-host of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 Romanian national final, held on New Year's Eve night on TVR 1, along with Ovi and Marina Almasan-Socaciu.
That night she sang her newest single, entitled "Counting Down". She had also performed the song "Happy New Year" (originally by ABBA) with former Eurovision participants Chiara Siracusa and Niamh Kavanagh. She was ranked at No. 1 in the "Romanian Best Female Voices Alive" top improved by Billboard Romania, advancing one place, because of the death of Mădălina Manole. She is followed by Andra and Nicola. In February 2011, Seling was named the "Best Female Voice" by the Romanian public.[55] She is followed by Andra and Inna. Also, in the same year, she appears on the cover of a famous Romanian magazine called InStyle.
New album and X Factor[edit]
Paula and Ovi in Romania at TVR1 after Eurovision.
In early 2011 Seling released a new song entitled "I Feel Free". The song features a more groovy sound more common in Romania in latter years. The music video was shot in Paris, France. The song has only been sent to certain radio stations and it only gained plays from UTV channel.
In April 2011 Romanian TV station Antena 1 (part of the Intact Media Group) announced that the British—concept reality/musical contest show X Factor will come to Romania as well. In early June it was announced that Seling was to be one of three judges of the contest.[56][57] Along with Radio DJ Mihai Morar and singer-songwriter Adrian Sînă (frontman of dance, pop band Akcent) she toured Romania all summer long to find those who have The X Factor within them. It was announced that she was to mentor the "Groups" category. She was helped by Alexander Ryback[58] to select the final four acts to enter the live galas in fall 2011.
She elected boy duo Refresh, mix-duo Duo Voice, all-girl band X-treme and T&L. The latter got to the semi-final becoming Seling's longest-lasting band in the contest. On Christmas Day which is also Paula's birthday, she performed a medley of her hits "Timpul" and her rendition of the Christmas carol "Colindăm, colindăm... (Iarna)" from Romanian folklore. Even though being the only judge with no mentored acts in the grand final of the first season she is to return as a judge for the second season of X Factor (Romania) in 2012.
Seling recorded duets with Alexander Ryback, Ovi and Al Bano in late 2011 to be put together alongside "I Feel Free" and other at least eight songs on a new material due in 2012. In February 2012 it was announced that Seling will be returning to Selectia Nationala 2012, in order to represent Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. Even though, she said the song she prepared for the contest wasn't ready and promised a comeback for Eurovision Song Contest 2013.
She was the spokesperson for Romania and presented their votes during the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.[59] In 2013 was delegate to be the endorser for a notorious Romanian moisturising cream, Gerovital, a scope with edelweiss-rich extract, in a godson fondling green-white combination of colours, without preserving.[60][61] As well a new accession to office for Paula's image, start in the same year, when the famous brand Loncolor,[62] propose Paula to become their endorser,[63] the celebrity representing LONCOLOR enVogue 535, a good choice of hair shade for every woman.[64]
Eurovision Song Contest 2014[edit]
Paula Seling and Ovi performing their song in the first dress rehearsal for the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
On 1 March 2014, Paula Seling and Ovi won the Romanian national selection Selecția Națională 2014 and were selected as the Romanian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen with the song "Miracle".[65]
Seling and Ovi performed "Miracle" live in the second Eurovision Song Contest 2014 semi-final, in Copenhagen, on 8 May 2014. They qualified from the semi-final and competed in final on 10 May 2010, where they finished on #12.
On 24 May 2014, Paula Seling was awarded most beautiful entrant at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in the internet poll by Eurovision blog Wiwibloggs. Paula obtained about 30,000 votes in the poll, becoming ”Eurovision Next Top Model 2014”.[66] In second place was Irish Kasey Smith, and third Dutch Ilse DeLange.[67] She won the award in 2010 as well[68]
Personal life[edit]
Paula has been married since 2005 to Radu Bucura, a friend from her teenage years, and the drummer in Dana Nalbaru's band.[69]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year Type Award Result
2002 Golden Stag Festival Golden Stag Trophy Won
Romanian Musical Industry Awards Best Female Won
MTV Romania Music Awards Best Music Video Won
"Avantaje" Magazine Woman of the Year Won
2000s Fildorf Festival Various Awards Won
2010 Selectia nationala Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest Won
RRA Awards Best Pop Album Won
Best Pop Song Won
Eurovision Song Contest Semi-Final Qualified
Final 3rd Place
2011 "Successful Women Awards" Young Talents Won
"RRA Awards 2011" "Artist of the Year" Won
"Female Performance of the Year" Nominated
"Best Pop Song" (Playing With Fire) Won
2014 Selecția Națională Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest Won
Eurovision Song Contest Semi-Final Qualified
Final 12th place
Year Album details
1998 Only Love
• Released: May 1998
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
• Note: Debut Album
Ştiu că Exist
• Release Date: 1998
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
Colinde şi cântece sfinte
• Release Date: December 1998
• Format: CD
• Label: Cat Music
• Note: Christmas album, with Narcisa Suciu
1999 De Dragoste
• Release Date: November 1999
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
• Note: Compilation album
2001 Mă Voi Întoarce
• Release Date: 2001
• Format: Audio Tape
• Label: Cat
Ştii ce înseamnă
• Release Date: July 2001
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
Prima Selectie
• Release Date: November 2001
• Format: CD´S
• Label: Roton
• Note: Best Of
2002 Albumul de Craciun
• Released: December 2002
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
• Note: Christmas album
2003 Fără Sfârşit
• Released: 14 May 2003
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton, Universal
• Note: First album to hit the stores
2006 De Sărbători
• Released: 3 December 2006
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton
• Note: Christmas album
2009 Culeg Vise
• Released: January 2009
• Format: CD, digital download
• Label: Universal, Unicorn
• Released: 10 June 2009
• Format: CD
• Label: Roton, Universal
• Note: First album in English
2010 Playing with Fire
• Release Date: 2010
• Note: With Ovi, from Eurovision
2013 One Mile of Words
• Release Date: 2013
• Genre: Pop:Dream Pop
• Label: Universal
Year Single Peak Chart Positions Album
1998 "Ploaie în Luna lui Marte" 3 Ştiu că exist
"Te iubesc" (feat. Talisman) 88 Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998
2001 "Lânga mine" (ft. Direcṭia 5)" 100 Mă Voi Întoarce
"Un băiat şi o fată" (ft. Parlament)" 41 Prima Selecţie
"Promit" 24 Stii ce inseamna
"Serile Verii"
2003 "Timpul" 10 198 ...fara sfarsit
"Chip de Inger" 69
2009 "Culeg Vise" 98 Culeg Vise
"Believe" 55 Believe
2010 "Playing with Fire" (ft. Ovi) 65 29 44 112 12 28 51 132 200 Playing with Fire
2011 "Counting Down" (ft. Ovi)
"Calling You (Hello, Hello)" (ft. Ovi) 66
"I Feel Free" (ft. Plan D) 10 100
2013 "Pansament" 10
Year Film Role Notes
2011 Cars 2 Holley Shiftwell Romanian voice-dub
[14] [70]
1. ^ a b "Paula Seling ★ Starcount".
2. ^ "Paula and Ovi – Playing With Fire – Music Charts". 2 January 2010.
3. ^
4. ^ "AL BANO & PAULA SELING – Figlio Delle Ande". YouTube. 3 December 2011.
5. ^
6. ^ "Paula Seling & Ovi – Playing With Fire (Romania 2010) | Participant Profile | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013".
7. ^ Bloggs, Wiwi (23 October 2010). "Romania's Paula Seling Competes on 'Dancing with the Stars'". WiwiBloggs.Com.
8. ^ "Music – Paula Seling". BBC.
9. ^ "Made in Romania – PAULA SELING – Dancing in the rain – Romanian singer – Dansez pentru tine". YouTube. 14 December 2010.
10. ^ "ROMANIA 2010 – Paula Seling & Ovi Martin – Playing with Fire – Page 144".
11. ^ "Ella si Octavian Strunila, marii castigatori de la "Dansez pentru tine" (Poze)".
12. ^ "X Factor – Galerie Foto – site-ul oficial Antena 1".
13. ^ "Alexander Rybak and Paula Seling in European tour | News | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013".
14. ^ a b "Paula Seling lansează videoclipul melodiei "Chiar pot zbura" din coloana sonoră a filmului Brave – VIDEO". 6 August 2012.
15. ^ "Biografie | Paula Seling".
16. ^ "Centrul Cultural Reduta – paula, reduta, concert, trupa". 5 June 2013.
17. ^ "PAULA SELING & OVI > Biography".
18. ^ a b c "Paula Seling". Paula Seling. 1 June 2006.
19. ^ "Cerbul de Aur – The Golden Stag Festival, Brasov 2002".
20. ^ "Biography | Paula Seling".
22. ^ a b c "Paula Seling". Paula Seling.
23. ^ "Only Love – Paula Seling". 26 March 2010.
24. ^ "Paula Seling si Talisman – Te iubesc- Eurovizion 1998 – Video – Trilulilu".
25. ^ "Talisman | Paula Seling".
26. ^ "''Ploaie in luna lui marte''-Paula Seling-english lyrics translation". YouTube.
27. ^ "SoundClick artist: Paula Seling – Paula Seling, Singer Songwriter, Pianist".
28. ^ Position: 00:00. "Paula Seling – Ploaie in luna lui Marte (2008) – Listen and discover music at".
29. ^ bi-darling. "Stiu ca Exist – Paula Seling – Discover music at".
30. ^ "Albumul De Craciun (Christmas Album) – Paula Seling – Discover music at". 15 January 2013.
31. ^ "Paula Seling – The Most Popular Musicians of the World.".
32. ^ "Paula Seling – De Dragoste (10 Cantece De Nicu Alifantis) (Cassette, Album) at Discogs".
33. ^ "PAULA SELING & OVI > Biography".
34. ^ "Paula Seling – De dragoste – Muzică – Trilulilu".
35. ^ "Paula Seling – Ma voi intoarce – Muzica – Neatza cu Razvan si Dani".
36. ^ "PAULA SELING & DIRECTIA 5 – Langa mine (OFFICIAL VIDEO)". YouTube. 21 August 2012.
37. ^ "Poze – Paula Seling vs Directia 5 | Paula Seling". 31 July 2009.
38. ^ "Paula Seling & Cristi Enache | Flickr – Condivisione di foto!". 27 May 2010.
39. ^ "Puya – Site Oficial". 20 April 2011.
40. ^ "Paula Seling & Puya – Fii pregatit". YouTube.
41. ^ "Paula Seling – Serile Verii (Official Hd Video)". YouTube. 17 August 2012.
42. ^ "MTV Music Awards in varianta dimboviteana: Premii muzicale cu aluzii sexuale >".
43. ^ Bernard Brumberg. "Paula Seling". Bucovine.Com.
44. ^ "Romania heating up the competition: Exclusive interview with Paula Seling". ESC Radio. 12 May 2010.
45. ^ "Cerbul de Aur | Paula Seling".
46. ^ "Open House" Episode dated 20 February 2002 (TV Episode 2002) – IMDb
47. ^ Paula Seling. "Versuri Paula Seling – When All Is Said and Done".
48. ^ Awards at FIDOF international festivals in Cesme – Turkey, Skopje – FYRO – Macedonia, LA VALETTA – Malta
49. ^ "Paula Seling – Timpul". YouTube. 11 July 2008.
50. ^ "Paula Seling – Noapte Calda "If You Want It" (Cerbul De Aur "Golden Stag") 20020904". YouTube. 5 September 2009.
51. ^ "Al Bano si Paula Seling – Felicità". YouTube. 24 December 2012.
52. ^ Steffen Hung. "Paula Seling – Believe".
53. ^ "Interview with Paula Seling & Ovi from Romania | Video | Eurovision Song Contest – Malmö 2013".
54. ^ "Arena - cotidian online călărăşean de politică, administraţie, economie, sport şi publicitate". Retrieved 2014-05-27.
55. ^ "Paula Seling, Romanians' favorite".
56. ^ "Rezultatele căutării de imagini Google pentru".
57. ^ "paula seling X Factor". YouTube. 22 November 2011.
58. ^ "Alexander Rybak & Paula Seling interview on Belgian TV. 13.8.12". YouTube. 13 August 2012.
59. ^ "Running order for the voting tonight". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 26 May 2012. Due to an as-yet unknown reason, Georgia did not reveal their votes, leaving only 41 countries voting in total.
60. ^ "Paula Seling este endorser pentru gama Gerovital Plant cu extract de floare de colt in campania realizata de Cupid Advertising alaturi de Cocoon Bucharest". 15 March 2011.
61. ^
62. ^ "Loncolor".
63. ^ "Loncolor 20 de ani". YouTube. 4 July 2013.
64. ^ "SpotON. Paula Seling, Imaginea Loncolor. Florin De La Hi-Q Promovează Hyperion. | Pagina de media – Petrişor Obae". 1 July 2013.
65. ^ "Paula and Ovi to represent Romania!". 1 March 2014.
66. ^ Radu Constantin. "Tot am castigat si noi ceva la Eurovision anul acesta! Paula Seling a fost votata cea mai sexy concurenta din finala | WOWBiz" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2014-05-27.
67. ^ Lee, Willy. "Paula Seling is Eurovision's Next Top Model 2014". Retrieved 2014-05-27.
68. ^ "Paula Seling a fost aleasă cea mai frumoasă concurentă de la Eurovision 2014 - Yahoo Celebrity România" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2014-05-27.
69. ^ "Paula Seling s-a maritat la secret".
70. ^ "PAULA SELING – Chiar pot zbura (BRAVE SOUNDTRACK)". YouTube. 6 August 2012.
External links[edit]
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Romania Proconsul
Golden Stag Trofee at the Golden Stag Festival
Succeeded by
China Sha Baoliang
Preceded by
Elena Gheorghe
with The Balkan Girls
Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest
(with Ovi)
Succeeded by
Hotel FM
with Change
Preceded by
with It's My Life
Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest
(with Ovi)
Succeeded by
with De la capăt
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Perceval, the Story of the Grail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Perceval, le Conte du Graal)
Jump to: navigation, search
Scenes from Perceval.
Perceval, the story of the Grail (French: Perceval, le Conte du Graal) is the unfinished fifth romance of Chrétien de Troyes. Probably written between 1135 and 1190, it is dedicated to Chrétien's patron Philip, Count of Flanders.[1] It is said by some scholars that during the time Chrétien was writing Perceval, there was a political crisis taking place between the aristocracy, which included his patron, Philip of Flanders, and the monarchy, which may have influenced Chrétien’s work.[2]
Chrétien claimed to be working from a source given to him by Philip. The poem relates the adventures and growing pains of the young knight Perceval but the story breaks off, there follows an adventure of Gawain of similar length that also remains incomplete: there are some 9,000 lines in total, whereas Chrétien's other romances seldom exceed 7,000 lines.
Later authors added 54,000 more lines in what are known collectively as the Four Continuations.[3] Perceval is the earliest recorded account of what was to become the Quest for the Holy Grail[4] but describes only a golden grail (a serving dish) in the central scene and does not call it "holy" but treats a lance, appearing at the same time, as equally significant.
Plot summary[edit]
Roman de Perceval, 1932
The poem opens with Perceval, whose mother has raised him apart from civilization in the forests of Wales. Since his father's death, he continually encounters knights and realizes he wants to be one. Despite his mother's objections, the boy heads to King Arthur's court, where a young girl predicts greatness for him. He is taunted by Sir Kay, but amazes everyone by killing a knight who had been troubling King Arthur and taking his vermilion armor. He then sets out for adventure. He trains under the experienced Gornemant then falls in love with and rescues Gornemant's niece Blanchefleur. They agree to marry.
Returning home to visit his mother he comes across the Fisher King, who invites him to stay at his castle. While there he witnesses a strange procession in which young men and women carry magnificent objects from one chamber to another. First comes a young man carrying a bleeding lance, then two boys carrying candelabra. Finally, a beautiful young girl emerges bearing an elaborately decorated graal, or "grail", passing before him at each course of the meal. Perceval, who had been warned against talking too much, remains silent through all of this and wakes up the next morning alone. He finds his mother is dead, then Arthur asks him to return to court. But before long, a loathly lady enters the court and admonishes Perceval for failing to ask his host whom the grail served and why the lance bled, as the appropriate question would have healed the wounded king.
No more is heard of Perceval except a short later passage in which a hermit explains that the grail contains a single mass-wafer that miraculously sustains the Fisher King’s wounded father. The loathly lady announces other quests that the Knights of the Round Table proceed to take up and the remainder of the poem deals with Arthur's nephew and best knight Gawain, who has been challenged to a duel by a knight who claims Gawain had slain his lord. Gawain offers a contrast and complement to Perceval's naiveté as a courtly knight having to function in un-courtly settings. An important episode is Gawain's liberation of a castle whose inhabitants include his long-lost mother and grandmother as well as his sister Clarissant, whose existence was unknown to him. This tale also breaks off unfinished.
The Continuations and Prologues[edit]
Over the following 50 years four different poets took up the challenge left by Chrétien and continued the adventures of Perceval and Gawain.[3][5]
First Continuation[edit]
The First Continuation added 9,500 to 19,600 lines (depending on the manuscripts) to the romance.[3] It was once attributed to Wauchier de Denain, and is still sometimes called the Pseudo-Wauchier Continuation for that reason. It exists in a short, a mixed, and a long version; the short was the earliest and the most loosely linked to Chrétien's work, while the mixed is considered to be the latest, drawing on both earlier versions. Roger Sherman Loomis believed that the short version, which was added to an existing Perceval manuscript ten or twenty years later, represents a version of the story that was originally independent of Chrétien's.[6]
The First Continuation picks up the narrative of Gawain's adventures where Chrétien left off: his mother and grandmother are reunited with Arthur and Gawain's sister Clarissant marries Guiromelant. In the long version, Gawain opposes the marriage and rides off in anger, reaching the Grail Castle. After further adventures he rejoins Arthur (and the long version rejoins the short) and helps him besiege a rebel's castle.
The First Continuation is notable for its cavalier approach to the narrative agenda set by Chrétien. In particular it includes a seemingly independent romance, which in the long version spans over 6000 lines: The Livre de Caradoc, starring Arthur's knight Caradoc, explains how the hero got his nickname "Briefbras", or "Short Arm".[7] All versions of the First Continuation describe Gawain's visit to a Grail castle quite unlike Chrétien's, a vividly imagined scene that introduces the motif of a broken sword that can only be mended by the hero destined to heal the Fisher King and his lands. Gawain is not this hero and he fails. The final episode recounts the misadventures of Gawain's brother Guerrehet (Gaheris or Gareth) who is humiliated by a dwarf knight before avenging himself and a mysteriously murdered stranger. In the closing scene he returns to court asleep on a swan boat.
Second Continuation[edit]
Shortly after the First Continuation was completed, another author added 13,000 lines to the total.[3] This section was also attributed to Wauchier de Danain, and might actually represent his work. Making extensive use of motifs and themes drawn from Chrétien and the First Continuator, this continuation has Perceval returning to the Grail Castle and repairing the sword of Trebuchet, but a hairline fissure that remains in the blade symbolizes his still-flawed psyche – and the narrative's persisting potential for further development.
Gerbert's Continuation[edit]
Gerbert's Continuation added 17,000 lines.[3] The author, usually considered to be Gerbert de Montreuil, composed his version independently of Manessier, and probably around the same time. He tries to tie up loose ends left by Chrétien and the others, and the influence of Robert de Boron's work can be felt. Notably, Gerbert includes a complete Tristan episode into his narrative that exists nowhere else. Gerbert's Continuation seems not to have enjoyed great popularity; it survives in only two manuscripts, one of which is heavily damaged, as an interpolation between the Second and Manessier Continuations. It is likely Gerbert wrote an ending for the story, but it has been excised from both surviving copies to facilitate its position between the two other continuations.
Manessier's Continuation[edit]
Manessier's Continuation (also called the Third Continuation, because that is its place in the manuscripts that do not include Gerbert) added 10,000 lines and, at last, an ending.[3] Manessier wrapped up many of the loose ends from the previous authors, and includes several episodes from other works, including the "Joie de la Cour" adventure from Chrétien's Erec and Enide[8] and Calogrenant's death as told in the Queste del Saint Graal section of the Lancelot-Grail cycle.[9] The tale ends with the Fisher King's death and Perceval's ascension to his throne. After seven peaceful years, Perceval goes off to live as a hermit in the woods, where he dies shortly after. Manessier supposes he took the Grail, the Lance, and the silver plate with him to Heaven.
The Elucidation is an anonymous Old French poem of the early 13th century, which was written to serve as a prologue to Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, le Conte du Graal.[1] The poem counts 484 lines and cites one Master Blihis as a source for its contents.
Another prologue to Perceval consisted of 800 verses preserved in two thirteenth-century manuscripts. In the poem, Perceval's father (who is left unnamed in Chretien's original) is called Bliocadran.
Main article: Perlesvaus
Perceval's influence[edit]
Though Chrétien did not complete his romance, it had an enormous impact on the literary world of the Middle Ages. Perceval introduced an enthusiastic Europe to the grail and all versions of the story, including those that made the grail "Holy", probably derive directly or indirectly from it. The grail in Perceval has the power to heal the Fisher King so it may have been seen as a mystical or holy object by readers.[10] Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, one of the greatest works of medieval Germany, is based largely on Chrétien's poem.[11] When comparing Wolfram's Parzival to Chretien's Perceval some scholars not only suggest that the structure is different, but that Chretien focuses on knighthood with religious implications while Wolfram primarily focuses on knighthood.[12] Another is the Welsh Peredur, son of Efrawg, one of the Three Welsh Romances associated with the Mabinogion, though in this case the connection to the French work is unclear.[13][14] French filmmaker Éric Rohmer directed an eccentric adaptation titled Perceval le Gallois in 1978. T. S. Eliot cited the story of Percival, particularly the scene depicting his encounter with the Fisher King, as one of the primary symbolic backdrops in his poem The Waste Land.
1. ^ Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 88–91. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
2. ^ Pickens, Rupert T. "Le Conte du Graal." The Romances of Chretien de Troyes: A Symposium Ed. Douglas Kelly. Kentucky: French Forum, 1985 (232-286)
3. ^ a b c d e f Grigsby, John L. (1991). "Continuations of Perceval". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 99–100. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
4. ^ O'Gorman, Richard (1991). "Grail". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 212–213. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
5. ^ English translations of the Continuations can be found in Bryant, Perceval, the Story of the Grail, 1996.
6. ^ Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, ch. VI. Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02075-2. [2]
7. ^ Arthur, Ross Gilbert (translator) (1996). Caradoc. In Three Arthurian Romances: Poems from Medieval France: Caradoc, the Knight With the Sword, the Perilous Graveyard. New York: Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-87577-9.
8. ^ Owen, Arthurian Romances.
9. ^ The scene in question appears in Lacy, Lancelot-Grail, Volume 4, p. 61.
10. ^ Ramm, Ben. A Discourse for the Holy Grail in Old French Romance Ed. Sarah Kay. New York: D.S. Brewer, 2007 (pp. 4-7 and 110-121)
11. ^ Wolfram claims his source is not Chrétien but an otherwise unknown Provençal poet named Kyot; this is not accepted by the majority of scholars. See Hatto, A. T. (1980). "Introduction to a Second Reading." In Wolfram von Eschenbach; Hatto, A. T. (translator), Parzival. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044361-4.
12. ^ Groos, Arthur. Romancing the Grail: Genre, Science, and Quest in Wolfram's "Parzival." New York: Cornell University, 1995.
13. ^ Roberts, Brynly F. (1991). "Peredur". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 357–358. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
14. ^ Gantz, The Mabinogion.
• Arthur, Ross Gilbert (translator) (1996). Three Arthurian Romances: Poems from Medieval France: Caradoc, the Knight With the Sword, the Perilous Graveyard. New York: Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-87577-9.
• Chrétien de Troyes; Bryant, Nigel (translator) (1996). Perceval, the Story of the Grail. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-224-8. [1]
• Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). Arthurian Romances. New York: Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-87389-X.
• Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
• Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (April 1, 1995). Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, Volume 4 of 5. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-0748-9.
• Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
• Wolfram von Eschenbach; Hatto, A. T. (translator) (1980). Parzival. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044361-4
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Industry Manufacturing
Founded 1906 in Syracuse, New York
Founder R.E. Porter, G.G. Porter, F.E. Cable
Key people
Art Emmons
Products Power tools, pneumatic tools
Parent Stanley Black & Decker
Website portercable.com
Porter-Cable is an American company that manufactures power tools. The company is known for introducing a number of noteworthy power tools, such as the first portable belt sander, helical-drive circular saw, and portable band saw. It is a subsidiary of Stanley Black & Decker.
Porter-Cable was founded in 1906 by R.E. Porter, G.G. Porter, and F.E. Cable, who, starting with a $2,300 investment, opened a jobbing machine and tool shop out of their garage in Syracuse, New York. In 1914, the company began to focus on power tools, starting with a line of power lathes. In 1917, the company bought a plant on North Salina Street in Syracuse.
In 1926, Chief Engineer Art Emmons invented the portable electric belt sander, called the Take-About Sander, and the company began to develop a niche in portable electric power tools. In 1929, Emmons invented the helical-drive circular saw, a compact, lightweight design that is still the most widely used circular saw design produced today.
In 1960, the company was sold to Rockwell International. Rockwell made numerous changes, including phasing out the Porter-Cable name, relocating the company's base of operations to Jackson, Tennessee, and creating a lower end of power tools to compete with Black & Decker. These tools had numerous reliability problems and harmed the brand's image.
Porter-Cable nail gun in use
In 1981, Pentair, Inc. acquired Rockwell's power tool group—consisting of Porter-Cable and Delta Machinery—and restored the Porter-Cable name. The company repositioned itself as a manufacturer of professional power tools and ended production of consumer-level tools. In 1989, the company introduced the first electric random orbital sander. Around this time, the company expanded into broader retail channels, including The Home Depot and Lowe's, greatly expanding its production in the process.
In 1996, the Smithsonian Institution established a collection of materials from the company's 90-year history, the first such collection for a power tool company.
In 2000, Porter-Cable consolidated with sister company Delta Machinery, the latter moving its headquarters and distribution center from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Jackson. The same year, Pentair acquired DeVilbiss Air Power Company and, in 2002, Porter-Cable expanded its line-up to include air compressors, air tools, generators, and pressure washers.
In October 2004, the Pentair Tools Group—comprising Porter-Cable, Delta Machinery, DeVilbiss Air Power, and others—was purchased by Black & Decker, now Stanley Black & Decker. Porter-Cable is headquartered in Jackson, Tennessee. Manufacturing in the United States has mostly ceased; tools are now made primarily in Mexico and China.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Raymond Lambert
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Ray Lambert, see Ray Lambert (disambiguation).
Raymond Lambert (18 October 1914 – 25 February 1997) was a Swiss mountaineer, who with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached an altitude of 8611 metres[1] (just 237 metres from the summit) of Mount Everest in May 1952. At the time it was the highest point that a climber had ever reached. There was a second Swiss expedition in autumn 1952, but a party including Lambert and Tenzing was forced to turn back at a slightly lower point. The following year Tenzing returned with Edmund Hillary to reach the summit on 29 May 1953.
Early mountaineering[edit]
He was born Raymond Jules Eugene Lambert in Geneva, where he made his home for his entire life. Lambert was member to a group of elite Genevois climbers. With this group, Lambert tested his skills against French, German and Italian rivals to become the first ascenders of the hardest new climbs in the Mont Blanc Range. Second ascents of the Croz Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and the North Face of the Drus (where his name is immortalised in the Fissure Lambert) put him at the forefront of international mountaineering; however, it was one climb in particular, in 1938, that gave Lambert true legendary status: a winter ascent of the Aiguilles Diables. Caught in a violent February storm, the climbing party found themselves stranded on the summit of Mont Blanc du Tacul. Lambert was the only one capable of contacting rescue. After three days sheltering in a crevasse, all of Lambert's toes were severely frostbitten. Subsequently, all of his toes were amputated.
On Everest[edit]
For more details on Lambert's first attempt, see 1952 Swiss Mount Everest Expedition.
Within a year after the amputation, Lambert was climbing again. His mountaineering career continued through the Second World War and in 1952 he was an obvious choice for Edouard Wyss-Dunant's Genevois expedition to Everest. Tibet was now closed to foreigners but Nepal had just opened up. The previous year Eric Shipton's British-New Zealand reconnaissance had climbed the Khumbu Icefall and reached the elusive Western Cwm, proving that Everest could be climbed from Nepal. Unfortunately for the British, who had enjoyed exclusive access to the mountain for 21 years, the Nepal government gave the 1952 permit to the Swiss. Building on Shipton's experience, the Genevans reached the head of the Western Cwm and climbed the huge face above to the desolate, wind-swept plateau of the South Col. Three Swiss climbers and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay continued towards the summit, pitching a tent at 8,400m. Two returned, leaving Tenzing and Lambert, who had become firm friends, to make a summit attempt. High altitude mountaineering in 1952 was still in its infancy. Even Swiss organisation and technology were not up to the job and, apart from Tenzing, the Sherpas had little experience. Despite the best plans, Tenzing and Lambert now had to spend a night at 8,400m with no sleeping bags and no stove, producing a trickle of drinking water by melting snow over a candle. The oxygen sets were barely operable and when the two men continued in the morning, they were effectively climbing without oxygen. They struggled heroically, at times crawling on all fours, hindered by the dead weight of malfunctioning oxygen sets, finally grinding to a halt near 8595m, approximately 250m short of the summit.[2] Assuming that George Mallory and Andrew Irvine did not reach higher in 1924, this was the highest than anyone had ever been. Lambert's extraordinary determination was further confirmed that autumn when, alone out of the spring team, he returned for the second Swiss attempt on Everest. This time he and Tenzing were driven back from the South Col by the November jet stream winds and, to the immense relief of the British team, preparing for 1953, the Swiss admitted defeat.[3]
After Everest[edit]
Lambert returned to Nepal in 1954, trespassing across the Tibetan frontier to attempt Gauri Sankar. Having failed at Gaurisankar, the expedition attempted Cho Oyu, but was turned back by high winds at about 23000 feet.[4] Lambert returned again to Nepal in 1955 to make the first ascent with Eric Gauchat and Claude Kogan of Ganesh I (7,429m). Subsequent expeditions took him to Pakistan and South America. Then in 1959 he embarked on a completely new career and by 1963, now married with two children, he was a fully qualified glacier pilot, flying to remote and inaccessible icy areas - a vocation which brought him considerable fame until he finally stopped flying in 1987 at the age of 72.
Honour and respect[edit]
John Hunt recalls meeting Raymond Lambert in 1953 to learn as much as he could about the Swiss attempt on Everest: "Despite their disappointment, the Swiss were most helpful. However, Raymond told me tactfully, `Monsieur Colonel, vous aurez gros problemes', meaning, I think, that we hadn't a hope in hell." On 26 May 1953, exactly a year after Lambert's attempt, Hunt himself photographed the skeletal remains of the tent at 8,400m. Said Hunt: "It brought home the significance of their performance and made me force myself 50m higher up the ridge, to deposit the supplies for our final camp." Three days later Tenzing and Hillary reached the summit. On the way home, the team stopped off at Zurich airport and met the Swiss trail-blazers again. Lord Hunt recalls: "They offered us unreserved applause. In later years Raymond and I became close friends. He was not a demonstrative person, but the warmth of personality, once bestowed, was very precious to me."
1. ^ Unsworth, Walt (2000). Everest - The Mountaineering History (3rd edition ed.). Bâton Wicks. pp. 289–290. ISBN 978-1-898573-40-1.
2. ^ Cailliez, Jean-Claude (22 September 2007). "Raymond LAMBERT (1914-97) courageux & émérite alpiniste, moniteur de vol en montagne, co-patron de SATA". Le site des pionniers de l’aéronautique à Genève. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
3. ^ Tenzing Norgay and James Ramsey Ullman Man of Everest (1955) (also published as Tiger of the Snows)
4. ^ Tichy, Herbert (1957). Cho Oyu, By Favour of the Gods. Purnell and Sons, Ltd. p.182
External links[edit]
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Agrobacterium rhizogenes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rhizobium rhizogenes)
Jump to: navigation, search
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Alpha Proteobacteria
Order: Rhizobiales
Family: Rhizobiaceae
Genus: Agrobacterium
Species: A. rhizogenes
Binomial name
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
(Riker et al. 1930) Conn 1942
Agrobacterium rhizogenes (updated scientific name: Rhizobium rhizogenes)[1] is a Gram negative soil bacterium that produces hairy root disease in dicotyledonous plants. A. rhizogenes induces the formation of proliferative multi-branched adventitious roots at the site of infection; so called 'hairy roots' [2]
In the rhizosphere, plants may suffer from wounds by soil pathogens or other sources. This leads to the secretion of phenolic compounds like acetosyringone which have chemotactic effects that attract the bacteria. Under such conditions, certain bacterial genes are turned on leading to the transfer of its T-DNA from its root inducing plasmid (Ri plasmid) into the plant through the wound. After integration and expression, in vitro or under natural conditions, the hairy root phenotype is observed, which typically includes overdevelopment of a root system that is not completely geotropic, and altered (wrinkled) leaf morphology, if leaves are present.[3]
Bacterial genes may be retained within the plant.[4]
The hairy roots are grown in vitro in bioreactors to study their soil interaction with other pathogens like fungi and nematodes. This technique has also led to the commercial production of certain metabolic compounds that the plant is known to secrete, especially in regard to the medicinal plants that are difficult to cultivate in sufficient quantities by other means.[5] The root cultures are also used for genetic engineering.[6][7]
1. ^ Young J.M., Kuykendall L.D., Martínez-Romero E., Kerr A. and Sawada H. 2001. A revision of Rhizobium Frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of Agrobacterium Conn 1942 and Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998 as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, R. rhizogenes, R. rubi, R. undicola and R. vitis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51:89-103
2. ^ Chilton MD, Tepfer D, Petit A, David C, Casse Delbart FT. Agrobacterium rhizogenes insert T-DNA into the genome of the host plant root cells. nature. 1982; 295:432-4
3. ^ Cardarelli M, Mariotti D, Pomponi M, Spanò L, Capone I, Costantino P. 1987. "Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA genes capable of inducing hairy root phenotype". Molecular and General Genetics 209(3):475-480.
4. ^ Intrieri, M. C. and Buiatti, M. (July 2001). "The horizontal transfer of Agrobacterium rhizogenes genes and the evolution of the genus Nicotiana". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (1): 100–110. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0927. PMID 11421651.
5. ^ Shanks JV, Morgan J (April 1999). "Plant 'hairy root' culture". Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10 (2): 151–5. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(99)80026-3. PMID 10209145.
6. ^ Otani, M., Mii, M., Handa, T., Kamada, H. and Shimada, T. (1993). "Transformation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes". Plant Science 94 (1–2): 151–159. doi:10.1016/0168-9452(93)90016-S.
7. ^ Van de Velde, W., Mergeay, J., Holsters, M. and Goormachtig, S. (December 2003). "Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Sesbania rostrata". Plant Science 165 (6): 1281–1288. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00339-X.
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Rhydderch Hael
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Riderch I of Alt Clut)
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For the later king of Alt Clut named Rhydderch, see Riderch II of Alt Clut.
Rhydderch Hael (Welsh: Rhydderch the Generous, fl. 580 – c. 614) was a ruler of Alt Clut, a Brittonic kingdom in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain. He was one of the most famous kings in the Hen Ogledd, and appears frequently in later medieval works in Welsh and Latin.
According to sources such as the Harleian genealogies and Adomnán's Vita Columbae, Rhydderch's father was Tutagual of Alt Clut, who was probably his predecessor as king.[1] A tyrannical king named Tuduael, Tudwaldus or some variation appears in the 9th-century poem Miracula Nyniae Episcopi and in Ailred of Rievaulx's Vita Sancti Niniani as a contemporary of Saint Ninian; this is possibly a reference to the father of Rhydderch.[1] Genealogies record Rhydderch as a descendant of Dumnagual Hen. Outside of these pedigrees Rhydderch's kinsmen appear only in Welsh texts, chiefly the heroic poetry and the fragments of saga preserved in the Welsh Triads. One such kinsman, Senyllt Hael, is credited in the poem Y Gododdin with him seen presiding over a royal court famed for its liberality. Another, Senyllt's son Nudd Hael, appears with Rhydderch in the triad of the "Three Generous Men of Britain".
In a curious tale preserved in the 12th-century Welsh law code known as the Black Book of Chirk, Rhydderch accompanies other rulers from the North on a military expedition to the Kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales. According to the story, Elidir Mwynfawr, another prince of the North, had been killed in Arfon in Gwynedd. In response Rhydderch joined Clydno Eiddin, the aforementioned Nudd Hael, and the otherwise unknown Mordaf Hael to seek vengeance on King Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn of Gwynedd. They traveled by sea and ravaged Arfon, but were expelled by Rhun's forces. Rhun attacked Strathclyde and pushed as far as the River Forth.
Clochoderick Rocking stone in Renfrewshire, Scotland. This stone is said to mark the burial place of Rhydderch
Here Elidyr Muhenvaur, a man from the north was slain and, after his death, the men of the north, came here to avenge him. The chiefs, their leaders, were Clyddno Eiddin; Nudd Hael, son of Senyllt; and Mordaf Hael, son of Seruari, and Rydderch Hael, son of Tudwal Tudglyd; and they came to Arvon, and because Elidyr was slain at Aber Mewydus in Arvon, they burned Arvon as a further revenge. And then Run, son of Maelgwn, and the men of Gwynedd, assembled in arms, and proceeded to the banks of the [River] Gweryd in the north, and there they were long disputing who should take the lead.[1]
The textual uncertainties suggest that the story of the Arfon expedition and Rhun's response is likely to be apocryphal, its creation owing less to actual sixth century events than to later north Welsh propagandists who, in seeking to glorify their own kings, portrayed Rhun as an ancestor of those kings and as a mighty warlord who could wage war far beyond his own lands and against figures whose fame may already have become enshrined in Welsh tradition.
Welsh tradition regards Rhydderch as one of the northern British kings who fought against the early Anglo-Saxon realm of Bernicia. The Historia Brittonum depicts him as an enemy of several Bernician kings of the late sixth century, but the theatre of the wars between them is not identified. It is said he joined with Urien of Rheged and Morcant Bulc in their ill-fated alliance:
Four kings fought against them, Urien and Rhydderch [Hael] and Gwallawg and Morcant. Theodoric fought vigorously against Urien and his sons. During that time, sometimes the enemy, sometimes the Cymry were victorious, and Urien blockaded them for three days and three nights in the island of Ynys Metcaut. But during this campaign, Urien was assassinated on the instigation of Morcant, from jealousy, because his military skill and generalship surpassed that of all the other kings
Historia Brittonum, chapter 63
The war with Bernicia is one of only two military campaigns in which Rhydderch Hael is said to have been involved, the other being a raid on the Strathclyde court by Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata and a fellow-contemporary of Saint Columba which is recorded in the gloriously named Three Unrestrained Ravagings of the Island of Britain in the Welsh Triads:
…when Aedan the Wily came to the court of Rhydderch the Generous at Alt Clut; he left neither food nor drink nor beast alive.
Apart from this work there are no other supporting texts to prove the accuracy of these events. However, in a broad context it is indeed not unlikely as Alt Clut and Dál Riata were neighbours and fought many times during the Sub-Roman and Early Medieval periods. Dál Riata was a relative newcomer to the politics of Britain and raids by the Gaels, as the Scots of Dál Riata were commonly known, on the Brythonic border kingdoms around Hadrian's Wall had been typical since the time of Vortigern and before. Furthermore, Áedán mac Gabráin is known to have been a particularly belligerent warlord whose campaigns extended from Pictavia to Northumbria. It is tempting to ascribe the ultimate origin of this material to Strathclyde court-poets of Rhydderch's own time. One Triad mentions Rhydderch's horse Rudlwyt, meaning "Dun-Grey," while another poetical fragment names his sword Dyrnwyn, "White Hilt," as one of the legendary Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain.
Aside from the Welsh sources, the other main repository of information on Rhydderch Hael is the Latin hagiography surrounding Kentigern, the patron saint of Glasgow, whose most complete surviving Life was written in the late twelfth century by Joceline of Furness, in modern Cumbria, on behalf of the Bishop of Glasgow. Attempts have been made to identify possible archaic elements and indeed it now seems likely that it draws together several strands of very early Strathclyde tradition, possibly originating in the seventh or eighth centuries. Rhydderch Hael appears as "King Rederech" and is portrayed as Kentigern's royal patron and benefactor, from whom the saint received land at Glasgow upon which to establish the principal bishopric of the greater Strathclyde region.
Rhydderch's date of death is unknown, although the Life of Kentigern places his death in the same year as the saint's which, according to the Welsh Annals, occurred in 612, which is adjusted by historians to 614. This date is supported by Adomnan who refers to Rhydderch as a contemporary of Saint Columba who died in 597. Adomnan's assertion that Rhydderch did not die in battle can probably be taken at face value: the fulfillment of Columba's prophecy was the important issue for Iona and there was nothing to be gained by producing a fictional end for a king whose life and death were presumably already recorded in Glasgow and Dumbarton traditions.
Welsh collections name Rhydderch's sword's Dyrnwyn as one of the so-called Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain. When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, which is said to explain his epithet Hael, but no one ever dared touch it.[2]
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of Alt Clut
fl. 580
Succeeded by
See also[edit]
• Rocking stone; Rhydderch is said to have been buried at the Clochoderick stone in Renfrewshire.
1. ^ a b MacQuarrie, pp.6–7.
2. ^ Bromwich, pp. 240-1.
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Roland Manookian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Roland Manookian
Born (1979-09-08) 8 September 1979 (age 35)
Westminster, England
Years active 1999–present
Roland Manookian (born 8 September 1979) is an English actor, who is most notable for his role as Zebedee, in the 2004 film The Football Factory, and as Craig Rolfe in Rise of the Footsoldier in 2007. He has also appeared in Guy Richie's Rocknrolla and Nick Love's Goodbye Charlie Bright and The Business. He has also appeared in episodes of The Bill in 1999 as Ben Glover.
Manookian, of Armenian descent,[citation needed] comes from London and has supported Millwall since he was young.[1]
Movies Year Role
No Reasons 2014 Julian
Riot 2012 Steve
The Rise and Fall of a White Collar Hooligan 2012 Rusty
Piggy 2012 Craig
Big Fat Gypsy Gangster 2011 Roland
Fish n' Chips 2011 Dave
Dead Cert 2010 Chinnery
Just for the Record 2009 Harlan Noble
The Rapture 2009 Sean Kramer
RocknRolla 2008 Bandy
Rise of the Footsoldier 2007 Craig Rolfe
Grow Your Own 2007 Mike
The Business 2005 Sonny
The Football Factory 2004 Zeberdee
Oh Marbella 2003 Bradley
Green Green lanes 2001 Archie Hams
Goodbye Charlie Bright 2001 Justin
Television Year Role
The Bill 1999 & 2009 Ben Glover & Gavin Downey
Dunkirk 2004 Frankie Osbourne
Murder 2002 Ryan McGuinness
As If 2001 Jeff
Killers 2000 Tommy
The Vice 2000 Nathan Cairns
Storm Damage 2000 Paul
Oliver Twist 1999 Charley Bates
Mauvaise passe 1999 Bellboy
Great Expectations 1999 Pip's servant
1. ^ "FILM STARS BACK MOVE FOR HARRIS STAND AT DEN". Retrieved 2010-09-27.
External links[edit]
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Netherlands Institute for Space Research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from SRON)
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SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Ruimteonderzoeksinstituut SRON
Sron-Logo kleur RGB.jpg
Acronym SRON
Established 1983
Headquarters Utrecht
Employees 200
Administrator Rens Waters (Scientific Director)
SRON, Utrecht, Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research is the Dutch expertise institute for space research. The Institute develops and uses innovative technology for research in space, focusing on astrophysical research, Earth science and planetary research. SRON has a line of research into new and more sensitive sensors for X-rays and infrared radiation.
SRON was founded in 1983 under the former names Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland / Space Research Organisation Netherlands. SRON is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and has facilities in Utrecht and in Groningen.
Science and technology[edit]
The institute has about 200 staff who are employed at a support department and five divisions: High-Energy Astrophysics (HEA), Low-Energy Astrophysics (LEA), Earth and Planetary Science (EPS), Sensor Research and Technology (SR&T) and Engineering Division (ED).
SRON’s ambition is to act as leading institute in the development of state-of-the-art satellite instruments for space research missions of ESA, NASA and other agencies. Through the years SRON technology has contributed to many ground-breaking space missions, mainly dedicated to mapping the infrared sky (e.g. IRAS, ISO, HIFI/Herschel), analyzing X-ray and gamma ray sources (e.g. CGRO/COMPTEL, Beppo-SAX, Chandra, XMM-Newton) and studying the Earth atmosphere (SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT). Examples of future missions to which SRON will contribute are SPICA (infrared), ASTRO-H (X-ray) and Sentinel 5 Precursor (Earth atmosphere). The institute is also planning contributions to missions which will study other planets in our solar system and beyond.
Missions and projects[edit]
Current missions or projects with SRON contribution[edit]
Previous missions/projects[edit]
Technology development[edit]
Optical photograph of a bolometer for SAFARI (detail); the shiny square is the superconducting TES thermometer, the large grey square is the Ta absorber. The ring-type structure is the SiN suspension, intended to produce a very weak coupling to the heat bath and thus a sensitive detector.
In various wavelength areas SRON’s sensors are already some of the most sensitive in the world. However, SRON is continuously looking for new ways to deploy even more sensitive sensors for the improved detection of cosmic radiation or for measurements of the atmosphere of the Earth and other planets. This requires longterm investments in the development of new sensors, electronics and specialist techniques. In the near future detectors shall increasingly take the shape of large chips with many megapixels, with a unique combination of two dimensional pictures and spectroscopy color resolving power.
These detectors require the development of new advanced electronics, smart control software, extreme cooling techniques and novel materials. SRON develops a new generation of detectors, and the necessary read-out and control electronics, for international missions in the submillimeter and far-infrared areas. For example, such extremely sensitive detectors are needed in SPICA/ SAFARI so that we can learn more about protoplanetary discs and the formation of planets. For SPICA/ SAFARI SRON is currently working on Transition Edge Sensors (TES).
National and international partners[edit]
Customers are on the one hand the international organizations with which SRON cooperates in bilateral, European or global projects. On the other hand, there is science as the customer: scientists from the Universities in Utrecht, Groningen and Leiden, and outside the Dutch borders for example with DLR.
See also[edit]
External link[edit]
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Sebastes goodei
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Chilipepper Rockfish
Rockfish Sebastes goodei.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Family: Sebastidae
Genus: Sebastes
Species: S. goodei
Binomial name
Sebastes goodei
(C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890)
The Chilipepper rockfish is a type of rockfish (Sebastidae) that lives mainly off the coast of western North America from Baja California to Vancouver. This fish is also commonly called Chilipepper seaperch.
The body of the chilipepper is slender and rather elongate. The head is elongate, pointed and with no spines; the lower jaw is projecting. The adult chilipepper is generally pinkish-red becoming whitish below with pink fins. Juveniles are light olive on back.[1] The middle of the chillipepper's side, the lateral line, stands out clearly, as a lighter, bright red zone. In comparison to the bocaccio, it has a smaller mouth with an upper jaw that extends only to about the center of the eye, not past it. The maximum length is 22 inches (56 cm).[1]
This species occurs from Magdalena Bay, Baja California, to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Chilipeppers are not taken as frequently as other rockfishes because they are rarely caught in depths less than 360 feet along the coast of California. They generally occur over rocky bottoms at depths between 160–820 feet (50–250 m)[1] and have been taken as deep as 1,080 feet.
Natural history[edit]
Adult chilipepper feed on small crustaceans, small squids, or on such fishes as anchovies, young hake, small sardines, and lanternfishes. Approximately 50 percent of the males mature when 8.75 inches long and 2 years old; while 50 percent of the females are mature when they are 12 inches long and 4 years old. Chili peppers may live to be at least 16 years old. As with other rockfishes, fertilization is internal and live young are born. The number of developing eggs increases from 29,000 in a 12 inch female to about 538,000 in a 22 inch fish.
Fishing information[edit]
The usual rig for chilipepper is made up of three to six hooks above a sinker that is heavy enough to take the line to the bottom on a fairly straight course. Chilipepper are often fished in midwater as well on the bottom. Because of the depths, it may take a considerable amount of time to lower and raise this fishing rig; therefore, the bait should be tough enough to remain on the hook while being chewed upon. Pieces of squid, dried salted anchovies or strip bait, or cut bait as it is commonly known, consists of small strips of flesh with the skin still on from freshly caught rockfish, mackerel or other fishes are ideal.
1. ^ a b c "Chilipepper". AFSC Guide to Rockfishes. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
External links[edit]
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Sectional curvature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In Riemannian geometry, the sectional curvature is one of the ways to describe the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. The sectional curvature Kp) depends on a two-dimensional plane σp in the tangent space at p. It is the Gaussian curvature of the surface which has the plane σp as a tangent plane at p, obtained from geodesics which start at p in the directions of σp (in other words, the image of σp under the exponential map at p). The sectional curvature is a smooth real-valued function on the 2-Grassmannian bundle over the manifold.
The sectional curvature determines the curvature tensor completely.
Given a Riemannian manifold and two linearly independent tangent vectors at the same point, u and v, we can define
K(u,v)={\langle R(u,v)v,u\rangle\over \langle u,u\rangle\langle v,v\rangle-\langle u,v\rangle^2}
Here R is the Riemann curvature tensor.
In particular, if u and v are orthonormal, then
K(u,v) = \langle R(u,v)v,u\rangle.
The sectional curvature in fact depends only on the 2-plane σp in the tangent space at p spanned by u and v. It is called the sectional curvature of the 2-plane σp, and is denoted Kp).
Manifolds with constant sectional curvature[edit]
Riemannian manifolds with constant sectional curvature are the simplest. These are called space forms. By rescaling the metric there are three possible cases
The model manifolds for the three geometries are hyperbolic space, Euclidean space and a unit sphere. They are the only connected, complete, simply connected Riemannian manifolds of given sectional curvature. All other connected complete constant curvature manifolds are quotients of those by some group of isometries.
If for each point in a connected Riemannian manifold (of dimension three or greater) the sectional curvature is independent of the tangent 2-plane, then the sectional curvature is in fact constant on the whole manifold.
Toponogov's theorem[edit]
Toponogov's theorem affords a characterization of sectional curvature in terms of how "fat" geodesic triangles appear when compared to their Euclidean counterparts. The basic intuition is that, if a space is positively curved, then the edge of a triangle opposite some given vertex will tend to bend away from that vertex, whereas if a space is negatively curved, then the opposite edge of the triangle will tend to bend towards the vertex.
More precisely, let M be a complete Riemannian manifold, and let xyz be a geodesic triangle in M (a triangle each of whose sides is a length-minimizing geodesic). Finally, let m be the midpoint of the geodesic xy. If M has non-negative curvature, then for all sufficiently small triangles
d(z,m)^2\ge \tfrac12d(z,x)^2 + \tfrac12d(z,y)^2 - \tfrac14d(x,y)^2
where d is the distance function on M. The case of equality holds precisely when the curvature of M vanishes, and the right-hand side represents the distance from a vertex to the opposite side of a geodesic triangle in Euclidean space having the same side-lengths as the triangle xyz. This makes precise the sense in which triangles are "fatter" in positively curved spaces. In non-positively curved spaces, the inequality goes the other way:
d(z,m)^2\le \tfrac12d(z,x)^2 + \tfrac12d(z,y)^2 - \tfrac14d(x,y)^2.
If tighter bounds on the sectional curvature are known, then this property generalizes to give a comparison theorem between geodesic triangles in M and those in a suitable simply connected space form; see Toponogov's theorem. Simple consequences of the version stated here are:
• A complete Riemannian manifold has non-negative sectional curvature if and only if the function f_p(x)=\operatorname{dist}^2(p,x) is 1-concave for all points p.
• A complete simply connected Riemannian manifold has non-positive sectional curvature if and only if the function f_p(x)=\operatorname{dist}^2(p,x) is 1-convex.
Manifolds with non-positive sectional curvature[edit]
In 1928, Élie Cartan proved the Cartan–Hadamard theorem: if M is a complete manifold with non-positive sectional curvature, then its universal cover is diffeomorphic to a Euclidean space. In particular, it is aspherical: the homotopy groups \pi_i(M) for i ≥ 2 are trivial. Therefore, the topological structure of a complete non-positively curved manifold is determined by its fundamental group. Preissman's theorem restricts the fundamental group of negatively curved compact manifolds.
Manifolds with positive sectional curvature[edit]
Little is known about the structure of positively curved manifolds. The soul theorem (Cheeger & Gromoll 1972; Gromoll & Meyer 1969) implies that a complete non-compact non-negatively curved manifold is diffeomorphic to a normal bundle over a compact non-negatively curved manifold. As for compact positively curved manifolds, there are two classical results:
• It follows from the Myers theorem that the fundamental group of such manifold is finite.
• It follows from the Synge theorem that the fundamental group of such manifold in even dimensions is 0, if orientable and \Bbb Z_2 otherwise. In odd dimensions a positively curved manifold is always orientable.
Moreover, there are relatively few examples of compact positively curved manifolds, leaving a lot of conjectures (e.g., the Hopf conjecture on whether there is a metric of positive sectional curvature on \Bbb S^2\times\Bbb S^2). The most typical way of constructing new examples is the following corollary from the O'Neill curvature formulas: if (M,g) is a Riemannian manifold admitting a free isometric action of a Lie group G, and M has positive sectional curvature on all 2-planes orthogonal to the orbits of G, then the manifold M/G with the quotient metric has positive sectional curvature. This fact allows one to construct the classical positively curved spaces, being spheres and projective spaces, as well as these examples (Ziller 2007):
• The Berger spaces B^7=SO(5)/SO(3) and B^{13}=SU(5)/Sp(2)\cdot\Bbb S^1.
• The Wallach spaces (or the homogeneous flag manifolds): W^6=SU(3)/T^2, W^{12}=Sp(3)/Sp(1)^3 and W^{24}=F_4/Spin(8).
• The Aloff–Wallach spaces W^7_{p,q}=SU(3)/\operatorname{diag}(z^p,z^q,\overline{z}^{p+q}).
• The Eschenburg spaces E_{k,l}=\operatorname{diag}(z^{k_1},z^{k_2},z^{k_3})\backslash SU(3)/\operatorname{diag}(z^{l_1},z^{l_2},z^{l_3})^{-1}.
• The Bazaikin spaces B^{13}_p=\operatorname{diag}(z_1^{p_1},\dots,z_1^{p_5})\backslash U(5)/\operatorname{diag}(z_2A,1)^{-1}, where A\in Sp(2)\subset SU(4).
See also[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Shivamogga district.
Shimoga(The Gateway of Malnad)
Corporation City
Statue of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka
Shimoga(The Gateway of Malnad) is located in Karnataka
Shimoga(The Gateway of Malnad)
Shimoga(The Gateway of Malnad)
Coordinates: 13°56′N 75°34′E / 13.933°N 75.567°E / 13.933; 75.567Coordinates: 13°56′N 75°34′E / 13.933°N 75.567°E / 13.933; 75.567
Country India
State Karnataka
District Shivamogga District
Region Malenadu
• Type City Municipal Corporation
• Body Shivamogga Mahanagara Palike
• Total 70.01 km2 (27.03 sq mi)
Elevation 569 m (1,867 ft)
Population (2011 census)[1]
• Total 322,505
• Rank 7th(Karnataka)
• Density 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
• Official Kannada
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 577201 - 577205
Telephone code 91-(0)8182-XXXXXX
Vehicle registration KA-14(Shimoga Region) KA-15(Sagara RTO, Sagara Region)
Shimoga, officially renamed as Shivamogga,[2] is a city and the district headquarters of Shimoga District in the central part of the state of Karnataka, India. The city lies on the banks of the Tunga River. Being the gateway for the hilly region of the Western Ghats, the city is popularly nicknamed as "Gateway of Malnad" "Capital of Malnad"and "Thanagala Thavaruru" shimoga.
The city is 569 m above sea level and is surrounded by lush green paddy fields, arecanut and coconut groves. The population of Shimoga city is 322,428, consisting of 161,978 males and 160,450 females, as per 2011 census.[3]
The name of the city is derived from the term "Shiva-Moga", "Moga in Kannada means Face hence meaning Face of Shiva". An alternative etymology is that the name is derived from the term "Sihi-Mogge", meaning "sweet pot". The district formed the southern tip of Emperor Ashoka's Mauryan Empire in the third century BC.[citation needed] It was ruled during later centuries by the Kadambas (4th century), Chalukyas (6th century), Gangas, Rashtrakutas (8th century), Hoysalas (11th century), and the Vijayanagara rulers (15th century). The city got an independent identity under the Keladi Nayaka rule during the 16th century[citation needed], reaching its pinnacle under the rule of Shivappa Nayaka. From the late 17th century onwards, the city was a part of the Kingdom of Mysore until the independence of India in 1947, when Mysore merged into the Republic of India.
On 1 November 2006, the government of Karnataka announced the renaming of Shimoga to "Shivamogga", along with nine other cities in the state. Center government have approved (12 cities) this request by mid on October 2014 and Shimoga is renamed "Shivamogga" on 1st November 2014.[4][5][6][7]
According to the Shimoga City Municipal Corporation,[8] the city has a total area of about 50 km2 (19 sq mi). The climate is tropical wet and dry (Köppen climate classification) summer average temperature 20–35 °C (68–95 °F). This means that the winter and the early part of summer are typically dry periods. The majority of the rainfall occurs between June and early October. Shimoga is a part of a region known as Malnad (land of hills) in Karnataka. Most/all these hills are part of the Western Ghats, a region known for plentiful rainfall and lush greenery and declared during 2012 as a World Heritage site.
Tunga River flows through Shivamogga and Bhadra River flows through Bhadravathi.
In Karnataka Budget 2013-14, Shimoga City Municipal Council upgraded to City Corporation.
The City Municipal Councils of Shimoga, Tumkur and Bijapur upgraded to city corporations.
The presidents and vice-presidents of the City Municipal Councils (CMCs) of Shimoga, Tumkur and Bijapur, which have been upgraded as corporations, will don the role of mayor and deputy mayor and the members will become corporators.
The State government on Friday 20 December 2013 gazetted the notification upgrading three CMCs as corporations. The State Cabinet in September this year had given its nod for giving the three CMCs the status of corporations as their population has crossed the three-lakh mark as per the 2011 census.
The government is likely to grant Rs 100 crore each for the development of these corporations.
With the upgrading of the CMCs, the total number of corporations in the State will rise to 11. The others corporation city in state are: Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum, Davangere and Bellary.
Climate data for Shimoga
Average high °C (°F) 28
Average low °C (°F) 16
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3
Source: Shimoga Weather
In summer (April–May), temperature crosses 36 °C at Shimoga.[9]
KSRTC Bus Stand
Shimoga is an important center for high school and pre-university education (classes 11th and 12th) in Karnataka, along with many other major cities in Karnataka. Bhadravathi is also a major education centre of the district. Notable institutes in Shimoga for pre-university (PU) education include: Sri Aurobindo Pre-University (Ind.) college, PACE Ultra Modern PU College, Acharya PU College (Nandana Education Trust[10] ), Vidya Bharathi PU College, National College,JPN High School, Vidyanikethan College, Sacred Heart, Adichunchangiri P.U. College, DVS P.U. Independent college, DVS Composite College, PES P.U. College. The city gains its importance in part because of lack of good institutes in other parts of the district.
The village of Gajanur hosts a Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (central school) which is a boarding school. Kuvempu University is located in Shankarghatta, at a distance of 20 km from Shimoga.
Government High School is the oldest education institution in Shimoga.[11] It was started by the British in 1853.[11] Some other schools include The Educare School, Mandara Jnanadayini School, Enchara, Jnanadeepa, Ikhlas English School, Saandeepani, Vikasa, National Public School, Swami Vivekananda, Oxford, Adi Chunchanagiri, PES, Sarvodaya, Mary Immaculate, Vasavi, Sanjos, RC School (Roman Catholic School), Sacred Heart, Loyola, Ramakrishna, Rotary, Mahaveer, DVS.
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences is the medical sciences college at Shimoga and managed by Government Departments. Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences is located at Purale.[12] Sharavathi Dental College is also located in Shimoga. Shimoga also has two engineering colleges, Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering and PES Institute of Technology and Management. Sahyadri College for Science, Commerce and Arts is one of the oldest in Karnataka, run by the Government. Tegginamath Arts Education Society Ayurvedic medical is located in Nidige.[13] There is a veterinary college, which is one among the 4 colleges present in Karnataka.
"Kuvempu Rangamandira" and "Karnataka Sangha" are the major venues of the city for cultural activities.
Yakshagana, a dance drama, is popular in Thirthahalli, Hosanagara, Sagar, and Sorab Taluks of the district and this art is also performed in Shimoga. There are some professional and amateur troupes from Malnad region, performing this dance drama across Karnataka.
Shivamogga-Bhadravathi twin cities[edit]
Bhadravathi is 20 km from Shimoga and a four-lane road connects the twin cities. Both are well connected by Road and Rail. There is a 20-year-old plan to make Shivamogga and Bhadravathi twin cities and to establish the Shivamogga-Bhadravathi Mahanagara Palike and thereby develop both cities.[citation needed] Bhadravathi can be called as industrial town with factories like Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited, The Mysore Paper Mills Limited etc. are located there. Bhadravathi-Shivamogga Industrial area, established at Machenahalli, in between the twin cities hosts several industries. Companies like Xchanging have opened their units in Shivamogga.[14]
The population of Shimoga is 322,428, consisting of 161,978 males and 160,450 females, as per 2011 census.[15] Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Shimoga has an average literacy rate of 88.02%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 91.32%, and female literacy is 84.70%.Total children (0-6) in Shimoga city are 31,626 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 16,130 boys while 15,496 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 961 per 1000 boys.[3]
Languages spoken[edit]
Kannada is widely spoken in the city. Hindi and Urdu languages are spoken by certain sections of the people.
RMC Yard, Shimoga
Industries like Pearlite Industries, Malnad Alloys, Shanthala Sperocast, Perfect Alloys, are some foundries manufacture quality castings, supply to major Original Manufacturers in India and also exporting their products to many countries and several other Industries are located in Shimoga. APMC of Shimoga is main marketing point of arecanut, the major commercial crop grown in the district and well as in neighbouring districts like Uttara Kannada. Shimoga has the biggest areca nut market, and known for procuring high quality areca nuts. Other agricultural produces like rice, chili, coconut etc. are also marketed in APMC.
Shimoga IT Park is an information technology hub built just outside of Shimoga near the future Shimoga Airport. The IT Park consists of a 100000 sq ft office building with 24/7 electrical capacity, diesel backup generators, and high speed T1 data connections for use by IT industries such as data centres, call centres, aerospace, robotics, etc.[16]
By road[edit]
Tunga River
From the state capital Bangalore, Shivamogga can be reached on road by on NH-206. (via Tumkur, Arsikere, Banavara, Kadur, Birur, Tarikere, and Bhadravathi.) KSRTC, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, runs several buses from Bangalore,including Hitech and night services. Shimoga is around 274 km (170 mi) by road from Bangalore. From coastal side, Shimoga is accessible by bus or car. This route passes through Agumbe Ghat or Balebare Ghat roads. Mangalore,Sringeri,Dharmastala, Udupi, Hubli are connected by Road to this city. Shimoga is better connected with roads from all directions and as such, it is an important bus junction.
Shimoga Bus Terminal[edit]
The new bus station is spacious and can cater to 882 departures per day and it is one of the biggest bus terminals in the state. It offers facilities like parking bays, waiting lounges, restaurants, etc. This terminal, spread over five acres, has police outpost, computerized reservation counter and waiting rooms.
By rail[edit]
Shimoga Town has a railway station, and there are trains that run to and from Bangalore and Mysore. Direct trains to Shimoga from other parts of India are non-existent. Birur Junction, which is well-connected to most parts of India by rail (especially from Mumbai), is approximately 51 kilometres (30 mi) from Shimoga and can be used as an alternative. The most popular trains from Shivamogga to Bangalore are the Shimoga Express and the Inter City Express Connection train. Intercity train has been introduced on the Shimoga–Talaguppa railway between Mysore and Talaguppa via Sagar city (about 98 km or 61 mi from Shimoga and about 12 km or 7.5 mi from famous Jog Falls).
By air[edit]
Shimoga Airport is under construction in Sogane, 6 km south of Shivamogga.[17]
Places of importance in Shimoga[edit]
• Shivappa Nayaka's palace is located within the city.
• Gajanur dam lies 15 km or 9 mi to the southwest.
• Koodli lies 15 km away and is the place where the Tungaa and Bhadraa rivers meet and flow together as Tungebhadraa.
• Tyavarekoppa Lion and Tiger Safari lies 12 km on the way to Sagara. Safari drives are conducted by forest department.
• Sakkare Bayalu, elephant training camp 2 km away from Gajanur Dam on the way to Thirthahalli.
• A Shiva statue made of concrete,on river banks is installed at Harakere, near Shivamogga.
• Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary, near Thirthahalli is home to wide variety of water birds.
• Guddekal has Subrahmanya Temple near Tunge River on Holehonnur Road.
• Gudde Mardi is a small hill near Shimoga city.
• City Centre Mall is a new Shopping Centre being built in the heart of downtown Shimoga.
Notable persons from Shimoga[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b "Home". Shimoga City Municipal Council.
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ a b census2011, "Shimoga City". Census of India 2011. Population census of India. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
4. ^ Renaming, Cities (18 Oct 2014). "Bangalore, Mysore, Other Karnataka Cities to be Renamed on 1 November" (
5. ^ Renaming, Cities (18 Oct 2014). "Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities". The Hindu.
6. ^ "It's Bengaluru for Pranab". The Times Of India. 2009-07-07.
8. ^ "Shimoga Municipal corporation".
9. ^ World weather online, .com. "Shimoga weather". Retrieved 26 July 2012.
10. ^ "Nandana Education Trust".
11. ^ a b "Shimoga school turns 150". The Times of India.
12. ^ "Contact Us". Subbaiah Institute of Medical Science.
13. ^ "About Us". Tegginamath Arts Education Society.
14. ^ "Xchanging opens global delivery centre in Shivamogga". Business-Standards. 11 Jul 2012.
15. ^ "Shimoga City Census 2011 data". Census2011.
16. ^
17. ^ Spl.correspondent, The Hindu (8 April 2006). "Airport at Shimoga likely to come up at Sogane". Bangalore: The Hindu. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
External links[edit]
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Stefan Schwarzmann
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Stefan Schwarzmann
Stefan Schwarzmann.jpg
Stefan Schwarzmann performing at Kavarna Rock Fest 2013.
Background information
Born (1965-11-11) 11 November 1965 (age 49)
Genres Power metal, heavy metal
Occupation(s) Musician
Instruments Drums
Associated acts Accept
Running Wild
Stefan Schwarzmann (born 11 November 1965,[1] Erlangen) is a German drummer who has recorded for Accept,[2] U.D.O.,[1][3] Running Wild,[1][3] X-Wild, Krokus and Helloween.[4] Schwarzmann joined Helloween as a replacement for departing drummer Mark Cross in 2003. Although Stefan got on well with the members of the band, he had other musical preferences. As a result, he chose to leave Helloween after the Rabbits on the Run Tour in early 2005.
In 2012, Schwarzmann and guitarist Mille Petrozza were contracted to record the album Revolution with Lacrimosa.[5]
Schwarzmann currently plays Pearl drums and Paiste cymbals:
• 18" Signature heavy china (may use 2 on occasion)
• 14" Signature sound edge hi-hats
• 19" Signature full crash
• 19" Signature reflector heavy full crash (may use 2 on occasion)
• 20" Signature full crash
• 20" 2002 crash
• 20" Signature dark energy dark dry ride mark 1
• 14" 2002 sound edge hi-hats
• 22" Signature reflector heavy full crash
• 20" 2002 novo china
1. ^ a b c Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4.
2. ^ Montgomery, James et al (2005). "Metal File: Korn, Motorhead, Ozzfest, Black Dahlia Murder And Life Of Agony In This Week's Hard News". MTV. March 11, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
3. ^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2001). The Great Metal Discography. MOJO Books. pp. 465, 575. ISBN 1-84195-185-4.
4. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Helloween Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
5. ^ Schön, Axel (2012). "Das Orkus-Album des Monats" [The Orkus Album of the Month]. Orkus (in German) (10): 64.
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The origin and deeds of the Goths)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Getica (disambiguation).
Modern Istanbul, site of ancient Constantinople, capital of the eastern Roman Empire, where Jordanes wrote Getica.
De origine actibusque Getarum (The Origin and Deeds of the Getae/Goths[n 1]),[1] or the Getica,[2] written in Late Latin by Jordanes (or Jornandes) in 551,[3] claims to be a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of the origin and history of the Gothic people, which is now lost.[4] However, we cannot assess the extent to which Jordanes actually used the work of Cassiodorus (see the discussion below on the sources also used by Jordanes). It is significant as the only remaining contemporaneous resource that gives the full story of the origin and history of the Goths. Another aspect of this work is its information about the early history and the customs of Slavs.
Synopsis of the work[edit]
The Getica begins with a geography/ethnography of the North, especially of Scandza (16-24). He lets the history of the Goths commence with the emigration of Berig with three ships from Scandza to Gothiscandza (25, 94), in a distant past. In the pen of Jordanes (or Cassiodorus), Herodotus' Getian demi-god Zalmoxis becomes a king of the Goths (39). Jordanes tells how the Goths sacked "Troy and Ilium" just after they had recovered somewhat from the war with Agamemnon (108). They are also said to have encountered the Egyptian pharaoh Vesosis (47). The less fictional part of Jordanes' work begins when the Goths encounter Roman military forces in the 3rd century AD. The work concludes with the defeat of the Goths by the Byzantine general Belisarius. Jordanes concludes the work by stating that he writes to honour those who were victorious over the Goths after a history of 2030 years.
Importance and credibility[edit]
Because the original work of Cassiodorus has not survived, the work of Jordanes is one of the most important sources for the period of the migration of the European tribes, and the Ostrogoths and Visigoths in particular, from the 3rd century CE. Cassiodorus had claimed to have the Gothic "folk songs" — carmina prisca (Latin) — as an important source; recent scholarship regards this as highly questionable.[5][page needed] Its main purpose was to give the Gothic ruling class a glorious past, to match the past of the senatorial families of Roman Italy.
Jordanes stated that Getae are the same as the Goths, on the testimony of Orosius Paulus.[2] A controversial passage identifies the ancient people of Venedi mentioned by Tacitus, Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy, with the Slavs of the 6th century. As early as 1844,[6] it has been used by eastern European scholars to support the idea of the existence of a Slavic ethnicity long before the last phase of the Late Roman period. Others have rejected this view, based on the absence of concrete archaeological and historiographical data.[7]
The book is important to some medieval historians because it mentions the campaign in Gaul of one Riothamus, "King of the Brettones," who was a possible source of inspiration for the early stories of King Arthur.
One of the major questions concerning the historicity of the work is whether the identities mentioned are as ancient as stated or date from a later time. The evidence allows a wide range of views, the most skeptical being that the work is mainly mythological, or if Jordanes did exist and is the author, that he describes peoples of the 6th century only. According to the latter, his main source's credibility is questionable for a number of reasons. First, the originality of his main source, Cassiodorus, is debatable because large part of it consists of culling of ancient Greek and Latin authors for descriptions of peoples who might have been Goths.[8] Not only that but it seems that Jordanes has distorted Cassiodorus's narrative by presenting us a cursory abridgement of the latter, mixed with 6th century ethnic names.[9][10]
Some scholars claim, that while acceptance of Jordanes at face value may be too naive, a totally skeptical view is not warranted. For example, Jordanes says that the Goths originated in Scandinavia 1490 BC. Austrian historian Herwig Wolfram, believe that there might be a kernel of truth in that claim, if we assume that a clan of the Gutae left Scandinavia long before the establishment of the Amali in the leadership of the Goths. This clan might have contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Gutones in east Pomerania (see Wielbark culture).[11] Another example is the name of the king Cniva which David S. Potter thinks is genuine because, since it doesn't appear in the fictionalized genealogy of Gothic kings given by Jordanes, he must have found it in a genuine 3rd-century source.[12]
Danish scholar Arne Søby Christensen on the other hand claims that the Getica was an entirely fabricated account, and that the origin of the Goths in the book is a construction based on popular Greek and Roman myths as well as a misinterpretation of recorded names from Northern Europe. The purpose of this fabrication, according to Christensen, was to establish a glorious identity for the peoples that had recently gained power in post-Roman Europe.[13] Canadian scholar Walter Goffart suggests another incentive: Getica was part of a conscious plan by emperor Justinian and the propaganda machine at his court. He wanted to affirm that Goths (and their barbarian cousins) did not belong to the Roman world, thus justifying the claims of the Eastern Roman Empire to the western part of the latter.[14]
Similarities with Gutasaga[edit]
The migration of the Goths from Scandinavia however bears some similarities with the story of the Gutasaga, which tells of an emigration, that is associated with the historical migration of the Goths during the Migration period:
This Thielvar had a son called Hafthi. And Hafthi's wife was called Whitestar. Those two were the first to settle on Gotland. The first night they slept together she dreamt that three snakes were coiled in her lap. And it seemed to her that they slid out of her lap. She told this dream to her husband Hafthi. He interpreted it thus:
"All is bound with bangles, it will be inhabited, this land, and we shall have three sons."
While still unborn, he gave them all names:
"Guti will own Gotland, Graip will be the second, and Gunfiaun third."
These later divided Gotland into three parts, so that Graip the eldest got the northern third, Guti the middle third, and Gunfjaun the youngest had the south. Then, over a long time, the people descended from these three multiplied so much that the land couldn't support them all. So they selected every third person by lot to leave, with the right to keep and take away with them everything they owned except for their land. They were unwilling to leave then, but went to instead Torsburgen and settled there. But afterwards the country (i.e. Gotland) would not tolerate them, and drove them away.
Then they went away to Fårö and settled there. They couldn't support themselves in that place, so they went to a certain island off the coast of Estland, called Dagö, and settled there and built a town that can still be seen. But they couldn't support themselves there either, so they went up the river Dvina, up through Russia. They went so far that they came to the land of the Greeks (i.e. the Byzantine empire). They asked leave of the Greek king to stay there while the moon waxed and waned. The king granted that, thinking it was just for one month. Then after a month, he wanted to send them away, but they answered that the moon waxed and waned for ever and always, and so they said they were allowed to stay. Word of this dispute of theirs reached the queen. She said, "My lord king, you granted them permission to dwell while the moon waxed and waned; now that's for ever and always, so you can't take it off them." So they settled there, and live there still, and still have something of our language.
The mention of the Dvina river is in good agreement with the Wielbark Culture. Historically, the Goths followed the Vistula, but during the Viking Age, the Dvina-Dniepr waterway succeeded the Vistula as the main trade route to Greece for the Gutes (or Gotar in standard Old Norse), and it is not surprising that it also replaced the Vistula in the migration traditions.[15]
A manuscript of the text was rediscovered in Vienna in 1442 by the Italian humanist Enea Silvio Piccolomini.[16] Its editio princeps was issued in 1515 by Konrad Peutinger, followed by many other editions.[17]
The classic edition is that of 19th-century German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, auctores antiqui, v. ii.). The best surviving manuscript was the Heidelberg manuscript, written in Heidelberg, Germany, probably in the 8th century, but this was destroyed in a fire at Mommsen's house on July 7, 1880. Subsequently, another 8th-century manuscript was discovered, containing chapters I to XLV, and is now the 'Codice Basile' at the Archivio di Stato in Palermo.[18] The next of the manuscripts in historical value are the Vaticanus Palatinus of the 10th century, and the Valenciennes manuscript of the 9th century.
Jordanes' work had been well known prior to Mommsen's 1882 edition. It was cited in Edward Gibbon's classic 6 volumes of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776), and had been earlier mentioned by Degoreus Whear (1623) who refers to both Jordanes' De regnorum ac temporum successione and to De rebus Geticis.[19]
In his Preface, Jordanes presents his plan
" condense in my own style in this small book the twelve volumes of [Cassiodorus] Senator on the origin and deeds of the Getae [i.e. Goths] from olden times to the present day."
Jordanes admits that he did not then have direct access to Cassiodorus's book, and could not remember the exact words, but that he felt confident that he had retained the substance in its entirety.[20] He goes on to say that he added relevant passages from Latin and Greek sources, composed the Introduction and Conclusion, and inserted various things of his own authorship. Due to this mixed origin, the text has been examined in an attempt to sort out the sources for the information it presents.
Jordanes himself[edit]
Main article: Jordanes
Former notarius to a Gothic magister militum Gunthigis, Jordanes would have been in a position to know traditions concerning the Gothic peoples without necessarily relying on anyone else. However, there is no evidence for this in the text, and some of the instances where the work refers to carmina prisca can be shown to depend on classical authors.[5]
Main article: Cassiodorus
Cassiodorus was a native Italian (Squillace, Bruttium), who rose to become advisor and secretary to the Gothic kings in various high offices. His and the Goths' most successful years were perhaps the reign of Theodoric. The policy of Theodoric's government at that time was reconciliation and in that spirit he incorporated Italians into the government whenever he could. He asked Cassiodorus to write a work on the Goths that would, in essence, demonstrate their antiquity, nobility, experience and fitness to rule.
Theodoric died in 526 and Cassiodorus went on to serve his successors in the same capacity. He had not by any means forgotten the task assigned to him by his former king. In 533 a letter ostensibly written by King Athalaric to the senate in Rome, but ghosted by Cassiodorus, mentions the great work on the Goths, now complete, in which Cassiodorus "restored the Amali with the illustriousness of their race." The work must have been written at Ravenna, seat of the Gothic kings, between 526 at latest and 533.
What Cassiodorus did with the manuscripts after that remains unknown. The fact that Jordanes once obtained them from a steward indicates that the wealthy Cassiodorus was able to hire at least one full-time custodian of them and other manuscripts of his; i.e., a private librarian (a custom not unknown even today).
Jordanes says in the preface to Getica that he obtained them from the librarian for three days in order to read them again (relegi). The times and places of these readings have been the concern of many scholars, as this information possibly bears on how much of Getica is based on Cassiodorus.
There are two main theories, one expressed by the Mierow source below, and one by the O'Donnell source below. Mierow's is earlier and does not include a letter cited by O'Donnell.[21]
Gothic sovereignty came to an end with the reconquest of Italy by Belisarius, military chief of staff for Justinian, ending in 539. Cassiodorus' last ghost writing for the Gothic kings was done for Witiges, who was removed to Constantinople in 540. A number of token kings ruled from there while Belisarius established that the Goths were not going to reinvade and retake Italy (which was however taken again by the Lombards after Justinian's death).
Cassiodorus retired in 540 to his home town of Squillace, where he used his wealth to build a monastery with school and library, Vivarium.
Authors cited by Getica[edit]
The events, persons and peoples of Getica are put forward as being up to many centuries prior to the time of Jordanes. Taken at face value, they precede any other history of Scandinavia.
Jordanes does cite some writers well before his time, to whose works he had access but we do not, and other writers whose works are still extant. Mierow gives a summary of these, which is reviewed below, and also states other authors he believed were used by Jordanes but were not cited in Getica (refer to the Mierow source cited below). Mierow's list of cited authors is summarized as follows:
The late Latin of Jordanes[edit]
The early Late Latin of Jordanes evidences a certain variability in the structure of the language which has been taken as an indication that the author no longer had a clear standard of correctness.[22] Jordanes tells us in Getica that he interrupted work on the Romana to write Getica, and then finished Romana. Jordanes states in Romana that he wrote it in the 24th year of the emperor Justinian, which began April 1, 551. In Getica he mentions a plague of nine years previous. This is probably the Plague of Justinian, that began in Egypt in 541, reached Constantinople in 542 and went on to Italy in 543. The time is too early to identify a direction of change toward any specific Romance language, as none had appeared yet. This variability, however, preceded the appearance of the first French, Italian, Spanish, etc. After those languages developed, the scholastics gradually restored classical Latin as a means of scholarly communication.
Jordanes refers to himself as agrammaticus before his conversion. This obscure statement is sometimes taken to refer to his Latin. Variability, however, characterizes all Late Latin, and besides, the author was not writing just after his conversion (for the meaning of the latter, see under Jordanes), but a whole career later, after associating with many Latin speakers and having read many Latin books. According to him, he should have been grammaticus by that time. More likely, his style reflects the way Latin was under the Goths.
Some of the variabilities are as follows (Mierow):
Orthography. The spelling of many words differs from the classical, which Jordanes would certainly have known. For example, Grecia replaces Graecia; Eoropam, Europam; Atriatici, Adriatici.
Inflection. Substantives migrate between declensions; verbs between conjugations. Some common changes are fourth to second (lacu to laco), second declension adjective to third (magnanimus to magnanimis), i-stems to non-i-stems (mari to mare in the ablative). Gender may change. Verbs may change voice.
One obvious change in a modern direction is the indeclinability of many formerly declined nouns, such as corpus. Also, the -m accusative ending disappears, leaving the preceding vowel or replacing it with -o (Italian, Romanian), as in Danubio for Danubium.
Syntax. Case variability and loss of agreement in prepositional phrases (inter Danubium Margumque fluminibus), change of participial tense (egressi .. et transeuntes), loss of subjunctive in favor of indicative, loss of distinction between principal and subordinate clauses, confusion of subordinating conjunctions.
Semantics. A different vocabulary appears: germanus for frater, proprius for suus, civitas for urbs, pelagus for mare, etc.
2. ^ a b Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, translated by C. Mierow
3. ^ Or slightly later, see Peter Heather, Goths and Romans 332-489, Oxford 1991, pp. 47-49 (year 552), Walter Goffart, The Narrators of Barbarian History, Princeton 1988, p. 98 (year 554).
4. ^ Herwig Wolfram, in Die Goten, München 2001 (or its English translation, History of the Goths, University of California Press 1988), consistently uses Origo Gothica as a name not only for the work of Cassiodorus, but also, very confusingly, for the Getica. The source is Cassiodorus, Variae 9.25.5: "Originem Gothicam fecit esse historiam Romanam", which can be interpreted in different ways (see Walter Goffart, Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), p. 57-59). Cassiodorus' lost work is more commonly referred to as Historia Gothorum or History of the Goths by modern scholarship (A.H. Merrills, History and Geography in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: CUP, 2005), p. 102 n. 9).
5. ^ a b A. S. Christensen
6. ^ Pavel Josef Schafarik, Slawiche Alterthümmer, Leipzig, 1844, vol 1, 40
7. ^ F. Curta, 7. See also F. Curta, 11-13 for an analysis of Schafarik's ideas in the context of his age as well as their revival by later Soviet historiography.
8. ^ P. Geary, 60-61
9. ^ F. Curta, 40
10. ^ W. Goffart, 59-61
11. ^ W. Herwig, 40. Walter Goffart, 59-61, harshly criticized this view
12. ^ D. S. Potter, 245
13. ^ Review of Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth by Peter S. Wells
14. ^ Walter Goffart, 70
15. ^ Gutasagan Gutalagens (Vikingatidens ABC)
16. ^ W. Thomas, M. Gamble, Pp vi, 202, 59
17. ^ W. Smith, "Jornandes"
18. ^ Lowe, C.L.A. XII.1741: 'saec. VIII, 2nd half'
19. ^ Degoreus Whear (1623), De Ratione Et Methodo Legendi Historias
20. ^ Charles C. Mierow (1915), Preface; Jordanes writes: "But above every burden is the fact that I have no access to his books that I may follow his thought. Still - and let me lie not - I have in times past read the books a second time by his steward's loan for a three days' reading. The words I recall not, but the sense and the deeds related I think I retain entire."
21. ^ O'Donnell, 223-240
22. ^ Brian Croke, Cassiodorus and the Getica of Jordanes in Classical Philology, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 117-134
• Christensen, Arne Søby. Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and the History of the Goths. Studies in a Migration Myth, 2002, ISBN 978-87-7289-710-3
• Costa, Gustavo. Le antichità germaniche nella cultura italiana da Machiavelli a Vico, 1977. ISBN 88-7088-001-X
• Curta, Florin The Making of the Slavs. History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c.500-700, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-03615-1
• Geary, Patric. The Myth of Nations, the Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-691-11481-1
• Goffart, Walter. Barbarian Tides, The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8122-3939-3
• Jordanes. The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, translated by C. Mierow, Princeton University Press, 1908
• O'Donnell, James J. The Aims of Jordanes, Historia, 1982, vol 31, 223-240
• Potter, David Stone. The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-10058-5
• Seyffert, Oscar. Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, edited by Henry Nettleship and J. E. Sandys, 1894
• Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology [1]
• Thomas, William and Gamble, Miller. The Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Its Inheritance in Source-valuation and Criticism, Washington: Catholic University of America, 1927
• Wolfram, Herwig. History of the Goths (transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06983-8
External links[edit]
English translation[edit]
• Charles Christopher Mierow (translator). The Gothic History of Jordanes. In English Version with an Introduction and a Commentary, 1915. Reprinted 2006. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 1-889758-77-9. [2]
• Charles C. Mierow. The Gothic History of Jordanes. Princeton: University Press, 1915. (Reprinted at Cambridge: Speculum Historiae, 1966.)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Red TWIKE active - the type with pedals, additional
The Twike (a contraction of "TWin" and "bIKE") is a human-electric hybrid vehicle (HEHV) designed to carry two passengers and cargo. Basically a velomobile with an electrical hybrid engine,[1] it can be driven in electric-only mode or electric + pedal power mode. Pedaling warms the user, making electric heating in winter unnecessary, extends the range of the vehicle but does not substantially add to the vehicle's top speed. Only two pretty sporty and engaged riders can pedal the vehicle slowly without the use of the electric motor if surface is smooth and horizontal or somewhat declined.
Constructed of lightweight materials such as aluminium (frame) and plastic (shell), the 246 kg (542 lb) (unladen, varying with battery weight) tricycle vehicle used in first versions NiCd-batteries, later Lithium-Mangan, LiFePO4 and LiIon. Typically ranges ranges reach from 50 to 300 km depending on battery size, type, status on one side and speed and altitude profile and load on the other. Energy is reclaimed while driving through regenerative braking, and load is removed from the electric system by use of the pedalling system which transfers its input directly to the drivetrain (i.e., both systems operate in parallel, not in series).
TWIKE, late 1990s model
The Twike is a three-wheeled two seater. The two rear wheels are direct-driven via a differential gear by onemotor - and optionally additionally by 2 pairs of pedals in the case of the model "active". Twike is steered by joystick - for the right hand of the left-side seated pilot - via cables and has pedal brakes. The vehicle can reach speeds of up to 85 kilometers per hour (53 mph), using 7.4 kWh per 100 km. At 50 km/h it can drive up to 80 km.[2]
Interior of an early version[3]
The TWIKE I was developed for the 1986 World EXPO in Vancouver, Canada, by a group of Swiss students. It won the "Functionality Award" for the best ergonomic design in the Innovative Vehicle Design Competition (IVDC) and a first prize in the International Human Powered Vehicle Speed Championship . The TWIKE I was completely driven by human power.[citation needed]
Inspired by the success of the TWIKE I, a group of enthusiasts including Ralph Schnyder and Peter Zeller began to develop the TWIKE II as a step towards a vehicle for everyday road use. It was developed in cooperation with Alusuisse-Lonza Holding, was shown on the HEUREKA exhibition in Zürich, and took part in the 1991 Tour de Sol Alpin. The TWIKE II had a belt pedal drive with infinitely variable mechanical transmission and a DC motor powered by NiCd batteries to help propel the vehicle. The suitability for everyday use turned out to be significantly improved.[citation needed]
In 1992, the newly founded TWIKE Ltd. decided to develop the TWIKE II into a production vehicle and began looking for capital and customers. Production of the TWIKE III began in 1995 and during 1996 the reformed TWIKE AG produced and sold 190 vehicles, mostly in Switzerland and Germany. The TWIKE III was already equipped with an asynchronous AC motor and 336V NiCd batteries, the system still in use today. The pedal drive was simplified to a 5-speed hub gear and was included in all but very few special order vehicles.
In 1998, FINE Mobile GmbH launched its German TWIKE production line and finally became the exclusive producer of the TWIKE after taking over the rights of the SwissLEM AG in 2002. Today the TWIKE is produced in Rosenthal, a small village in Hessen near Marburg. Pricing for a TWIKE starts at about 25.000 € (basic version, two battery packs included).[citation needed] By 2011, 900 were claimed to have been sold.[4]
New battery types and controllers (to feed the motor and for standard charging) from Dreifels AG, a company of the developers of Twike, allow longer ranges: With the biggest set (20 Ah) of LiFePO4 you reach 130 km and with the LiIon-type (45 Ah, 75 kg, from May 2014 on) 200–275 km. Battery costs are an essential part of the buying price of the vehicle and as well of the costs per km, as the numbers of cycles you can use it is limited. [5]
In the same city, team TW4XP announced their entry into the Automotive X Prize with their Twike-based TW4XP human-electric hybrid vehicle.[6]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Linde, Arvid. Electric Cars – The Future is Now!. Veloce. p. 87. ISBN 9781845844981.
2. ^ Hoogma, Remco; Kemp, Rene; Schot, Johan; Bernhard Truffer (2005). Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Routledge. pp. 107–8. ISBN 9781134488223.
3. ^
4. ^ Boxwell, Michael (2011). The 2011 Electric Car Guide. Greenstream. p. 63. ISBN 9781907670060. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
5. ^ TWIKE Service, Neufahrzeuge und Update Sets,, accessed 27. Mai 2014 (German)
6. ^ "Team TW4XP". Retrieved 6 November 2009.
External links[edit]
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Tyndale Bible
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The beginning of the Gospel of John from a copy of the 1526 edition of William Tyndale's New Testament at the British Library.
The Tyndale Bible generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale. Tyndale’s Bible is credited with being the first English translation to work directly from Hebrew and Greek texts. Furthermore it was the first English biblical translation that was mass-produced as a result of new advances in the art of printing. The term Tyndale's Bible is not strictly correct, because Tyndale never published a complete Bible. Prior to his execution Tyndale had only finished translating the entire New Testament and roughly half of the Old Testament.[1] Of the latter, the Pentateuch, Jonah and a revised version of the book of Genesis were published during his lifetime. His other Old Testament works were first used in the creation of the Matthew Bible and also heavily influenced every major English translation of the Bible that followed.[2]
The chain of events that led to the creation of Tyndale’s New Testament possibly began in 1522, the year Tyndale acquired a copy of Martin Luther’s German New Testament. Inspired by Luther’s work, Tyndale began a translation into English using a Greek text "compiled by Erasmus from several manuscripts older and more authoritative than the Latin Vulgate" of St. Jerome (A.D. c.340-420), the only translation authorized by the Roman Catholic Church.[3][4]
Tyndale made his purpose known to the Bishop of London at the time, Cuthbert Tunstall, but was refused permission to produce this "heretical" text. Thwarted in England, Tyndale moved to the continent.[5] A partial edition was put into print in 1525 in Cologne. But before the work could be completed, Tyndale was betrayed to the authorities[6] and forced to flee to Worms, where the first complete edition of his New Testament was published in 1526.[7]
Two revised versions were later published in 1534 and 1536, both personally revised by Tyndale himself. After his death in 1536 Tyndale’s works were revised and reprinted numerous times[8] and are reflected in more modern versions of the Bible, including, perhaps most famously, the King James Bible.
Tyndale's Pentateuch was published at Antwerp by Merten de Keyser in 1530.[9] His English version of the book of Jonah was published the following year. This was followed by his revised version of the book of Genesis in 1534. Tyndale translated additional Old Testament books including Joshua, Judges, first and second Samuel, first and second Kings and first and second Chronicles, but they were not published and have not survived in their original forms.[10] When Tyndale was martyred these works came to be in the possession of one his associates John Rogers. These translations would be influential in the creation of the Matthew Bible which was published in 1537.[10]
Tyndale used a number of sources when carrying out his translations of both the New and Old Testaments. When translating the New Testament, he referred to the third edition (1522) of Erasmus’s Greek New Testament, often referred to as the Received Text. Tyndale also used Erasmus' Latin New Testament, as well as Luther’s German version and the Vulgate.
Scholars believe that Tyndale stayed away from using Wycliffe's Bible as a source because he didn’t want his English to reflect that which was used prior to the Renaissance.[11] The sources Tyndale used for his translation of the Pentateuch however are not known for sure. Scholars believe that Tyndale used either the Hebrew Pentateuch or the Polyglot Bible, and may have referred to the Septuagint. It is suspected that his other Old Testament works were translated directly from a copy of the Hebrew Bible. He also made abundant use of Greek and Hebrew grammars.[10]
Reaction of the Catholic Church[edit]
The Tyndale Bible on display at the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Tyndale’s translations were condemned in England, where his work was banned and copies burned.[12][13] Catholic officials, prominently Thomas More,[14] charged that he had purposely mistranslated the ancient texts in order to promote anti-clericalism and heretical views,[15] In particular they cited the terms “church”, “priest”, “do penance” and “charity”, which became in the Tyndale translation “congregation”, “senior” (changed to "elder" in the revised edition of 1534), “repent” and “love”, challenging key doctrines of the Roman Church. Betrayed to church officials in 1536, he was defrocked in an elaborate public ceremony and turned over to the civil authorities to be strangled to death and burned at the stake. His last words are said to have been, "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes."[16]
Challenges to Catholic doctrine[edit]
The Catholic Church had long proclaimed that the church was an institution. The word church to them had come to represent the organizational structure that was the Catholic Church.[17] Tyndale’s translation was seen as a challenge to this doctrine because he was seen to have favored the views of reformers like Martin Luther who proclaimed that the church was made up and defined by the believers, or in other words their congregations.
Some radical reformers preached that the true church was the “invisible” church, that the church is wherever true Christians meet together to preach the word of God. To these reformers the structure of the Catholic Church was unnecessary and its very existence proved that it was in fact not the “true” Church.[18] When Tyndale decided that the Greek word εκκλησία (ekklesia) is more accurately translated congregation he was undermining the entire structure of the Catholic Church.
Many of the reform movements believed in the authority of scripture alone. To them it dictated how the church should be organized and administered.[19] By changing the translation from church to congregation Tyndale was providing ammunition for the beliefs of the reformers. Their belief that the church was not a visible systematized institution but a body defined by the believers themselves was now to be found directly in the Holy Scripture.
Furthermore Tyndale’s use of the word congregation attacked the Catholic Church’s doctrine that the lay members and the clergy were to be separate.[20] If the true church is defined as a congregation, as the common believers, then the Catholic Church’s claim that the clergy were of a higher order than the average Christian and that they had different roles to play in the religious process no longer held sway.
Tyndale’s translation of the Greek word πρεσβύτερος (presbuteros) to mean elder instead of priest also challenged the doctrines of the Catholic Church.[21] In particular, it asked what the role of the clergy should be and whether or not they were to be separated from the common believers as they were in the current Catholic system.
The role of the priest in the Catholic Church had been to lead religious sermons and ceremonies like mass, to read the scripture to the people, and to administer the sacraments. They were considered separate from the common believers.[20] In many reform movements a group of elders would lead the church and take the place of the Catholic priests. These elders were not a separate class from the common believers; in fact, they were usually selected from amongst them.[22]
Many reformers believed in the idea of the “priesthood of all believers,” which meant that every Christian was in fact a priest and had the right to read and interpret scripture.[23] Tyndale’s translation stripped away the scriptural basis of Catholic clerical power. Priests no longer administered the church: it was the job of the elders, which implied that the power rested in the hands of the people.
Catholic doctrine was also challenged by Tyndale’s translation of the Greek μετανοείτε (metanoeite) as repent instead of do penance.[24] This translation attacked the Catholic sacrament of penance. Tyndale’s version of scripture backed up the views of reformers like Luther who had taken issue with the Catholic practice of sacramental penance. Reformers believed that it was through faith alone that one was saved.[25]
This differed from the views of the Catholic Church, which followed the belief that salvation was granted to those who lived according to what the church told them and thus participated in the seven sacraments.[26] Tyndale’s translation challenged the belief that one had to do penance for one’s sins. According to Tyndale’s New Testament and other reformers, all a believer had to do was repent with a sincere heart, and God would forgive. The believer did not have to earn salvation; it was given freely by God. All one had to do was believe in his promise and live accordingly.
The Tyndale Bible also challenged the Catholic Church in many other ways. The fact that it was translated into a vernacular language made it available to the common people. This allowed everyone access to scripture and gave the common people the ability to read (if they were literate) and interpret scripture how they wished, exposing it to the threat of being "twisted to their own destruction, as they do the other scriptures" (2 Peter 3.16) instead of relying on the church for their access to scripture.
The main threat that Tyndale’s Bible caused to the Catholic Church is best summed up by Tyndale himself when he tells us of his reason for creating his translation in the first place. Tyndale’s purpose was to “[cause a boy that driveth the plough to know more scripture] than the clergy of the day”,[27] many of which were poorly educated. Thus Tyndale sought to undermine the Catholic Church’s grip on both the access to and interpretation of scripture. They were no longer needed as intercessors between the people and God.
Tyndale’s Bible laid the foundations for many of the English Bibles which followed his. His work made up a significant portion of the Great Bible which was the first authorized version of the English Bible.[28] The Tyndale Bible also played a key role in spreading reformation ideas to England which had been reluctant to embrace the movement. By including many of Martin Luther’s commentaries in his works,[29] Tyndale also allowed the people of England direct access to the words and ideas of Luther, whose works had been banned in England.
Perhaps the Tyndale Bible’s greatest impact is that it heavily influenced and contributed to the creation of the King James Version, which is one of the most popular and widely used Bibles in the world today. It has been suggested that around 90% of the King James Version (or at least of the parts translated by Tyndale) is from Tyndale’s works, with as much as one third of the text being word for word Tyndale.[30] Many of the popular phrases and Bible verses that people quote today are mainly in the language of Tyndale. An example of which is Matthew 5:9 “Blessed are the peacemakers.”[31]
The importance of the Tyndale Bible in shaping and influencing the English language has been mentioned. According to one writer, Tyndale is “the man who more than Shakespeare even or Bunyan has moulded and enriched our language.”[32] Tyndale used thou and never you as the singular second-person pronoun in his work (usage that was later reflected in the very influential King James Version), which had the double effect of rescuing thou from complete obscurity and also imbuing it with an air of religious solemnity that is antithetical to its former sense of familiarity or disrespect.[33]
Tyndale used ester for pesach in his New Testament, where Wycliffe had used pask. When Tyndale embarked on his Old Testament translation, he realised that the anachronism of ester could not be sustained; and so coined the neologism, passover; which later bible versions adopted, and substituted for ester in the New Testament as well. Its remnant is seen as Easter in King James Version in one single place of Acts 12:4 and in Bishops' Bible in two places, John 11:55 as well as Acts 12:4.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Kenyon 1936, pp. 47–49.
2. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 38–39, 52.
3. ^ British Library online catalog of sacred books.
4. ^ Partridge 1973, p. 38.
5. ^ Pollard 1974, pp. 87–89.
6. ^ Teems 2012, pp. 51-52.
7. ^ Thompson 1963, p. 6.
8. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 38–39.
9. ^ Arblaster, Juhász & Latré 2002, p. 132.
10. ^ a b c Arblaster, Juhász & Latré 2002, p. 53.
11. ^ Arblaster, Juhász & Latré 2002, p. 38.
12. ^ Pollard 1974, pp. 87–91.
13. ^ Thompson 1963, p. 7.
14. ^ Partridge 1973, p. 40.
15. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 40–41.
16. ^ Foxe 1570, VIII. 1229.
17. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 41–42.
18. ^ Lindberg 1996, pp. 202–204.
19. ^ Lindberg 1996, pp. 70-72.
20. ^ a b Lindberg 1996, p. 99.
21. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 92.
22. ^ Lindberg 1996, pp. 262-263.
23. ^ Lindberg 1996, p. 163.
24. ^ Partridge 1973, p. 42.
25. ^ Luther 1957, pp. 343–353.
26. ^ "Tridentine Creed". TraditionalCatholic.net.
27. ^ Coggan 1968, p. 18.
28. ^ Kenyon 1936, pp. 48-50.
29. ^ Lindberg 1996, pp. 314-315.
30. ^ Coggan 1968, pp. 18-19.
31. ^ Partridge 1973, pp. 52.
32. ^ Coggan 1968, p. 19.
33. ^ Pressley, J.M. (ed.). "Thou Pesky "Thou"". Shakespeare Resource Centre. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
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Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
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Ulrich Jasper Seetzen. Mezzotint by F. C. Bierweiler after E. C. Dunker
Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (January 30, 1767 – September 1811) was a German explorer of Arabia and Palestine from Jever, German Frisia. An alternate spelling of his name, Ulrich Iospar Sentzen, is sometimes seen in scientific publications.
Early Life[edit]
His father sent him to the University of Göttingen, where he graduated in medicine. His chief interests, however, were in natural history and technology; he wrote papers on both these subjects which gained him some reputation, and had both in view in making a series of journeys through the Netherlands and Germany. He also engaged in various small manufactures, and in 1802 obtained a government post in Jever, however, the interest which he had long felt in geographical exploration culminated in a resolution to travel.
Travels to Palestine[edit]
In the summer of 1802 he started down the Danube with a companion Jacobsen, who broke down at Smyrna a year later. His journey was by Constantinople, where he stayed six months, thence through Asia Minor to Smyrna, then again through the heart of Asia Minor to Aleppo, where he remained from November 1803 to April 1805, and made himself sufficiently at home with Arabic speech and ways to travel as a native. Now began the part of his travels of which a full journal has been published (April 1808 to March 1809), a series of most instructive journeys in eastern and western Palestine and the wilderness of Sinai, and so on to Cairo and the Fayum.
His chief exploit was a tour round the Dead Sea, which he made without a companion and in the disguise of a beggar. From Egypt he went by sea to Jidda and reached Mecca as a pilgrim in October 1809. After his pilgrimage he converted to Islam and changed his name to Hag Moses.[citation needed] In Arabia he made extensive journeys, ranging from Medina to Lahak and returning to Mocha, from which place his last letters to Europe were written in November 1810. In September of the following year he left Mocha with the hope of reaching Muscat, but was found dead two days later, apparently poisoned by his guides on orders from the imam of Sana'a.
Front cover and map of Seetzen's 1810 publication
His exploits were first published in 1810 by the British Palestine Association.[1]
For the parts of Seetzen's journeys not covered by the published journal (Reisen, ed. Kruse, 4 vols, Berlin, 1854), the only printed records are a series of letters and papers in Zach's Monatliche Correspondenz and Hammer's Fundgruben. Many papers and collections were lost through his death or never reached Europe. The collections that were saved form the Oriental museum and the chief part of the Oriental manuscripts of the ducal library in Gotha.
The American scholar Edward Robinson, writing in 1841, called Seetzen "judicious, enterprising and indefatigable."[2]
1. ^ Kark, Ruth; Goren, Haim (2011). "Pioneering British exploration and scriptural geography: The. Syrian Society/The Palestine Association". The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 264–274. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00404.x.
2. ^ Robinson, 1841, vol III, p. 22
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper". Encyclopædia Britannica 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 581.
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User talk:GabDelRosario
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GabDelRosario, you are invited to the Teahouse![edit]
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Hi GabDelRosario! Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia. Come join other new editors at the Teahouse! The Teahouse is a space where new editors can get help from other new editors. These editors have also just begun editing Wikipedia; they may have had similar experiences as you. Come share your experiences, ask questions, and get advice from your peers. I hope to see you there! Ushau97 (I'm a Teahouse host)
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Yakumo (train)
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381 series train Yakumo
Service type Limited express
First service 1972
Current operator(s) JR West
Line used Sanyo Main Line, Hakubi Line, Sanin Main Line
Rolling stock 381 series EMU
The Yakumo (やくも?) is a limited express train service in Japan operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West), which runs from Okayama to Matsue and Izumo in Shimane Prefecture.
This limited express train connects Okayama with Yonago in 2 hours, Okayama with Matsue in 2 hours and 30 minutes, and Okayama with Izumoshi in 3 hours.
Rolling stock[edit]
Former rolling stock[edit]
The Yakumo service was first introduced on 22 September 1959, as a semi-express service operating between Yonago and Hakata in Kyushu.[1]
1. ^ 列車名鑑1995 [Train Name Directory 1995]. Japan: Railway Journal. August 1995. p. 130.
External links[edit]
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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I don't understand why AutoFormat wants some of the headers at level 3 (like synonyms) and some at level 4 (like derived terms). Either way, I don't see why it doesn't just go ahead and fix it the way it wants.--Hikui87 12:17, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
It wants all L4 headers directly under one of the PoS L3-headers (as in, noun, verb, adjective etc); it was under ===Usage notes=== which is not among these, hence the complaint. So both synonyms and derived terms should be at L4, but under the correct L3 header... \Mike 13:05, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
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August Earthshine
August 29, 2003
Provided and copyright by: Wade Clark, Jr.
The above photo was taken August 1, 2003 from Lyman, Washington and shows "earthshine," the faint illumination of the night side of the Moon. Earthshine is sunlight reflected off of the daytime side of the Earth, and though its intensity can vary from day to day, depending on the Earth's cloud cover, for instance, it's usually bright enough to dimly light the non-sunlit portion of the crescent Moon.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23219
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The Cage | Charlie X
E2 Star Trek episode guide : Original Series : Season One
The Man Trap
Episode number:
Airdate: September 8, 1966
Stardate: 1531.1
Writer: George Clayton Johnson
Director: Marc Daniels
Regulars: Kirk, Spock, McCoy, Scotty, Sulu, Uhura, Yeoman Rand
Others: Nancy Crater...Jeanne Bal, Francine Pyne
Robert Crater...Alfred Ryder
Crewman Darnell...Michael Zaslow
Crewman Green...Bruce Watson
This is the first episode that TV audiences saw, and reviews were mixed. Fans often deride this episode by referring to it as “The Salt Vampire.” The main objection is to the behavior of Kirk, et al, when faced with an unknown, dangerous creature. In future episodes, Kirk would go to great lengths and risks to prevent the death of misunderstood alien lifeforms, even when they had killed humans, most notably the Horta in Devil in the Dark. Here, they hunt it to extinction, which seems to contradict the Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations ethos expressed throughout later episodes of the series.
Story (with spoilers)
The USS Enterprise stops by Planet M-133 to drop off supplies and give a medical checkup to the planet’s only inhabitants, archeologists Robert and Nancy Crater, who are investigating a long dead civilization. One problem: Nancy Crater is Dr. McCoy’s long lost love, “the one who got away”. Kirk, “Plum” (Nancy’s bizarre nickname for McCoy), and one Crewman Darnell beam down and meet Nancy Crater, but each of them see a different woman. McCoy sees her exactly as he remembers her, as a young woman. Kirk sees an older but still attractive woman. Darnell sees a young blonde he remembers from “Rigley’s Pleasure Planet”. Darnell unwisely points this out and gets kicked outside of the Craters’ hut for his rudeness. But Nancy leaves Kirk and McCoy to fetch her husband and, once outside, has Darnell following her like a lost puppy.
Robert Crater arrives alone and angrily demands Kirk and McCoy leave, asking for no supplies except salt. He relents and agrees to a medical exam, which is interrupted by Nancy’s scream. They find Darnell dead, with strange red rings on his face. A tearful Nancy explains that Darnell had eaten a poisonous native plant. However, back on the Enterprise, an autopsy convinces McCoy that Darnell was not poisoned, and determines that the cause of death is a complete absence of sodium chloride from his body. The Craters’ insistence on renewing their salt supplies makes Kirk suspicious and he beams down to question the them. Kirk and McCoy interrogate Robert Crater while crewmen Green and Stugeon look for Nancy. Robert runs off while Nancy kills both of the crewmen sent to look for her and assumes the form of Green. Kirk, McCoy and Green beam up, intending to locate the Craters with the Enterprise sensors, but Spock can only find Robert Crater on the planet’s surface.
Green roams the corridors in search of salt. He stalks Yeoman Rand for a while, then assumes the form of a Swahili-speaking crewman to confront Uhura before finally finding a snack in the form of a Crewman Barnhart. He reassumes the form of Nancy Crater and and meets Dr. McCoy in his quarters, drawn to him by his potent memories of her. When Rand and Sulu find the crewman’s body, Dr. McCoy is summoned to the bridge. The real Dr. McCoy sleeps soundly while Nancy assumes his form.
Kirk and Spock beam down to fetch Robert Crater. They find Green’s body and realize an intruder is onboard the Enterprise. When Crater is found and subdued, he tells them about a creature native to the planet, the last of its kind, who killed his wife a year or two ago. The creature, who needs salt to survive, assumed the form of his wife and settled into a peaceful coexistence with him.
They return to the ship and plot how to capture the creature, not realizing that it is sitting there in the briefing room as Dr. McCoy. Crater refuses to help them find the creature, so they decide to give him truth serum. But in sick bay, the creature assaults Spock (who, fortunately for him, has inedible blood salts), kills Robert Crater, and escapes with Spock’s phaser. The creature returns to Dr. McCoy’s quarters, reassumes Nancy’s form, and pleads with him to help her. Kirk shows up and tempts her with salt tablets, but the creature tries to suck the salt out of him too. Then Spock begins wailing on her with his Vulcan strength, but she bitchslaps him. (Yes, she does, I swear!) Through all this, McCoy refuses to believe that the creature is not the real Nancy Crater, but finally phasers it to death to prevent it from sucking on Kirk’s face
• Propmaster Irving Feinberg looked all over LA to find the most futuristic-looking salt shakers he could find, but Gene Roddenberry rejected the bizarre-looking chrome shakers (liveforever tells me that the shakers were of dernier cri-type Danish design) fearing that audiences wouldn’t figure out what they were. Instead, the salt shakers spent three years in Dr. McCoy’s sick bay as medical instruments.
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Penname: methylethyldeth [Contact]
Real name: Methyl
Member Since: 07/05/06
Beta-reader: 0
Status: Member
I'm a silly grad student. I like mossy rocks and misty days, neither of which I see often as I'm stuck in southern California most of the time. I find evil wizards to be lots of fun, hence my stories have lots of Voldemort. Folklore is also fun, so there is lots of that as well. Besides, how can you have a British fantasy without the fae?
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How to remove a package at end of life
From FedoraProject
Revision as of 13:35, 20 September 2011 by Nsoranzo (Talk | contribs)
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Please execute the following steps in the order indicated.
1. Make sure the package is properly Obsoleted/Provided by something if it is being replaced, see Renaming/Replacing Guidelines. If not, go on to the next step.
2. Run fedpkg retire MSG. This will recursively remove all files, then add a dead.package file to git. Do it for all affected package branches (usually master only, but also the branched release if it has not yet released). The MSG parameter is a message which should briefly explain where this package went ('Obsolete package', 'Renamed to bar' or the like) and will be written in the dead.package file.
4. Remove the package from comps if it is listed.
5. Mark the package as "retired" in the package database system: log in with your FAS credentials, go to the page for your package, and click the Retire package button for each branch on which you are retiring the package. Do not execute this step if you don't have already completed steps 2 and 3, otherwise you will have to ask a provenpackager to perform those steps for you.
6. File a ticket for rel-eng (component koji) asking the package to be blocked from the appropriate collections in which it is retired.
7. Optionally, you can update the Wiki list of retired packages, but it is now considered mostly obsoleted by the package database system.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23232
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Frequent Contributor
Posts: 361
Registered: 07-31-2007
Score Watch Error
I just tried to get to my Score Watch page and received an error.
This is the message I get:
Our apologies, an error has occurred... Thank you for visiting®.
We apologize, but you can't enter the page at this time. Either your access to Score Watch® has expired or you haven't purchased the product yet.
Thank you
myFICO Customer Care
I had a recurring subscription to Score Watch and last received an alert on 9/19. I'm not sure why it suddenly wouldn't be available to me, plus I had two Score Power reports left that I hadn't used.
I didn't cancel my account, so I'm not sure what could have happened.
6/9/2008 Experian-635
2/16/2011 Transunion - 675
3/11/2011 Equifax - 688
5/13/2011 Equifax - 704
5/28/2011 Equifax - 704
5/28/2011 Transunion - 724
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23244
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My Love-hate Relationship with ArcGIS
Posted to Software
Housing BurdenArcGIS can do a lot for you in terms of speeding up the mapping process, which is great, but here's my dilemma: do I really want to put in all the time to figure out how to use the software?
I think the basics is good enough for me and any further than that, I'll let a mapping expert take over. However, I know that spatial analysis is something I'm going to pursue, so... I'm really back and forth.
On the one hand, ArcGIS has a lot of functions, but on the other hand, it's not especially easy to use all those functions. For example, I was doing a join between two data tables, but it wasn't working at first because the column on one table didn't have leading zeros (e.g. 1 instead of 01). By "not working" I don't mean that columns weren't joining. I mean that I couldn't select this column and that column to join by, so I couldn't even get to the step where I knew I had to change something. It's little things like that that bug me and make me think that ArcGIS is inflexible.
Plus, it sure does like to crash.
I don't know.
I probably just need more experience. How about this. I'll just learn what I have to, but I'm not going to go out of my way to become an ArcMap expert. Yeah, that sounds OK to me.
And on that note, here's the map I made. Color scale was the main thing I had to fuss with. Too many shades of gray lead to a muddled graphic in the paper even if it looks fine on screen. The map shows the percentage of people who spend 30% or more of their household income on housing. Of course, California leads the way.
• Hang in there man. I spent 3 years trying to learn that program (a long time ago). Very frustrating. But in the end, when you know it well, pretty cool (and powerful).
I ended up using ArcInfo a lot as well. Sort of a cut-down version with a more intuitive interface.
• Just curious: is this a general design hint for choropleth maps, that you need just a few different colors for print, but you can have more on screen? I’d never heard that before (though it sounds plausible).
• Yeah, I guess the rule could be generalized. I mean in either case — paper or print — you won’t want to use too many shades since the eye can only see so much, you know? Although, admittedly, I’m just going off what my editor told me.
From a quick Google, there seems to be a lot of theory on the topic of color picking…
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23253
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From ForensicsWiki
Revision as of 16:04, 19 November 2013 by Gregfreemyer (Talk | contribs) (Cautions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Maintainer: Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Stuart Kemp
OS: Linux,Windows,Mac OS X
Genre: Disk imaging
License: GPL
Website: ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/
Here are two common dd command lines:
With linux in addition to
You can wipe a drive with:
For imaging a useful alternate invocation in Linux or UNIX is:
For all of the above
if => input file
of => output file
mybigfile.img => The name of the image file you are creating
bs => blocksize
In linux, the blocksize value can have a multiplicative suffix:
c =1
w =2
b =512
kB =1000, K =1024
MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024
Things to know:
Reversing Args can cause evidence erasure
Use extreme caution if reading from a tape drive
At least with Linux/UNIX, tape drives have functional differences from disk that make them more complex to "image". Specifically they have EOF and EOT markings on the tape media that do not have a corresponding functionality with disks.
Most commercial backup software use EOF separators to allow a single tape to hold multiple backup sessions.
ie. backup1-- EOF -- backup2 -- EOF -- backup3 -- EOT
A simple dd if=/dev/st0 of=image.dd will only preserve the first backup session.
For testing, from Linux you can create a multi-session backup tape via:
mt rewind -f /dev/st0 tar -cf /dev/nst0 /home tar -cf /dev/nst0 /srv
The nst device driver considers the closing of /dev/nst0 to signal the end of a tape file, so it appends a EOF mark after each invocation of tar.
So the tape would have: home_tar_archive -- EOF -- srv_tar_archive -- EOF -- EOT
If you start reading from the start of the tape with either dd or tar, they will stop when the first EOF is hit and thus will only extract the home archive and will miss the srv archive.
See also
External Links
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23254
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Topic: Connecting an 8 ohm speaker to Arduino (Read 8621 times) previous topic - next topic
I'm a complete beginner to electronics, and recently bought a Make kit from MakerShed. I got through the lessons in "Getting Started with Arduino" book, but then broke out on my own by trying a simple sketch I found on Arduino.cc (see full link below).
The problem is I didn't know how to use extra wiring to connect these super small red and black wires that come with the 8 ohm speaker to the Arduino Uno. The wires are very small. So I stuck them in directly to the Arduino Board in Pin 8 (red) and Grd (black), and the program played the melody as stated after I compiled and uploaded it to the board. So far so good?
The program is at http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/tone
While it did play the melody, I didn't use the resistor, and didn't know how to connect connecting wires to the small wires instead just painstakingly put the teeny tiny wires of the Speaker into the 8 pin and grd. It was a super pain in the a--. Is there better/correct way to connect the wires to play the melody?
After the above "success" in that at least the program ran, I tried improving the connection and so tried tying a couple of jumper cables around the super small red and black wires, but in the process broke the speaker wires off of the speaker, and so after I buy a new 8 ohm speaker, can someone tell me how to correctly deal with the connection from Speaker to Arduino and what kind of connecting cables I need, and how to connect these teeny tiny red and black wires?
Thanks for your help,
Confused :smiley-roll:
If you connected the speaker directly to the arduino like you said you have damaged your arduino pin by pulling too much current from it. It might still work for now but it is damages.
You need at least a 120R resistor in line with the speaker for direct connection. Ofcourse it will not be as loud but then you are not rapeing your output pin.
For best results you need to use a transistor and capacitor to connect your speaker. Google for lots of schematics.
To drive an 8? speaker you really need a power amplifier.
The simplest form is a transistor with base bias resistors and a capacitor to decouple the DC offset of the Arduino's signal.
Digital components with low current capability shouldn't be directly driving reactive loads unless very high series resistances are present. Even through a 120 ohm resistor, the kickback can develop a very high voltage across an output pin, and it's of the wrong polarity. It causes a current to flow between the substrate and n-doped well in any PMOS devices present on the chip (if any, I haven't seen atmel's schematic for it's mega series). This can crash the processor, cause memory errors, and may even damage the chip.
Use diode protection, and a drive transistor if you can.
I would strongly recommend you get some lm328 chips if you are interested in speaker and audio projects, it a low cost amplifier on a chip. If you search around youtube you will find, ipod amplifiers, guitar amplifier etc etc all built using this great little chip.
I have one on an Audino Arduino based synthesisor, I simply copied the minimal circuit from the lm328 datasheet and use it to drive a pc speaker from the Arduino, its a great chip so but three or four.
You could also get some lm3916 chips and add a vu meter to your projects. they are both incredibly simple chips to use.
Duane B
Read this
then watch this
First try the 120 ohm resistor as Mike suggested, see (a) in the image. If that isn't loud enough, try the simple amplifier shown in (b). If that's too loud, connect a resistor in series with the speaker.
Runaway Pancake
If you're in the USA, RadioShack still has available an "audio output transformer".
You still need a transistor, wire the primary/high-impedance side (its leads) as the load in Common Emitter circuit and connect the low impedance leads to your 8? speaker.
I think it does a pretty good job that way.
They do have fine, stranded leads which aren't directly compatible with the breadboard. Perhaps you can do some spot soldering to make some solid wire transitions or make some strip'em-and-twist'em pig-tails, as necessary.
I could make a case for direct Arduino output to it, too (adding a smallish resistor in series with the primary) - and probably the old flyback diode (because it's a coil still.)
Don't react - Read.
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Topic: Questions about arduino UNO and my project (Read 823 times) previous topic - next topic
Hi folks,
I´m a newbie with arduino and eletronics, but I must say that after I entered this new "world" or arduino, i realize I could bring toghether some of my wanna do projects. I´ve recently aquired an Arduino UNO, in order to develop a aquarium monitor system, like many did in other sites and this forum.
I´m having issues now with the capabilities of arduino, and if it will be able to deal with my sensors. My question really at this point is related to the capacity of arduino and it´s pins.
My project involves:
1) LCD Module with 4 switches keypad.
2) RTC Module
3) Ethernet and SD Shield, to access information on web and store sensor parameters on SD.
4) 1 Temperature Sensor Probe
5) 1 PH Probe
6) 2 relay modules, to access hardware (pumps and so)
7) dimmable control for leds, moonphase and so.
Can an arduino UNO support all this connections at once? Or will I run out of pins and need to do a multiplex?
Any help will be great
You might have a pin conflict with 1) and 3). I'd suggest wandering over to shieldlist.org, looking up your shields, and verifying that they won't conflict.
Most RTC modules use analog pins 4 and 5.
You're quite vague on 7).
Overall it looks like you're going to run short on pins. You might consider an Arduino Mega (or clone) which are now available at prices around $30 via eBay.
Hi Chagrin,
Thanks for the responses.
The Item 7 in more detais:
2 LED drives that will be dimmable by arduino and will simulate sunrise and sunset. Problably will have to use the PWM ports right?
Hi Folks,
I think I figure out a way to wire all the stuff I´m planning for my controller but I would love to get your insights. After doing a small research, I´ve come up with the following sensors /shields and attributes:
Arduino Uno REV3
Temperature Sensor - 1-wire - (DS18B20)
RTC Shield
CO2 Monitoring - Carbon Monoxide Sensor - MQ-7
LCD Shield + Keypad
Ethernet Shield + SD
Piezo Vibration Sensor - For "knocks" on glass
LED Lighting Controls
Well, in order to wire all these, I´ve come up with the following schema, wich has to use one of the Analog A/D as a digital port, in order to free one of the PWM ports for the leds:
Temperature Sensor - D2
RTC - A4,A5
CO2 - A0
LCD - D9,D8,D7,D6,D5 and A3 as Digital 17
Ethernet - D10,D11,D12,D13
KeyPAD - A1
Piezo - A2
SD - D4
LED - D3
In this way, all ports are taken, but I don´t need a multiplex or anything to build up the project. I´ve decided not to manage PH, since the probes are a problem. If I decide so, I would use a multiplex on an analog port.
Do you guys see a problem in this design?
Also, I know it´s possible to use more than one sensor on the 1-wire schema, but hot to do it? Is there a way to plug two sensors on the same Analog Port, been one Input and the other Output?
Attached you can find the ports taken by this project.
An additional 1-wire sensor is just attached as the first one, in parallel. You address them by their serial number (you have the possibility to "ask" on the bus for everyone listening on it).
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Topic: reading a fuel gauge (Read 1 time) previous topic - next topic
hi everyone,
I'll do it, just because i can do it
Feb 12, 2013, 08:45 am Last Edit: Feb 12, 2013, 08:48 am by MaJiG Reason: 1
The fuel sensor on most motorcycles is a variable resistor as you said. The variable resistor (rheostat) is grounded and a float inside the tank moves the wiper up and down proportionally with the level of fuel. A full tank usually moves the wiper of the rheostat to a low resistance and an empty tank has a high resistance. The high resistance varies among manufacturers: 90, 110, 180, 510 ohms. The gauge unit usually has a fixed resistor that is connected from +5VDC to the wiper of the rheostat, forming a voltage divider. The receiving unit usually incorporates an A2D converter that reads the voltage at the junction. A high voltage = low fuel, and a low voltage = high fuel.
If you applied a voltage to the wiper of the rheostat when the tank was full (~10 ohms) the power supply tried to provide a half ampere.
The size of the fixed resistor would be dependent on the size of the rheostat. Just be aware that, when the tank is full, the majority of the current limiting will be done by fixed resistor. An acquaintance of mine put in a too small a resistor and the current drained the battery. It could have produced pyrotechnics, yes!
I want to suggest something different. Instead of a voltage divider, drive the rheostat with a constant current source, thus the current would never get out of hand and would still produce the same voltage. I use 3.3V to keep the voltage as low as possible.
I am attaching a schematic that would give you ~0.2V with a full tank.
Just a thought...
My last post is just crazy! Why put in five components when one would do? My only excuse is that I have a bad cold and was guzzling Nyquil like Dr. Pepper. Sorry for the techno-dribble.
Here's my thoughts this AM:
Since the rheostat has about 10 ohms when the tank is full, we can figure out the size of the fixed resistor. We don't want the analog voltage to be too low, so let's use the 0.2V as a target. I still like using 3.3VDC as the lower the voltage the safer the circuit.
If we want 0.2V across the sensor @ 10 ohm, we want about 20mA to be flowing. The fixed resistor should be dropping the remaining 3.1V, yes?
So 3.1V / 0.02 = 155 ohms. Common resistor values are 150 or 160 ohms, so I'd use 150 ohms as a starter, although 180 ohms is a popular value for motorcycle gas sensors.
Read in the analog voltage, subtract it from 3.1, and them map() the remainder to 0 to 100. You could then make a bar graph out of LEDs.
hi MaJiG!
I'll do it, just because i can do it
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Topic: Automotive power supply with battery backup? (Read 797 times) previous topic - next topic
I'm getting close to putting my first Arduino project where it belongs - in the car.
The biggest hurdle for me at this point is power - I plan to primarily use power from the car (12-14v), but I'm also intending to use a key-on switched line - making it a lot more difficult for me to drain the car battery by leaving the Arduino powered on. But, since that's the case, I'd like to have a battery backup - in case I want to turn the car off, etc. Don't need to recharge the battery from the car power, just a simple 9v will do fine.
With a little bit of research, this is what I've been able to come up with. Any glaring problems?
The circuit should work fine but the 9V battery won't last very long.
the 9V battery won't last very long.
seconds, minutes, hours? Normal use case would be 2-10 hours of continuous use, with < 1 hour of that spread throughout in 5-15 minute chunks.
A typical 9V alkaline battery has a capacity of about 565 mAh and an Arduino doing nothing draws about 20mA so as a first cut you're looking at 565/20 = 28 hours theoretical, as little as half that practical depending on how fresh the battery is, temperature, whether the 20mA number is accurate (it'll be higher if the Arduino is actually sourcing/sinking current by blinking LED's, transmitting wirelessly, etc.)
So I'm going to go with "hours, but not days".
thanks for the explanation, sounds like it should suit my needs just fine.
although a small, rechargable system would be pretty nifty... ]:)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23265
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They say OBY hasn't debated in a while and isn't too good at the 60 and 90 second sound bites they have so he may be rusty.
Plus he's been too busy to practice.
That means he's been on the links after apologizing for US actions and lying about why the ambassador was killed. Yup, he's been
busy lying.
Elsewhere, Christie said the debates will turn
the polls upside down.
Elsewhere, I saw a poll over on AOL that has
OBY ahead in Ohio by 9 points.
We'll see.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23268
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Announcement Announcement Module
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Listener exception = Channel.basicReject() = infinite redelivery? Page Title Module
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• Listener exception = Channel.basicReject() = infinite redelivery?
On an exception in message processing, the exception is eventually caught and delegated to AbstractMessageListenerContainer.rollbackOnExcepti onIfNecessary. That method sends/commits a Basic.Reject with requeue = true if (!getAcknowledgeMode().isAutoAck() && !getAcknowledgeMode().isManual()). That means the message is sent back to the server at the back of the queue and is redelivered when it comes up again. Assuming it's a poison message, how would you break out of this infinite cycle?
• #2
That's the way AMQP works, so we sort of have to go with the flow for the vanilla use case, and force the user to choose the correct retry and recovery behaviour. You can break the cycle by adding a retry interceptor to the listener execution (the message listener container has an advice-chain property, and you set it to the product of one of the *RetryOperationsInterceptorFactoryBeans). There are some unit tests that show how this can be done.
• #3
That works great. What is this spring-retry module? I found it in the maven repos, but I can't find it on any of the Spring project pages. It's a very useful little thing. I thought of writing something like it myself just a few weeks ago. I'm using the stateful retry mechanism, and there's one peculiarity I'm seeing: when retries are exhausted and the invocation is handed off to the recoverer, the key is removed from the cache before the recoverer is invoked, and if the recoverer fails with an exception, the message gets requeued and redelivered/retried again, with the count starting at 0. In my case, I want the continued redelivery, but it just feels a little peculiar that the retry code essentially "forgets" that it has already retried this message before.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23269
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How create tokens that tied to user and client Page Title Module
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• How create tokens that tied to user and client
I have a spring oauth2 implementation for my API. I would like to do some testing using JMeter. In order to do that, I would like to write some test code that will generate 1000 users and automatically create a token for them. I will then export these tokens to be used in JMeter when load testing the API. I have one client for them which is already generated and the 1000 users.
Can someone guide me towards how to create tokens from within JAVA? I do not want to have any UI involved. I think I am looking for a couple of java calls that will create the OAuth2AccessToken which is already bound to the user and the client.
• #2
You can ask an OAuth2RestTemplate to acquire an access token for you:
OAuth2AccessToken token = oauth2RestTemplate.getAccessToken();
The only trick to that is setting up the rest template beforehand with the correct credentials. In you case you can initialize it with a ResourceOwnerPasswordResourceDetails and that should be enough.
• #3
I try to write this simple code but the last object oauth2RestTemplate do have the method getAccessToken .
I am using oauth 2.0 1.0.0.M6.
ResourceOwnerPasswordResourceDetails user =new ResourceOwnerPasswordResourceDetails();
OAuth2RestTemplate oauth2RestTemplate =new OAuth2RestTemplate(user);
OAuth2AccessToken token = oauth2RestTemplate.getAccessToken();
Last edited by shai.tap; Apr 16th, 2012, 07:32 AM.
• #4
M6 doesn't have that feature. Use a snapshot?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23270
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problem with <spring:hasBindErrors... tag Page Title Module
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• problem with <spring:hasBindErrors... tag
I am having a problem getting output from the hasBindErrors tag.
I have set up my validator class and all is well there. It idents the command object I am feeding it and pulls the data from it okay (which is tag binded from the same form controller).
And I have my LoginCommand object (which is custom extended from HashMap).
I have created some validation like so:
LoginCommand loginCommand = ( LoginCommand ) obj;
String strUserId = loginCommand.getUserId();
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmpty( errors, "userId", "error.code",
"No entry found within the UserId field." );
if( !strUserId.equalsIgnoreCase( "admin" ) )
errors.rejectValue( "userId", "userId.Unknown", "User Id " + strUserId
+ " is invalid and unknown to the system." );
I have put some fast debug output out with:
System.out.println( ">>>> 1: " + errors.getAllErrors() );
System.out.println( ">>>> 2: " + errors.getObjectName());
This shows me the errors are being set-up correctly and do exist.
And my JSP code is like so:
<spring:hasBindErrors name="model.userId">
<c:out value="${errors}"/>
<c:out value="${errors.errorCount}"/>
<c:out value="${status.errorMessage}"/>
<c:out value="${status.errorMessages}"/>
And I get nothing back.
I have also an entry in my file like so:
userId.Unknown=Username not valid, try 'guest'
In my form controller I have a showForm which returns:
return new ModelAndView( getFormView(), "model", mapModel );
Could someone explain to me my flaw?
• #2
This page[1] helped someone who had a similar problem recently. Search on "Writing the JSP" and look at the spring:hasBindErrors example right below it.
• #3
still not working
Thanks for that link.
What it does not say there is how the core tag binding picks up the errors, by what ident name if you changed things around? How does that part of it work exactly?
In my showForm method I have now managed to output the errors with some debug system.outs. So, they do exist somewhere in the system.
System.out.println( "E1: " + errors.getAllErrors() );
System.out.println( "E2: " + errors.getObjectName() );
System.out.println( "E3: " + errors.getModel() );
But its still not displaying them from the JSP as I am not sure how to get the error information out from the core tag bindings. I think the name of the mapping I am trying to bind is wrong.
Any ideas?
• #4
getting closer to the problem
I have now managed to output the value for status.error in the JSP.
And this is returning false all the time, yet there seems to be errors setup correctly in the model.
So, for some reason status.error is not being set to true.
• #5
Okay the reason the errors did not appear is that in the showForm method which is inherited from the AbstractFormController class they are added with the method call of:
map.putAll( errors );
However I overloaded my showForm and thus my custom model returned to Springs MVC did not contain the errors. And the JSP could not find them to display them (as they were never added to the model).
The reason I had overridden that method was due to the fact I have dynamic links/buttons being added to the form at runtime. And thus needed to add them on the initial form display.
By moving that code to the formBackingObject (where it really should have been) there was no longer a need to override the showForm method. And the errors were added correctly.
Problem solved.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23271
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In memory Connection repository Page Title Module
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• In memory Connection repository
Hi all,
I have a grails app which is using JdbcUsersConnectionRepository for storing connection. It was fine in development as I was using in-memory database.
I know we can use pre defined script for actual databases. I was wondering whether there is an option having this in memory even in production?
User connection is very specific to session, then why are we persisting it in database? I am not sure whether user connections are deleted after session expires.
• #2
A connection and a session are two different things. A connection is essentially a relationship between a user, an app, and some API...that connection's primary data point is the OAuth access token that was granted during connection time.
In OAuth 1.0/1.0a access tokens don't expire (at least not per the spec) and are valid until the user explicitly revokes the authorization (conceptually, forever). Therefore, a Spring Social connection for an OAuth 1.0/1.0a provider is also long-lived. In OAuth 2, authorizations are long-lived, but tokens are allowed to expire and thus are considered short-lived. Even so, a so-called "short-lived" token may last for a very long time. Facebook tokens, for example, have a 60-day expiration.
If you were to use an in-memory implementation, that'd be fine until you restart your app. Then suddenly all of those tokens are forgotten and then your users are forced to reauthorize. Depending on the provider, the user may not even notice that reauthorization is taking place, but in many cases they'll have to authorize your app again and it may confuse them or frustrate them. Persisting connections in a database ensures that those connections survive a server restart.
Also, if your app has a *LOT* of users, then an in-memory connection repository will have higher demands on memory-usage (obviously).
That said, I like the idea of an in-memory repo for development-time purposes. It's not on my todo list currently, but feel free to open a JIRA issue requesting it or (better yet) implement one yourself and submit a pull request.
• #3
In terms of having an in-memory repo for development-time purposes, this was something I needed a while back so I created my own InMemoryUsersConnectionRepository implementation. It's just a simple map-based implementation and may have thread-safety issues, but for development it seems to do the job:
I also created a quickstart version which extends this implementation for a different project which is a work in progress. The quickstart version is designed for even simpler development-time use where a single development session key can be passed into the constructor for a given provider and user:
Both implementations have been tested with the AbstractUsersConnectionRepositoryTest and seem to behave as expected, but work may be needed to tighten up the code.
Hope this helps,
• #4
Thanks Criag, makes total sense.
I was wondering what would happen when you bring spring security in the midst. Because spring security authentication tokens would anyways be destroyed when you restart the server. Those tokens are not persisted.
If spring security forces you to reauthenticate, does Spring social pull the data from DB?
@Michael - thanks, it is really helpful.
• #5
Well, with Spring Security (setting Spring Social aside for a moment), the user still has to authenticate back into the app, but they don't have to re-register for the least not in the typical case. Their user data is still persisted in a DB somewhere (unless you're using the in-memory user service, which is not recommended for typical production use). So, while a server restart may require the user to reauthenticate, the user's identity is still stored in a DB and ready to use.
Back to Spring Social: The connection ties that user data (not the currently authenticated user), the application, and the API together. Sure, when the connection is initially created, it is created for the currently authenticated user, but the connection is linked to the user's record in the DB. If the user logs out (or if the server is shutdown), the connection still exists. When they signin again, their connection will still be there and ready to go (assuming that the connection is stashed in a DB and not in memory).
• #6
Hmm....I was under the impression that after user explicitly logs out or after session time out, I need to call 'disconnect' which would essentially delete user connection record from DB.
In what circumstances user connection data live beyond session?
• #7
There's no reason to think that a user connection wouldn't live beyond a session--in fact, I'd think that's commonly the case. A connection tied to a user via that user's ID, not the session. So even if a user signs out, then the connection should still exist. When they sign back into your application and assuming that they still have the same user ID, then that connection should still be usable (unless the access token has been expired or if they explicitly revoked the authorization).
The only reason I'd think that to not be the case is if your user only exists for the duration of their session. If the user ceases to exist (in the DB, of course...I suspect there'd be some serious liability issues if the actual user disappeared after using your app :-) ) after signing out, then it wouldn't make sense to keep their connection records around. But in most applications, the user's identity remains beyond any session--so there's no need to ditch their connections when they signout or the session expires.
• #8
I have a question related to this discussion.
Imagine an application where no local users exists. This app has no need to store any user data.
But the app provides functionality to connect with Twitter or Facebook to display information about the logged in user.
I wonder what the best setup would be for such an app.
While looking at the example code the ConnectController would my best fit. It hooks up with the ConnectionsRepository via the UserConnectionsRepository which is linked via a "local" user id.
As I don't need this I was also thinking of SessionConnectionsRepository implementation. Would this make sense or am I on the wrong track?
• #9
ConnectController attempts to create a connection between a local user and their account on the provider. Since you don't have a local user, that's not what you want.
What you want is something akin to what's in the spring-social-quickstart app where no local user DB is maintained (aside from a cookie that keeps track of the user once they are signed in). The only thing the app knows about the user is what is given to them from Facebook after signing in with Facebook. It does this through the ProviderSignInController.
Have a look at that sample and let me know if you have any questions about how it captures user data from FB.
• #10
Hi Craig
I had a look at the spring-social-quickstart app at but in SocialConfig I see the following bean definition:
public UsersConnectionRepository usersConnectionRepository() {
JdbcUsersConnectionRepository repository = new JdbcUsersConnectionRepository(dataSource,
connectionFactoryLocator(), Encryptors.noOpText());
repository.setConnectionSignUp(new SimpleConnectionSignUp());
return repository;
It's using a JdbUsersConnectionRepository which would indicate it's trying to retrieve and store user connections from a database?
Or am I wrong?
• #11
While looking at code of ConnectController and ProviderSignInController they both seem to be tight to UsersConnectionRepository.
As I only need to sign in with Facebook/Client (and not storing any information itself) I think I'm better of creating my own Controller? Or would you advise differently?
• #12
You're right that both are tied to UsersConnectionRepository and that even during the course of an implicit signup (as is demonstrated in the quickstart), a connection is saved to the connection table. But you still don't need a local user database...just a database to hold those connections.
Even then, I probably wouldn't write a custom controller. Instead, I'd consider writing a custom connection repository pair. It's important that ProviderSignInController know about those connections or else it will force a signin again the next time they visit your app. Maybe that's what you which case, the custom connection repository could store nothing and always report that it can't find a connection.
But your point is well-taken that there needs to be an example or better guidance on writing apps that don't maintain any sort of local database and only rely on the provider for all user data. I'll add that to my list of examples to put together. Of course, I welcome anyone else who might want to contribute such an example.
• #13
Yes I was also thinking of writing custom connection pair as well.
One question related to the quickstart sample is that I'm wondering if there would be a benefit storing the connections in the database without a local user?
It probably means the user can be connected automatically when he/she tries wants to connect at the same provider, right? Thus without having to accept access to the application again.
If this is right it would make sense to store the connection indeed.
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View Single Post
Old 2007-11-20, 04:54 Link #6
Join Date: Dec 2006
Age: 29
Title is said to air in April 2008 with a total of 26 episodes (NHK, BS2 broadcasts).
Director: Nishida Masayoshi (Mokke)
Series Composition: Machida Doko (Raki☆Suta)
Animation Production: MADHOUSE (!!)
Production: 'Alison & Lilia' Production Commitee
MOON PHASE speculates on his diary that the series could be divided into two cours. The first would cover Alison and the second Lilia & Trais. Official project name is apparently Alison & Lilia.
cyth is offline Reply With Quote
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1. No Profile Picture
Junior Member
Devshed Newbie (0 - 499 posts)
Join Date
Dec 1999
Rep Power
Php is very powerful and useful
if you have your own server.
On webhotels it's always in safemode.
In safemode it sucks bad.
then it's worse than a lame crippled
version of javascript 0.3b.
I DON'T GET IT???
Why do they use safemode?? when
someone still can hack the
f-cking server by using perl if they wanted to???
It's just plain lameness and ignorance.
sysadmins think safemode sounds cool,
without knowing what it is.
Lame retarded clowns, that have only
read about win-nt in school ..and are
using unix/apache just becuse everyone
is talking about it.
2. #2
3. No Profile Picture
Registered User
Devshed Newbie (0 - 499 posts)
Join Date
Aug 1999
London UK
Rep Power
normally when an isp offers perl capabilities, it is via cgi wrappers. or maybe with a true dedicated virtual server.
they offer safe mode php when they don't want (or can't) use cgi php with wrappers. this might be for speed (mod_php is much faster) or functionality.
actually safe_mode has some advantages such as being able to connect automatically to a mysql db using the username of the owner of the script doing the calling.
sysadm's are justifiably concerned about security and users messing up servers. there will always be a tradeoff when security is in place, so you just have to like it or lump it.
or pay more money for your own dedicated server - then you'll begin to understand their reasons.
however, well-configured safe_mode shouldn't cause any problems except in particular situations (maybe like yours), so 99% of users won't worry about it.
you don't really explain what your problem is, otherwise someone might be able to find out what is going wrong...
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23279
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17" PB is almost here...
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by tekmoe, Oct 25, 2005.
1. macrumors 68000
It is stuck in Indianapolis right now with a shipping status of "Clearance Delay." Anyone else have this message showing up in their fedex tracking info?
it is almost here! i called apple and they verified this is completely normal and i will receive my powerbook tomorrow per the fedex estimated ship date. i hope so. i want my powerbook. ;)
2. macrumors 65816
Nothing worse than sitting and waiting. Oh but the feeling when it gets there and you open that box. MMmmmmmmm. Love it.
3. macrumors 6502
Just sit and wait or watch a movie to get your mind of it.
4. macrumors 65816
Well enjoy your new powerbook when it gets to your house, I just have Apple Care to open up when I get home...
5. macrumors regular
My 15'' BTO is in the same place with the same delay :/
6. macrumors 65816
Could be worse, your ship date could be November 22nd like mine.
7. macrumors regular
Our PB are together. Same status with mine. Too bad I won't see mine til Friday when I get back from college.
8. macrumors 68000
g0gie, what is your estimated delivery date? and has it changed at all since it shipped? mine has been set at october 26th 10:30 AM since saturday when i got the tracking number. so far so good. we shall see.
9. macrumors newbie
tekmoe, or anyone else who can answer, I just order my powerbook on Sunday and it's currently in "sent to manufacturing" with an estimated ship date of Oct. 27th. What was your estimated shipping time from FedEx once it left the warehouse? I'm EXTREMELY ANXIOUS and was hoping I would have it by the end of the week, but I'm beginning to give up hope. :(
10. macrumors 68000
i ordered 20 minutes after the apple store came back up last wednesday. the estimated ship date said on or before 10/25 which would be today. my order changed to shipped on saturday morning which was about 4 days ahead of schedule. after i received the tracking number, the fedex estimated delivery date has been set for 10/26 10:30 AM. it has not changed and i am hoping it does not change either. if it holds true, i will have my 17" tomorrow morning!!!
what did you order?
11. macrumors newbie
Thanks for the info. I've ordered (my first Mac!!) a 15" powerbook with a 100GB 7200rpm drive with an extra Crucial 1GB RAM, hopefully all on its way soon! Good luck to receiving your new powerbook tomorrow. p.s. I went to the local Apple Store over the weekend, and the new HD screens on the 17" are unbelievable!! Enjoy!
12. macrumors regular
yep i have the same estimated ship date of the 26th at 10:30am , Im in the bay area in CALI too...
13. macrumors regular
Just checked the FedEx page and it now says:
Oct 25, 2005 10:56 PM
Int'l shipment release
Still estimated to be here tomorrow around 10:30.
14. macrumors 68000
just checked mine and it says the same thing. also estimated to be here around 10:30 tomorrow. yes yes yes yes yes!
15. macrumors member
Hey guys, mine is in the same spot with the same delivery date. Pretty sure ill get it today (its now the 26th) since its only acouple states away
16. macrumors 68000
on fedex truck for delivery...!
17. macrumors member
Mmmmm. Lapzilla! Those suckers are awesome!:D
18. macrumors 6502a
I'm excited for you guys.. make sure you post as soon as they get there!
19. macrumors 68000
typing on my brand new 17" pb...
freakin awesome. it has one dead pixel but i think i can live with it.
this thing is amazingly cool! :D
EDIT: btw, it DOES have the seagate momentus hard drive
model: ST910021A
will be posting the powerbook birth pictures soon.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23280
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Resolved 2011 MBA: What replaces Eject Key Function?
Discussion in 'MacBook Air' started by ender21, Jul 21, 2011.
1. ender21, Jul 21, 2011
Last edited: Jul 21, 2011
macrumors 6502
I use the keyboard shortcuts routinely. What replaces the CTRL + COMMAND + EJECT shortcut to Restart now that the Eject button is gone?
EDIT: And.... DONE. CTRL + COMMAND + POWER = Restart. Thanks PaulDoFish!
2. macrumors newbie
Well they added keyboard brightness keys. F5 and F6 is now backlit key brightness up and down. other than that F3 is now mission control, F4 is launch pad.
3. macrumors member
The eject key is now the power button.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23281
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Advice Needed: Upgrade iBook G4 or used Macbook or Powerbook
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by ibookluv111, Jun 21, 2008.
1. macrumors member
Hello. I am in a tough situation (for me). I have an iBook G4 1.2ghz that I just bought. I just upgraded the ram to 1.25gb, too. I love this iBook, and is fast for me now. But, I only have about 5GB left on my HD. So the problem is, I need to upgrade it. The HD itself would cost $80 on eBay. Plus, I hate going inside the iBooks and would pay my tech to do it for another $80. So, I'm at $160 right there. Now, I've always got high-end prices for Apple notebooks I sell on eBay and think I can sell this for $500/shipped.
Should I:
A) Upgrade the HD for $160
B) Sell the iBook and buy a used Macbook (for around $600-$750)
C) Sell the iBook and buy a used Powerbook (for around $600-$650)
Please, don't suggest a new computer, because I simply can't afford it. My only options reside in this price range. Thank you all so much for your help, I really need it because I often don't think things through and end up in a pickle, so I am asking for outside opinions. Thanks again!
2. macrumors 68020
Macbook. Whatever you do, don't buy the Powerbook. That's just throwing away money. Ditto with the iBook upgrade, but that's better than buying another PPC machine.
3. macrumors 6502a
4. macrumors 6502
Very sensible advice. You may prefer the PB's form, but the MB will take you much farther in keeping up with new software, even Leopard itself.
5. macrumors 6502
no brainer. Even a first gen CD MacBook will run circles around a last gen PowerBook.
6. macrumors 68040
Not forgetting Apples future OS's are now looking to be intel only
7. macrumors regular
Option B = go intel ... I recently upgraded to a Black book and I can tell you that my G4 1,2 GHz looks sooo old slowww compared to the new one.
8. macrumors member
I think I'm just going to go ahead with the HD upgrade. For what I do, the iBook is plenty of power. I can be patient when working in iMovie, which is where the only slow speed occurs. I also really enjoy the small form-facor of the iBook, and just overall enjoy it a lot. Thank you all for your input, and I'm sure my next Mac will be an Intel one. I just don't want to spend that much money, for power I don't need right now. Thanks again. :)
9. macrumors 601
If you don't need a lot of computing power. It's worth it to upgrade your current ibook. I had the same one and it was enough for what I do. I hardly ever edit movies or music.
10. macrumors member
the only thing i ever do is some light imovie work and it works good enough for that. i'm just going to order a HD from Newegg and have someone put it in, because i hate going into the iBooks. Thanks everyone!
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23282
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Any downside to buying the Education Version Software?
Discussion in 'Digital Photography' started by iBallz, Feb 4, 2008.
1. macrumors 6502
If Aperture does not come up with an update soon, I might as well get CS3 and Lightroom.:eek:
Our College has it for quite a bit less than the Apple store or where ever, but can it be updated? Or does it put a Education watermark on everything??
2. macrumors 6502a
I don't believe there is any difference. I think the license requires you to not use it for commercial use, but the programs are full featured I believe.
3. macrumors 68040
In terms of Apple's own software, such as Aperture, OS X, iWork, etc. there's no difference between the education discounted version and the full retail version. Software from other manufacturers is sometimes a different story. For them the "education version" might mean an inexpensive but limited feature version, and for others it might mean the full feature version but doesn't count towards any future upgrade priced version.
For instance, if you buy a music sequencer at version 3.0 from a retail store for $400, then when version 4.0 comes out you're offered a special upgrade price of $100 to go from version 3 up to version 4 rather than having to spend $400 again just to get version 4.
So it all depends on the manufacturer. Before purchasing do your homework on what the "education" moniker means to that specific manufacturer.
4. macrumors 6502
OK, I'm thinking CS3. Or maybe just Lightroom.
5. macrumors 65816
There is no difference between the versions.
The only thing is that there is no upgrade option... so when Aperture 2 comes out, you won't get the upgrade price, though this may be higher than buying the education version anyway.
6. macrumors 68000
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23283
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Apple Powerbook George Foreman Edition? :D
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by generik, Nov 1, 2005.
1. macrumors 601
Overall pretty pleased with this machine :)
No network connection dropping issues, no flickering LCDs, and the display seems fine.
What does bug me is the heat that it is giving out.. is it supposed to be so hot?
PS: I did have it running in "Better Performance" setting, would that make a difference?
2. macrumors member
PS: Yes :)
3. macrumors demi-god
it gets REALLY hot.
my thighs always get burned.
the pb's case basically is a GIANT heat sink.
4. macrumors 601
Wow.. I'm surprised that the battery lasts so long with such a palm warmer :)
5. macrumors 68030
Its a lean-mean-Windows-grilling-machine.
6. macrumors 6502a
With the prices of home heating fuels this winter I would think having a nice lap warmer would be awsome. :D
7. Guest
If I recall correctly 'Better Performance' doesn't allow processor speed stepping. When you set it to the other settings the processor speed is dynamically varied according to load to reduce battery drain and heat output. The 'old' powerbooks were throttled between 1/2 and full processor speed and the new ones between 1/4 and full (this is where the 'extra' battery life comes from. The battery is the same just the processor can spend it's idle time running at 417MHz which uses less power).
The powerbooks can also throttle the speed of the GPU. On the older machine I think this used to only happen on the reduced performance setting. This however is a static setting and the GPU performance is always reduced when on this setting. It is not changed if the load on the GPU increases - at least not on the older powerbooks.
The developer docs for the new powerbooks don't say what the connection between the Energy saver settings and the throttling is. The old one's did. It may have changed.
The bottom line here - at least on the old powerbooks. If you want you machine to stay cool use reduced. So long as you're not doing anything graphically heavy you'll be fine. The CPU will still run at full speed under high load but the GPU will be throttled back.
Want the best balance - use Normal.
Not sure there's any reason to use 'Best Performance' unless your legs are cold.
8. macrumors P6
i'm about to order a new 15" pb. should i be worried about this heat issue? is it bad for the laptop? is it going to melt the inside or something (i've had this happen in a pc laptop)
9. Guest
The aluminium powerbooks have always been hot and I guess the new 1/4 speed stepping is probably an acknowledgement of that (and the poor battery life). There have been reports of memory slot failures on some 15" powerbooks. Some people believe this is due to heat but without official word from Apple who knows.
Generally it's seen as a good idea to get some kind of extended warranty on notebooks as they tend to be less reliable than desktops (generally - not just Apple). If you do have an extended warranty and there is some sort of heat related failure then it would be fixed under warranty. If it is a general problem with a class of machines then Apple would most likely do something like the ibook logic board program that fixes affected machines with or without a warranty.
10. macrumors 6502
My old 667 Ti was twice as hot as these new ones and it never melted ;)
11. macrumors P6
thanks. well i hope heat isn't an issue with mine when i get it, even though i'm sure i'll push it to the limit. (gotta get my money's worth)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23284
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Apple Pro Speakers Question
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by trebblekicked, May 10, 2003.
1. macrumors 6502a
note: i tried to do a search for this subject on MR, couldn't find anything. i apologize in advance if this issue has been discussed already.
alright, so i finally upgraded my speakers on my quicksilver- i moved my stereo over to my desk and my computer is now running I/O a technics rack system w/ bose bookshelf speakers. quite an improvement over the APS.
But i have a tibook set up with an external monitor/mouse/powermate etc on the other side of the office, and i was wondering:
is there any way to use apple pro speakers on a tibook? adapter? converter? anything?
i know the APS are designed to take power from the computer's power supply, which would seem to make this impossible, but who knows...any suggestions?
2. macrumors 6502a
Currently i dont think there is any way to connect APS to a powerbook without the right port. Maybe somebody has made a converter but i seriously doubt it.
3. macrumors member
4. macrumors regular
I thought that the speakers were usb? Perhaps I am mistaken though.
5. macrumors 604
They use a proprietary connector.
You could always cut the wires and hook them to a small boom box or something with some wattage. Then use a sub-mini to sub-mini patch cord to the boom box to power them.
6. macrumors 6502a
thanks. that'll do. damn, griffin. is there anything they can't do?
i actually thought about ripping the cord open, but my success rate in rewiring electronics is 1-in-3.
thanks for the help guys.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23286
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Custome Brushes where do I save them
Discussion in 'Design and Graphics' started by kitki83, Aug 30, 2007.
1. macrumors 6502a
I read that saving it in Applications>Adobe PS CS3>Presets>
was all I saw, but I also see a folder in Account>>>>Adobe PS CS3> Presets> which has no files, which directory should I save my brushes?
Thank you
2. macrumors 6502a
Adobe PS CS3>Presets>Brushes
3. macrumors 6502a
Thank you,
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23287
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Do you keep pictures on your iPod?
Discussion in 'iPod' started by someone28624, Oct 2, 2008.
Do you keep photos on your iPod?
1. Yes
19 vote(s)
2. No
12 vote(s)
3. My iPod doesn't allow it
2 vote(s)
1. macrumors 6502a
I never really got the point of keeping pictures on your iPod- it just seemed like they took up a lot of room for no good reason. But I was at a get together recently and someone asked to see pictures of someone else's kid. She whipped out her iPod Classic and everyone was passing it around, flicking through them, ooing and ahhing and totally impressed at the iPod approach.
So, what do you do?
2. macrumors 65816
I keep an album of favorite photos on my iPhone and also photos from a recent family reunion.
3. macrumors 65816
I have all my favourite photos on my iPhone 3G too.
4. macrumors member
I keep all my photos on my 160GB classic, it doesn't really take up that much room anyway. The only problem I have is that new photos add about 10 minutes to sync time.
5. macrumors 601
Use 'em for background pics and got lolcats for when I need to be cheered up and there is no WiFi connection for I Can Has Cheezeburger.
6. macrumors 6502
Yep - I keep my favorites on my iPhone. Its a great way to show off recent photos or just flick through them when bored. My father passed away in April and I love having pics of him on there whenever I feel the need to see 'em. Also, with a new neice and nephew, there is no shortage of cute baby pics being passed around my family.
7. macrumors 68000
The question is do you keep photos on you iPod, not iPhone.
8. macrumors 604
9. macrumors 6502a
I have a few photos while there is some free space. This will be deoted to music as soon as necessary.
10. macrumors regular
No - I use to keep photo's of bus timetables on my iPod tho but I don't anymore.
11. macrumors 68020
yes I have pics of my gf it helps me through the day;)
12. macrumors 6502
I don't keep any pictures on my regular iPod, and on my iPhone I only keep the pictures that I took with the iPhone camera.
13. macrumors 6502
Yes, for the reason in the first post and also because its another backup. If anything happens to my Mini AND the external USB, I still have all my photos on my iPod.
14. macrumors 6502
bobioden - thanks for the clarification lol
15. macrumors 68000
No I don't, Not enough space and Small screen.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23288
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G5s Ship in August
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by MacMaelstrom, Aug 15, 2003.
1. macrumors member
I just watched the 2 hour Webcast of the keynote. He says that G5s are to Ship in August.
edit: The WWDC 2003 one.
edit II: And in 12 Months they'll have 3 GHz!!!
2. macrumors 68030
:rolleyes: there are already plenty of threads about this...especially in the macrumors news discussions.
3. macrumors 68030
Re: G5s Ship in August
Duff-Man says.....WOW! Really??? How did we all miss this news?? Oh yeah! :rolleyes:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23291
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1. Welcome to the new forums. See our announcement and read our FAQ
How to share an Xraid?
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by bubbagump, Jul 28, 2003.
1. macrumors member
I am thinking about moving the television studio at my school to a centralized storage platform. It will be accessed by two G4 dual 1.25s and two G5 dual 2.0s. If we were to purchase an Xraid could this be shared with a fibre channel switch? I think scsi is becoming quite passe with the macintosh, although it seems that apple was one of its greatest proponents some time ago.
2. macrumors regular
Yes you can, if you use a Fibre Channel switch you can connect each of the computers to it with a Fibre Channel host adapter, then both fibre channel ports of the XRaid to the switch. Then you can configure the XRaid to create RAID sets for each host that you want to access it. What you can't do is share a RAID set between 2 computers. If you want to do that, you'd need to either get OS X Server or setup some kind of file sharing.
3. macrumors member
4. macrumors member
Crap. I though I could use an Xraid as a fibre channel SAN or something like that. I would like to be able to share storage, but since I will be editting video, ethernet file sharing that needs to go through a server definitely will not suffice. I guess the products that do this sort of thing are rather $$, even considering the Xraid's large pricetag.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23292
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I couldn't wait anymore-BOUGHT A MAC MINI
Discussion in 'Mac mini' started by chemistslime, Apr 30, 2008.
1. macrumors member
Ok, I just couldn't wait anymore and once I saw a person sell one locally, I just had to bite, so I did. Brand new and typing from the mac mini right now! I LOVE IT!!!
2. macrumors 6502a
Nice. What specs did you go for in the end? I've got mine hooked up to a 23". Good system. Could do with more RAM really with all my multitasking but works well.
3. macrumors member
It's just the base model with C2D 1.83, combo, 1GB ram (planning to upgrade), 80Gb HDD. That's it. The guy won it at a raffle and sold it to me for 400 cash in order to get an iphone. I know a refresh is imminent but I just couldn't resist.
Oh, it's connected to a dell 2408WFP, the monitor has dual DVI input so I can hookup my air and this mini at the same time. Works perfect.
4. D4F
Gratz and good price too :)
Enjoy it:apple:
5. macrumors member
Whoa, you have the 3.06Ghz Imac. Didn't that just come out YESTERDAY?? Or is that a typo?
6. D4F
Not a typo:)
I bought it yesterday at 10:30am at my local Apple Store. Would buy it at 10:01am but apple representatives are slow as hell:D
7. macrumors member
Hha, you could have bought 7 of my minis. lol
8. D4F
The more I look at it the more I think I will get the mini for my wife.
I was going to get her a 20" iMac but with the screen issues the Mini seems like a good alternative. I have a 22" monitor lying around and together with the Mini they would make a nice couple :)
9. macrumors member
The dell 2408WFP is highly rated. It has HDMI input, 2 DVI, 1 VGA, component etc.. and some others. Take a look into it if you have the money, haha, clearly you do. Someone is LOADED!!
10. macrumors 601
Congratulations, I'm also using the same model and it works great (though I also plan on upgrading the RAM).
If either of you ever need a mount to install your Mac mini under a desk, just do a Google search for "CinnaMount mini". I won't say anything more than that since I'm not sure if obvious sales tactics are allowed on the forums. ;)
11. macrumors 6502a
Awesome. I have the same mini and I love it. That is a great deal too.
12. macrumors newbie
Congrats on the new mini! I'm still holding out for the refresh...we'll see if I can wait.
13. macrumors 65816
Ditto. Need that 4gb ram capacity. Penryn would be nice as well.
14. macrumors 65816
Congratz! Just bought the exact same mini on Monday, but from the Apple Store for $650. Awesome little machine! Im on it now, and am still stunned on how nice everything on the Mac looks.
15. macrumors newbie
Mac mini
I bought a 1.83 core 2 duo in january.
i'm thinking of upping the ram to 2 gigs, has anyone on here done this - does it make much difference?
16. macrumors 68000
how did we get from mac mini to iMac..?
17. macrumors newbie
It's in his signature (the 3GHz iMac)...
back on topic...where's my mini refresh!!?!? :D
18. macrumors 6502
I upgraded my mini (1.5 solo) to 2 Gb last week since it only had 512mb and it runs much better. I also upgraded my iMac (2.4) from 1 Gb to 3 Gb and it helped a lot since I use big files and lots of programs at the same time.
19. macrumors 603
Congrats, the mini is a great machine, I'm sure you'll enjoy it.
20. macrumors regular
I've been thinking of the Mac Mini, but I'd really like to use a 24" monitor. I don't think the mini would support it? or maybe it would, I'm not sure.
Regardless, I'd definitely like the 4GB RAM, and a nice video card would help. I'm not much of a gamer, but I do a lot of photoshop/final cut stuff.
I'll probably just get an older 24" iMac.
21. macrumors 68000
It should work perfectly with a 24"...i have a 22" hooked up to mine....i agree with the Title...i just bought mine last week and got it this past friday...1.8Ghz combo with 120Gb hard drive...stayed with 1Gb RAM for now...its plenty fast...its my first Mac and a huge upgrade to my system....i love Mac more than i could ever love windows...
22. macrumors 6502
I bought my mini for iPhone development and I am about 2 days way from completely moving from my Pentium D WinXP system to it. I do not want to "upgrade" to vista, but newer systems don't have WinXP drivers! The Mini exceeded my expectations, given that it was the low-end configuration.
I upgraded mine to 2GB when I noticed that it was digging into swap when building my iPhone projects. Also, now that I am running WinXP in a VMFusion VM, I am thinking of bumping it to 4GB. (Only 3.3GB will be usable.) The stuff that I still need windows for seems to run best in at least 1GB of ram. (I also swapped the HD for a 7200rpm/200GB model.)
OWC is selling a 2x2GB SoDIMM set for $90 at the moment. NewEgg is about the same.
You can run "Activity Monitor" (Applications->Utilities) or from a terminal, run "top". Watch your memory usage when to do something that is fairly intense, then decide how much you need.
23. macrumors 603
I'm pretty sure that as long as the inputs are right, any monitor will work with the Mac Mini. It's just the resolution you might not be able to get. In other words, you might not be able to get the 1920x1200 or whatever the top resolution is on 24" monitors. You need a certain amount of VRAM, and I don't know what the latest Minis have.
FYI if you use Photoshop, do some checking on reviews and benchmarks. One on the MacBook vs. MacBook Pro had the MacBook performing slightly better with Photoshop, which shocked me. I also don't know that 4GB would do much better than 2GB with Photoshop or Final Cut.
24. macrumors regular
Yeah, I picked up the MBP because I wanted something for school, but now that school is over, I really miss the all in one 24".
I had the MBP/24" 1080p monitor setup, but it just wasn't for me. I think I'll probably just end up with the 24" iMac, and a nice Macbook once school starts back up.
Save a little money, and hey, as long as it gets the job done! Plus, Macbooks are really nice, if only the video cards were a little nicer. :rolleyes:
25. macrumors 68000
I have kind of the same dilema going for me... my 2 and a half year old mini has been dead for several weeks. Waiting for an update before I buy a new one but where is it??
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23293
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Resolved iMac DV SE for selling
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by phoenixsan, Apr 10, 2013.
1. phoenixsan, Apr 10, 2013
Last edited: Apr 21, 2013
macrumors 65816
Hello again all....!
Visiting a swap meet the last weekend I bought a iMac G3/500 DV SE. Always like this model of iMac and wanted to have one. In a impulse, I shelled out the $75 the seller was asking. Checked the thing and have Mac OS 9.2.2 installed, a 80 GB HDD and 1 GB of RAM. Comes with the Apple Pro keyboard and mouse.
Long history short, I put it in a desk in a University where I give classes (wanting to upgrade/tinker with it) and a professor passes by and fall in love with the thing (I cleaned it thoroughly....:D). Sitting there with no use, I have a Bluetooth combo of keyboard and mouse. The guy offers me $300 if:
1-Update the OS to the maximum possible (I have done my homework and think 10.4.11 is the maximum. No problem here because I have a legit copy I can use and pass)
2-Install a decent version of Office
3-Install the version of Adobe CS suite the machine can suport
4- Get the Bluetooth combo of keyboard and mouse to work
5-Make the computer wireless capable (Internet)
So, my real problems are issues 2, 3 and 4, and here I come with me advice/help request:
1-What is the last version of Office supported in this machine/OS
2-What is the last Adobe CS suite supported in this machine/Os
3-The Bluetooth thing can be done in a reliable way? What do you suggest to resolve this issue?
As always, thanks in advance for the advice and help.
2. macrumors 6502a
Office 98 was the last to run on OS9
I can't quite remember now. It might be that the adobe applications bundled as a suite never came to OS9. CS2 definitely did not run under OS9. Photoshop 6 was the last version to run under classic.
Some bluetooth dongles claim to be OS9 compatible, but there is no built in system support in 9.2.2 so it would need to include drivers.
3. macrumors member
1) If you do go the 10.4 route, you will probably want to install office 2001 or 2004, but will have to test if the 2004 is not to "heavy" for the G3...
2) Adobe CS2 will work well with 10.4, and Adobe you can download it for "free" from the Adobe website, given that they have shut down their activation servers for this suite and now provide activation codes...
3)there are a number of Bluetooth USB dongles that work with Tiger... but most of them will not allow you to wake the mac from sleep with either the bluetooth mouse or keyboard. are those from Apple? I believe magic mouse has limited functionality in 10.4, but works...
$300 would be an excellent selling price, go for it!
4. macrumors 68040
I'd go CS2, but you have to remember these computers are 12-13 years old, they're going to feel incredibly slow by today's standards. Your only option for BT would have to a USB dongle, they weren't thinking about BT in 2000 and wireless internet you can throw in an original airport.
If you can sell it for $300 and still have a clear conscience you're a stronger man than I.
5. macrumors 6502
There seems to be more to this than meets the eye.
If the buyer isn't fully aware of the limitations of your iMac, even were you to make the desired upgrades, he may not be happy with his purchase once he starts using it. If he's someone you deal with fairly regularly, this could become a problem.
Too many people who purchase older Macs suffer from the mystery of ignorance about all things Apple. They hear/read all kinds of great things about Macs, but know little about their capabilities and limitations. You see this frequently on this forum, with people buying PowerPCs -- often at a premium -- who only seek help and do proper research AFTER the purchase.
"I just bought an MDD PowerPC. How can I get a copy of Mountain Lion? Can I put in 8GB of RAM? Can I stream videos at 1080p? How well does it work with Netflix?"
Because it was love at first sight for your buyer, I'd have a frank discussion with him about his needs and expectations. Yet, you did find/buy the iMac, and if/when you make the upgrades, you will have fashioned a rig for him to his specs. With that -- and this is if it were me -- I'd offer it to him for $200.
6. macrumors 65816
Thanks all....
for the input, advice, suggestions and comments.
1- I would do the Tiger upgrade, because I can and was requested by the buyer. Also, open the options for more use.
2- I am grateful for the info about Office and CS.
3-I dont consider myself a shady person. Only tackling this project by the interest of the buyer. I agree, a talk is a must, to show him the limitations and problems he can get buying the machine. I dont have any intention of scam somebody I have to see in a daily basis. What I can do is make a budget with the upgrades the buyer wants and said, charge 25% over if want to have a revenue. But that last thing, I can void totally or in some extent....:D
Thanks again all for the posts. Feel free to continue, in the constructive way and more based in the original questions.
7. macrumors 65816
after a talk with the buyer, about the limitations/pitfalls of the iMac, he still wants to buy it, with the upgrades outlined, so I procceded:
1- Installed Tiger and updated up to 10.4.11 Give the buyer original OEM retail disc with DVD with upgrades: $ 35
2-Installed Office 2001 and pass the disc with legit license: $35
3-Downloaded CS2 and installed it : $20
4-Installed an AirPort card I bought in eBay: $35
5-Installed a D-Link USB Blueetooth dongle I got in eBay. Both keyboard and mouse works, pass them to buyer: $75
Applying my 25% I billed $250. So the buyer got a $50 rebate. So far, so good...
Thanks again all for the useful hints, advice and pointers. And for advising me to have a talk with the buyer. In this way, he can know the limitations about the computer he is buying.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23294
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IPad and Bluetooth keyboard issue
Discussion in 'iPad Accessories' started by jamesarm97, Apr 4, 2010.
1. macrumors 6502a
So I had a spare aluminum Bluetooth keyboard sitting around so I decided to try it with the iPad. It works well but found a problem that is a pain and don't know if there is another key combination I am not aware of. If you are typing in a box that shows selections like the "To" in an email, when you start to type a name and it shows the choices, you cannot down arrow and press enter to select it. It seems to only be setup to work with tap/ touch. You hame to take your hands off the keyboard and tap on the name you want to select. Does the same thug. Anywhere there is a selection box like typing in safari URL and the history drops down. Anyone else tried this or is there another key combination?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23295
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Netflix - Stretched Video?
Discussion in 'Apple TV and Home Theater' started by dKran, Oct 3, 2010.
1. macrumors member
Hey guys.
So I'm loving the new Apple TV, but I'm having an issue with Netflix.
Two of the movies I started today (12 Rounds and 500 Days of Summer) have had aspect ratio issues - the picture is stretched to fill the whole screen, and looks awkwardly proportioned.
I've checked the settings of my tv, and this is not the problem. Anyone else seeing this/find a fix?
2. macrumors 6502
I don't have an answer for you, but I do have a question. Neither one of these movies are available to me for streaming on Netflix. You were able to stream both of these movies?
3. macrumors 68020
Surf Monkey
It's probably a Netflix issue. I've seen the same thing from time to time. None of the settings on my TV or ATV make a difference. It's the stream that's at fault.
4. macrumors regular
Have to agree. I've also had some Netflix movies stretch top and bottom to fill the screen and the same movies did it both on my PS3 and on the ATV2 so definitely a Netflix issue with their streaming or encoding. Cheers!
5. macrumors 6502
When streaming to my PS3, I sometimes observe native 16:9 content appearing distorted around the sides. I've drawn a correlation between this and other heavy traffic on my network. I'm assuming it's a mechanism for coping with reduced bandwidth. That, or I just happen to be transferring big files while coincidentally watching crappy encodes.
6. macrumors member
Thanks for the info :) glad it's just a Netflix issue.
And I'm in Canada, maybe that's why you don't have those titles available? On a side note - 500 Days of Summer is great, and I would really recommend it.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23298
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Restore from 4.0 Beta to 3.1.3
Discussion in 'iPhone Tips, Help and Troubleshooting' started by spiderguy84, Apr 17, 2010.
1. macrumors regular
How can I go about restoring from the 4.0 Beta to 3.1.3? iTunes currently won't let me do it and Developer Support is closed right now.
2. macrumors 601
what device are you
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23299
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There May Be an End-run for Apple Around Windows After All
Discussion in 'MacBytes.com News Discussion' started by MacBytes, Apr 21, 2006.
1. macrumors bot
2. macrumors 68000
Some interesting insights:
One wonders if the presence of OS X-like GUI elements in Vista is a direct result of this technology sharing agreement. "Redmond, Start your copiers!"...
So Apple will let you run Windows apps directly on top of Leopard, without virtualization??? Interesting proposition. So if Leopard is running Windows APIs directly, does that mean Windows apps will be able to utilize the Mac hardware 100%? That would be the ultimate solution. But WINE in its current form seems to have somewhat a limited set of applications that it can run. Would Apple's solution make for 100% compatibility since they've had full access to XP code base?
Cringley also speculates that Apple will adopt a new kernel to speed up OS X. That seems to be a bit of a reach but the recent departure of Tevenian seems to support that theory. So for Leopard we will get 1) new kernel for Intel Macs, 2) WINE-type compatibility layer for XP, AND 3) improvements to the Finder. This could be the biggest release since the OS X first came onto the scene.
3. macrumors 6502a
That is awesome!
4. macrumors 68040
*waits nervously for 10.5*
(by the way, I asked if this would happen about a month ago)
5. macrumors 6502a
don't put too much stock in this. cringely is as bad as dvorak.
6. macrumors 68000
You're probably right. It seems too radical for Apple. More of a fantasy, maybe...
7. macrumors G5
I thought sci fi was dead--but then along came Firefly, Galactica, and Cringley.
Apple won't sell Windows--it would dillute a message they already have a tough time spreading: that there is life without Windows. Apple will leave selling Windows to resellers, if they see fit.
The Windows API thing sounds great--but I remain skeptical.
It would be kind of a slap in the face of MS if, say, 2% of Windows users decided they didn't even NEED Vista, they'd be happy with XP and Leopard :p
8. macrumors 601
Back Slap
As if Windoze 95 wasn't a slap.....
9. macrumors 6502
Being a Cringley piece, I was mildly entertained until the Apple selling Windows prediction, then my brain imploded.
10. macrumors 68000
Just to clarify, Cringley himself is not predicting or advocating that Apple become a Windows OEM vendor. Cringley is simply reporting what Dvorak was speculating. Cringley is more in the virtualization/WINE camp. The WINE route will actually allow Apple and its customers to avoid Windows altogether. That works for me. Why boot Windows at all, in virtualization or dual boot, when I need to run an application or two???
11. macrumors 6502a
Here's what I didn't understand about this article. He mentions that users would get Windows Apps on their Mac, with Mac security.... But if the Mac can run any Windows app, can't it run, say, a Windows trojan? Wouldn't this hurt Macs severely? Not to mention no one would ever write a Mac app again.........
12. Moderator emeritus
OK think about this for a moment.
99% of all people using Windows don't use Windows because of the OS, but because of the applications. People would switch to OS X in droves if they could run their current existing apps without having to buy a new license for XP and without having to dual boot.
He also mentions that Apple is not re-implementing the Windows API, but has a license from M$ for the API. Which means, it's not like WINE, which is just reverse engineering the API. It's the actual API itself! All they'd have to do is add some compatibility for HFS+,etc add a Windows classic theme, and you've got Win32 compatibility built-in to OS X without the need for any additional software or licenses.
Those who think running Win32 apps on Mac OS X would kill native Mac apps are wrong, I think. Take for example X11 apps. There are tons of X11 apps, but few use them unless they really have to because they're so ugly and are obviously not native apps. OS X users know when they are in a native app or some hackish port of an app. This would be the exact same for running Win32 apps. They would be completely obvious that they are not native Mac apps. People would use them until there is a native Mac equivalent, then dump the Win32 app.
I think it makes beautiful sense :D Now to see if they have DirectX working, for games :cool:
13. macrumors 601
Actually I can't really tell.
For instance Firefox on MacOS looks like a Mac application to me. Safari looks out of place with its "brushed metal" look, and the new iTunes have this other "titanium metalic" look that is distinctive from the brushed metal look used by Safari.
Firefox looks just like Camino, but people all hail Camino as something wonderful...
14. Moderator
Staff Member
Interesting, I think Firefox looks out of place.
15. macrumors 6502
"I believe that Apple will offer Windows Vista as an option for those big customers who demand it"
I don't think the statement could be any clearer, you may be able to hedge a bit with "big customers" as a clarifier, but Cringley looks to Apple to be a Windows OEM.
16. macrumors G3
i agree. stand it, i cannot. :rolleyes:
17. macrumors newbie
x11 apps may be ugly, but think for a second. you're a developer, and writing your application is a quite lengthy and expensive process. Would you go te the expense of writing and supporting a second version of your application, or simply write your windows version and figure your mac users can take advantage of it anyway?
Believe me, especially when it comes to gaming companies, no one will go to the expense. There just wouldn't be enough incentive. That move could effectively kill apple. Well, not really as their sales would sky rocket, but it would be a major slap it the face to their users as there would be very few native apps. Apple is one of the few companies that seems to care about the end user, which is why I think the very idea is silly.
Virtualization, yes. Built in api, no.
18. macrumors 6502a
DaringFireball's response ..which I agree with.
I don't see a built in API happening. It doesn't make sense to me because the benefit doesn't outweigh the cost. I don't see the WINE version happening because it would be a complete pointless blow to the face of MS. It would make MS very upset with Apple while doing little for Mac users. Most Mac users don't need that functionality in their OS. Not to mention it would DEFINITELY kill Office for the Mac (after their 5 year agreement is up) ...that may not be all that big of deal 5 years from now, but it's still like poking a bear with a stick for no good reason.
The only way I could see them doing this would be with the full support of MS ...and I don't think this is likely. Intel's brand new Virtualization technology is THE BEST ANSWER PERIOD. Those who need Windows will be able to add it to their Macs ...the rest won't have useless bloat to deal with.
The furthest I see Leopard going would be adding some sort of Fast OS Switching feature that becomes active if you install another OS. It would use the new Intel virtualization technology (like Parallels) and would be out of the way for those who don't use it. That way you would also have to pay extra to get a windows license. I think it is in Apple's best interest in keeping Windows support to something that costs extra. Not to mention Apple would have to support any incompatibilities that arose in the native API scenario. I don't want to see them in that position.
19. macrumors 68020
What would be the purpose of "Fast OS Switching"? If you are virtualizing with Parallel or VMware, the guest OS is running in a window or activated from a pick list. Does it need to be simpler than that?
Having native support for the win32 api would be interesting, for the very few Windows-only apps I need to run, but it seems to me that a number of apps are going to depend on other MS dlls that are part of XP, but not part of the win32 api. Given the price of memory these days, running a guest OS in Parallel or the like seems more realistic. And, as you point out, it's less risk / hassle for Apple.
Anyway, for my purposes, a virtual machine running within OS X is the most flexible solution.
20. macrumors 6502a
By fast OS switching ..I mean the same thing as Parallels is currently doing ...except Apple putting a nice cube effect on it and making it full-screen instead of inside a window. Same principal though.
21. macrumors 603
Which would explain why they couldn't get their groundbreaking rewrite working. Same thing happened when they tried to reverse engineer the Mac OS for the original Windows. Apple always seems to have better luck when they steal stuff. At least they make things better! :p
22. hob
macrumors 68020
I would say it doesn't necessarily look out of place, but it certainly feels like a windows app. I've tried switching to it twice, and as soon as I felt like I was using a windows app, I dumped it straight away!
23. macrumors 68000
I am still not buying all this talk about Apple dumping Mach just because Avie left the company. Bertrand Serlet has been running the Mac OS X development effort for the past couple of years, and he is also a died-in-the-wool NeXTie who is probably just as philosophically and/or emotionally tied to Mach as Avie is. Still, I hope they can make significant improvements to Mach so that it's more suited for server as well as desktop usage.
Where Cringely talks about integer calculation performance being a weakness of Mach, that's really a weakness of PowerPC in comparison to x86. PowerPC kicked butt at floating point, but integer calculations are far more common.
24. macrumors 6502
Look forward a Year
Vista home edition comes out.
Home computer buyers are faced with the following choice.
New HP/Dell running Vista. New OS, had a bad rap.....probably won't run your old Windows apps very well, if not at all.....
New IntelMac. Great OS, fast, been around, lots of native apps.....and oh, it will run all of your old and new Windows apps as well...
Hmm, which one will they choose?
As I see it....the future is coming true....the Apple market share may really top 10% and more....:rolleyes:
25. macrumors 6502
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Very beginner question about defining "variables"
Discussion in 'Mac Programming' started by Refugee, Oct 28, 2010.
1. macrumors newbie
I'm working on learning Cocoa and Objective-C, and I'm using the Hillegass book. I haven't gotten very far, but I've run into a question I haven't seen answered yet, and I haven't found any explanation as I've searched on the web.
In the headers, when I'm defining attributes, I'm looking at examples like
IBOutlet NSTextField *textField
NSCalendarDate *today
but I also see
int firstNumber
float secondNumber
I'm guessing that I need to define a point to objects but I can define variables directly as integer and floats, and I'm looking for confirmation of this assumption. Also, is there a list that gives the variable types that are used directly and not as pointers?
And I apologize if I'm not using the right terminology (and feel free to correct my grammar). I've got lots of programming experience with about 30-40 languages, but this is the first I've done in the C family.
2. TEG
macrumors 604
Your first two examples, with the '*' on them are arrays, ints and floats are not arrays, to they can be explicitly set. This is because they are a set size, where as arrays can be any size.
For example;
int a = 1;
float b = 3.14159;
You can also set the arrays, but you have to indicate the length of the array when you create it. You use the asterisk to reserve a pointer to the array you will eventually create, without actually determining its size, until you need to use it.
3. Moderator
Staff Member
The first two are not arrays. They are pointers. In this case to objects.
4. macrumors newbie
How do you know when you're defining it?
Thanks for the rapid help!
I think I see what you're telling me.
NSTextField is an array of CHARs, defined as an object.
I didn't think of NSCalendarDate being an object; can I tell because it has methods assigned to it. Is that how to know whether I'm about to use an object or a primitive data type? I'm guessing that BOOL isn't an object, so I wouldn't define a boolean variable with a pointer.
5. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
NSCalendarDate is a *deprecated* class that creates date objects.
6. Moderator
Staff Member
It really, really isn't. The * tells you it's a pointer. Nothing more, nothing less. It absolutely 100% does not imply it's an array. The item in front of the * tells us what sort of data we are pointing at. In this case it's a NSTextField which is a Cocoa object. Again, nothing to do with arrays.
7. macrumors newbie
What's taken its place?
I know the book was published in 2008, but it sounds like this is the reference boo most people point to as most helpful.
8. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
9. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
All types of variables can be declared directly or through pointers.
The point of pointers (no pun intended) is to avoid allocating memory to a variable unless the execution of the program requires it, that is when the variable needs to be used.
Generally in Obj-C you declare your objects (and global variables) in the "Interface file" (something.h) using that line
NameOfClass *nameOfObject;
The object itself is to be created, if needed, in the "Implementation file" (something.m) with a line like:
nameOfObject = [[NameOfClass alloc] init];
Which actually involves two steps: "alloc" allocates memory for the object and "init" initializes (creates) an instance of the object with all its instance variables.
However you can combine the declaration and the creation of the object with the syntax:
NameOfClass *nameOfObject = [[NameOfClass alloc] init];
This will be used when you're absolutely sure that creating the instance of object is necessary throughout the execution of your class.
But you always need to resort to a pointer to the object. Objects being generally containers for multiple instance variables, they are heavy on memory so you don't want to create them unless it's necessary; preferably on Runtime rather than at compilation.
For more insight about pointers, google "stack & heap"
10. macrumors 68040
Just to add to this, what you are refering to as a definition is actually a declaration. ;)
11. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
12. macrumors newbie
(I already typed this post once but then got logged off and had to get back on -- so I'm sorry if this is a repeat post.)
I think I understand what you're saying, but let me see. And I've got a followup question while I read through this book's next exercise.
1) I was wondering why anyone would write a program that declares unnecessary variables. Would this be the reason: I've got a class with ten methods, each using variables. When someone runs the program, he may only call a feature that needs two of the methods, so the variables in the other, unused, methods aren't needed. Am I right?
2) I'm looking at a piece of code in the file called <i>lottery.m</i>
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "LotteryEntry.h"
Basically, why is argc an integer and argv a pointer? Maybe I've only seen simple examples so far, but every time I've seen an integer variable, it's declared as a variable and not a pointer. Is this just a simplification for these exercises? Is the "preferred" way to declare everything as a pointer?
3) Side question is regarding the import command for LotteryEntry.h. There's no reference to LotteryEntry.m in this module or in the LotteryEntry.h file. Is it a default/convention that every .h file always references a .m file? (I don't remember what the .m stands for anymore.)
Thanks for taking your time and answering very basic questions.
13. macrumors 603
Yeah, true. For example, you may use the NSString class to deal with strings, but that doesn't mean you'll call every single method in that class, or reference every instance variable within in. Classes typically are designed for reuse, so even though you might only be using a subset of the methods/variables, doesn't mean they're not useful elsewhere/to other people.
Ok, this could be a little confusing :)
argc is an int. It will contain the number of command-line arguments being passed into this program.
argv is an array of C strings, each string holding one command-line parameter. So argc is the number of items in argv. (And C strings are essentially an array of characters, with the last character being a zero to mark the end. So argv is actually an array of arrays of characters).
If you're using Cocoa, you probably won't use C strings too much, you're more likely to use the NSString/NSMutableString classes. Easier to use, fewer memory issues, and they handle Unicode (such as non-English) characters
Typically, you don't reference the .m file from the .h; you do it the other way around. The .m file will reference the .h file. You define the class, and implement the methods in the .m class, while declaring the class and its instance variables/methods in the corresponding .h class.
14. macrumors G5
1. You usually create files in pairs: One file for your code (the implementation file) and one file telling everyone (you and the compiler) how to use the code (header file). The header file would be LotteryEntry.h. The implementation file depends on the programming language you use: C = LotteryEntry.c, C++ = LotteryEntry.cpp, Objective-C = LotteryEntry.m, Objective-C++ =
LotteryEntry.m would include or import LotteryEntry.h, so the compiler can check that the header file and the actual code match. Everyone else who needs to use the code in LotteryEntry.m would also include LotteryEntry.h, because that tells the compiler how to use it.
2. Variables and types can obviously be confusing. There are "simple" values, like an int, or float, which just exist by themselves. If you write a simple expression like 1 + 2, there is one int with a value of 1, another int with a value of 2, and the sum is a third int with a value of 3. Then there are more complicated values like an NSObject. An NSObject doesn't just exist, it has to be explicitly created, and it has to be explicitly destroyed. You never use an NSObject directly: When it is created (with the "alloc" method), the compiler will put it somewhere into the memory of your computer, and it will give you a pointer with the address where that object is. Analogy: You ask a builder "please build a house for me". When he is done, you doesn't give you a house, he gives you a piece of paper with the address of the house written on it. That is what a pointer is (in this case: NSObject* ). A pointer itself is a "simple" value.
3. Variables can only contain simple values. Try this:
void myfunction (void)
int x;
double y;
NSObject* z;
NSObject doesntwork;
int, double, and NSObject* are simple types - you can have a variable that holds any of them. NSObject is not a simple type, therefore you cannot have a variable that holds an NSObject (hope you see difference between NSObject and NSObject* - one is the house, the other is the piece of paper with the address written on it).
3. You can have pointers to any kind of types. You can have a pointer to an int (an int* ). Such a pointer is not an int, it is a piece of paper with the address of an int written on it.
void myfunction (void)
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
int* p = &x; // p is the address of x
p = 3; // Doesn't work because p is not an int - it is the address of an int
*p = 3; // Works - it changes x because p is the address of x
p = &y; // Now p is the address of y
*p = 4; // This changes y to 4 because now p is the address of y
15. macrumors 6502a
I feel compelled to correct the part concerning 'argv'. 'argv' is actually an array, 'argc' in length, of pointers to 'C' strings.
16. macrumors 68000
I declare numerous objects in my methods in th .m files - NSString, NSArray, NSDictionary, etc, objects that will only be needed for the method, to be released or autoreleased on exit. Cocoa is creating and destroying objects constantly.
17. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
Let's suppose you're writing a program that sends invitations for a wedding. Generally, when you do that, you invite the guests with their spouse. Your program will seek information in some simple database that contains the information about the guests, for example: name, address, name of spouse. However, some guests are single.
It makes sense then to globally declare a
char *nameOfSpouse[]
rather than a
char nameOfSpouse[xx]
If guest is married, *nameOfSpouse will point to a string of characters and your program will print something like "Paul and Diana Wilson"; if guest is single *nameOfSpouse will point to nothing and the program will write something like "Brenda Kraft".
In this case the use of a pointer is more elegant, not only in terms of memory management but also for the coding style.
18. macrumors 68000
Except that
char nameOfSpouse
actually can take up less space than the pointer, since you are only declaring a single byte. Yes, I am being picayune: computers tend to be as well, attention to detail is quite important.
19. macrumors 68030
Yeah but... char nameOfSpouse couldn't hold the name of a spouse. It couldn't even hold a pointer to the actual nameOfSpouse.
20. macrumors 68000
That depends on your compile flags. Using the default XCode settings, "char" or "BOOL" will occupy 4 bytes, for alignment purposes, so a build for a 32-bit target will have room for a coerced pointer in that variable. Which you should never count on, in case someone else ever has to build from your source and might unknowingly use the wrong settings.
21. macrumors 65816
Bernard SG
Ugh, sorry, I forgot the [] brackets.
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What is the "sweet spot" for this refresh?
Discussion in 'iMac' started by Sammy Cat, Jul 28, 2010.
1. macrumors member
I need help selecting the sweetest iMac for my lady.
I've been waiting for this update since early this year. Refresh...I am still waiting for the new i'Life, but the funds are going to be spent come the middle of August regardless if i'Life is available or not.
I don't care about Blue Ray, or USB 3. The last time I've watched a DVD movie on my PC has been..NEVER. The only thing I stick into my 'puter is a thumbdrive, printer, and modem. I don't care about firewire either. My firewire Panasonic JP Digicam has long since been dead.
My woman will be using this computer to stream TV shows, video chat on QQ, and play stupid web based games where you plant corn, swat mosquitoes on your screen with a fly-swatter, and steal other peoples goats and pets. L-A-M-E.
I will periodically use the iMac for light video collages that populated the web circa 2005.
I am looking to get the best bang for the buck. I would like this computer to last her at least 3-4 years.
I really would like to buy the "sweet spot" if there is one. That is my real question. I've seen benchmarks, know the difference between quad and dual etc... Just wondering what you guys thing the "sweet spot" is for this refresh?
2. macrumors 65816
I think everyone has their own "sweet spot" based on their needs.
Allthough for your needs i would just go base 21" or high end 21"
3. macrumors 6502
Start with what size monitor do you want? 21.5" or 27". Then we can go from there.
4. macrumors member
I have to keep it at 21" because if I go 27" that i7 always ends up in my cart.
5. macrumors 68040
Go for the high end 21" with the 3.6 Core i5. That is a monster chip, and for most applications, will be much faster than the quad i7. Sadly, few Apple apps take advantage of the extra cores, although that is likely to change over the next year or so.
6. macrumors 65816
No idea why people are recommending high end 21" which cost about the same as base 27".
And why recommend high end 21,5" when he says the computer isnt going to be heavily used.
i mean, smashing bugs, and doing streaming, video chat, hardly requires a 3.6ghz cpu.
I also dont know why you are telling lies, i mean, i5 dual core much faster then i7 quad cores? In your dreamy world maybe.
7. macrumors member
The 3.2ghz/i3 or the 3.6ghz/i5?
Only real difference is the cache 2mb vs. 4mb. As far as real world fly-swatting goes, I don't know what impact that would have.
Would you consider the 3.6ghz/i5 the "sweet spot?"
8. macrumors 601
The base 21.5" is the true bargain of the lineup, and is plenty powerful for swatting flies.
9. macrumors member
If the entry model is the best deal.
Let me ask this:
Would it be worth it to upgrade for $300 to the better 512mb video card?
Is that card going to affect video play back or streaming tv?
10. macrumors 6502
No, not worth it
11. macrumors 601
You'll be fine with the $1200 base model. Actually, 99% of the people would.
12. macrumors 6502
I actually think the $1499 model is a great starting point.
The GPU only has 256MG of dedicated memory. I would spend the extra $300.
You are getting an faster i3 and more memory for the GPU.
13. macrumors 601
For the $300 you get three things:
1. A faster graphics card with more memory, primarily beneficial for intense games and programs that rely on the GPU for calculations such as Aperture. No improvement for streaming video since low end is adequate, or most 2D applications (browsers, Microsoft Office, Mail, ...)
2. A 1TB drive instead of a 500GB drive. You have to look at you disk useage to determine if you'll need the extra space over the life of the computer. Or you will need to attach an external drive.
3. 4.5% faster CPU. You'll never feel this difference.
14. macrumors 68030
None of the processors have 2mb cache. They're all at least 4mb, i3 or dual i5.
15. macrumors member
Base 21.5" is the best value for your lady's fly swating & sheep stealing etc :D
16. macrumors member
and for gaming, i7-870 or i5-760 ?
17. macrumors newbie
I agree. After seeing the initial review of the i3 iMacs on macworld it seems clear. Now that all of the iMacs have descrete graphics what is the big limitation? You can add up to 16gb of ram and plug in an external drive into the firewire port.
I was thinking of buying the top tier 21.5. But now I am seriously thinking about getting the base one. It is just too easy to upgrade the ram and plug in an external drive when the installed one fills up.
A heavy user could sell and upgrade easier since less money is involved and a light user can do these easy upgrades.
18. macrumors 601
Macworld has just posted test results for the new midrange iMacs. Only slightly faster than the entry level 21.5".
19. macrumors 65816
I'd say the base model is probably more than fine for your needs. Save the money you'd spend on better specs which you don't need and get AppleCare. Then you can be assured that your computer will last you at least 3 years in good working order.
The RAM upgrade is easy as pie, though for the uses you mentioned the 4GB it comes with are more than enough. If you really wanna go nuts though, you can get a 4GB ram stick on Newegg for $100 and go up to 8GB total, with one slot left so you can go to 12GB in the future if you ever need to.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23302
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Which ports should I use for iChat server?
Discussion in 'Mac OS X Server, Xserve, and Networking' started by jackhdev, Aug 1, 2011.
1. macrumors 6502
Hi, which ports should I forward to my server for accessing iChat server from the Internet? My Linksys router limits me to ten, so instead of forwarding all of the ones on Apple's site, I need to know which ones make it work. Thanks for your help!
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View Single Post
Old 04-04-2008, 12:51 AM #1
Scooby Newbie
Member#: 145926
Join Date: Apr 2007
Chapter/Region: RMIC
Location: Sandy, Utah
2004 WRX STI
Default RMIC Bro Hookups and discounts
Always thought it would be cool to have a thread where we could use as a local hookup directory. Would be even cooler if lots of people signed up and DLC made this a sticky. For example, state your name, where you work, and how you can hook people up. It would be a good way for us to help each other out, keep in contact, and give eachother discounts. I know Jason at Discount is always super helpful when he can be at discount-tire. Why not give him some business and he'll take care of you in return.
I'll start.
I give NASIOC guys 30% wedding photography and $150 referral bonuses
I also work for a company called Infinite Mind. We sell educational software such as speed reading programs, spanish-speak-in-a-weak, vocabulary building cds (good for college kids or ACT/SAT prep)
I can get usually 50% of any of that stuff.
* Registered users of the site do not see these ads.
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Old 02-05-2013, 01:14 PM #212
The Crimson Man
Newbie First Class
Join Date: Dec 2012
Posts: 18
Default Re: Next Batman Villain?
For the first movie, I think maybe a gang war going on in Gotham between Black Mask and Penguin. Maybe use Croc as an enforcer. I think it would help give the same realistic sense as the Nolan films, yet at the same time having a more "out-of-the-ordinary feel". This would also be a good opportunity to use Gordons Character.
Second film, haven't put much thought into it, but maybe Hugo Strange and Riddler.
Third film, Harley breaks Joker out of Arkham. I want these two characters slowly built up in the background of the previous films. Conversations between Dr. Qunnzel and Hugo in the second film could help this.
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Old 10-12-2013, 10:05 AM #634
A hero can be anyone
DrexBat21's Avatar
Join Date: Jun 2012
Location: SW PA
Posts: 500
Ugh, they are 3.75-inch.
Bad news: they're small and won't go with other collectibles like DCU, Marvel Legends, MOTUC....
Good news: they'll be affordable (@$10 as opposed to $18-$22), and will take up less space on the Bat-shelf
- One Man Can Make A Difference
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23324
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Technical Articles and Newsletters
By Andrea Colombo, KPMG Advisory and Stefano Desando, Intesa Sanpaolo
In 1995, Barings Bank went bankrupt following a $1.4 billion loss due to unauthorized trading activity. Ten years later, JP Morgan agreed to pay a $2.2 billion settlement after the Enron scandal. More recently, Société Générale suffered a €4.9 billion loss following multiple breaches of control in its trading activities.
Events like these highlight the enormous economic impact of operational risk—defined in the new Basel Accord (Basel II) as “the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events.” Basel II requires financial institutions to hold capital against unexpected losses arising from operational risk.
At Intesa Sanpaolo, we used MATLAB to build entirely new scenario analysis models that enable compliance with Basel II requirements. Scenario analysis is a key component of the advanced measurement approach (AMA) to estimating the capital charge for operational risk. Introduced in Basel II, AMA imposes strict quantitative requirements for measuring operational risk. For example, it requires the calculation of a capital measure to the 99.9% confidence level over a one-year holding period.
Headquartered in Turin and Milan, Intesa Sanpaolo is the leading bank in Italy, with 10.7 million customers and a market share of more than 19% in customer loans and deposits. Intesa Sanpaolo has 7.2 million clients in 12 countries in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean and supports customer activities in 34 countries worldwide. Click on image to see enlarged view.
“At Intesa Sanpaolo, we built entirely new scenario analysis models. MATLAB saved us a significant amount of prototyping and development time. It also gave us flexibility—particularly useful in the early trial-and-error stages, when we often made substantial changes to test new ideas.”
MATLAB saved us a significant amount of prototyping and development time. It also gave us flexibility—particularly useful in the early trial-and-error stages of the project, when we often made substantial changes to test new ideas.
Implementing Scenario Analysis
Unlike traditional techniques, scenario analysis uses expert opinion as input rather than historical data. Given the vast scope of scenario analysis at Intesa Sanpaolo (it encompasses all departments of the bank), gathering expert opinion via face-to-face interviews was simply not possible. For efficiency, therefore, we used questionnaires.
The main technical challenges in developing a scenario analysis framework and tools were determining which kind of sensitivity to extreme loss outcome the interviewees would be able to report. We needed a process and a model that could “guide” the experts but leave them final responsibility for their estimates. This translated into a huge numerical calibration effort during model development, involving for example, creating meaningful ranges for estimates.
Recognizing that operational risk is often associated with extraordinary events, Intesa Sanpaolo has adopted a Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach to operational risk measurement. The adoption of VaR required us to find a suitable distribution and to use a robust calibration analysis for data modeling and extrapolation. Thorough calibration is required because VaR is a tail risk measure that deals with often “unobserved” risk scenarios. For example, estimating the risk of a financial scandal such as Enron requires extrapolation, because the final outcome is well beyond the range of observed data. As such, modeling choices can produce vastly different results.
The design and fine-tuning of the scenario analysis model required two capabilities supported by MATLAB: sophisticated sensitivity analysis and the collection and graphical exploration of analysis results. Given the problem’s scope and complexity—hundreds of loss distributions must be considered jointly—the analysis can be a significant challenge.
We divided the model-development process into four steps: developing the basic algorithm, calibrating the model input, setting up ranges in risk assessment questionnaires, and estimating capital at risk.
Developing the Basic Algorithm
Our scenario analysis (SA) algorithm is based on the loss distribution approach (LDA). LDA is standard in the insurance field, which deals with the same types of challenges as those inherent in operational risk. Because we calculate the yearly loss distribution in terms of its frequency and severity, the key information was the expected annual frequency of loss events (used to calibrate the frequency distribution) and the economic impact of each event (used to calibrate the severity distribution). We input the frequency and severity components separately. This allowed the expert assessor to answer the questionnaire in terms of frequency and severity and produced both qualitative and quantitative information.
The SA algorithm inputs the questionnaire responses, which we use to calibrate the frequency and severity distributions. Poisson and negative binomial distributions are both suitable for modeling the frequency distributions of operational losses. We chose Poisson to model the frequency distributions because it is a single-parameter discrete distribution commonly used for insurance and aggregate risk modeling. For the severity distribution, we selected Lognormal.
We used MATLAB and the lognrnd() function from Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ to estimate the 99.9% VaR of the aggregate loss distribution. Our MATLAB code uses a Monte Carlo method, as follows:
%% data
dim=1e6; % number of scenarios
mu=9;sigma=2; % severity (lognormal)
% parameters
lambda=100; % frequency parameter
% (average frequency)
%% Monte Carlo using cellfun
Loss = cellfun(@(x) sum(lognrnd...
(mu,sigma,x,1)), N,...
'UniformOutput', false);
% aggregate loss
% distribution (empirical)
Note that cellfun enabled us to avoid loops and write very compact code.
Calibrating the Model Input
A critical issue for scenario analysis is the quality of model input. The key information required for each risk class is the expected annual frequency (λ) of the loss events and the economic impact of each event, evaluated in terms of typical loss (M) and worst case (WC) scenario. We calibrate the frequency distribution using λ and calibrate the severity distribution using M and WC.
Because WC is the most important parameter for determining capital at risk, we made sure that we had the correct interpretation for this parameter. Figure 1 shows the results of our sensitivity analysis for WC calibration.
Figure 1. Sensitivity analysis for WC calibration. The lower the probability level, the higher the VaR. Click on image to see enlarged view.
For example, suppose that the solid red line represents a probability level of 98% and the dashed red line represents 99%. If an assessor answered with a typical loss of 1 and a worst case of 30 (M=1, WC=30), then WC/M would be 30 and we would obtain a VaR equal to 300 in the first case and 100 in the second. In other words, if the model interprets WC as the 98% quantile of severity distribution rather than 99%, we obtain a VaR that is three times higher.
There are many ways to interpret WC, including a fixed (high) quantile of severity distribution, worst single loss in a fixed period, and a quantile of severity distribution with a probability level that depends on average frequency. The latter approach combines a probabilistic with a scenario analysis approach. We conducted a similar analysis for the interpretation of the typical loss, M.
Setting up Ranges in Risk Assessment Questionnaires
Because our experts must estimate some metrics, we asked them to express their answers as ranges rather than as point estimates. Our goal was to ensure consistency and efficiency while preserving the features that were specific to business units (for example, size and business activity).
The homogeneity property of linear systems. enabled us to simplify our reasoning by operating in a “normalized” world: We could calculate just once (and in advance) a “normalized VaR”—that is, one computed for a typical loss of 1. To save time, we calculated a normalized VaR as a function of only the WC/M ratio and the frequency.
Figure 2 shows the results of simulations carried out on three different severity distributions. Figure 3 shows VaR as a function of M and WC.
Figure 2. Comparison of severity distributions showing that different distributions provide different VaRs. Click on image to see enlarged view.
Figure 3. 2-D and 3-D visualizations of VaR calculations. The visualizations are used to set up ranges in risk assessment questionnaires and to more fully understand VaR sensitivity. Click on image to see enlarged view.
We found that we could scale the results by simply multiplying by the relevant typical loss, M. Once we had set normalized ranges of estimates, we could scale them using this business-unit-specific indicator. By checking and balancing the outcome variance in each class, we optimized the setting of ranges.
Estimating Capital at Risk
To aggregate the questionnaire answers to estimate the group-level VaR, we applied the basic LDA algorithm to every answer and then aggregated all the answers, taking into account the effects of diversification.
To induce a target, linear or rank correlation, we used a restricted pairing algorithm, which is similar to a Gaussian copula. The approach we implemented, a refinement of the Iman-Conover method (1982), allows for a closer match between target and resulting correlation matrix.
Putting the Model to Work
Putting all these steps together, we developed an automated tool that performs the necessary statistical computations and automatically generates reports in Excel and PowerPoint. We are now finalizing the first version of the AMA model to be used for regulatory capital purposes.
Operational risk managers are currently using the tool to manage the entire scenario analysis calculation process from setting up answer ranges to estimating the group-level VaR.
The model that we developed can be used in any application that involves collecting expert opinion and turning it into numerical estimates—for example, it can be used in the insurance industry to measure solvency risk in insurance, and in the energy industry to forecast gas consumption or conduct risk analysis connected to oil exploration and production. It is easy to incorporate insurance coverage into the model and use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate its mitigation effect. Used in this way, scenario analysis can be a useful tool for estimating the effectiveness of insurance policies and for optimizing policy limits and deductibles in a cost-benefit analysis.
Our scenario analysis model satisfies the requirements of Basel II because it estimates capital measure at the 99.9% confidence level over a one-year holding period. Implementing the model does not automatically satisfy Basel II requirements; before it can be used for official work, it is subject to thorough review by financial regulators. This is key point to remember as you design and develop a scenario analysis framework.
Statements in this article are intended as the exclusive opinions of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Intesa Sanpaolo Group. This article was completed while Andrea Colombo was with Intesa Sanpaolo.
Published 2008 - 91606v00
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23341
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Ex-Broadcom CEO wanted to give himself more jailtimeThe political leanings of Broadcom's former CEO, Henry Nicholas III, make for some post-election headscratching. Proposition 6 was one of the two state ballot measures he had underwritten and supported — to the price tag of $6 million — to increase penalties for gang and drug crimes, even satellite tracking of sex offenders. Nicholas is the same guy who is under federal indictment for felony drug use and conspiracy, building out sex dungeons for liaisons with prostitutes, and securities fraud. Good thing voters didn't pass it.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23343
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Vampire Weekend! Twlight: New Moon Sucks Big Money from Wallets Worldwide
Behold the power of the sparkly vampire. How much money do you think Robert Pattinson's dead-eyed stare brought into the people who birthed Twlight: New Moon into this world? Well, you're probably short a few million.
Try $140.7 million on for size. Let that sink into your neck and suck your will to live and/or be any other movie.
[New Moon is] the third biggest three-day debut ever, according to early estimates from Box Office. ("The Dark Knight" still retains the record for the biggest weekend debut with $158.4 million, and "Spider-Man 3" is second with $151.1 million.)
Good to know: Bats > Spiders > Sparkly Vampires.
80% of Twlight: New Moon's audience, according to the same report, were women. The other 20% breaks down like this:
10%: Pissed-Off Boyfriends
6%: Vampire Fetishists
3%: Overprotective Fathers
1%: Pissed-Off Gays
Sadly, the nu-vampire trend shows no signs of dying out any time soon. Twilight's basically trying to take over pop culture entirely, and pop culture is losing the war against Twilight. They even signed up hipster culture to be a part of this thing with indie rock bands on the soundtrack. These people are good: lure in early-adopters with crossover music that they're in the closet about enjoying (read: Death Cab for Cutie), and get them to "ironically" enjoy going to see Twilight movies until puff-paint shirts of Bella and Edward start appearing in Urban Outfitters everywhere. Genius.
So: what comes after the sparkly vampires in this weekend's box office take? $100M? $75M? $50M? Nope. But at least it involved a Vanity Fair writer.
Sandra Bullock continued her stellar year, with her true-life sports drama "The Blind Side" clearing an estimated $34.5 million for second place.
Michael Lewis! Attaboy! You took a, uh, nibble out of the sparkly vampires with the high fructose-sweetened version of what was pretty good source material. Now all we need to do is get Michael Lewis to write a screenplay about how vampires could be more profitable if they just cut the Mormon abstinence bullshit and got straight to Rated R-type bloodsucking (read: sex, gratuitous violence) while recruiting for their ranks cheaper vampires who'll suck more blood over the long run, and we've got a competitor. I've even got a great title in mind: Bloodsucking Blind Moneyballs. And it can star this guy:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23345
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Some Idiot Actually Got a Charlie Sheen Tiger Blood Tattoo
Toronto tattoo artist Andrew Ottenhof got a tattoo of Charlie Sheen wearing a tiger head. It also has the Twitter bird and a couple of hash tags. One of these days, Andrew is going to wish he could chop this off with a machete. Oh, and next time someone asks if there's anyone stupider and crazier than Charlie Sheen, point them toward Canada.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/23353
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Hate It or Love It (Street Remix) Lyrics
Embed Follow
[50 Cent]
That'll be the end of 50 Cent or Shady/Aftermath
I'm movin' forward in my career
As Dre had got creatively tied up on to The Game project
If he's confused(echo)..
[Verse 1 - The Game]
Comin' up he was confused his mama kissin' a girl
This shit happen in my household I might hurl
Daddy ain't around probably out doin' crack
And Scarface told me a snitch is just like a rat
Wanna live good so he snitched on thugs
Somebody must have told him steroids wasn't a drug
Walk around town everyday in that snitch coat
Put niggas behind bars but homie that ain't dope
Boy toss and turn in his sleep at night
Wake up in the morning watch Cops and Miami Vice
Different day same snitch ain't nothin' good in the hood
He'd run away from New York and never come back if he could
[Hook - The Game]
Hate it or love it the underdogs on top
And he gon tell and go runnin' to the cops
Go 'head snitch on me, I'm raps MVP
And I ain't goin no where so they come and get me
[Verse 2 - The Game]
On the grill of my low rider
Guns on both sides right up by the gold wires
I'll fo' five 'em
Kill Banks on my song and really do it
That's the true meaning of a ghost rider
Ten g's will take Yayo out his Air Forces
Believe in me homie I know all about losses
I'm from Compton where the wrong colours be cautious
One phone call will have his body broke in parts and
I stay strapped like car seats
Been bangin' since my 'lil nigga Rob, got killed for his Barkley's
That's ten years I told Buck in '05
I catch 50 let me tie up my Air Max '95's
Told you niggas when I met you I'mma rider
And if I got a die I'd rather homicide
I ain't have 50 Cent when my grandma died
Now I'm goin' back to Cali
Same Jacob on, see how time fly?
[Verse 3 - The Game]
From the beginning to the end, losers lose
When it's win this is real we ain't gotta pretend
The cold world that we in
It's full of pressure and pain
Enough of that faggot now listen to Game
Told Dre from the gate I'd carry the heat for ya
First mixtape song I inherited beef for ya
Gritted my teeth for ya, G-G-G-G'd for ya
Put Compton on my back when you was in need of soldiers
At my last show I threw away my NWA gold
And had the whole crowd yellin' "FUCK YAYO"
So niggas betta get up outta mine
Fo' I creep and turn violater into Colombine
And I'm raps MVP, dont make me remind y'all Yayo was NBC
That nigga ain't Gotti, he pretend
Mad at me cuz Olivia got a new boyfriend
It seems like ya 'lil rat turned out to be a mouse
Beef shit is for the birds and the birds fly south
Even 50 Cent can vouch, when the doubts was out
I gave G-Unit mouth-to-mouth
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