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What is Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is a painkiller primarily used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The FDA approved it in 2004. But it was subsequently withdrawn from the US market in 2007 due to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, Etoricoxib is now approved across 60 countries, including India, for treating arthritis, chronic back pain, and other acute pain (e.g., dental pain).
Etoricoxib is a selective cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX-2) inhibitor that reduces the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins affect our physiological processes, such as inflammation and blood flow. Thus, Etoricoxib breaks the pain pathway.
Etoricoxib is marketed as a newer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), similar to Ibuprofen to manage musculoskeletal pain.
What are the uses of Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is used for long-term treatment (taken for 3-months and more) and short-term treatment (taken for 1 to 3 weeks). It is used to manage pain in the following ways:
• In conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, Etoricoxib is prescribed to reduce pain and swelling in the joints and muscles for long-term treatment. Its clinical trials have shown a comparatively better safety profile and tolerance than Ibuprofen.
• Etoricoxib is also used for treating pain following dental surgery in the short term.
What are the side effects of Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib came under the regulators’ lens due to various clinical trials reporting a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, the evidence was not conclusive. It could not prove that Etoricoxib caused a higher risk of blood clotting or hypertension-related adverse effects when compared to other NSAIDs like Diclofenac and Ibuprofen.
Etoricoxib’s common side effects are:
• Stomach pain.
• Constipation.
• Swelling of the legs.
• Irregular heartbeat and rhythm.
• Increased blood pressure.
• Mouth ulcers.
Less commonly noted side effects can be shortness of breath, heartburn, and inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach and intestine.
About Yashoda Hospitals
1. Can you take naproxen with Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib and naproxen are selective COX-2 inhibitors that follow identical mechanisms of action. Therefore, do not take naproxen with Etoricoxib. A comparative study demonstrated that Etoricoxib resulted in better pain management and lesser side effects than naproxen. Don't take Etoricoxib or naproxen unless a registered medical practitioner prescribes it.
2. Is Etoricoxib safe in pregnancy?
Pregnant women, women planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding mothers are discouraged from taking Etoricoxib. While human studies have been inconclusive, animal studies have shown that COX-2 inhibitors like Etoricoxib show reproductive toxicity. Nursing animals were proven to secrete the drug in breast milk, which would affect prostaglandin production in infants. Therefore, consult your doctor if you are already taking Etoricoxib and planning to become pregnant.
3. How to take Etoricoxib?
Etoricoxib is available as tablets with concentrations of 30mg, 60mg, 90mg, and 120mg. Etoricoxib intramuscular injections are available in 90mg concentration. It is generally prescribed as a once-daily dose and can be taken on an empty stomach or after meals. However, it provides much quicker relief from pain and swelling when taken on an empty stomach.
4. Can Etoricoxib cause high blood pressure?
Increased blood pressure is a common side effect associated with Etoricoxib. A study conducted on Australian patients concluded that Etoricoxib should not be prescribed to patients with blood pressure levels above 140/90 mm of Hg. Compared with other NSAIDs like Diclofenac and Celecoxib, Etoricoxib was associated with a significantly higher risk of increased blood pressure.
5. Can I take Etoricoxib with Paracetamol?
Etoricoxib can be taken with paracetamol, as Etoricoxib is anti-inflammatory and paracetamol reduces fever. Together, they prevent the release of chemicals in the brain that cause pain and fever. This combination should be sold only when a registered medical practitioner prescribes it, as side effects like stomach problems and feet and hand swelling are possible.
6. Is Etoricoxib safe for kidneys?
The NSAIDs are extensively studied across various populations for their effects on renal function. The studies have shown COX-2 inhibitors are relatively safer than COX-1 inhibitors. Etoricoxib being a COX-2 inhibitor, is relatively safe for kidneys. A comparative study between naproxen, Ibuprofen (both selective COX-2 inhibitors), and Etoricoxib demonstrated that less than 2% of the 4700 study participants presented symptoms of kidney disorders.
7. Is Etoricoxib stronger than Ibuprofen?
Various European clinical studies have shown that Etoricoxib is as effective as Ibuprofen in providing relief from pain and inflammation. The side effects seen across the users were also similar across various clinical settings. Etoricoxib is generally preferred over Ibuprofen for long-term consumption due to its lesser tendency to cause stomach irritation than common painkillers like Ibuprofen. Usually, Ibuprofen is a choice of drug for injuries like bruises wherein pain is acute but requires medication for a few days to a week. Etoricoxib is a choice of drug for chronic pain like osteoarthritis wherein the prescription must be taken for weeks to months.
8. How long does it take for Etoricoxib to work?
The peak plasma concentration of Etoricoxib is seen within one hour of taking the tablet or after injection. It takes Etoricoxib at least one hour to bring in pain and swelling relief. Its half-life is 20-hours, and it is eliminated through urine. Thus, only one dose per day is recommended.
9. When is the best time to take Etoricoxib?
Since Etoricoxib is a food-neutral drug, you can take it before or after food. Studies have shown that Etoricoxib, when taken on an empty stomach has a faster pain-relieving effect. The pain-relieving effect of Etoricoxib lasts for at least a day with a single tablet. Post-marketing studies have recommended consuming the tablet during breakfast, usually supplemented with an antacid for best pain and swelling relief with minimum side effects. However, your physician might suggest a different time based on your medical condition.
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
• Yes Same as WhatsApp number
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Wednesday, May 24, 2017
Welcome Summer 17' Students
Enjoy posting and commenting! Please keep comments to your classmates posts above this one.
1. Theories of Punishment
2. Avoidance
By: Ramanpreet Kaur
Discussing Avoidance and Escape
Avoidance was discussed in the book and the slides provided for the “Psychology of learning” class. Being a part of the class, I found it interesting to write about avoidance and the topics that go alongside it. Escape and avoidance are two synonymous and linked terms that are promptly shown in our powerpoints by Professor Berg, as well as our very own “Learning and Behavior” textbook, which so greatly illustrates these two phenomenons.
One slide in the powerpoint had “Escape” as the title. Escape was discussed by the following: “Escape from rain by running indoors when it starts” is a scenario where one would benefit from escaping the situation. It would come into play since we are prone to run away from anything that has the potential to cause us harm or illness. In this case, the probability of individuals falling ill would be high because our body temperature would decrease unnaturally due to heavy rainfall. The end result would be a flu or a cold.
Falling ill is something that no one likes. We invariably are led to avoid certain things that cause illness. The same can be said to avoid heavy rainfall and downpour since our bodies are not used to getting sticky from the water, and then being forced to go home and take a long shower as a result. Furthermore, the itchiness and the uncleanliness that comes with that kind of water is annoying in itself. Hence, our motivation to take a leave from such situations (like rain).
Continuing forward our discussion of avoidance, I would like to compare how the scenario of avoidance is contrasted with the discussion of “Escape.” In the very same powerpoint, it states that avoidance would be the following: “Avoid the rain completely by getting inside before the storm starts.” I thought this was a wonderful point to make as when we don’t want to deal with a certain stimuli, we would just completely rule it out, and do anything it takes to avoid it. This is the same case and the same scenario. I found the topic of avoidance and escape to be extremely significant so much that I decided to write a post about it. It definitely makes for an interesting discussion. Hope to see some comments on this so we can learn from one another.
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The Problem Explained
Each year, the fashion industry produces and sells between 80 and 150 billion garments globally. At the same time nearly 92 million tonnes of textile waste is created. 87% of textile waste is incinerated or ends up in landfills where it takes 200-plus years to degrade. As it decomposes, it leaches toxic chemicals and dyes into the groundwater and our soil. It is also responsible for 10% of global CO2 emissions each year. The production of textiles is expected to rise by 63% by 2030.
Generate new value from Textile Waste
Every second a truck full of textile waste goes to landfill.
BioFashiontech’s mission is to give textile waste another chance at a useful life and lower the carbon footprint of the fashion industry. We process textile waste using our low energy technology and transform them into a new sustainable materials enabling the transition from a linear, petro-based economy to a circular one.
Hence we are solving two environmental problems with one solution.
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A systematic review of population health interventions and Scheduled Tribes in India
Peer Review reports
Despite India's recent economic growth, health and human development indicators of Scheduled Tribes (ST) or Adivasi (India's indigenous populations) lag behind national averages [1, 2].(See Table 1) While there has been some improvement for STs, the gaps remain wide and for some indicators have even been increasing (Table 1). These disparities persist despite the Indian government's pursuit of affirmative action since independence and their investments in Tribal development programs [3]. There has been considerable debate on reservations of government seats, public jobs, and education institutions,[4] but the role of population health interventions in improving the situation for STs has received relatively little attention.
Table 1 Selected health indicators in India for total population and STs, 1992-2006
Population health interventions include policies or programs - either within or outside of the health sector - that address the underlying causes of ill health embedded in behaviours, contexts and systems of social stratification that increase risk and vulnerability. Population health intervention research encompasses "attempts to capture the value and differential effect of these interventions, the processes by which they bring about change and the contexts within which they work best."[[5], p.I-8] We systematically searched and assessed peer-reviewed literature of population health interventions research involving STs in order to inform policy and to identify important research gaps. The aim of this review was to identify the public health interventions or components of these interventions that are effective in improving population health outcomes (reducing morbidity or mortality rates and reducing risks of ill health) among ST populations in India.
Scheduled Tribes across India
According to India's most recent census in 2001, there are 84.3 million STs, which is 8.2% of the population [6]. The distributions of ST populations varies widely across India's states and territories. (Figure 1) In Mizoram and Lakshadweep, STs represent close to 95% of the population whereas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu STs represent only 1% of the population. Among the total ST population in India, the highest proportions are found in Madhya Pradesh (14.5%), Maharashtra (10.2%), and Orissa (9.7%). There are around 700 different tribes living across India, predominantly in remote areas: forests, hills, and rough terrain in plateau areas [3]. There is great heterogeneity across different tribal groups, including a sub-category of particularly vulnerable STs known as "primitive" tribes (due to the derogatory nature of this term, these groups are being renamed by the Government of India as 'particularly vulnerable tribal groups') [3].
Figure 1
Map of State wise Tribal Population percentage in India, 2001. Source: Government of India, 2001.
The health of Scheduled Tribes
ST populations continue to carry high burdens of 'diseases of the poor', namely undernutrition and infectious diseases. High levels of chronic undernutrition have been observed among child and adult populations [7]. Micronutrient malnutrition is also a major problem among STs, including anaemia and iodine deficiency disorders [810]. Malaria persists, particularly among tribal populations living in forested areas and the prevalence has been found to be rising in some areas [11, 12]. Prevalence of tuberculosis varies across tribal populations. A number of studies have found that the prevalence and patterns of TB does not differ significantly from non ST communities, but that TB control programs for STs require special attention due to difficult terrain and limited drug supplies in many tribal areas [1316]. Geographical isolation and limited interactions with other communities has limited exposure of HIV/AIDS among ST communities and among some tribal groups prevalence rates remain low;[17] however in some areas, STs are emerging as a high-risk group for HIV/AIDS as they migrate driven by displacement or for employment opportunities [18].
STs face a number of risks of ill-health including high rates of poverty, illiteracy, harsh living environments, high rates of smoking and alcohol use, and poor access to health care [2, 3, 1923]. ST communities have also faced high levels of discrimination, displacement and alienation from their land and livelihoods [3]. In the case of previously enslaved tribal groups, there is evidence suggesting high levels of resignation among STs and limited capacity to take advantage of benefits available to them, reducing their opportunities for good health [24, 25]. While historically gender relations among STs were more egalitarian compared to other social groups, anti-female patterns of discrimination have been increasing among some tribal communities as their lives become integrated in mainstream culture and social practices, generally through the conversion to Hinduism [26, 27].
Research and Scheduled Tribes
In other contexts, indigenous populations have been harmed through inappropriate research methods and practices [2830]. ST communities are also vulnerable to this, due to their high levels of impoverishment, exposure to discrimination, diverging worldviews from other social groups, and lack of voice to express their own priorities and views. What matters is not only to pursue research to improve the health of indigenous populations, but how this knowledge is gathered. Research should be undertaken in a manner that is culturally sensitive and considers the needs, priorities, and 'ways of knowing' of ST populations. To integrate these aspects, there is a need for some level of participation of the ST community, which may include: developing the research question, input in the study design and interpretation of study findings, and developing recommendations for policy. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the considerations that researchers have taken with respect to the nature and level of the participation of the ST community in the intervention and research process as well as the ethical components that have been adopted to ensure the protection of the participants.
The search was restricted to peer-reviewed articles published in English and French languages during the period of 1990 to 2009. The search was undertaken by the first author during the month of October 2009. Since the health of STs are both a public health issue and a development issue, we searched databases in both the health and social science: PubMed, EconLit, and Social Sciences Index and Abstract. The grey literature was not included for several reasons. First, given India's size and diversity (including languages), it would be extremely difficult to systematically identify and review the literature in a timely manner. Second, as the focus of the review is on intervention research, which requires rigorous methods, the quality of much of the available grey literature would likely be inadequate. Third, in our experience, local nongovernmental organizations have among the greatest expertise in working with ST populations, but they tend not to systematically document their knowledge. Tapping into this evidence base will take innovative approaches (e.g. collaboration of NGOs, ST communities, and academics in writing projects, which was done as part of Paniya Sadas, a forum held on marginalised STs in South India) that were beyond the scope of this review.
Four inclusion criteria were to be met for articles to be included in our review. These were: (a) evaluations or intervention studies of a population health intervention, including surveillance systems, health promotion or prevention programs, and treatment programs, (b) undertaken with an ST population or in a tribal area (where the majority of the population have ST affiliations) in India, (c) with a population health outcome(s), which included morbidity or mortality, and risks of ill health and (d) involving primary data collection. Studies that addressed genetic disorders or evaluated a drug or plant for therapeutic properties were excluded. The review of articles proceeded in four steps. First, we conducted our searches using the following abstract key words: (a) Trib*, (b), India (c) health, HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, smok*. Since population health interventions can be defined using a variety of terms, we did not include a term for intervention. We searched the literature for articles that included Trib* (population) and India (setting) and one health outcome, leaving the search for intervention studies in the following step. Second, titles and abstract were screened to meet inclusion criteria, including whether the study assessed a public health intervention. Third, guided by Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), potential articles were further scrutinised for quality. Any study with a major flaw in design or methodology (the intervention failed to meet either the CASP screening questions or 2 or more of the detailed questions) was excluded. Fourth, the references of the selected articles were reviewed to identify other articles not found in our search. The first author reviewed and prepared critical appraisal summaries for the papers, then, the second author reviewed these summaries, followed by a discussion and synthesis of the findings by both authors.
Information was collected on the description of the study, including the intervention, objectives of the study, region of study, study design, methods and study population (including the specific tribal groups). We further abstracted information on ethical considerations of the study and the nature of ST participation in the research process. Finally, information on the main findings and conclusions were retained.
The initial search retrieved 397 potential articles (Figure 2). Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 377 studies were deemed ineligible as they were either not empirical studies that collected primary data or did not assess a public health intervention. This led to 20 potential studies of which the full papers were obtained and reviewed. Nine papers were further excluded due to either poor quality of studies or because there was duplication of interventions by the same authors (we retained the paper which demonstrated the strongest implications for how to build effective public health interventions for ST populations). Our additional search of references from papers retained for our review did not identify any further articles. Therefore, we had a total of 11 papers eligible for the review. Before discussing the findings, we first provide a description of the studies and the extent that ethical considerations and ST participation were integrated in the studies.
Figure 2
Search strategy diagram.
Description of studies
Table 2 presents a description of the studies, which have been published between 1995 (no publications were identified between 1990 and 1994) and 2009. Nine interventions addressed two diseases: the surveillance, prevention, and control of malaria,[3136] and the control and treatment of TB [3739]. One study examined an anaemia prevention program [40] and another presented a maternal mortality surveillance system [41]. The studies were conducted predominantly in either tribal states or states with significant proportions of tribes; only 1 study was conducted in a Southern state (Tamil Nadu), where the proportion of tribes is lower. Four studies worked with ST populations exclusively. Studies were undertaken with the Gond tribe, the Savara tribe, the Nicolese, and two studies included multiple tribal groups. The majority of studies, however, did not specify the tribal groups and only one study noted the inclusion of a minority of non-STs within their population sample.
Table 2 Description of studies included in the review
No experimental designs were identified; the majority of studies were quasi-experimental, one of the quasi-experimental studies include a qualitative component [35]. Participatory research approaches were not used and gender analysis was not incorporated into any of the studies. No study included a theoretical input to guide their study. Outcomes assessed by the studies included measures related to the uptake of the intervention (e.g. use of bed nets) and health outcomes (e.g. prevalence of malaria).
Ethics and ST participation in studies
Eight studies did not make any statement regarding ethics. One study cited that they had obtained ethical approval from a scientific research centre [31]. Informed consent was collected in three studies, [31, 35, 38] although only one study provided details on how informed consent was collected [35]. We identified no study that had specific statements regarding the participation of ST populations in the research process. In two studies, the authors described community meetings that were held prior to the implementation of the intervention to explain the purpose of the ITN program and how to use the ITNs [33, 35] In another study community meetings were held to explain the program and to request cooperation from the population [38]. Two studies integrated ST participation as part of the intervention (described below), but none of the studies stated any involvement of STs in developing the research question, providing input on the study design, assisting in interpreting the findings or developing policy recommendations.
Low-cost, rapid results, and easily administered
Several authors stressed the need to provide interventions that are relatively low-cost, demonstrate rapid results, and easily administered. In prevention efforts, three studies examining insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) found that ITNs could be easily distributed, were widely accepted and used by the community, and provided a mass protective effect against malaria [32, 33, 35] However, challenges arose when participants were required to retreat the nets at their own costs.
Regarding diagnostics, one study proposed that the rapid immune-chromatic test, which was demonstrated to be sensitive (91%) and specific (80%), was particularly effective for ST communities living in forested areas because this test is easier and faster to perform than microscopy [31]. The test does not require laboratory or technical equipment, a simple diagnostic facility can be set up and can be performed by unskilled personnel. Moreover, the test provides immediate results (as opposed to delays generally associated with medical laboratories), therefore, a physician can quickly communicate to their patients the results and begin appropriate treatment.
Of the two surveillance studies, one examined a prospective maternal mortality surveillance system that used key informants, in contrast to retrospective systems used in most low-income settings and relying upon secondary data sources. The surveillance system, which covers three districts and a total population of 228, 186, was found to produce reliable data at a relatively low cost (386 USD per month) [41]. A second surveillance system used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate dynamic maps of hot spots for malaria in tribal areas at the district and village levels, with the purpose of developing rapid response for malaria control [36]. Using the GIS approach, map-generated figures can be easily and quickly updated and information can be done through electronic formats - computer facilities are located at the district level. Furthermore, once it is set up, the system can be easily converted to monitor other diseases, such as dengue. No cost estimates of this intervention were provided.
Multi-pronged approaches
In order to increase the effectiveness of interventions suggestions were made for multi-pronged approaches. Two studies found that the widespread acceptance of long lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets (LLINs) was often not due to an understanding of the link between their use and malaria prevention but for other reasons, such as limiting the nuisance of mosquito bites [33, 35] The authors suggest that the distribution of LLINs is insufficient without adequate transfer of knowledge of malaria and how it is spread, and recommend an educational component to coincide with the introduction of LLINs programs. Another study found that girls aged 14 to 18 years who participated in a program that combined iron-supplementation with a life-skills training program (that included the importance of consuming iron for their health) found a significant improvement in their haemoglobin levels [40]. This study, however, did not separately examine the effects of the iron-supplementation and the training program. Therefore, it cannot be determined the effect, if any, of the training program on reducing haemoglobin levels of participants. One study demonstrated the improvement in nutritional status of STs with TB following the beginning of their treatment [39]. Given that malnutrition predisposes individuals to TB, addressing both malnutrition and TB will be more effective that addressing either factor in isolation.
ST participation
Integrating ST participation into public health interventions was proposed in several studies. One study trained literate ST youth volunteers in detecting cases of pulmonary TB in their communities [37]. The training occurred over a relatively short time and engaged 61 male unemployed ST youths who diagnosed TB patients as effectively as skilled para-medical workers from the same area (misdiagnosis was 2%). Another study trained village volunteers in a tribal area (although we could not determine if these volunteers had ST affiliations) to distribute chloroquine to malaria patients and to fill out a 'fever treatment sheet' upon each deliver [34]. Volunteers were selected by the villages (or heads of villages) and were generally male and either small farmers or agricultural labourers. About 10% of the volunteers were replaced due to loss of interest or poor performance, but the majority continued, enjoying the 'social recognition' of delivering the treatments. Over a period of 3 years, the volunteers treated 88,575 fever cases, and malaria mortality and morbidity was reduced significantly more in villages with the program compared to control villages. These results need to be interpreted with caution, however due to potential selection bias; the authors controlled for prevalence of malaria in the villages, but other factors that may impact outcomes of their intervention (e.g. poverty levels, literacy rates, use of bednets) were not addressed. Community-involvement in an ITN program was also found to increase the likelihood of the retreatment of the nets therefore preserving their protective effect from malaria [32].
Despite the large disparities in health between ST and non ST populations in India, we identified only a small number of articles that examined interventions to improve the health of STs. Furthermore, the studies in this review included only disease-specific interventions; we did not identify any article that assessed a comprehensive health intervention for STs. Finally, assessing public health interventions requires rigorous methods and the majority of studies were either descriptive or had a weak study design, even after rejecting those that were more seriously limited. Implementing stronger quasi-experimental designs that address major biases, such as selection bias, would have provided stronger evidence [42]. However, experimental and quasi-experimental designs may not be feasible or appropriate to assess some interventions, notably complex interventions with multiple interacting components [43]. Researchers need to consider various 'trade-offs' that may arise in the pursuit of the best choice of design, given the type of intervention, the populations, the context, and the availability of resources [43, 44]. But regardless of study design, there are steps researchers can take to ensure their approach is rigorous and the study is of good quality [45]. In our review, we found the evidence collected to be limited in its quantity, scope, and methodological rigour, and thus should be interpreted with caution. Reviews of the effectiveness of public health interventions in other contexts with indigenous populations have similarly found an 'underdeveloped' evidence base in terms of both the number of available studies and the rigour of the studies [4648].
The evidence compiled in this review revealed three issues that promote effective public health interventions with STs. First, there is a need to develop and implement interventions that are low-cost, give rapid results and can be easily administered. This addresses the challenge of delivering effective interventions to ST communities who predominantly live in remote areas, where there is limited access to health care, few laboratory facilities, inadequate surveillance, poor vital registrations, and few skilled workers to implement highly technical tasks. Innovative technologies, such as rapid diagnosis tests that do not require laboratories and GIS, offer new opportunities. But by moving one step further and connecting innovative technologies with ST culture and harnessing STs' capacity to use these technologies, could increase opportunities for STs to develop new skills and increase their control over interventions.
Second, even though the study included interventions that addressed a specific disease or a single health need, a multi-pronged approach was advanced by several authors based largely on limitations to the intervention design identified by their studies. ST populations face multiple risks of ill health and are exposed to a number of diseases. Combining two or more activities in a single intervention will likely improve health outcomes. This has been demonstrated among other indigenous groups and vulnerable populations in low-income countries [49]. Given the high levels of health need there is a need for a public health (as opposed to a medical or disease approach) to improve the health of STs and reduce the disparities in health that exist between STs and other social groups. For policy-makers considering new intervention designs, the challenge is to retain the 'quick-wins' of low-cost and easy administration, but always with an eye to adding more elements to a program to make it more comprehensive and capable of responding to health determinants residing in the contexts of STs' cultural, geographic and economic environments.
Third, the involvement of ST populations in the intervention was advocated to help address the isolation of many ST communities, the cultural specificities of STs, the limited resources available and to promote community control. Involving ST populations may improve current programs that have demonstrated poor performance. For example, an increase in the prevalence of TB between 1986 and 2002 was observed in Car Nicobar (the administrative headquarters for the Nicobar district in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands), despite the implementation of a national TB program [38]. The authors argue that this increase may be attributed to the lack of a district level TB control program which contributed to insufficient TB control in the area. A district level program as part of the national one could allow for ST participation in its design, improving its community acceptance by, and cultural appropriateness for, the local population. The participation of indigenous populations in public health interventions has been found to be an effective strategy in other contexts [47].
Future Research
The paucity of good quality evidence on population health interventions for ST populations suggests ways in which the present level of knowledge can be improved. Given the marginalisation and cultural oppression of many ST populations, however, there is also a need to undertake research that is culturally and ethically appropriate. We propose two avenues to pursue this goal. First, the highest ethical standards should be followed. This includes ensuring that individuals and communities are truly informed and consent to the research being undertaken. One approach that has been used with ST populations is the development of an ethical code of research conduct, and collecting community consent prior to individual consent [50]. The development of ethical guidelines undertaking research with ST populations could help to promote national standards. The development of ethical guidelines and tools at the local level could further help to address the needs of specific tribal communities and can be developed in partnership with these communities. Second, indigenous researchers have advocated for a need for new approaches to research that integrate indigenous views and perspectives and promote self-determination, mobilisation and transformation of these communities [28]. One way to pursue these goals is through participatory research, which is rooted in the philosophy that those who are most affected by health and development issues should be active participants in the research process and subsequent policy action [5053]. Participatory research combines local knowledge, expertise and experiences with scientific methods and theories, and can be used with a range of study designs and methods including randomized controlled trials [52]. The benefits of participatory approaches for intervention research can extend beyond the research project by increasing the capacity of communities to address their own health needs and redress imbalances in power within the community, which may ultimately contribute to reducing social disparities in health [53]. Researchers can also pursue innovative approaches that include developing partnerships with NGOs who have established programs with ST populations in order to document their existent (but largely undocumented) knowledge and other collaborations (e.g. evaluating ST programs implemented by NGOs). Another approach is to develop solid theoretical foundations for public health interventions and health outcomes for STs, which will help to refine hypothesis generating and improve the accuracy of the interpretation of findings [54, 55]. These theoretical frameworks can be developed specifically for ST populations, integrating indigenous 'ways of knowing'. Finally, given the need for the implementation of 'low cost interventions', cost effectiveness studies can provide valuable information for decision-making in selecting the most appropriate intervention strategies.
While there is a growing body of knowledge on the health needs of STs, there is a paucity of data on how we can address these needs. This suggests that future research priority be given to quality public health intervention studies that assess a broad range of interventions and outcomes. Key programs to evaluate include: (1) interventions specific for ST populations, both disease-specific interventions and comprehensive tribal health programs, such as the Tribal Health Initiative in South India,[56] (2) tribal development programs that fall outside of the health sector, but address key determinants of health,[57] and (3) population level interventions to identify how these interventions may better address the needs of STs. In the latter case, these interventions should include not only local or national level programs, but also those that address global factors that may impact ST communities, such as climate change, financialization of economic markets and global trade [58, 59]. Research should account for heterogeneity that exists across tribal groups (e.g. comparative analyses) and within tribal groups (e.g. gender analysis). Finally, due to the great diversity across India, studies should be undertaken in different contexts (e.g. urban, rural, forested land, etc) across states and territories.
Policy implications
As India's economy continues to grow and the health of the population improves, there is a need for greater attention and resources to be allotted to those populations who have not benefitted from the country's economic growth and who continue to face high levels of health needs. Despite pursuing affirmative action for more than fifty years, there are persistent gaps in health and well-being between STs and non STs. This suggests the need to devise and implement new policies. Given the large gaps in knowledge on how to improve the health of STs, resources should be targeted to developing a critical mass of researchers in this domain, including training of researchers with ST affiliations.
The findings of this review identified three effective strategies for improving health outcomes among ST populations in India: low-cost, rapid results, and easily administered programs, multi-pronged approaches, and including ST participation in the intervention. The evidence base, however, is insufficient. There is a need for a better understanding of how to improve their health by pursuing public health intervention research appropriate for ST populations.
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We are grateful to KR Nayar and Nikki Clelland, whose comments helped to strengthen this paper. KM is supported by a Canadian Institutes for Health Research global health postdoctoral fellowship [grant number: 174429]. RL holds a Canada Research Chair in Globalization/Health Equity.
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Correspondence to KS Mohindra.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KM conceived the study, undertook the review, and wrote the manuscript. RL guided the study and contributed to the interpretation of the findings and drafting of the manuscript. Both authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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Mohindra, K., Labonté, R. A systematic review of population health interventions and Scheduled Tribes in India. BMC Public Health 10, 438 (2010).
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• Malaria
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Central Australia
The Central Australia region is the geographical centre of Australia.
Desert land covers 600,000 square kilometres and 40% of the NT.
The Central Australia region contributes an estimated 18% ($2.9 billion) to the NT gross state product.
Alice Springs, the second largest town in the NT, with a population of roughly 28,000, services a total regional population of 41,000.
Alice Springs is the major economic, business and service hub for the region, and also services parts of South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland.
The economy is sustained by mining, tourism and primary industries and is underpinned by government funding for regional service delivery and defence.
A large percentage of the Central Australia region’s population live in outlying communities including the Yulara township, which provides accommodation and services for the tourism industry at Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park.
Yulara's population of just over 1,000 people is increased by visitor numbers to around 300,000 each year.
Other major remote centres in the Central Australia region include Ntaria, Yuendumu and Papunya, with the rest of the population widely spread across the region in smaller communities, outstations, pastoral properties and mining operations.
These residents depend on Alice Springs for supplies and essential services.
Last updated: 24 September 2021
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Towards Industry 4.0: Big Data and Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)
What to do with a cancelled lecture session? Publish a blog about it, of course. This excerpt is about Big Data and the Industrial Internet of Things.
What is Big Data?
Big data can be described as all forms of structured and unstructured information that are generated by people, systems and processes in a given environment. Data is generally termed BIG on the basis of its volume, variety and velocity. In an industrial context, Big Data refers to all sorts of data that are generated from the design stage of a product; through to the products’ useful life and to its end-of-life. Engineering big data is usually obtained from an interconnection of cyber-physical devices such as machines or sensors, networks such as the cloud, analytical applications and user-interfaces that facilitate real-time condition monitoring. Such interconnection is what we now refer to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0).
Why are we interested in Big Data and IIoT ?
A synergy of Big Data and IoT holds vast potentials for high levels of adaptability and quick turn-arounds in production and manufacturing systems – otherwise known as smart manufacturing. It creates value by increasing system efficiency and reducing operational costs since such systems could be effectively monitored remotely – through forward and backward control feeds. This facilitates additional business intelligence and tends to reduce human errors, particularly in high-precision or risk-averse industries such as aerospace, health care and the energy sectors. However, the ability to automatically analyse huge amounts of data in real-time and make predictions that would trigger corrective action; almost immediately, still presents a unique challenge.
How can Industry harness Big Data and IIoT?
There are several ways of enhancing operations through the use of data-driven technology such as IoT. Two key areas out of several others were selected and summarised here.
Safety and Occupational Health: Safety is a top priority in most industrial environment. A good percentage of falls and trips in production environment could be attributed to a combination of factors ranging from clogged gangways, carelessly kept tools, lack of illumination and tiredness among others. Gangways and shop floors may benefit from embedded instruments that track or flag slipperiness, obstructions and keep a log of previous near-falls. An innovative consideration might be creation of digitally enabled gangways or smart mats; but, these have to be designed for purpose depending on the ergonomic demands of a task. A wearable IoT device could provide a solution, particularly in situations where workers are more vulnerable to the risks of accidents, fatigue and deadly contagious illnesses.
As several factories and logistic organisations recently shut down operations due to the sudden outbreak of infection, Big Data from IoT devices could help to keep workers safer; in the event of need for continued operations for the sake of essential products. This may impact the manufacturing and distribution of essential consumables that are in high demand. For instance, an integrated wearable, embedded with micro-electronic microphone, lumbar motion monitors and temperature instruments could be designed to flag down bio-data with signs of unusual cough patterns, musculoskeletal injuries and unusual high body temperatures. Potential occupational health hazards might be minimized by the use of such digitalised technology as data could be streamed to specialist cloud stations where they could be further analysed for proper medical intervention, if needed.
Condition Monitoring, Reliability and Risk: Rotating machineries, including mills, pumps and compressors account for almost 40% of repair and maintenance activities in industrial environments. Unprecedented downtimes due to system failures are undesirable because they cost time and money; therefore, it makes sense to have an idea about when a process or system might fail for corrective plans to be initiated in good time. In a recent project, we looked at a milling operation where a huge amount of data was being generated by a milling machine. The data contained useful information that could potentially tell us about the quality of the milling process – in real time and quickly trigger corrective adjustments, if required. This was a good step in the direction of digitalising engineering operations as it indicated that it is possible to change a product’s desired shape or quality; with less disruption to the overall process and at less cost. However, understanding and utilizing such data for process digitalisation is not very simple. Using techniques from engineering data analytics and machine learning, we were able to accurately identify patterns in the data for decision making. In the project, milling data consisting of information such as; the vibration of the mill, the sound produced by the mill, the current, speed, depth and wear of the mill insert were analysed and trained using machine learning; for predicting the status of the milling process. Pattern recognition is a crucial step for process digitalisation. In this case, it enabled us to understand what was going on in the system and future predictions about the state; whether nominal or failed, of the milling process and the part. Thus, when new data is presented to our model, it can automatically tell us if the milling is going to fail or be successful. A cross-validation of the results showed that the approach provided a good interpretation and prediction of the milling process.
In summary, Big Data and IIoT could mean different things from industry to industry and from sector to sector – depending on the nature of available data and the parameters of interest. However, the key element of Industry 4.0 is the ability of systems to automatically make meaning out of the data it receives from various processes in real-time, and swiftly make data–driven decisions. Industrial assets could be effectively monitored, controlled and digitalised with a proper network of interconnected equipment, people and processes. There is good evidence that it enhances human safety, reduces cost and saves time.
This article was written by Ikenna A. Okaro (PhD), a Mechanical Engineer whose current research focuses on the use of data-driven techniques to digitalize process control, risk management and the reliability of emerging technologies.
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condicio etymology
Latin word condicio comes from Latin dico, Latin con-
Detailed word origin of condicio
Dictionary entryLanguageDefinition
con- Latin (lat) Used in compounds to indicate a being or bringing together of several objects. Used in compounds to indicate the completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signification of the simple word.
condico Latin (lat) (legal) I give notice that something should be returned, demand back.. I proclaim, announce, publish.. I talk something over together, agree to/upon, concert, promise; fix, appoint.
condicio Latin (lat) (metonymy) A paramour, lover.. (metonymy) A spouse, bride.. A condition, term, demand.. A love affair, amour.. A marriage, match.. A nature, mode, character, disposition, manner, condition.. An agreement, contract, covenant, stipulation, pact, proposition.. An external position, situation, rank, place, circumstances, condition.
Words with the same origin as condicio
Descendants of dico
dictator dictus dixit edicto
Descendants of con-
comes comitia commune communis competere coniunx constat constitutum consuetudo consul contentus continuo coram curia
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Nutrition For Goals
Hey everyone! In my last nutrition article, I covered the fundamentals of nutrition. Having this basic knowledge is a crucial part of any fitness journey, as nutrition is the most important thing for any goal! In this article, I will be talking all about nutrition for goals. This will help you take the fundamentals of nutrition and apply them in ways that are specific to your goal. The 4 main different types of goals and their basic principles are outlined below:
Fat Loss – Must be in a caloric deficit (consuming fewer calories than your body burns), emphasis on protein intake, as well as weight training (weight training will be covered in another article)
Bodyweight Maintenance – Maintenance Calories (equal amount of calories consumed to calories burned), average levels of macronutrients relative to your lifestyle
Fat Loss & Muscle Gain – Must be in a caloric deficit, have an emphasis on protein intake and a large focus on weight training
Muscle Gain – Caloric surplus (size of surplus depends on goal), good amount of protein, emphasis on weight training
Fat Loss:
Fat loss is when you’re trying to lose body fat but maintain as much muscle as possible, don’t get this confused with weight loss. Weight loss refers to an overall drop in body weight, this includes fat and lean body mass (lean body mass being muscle as well as other things such as water). We want to avoid losing muscle because… why would anyone want to lose muscle right! So how do we accomplish this goal? There are 3 main pillars to fat loss, these include:
1. Caloric Deficit
2. Focus on Protein Consumption
3. Amounts of Fats & Carbs
Caloric Deficit:
In order to lose weight, it is required to be in a caloric deficit, you need to be consuming fewer calories than your body burns. Simply put, this will force your body to find alternate energy sources to burn, with the primary source of this energy typically coming from fat.
It is important to know that there are 4 areas in which your body burns/uses calories. The order of which mechanism typically burns the most calories descends from the top:
1. The first is your BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), this refers to the calories your body burns just to keep itself running.
2. The second is NEAT (Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis), these are calories your body burns throughout your daily activities.
3. The fourth is called TEF (Thermal Effect of Food), this refers to the calories your body burns to digest and use the food you eat.
4. The third is EA (Exercise Activity), these are calories you burn by “planned” exercise such as weight training
If you are trying to burn more calories without taking them out of your diet, consider trying to move more by going on walks, as an example. This would fit into either NEAT or EA. Where this fits into isn’t really a big deal, however.
We know that we need to be in a caloric deficit, and how we actually use and therefore burn the calories we consume. Now the question is, how do we achieve this caloric deficit? There are 2 main ways in which a caloric deficit can be achieved, either through your nutrition (reducing calories consumed) or exercise (increasing exercise).
If your caloric deficit reaches a point where going lower isn’t optimal and or sustainable, consider increasing your exercise to ensure your nutrition is still manageable.
All in all, you need to tip the “calorie balance scale” towards the caloric deficit side, this will allow for weight loss. The keyword is weight, that could mean muscle as well, which is what we are trying to limit. Protein consumption is a major part in retaining this muscle, that is what will be explained next.
If you are wondering how to calculate your caloric deficit, I have linked a video done by the reputable Jordan Syatt. Click here to check it out!
Protein Consumption:
Protein consumption is huge for retaining muscle in a caloric deficit, it has a direct impact on muscle repair through a process called muscle protein synthesis. The biggest thing with weight loss is the caloric deficit, however, when it comes to nutrition, you need both a caloric deficit and adequate protein intake to focus the weight loss towards fat loss.
As your muscle fibres break down, they require the amino acids in protein to repair them. Adequate protein intake will ensure your muscles will have enough of these amino acids to complete this function. This is especially important while in a caloric deficit as your body is already running on a lower energy intake. Because of this, you don’t want your body to be taking amino acids and using them for other things such as energy. Taking in adequate protein will ensure your muscles have enough protein to help maintain muscle mass.
As far as how much protein you should be taking in goes, it is quite simple. Stick to 1 gram per pound of bodyweight. If you want to go a bit higher while staying in a caloric deficit, it won’t hurt and can have some benefits as far as creating a caloric deficit goes. This is within a reasonable amount, of course. I wouldn’t suggest going around consuming 4 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight.
If you have a relatively high amount of body fat, you may want to go with the following approach: 1.8 to 2.4 grams of protein per kilogram of lean body mass. Lean body mass is your total bodyweight minus your fat weight. The reason for this equation in this circumstance is because protein is far more metabolically active and protein demanding than fat. So if you have a fair amount of fat, basing protein intake of lean body mass makes much more sense.
You can eat higher protein if you would like. Once again, I wouldn’t suggest anything too crazy though, as there isn’t really a need for it.
Consumption of Fats & Carbs:
The main thing with any caloric deficit is to make sure total daily calories and protein are accounted for. This will ensure you are eating the proper amount of calories to induce weight loss, and taking in enough protein to retain as much muscle as possible, thus influencing fat loss. However, we are missing 2 of the 3 macronutrients, fats and carbs.
When total daily calories and protein are accounted for, fats and carbohydrates can be moved around as you prefer, it isn’t shown to have an effect on fat loss. This is more so to focus on sustainability, and what makes you feel/perform the best. One guideline, however, is to make sure fat is above 15% of your total daily calories. Going lower than this can be less optimal in regards to things like hormones.
Layne Norton does a great job of explaining fat loss in detail within a series on his Youtube channel, I actually gained some of my knowledge for this article from his series. You can check that out here.
Body Recomposition:
This is most often a goal for those who have excess amounts of fat and relatively low amounts of muscle, and are looking to lose fat and gain muscle. That is what body recomposition is, losing fat and gaining muscle. This will be easier to accomplish with a higher fat to muscle ratio and or not a lot of weight training experience. There really isn’t much of a difference between the steps taken for the goal of fat loss and body recomposition, it is more about your starting point.
So… that basically covers that! Haha!
Muscle Gain:
If you are a relatively lean person or skinny in general and are not looking to lose more body fat but to put on muscle, a muscle gain approach is likely what you are looking for! The goal with this is to put on as much muscle as possible while limiting the amount of fat you gain. This is also great for those who are “skinny fat”, as they can get bigger by putting on muscle and limiting fat gain which in turn will help them to get leaner/reduce body fat percentage in the process. When they achieve a bodyweight that they are happy with, they can then decide if they would like to get leaner or not. Putting on muscle while limiting the addition of body fat can be achieved easier as a whole if you are new to weight training and or do not have a whole lot of muscle to begin with. If you have some years of training under your belt and already have a considerable amount of muscle, this can be harder to do. However, it can still be done!
There are 3 main things to consider when it comes to the goal of muscle gain alone, these are:
1. Caloric Surplus
2. Sufficient Protein Intake
3. Consumption of Fats & Carbs
Caloric Surplus:
As we know, a caloric surplus is not required for muscle gain, however, when you aren’t looking for fat loss, a caloric surplus makes sense. Especially if you are someone who has trouble putting on muscle.
There are 2 ways to achieve this, one of which includes a relatively small caloric surplus, another with a larger surplus. The smaller surplus will yield slower muscle gain, however, it will allow you to put on mostly muscle instead of fat. A larger caloric surplus will allow for quicker muscle gain, however, with that will come more fat. Both of these are being talked about assuming protein intake is sufficient.
If you are relatively lean, want to limit fat gain and are okay with slower progress, consider implementing a smaller surplus. If you already have a fair amount of body fat and want to limit anymore, yet you still want to gain muscle, also consider a smaller surplus.
If you are relatively lean, want to gain muscle at a quicker pace and do not mind putting on some body fat, consider implementing a larger surplus. If you have a fair amount of fat, are looking to gain muscle and don’t care about the amount of fat you have; (not advisable, however, sometimes this is the situation if you need to bulk up quickly for specific circumstances such as a position in football), then also consider a larger surplus.
Sufficient Protein Intake:
Lot’s of people hear muscle gain and think protein, protein, protein! Well, don’t get too carried away as you actually require less protein to gain muscle while in a caloric surplus than if you are in a caloric deficit. This makes sense as your body should be supplied with ample amounts of carbohydrates and fats for fuel and other functions. Thus, the majority of protein is likely going to be used for its main function of building muscle.
How much protein should you be taking in to gain muscle while in a caloric surplus? A good guideline would be around 0.8-1.0 gram/pound of body weight. You can go lower to 0.6-0.8 grams/pound of bodyweight, however, if you weight train fairly often, done consistently and are relatively active, I wouldn’t suggest this when trying to gain muscle.
Consumption of Fats & Carbs:
Similar to being in a caloric deficit, the consumption of fats and carbs isn’t a huge deal so long as you are hitting your calorie and protein goals. As I said before, you should be eating what is easiest for you to sustain and what allows you to perform your best. Some people may like higher carbs because they feel more energized from it for performance. Others may not notice too much of a difference between higher carbs or higher fat. However, they may find it difficult to take in enough calories, thus they may opt for the more calorically dense macro, which is fat.
Bodyweight Maintenance:
This may be for those who are already at their desired goal and are simply looking to maintain a healthy lifestyle. There isn’t too much to think about here, you want to be eating at maintenance calories (equal calories consumed to calories burned). You want to be at a balance of protein (consuming enough protein to maintain muscle mass) and you want to be eating carbs and fats in amounts that fit into your total daily calories in a healthy ratio that you prefer.
Your maintenance calories will depend on your activity level and other things relative to you. It is very simple, however, you need to be eating the same amount of calories that you burn to be at maintenance calories. As far as protein goes, 0.35 grams/pound of body weight or 0.8 grams/kilogram of body weight is roughly where you want to be for good overall health. You may want to consider increasing these protein numbers a bit if you are quite active. More specifically with weight training. Other signs to increase protein intake include but are not limited to, noticing your recovery slowing (assuming other factors such as sleep and nutrition are in check) and or noticing yourself losing muscle mass.
Wrapping Up:
I hope the information within this article has been able to benefit you! As always, if you have any questions or comments please do not hesitate to leave them below and I will be sure to reply!
I would like to clarify that these are my recommendations and suggestions, they are not guaranteed to work specifically for you. They are solid suggestions, however, in the end, you need to be monitoring yourself and making changes accordingly. I would also like to note, if you have any conditions or believe you shouldn’t be following these suggestions for circumstances you may have, consult with a doctor.
Until Next Time,
Kohl Johnson
Support is much appreciated if you benefited from this:
Kohl Johnson
6 Responses
1. These are all great suggestions. And as you say, everybody’s body is different and reacts differently to the same regimen. The biggest thing I have a hard time with is getting in enough protein. I guess I should really consider starting with protein shakes to help supplement. What is the main reason for the importance of protein?
• I’m glad you found the article helpful! Yes, different people will respond to routines differently, there are lot’s of variables such as training experience, fat to muscle ratio, etc. Protein intake can be tough, especially because it is quite satiating. Protein is mainly responsible for muscle repair and growth because of it’s amino acids. I would suggest getting your nutrition down pat before starting with protein shakes. If you are still having a tough time with getting in enough quality protein, then a good protein power isn’t a bad idea to help hit your protein targets as it is quite convenient.
2. Thanks for the great instructions. I am looking forward to loosing a little bit of stomach fat.
There is quite a lot to focus on when wanting only to lose fat but no muscles. I’ll have to go over this article again and again to remember all tips and recommendations.
I guess it will not be too easy for me due to sitting in my chair all day, working and not willing to do exercise. Is there still a chance to reduce my tummy fat within a reasonable time, just some 3-4 kilos?
• Hi Stefan, glad you found the article helpful! Please note that you can’t spot reduce fat, in other words you cannot reduce fat in a specific area of your body. With a caloric deficit you will lose body fat as a whole, some spots may stay for longer. If that happens to be your stomach for you, just stay the course and be patient, it will eventually lean out. The sitting in a chair all day will make it somewhat harder, however the caloric deficit is what matters the most. Exercise will help in general, however if you want to retain your muscle weight training plays a big part in that. Be ready for my next article on training for different goals. With consistency and patience you can lose the 3-4 kilograms if you do it properly, however I really do suggest exercise to help with things overall, more specifically weight training to retain muscle.
3. I’m just starting to get myself on a healthier lifestyle and thinking about training so this article has been great with all your explanations of the different terms in relation to nutrition and achieving my goals. For me, I’d like to do some muscle gain, and a smaller Caloric Surplus would be the way I want to go – take things nice and slow!
• Hi Fiona, good to hear your working on a healthy lifestyle, that is awesome! I’m glad my article could help, it sounds like you have a good plan for yourself! You can check out my Fundamentals of Nutrition article if you would like for some more information to help you get started.
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What is Dementia? A guide on what the person with dementia is going through and how to support
As dementia is such a broad range of topic, we will cover this in a 2 part article. In this article, we will talk about what exactly Dementia is, what the affected person is going through and how we can best support them.
What is dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term to describe issues with memory, speech, critical thinking skills that can interfere with daily living caused by abnormal brain changes.
As it is a progressive disease, the affected person starts to experience personality/behavior changes, difficulty in remembering things, communication issues and the ability to take care of themselves.
Although Alzheimer’s and dementia are commonly used interchangeably, Alzheimer’s is actually a common form of dementia that falls under the category of dementia.
What is the person going through with dementia?
An affected person knows that something is off and as more incidents of forgetfulness and uncertainty of the future causes them to feel anxious. “Where am I?”, “Am I causing stress to my family?”, “What is waiting for me in the future” are all common internal dialogue that a person with dementia is constantly asking themselves.
As things that a person used to enjoy becomes harder due to cognitive decline, they often fall into a depressive state. Depression takes motivation away which in turn causes a vicious cycle that makes the person inactive, become socially isolated and unable to enjoy their hobbies like before.
Confusion often leads the person in an iriitated state that can cause them to lash out by yelling, cussing and getting aggressive. Even a person who have never been physically aggressive can develop this behavior.
Tips on supporting a person with dementia
Compassion and empathy – Compassion and empathy goes a long way, especially for caregivers and family who takes care of a person with dementia. Try to put yourself in their shoes and imagine if you became confused about your whereabouts, what time it is and even doubting who you are. How would you like to be treated? Responding with affection, reassurance and support will give the person comfort and your relationship with them will be much easier.
Speak clearly and break down questions as simple as possible. Try to speak slowly using simple words and sentences with positive attitude. If they have a hard time hearing, instead of raising your voice, lower the pitch of your voice. If they are not able to comprehend your question, rephrase your question using other simple words. Be patient in waiting for a reply. A person with dementia often have a hard time formulating words to respond so try to listen with your complete presence. If they are struggling for a response, you can make suggestions and offer visual cues such as drawing on a piece of paper to guide them.
Dementia care may be challenging but with the right attitude and educating yourself about dementia can drastically improve the care you provide.
At Holly Services, we have been helping clients with dementia in Southern California since 2004. Our experienced caregivers provide personalized support that can keep seniors with dementia safe and sound in the comfort of their own home. Feel free to contact us with any questions about our specialized dementia care today.
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7 Common Challenges In Plants
Sometimes, killing a plant accidentally is inevitable. It’s true, we’re just being honest. Most plant owners have been in that situation. Especially if you’re new in gardening, it’s almost impossible for you to avoid it. So if ever you’ve had your own murder (of a plant of course!) and feel ashamed, don’t hesitate to try again.
With practice and correct instruction on how to take care of a plant, you shall avoid being in the same crime. Here are the 7 common challenges in plants you might face. Read on and see how you can deal with it.
This is one of the most common challenges that a gardener and a plant can have. Over-watering and Under-watering your plants can cause its slow death. Caring for our plant is shown through correct watering.
Over-watering can drown your plants while Under-watering them will leave their roots dry and thirsty. You’ll see signs if your plants are over or under watered.
Over-watering: The soil does not dry. The roots and leaves turn yellow.
Under-watering: Drooping stem and leaves.
This depends on the type of plant you are cultivating. Some plants need more water while others don’t need much. To know if you have given it enough water, use your fingers to check the soil of the plant.
Feel the moisture level of the soil to properly assess the wetness level of your plant.
This is the same with over-watering. You should follow the water direction for different plants. Slowly water your plant until you see the soil is evenly wet. Again, use your fingers to check the moisture level of your plant’s soil.
Light is important but too much or little of it can harm your beloved plants. Light from the window is not enough to cater to your plant’s need for light. Light exposure does not always mean direct exposure to it. Sometimes, it is the feeling of warmth your plants get.
Little light: The color of the leaves turns green and soon begin to droop.
Too much light: The leaves burn and there are brown spots. The color of the leaves starts to turn yellow.
Little light: Move to a brighter spot where your plant can have more light and warm.
Too much light: Move your plant away from direct sunlight, such as the window pane.
The light that is needed will depend on your plant. So you better take note of that.
This works in a similar manner with watering. You need to know the amount of sunlight needed by your chosen plant. You can experiment on this, just make sure that you always check your plants so they don’t die.
You can also relate these problems with the first 2 problems that were mentioned above. Over or under fertilizing your plants can cause their slow death. You probably know that fertilizers are plants’ source of nutrition. It’s their food supplement. Plant’s do eat too if you’re not aware of that.
Excess nutrients can harm your plant’s roots. Think of it as a child getting obese because of too much food. While under-fertilizing your plant can happen if you were not able to feed your plant for 6 months. It’s like malnourished kiddo.
Over-fertilized: The leaves are burnt because of the fertilizer.
Under-fertilized: The growth of your plants is slow and does not show new shoots and flowers.
Over-fertilized: Decrease the fertilizer’s concentration and lessen the frequency of doses.
Under-fertilized: Give your plant low doses of fertilizer.
Your plants grow and eventually, they can run out of space to spread to. Usually, this happens once yearly. For other plants, it can occur once every two years. You shall see roots popping out of the soil as a clear sign for this problem.
No plant growth and roots pop out of the soil.
Re-pot! Check out guides on how to re-pot your plant if you don’t know how to.
Moving your plants from places to places too much can cause problems. They like to have a rooted style of life. So moving them around too much only adds stress to them.
So before permanently planting them in your garden, it is best much as possible, find a spot that will be theirs for the rest of their plant life.
Yellowing leaves with slow growth.
Avoid moving them too much.
This is very common, not just with plants but also with humans. Diseases are problems that can occur from time to time. It’s just a matter of how you face it properly and immediately to stop it. Constantly checking for your plant’s health is significant for their healthy growth. Recognizing problems early can reduce the chances of diseases spreading on your plant.
Irregular growth of a plant (noticeable pests and insects are seen)
You can call for professional help if you don’t know what to do. You can check out for some DIY steps to tend to your plants’ health here.
Grooming is needed by plants as well as people do. A loose stem, dropping leaves, and fall flowers are just normal things with plants. However, you have to keep them tidy to avoid pests and insects from pestering them.
Stunted growth of plants
Remove dead leaves, branches, and flowers. Clean up so they won’t pile up.
Properly label your plants so you will know the right amount of sunlight, water, and fertilizer to use on them. Buy organic plant markers, today.
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I am writing a non-magical fantasy story set in a low-tech world that is primarily composed of city-states with limited regional authority. I am trying to work out what kinds of seemingly realistic accommodations could/would be in place for disabled people. Culturally, I am trying to craft a world whose prejudices are very distinct from Earthly ones: no sexuality, gender-related, disability-related, or “race”-related discrimination exists. I am not trying to be “realistic” in terms of portraying the accommodations that the real past or the real present offers; I am trying to be realistic in a very optimistic, yet low-tech way, when it comes to accommodations. Do you have any advice for me?
– Kiera
Hi Kiera,
A lot of the time when people think about accessibility, they think about adaptive equipment such as wheelchairs and prosthetics. While adaptive equipment matters, it is important to keep in mind that the structure of the society plays a big role in shaping people’s accessibility needs. For example, cities with lots of stairs, but few ramps or elevators, create a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs. In contrast, there isn’t a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs in a city where all of the buildings have ramps and elevators. This is why it is helpful to start with broader aspects of social structure, such as architecture and social norms, when designing an accessible society.
I recommend researching accessible architecture. Many aspects of accessible architecture can be achieved at lower technology levels, like using ramps instead of stairs and using curves instead of sharp corners. On the smaller scale, things like using round tables and diverse seating options are also very achievable. Keep in mind that different people have different accessibility needs, so it helps to avoid uniformity and instead provide multiple options.
It’s also worth thinking about how ancient technology could be used by a society that cared more about accessibility. For example, while electric elevators are a relatively recent invention, humans have been using crane technology since ancient times. A society that wanted to could adapt this crane technology into something like an elevator.
The social structure of the society also has a big impact on accessibility. It is important to avoid situations where there is only one way to participate in something. Instead, create social situations where either the behavior of the group adjusts to meet individual needs or where there is a range of ways for people to participate. For example, having quiet spaces at large community celebrations provides space for those people who are overwhelmed by crowds. Another important behavior is open communication where people set expectations and ask about accessibility needs while events are being planned.
When it comes to adaptive equipment, devices like wheelchairs and prosthetics have been around in some form for a long time. A little research into this history should provide a reasonable starting point for deciding what form these items will take in your setting. Keep in mind that a society that cares more about accessibility will put more effort into developing adaptive equipment, so it makes sense to err on the side of optimism and make sure that the accessibility needs of the characters are being met.
Best wishes,
Fay from Writing Alchemy
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The World 9/11 Made
In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: not the globalization of terrorism but the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age.
This week marks the 20th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. On that day, 19 terrorists took control of four civilian aircraft, flew two into the towers of New York’s World Trade Center, struck the Pentagon with a third, and crashed the fourth in a Pennsylvania field after passengers physically prevented the terrorists from reaching their target, often thought to be the White House or another US government building in Washington, DC.
All the hijackers were from the Middle East, 15 from Saudi Arabia alone. All were trained in Afghanistan, and four at US flight schools, as part of an operation planned, organized, and carried out by al-Qaeda (the “base”), the terrorist group headed by Osama bin Laden. By the day’s end, 2,977 innocent men, women, and children had been killed, and more than 6,000 injured. Most were American, although citizens of more than a hundred other countries also lost their lives as well.
Many at the time feared that 9/11 had ushered in an era defined by global terrorism. And, to be sure, other al-Qaeda attacks followed, including the train bombings in Madrid in March 2004 and the attack on London’s transit system in July 2005. Moreover, terrorists claiming allegiance to the Islamic State (ISIS) killed 32 people at Brussels Airport in March 2016, and staged a series of smaller attacks (often using vehicles to mow down pedestrians). But neither the US nor any of its allies has experienced another attack on the scale of 9/11 – or one even close to it. It is therefore necessary to ask: Beyond the immediate costs, what difference did 9/11 make? How did history change, if at all, as a result?
There are many explanations for why terrorists have not succeeded in executing additional major attacks. With the US invasion of Afghanistan, al-Qaeda lost its sanctuary. Almost every government around the world has introduced new screening procedures that make it more difficult for would-be terrorists to gain access to airports and airplanes. Countries have dramatically increased their intelligence, police, and military capabilities devoted to minimizing risks and countering threats. Countries have also increased their cooperation with one another; counterterrorism is a rare domain where governments that often disagree are willing and able to work together to a considerable degree.
There is also now broad agreement on what constitutes terrorism – the use of armed force by individuals and groups against civilians for political purposes – and a degree of support for the principle that governments should not distinguish between terrorists and those who give them sanctuary and support. Mostly gone are the days when individuals and groups who killed on behalf of their cause were romanticized as freedom fighters.
This is not to say that terrorism has not continued to claim tens of thousands of lives each and every year, which it most surely has. But almost all the attacks have taken place in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia as part of ongoing conflicts (mostly in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Yemen) as opposed to an isolated 9/11-style attack against one of the major powers. Terrorism is increasingly localized and decentralized. It is also resilient: capturing or killing the head of a terrorist organization does not necessarily spell its end. Al-Qaeda, for example, survived the killing of bin Laden by US special operations forces in Pakistan nearly a decade after the 9/11 attack.
It thus comes as no surprise that terrorism continues, with no end in sight. Nor can the possibility of a new 9/11 be ruled out, even though the US government has recently stated that the “most urgent terrorism threat” the country faces is domestic. As the Provisional Irish Republican Army put it after its failed effort to assassinate British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984, “Today we were unlucky, but remember we only have to be lucky once. You will have to be lucky always.” The danger is that the day will come when terrorists gain access to nuclear material or figure out how to manufacture and deliver a biological or chemical weapon, in which case terrorism could come to define the age. For now, though, it has not.
Nonetheless, 9/11 marked a historical turning point, with a profound impact on US foreign policy in the two decades since. Although the attacks did not usher in an era of global terrorism, they did usher in the so-called Global War on Terrorism, which profoundly affected what the US did in the world, how the world came to regard the US, and how many Americans came to see their country’s foreign policy.
The saga begins in Afghanistan. Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the US gave the Taliban, then in control of Afghanistan’s government, a choice: either hand over the al-Qaeda leaders who were living in their country and responsible for planning the 9/11 attack, or put their rule at risk. When the Taliban refused to hand over the al-Qaeda leaders, US intelligence and military personnel collaborated with a loose confederation of Afghan tribes known as the Northern Alliance in overthrowing the Taliban. The US helped assemble a successor government that took control of most of the country.
That control, though, was never complete or unchallenged. Many individuals loyal to the Taliban and al-Qaeda escaped to neighboring Pakistan, where they gradually rebuilt their strength and resumed military operations against the government that had replaced them. The US for its part did not do enough to build an Afghan military, reduce corruption, or deny the Taliban a sanctuary in Pakistan. Instead, it increased its own presence and military operations in Afghanistan, essentially becoming a partner of the government in its civil war.
At its peak, the US effort in Afghanistan involved more than 100,000 of its soldiers. Over two decades, US operations cost more than $2 trillion, and more than 2,300 Americans, as well as tens of thousands of Afghans, lost their lives. The effort was at once both too much and not enough. While the US presence robbed the Afghan government of much of its legitimacy and generated opposition in the US, the Taliban proved to have more staying power than the US, which by 2020 had lost its will to continue a fight that promised only an open-ended stalemate.
The Global War on Terrorism also led the US to launch a war in Iraq. It is an open question whether President George W. Bush would have initiated the war had it not been for 9/11. Certainly, the attacks increased his inclination to signal to the world that the US was not, as President Richard Nixon put it during the Vietnam War, a “pitiful helpless giant.” It made some in the administration (particularly Vice President Dick Cheney) unwilling to take the risk that terrorists might gain control of weapons of mass destruction, which Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was widely thought (incorrectly, it turned out) to possess. Still others wanted to spread democracy to Iraq, and from there to the entire Middle East, on the assumption that this was not just possible, but also that it would make the region far less likely to produce terrorists and support terrorism.
The war in Iraq, launched in March 2003, did not go as intended or predicted by the Bush administration and the many in Congress (including then-Senator Joe Biden) and around the country who supported it. The US was unprepared for much of what was to come. Initial military victories ousted the government but soon gave way to widespread violent turmoil and civil war. Decisions to disband the Iraqi military and exclude from government jobs many of the Iraqis who had been associated with the previous regime exacerbated an already chaotic situation. More fundamentally, Iraq, like Afghanistan, demonstrated the limits of what military force could accomplish at a reasonable cost and in a reasonable timespan.
In the end, the US was forced to increase its military presence to nearly 170,000 troops to sustain the embattled successor government in Baghdad. A degree of stability was achieved, but at an enormous cost. The US spent at least as much there as in Afghanistan, but at a much higher human cost: more than 4,000 American soldiers killed, many times that number wounded, and soaring suicide rates among US troops (both in Iraq and Afghanistan). And this total excludes private contractors and Iraqi casualties, for which estimates vary widely but which certainly total several hundred thousand.
The war in Iraq also weakened the US in other ways. There was never any evidence that Iraq was involved in the 9/11 attacks, and America’s reputation suffered further when its stated rationale for launching a war without UN support – to eliminate Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction – turned out to have no basis in reality. Images of US soldiers mistreating Iraqi prisoners further tarnished the country’s reputation. Moreover, an Iraq at war with itself meant that Iran emerged as the most powerful country in the region (or one of two if Israel is included). Since the war, Iran has increased its sway over Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon.
Iraq and Afghanistan also proved to be major strategic distractions. While the US was heavily involved in the Middle East and South Asia, regions that lacked any great-power presence or economic dynamism, the geopolitical balance moved against the US in both Europe and East Asia thanks to the emergence of a more aggressive Russia and a more capable and assertive China. The Global War on Terrorism did not and could not provide a compass for how US foreign policy should approach renewed great-power rivalry.
The wars fought in the wake of 9/11 also had significant domestic consequences for the US. They shook the confidence of a country that had emerged from the Cold War with a historically unprecedented preponderance of power and shattered the national unity that came to the surface in the immediate aftermath of the attacks. Moreover, their costs and failures stimulated opposition to a continuing, large US global role, giving rise to a new tendency toward isolationism. Likewise, the push for war, together with the 2007-09 global financial crisis and its economic fallout, powerfully undermined Americans’ faith in elites, stimulating the rise of populist sentiment that, among other things, helped pave the way for the presidency of Donald Trump. Today’s US is more divided than ever at home and increasingly disinclined to carry out the sort of active foreign policy that has been its hallmark since World War II’s end, and which has, on balance, greatly benefited Americans and many others.
In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: less the globalization of terrorism than the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age. Little stays local for long, whether terrorists born in the Middle East and trained in Afghanistan, or the effects of the global financial crisis that had its origins in American financial mismanagement. We are all living with a pandemic virus that has killed millions since emerging in central China in December 2019. The fires, droughts, floods, storms, and heat ravaging much of the world are the consequence of climate change, itself the cumulative effect of human activity that has concentrated unsustainable amounts of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The era triggered by events in Afghanistan has now come full circle, marking its 20th anniversary with events in Afghanistan. Twenty years ago, the Taliban were quickly ousted from power; in recent weeks they have regained power just as quickly. It is too soon to know whether the Taliban will revert to their old ways, becoming once again enablers of terrorism, and whether terrorists everywhere will get a boost from their victory over the US and its allies. What we do know, however, is that terrorism will remain a feature of our world. It will not define the future, but it will remain a visible aspect of the globalization that already has.
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Alarm over deaths of bees from rapidly spreading viral disease
An article in The Guardian reports on a viral disease that causes honey bees to suffer severe trembling, flightlessness and death within a week is spreading exponentially in Britain.
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) was only recorded in Lincolnshire in 2007. A decade later, it was found in 39 of 47 English counties and six of eight Welsh counties, according to data collected from visits to more than 24,000 beekeepers.
As well as struggling to fly, the afflicted bees develop shiny, hairless abdomens. Piles of dead individuals are found outside hives with whole colonies frequently wiped out by the disease.
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Essay Example on the Sedition Act
Date: 2021-04-09 17:29:09
3 pages (610 words)
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University of Richmond
Type of paper:
As the 18th century approached its end, during the Adams administration, America was still a young democracy and at the time federalist had majority rule over Congress. However despite this, the Democratic-Republicans opposing parties which were led by Jefferson were developing due to the dissent they had with the federalist polices (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 2). This dissent by opposing party brought into question if the ruling party was capable of protecting its citizens, those who opposed them inclusive, but still allow them the freedom to oppose them. For a democracy to be able to grow there had to be those who opposed the ones in rule so as to keep them in order. However, too much dissent was seen as a security threat to the nation and arguments were brought up so as to see means of controlling such opposition. Due to this in 1997 The Sedition Act was introduce as a debate to Congress (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 3).
Due to this strong opposition, which was even more hastened when pandemonium broke loose on February 15, 1798, in the House of Representatives when, Roger Griswold scuffled with Matthew Lyon congress argued on how to minimize such dissent (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 5). The federalist argued that dissent needed to be controlled because domestic and foreign nations, France to be exact were trying to cause a separation between the American citizen and the government through introductions factions who undermined their rule (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 8). Hence John Adams proposed The Sedition act in preparation for an anticipated war with France. The Sedition Act would limit freedom of speech and writing scandalous or malicious things concerning the government this would help in controlling dissent among the opposition and citizens. Furthermore, they said the Sedition Act would help in improving of security especially in this time of looming war with France.
However, not all people agreed to the Sedition Act saying that it was unconstitutional. Those who opposed said it was a complete violation of ones first amendment rights, according to Mr. S. Smith one should be able to speak the truth even if its damaging to anyone in power or authority (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 9). Mr. Nicholas also went on to argue that both the House of Representatives and congress had no authority to pass such a bill since it was prohibited by the Constitution saying that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.(Edsitement, 2010, pg. 10). In fact the majority argued that the bill should not be passed due to its nature in prohibiting democracy (Carroll, 1920).
I would side with the opposing side, freedom of speech and press is a very necessary right and no one should be allowed to take that away. If one is blasphemous and abuses freedom of expression or press then that should be dealt by through a court of law but not through prohibiting everyones rights. The opposing side against the Sedition Act, Constitutionally wise is correct in that the constitution also states that everyone has a right to freedom of speech and press, which is a first amendment right that should not be taken away from you in any way (Martin, 1999). If this Act were passed to date I believe American would not have grown to be such a democratic country like it is today.
Works Cited
Carroll, Thomas F. "Freedom of Speech and of the Press in the Federalist Period; The Sedition Act." Michigan Law Review 18.7 (1920): 615-651.
Martin, James P. "When repression is democratic and constitutional: the federalist theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798." The University of Chicago Law Review (1999): 117-182.
"The Sedition Act: Certain Crimes Against The United States | Edsitement". N.p., 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017, (Pg. 4 - 25).
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Nnnfinding book value of total assets
For example, if the asset value per share is higher than the market price for a share then the. Annaly capital management book value per share nly. How should a mutual fund investor interpret net asset value. Understand the difference between book value per common share and net asset value, and learn how these evaluations are used by investors and market analysts. Bvta book value of total assets finance acronymfinder. If the value of a plant asset suddenly falls so severely that its future cash flows are estimated to be less than its current book value, the asset is deemed to be impaired and an impairment loss is. How can we calculate market value of equity and book value of. Asset value does not take into account the share price. Asset turnover measures how quickly a company turns over its asset through sales. In short, when there are outstanding liabilities and have capital on one side of bala. Book value is a key measure that investors use to gauge a stocks valuation. Market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. The first equation deducts accumulated depreciation from the total assets to get the book value amount.
If you look up any balance sheet you will find that it is divided in 3 sections. If this was helpful please press the accept button. The book value of a company is the total value of the companys assets, minus the companys. The net property, plant, and equipment is the total book value of all of these assets. Overview book value per share is a well known measure for a company. Creating the net book value fixed asset report page 1 of 11 creating the net book value fixed asset report because of the way the data is kept, and that the system allows you. What is the difference between book value per common share. Investors often use the asset value of a company when determining if the companys shares are overvalued or undervalued. What is the book value of klingons total assets today. Altman explains that the ratio shows how much the firms assets can decline in value measured by market value of equity before the liabilities exceed the assets and the firm becomes. Net book value the difference between the depreciable basis and total depreciation is the remaining balance or nbv net book value a detailed depreciation can be run every month for the internal book schedule to get an accurate picture of the present value of your assets. One approach determines asset value by calculating what those assets are worth to their owners.
Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible. To define net book value, it can be rightly stated that it is the value at which the assets of a company are carried on its balance sheet. The book value calculation in practice is even simpler. To make this easier, convert total book value to book value per share. Because the return of owning an asset comes in the future, you use discounted. Book value of an asset is the value at which the asset is carried on a balance sheet and calculated by taking the cost of an asset minus the accumulated depreciation. The asset turnover ratio measures the ability of a company to use its. The net book value of a noncurrent asset is the net amount reported on the balance sheet for a longterm asset.
The price to book ratio or pb is calculated as market capitalization divided by its book value. Net book value is calculated as the original cost of an asset, minus any accumulated depreciation, accumulated depletion, accumulated amortization, and accumulated impairment. This is the price at which investors buy fund units from a fund company or sell it back to the fund house. Book value of total assets how is book value of total. Therefore, teslas asset turnover for the quarter that ended in dec. There are various equations for calculating book value. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by. To illustrate net book value, lets assume that several years ago a company purchased equipment to be used in its business. The sum of current and longterm assets owned by a person, company, or other entity. Users are able to filter and tailor this report as desired for their specific use.
Total assets are the mix of working capital and non working capital fix assets and these both are essential. If they have no bv then they are not appearing on your balance sheet or the depreciation on. As history has shown many of us who live in canada, depreciating values for housing are not necessarily the most accurate representation for real estate. Book value is an assets original cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment charges that have been subsequently incurred. Book value can also be thought of as the net asset value of a company calculated as total assets minus intangible assets patents, goodwill.
The only way, whether there is a gain, loss, or none upon the sale, for the total assets to not change, is if the fixed assets in question had zero book value which means the fa was fully depreciated on the books. Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value. Asset value is an important component of a companys total value, and it can be computed in a number of ways. Stockopedia explains market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. In accounting, book value is the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance. Click the property book folder to display the total asset visibility report displayed on the right. Theoretically, book value represents the total amount a company is worth if all its assets are sold and all the liabilities are paid back. Ycharts book value of equity is the equivalent of total assets less total liabilities and preferred equity. It is simply the amount that the companys assets net of depreciation, depletion and amortization and total liabilities. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt, and returns to assets richard j. The final amount of all gross investments, cash and equivalents, receivables, and other assets as they are presented on the balance sheet. The net book value can be defined in simple words as the net value of an asset. Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities. The true market value of a property if it were offered for sale at a particular time to a buyer with sufficient information about the property to make an informed decision.
Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value nbv amount in fixed assets for microsoft dynamics gp. Fundamental analysts may use a companys asset value to determine whether it is. Book value of assets is defined as the value of an asset in the books of records of a company or institution or an individual at any given instance. This is calculated by dividing the net value of all the securities in the portfolio by the number of shares outstanding. It can be useful to compare the market price of shares to the book value. Consider a retailing firm with a net profit margin of 3. When impaired, the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value. The book value of a stock book value of total assets total liabilities. Book value also carrying value is an accounting term used to account for the effect of depreciation on an asset.
Nelcast total assets and asset turnover ratio financial graphs. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Depreciation implies allocating the cost of a tangible fixed or longterm asset over its useful life. Accounting policy on goodwill and intangible assets goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth fiscal quarter and, when specific circumstances dictate, between annual tests. It is calculated by dividing the total value of all the assets in a portfolio, minus all its liabilities. The difference between the market value mv and the book value bv. The value today is the discounted value of the sum of the dividend or service flow plus the future price of the asset. Contrast with book value, which is the original purchase price, plus capital expenditures, minus depreciation. The book value of an asset is the value of that asset on the books the accounting books and the balance sheet of the company. Net asset value nav represents a funds per unit market value. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt. Book value of total assets how is book value of total assets abbreviated.
Market value is the worth of a company based on the total. The value of an asset is the most you would pay to own that asset. Sweeney is sullivandean professor of finance in the school of business at georgetown university. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by small restaurant firms michael c. Lubar professor of finance at the university of wisconsinmilwaukee. The companys balance sheet is where youll find total asset value, and for accounting purposes, the cost of acquiring the asset is the starting. I am presuming that by total assets you are referring to the balance sheet presentation. For companies, it is calculated as the original cost of the asset less accumulated depreciation and impairment costs. Its important to note that the book value is not necessarily the same as the fair market value the amount the asset could be sold for on the open market. In the uk, book value is also known as net asset value. Book value refers to the value of an asset based on the current numbers in the balance sheet, or to the total value of a company according to its financial reports.
According to this measurement principle, the economic. Depreciation makes a part of the cost of asset chargeable as an expense in profit and loss account of the accounting periods in which the asset has helped in earning revenue. Net book value is the amount at which an organization records an asset in its accounting records. While small assets are simply held on the books at cost, larger assets like buildings and.
A loss recognized on an impaired asset equal to the difference between its book value and its current fair value. Can we make a conversion from book value to market value for. Total assets is the sum of all assets, current and fixed. Fixed asset depreciation detail report net book value report. The net market value of a companys assets divided by the number of outstanding shares of that companys stock. Your businesss net asset value is calculated by subtracting liabilities and intangible assets from total assets. Total assets per most recent financial statements 1450000. The asset turnover is calculated as total sales divided by ending total assets. It shows the current position of the asset base after liabilities are taken into account. Bvps is the net assets of a company after you deduct all of the liabilities. Assets definition of assets by the free dictionary.
The net asset value nav is the calculation that determines the value of a share in a fund of multiple securities, such as a mutual fund, hedge fund, or exchangetraded fund etf. In depth view into annaly capital management book value per share including historical data from 1997, charts, stats and industry comps. It is calculated as revenue divided by total assets. Book value involves the historical cost of assets held on the balance sheet and is primarily an accounting metric, which includes provisions such as depreciation. Book value is the total value of a business assets found on its balance sheet, and represents the value of all assets if liquidated. Book value is defined as total assets minus liabilities, preferred.
For assets, the value is based on the original cost of the asset less any depreciation, amortization or impairment costs made against the asset. Book value of assets definition, formula calculation. Why is it sometimes neccessary to writeoff fixed assets with no book value. Teslas total assets for the quarter that ended in dec. The book values of assets are routinely compared to market values as part of various financial analyses.
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Japanese Idioms: A List of Expressions Based on Body Parts
Post date: Tuesday, April 20, 2021
When learning a language one of the most difficult, yet most interesting aspects is mastering the idioms and expressions that come with the language. From literal meanings that are seemingly completely at odds with metaphorical meanings to confusing colloquialisms, learning idioms can be an uphill battle. However, becoming aware of these expressions and being able to use them is a rewarding and motivating experience. Below we cover the most popular idioms related to body parts.
You may also be interested in "Japanese Verbal & Nonverbal Communication for Business" and if you are interested in learning Japanese using your phone, our article "Best Japanese Learning Apps - from beginners to advanced levels" would help you.
Head Expressions (頭)
Atama ga agaranai (頭が上がらない)
Atama ga agaranai, or “the head can’t rise,” is an expression used to indicate a relationship where the speaker feels they are unable to be equal with the other person. They feel they are always outclassed or outperformed, whether this be in authority, strength, or results.
Atama ga katai (頭がかたい)
This expression is used to describe a person who is inflexible, refusing to change their mind and stubborn about a situation. With a literal meaning of “hard-headed,” it is read atama ga katai.
Face Expressions (顔)
Awaseru kao ga nai (合わせる顔がない)
Awaseru kao ga nai, or “there is no matching face,” is an expression used to convey a sense of shame. It refers to a situation in which one feels too embarrassed or ashamed to meet someone.
Ôkina kao wo suru (大きな顔をする)
“To put on a big face” is similar to the English expression “to act big,” meaning to act important. It is read ôkina kao wo suru.
Kaoiro wo ukagau (顔色をうかがう)
The expression kaoiro wo ukagau has a similar literal and metaphorical meaning. The literal meaning is “to examine someone’s complexion/face” while the metaphorical meaning is “to gauge someone’s feelings.” Considering one aspect of understanding feelings is done through facial expressions, the link between the meanings is very clear.
Kao ga kiku (顔が利く)
When describing someone with a lot of influence and popularity you might use the term kao ga kiku. This expression literally means “to have a good or effective face” and is used to describe influential people.
Kao ga tsubureru (顔が潰れる)
Read as kao ga tsubureru, with a literal meaning of “the face is squashed,” this expression has a similar meaning to the English expression “to lose face”. When one’s integrity or credibility is injured, this expression could be used.
Kao ni doro wo nuru (顔に泥を塗る)
The expression “to put mud on one’s face” describes a situation where the speaker has brought disgrace or shame upon themselves. It is read kao ni doro wo nuru.
Kao ga hiroi (顔が広い)
Kao ga hiroi, or “to have a wide face” is a common expression referring to people who are well-connected or have a wide range of acquaintances. It could be compared to the English expression of being “widely known”.
Eye Expressions (目)
Shiroi me de miru (白い目で見る)
The expression shiroi me de miru, or “to look with white eyes,” is often used to describe looking coldly or frowning directly at someone in a malicious way.
Me ga kiku (目が利く)
This expression is almost identical to the English equivalent “to have an eye for something,” meaning to be good at understanding or distinguishing value in something. The Japanese version, read me ga kiku, literally means “to have an effective eye.”
Me ga koeru (目が肥える)
This expression is similar to the previous one, but differs in that the “good eye” comes from experience of seeing “good things” (such as art, cuisine, and the like) previously. Read me ga koeru, the literal meaning is that the “eye grows fat.”
Me ni irete mo itakunai (目に入れても痛くない)
Read me ni irete mo itakunai, this expression has the literal meaning of “it doesn’t hurt even if you put it in my eye.” This may be confusing as the metaphorical meaning is that something or someone is so cute or irresistible you don’t know what to do. It would be used to describe someone or something you love very much.
Me wo sara no yo ni suru (目を皿のようにする)
To be wide-eyed in surprise, confusion, or even looking for something, we can use the expression me wo sara no yo ni suru. This has the literal meaning “to make your eyes look like plates.”
Nose Expressions (鼻)
Hana de ashirau (鼻であしらう)
The phrase hana de ashirau is used to describe treating someone with contempt or snubbing someone. It has the literal meaning “to respond with the nose” and could be considered similar to the English expression “to turn up one’s nose”.
Hana ni kakeru (鼻にかける)
Hana ni kakeru has the literal meaning “to put on the nose” and is often used to describe someone who is overly prideful or boasting.
Ear Expressions (耳)
Mimi ga itai (耳が痛い)
“The ears hurt” is an expression used to describe a remark that is painfully true. It is read mimi ga itai and is used to refer to a comment that has hit home and is quite hurtful.
Mimi ni tako ga dekiru (耳にたこができる)
The phrase mimi ni tako ga dekiru has a literal meaning of “getting calluses on the ears.” It refers to a situation where one has heard the same thing too many times and is weary of hearing it so often.
Mimi wo soroeru (耳をそろえる)
If you have to collect enough money to pay off a debt, it can also be referred to as “collecting one’s ears.” This is read as mimi wo soroeru.
Mouth Expressions (口)
Kuchi ga karui (口が軽い)
This expression, “light-mouthed,” read as kuchi ga karui, describes someone who is talkative without thinking. They are unable to keep a secret and often say things they shouldn’t have said.
Kuchi ga katai (口がかたい)
This expression is the direct opposite of the previous one, both in meaning and word usage. To describe someone as “hard-mouthed” or kuchi ga katai, says they are able to keep a secret and are good at keeping their mouth shut when need be.
Kuchi ga omoi (口が重い)
Kuchi ga omoi, or “heavy-mouthed” differs from the above expression in that it describes someone who is incommunicative and taciturn, or someone who uses few words.
Kuchi kara saki ni umareru (口から先に生まれる)
“To be born from the mouth” describes a person who is very chatty and enjoys talking. They like to converse with anyone and everyone. The expression is read kuchi kara saki ni umareru.
Kuchiguruma ni noru (口車に乗る)
The expression kuchiguruma ni noru means “to get on or to follow someone’s smooth talk.” The metaphorical meaning is very close to this and describes being taken in or deceived by someone with honeyed words or glib talk.
Kuchi wo hasamu (口をはさむ)
To interrupt someone while they are speaking calls for the expression kuchi wo hasamu, or “to pinch one’s mouth.”
Neck and Throat Expressions (首・のど)
Kubi wo tsukkomu (首をつっこむ)
The expression kubi wo tsukkomu has a literal meaning of “to stick out one’s neck,” but metaphorically correlates to a different body part expression in English. While in English one might say “to poke your nose into someone’s business” to convey prying or interfering, Japanese uses “to stick/push your neck out.”
Kubi wo nagaku suru (首を長くする)
Kubi wo nagaku suru, or to elongate one’s neck, refers to a situation that the speaker is looking forward to or excited about. If you imagine stretching your neck closer to something you want to see, you can understand the logic behind this expression.
Nodo kara te ga deru (喉から手が出る)
If you desperately want something, you could use the expression nodo kara te ga deru, or “the hand comes out from the throat.” While this may sound strange, the origin story is based around a time of famine and starvation, where people wanted to eat so desperately that eating utensils were ignored.
Chest and Abdomen Expressions (胸・腹)
Hara ga kuroi (腹が黒い)
Hara ga kuroi literally means “the stomach is black.” It refers to scheming and having “evil thoughts,” similar to how one might refer to a “black heart” in English.
Hara no mushi ga osamaranai (腹の虫が治まらない)
This expression could be used to describe a situation in which you could not contain your anger. Such out-of-control anger is described as hara no mushi ga osamaranai, or “the insect in my stomach won’t settle.”
Mune ni kizamu(胸に刻む)
Mune ni kizamu, or “to carve into one’s chest,” has an easily understood meaning of something or someone that you will never forget; they are etched into your memory.
Mune wo nadeorosu (胸をなで下ろす)
When you are feeling relieved after an anxious or stressful situation, you may want to use mune wo nadeorosu. Literally, this means “to stroke down the chest.” This is another easily understood expression. Stroking an animal to comfort it comes as second nature, so the metaphorical idea of stroking your heart (chest) to relieve anxiety is quite logical.
Mune wo haru (胸を張る)
The expression mune wo haru, or “to spread one’s chest,” is similar in both literal and symbolic meaning to its English equivalent. This expression means to be very proud, or in some cases overly proud.
Shoulders and Arms Expressions (肩・腕)
Kata no ni ga oriru (肩の荷が下りる)
The English expression “to take a weight off one’s mind,” meaning to be relieved of a burden or responsibility, is very similar to its Japanese equivalent, varying only in body part. The Japanese version, kata no ni ga oriru, means “take down the weight of one’s shoulders” and is a clear equivalent to the English expression.
Katami ga semai (肩身が狭い)
Katami ga semai, or “the shoulders are narrow,” has the metaphorical meaning of feeling ashamed or embarrassed. It is often used in a situation where the speaker feels inferior to others.
Kata wo otosu (肩を落とす)
The expression “to drop one’s shoulders” is read as kata wo otosu. The meaning is to feel discouraged and down. It may refer to feeling discouraged about a certain project or just a general feeling.
Kata wo motsu (肩を持つ)
In English, we often use the expression “to have someone’s back,” meaning to support or be reliable for someone. In Japanese, the expression “to have someone’s shoulders,” read kata wo motsu, has the same meaning.
Ude wo migaku (腕を磨く)
If you are trying to improve your skills and abilities, you might find yourself using the expression ude wo migaku. This translates literally as “to polish one’s arm,” but more metaphorically means to polish your skills and work on improving yourself.
Hands and Fingers (手・指)
Kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku (かゆいところに手が届く)
Here we have the expression kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku, with the literal meaning “to reach the itchy area.” The more metaphorical meaning is to be focused on fine details. A person who is able to pay attention to all details and make sure even small tasks are completed correctly may be described with this expression.
Ushiro yubi wo sasareru (後ろ指を指される)
Ushiro yubi wo sasareru, or “to have fingers pointed at one’s back,” is an expression referring to a situation in which others are talking about you behind your back. This is usually a negative thing involving criticism or accusations.
Te no hira wo kaesu (手のひらを返す)
To flip-flop or do an about-face is often described with the expression te no hira wo kaesu. This has the literal meaning of “to turn over the palm of one’s hand,” a representation of turning over your decisions or opinions.
Te wo nuku (手を抜く)
The phrase te wo nuku has the literal meaning of “to pull out one’s hand.” It is used in a similar way to the English expression “cutting corners,” meaning to skip aspects of work that should be done or to relax on the job.
Te wo yaku (手を焼く)
“To burn one’s hands,” read as te wo yaku, describes a difficult situation. It may be a situation you can’t cope with, are unsure what to do, or feel it is out of your control.
Yubi wo kuwaeru (指をくわえる)
When in a situation where you are envious of someone or something but unable to do anything about it, you may want to use the expression “to hold your fingers in your mouth” or yubi wo kuwaeru.
Lower Back and Buttocks Expressions (腰・尻)
Koshi ga hikui (腰が低い)
This expression, read koshi ga hikui, means “to have a low/short back.” However, its idiomatic meaning is used to describe a person who is humble and modest.
Koshi wo sueru (腰を据える)
“Lower the waist,” or koshi wo sueru, refers to a situation in which you might have to take things calmly and move forward slowly but surely. It conveys a sense of being settled and calm.
Koshi wo nukasu (腰をぬかす)
This expression, read koshi wo nukasu, can seem confusing at first but soon makes clear sense. The literal meaning is “to pull out or dislocate one’s back,” but the metaphorical meaning is “to be very surprised.” The etymology relates to being so surprised that you lose strength and can’t stand up, similar to how you might feel with a dislocated back.
Shiri ni hi ga tsuku (尻に火がつく)
Shiri ni hi ga tsuku is an expression that literally means “the buttocks catch fire.” It is used in a situation where the situation is imminent and the speaker is pressed by urgent matters. They are so pressed for time that they might be running around like their pants are on fire, hence the expression.
Feet Expressions (足)
Ashi ga omoi (足が重い)
“To be heavy-footed” refers to a feeling of not wanting to go, but needing to go. It describes a sense of reluctance. The expression is read ashi ga omoi.
Ashi ga bo ni naru (足が棒になる)
Ashi ga bo ni naru, or “the legs have become rods,” describes a feeling when one’s legs have become stiff and tired. This is usually after standing or walking for a long time.
Ashimoto wo miru (足元を見る)
The expression ashimoto wo miru has the meaning “to look underfoot.” However, the more metaphorical meaning is to “take advantage of someone’s weaknesses” in an unfair way.
Other Expressions
Ago de tsukau (あごで使う)
“To use with one’s chin” is an expression used to describe treating someone in an arrogant fashion or pushing someone around. It is read ago de tsukau.
Ha ga tatanai (歯が立たない)
Ha ga tatanai has the literal meaning of “teeth can’t stand” but is used metaphorically to refer to a situation in which one is completely unable to compete or make progress at all. It describes a problem or opponent that is insurmountable.
Hone wo oru (骨を折る)
The expression “to break one’s bones” describes a person’s strong efforts to deal with a situation. It could be likened to the English expression “bone-breaking labor,” although it has a less intense feeling. It is read hone wo oru.
Heso wo mageru (へそを曲げる)
Heso wo mageru, or “to bend the belly button,” is often used in a similar way to the English expression “to get bent out of shape”. It describes creating a bad mood or ruining someone’s mood.
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Best Answer
They don't like each other and there is little contact between them. Sometimes Neo-Nazis insult and mock the Jews, in particular by denying the Holocaust.
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2008-04-23 17:13:26
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Q: What is the relationship between the Jews and Nazis today?
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Related questions
When did the war between Jewish and Nazis began?
This question is odd. It is formulated in a way that suggests there was an actual war between 'the Jews' and the Nazis. There was the Holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered about 6 million harmless and defenceless Jews. That began in late 1941/early 1942. The idea that there was an actual war between Jews and Nazis is false.
How did the conflict between the Jews and the Nazis begin and why?
There was no conflict, no war between the Jews and the Germans. If anything, many Jews were inclined to be pro-German. There was a completely unprovoked onslaught by the Nazis against the Jews, mainly because the Nazis regarded Jews as Communists - and Nazism saw the eradication of Communism at its key 'mission'.
Do the Nazis still dislike Jews today?
Neo-Nazis are anti-semitic. It is one of their core beliefs.
Who won the war between the Nazis and the Jews?
There was no war between the Nazis and the Jews. The Nazis committed mass murder against unarmed Jewish civilians in the Holocaust. Please see the related question.
What year did Nazis stop marriage between Jews and non-Jews?
1935 (September)
Why did the Nazis outlaw marriage between Jews and other Germans?
The Nazis believed that Jews were an inferior race and they didn't want their own race to be 'contaminated'.
What does the Nazis do to the Jews in the Holocaust?
Nazis killed Jews in the Holocaust.
How are Nazis and Jews alike?
Nazis and Jews are not alike in any way. Those people who say or believe that Nazis and Jews are alike are not only wrong, they are intolerant and bigoted. Nazis, the followers of Adolph Hitler, discriminated against Jews, and murdered or tortured many Jews in the Holocaust. Ask any Holocaust survivor, and they will tell you how the Nazis harmed the Jews. They will also tell you that Jews are not Nazis, and are not like the Nazis in any way.
How were the Nazis threatened by the Jews?
The Jews were not a 'threat' to either the Nazis or to Germany.
How did Nazis transport the Jews?
Nazis transported the Jews by train mostly.
What did the Jews have to give to the Nazis when they first arrived?
Nazis arrived after Jews.
What did the Nazis stop the Jews from doing?
The Nazis murdered two-thirds of Europe's Jews. So, to finish the sentence: The Nazis stopped the Jews from LIVING.
How can you connect Nazi treatment of the Jews with bullying today?
The Nazis' treatment of the Jews included 'bullying' in the sense of persecution or active and persistent harassment, but overall, what the Nazis did to the Jews in areas under their control was vastly worse than bullying.
What did the Nazis do to the Jews in gas chambers?
The Nazis put the Jews to death in the gas chambers.
How many Jews fled to the US during the Nazi period?
Between 1933 and 1941 the U.S. accepted about 250,000 refugees from Germany and Austria and a small number fleeing the Nazis from other countries. The majority of these were Jews (as defined by the Nazis), but some of the refugees were political opponents of the Nazis and were not Jews.
Why were Jews afraid of Nazis?
Because the Nazis blamed the world's problems on the Jews and so their goal was to kill all of the Jews.
What ways did the Nazis stripped the Jews of there dignity?
The Nazis made them legal stateless people. this way Nazis can kill Jews at their own will.
Why were Adolf Hitler and the Nazis jealous of the Jews?
Hitler and the Nazis hated the Jews; there was no jealousy involved.
Why did the Nazis treat the jews the way they did in the Holocaust?
Nazis hate Jews and they hate what there religious beliefs
What Did the Nazis do to the Jews during hitlers era?
The Nazis and Hitler committed genocide on the European Jews.
How did the Nazis know who were the Jews?
The main sources for the Nazis were: the Jews themselves, parish records and informants.
What did the Nazis want to do to the mentally ill?
The Nazis did what they did to the Jews
How did the Nazis treat Jews businesses and owners?
The Nazis manipulated the Jews and took control. The Jews were under the Nazis commands. The Nazis forced Jewish business owner for no charge, close all there business, ran them out , and couldnt process doing business and selling goods to the Jews.
When did the Nazis move the Jews into the ghettos?
The Nazis started to move Jews into ghettos in Poland in November 1939.
Did the Nazis kill Jews on trains?
indirectly, Jews died on trains because of the conditions that the Nazis sujected them to.
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Windle Hutchinson Mrs. Rausch English 10 20 April 2015 Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin was a very persuasive person, he was very good at getting crowds and people on his side. He is considered one of the most influential and controversial political figures of the 20th century. Lenin was one of the leaders for the Bolshevik Revelation. Later in 1917 he became the head leader of the USSR, the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He was born on April 10th of 1870. School was very important
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Economic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communism
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WHAT IS BASEPLATE WAX (or Modelling Wax)?
A dental wax containing mostly wax, resin and different types of additives ; used chiefly to establish the initial arch form in making trial plates for the arrangement of artificial denture teeth, and for the construction of complete dentures.
Properties: Baseplate wax is composed mainly of paraffin and microcrystalline wax as well as resin and coloring matter that mixed together then casted into rectangles sheets. The sheets are red or pink, typically cut into 3 inches wide and 6 inches long (7.62 cm X 15.24 cm) for the North American Market and 8.41 cm wide X 17.15 cm long (3 5/16 X 6 ¾ inches)for the European market . Baseplate wax is relatively hard and slightly brittle at room temperature but becomes soft and pliable when heated. Baseplate waxes vary in their consistency and strength, as well as colour and price.
At the present time there are three classifications for base plate waxes:
Class 1 Soft
Class 2 Hard
Class 3 Extra Hard
The harder varieties are suitable for use in warm climates but tend to crack and flake at low temperatures. The softer series are suitable for use at low temperatures but may flow excessively at very high temperatures.Base plate Waxes are the relevant products for use in the dental laboratory.
Each manufacturer decides which categories their waxes conform to. This process ensures that they can supply waxes that meet the relevant industry standard, while maintaining different ranges in performance. Baseplate Wax Class 1 and 2 are the only relevant products for use in the dental laboratory.
The desirable properties of baseplate wax could be defined as follows:
1. High strength and rigidity at mouth temperature.
2. Broad softening range above mouth temperature.
3. Easily pliable in its softened state, without flaking, cracking or tearing.
4. Low thermal contraction.
5. Easily carved at room temperature without flaking or chipping.
7. No residue on boiling out.
Baseplate wax is a durable (usually pink) substance used mainly to fabricate occlusion rims for dental construction into which denture teeth are arranged (IE. holding artificial teeth to baseplates) before laboratory processing and during fabrication of the denture. Baseplate wax must be capable of holding porcelain or acrylic teeth in position both at normal room temperature and at mouth temperature.
Among its many functions, we find inlay patterning, boxing of impression, casting, establishing the arch form, establishing the level of occlusal plane, recording the maxillary mandibular relation, corrective impression, and bite registration. All this for the initial modeling of, and later the fitting of trial dentures (try-ins) before the finished product is perfected.
Carmel Industries
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Eastchurch CofE Primary School
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Wednesday 24th February 2021
Wednesday 24/02/21
Activity 6- The hen
What other characters are in the story? Are they all people? What would you do if you found a self playing harp or hen that laid golden eggs? Can you make your own hen? You can draw one, paint one or use materials. Take a look at this paper plate hen. You can use it for ideas.
Activity 7 – making a beanstalk
Can you build a model of a beanstalk? What materials make it able to stand and be stable?
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Economics - Monopoly
Can someone give the numerical example to show that a monopolist's marginal revenue can be upward sloping over part of its range: The price on the demands curve is the producer's average revenue.
Thanks if u cn help.
Anonymous User
Anonymous User
Asked Jan 22, 2012
Unlike a competitive market, a monopoly's marginal revenue that it gets from selling an additional unit will always be less than the price the unit is sold for.
Answered Jan 22, 2012
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Serial + Java = The World (Mostly) -
Serial + Java = The World (Mostly)
Whether it's an optional add-on or a part of the original base,a large percentage of modem devices still make use of serialcommunications for their connectivity. Communicating with thesedevices in Java requires the use of a vendor supplied serialsupport to provide the basic byte-wise communications capability.As the connected devices get more intelligent, communications ceaseto be merely byte streams and become streams of multi-byte messagesor “packets” so code is needed to wade through the raw data streamand isolate the individual messages. Finally, a solution resilientto change has become imperative. As even newer devices are added, asolution that not only copes with change, but also gracefullyaccommodates it is necessary.
For example, a serial port is used to retrieve GlobalPositioning System (GPS) information using the National MarineElectronics Association (NMEA) format. The code has been developedand tested against a Trimble Lassen-SK8 device, which is a 12V unitwell suited for automobile applications.
Figure 1: Overall data flow
Working Through the Solution
As with most problems, the overall problem can be divided intosmaller elements and then solved individually. Defining the smallproblems is the first step in the process:
1. Read the bytes from the serial port
2. Extract and validate the messages
3. Provide access to data in the message
4. Define the listener interface
5. Retrieve the GPS location.
To simplify the issue, each of the above problems is assigned toa class, and then each class is implemented to solve itsproblem(s). For example, three Java classes and an Interface can bereserved (see Figure 1). The GpsTransport class will take care ofthe first two duties, the GpsMessage class will take care of thethird duty, the GpsTransportListener Interface will handle dutyfour, and the Gps class is the master object that will be thesubsequent application code's focal point.
Reading the Bytes from the Serial Port
A transport is responsible for sending and/or receivingmessages. In the case of the GpsTransport, the problem of sendingmessages can be overlooked, and the focus can be placed on how toprocess input messages from the GPS unit. Since the application andother activities should be executed while the user is waiting forinput from the InputStream, the GpsTransport must create andmaintain an internal thread that will continuously process it. Thecode for reading the serial port is contained in the methodGpsTransport.run0. This code begins executing on its own threadwhen the method shown below, GpsTransport.start0, is called.
Next the basics must be addressed. In this case, the basicsconsists of the fundamental serial communications capability. Here,the serial support that is part of the VisualAge Micro Editionproduct is employed, but any similar serial support package couldbe utilized (such as Sun Microsystems' javax, comm). TheGpsTransport makes use of subclasses of the abstract InputStreamclass to accomplish its work. The InputStream class defines asimple protocol to read information from various sources in astandard way. By using this protocol, developers can apply the samemethodology to talk to either serial or file I/O. SeveralInputStream subclasses exist, but the SerialPortlnputSteam is usedfor serial support and the Filelnputstream is used for file I/Osupport.
The SerialPortlnputstream will be used to read the bytes fromthe serial port. Since the serial I/O is implemented by using JavaNative Interface (JNI) to call the Operating System API's to readthe serial port, developers should be careful to minimize thesystem overhead. They do this by calling the read(byte[] buffer)method with a large buffer instead of calling the single read()method for each byte. This way minimizes the number of internalcalls made to read the entire buffer.
It's important to note that the above code contains a whole loopthat continues until isRunning0 returns false. The GpsTransportclass contains a complimentary GpsTransport. stop0 method sets therunning flag to false, which will cause the loop to exit. Thisallows the thread to be cleanly stopped when the transport has beenrequested to stop processing by another thread.
Extracting the Messages
The NMEA 0183 message format is astraightforward variable length packet of 79 bytes or less. Allbytes are in ASCII characters so the packets are directly readable.The messages have the general form ……..
$IDMSG, D1,D2,D3,D4……,Dn*CS[CR][LF]
Message start character
Two letter message source identifier
Three letter message identifier
Field delimiter
A data field element
The checksum delimiter
Two ASCII characters that indicate the hexadecimal checksumvalue
Message termination characters
The next activity in processing the inputbytes involves extracting a GPS message from the raw data. This isaccomplished by scanning the bytes read for the NMEA protocoldelimiters to find the boundaries of the particular message thatwas just received. The NMEA 0183 message format is explainedfurther in the sidebar.
Below is the code that ensures a message is complete, extractsthe bytes, and creates the GpsMessage instance for furtherprocessing by other objects:
Figure 2: Packetizing the input stream
After a message has been extracted, the message must bevalidated. The validation of a GPS message involves ensuring themessage follows the defined format, and the checksum is valid.Validation of the message insures the application does not receiveinvalid data. This responsibility is assigned to the message classitself. This code is contained in the GpsMessage. isValid() methodand is used as follows:
Anyone who has an interest in receiving valid messages and is alistener of the transport will now be notified. After notification,the processing continues looking for the next message. Thisprocessing continues forever until the transport is stopped via theGpsTranspOrt. stop() method discussed earlier.
By using only the InputStream protocol in the GpsTransport, anyInputStream can be supported as the source of the GPS data. This isvery important because during the testing of this code, theFilelnputStream can test by creating and using a file as our GPSsource. That way developers don't need real operational hardwarefor complete system testing. They can also use the FilelnputStreamto simulate data that may not be easy to create in the currenthardware configuration. This is handy for GPS devices as they don'toperate well inside buildings, so actual data can be “captured”, ornew data even invented—this is how GPS code can be testedagainst exotic tropical locations—and the code tested withthe simulated stream from a file.
Accessing the Data
GPS Fix Data : This message has 14 datafields of the following form.
Position UTC
GPS Quality
Number of satellites used
Horizontal dilution of precision
Antenna altitude in meters
Geoidal separation in meters
Age of differential GPS data
Differential reference station ID
The GpsMessage contains information about asingle GPS message received from the InputStream. The message willbe responsible for returning the various data fields containedwithin the message. The message also helps the transport determineif the message is valid by insuring the checksum is correct. Forexample, the GPS Fix Data message is the message that provideslatitude and longitude data. The message instance would be able toanswer any of these values for this message.
Defining the Listener Interface
The GpsTransportListener interface defines the messageReceivedmethod that will be called when a message is received by thetransport. A message is passed as a parameter on themessageReceived notification method so that the receiving objectthat is listening can interrogate the message for any desireddata.
That the GpsTransport does not care about the implementation ofthe GpsTransportListener is an important concept. Many classes mayimplement the GpsTransportListener to perform various functions.For example, a transport debug class could be created to print allmessages received to the System.out or a log file. In thissolution, the Gps class will implement the GpsTransportListener toget the latitude and longitude.
Getting the GPS Location
The Gps class implements the GpsTransportListener and registersits interest in receiving all valid messages that are received. TheGps class' messageReceived method uses the GpsMessage parameter toretrieve any desired data from the GPS messages it receives. Inthis example , it explicitly looks for the GPS Fix Data message andsaves the current latitude and longitude.
Creating a New Transport
To support a new hardware device, these steps should be followedto create and test a new transport:
1. Get all the documentation available about the device. Thisincludes the hardware information, the communication information(e.g. baud rate), and the message format information.
2. Get the device and run any vendor supplied test program toinsure the device is correctly connected to your machine.
3. Build new transport software by starting simple and iteratingcode until the desired function is complete. Since Java is highlyportable from one hardware platform to another, for convenience,most of the development and testing could be done on a developmentmachine (e.g., Windows NT) and later tested on the runtimemachine.
4. Perform the final testing on the target machine.
Further Design Considerations
At this point, developers should examine other aspects ofpossible application solutions. An important consideration is howdoes the application code interact with the Gps object. Oneimmediate solution is to have the Gps class provide its ownlistener interface to trigger when the GPS location has changed.That way the application code could register interest with the Gpsobject for the information it is interested in, and wouldsubsequently be notified at the appropriate time, when the datachanges.
The granularity of this solution could range anywhere from whenan individual data item has changed (such as the latitude) toindicating only that the Gps object has changed in some manner, andthe particulars would be determined by further interrogation of theGps object. The granularity of the listener / notification schemewould be tuned to a developer's particular applications informationneeds and performance considerations.
Another possibility is for the individual data items themselvesto have listener interfaces. That way the latitude and longitudevalues could be encapsulated in classes like GpsLatitude andGpsLongitude and could be interacted with directly, as opposed toalways going through the Gps object to get the information. Thiswould be a great way to connect up the individual elements of theGps information to their respective individual user interfacecomponents.
Finally, the grand unification scheme should be considered.Defining a measurement interface that any measurement from anydevice could support would allow applications to receive deviceinformation in a common way.
In fact, going even further, all devices could be supported viathree simple concepts:
1. A measurement is data sent to or received from a hardwaredevice
2. A command is an operation or set of operations performedagainst a hardware device
3. A signal is a notification received from a hardwaredevice.
That way, by having a common interface, application code wouldbe tremendously resilient to change. New devices, not conceived oforiginally, could be introduced to the already written applicationcode and would work fine, as long as they implemented the commoninterface. Some simple tests can be performed to see whether devicesoftware is truly resilient; the application code should not haveto be changed as a result of:
• Changes in message formats. For example, the GPS informationcould be provided via other format than NMEA (e.g., TrimbleStandard Interface Protocol).
• Moving to another communication device. For example, movingfrom serial to USB.
The common theme in all this discussion is the tradeoff ofinflexible simplicity for slightly more complicated flexibility.Just a little more thought and effort will pay off later in waysthat developers may not be able to foresee today.
It is relatively easy to interface with serial devices.Hopefully, developers will contemplate and employ some of theprocedures and techniques presented here whereby you can handlealmost any serially interfaced device. And not only standard RS232serial, but for an assortment of other very active serial stylebusses in use by many industries.
Maybe you have gained an appreciation for the problem ofplanning for change, even though we didn't have the space to dealwith the complete story. For example, we have an extremely robustsolution that we have used to communicate not only with a lame setof devices on an automobile bus (which changes from manufacturer tomanufacturer), but the solution smoothly handles multiple “packet”oriented communications means, serial and beyond.
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Diversity and inclusion (D&I) are more than just a set of policies, programs, and staff numbers. Employers who value each team member’s individual needs, perspectives, and competencies outperform their competitors. Employees are more likely to trust and commit to diverse and inclusive settings as a result of this.
Difference Between Diversity and Inclusion
Diversity and inclusion are related, but not identical concepts. The representation of an entity is referred to as diversity. Whereas, the degree to which different groups of people’s contributions, participation, and perspectives are valued and absorbed into space is referred to as inclusion.
If there are many diverse genders, ethnicities, nations, sexual orientations, and identities present, but only the perspectives of select groups are appreciated or have any authority or influence, it may be varied, but it is not inclusive.
We’ve already discussed the differences between diversity and inclusion, but it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with these words before making changes to your company’s operations.
• The term “diversity” relates to how diverse your workforce is, and it encompasses a wide range of traits. Race, culture, gender, sexuality, and experience are all factors. It’s all about inviting other worldviews into your company.
• When all of your employees feel like they belong in your firm, you’ve achieved inclusion. They have the ability to express themselves, they are not discriminated against because of their ethnicity, and they see themselves reflected in your firm principles.
Significance of Workplace Diversity and Inclusion
In order to attract people with the best innovative minds and skills, businesses must allocate the necessary resources and training. This may force you to seek beyond the typical recruitment pool in today’s talent war. This is what diversity in the workplace entails.
With greater mobility of migrant workers travelling to the four corners of the globe for career advancement and the demand for a talented and skilled workforce, globalization has resulted in diversity becoming a significant engine of economic growth around the world.
A diverse workforce provides not just social harmony for employees at work, but also increased productivity and profitability, which will help the company prosper in the global economy.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I) have risen to the forefront in companies all over the world as a result of a worldwide pandemic, polarized politics, and movements for racial and social justice.
Developing a long-term strategy, garnering leadership buy-in, assigning proper resources, and organizing communications, training, and education are necessary components of creating a more diverse and inclusive workplace culture.
Implementing an effective diversity training program is one of the most important aspects of creating workplace culture and developing inclusive attitudes for HR and training executives. Training can also be used to express an organization’s DE&I goals and expectations, stimulate open dialogue and criticism, and provide practical strategies for becoming more inclusive in everyday encounters.
Its Benefits
The advantages of having a diverse and inclusive workplace are:
• Increases revenue
• Increases creativity and innovation
• Employee retention is 5.4 times higher
• Reduces employee turnover to a significant level
• attract a diversified talent pool
5 Diversity and Inclusion Training Topics
Here are five training topics for establishing a more accepting, inclusive, and open workplace culture:
1. Distinction Between Diversity and Inclusion
While most people grasp what diversity is, the concept of inclusion necessitates a higher level of comprehension. “Diversity Doesn’t Stick Without Inclusion,” according to a Harvard Business Review article, defines the distinction thus:
“In the workplace, diversity implies representation. The vital relationships that attract diverse individuals, encourage their engagement, stimulate creativity, and contribute to economic growth will not happen without inclusion.”
If diversity is a mix of people with different characteristics, backgrounds, abilities, experiences, and perspectives, it takes diversity to the next level by involving marginalized or underrepresented people in the organization’s operations and leadership. Managers who act inclusively invite and listen to minority views, as well as facilitate relationships across groups, departments, job titles, and management levels.
1. Public Awareness of Unconscious Bias
Unconscious prejudice, commonly referred to as implicit bias or concealed bias, is a major impediment to DE&I. Unconscious bias occurs when people make judgments and take mental shortcuts based on stereotypes about someone’s color, gender, ethnicity, age, handicap, or other criteria, whether favorable or unfavorable.
Unconscious bias training for all employees, including resume screeners and hiring managers, can help raise awareness of the many types of unconscious bias and reduce its impact on workplace practices, policies, and processes.
1. Recognizing Microaggressions
Microaggressions, a psychological notion that has been present for decades, has now become a part of the greater DE&I discourse.
Derald Wing, M.D. Sue, a Columbia University professor of psychology and a microaggressions pioneer, defines them as everyday verbal, non-verbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to members of a marginalized group, whether intentional or unintentional.
Microaggressions include:
• Telling a person of color how articulate they are.
• Constantly interrupting women in meetings.
• Assuming someone’s sexual orientation based on their looks.
These seemingly harmless comments, which are often the result of unconscious bias, have been compared to death by a thousand cuts and have been linked to health issues, workplace burnout, and other harmful consequences.
Employees who are on the receiving end, witnesses, or have been called out for a microaggression benefit from training that teaches them what microaggressions are and how to respond to them.
1. Bystander Intervention and Allyship
Bystander intervention training has risen to prominence as one of the most efficient strategies to interrupt inappropriate behavior before it escalates into unlawful harassment. According to a former Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) commissioner, it has the potential to be a game-changer in the workplace and a beneficial influence in instilling a sense of collective responsibility among employees. Being a positive bystander can also help with diversity and inclusion efforts.
Employees learn how to offer support and empathy for their marginalized or underrepresented coworkers. They also learn different ways to be advocates and allies for their coworkers who are targets of racism, microaggressions, and other non-inclusive conduct.
1. Understanding the Link Between Diversity and Workplace Harassment
Organizations can use diversity training to reinforce anti-harassment and anti-discrimination policies and processes, as well as encourage people to speak up and report misconduct.
According to the EEOC’s Select Task Force on the Study of Harassment in the Workplace, a lack of diversity is one of the risk factors for workplace harassment. Also, sexual harassment of women is more likely to occur in firms with a predominantly male workforce. In contrast, racial/ethnic harassment is more likely to occur in organizations with a single race or ethnicity.
Harassment can also result from a lack of respect for different points of view. Increasingly intense discussions about current events outside the office, according to the task group, “may make harassment inside a workplace more likely or regarded as more acceptable,” providing a danger that employers should assess and manage.
Organizations that provide diversity and inclusion training to its employees should focus on specialized sessions with on-going topics to bring a truly diverse and inclusive workplace. This makes individuals feel valued and connected and also they feel more engaged in work, thus, resulting in productivity.
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Economic Opportunity and Growth
Disrupting Beliefs in Racial Economic Progress
Despite limited progress, stark wealth inequality still exists between Black and White Americans, and many Americans are unaware of the size of the gap. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, management professor and IPR associate Ivuoma Onyeador, IPR faculty adjunct Jennifer Richeson, and their colleagues examine whether information about racism’s impact on opportunities and outcomes for racial minorities improves White Americans’ perceptions of the current Black-White wealth gap. In one study, 667 White participants read an article about racial inequality in the U.S. or another article and then provided their estimates of income and wealth equality between Black and White Americans in 1963 and 2016. In a second study, 845 White participants were randomly assigned to read one of two articles about the persistence of racial discrimination because of either explicit bias or implicit bias, or they did not read anything. Both studies found that reading about racism and either implicit or explicit discrimination produced smaller overestimates of how much the wealth gap had narrowed over time, but largely because participants adjusted their estimates of past levels of racial economic equality down. The findings indicate that, while White Americans’ belief in racial progress may be disrupted temporarily, their belief in the equality of Black and White Americans’ current economic circumstances is misinformed. Future research is needed to uncover interventions that could help provide accurate information about current economic gaps.
Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the U.S.
Immigration can expand labor supply and create greater competition for native-born workers, but immigrants also start businesses and increase the demand for labor. In an IPR working paper, strategy professor and IPR associate Benjamin Jones and his colleagues study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. Using U.S. Census Bureau data and population-wide W-2 tax records, they integrated employment and demographic records to see whether founders of companies between 2005 and 2010 were native- or foreign-born. To determine the immigrant status of the founders and the size of the companies, the researchers also examined the U.S. Census’s Survey of Business Owners in 2012, and they collected data on firms listed in the 2017 Fortune 500 ranking. The researchers find across the data that immigrants start companies of every size at higher rates than native-born individuals. Overall, the results show immigrants are highly entrepreneurial. Jones and his colleagues suggest that immigrants act more as "job creators" than "job takers." These findings can help resolve the tension between labor supply-oriented analyses, where immigrants are seen to compete with local workers and depress wages, and natural experiments that often show more positive economic results of immigration for native born workers. Jones is the Gordon and Llura Gund Family Professor of Entrepreneurship.
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Understanding with the Heart
There are seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit, yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty. These are those who hear the word and understand it.
Matthew 13:23
The parable of the sower is somewhat unusual because Jesus tells the disciples its meaning. Its broad purpose is to explain the failure of the grace God has poured out on the earth and its inhabitants to produce universally faith, hope, love, and obedience, and in some the seed, understood, has produced fruit pleasing to God.
Jesus gives three examples of failure, examples now familiar. The seed that falls along the path is easily taken away by the birds because the one thus gifted has no understanding. The seed that fell on rocky ground represents those who receive the word with joy but whose understanding is superficial; when their faith is tried, when the commands of Christ seem hard, these fall away. The seed that falls among thorns does not bear fruit because the one to whom it is entrusted is seduced by the cares of the world, delights in the good things of the world to the exclusion of faithfulness to Christ.
Jesus also gives a single example of success. These are seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit , yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty. They hear the word and understand it. The good soil is the heart prepared by grace given and received, enabling the elect to understand the Word.
The verb beneath the word “understand” is a compound of the prefix together or with and a verb that has many meanings. Its use in Matthew must signal its importance, for, although it appears in other biblical texts, in the Gospels it is limited to parallel texts and to those describing the disciples’ understanding of Jesus’ words. Of course Jesus spoke Aramaic, but we trust the Greek-speaker who recorded His words for the Graeco-Roman world to have used the verb translated as “understand“ accurately. In any event we know that “to understand” is different from knowledge that signifies our recognition of the facts of the matter, although it includes that recognition, but to understand the Word sown means something deeper. Monsignor Knox and the Douay-Rheims and the Authorized Version translate “understand” as “understanding of the heart,” and RSV in another place as “hear and grasp.”
The translators are telling us something important. The word “heart” does not appear in either the Greek or Latin. The Greek for “grasp” is also missing from the text. Jesus is explaining that those who failed to enter the Kingdom, although they heard did not take the Word into their hearts. But there were those who both heard and understood, who located Christ and His Gospel at the center of their lives, those who have grasped Jesus and His message, who make His person and His words the very principle of their thoughts and actions, bearing fruit for the Kingdom of the New Heart over which Christ now reigns as king.
Jesus offers an explanation of the failure of those who hear but do not understand. Christians are not permitted to say that Satan caused them to sin (James 1:13), but it is evident from Scripture that he never stops trying, and that with the cooperation of the human will, he may have his successes. From the moment of the Incarnation, Satan has roamed the earth seeking to destroy the faith of the children of the Woman Clothed with the Sun (Revelation 12:17). His principle method is obfuscation and studied neglect. It is he who sows weeds among the wheat that grows in the Church. And the weeds will continue to grow because Jesus warns the zealous disciples that if they try to clear the field of weeds, in rooting up the weeds the wheat may be damaged. And this means that the Kingdom in its historical manifestation as the Church will always be a mixed community consisting of some who have taken the Gospel to heart and some who hear but do not understand. It is a mercy that only Christ knows who has understood with the heart and who has not; this will not be revealed until He comes again, until the book of life is opened at the end of the age.
Meanwhile understanding the Good News planted in the human heart prompts many actions: belief, obedience, and above all love, love for God and love for our neighbors, for those we come upon as we walk the path that is our life. Each of these has its own necessity. Belief involves belief in the merciful acts of Jesus by which He bought our freedom with His death and resurrection. But it involves more; each sentence in the Creed invites our belief, and we dare not prefer belief in one of Jesus’ actions to another. For belief to be effective it must be what is called theological faith, belief that is ours not because we consider it suitable or even because we are grateful for it, but belief because the truths of our religion are expressions of the authority of God. In an analogous way heart-understanding expresses itself in obedience. Very often the yoke is easy and the burden light, but the day will come when conscience makes a claim that desire can follow only with difficulty and humility. It is the evangelist John who reminds the ages that the sure sign of our love for Christ is our obedience to His commandments, of which the first is love of our brothers and sisters. And as for love, it is the supernatural empowering gift that enables belief and obedience.
What the Word in our hearts promotes may seem simple, but it is in reality deep. Jesus commands us to love God with all our hearts, all our souls, and all our minds (Matthew 22:37). And perfecting the Word understood in a life lived is made difficult by the fact that God is not unopposed in this world. As Matthew 13:24–30 tells us, there is an enemy roaming the earth, seeking endlessly with demonic energy to snatch the Word from every life, sowing doubt, ever proclaiming the glory and the satisfactions of “the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and pride of life.” In our present century Satan has an easy sell, for he moves among a people, perhaps even Christian people, who have never taken Christ and His words into their hearts, who do not understand and who do not know that they do not understand.
Therefore to our duty to believe, to obey, and to love, there is added one more, the duty to witness. You, said Jesus, are my witnesses to the ends of the earth. Laying aside not the grace of conversational engagement but the fear of intruding upon others and the pusillanimity that cannot bear a challenge, refusing the stance that considers religion too private to have any place in the public square, the time has come to accept the scandal of the Gospel, that no one comes to the Father except through His Son Jesus, that men are appointed once to die and after that comes judgement, that God’s judgement is the ultimate source of meaning, that this same judgement rewards those who long to see the face of God and allows those who have not and will not understand the consequences of their neglect.
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What do we know about our aging world?
Shannon Roberts
December 8, 2014
Reproduced with Permission
Demography is Destiny
During the next 5 years, for , the number of people in the world aged 65 years and older will outnumber children aged 5 years or younger. According to recent health research published in The Lancet medical journal , this is what we know:
1. Population ageing is the biggest driver of a substantial international rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, such as dementia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.
2. Advances in medicine and socio-economic development mean that people are less likely to die from infections or diseases, so are more likely to be living with chronic conditions over a long period of time.
3. An increase in the prevalence of chronic conditions will not only strain health systems but will also have economic implications. Therefore, encouraging healthy lifestyles is essential. Only then can we try to ensure that, as we live longer, we will do so in good health. The effective treatment of chronic diseases, reducing reliance on institutional care, appropriate health staff training, and the modification of policies to try to encourage older adults to remain part of the workforce for longer are also all necessary if we are to be prepared for an aging population.
4. Increasingly, we need to think about the emotional wellbeing of the elderly as well as physical well-being. In high-income countries subjective wellbeing has a typical U-shaped pattern with age, but it progressively decreases in older adults in the former Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and Latin America. Poor health status is significantly associated with negative emotional status and reduced life satisfaction.
5. The scarcity of knowledge about leading health issues in older people has hampered an effective international response. This situation is particularly prominent in low-income and middle-income countries. However, a growing body of multidisciplinary international research from a range of low-income and middle-income countries supported by the US National Institute on Aging, such as WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health has begun gradually to increase our understanding of health and well-being determinants in the elderly population.
One thing is for sure - almost every health system in the world will need to quickly find and implement effective strategies if they are to respond effectively to the needs of the fast approaching increases in the elderly population. A key challenge will be to avoid imposing a high financial burden on individuals and younger families in order to do so.
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How to Prevent a Heart Attack
Ever heard of the expression “young and bulletproof”? As young people, we once believed that we were invincible, that no matter what we did to our bodies or what we put inside them, we would bounce back stronger than ever and in record time to do it all over again.
That delusion of immortality quickly fades away when you or someone you know unexpectedly has a heart attack.
When they occur, heart attacks immediately set a timeclock on your life in motion. Suddenly, your perception changes and you wonder if every passing second will be your last. Now you see each moment as a precious gift, holding onto them as priceless treasures. Some victims are able to recover quickly, while others find themselves changing their whole lives, facing a long road of pain, stress management and regular doctors visits.
No one on earth goes through life without knowing someone who has suffered a heart attack. It’s one of the most frightening experiences with no clear, obvious warning signs to alert you.
But with dedication and discipline, you can prevent the fate of a heart attack. Here are steps you can take.
Eat Right
A healthy diet can be your most powerful weapon against heart attacks. Nutritious foods rich with vitamins, minerals and fiber, but low in calories, can affect controllable risk factors like cholesterol and high blood pressure, and can even trim down your waistline. Cut down on, or completely get rid of salt, saturated fats, sweets, and red meats and build a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and whole grains. Including low-fat dairy products, poultry and fish can be helpful as well. Also, be sure to monitor your sugar intake, as too much sugar in the blood can damage your arteries.
Be Active & Manage A Healthy Weight
Staying physically active also goes hand in hand with a healthy diet. Obesity places you at risk for high cholesterol and high blood pressure, which heighten your risk for heart disease. Coordinate your diet with your physical activity level so you’re using up as many calories as you take in and maintaining a healthy weight.
Stop Smoking
Risk of heart disease is dramatically reduced for those who quit smoking. Worse, smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol level, which helps prevent arteries from becoming blocked. When a person with high cholesterol also smokes, their risk of coronary heart disease increases even more. It’s tough to quit, but recovering from a heart attack or stroke or living with chronic heart disease is even tougher.
Control Your Drinking
In addition to seriously impeding your judgment and ability to drive, excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure, cause obesity and increase your risk for developing an irregular heartbeat, a stroke, cancer, alcoholism and other diseases.
However, that doesn’t mean you need to avoid alcohol altogether. Moderate consumption can have a beneficial, protective effect. It is recommended to limit yourself to 1-2 standard drinks a day at most.
Take It Easy
You’ve probably heard of people who suffer heart attacks during times of heightened emotional stress: at the workplace, after a great tragedy, during a moment of great intimacy. Stress is known to affect risk factors of heart disease and stroke. When stressed, a person may overeat (nothing healthy), start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would. Manage your stress and dedicate time to relax and enjoy life.
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February 25, 2021
The power of AI in industrial automation
The most advanced approaches to fully intelligent robotic systems
AI (artificial intelligence) enables the automation of a growing number of business processes and industrial applications. The scope and pace of smart automation are directly dependent on the advancements in AI and as such have experienced giant leaps forward in recent years. Combined with powerful 3D machine vision, AI enables robots to recognize, localize, and handle any type of object and thus automate tasks that would be too dangerous, monotonous, or otherwise demanding for humans.
AI-powered recognition and handling of boxes
But what is meant by AI in industrial automation, how does it work, and what possibilities does it open to factories and businesses striving for modernity, innovation, and increased productivity? First of all, let’s have a look at the very beginnings of AI and its gradual development.
From the first architectures to convolutional neural networks
The term AI may represent a number of machine capabilities and processes – from simple statistics through decision trees up to neural networks, such as convolutional neural networks, or even more advanced approaches such as reinforcement learning.
The history of the development of AI witnessed several approaches but neural networks proved to be the most promising and interesting thanks to their ability to generalize.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, neural networks received great attention thanks to the first successful applications of character recognition that included the reading of handwritten numbers in bank checks and letter zipcodes. These neural networks were trained on a so-called MNIST dataset (standing for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology), which is a collection of handwritten digits from 0 to 9 used in machine learning and machine vision for training image processing systems. MNIST dataset served as the basis for benchmarking classification algorithms and is still used today for training and testing purposes.
MNIST dataset
Though these classical neural networks are able to learn practically anything, they represent an old, fully-connected architecture and training them requires a lot of time and effort. This is because all neurons in one layer are fully connected to the neurons in the next layer – which means a huge number of parameters to learn, rising with the size of an image. Though the performance of computers improved over time, it still takes very long to train the recognition of even small images.
A turning point in the development of AI was marked by the introduction of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). CNNs are mainly used for analyzing visual imagery, including image classification or pattern recognition, and form the backbone of many modern machine vision systems. Another main field of application is natural language processing.
A CNN is, very loosely speaking, inspired by the visual cortex system in the brain. The main idea behind CNNs is not to connect all neurons with one another, as is the case with fully connected networks, but only with neighboring neurons to create proximity, since neighboring inputs, such as pixels, carry related information. This means that CNNs can have several layers and neurons in one layer are only connected to neurons in the next layer that are spatially close to them. This reduces complexity, the number of neurons in the network, and consequently also the number of parameters to learn. Thanks to this, CNNs are faster to train, need fewer samples, and can also be applied to larger images.
The term “convolutional” refers to the filtering process through which CNNs detect patterns. The individual layers convolve, i.e. combine, the input and pass the result to the next layer.
The progress in the development of CNNs has also been accelerated by the advancements in graphics processing units (GPUs). Their performance and calculation power have improved immensely over the past few years, opening up new possibilities for training CNNs.
One of the most recognized leaders in the field of AI, often referred to as the “Godfather of AI”, is Geoffrey Hinton. He has a degree in experimental psychology and artificial intelligence. This combination gave him great insight into how to train artificial neural networks.
In 2012 his student Alex Krizhevsky marked another turning point in AI when he created a CNN that was able to mimic the way the human brain recognizes objects. The CNN was named the AlexNet and for the first time in history enabled a machine to identify objects like a person.
This breakthrough popularized convolutional neural networks and showed the huge range of applications where CNNs could be used.
Training a convolutional neural network
In object recognition, it is important that a CNN has a property called invariance. This means that it is invariant to translation, viewpoint, size, or illumination to be able to interpret input patterns and classify objects regardless of where and how they are placed in an image. To achieve this, CNN needs to be trained on a certain amount of examples. One of the best practices to increase the amount of relevant data in a dataset is data augmentation.
Augmentation is the practice of modifying input data, i.e. the original image, to generate several other, slightly altered versions of it. Augmentation techniques include horizontal or vertical flipping, rotation, scaling, cropping, moving the image along the X or Y direction, and others.
Training a CNN on an altered data makes its neurons immune to such augmentations and prevents it from learning irrelevant patterns. A flipped parrot will thus still be recognized as a parrot.
AI-powered recognition and picking of fish
What comes very handy here is so-called transfer learning. To eliminate the amount of training data, one can use an existing and already trained network and apply some of its filters for the recognition of new kinds of objects. For instance, a network trained for the recognition of dogs can also be used for the recognition of cats by keeping some of its filters and modifying only a certain part of it. This means that the network will adapt to the recognition of cats.
Benefits of modular convolutional neural networks
The great value of CNNs lies in their architecture and the fact that the individual modules look at single image blocks. The modules do not need to be trained simultaneously and can be easily joined together. Combining these well-trained modules gave rise to complex architectures that can be used for segmentation
In contrast to the AlexNet, which can only recognize what is in the image, these complex CNNs can do object segmentation and define the object’s location in the image.
This modularity enables one to use various input channels, which means that if the CNN was used for black & white data, it can also be used for color data, and if it was used for color data, it can be extended by depth information. Adding additional information boosts the CNN’s performance, which includes increased accuracy and better recognition of objects and their positions.
From object recognition to smart automation solutions
Based on the above features and characteristics of convolutional neural networks, Photoneo took CNNs as a basis for its advanced robotic intelligence systems and automation solutions
Photoneo’s CNN works with black & white data, color data, as well as depth information. The algorithms are trained on a large dataset of objects and if they come across new types of items, they can quickly generalize, that is, recognize and classify objects which it has not “seen” before.
Let’s take the concept of a box, for instance. The algorithms were trained on a large dataset of boxes so they understand that a box has a certain amount of faces, edges, and vertices. This principle will also work for boxes that the algorithms have not come across before, even squeezed or damaged ones. The greatest value of AI lies in the fact that it can generalize concepts that it was trained on without further retraining.
AI-powered recognition of boxes
This enables Photoneo systems to recognize items of various shapes, sizes, colors, or materials – a robotic ability used for the localization and handling of mixed objects, including organic items such as fruit or fish, sorting of parcels, unloading of pallets laden with boxes, and many other industrial applications.
Localization and handling of mixed objects
It might also happen that the algorithms come across objects with features that are fundamentally different from those the algorithms were trained on. This might confuse the CNN and cause a decrease in its performance. What can be done to solve this problem is either to prevent it by expecting exotic objects or to have a good retraining system. In the latter case, the performance will be temporarily lower but the CNN will be retrained to reach full performance rather quickly.
In case a customer needs to pick unusual items or non-commercial products such as industrial components, the CNN can be trained on a specific dataset containing these exotic items.
When it comes to the realization of a customer project, the customer receives Photoneo’s CNN for pilot testing and a feasibility study to ensure that the network can be used for that particular application. This CNN can then be improved and further trained on images from the pilot phase of the project, which will provide greater variability.
The greatest challenge in AI-powered object recognition and picking
The greatest challenge could also be described as the last puzzle piece that was missing in the range of pickable objects. This last piece was bags
The difficulty lies in the nature of bags since they are extremely deformable and full of wrinkles, folds, and other irregularities. Despite the challenges that bags pose to AI, Photoneo developed a system that is able to recognize and pick bags, may they be full, half-empty, colored, transparent, or semi-transparent. This task is often challenging even for the human eye, which may find it difficult to recognize boundaries between bags that are chaotically placed in a container, especially if they are transparent.
Recognition of bags
However, good recognition and localization of bags are only part of the precondition for successful object picking. The other part relates to the mechanical side of an application – the robot gripper. The fact that bags are full of folds and wrinkles increases the risk that they will fall off the gripper. This risk can be prevented by using an appropriate vacuum gripper with feedback.
Future developments of AI
Despite significant advancements that have been made in AI in recent years, the field still offers a vast space for new achievements. For instance, so-called reinforcement learning receives great attention as it seems to be very promising in suggesting complex movements, for instance allowing a robot to adjust the position of an item before grasping it.
Reinforcement learning is not only able to cope with object recognition but also with mechanical problems of an application. This means that it not only enables a system to recognize items but also assess the individual steps of a robot action on the basis of rewards and punishments and “calculate” the chance of success or failure. In other words, AI algorithms are trained to make a sequence of decisions that will lead to actions maximizing the total reward. An example of the power of reinforcement learning is mastering and winning the board game of Go.
Despite its immense potential, reinforcement learning is closely linked to the environment it is set in and to the limitations it may pose. For example, the deployed gripper and its functionalities and limitations will always influence a system’s overall performance.
AI is the main driver of emerging technologies and its developments will be very dependent on a number of factors, including market demands, customer expectations, competition, and many others.
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Posts Tagged ‘Statistics’
The IceCube Moon Shadow
Monday, June 2nd, 2014
Whenever we come across a new result one of the first things we ask is “How many sigma is it?!” It’s a strange question, and one that deserves a good answer. What is a sigma? How do sigmas get (mis)used? How many sigmas is enough?
The name “sigma” refers to the symbol for the standard deviation, σ. When someone says “It’s a one sigma result!” what they really mean is “If you drew a graph and measured a curve that was one standard deviation away from the underling model then this result would sit on that curve.” Or to use a simple analogy, the height distribution for male adults in the USA is 178cm with a standard deviation of 8cm. If a man measured 170cm tall he would be a one sigma deviation from the norm and we could say that he’s a one sigma effect. As you can probably guess, saying something is a one sigma effect is not very impressive. We need to know a bit more about sigmas before we can say anything meaningful.
The term sigma is usually used for the Gaussian (or normal) distribution, and the normal distribution looks like this:
The normal distribution
The normal distribution
The area under the curve tells us the population in that region. We can color in the region that is more than one sigma away from the mean on the high side like this:
The normal distribution with the one sigma high tail shaded
The normal distribution with the one sigma high tail shaded
This accounts for about one sixth of the total, so the probability of getting a one sigma fluctuation up is about 16%. If we include the downward fluctuations (on the low side of the peak) as well then this becomes about 33%.
If we color in a few more sigmas, we can see that the probability of getting two, three, four and five sigma effect above the underlying distribution is 2%, 0.1%, 0.003%, and 0.00003%, respectively. To say that we have a five sigma result is much more than five times as impressive as a one sigma result!
The normal distribution with each sigma band shown in a different color.
The normal distribution with each sigma band shown in a different color. Within one sigma is green, two sigma is yellow, three sigma is... well can you see past the second sigma?
When confronted with a result that is (for example) three sigma above what we expect we have to accept one of two conclusions:
1. the distribution shows a fluctuation that has a one in 500 chance of happening
2. there is some effect that is not accounted for in the model (eg a new particle exists, perhaps a massive scalar boson!)
Unfortunately it’s not as simple as that, since we have to ask ourselves “What is the probability of getting a one sigma effect somewhere in the distribution?” rather than “What is the probability of getting a one sigma effect for a single data point?”. Let’s say we have a spectrum with 100 data points. The probability that every single one of those data points will be within the one sigma band (upward and downward fluctuations) is 68% to the power 100, or \(2\times 10^{-17}\), a tiny number! In fact, we should be expecting one sigma effects in every plot we see! By comparison, the probability that every point falls within the three sigma band is 76%, and for five sigma it’s so close to 100% it’s not even worth writing out.
A typical distribution with a one sigma band drawn on it looks like the plot below. There are plenty of one and two sigma deviations. So whenever you hear someone says “It’s an X sigma effect!” ask them how many data points there are. Ask them what the probability of seeing an X sigma effect is. Three sigma is unlikely for 100 data points. Five sigma is pretty much unheard of for that many data points!
A typical distribution of simulated data with a one sigma band drawn.
So far we’ve only looked at statistical effects, and found the probability of getting an X sigma deviation due to fluctuations. Let’s consider what happens with systematic uncertainties. Suppose we have a spectrum that looks like this:
A sample distribution with a suspicious peak.
A sample distribution with a suspicious peak.
It seems like we have a two-to-three sigma effect at the fourth data point. But if we look more closely we can see that the fifth data point looks a little low. We can draw three conclusions here:
1. the distribution shows a fluctuation that has a one in 50 chance of happening (when we take all the data points into account)
3. the model is correct, but something is causing events from one data point to “migrate” to another data point
In many cases the third conclusion will be correct. There are all kinds of non-trivial effects which can change the shape of the data points, push events around from one data point to another and create false peaks where really, there is nothing to discover. In fact I generated the distribution randomly and then manually moved 20 events from the 5th data point to the 4th data point. The correct distribution looks like this:
The sample distribution, corrected.
The sample distribution, corrected.
So when we throw around sigmas in conversation we should also ask people what the shape of the data points looks like. If there is a suspicious downward fluctuation in the vicinity of an upward fluctuation be careful! Similarly, if someone points to an upward fluctuation while ignoring a similarly sized downward fluctuation, be careful! Fluctuations happen all the time, because of statistical effects and systematic effects. Take X sigma with a pinch of salt. Ask for more details and look at the whole spectrum available. Ask for a probability that the effect is due to the underlying model.
Most of the time it’s a matter of “A sigma here, a sigma there, it all balances out in the end.” It’s only when the sigma continue to pile up as we add more data that we should start to take things seriously. Right now I’d say we’re at the point where a potential Higgs discovery could go either way. There’s a good chance that there is a Higgs at 125GeV, but there’s also a reasonable chance that it’s just a fluctuation. We’ve seen so many bumps and false alarms over the years that another one would not be a big surprise. Keep watching those sigmas! The magic number is five.
A Grumpy Note on Statistics
Tuesday, March 13th, 2012
Last week’s press release Fermilab about the latest Higgs search results, describing the statistical significance of the excess events, said:
This actually contains a rather common error — not in how we present scientific results, but in how we explain them to the public. Here’s the issue:
Wrong: “the probability that the data could be due to a statistical fluctuation”
Right: “the probability that, were there no Higgs at all, a statistical fluctuation that could explain our data would occur”
Obviously the first sentence fragment is easier to read — sorry![1] — but, really, what’s the difference? Well, if the only goal is to give a qualitative idea of the statistical power of the measurement, it likely doesn’t matter at all. But technically it’s not the same, and in unusual cases things could be quite different. My edited (“right”) sentence fragment is only a statement about what could happen in a particular model of reality (in this case, the Standard Model without the Higgs boson). The mistaken fragment implies that we know the likelihood of different possible models actually being true, based on our measurement. But there’s no way to make such a statement based on only one measurement; we’d need to include some of our prior knowledge of which models are likely to be right.[2]
Why is that? Well, consider the difference between two measurements, one of which observed the top quark with 5 sigma significance and the other of which found that neutrinos go faster than light with 5 sigma significance. If “5 sigma significance” really meant “the probability that the data could be due to a statistical fluctuation,” then we would logically find both analyses equally believable if they were done equally carefully. But that’s not how those two measurements were received, because the real interpretation of “5 sigma” is as the likelihood that we would get a measurement like this if the conclusion were false. We were expecting the top quark, so it’s a lot more believable that the excess is associated with the top quark than with an incredibly unlikely fluctuation. But we have many reasons to believe neutrinos can’t go faster than light, so we would sooner believe that an incredibly unlikely fluctuation had happened than that the measurement was correct.[3]
Isn’t it bad that we’d let our prior beliefs bias whether we think measurements are right or not? No, not as long as we don’t let them bias the results we present. It’s perfectly fair to say, as OPERA did, that they were compelled to publish their results but thought they were likely wrong. Ultimately, the scientific community does reach conclusions about which “reality” is more correct on a particular question — but one measurement usually can’t do it alone.
[1] For what it’s worth, I actually spent a while thinking and chatting about how to make the second sentence fragment simpler, while preserving the essential difference between the two. In this quest for simplicity, I’ve left off any mention of gaussian distributions, the fact that we really give the chance of a statistical fluctuation as large or larger than our excess, the phrase “null hypothesis,” and doubtless other things as well. I can only hope I’ve hit that sweet spot where experts think I’ve oversimplified to the point of incorrectness, while non-expert readers still think it’s completely unreadable. 😉
[2] The consensus among experimental particle physicists is that it’s not wise to include prior knowledge explicitly in the statistical conclusions of our papers. Not everyone agrees; the debate is between Frequentist and Bayesian statistics, and a detailed discussion is beyond the scope of both this blog entry and my own knowledge. A wider discussion of the issues in this entry, from a Bayesian perspective, can be found in this preprint by G. D’Agostini. I certainly don’t agree with all of the preprint, but I do owe it a certain amount of thanks for help in clarifying my thinking.
[3] A systematic mistake in the result, or in the calculation of uncertainties, would be an even likelier suspect.
More on Higgs Boson Exclusion (Added 01 Sept 2011)
Nature’s Little Secrets
Happy Colliding.
– richard (@bravelittlemuon)
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Here’s Michelle: “Your letter will be a combination of your own impressions and knowledge of the student and a synthesis of the information you have gathered from the student and other sources.”
How to begin:
1. Use a title: “Letter of Recommendation for John Doe”
1. Put the student’s name in the first sentence: “It is my great pleasure to write this letter of recommendation for John Doe.”
Suggestions for the first paragraph:
• Write an anecdote. A story is always a great way to draw the reader in.
• Write a summary of the student’s strengths. Introduce what is to follow in the body of the letter.
• Write what first comes to mind when you think of the student.
Suggestions for body paragraphs:
Here’s Michelle: “The body of your letter is going to be determined by what information will be most helpful to an admissions counselor in determining if the college and the student will be a good fit. If you had the opportunity to read the student’s essay and teacher letter of recommendations, you will be able to choose the content of your body paragraphs to complement, but not repeat, what has already been written. Your goal is to provide MORE information. If soccer is the most important thing in a student’s life and the student already has a letter of recommendation from the soccer coach, it is acceptable not to mention soccer. It is important that the student’s application, and not your letter, be comprehensive.”
Character and Personality
Describing the student’s character and personality is helpful. Giving examples and telling stories that illustrate the student’s character and personality is golden.
Extracurricular Activities
It is not necessary to repeat the student’s activity list. Write what is unique about the student’s participation in activities. Do any themes emerge? Is the student a leader? Has the student tried many new things in an effort to figure out their interests? Is their interest in activities based on genuine interest rather than resume-building?
In general, the teacher letter of recommendation will discuss the student’s academic progress and abilities. If a student is an avid reader, write about what they like to read. If a student is a news junkie, mention it. These details are important and may not be discussed in the rest of the student’s application. The counselor letter of recommendation should also explain anything unique on the student’s transcript such as an exchange program or perhaps a reason why a student took a specific course. If there is a dip in grades on the student’s transcript, the counselor should explain the reason.
Challenging Circumstances
Admissions counselors will be interested in knowing if a student’s grades were affected by challenging circumstances such as death, divorce, illness and poverty. It is usually appropriate to mention adversity without giving too much detail. Focus on how the student coped with adversity and how the circumstance might affect the student in college.
How does the student interact with adults? Is the student a good friend? Does the student have a special relationship with a sibling? Is the student a leader? What kind of roommate will the student be?
Suggestions for the Conclusion:
• Why will you miss the student?
• What will the student offer their future campus community?
• What is your prediction for the student’s success at college?
Finally, Michelle writes that the counselor letter of recommendation “should always be positive.” Even if you’ve had a poor experience with the student, focus on their good qualities. A short letter with a few truthful, positive words is perfectly okay.
Here’s Michelle: “Every student deserves the chance to grow and mature. Attending college is the change of environment that might just be what the student needs to turn their behavior and attitude around. The counselor letter is our chance to set students up for success.”
Sara Urquidez, executive director of Academic Success Program, has gathered a slate of strong counselor examples that work for different kinds of students. We’ve included them below:
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How to Eat Healthy as a Family from expert Sarah Koszyk, MA, RD
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SuperKids Nutrition had the opportunity to chat with nutrition expert Sarah Koszyk, MA, RD. Sarah is a pediatric specialist and creator of “A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program” at MV Nutrition in San Francisco, California. The program emphasizes a sustainable lifestyle approach rather than a diet towards healthy living. Read below for Sarah’s tips on how to get kids to eat more fruits and vegetables, how to fit healthy eating in a busy schedule and why it is so important to get the entire family involved.
Parents who are overweight often have overweight children, how do you help make eating right a family affair in an effort to pass down healthy habits from generation to generation?
Many children who are referred to me for overweight/obesity, have parents who are also struggling with their own weight and eating patterns. First of all, I work with the entire family to learn and develop healthy habits in their eating behaviors. I usually start off by learning about the child’s eating patterns, and then I learn about the adult’s eating patterns. Once I identify where the struggles exist for both, we then work together to adjust the habits that are inhibiting them from reaching their goals. I also remind parents just how much of a role model they are to their kids. Parents love to be reminded that they are important and it encourages them to make simple changes to assist their children. By focusing on the basics, such as eating breakfast, having healthy snacks available, and consistent meal times and frequency, everyone can enjoy the experience of eating while learning core principles for optimal health.
Why is it so important that the entire family get involved in eating healthfully together?
Families are a team, and relationships are meant to be supportive units: people helping one another out. This idea of relationships and teamwork is between adults, between children and adults, as well as between siblings. By working together and helping each other out, it keeps the concept of family alive. The more involved both parents and kids are in the food arena, the more ease and acceptance the family will have when it comes time to eat. When children participate in any aspect of meal preparation, like washing produce, tossing a salad, chopping vegetables (if age appropriate), or even mixing a dressing, they get excited and are more likely to eat their creation or at least try it, which can encourage a happier, more well-balanced, veggie-filled meal. Also, the family is working together which brings unity and quality time spent together.
What would you advise a family to do with a child who won’t eat their fruits and vegetables?
I was teaching students Nutrition at an elementary school in Berkeley, CA, where the students had access to a garden, as well as weekly gardening classes. I attended one of those gardening classes and the students were making “wee-tos.” The students were wrapping arugula and frisee (a type of bitter lettuce) into a romaine lettuce leaf just like a burrito. What looked like a weed to me, the students were excitedly eating their “wee-tos.” This is a true example of how children, who get more involved, will try more food items. Even the green “Weeds!”
I recommend taking a child to a local farmers market where the children can walk around and even try the produce. Many farmers are elated to have a child try their product. When the child has the choice to pick up, touch, smell, and taste something, the child most likely will try a little. Also, take the child to the grocery store and while walking around the produce department, have them pick out 1 or 2 of their favorite fruits and vegetables. This way you give them a choice, the child is empowered, and you can prepare that fruit and vegetable with a little less fuss.
What kind of fitness activities do you encourage for your clients and practice yourself? How can busy moms and families fit fitness into a hectic schedule?
If only we had more time in the day! Hectic schedules do add up! I enjoy taking walks with my loved ones whether it is after dinner (weather and sun permitting), in a park, or just around the neighborhood. Walking can be a great, simple way to get some more activity in and it can also be a nice time to talk and share with one another. For busy families with hectic schedules, actually scheduling that walk into the calendar can prioritize it and make it happen: treat that fitness activity just like it’s an appointment! Prioritize it! If the weather is poor, people can now play in the house with Wii or other activities that both parents and kids can do together.
What’s the best advice that you can give to parents to encourage healthy eating habits for life?
For the parents: Start the day off right with a high fiber, high protein breakfast such as ¾ cup Nature’s Path cereal + ¾ cup blueberries + 2 Tbsp of ground flaxseed + 1 cup Fage Greek Yogurt (great source of protein). Make sure to have a protein/carbohydrate snack after school or mid-work day around 3-4 pm (for both parents and kids) to keep your energy up and running, such as 1 fruit + 1 light string cheese. Practice what you preach to your kids. By eating consistently throughout the day, you will stay fueled and energized. Then, through nutrition coaching, you can reduce your portion sizes at lunch and dinner to make your meals more even and consistent throughout the day.
Many people complain that they don’t have time to prepare healthy meals. What are 3 tips you can provide for fitting cooking into a busy schedule?
1. Plan your snacks for everyone at the beginning of the week on a Sunday (or Monday if out of town on the weekend). Put everyone’s snacks into individual containers for the entire week so that each morning, you just grab it and quickly divvy up the snacks. Now everyone has energy to stay fueled throughout the day. This is great time management, too, because you spend about 20 minutes once preparing the snacks and then you are done for the rest of the week.
2. On busy days where one knows the day will end in pure exhaustion, have a simple go-to dinner on hand. For example, boil pasta, open a jar of pasta sauce, throw in some pre-made frozen turkey meatballs, and steam some broccoli. You now have a complete meal that is easy to prepare in 10 minutes OR use another quick, go-to dinner that you know how to prepare without thinking about it such as a stir-fry with frozen veggies, chicken and easy-to-make brown rice that can be made in about 3 minutes. Add some soy sauce and boom, you have your quick meal. When it comes down to it, having a plan can help with healthy meal preparation even when there is NO time. So plan, plan, plan in advance to have your go-to meal available. What’s your simple dish that you love to prepare?
3. Make 1 big dish a week to have leftovers with. This dish can either be a stew or casserole or crockpot recipe. I also enjoy making healthy versions of enchiladas or lasagnas. By cooking on a day that’s easier such as a Sunday, you can have leftovers for dinner on a Tuesday or Wednesday.
What is your secret for managing your weight and staying in shape?
My secret: Prioritizing myself and my family’s health. I grocery shop weekly (often times twice a week). I pre-plan what we’re going to eat Monday through Wednesday so that I have an idea of what to make for dinner. Thursday is usually our leftover night. I also prep everyone’s lunches the night before so that in the morning, I just have to grab and go for all. By making most of our meals from home, I save money and I’m able to keep my portions in my control, which is helpful to my waistline. I also schedule my workouts as appointments in my calendar so that they happen and I get the “job” done.
What is your favorite go-to healthy meal?
My favorite go-to healthy meal is Burrito Bonanza. We grab a high fiber, low carb tortilla, put some Jarlsberg lite cheese in there with some grilled onions, green peppers, jalapenos, and chicken breast (I put in spices such as cumin, chili powder, garlic powder, cayenne, and red chili peppers when I grill the onions, peppers, and chicken), add some salsa, canned black beans, and chopped romaine lettuce and roll it up! It’s fun, fast, and each person can make his/her own burrito to his particular liking. You’ve got vegetables, carbohydrates, and protein all in one! Bon appétit!
As a dedicated, spirited, and compassionate registered dietitian, Sarah Koszyk, focuses on empowering people to make positive lifestyle changes. Her expertise in nutrition and food science, behavior modification, motivational interviewing, and cognitive therapy virtually assures her client’s success. Sarah originally became part of the MV Nutrition Team in 2005 and has since excelled in achieving healthy benefits for all of her clients.
Sarah designed A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program at MV Nutrition, which emphasizes a sustainable lifestyle approach rather than a diet towards healthy living. A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program is broken down for all age groups with educational materials for both parents and kids. The program is taught in either a group setting or an individual one-on-one setting, and is provided in either Spanish or English. Age-appropriate tools have been developed to maximize learning and interaction at every level. Whether the visits are group or individual, we stress the importance of teaching our children proper portion sizes, including a variety of colors in all meals and snacks, learning heart-healthy ingredients, and modifying our behaviors as the keys to success.
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What is the number 7 considered to be lucky in Britain?
Omens and SupersititionsBeliefs & CustomsCustoms and TraditionsGeneral Topics
This is a superstition which has been known to man since prehistoric times. It is very common and is followed throughout every corner of the globe. The number 7 is something which is woven into our history and throughout our illustrious past, we can find many instances of this number popping up.
The number 7 is so significant because in some form or another it is linked to our day to day lives. Read on to find why number 7 is one of the most beloved integers and why it is considered lucky.
Biblical Origins
The story starts from Bible and the Book of Revelation, in the first the number seven is mentioned more than 700 times and in the later, it is said more than 54 times. In the Book of Genesis, the word “Creation” is said exactly seven times.
And if we take the views of the Bible into account then The Lord created the world in 6 days which means that the 7th day was for him to rest; the seven day week has since been universally accepted. These are just a few of the references to the number 7 in our religious history, there are plenty more in many other civilizations.
Scientific Data
Coming to the parts that will really shock you, there are a total of seven colors in the visible spectrum, called VIBGYOR; this term was coined together in the 1600s. At a point of time, due to lack of good telescopes, the known number of planets in the solar system was 7.
Also, in the year 2007, on 7th July, which is on 07/07/2007, the new list of Seven Wonders of the World was released. All these things are based on the superstition that the number 7 is lucky, and it all started with the religious texts.
Published on 01-Mar-2019 07:00:06
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Small Grains
Certified Natty Oats
Natty oats are a white hulled early maturing variety released from SDSU in 2015. Nattys offer superb yield potential as well as a good disease package which keeps test weight high and grain in quality condition. Natty oats work well for forage production with a medium-tall plant structure, great standability, and good straw strength.
Cereal Grain Rye
Rye is the most winter-hardy of all cereal grains, tolerating temperatures as low as -30°F once it is well stablished. It can germinate and grow at temperatures as low as 33°F and withstand frought better than other cereal grains. Compared to other cereal grains, rye grows faster in the fall and produces more dry matter the following spring.
Triticale is a highly versatile cereal forage for grazing, silage, hay or as a cover crop. Created by combining wheat and rye into a new species, triticale combines the advantages of both parent species for grain and forage. It develops rapidly in the spring for high quantity and high-quality silage or hay.
Barley does an excellent job of preventing erosion, suppressing weeds, building organic matter, and scavenging for nutrients. Barley is a quick source of abundant biomass that, along with its thick root system, can improve soil structure and water infiltration. Being both easy to grow and terminate, barley provides exceptional erosion control and weed suppression in lighter soils. Barley has an upright posture and relatively open canopy that makes it a fine nurse crop for establishing a forage stand. Spring barley varieties will not overwinter.
Although typically grown as a cash grain, winter wheat can provide a grazing option prior to spring tiller elongation. It’s less likely than barley or rye to become a weed ans is easier to kill. Wheat also is slower to mature than some cereals, so there is no rush to kill it early in spring.
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300px|The Reactable,_an_example_of_a_[[tangible_user_interface_.html" style="text-decoration: none;"class="mw-redirect" title="tangible user interface">Reactable, an example of a tangible_user_interface">Reactable,_an_example_of_a_[[tangible_user_interface_ In_the_[[industrial_design.html" style="text-decoration: none;"class="mw-redirect" title="tangible user interface ">tangible user interface">Reactable, an example of a [[tangible user interface In the [[industrial design">tangible user interface ">tangible user interface">Reactable, an example of a [[tangible user interface In the [[industrial design field of [[human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, whilst the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators' decision-making process. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls, and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to, or involve such disciplines as, ergonomics and psychology. Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface which makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result (i.e. maximum usability). This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the user. User interfaces are composed of one or more layers, including a human-machine interface (HMI) that interfaces machines with physical input hardware such as keyboards, mice, or game pads, and output hardware such as computer monitors, speakers, and printers. A device that implements an HMI is called a human interface device (HID). Other terms for human-machine interfaces are man-machine interface (MMI) and, when the machine in question is a computer, human–computer interface. Additional UI layers may interact with one or more human senses, including: tactile UI (touch), visual UI (sight), auditory UI (sound), olfactory UI (smell), equilibrial UI (balance), and gustatory UI (taste). Composite user interfaces (CUIs) are UIs that interact with two or more senses. The most common CUI is a ''graphical user interface'' (GUI), which is composed of a tactile UI and a visual UI capable of displaying graphics. When sound is added to a GUI, it becomes a ''multimedia user interface'' (MUI). There are three broad categories of CUI: ''standard'', ''virtual'' and ''augmented''. Standard CUI use standard human interface devices like keyboards, mice, and computer monitors. When the CUI blocks out the real world to create a virtual reality, the CUI is virtual and uses a ''virtual reality interface''. When the CUI does not block out the real world and creates augmented reality, the CUI is augmented and uses an ''augmented reality interface''. When a UI interacts with all human senses, it is called a qualia interface, named after the theory of qualia. CUI may also be classified by how many senses they interact with as either an X-sense virtual reality interface or X-sense augmented reality interface, where X is the number of senses interfaced with. For example, a Smell-O-Vision is a 3-sense (3S) Standard CUI with visual display, sound and smells; when ''virtual reality interfaces'' interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) virtual reality interface; and when ''augmented reality interfaces'' interface with smells and touch it is said to be a 4-sense (4S) augmented reality interface.
The user interface or ''human–machine interface'' is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the physical part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see and touch. In complex systems, the human–machine interface is typically computerized. The term ''human–computer interface'' refers to this kind of system. In the context of computing, the term typically extends as well to the software dedicated to control the physical elements used for human–computer interaction. The engineering of human–machine interfaces is enhanced by considering ergonomics (human factors). The corresponding disciplines are human factors engineering (HFE) and usability engineering (UE), which is part of systems engineering. Tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science, such as computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages. Nowadays, we use the expression graphical user interface for human–machine interface on computers, as nearly all of them are now using graphics. Multimodal interfaces allow users to interact using more than one modality of user input.
There is a difference between a user interface and an operator interface or a human–machine interface (HMI). * The term "user interface" is often used in the context of (personal) computer systems and electronic devices. ** Where a network of equipment or computers are interlinked through an MES (Manufacturing Execution System)-or Host to display information. ** A human-machine interface (HMI) is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, and is the interface method between the human and the equipment/machine. An operator interface is the interface method by which multiple pieces of equipment that are linked by a host control system are accessed or controlled. ** The system may expose several user interfaces to serve different kinds of users. For example, a computerized library database might provide two user interfaces, one for library patrons (limited set of functions, optimized for ease of use) and the other for library personnel (wide set of functions, optimized for efficiency). * The user interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface (HMI). HMI is a modification of the original term MMI (man-machine interface). In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now. Another abbreviation is HCI, but is more commonly used for human–computer interaction. Other terms used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT). However it is abbreviated, the terms refer to the 'layer' that separates a human that is operating a machine from the machine itself. Without a clean and usable interface, humans would not be able to interact with information systems. In science fiction, HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as a direct neural interface. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) prostheses—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., cochlear implants). In some circumstances, computers might observe the user and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.
1945–1968: Batch interface
In the batch era, computing power was extremely scarce and expensive. User interfaces were rudimentary. Users had to accommodate computers rather than the other way around; user interfaces were considered overhead, and software was designed to keep the processor at maximum utilization with as little overhead as possible. The input side of the user interfaces for batch machines was mainly punched cards or equivalent media like paper tape. The output side added line printers to these media. With the limited exception of the system operator's console, human beings did not interact with batch machines in real time at all. Submitting a job to a batch machine involved, first, preparing a deck of punched cards describing a program and a dataset. Punching the program cards wasn't done on the computer itself, but on keypunches, specialized typewriter-like machines that were notoriously bulky, unforgiving, and prone to mechanical failure. The software interface was similarly unforgiving, with very strict syntaxes meant to be parsed by the smallest possible compilers and interpreters. Once the cards were punched, one would drop them in a job queue and wait. Eventually, operators would feed the deck to the computer, perhaps mounting magnetic tapes to supply another dataset or helper software. The job would generate a printout, containing final results or an abort notice with an attached error log. Successful runs might also write a result on magnetic tape or generate some data cards to be used in a later computation. The turnaround time for a single job often spanned entire days. If one were very lucky, it might be hours; there was no real-time response. But there were worse fates than the card queue; some computers required an even more tedious and error-prone process of toggling in programs in binary code using console switches. The very earliest machines had to be partly rewired to incorporate program logic into themselves, using devices known as plugboards. Early batch systems gave the currently running job the entire computer; program decks and tapes had to include what we would now think of as operating system code to talk to I/O devices and do whatever other housekeeping was needed. Midway through the batch period, after 1957, various groups began to experiment with so-called “load-and-go” systems. These used a monitor program which was always resident on the computer. Programs could call the monitor for services. Another function of the monitor was to do better error checking on submitted jobs, catching errors earlier and more intelligently and generating more useful feedback to the users. Thus, monitors represented the first step towards both operating systems and explicitly designed user interfaces.
1969–present: Command-line user interface
1985: SAA User Interface or Text-Based User Interface
1968–present: Graphical User Interface
* 1968 – Douglas Engelbart demonstrated NLS, a system which uses a mouse, pointers, hypertext, and multiple windows. * 1970 – Researchers at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (many from SRI) develop WIMP paradigm (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers) * 1973 – Xerox Alto: commercial failure due to expense, poor user interface, and lack of programs * 1979 – Steve Jobs and other Apple engineers visit Xerox PARC. Though Pirates of Silicon Valley dramatizes the events, Apple had already been working on developing a GUI, such as the Macintosh and Lisa projects, before the visit. * 1981 – Xerox Star: focus on WYSIWYG. Commercial failure (25K sold) due to cost ($16K each), performance (minutes to save a file, couple of hours to recover from crash), and poor marketing * 1982 – Rob Pike and others at Bell Labs designed Blit, which was released in 1984 by AT&T and Teletype as DMD 5620 terminal. * 1984 – Apple Macintosh popularizes the GUI. Super Bowl commercial shown twice, was the most expensive commercial ever made at that time * 1984 – MIT's X Window System: hardware-independent platform and networking protocol for developing GUIs on UNIX-like systems * 1985 – Windows 1.0 – provided GUI interface to MS-DOS. No overlapping windows (tiled instead). * 1985 – Microsoft and IBM start work on OS/2 meant to eventually replace MS-DOS and Windows * 1986 – Apple threatens to sue Digital Research because their GUI desktop looked too much like Apple's Mac. * 1987 – Windows 2.0 – Overlapping and resizable windows, keyboard and mouse enhancements * 1987 – Macintosh II: first full-color Mac * 1988 – OS/2 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) has GUI written by Microsoft, looks a lot like Windows 2
Interface design
Primary methods used in the interface design include prototyping and simulation. Typical human–machine interface design consists of the following stages: interaction specification, interface software specification and prototyping: * Common practices for interaction specification include user-centered design, persona, activity-oriented design, scenario-based design, and resiliency design. * Common practices for interface software specification include use cases and constrain enforcement by interaction protocols (intended to avoid use errors). * Common practices for prototyping are based on libraries of interface elements (controls, decoration, etc.).
Principles of quality
All great interfaces share eight qualities or characteristics: # Clarity: The interface avoids ambiguity by making everything clear through language, flow, hierarchy and metaphors for visual elements. # Concision: It's easy to make the interface clear by over-clarifying and labeling everything, but this leads to interface bloat, where there is just too much stuff on the screen at the same time. If too many things are on the screen, finding what you're looking for is difficult, and so the interface becomes tedious to use. The real challenge in making a great interface is to make it concise and clear at the same time. # Familiarity: Even if someone uses an interface for the first time, certain elements can still be familiar. Real-life metaphors can be used to communicate meaning. # Responsiveness: A good interface should not feel sluggish. This means that the interface should provide good feedback to the user about what's happening and whether the user's input is being successfully processed. # Consistency: Keeping your interface consistent across your application is important because it allows users to recognize usage patterns. # Aesthetics: While you don't need to make an interface attractive for it to do its job, making something look good will make the time your users spend using your application more enjoyable; and happier users can only be a good thing. # Efficiency: Time is money, and a great interface should make the user more productive through shortcuts and good design. # Forgiveness: A good interface should not punish users for their mistakes but should instead provide the means to remedy them.
Principle of least astonishment
The principle of least astonishment (POLA) is a general principle in the design of all kinds of interfaces. It is based on the idea that human beings can only pay full attention to one thing at one time, leading to the conclusion that novelty should be minimized.
Principle of habit formation
If an interface is used persistently, the user will unavoidably develop habits for using the interface. The designer's role can thus be characterized as ensuring the user forms good habits. If the designer is experienced with other interfaces, they will similarly develop habits, and often make unconscious assumptions regarding how the user will interact with the interface.
A model of design criteria: User Experience Honeycomb
Peter Morville of Google designed the User Experience Honeycomb framework in 2004 when leading operations in user interface design. The framework was created to guide user interface design. It would act as a guideline for many web development students for a decade. # Usable: Is the design of the system easy and simple to use? The application should feel familiar, and it should be easy to use. # Useful: Does the application fulfill a need? A business’s product or service needs to be useful. # Desirable: Is the design of the application sleek and to the point? The aesthetics of the system should be attractive, and easy to translate. # Findable: Are users able to quickly find the information they're looking for? Information needs to be findable and simple to navigate. A user should never have to hunt for your product or information. # Accessible: Does the application support enlarged text without breaking the framework? An application should be accessible to those with disabilities. # Credible: Does the application exhibit trustworthy security and company details? An application should be transparent, secure, and honest. # Valuable: Does the end-user think it's valuable? If all 6 criteria are met, the end-user will find value and trust in the application.
# ''Attentive user interfaces'' manage the user attention deciding when to interrupt the user, the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user. # ''Batch interfaces'' are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the details of the ''batch job'' in advance to batch processing, and receives the output when all the processing is done. The computer does not prompt for further input after the processing has started. # ''Command line interfaces'' (CLIs) prompt the user to provide input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and respond by outputting text to the computer monitor. Used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users. # ''Conversational interfaces'' enable users to command the computer with plain text English (e.g., via text messages, or chatbots) or voice commands, instead of graphic elements. These interfaces often emulate human-to-human conversations. # ''Conversational interface agents'' attempt to personify the computer interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as Microsoft's Clippy the paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form. # ''Crossing-based interfaces'' are graphical user interfaces in which the primary task consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing. # ''Direct manipulation interface'' is the name of a general class of user interfaces that allow users to manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond at least loosely to the physical world. # ''Gesture interfaces'' are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus. # ''Graphical user interfaces'' (GUI) accept input via devices such as a computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. There are at least two different principles widely used in GUI design: Object-oriented user interfaces (OOUIs) and application-oriented interfaces. # ''Hardware interfaces'' are the physical, spatial interfaces found on products in the real world from toasters, to car dashboards, to airplane cockpits. They are generally a mixture of knobs, buttons, sliders, switches, and touchscreens. # ' provide input to electronic or electro-mechanical devices by passing a finger through reproduced holographic images of what would otherwise be tactile controls of those devices, floating freely in the air, detected by a wave source and without tactile interaction. # ''Intelligent user interfaces'' are human-machine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human-machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language, gesture). # ''Motion tracking interfaces'' monitor the user's body motions and translate them into commands, currently being developed by Apple. # ''Multi-screen interfaces'', employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction. This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and more recently the handheld markets. # ''Natural-language interfaces'' are used for search engines and on webpages. User types in a question and waits for a response. # ''Non-command user interfaces'', which observe the user to infer their needs and intentions, without requiring that they formulate explicit commands. # ''Object-oriented user interfaces (OOUI)'' are based on object-oriented programming metaphors, allowing users to manipulate simulated objects and their properties. # ''Permission-driven user interfaces'' show or conceal menu options or functions depending on the user's level of permissions. The system is intended to improve the user experience by removing items that are unavailable to the user. A user who sees functions that are unavailable for use may become frustrated. It also provides an enhancement to security by hiding functional items from unauthorized persons. # ''Reflexive user interfaces'' where the users control and redefine the entire system via the user interface alone, for instance to change its command verbs. Typically, this is only possible with very rich graphic user interfaces. # ''Search interface'' is how the search box of a site is displayed, as well as the visual representation of the search results. # ''Tangible user interfaces'', which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical environment or its element. # ''Task-focused interfaces'' are user interfaces which address the information overload problem of the desktop metaphor by making tasks, not files, the primary unit of interaction. # ''Text-based user interfaces'' (TUIs) are user interfaces which interact via text. TUIs include command-line interfaces and text-based WIMP environments. # ''Touchscreens'' are displays that accept input by touch of fingers or a stylus. Used in a growing amount of mobile devices and many types of point of sale, industrial processes and machines, self-service machines, etc. # ''Touch user interface'' are graphical user interfaces using a touchpad or touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. They supplement or replace other forms of output with haptic feedback methods. Used in computerized simulators, etc. # ''Voice user interfaces'', which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface. # ''Web-based user interfaces'' or ''web user interfaces'' (WUI) that accept input and provide output by generating web pages viewed by the user using a web browser program. Newer implementations utilize PHP, Java, JavaScript, AJAX, Apache Flex, .NET Framework, or similar technologies to provide real-time control in a separate program, eliminating the need to refresh a traditional HTML-based web browser. Administrative web interfaces for web-servers, servers and networked computers are often called control panels. # ''Zero-input interfaces'' get inputs from a set of sensors instead of querying the user with input dialogs.Sharon, Taly, Henry Lieberman, and Ted Selker.
A zero-input interface for leveraging group experience in web browsing
." Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. ACM, 2003.
# ''Zooming user interfaces'' are graphical user interfaces in which information objects are represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the user can change the scale of the viewed area in order to show more detail.
File:P8-führerstand2.jpg|Historic HMI in the driver's cabin of a German steam locomotive File:Ice3 leitstand.jpg|Modern HMI in the driver's cabin of a German Intercity-Express High-Speed Train File:Wireless toilet control panel w. open lid.jpg|The HMI of a toilette (in Japan) File:Google Glass detail.jpg|Voice user interface of a wearable computer (''here: Google Glass'') File:Engineer at audio console at Danish Broadcasting Corporation.png|HMI for audio mixing File:Mesa de vídeo 1.JPG|HMI for video production File:00-bma-automation-operator-panel-with-pushbuttons.JPG|HMI of a machine for the sugar industry with pushbuttons File:CNC panel Sinumerik.jpg|HMI for a Computer numerical control (CNC) File:CNC panel.jpg|slightly newer HMI for a CNC-machine File:Not-Aus Betätiger.jpg|emergency switch/panic switch File:Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg|DMD 5620 Terminal
See also
* Adaptive user interfaces * Brain–computer interface * Computer user satisfaction * Direct voice input * Distinguishable interfaces * Ergonomics and human factors – the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body * Flat design * Framebuffer * History of the GUI * Icon design * Information architecture – organizing, naming, and labelling information structures * Information visualization – the use of sensory representations of abstract data to reinforce cognition * Interaction design * Interaction technique * Interface (computer science) * Kinetic user interface * Knowledge visualization – the use of visual representations to transfer knowledge * Natural user interfaces * Ncurses, a semigraphical user interface. * Organic user interface * Post-WIMP * Tangible user interface * Unified Code for Units of Measure * Usability links * User assistance * User experience * User experience design * User interface design * Useware * Virtual artifact * Virtual user interface
External links
HCI and Interaction Design Conferences
covers a wide area of user interface publications
{{DEFAULTSORT:User Interface Category:User interface techniques Category:Virtual reality Category:Human communication Category:Human–machine interaction
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Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke
Discussion in 'Axis Units' started by canuck, Jan 13, 2013.
1. canuck
canuck Closed Account
That he lived to the age of 90 is a complete travesty!
Wilhelm Mohnke was an officer in the Waffen SS during the Second World War, who commanded a regiment of the Hitler Youth division during the Battle of Normandy. Despite personal responsibility for atrocities committed on British prisoners of war in 1940, Canadian prisoners in 1944, and US prisoners that same year, he was not brought to justice after the war. He is described by Howard Margolian in his book Conduct Unbecoming as "a brave soldier but a man beset by unspeakable inner demons, which seem to have been exacerbated by his addiction to morphine."1
[IMG][IMG][IMG]Wilhelm Mohnke, after the award of his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.Mohnke as a young junior officerAndré Hennicke, appearing as a steely-eyed, square jawed heroic figure, in the film Der Untergang.
Wilhelm Mohnke, the son of a cabinet maker, was born in Lübeck, Germany on 15 Mar 1911. His father, whom shared his name with his son, was a cabinet maker. Mohnke worked for glass and porcelain manufacturer after the death of his father, and joined the Nazi Party on 1 Sep 1931, and the SS two months later. He served in several security units and ceremonial guards, and joined theWaffen SS prior to the campaign in Poland, where he served as an infantry company commander. He earned both the Iron Cross Second Class, and the First Class, for his service there.
He still commanded a company of the LSSAH during the invasion of France in 1940, and acting as battalion commander when his CO was wounded. The pressures of his new duties were made evident by his actions on 28 May 1940. A group of about 100 British prisoners were collected at his headquarters near Wormhoudt; Margolian describes Mohnke as "Raving like a madman", and tells us "...he ordered the escorts to turn the prisoners around, herd them into an adjacent field, and shoot them en masse." Eighty British prisoners were killed - an unusual occurence even for the Waffen SS, given that the incident occurred so early in the war, and against western opponents.2
He survived the Battle of France, and served in Yugoslavia in 1941, where as an SS-Sturmbannführer, he sustained serious wounds in an air attack on the first day of fighting and had to have his right foot amputated. He received the German Cross in Gold in Dec 1941. His personal drive and dedication got him through months of painful rehabilitation and he returned to duty with the LSSAH, helping organize the first tank unit, followed by transfer to the Replacement Battalion, where he served from Mar 1942 until transferring to the 12. SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend" in Sep 1943 as a regimental commander.
Acknowledged as a skillful and courageous soldier, Mohnke nonetheless was a man about whom even fellow officers had nothing good to say. His lack of popularity seems to have stemmed from his dour manner and violent temper. It has been suggested that Mohnke's turbulent personality really only manifested itself after he became addicted to morphine, which had been administered to him on a daily basis during his post-amputation convalescence. Certainly an addiction of this kind might exacerbate an already explosive temper, particularly under battlefield conditions, where access to the narcotic on which he was dependent would be inconsistent at best. Yet there is evidence that Mohnke was prey to ungovernable rages long before his wounding in the Balkans. After going years without garnering a promotion, a frustrated Mohnke finally cracked in August 1939, allowing a drunken argument with one of his NCOs to degenerate into fisticuffs. Only the outbreak of war a few weeks later and the need for experienced officers at the front spared him the embarrassment of a disciplinary hearing and almost certain expulsion from the SS.3
Mohnke was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in Jul 1944 for his leadership of SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 26, which saw heavy combat from 10 Jun in the wake of the Normandy Landing, and again in Jul during the Allied offensives to take Caen. He led a battlegroup formed from remnants of the division during the breakout and escape from the Falaise pocket, and transferred to the LSSAH again, as divisional commander, on 31 Aug 1944, with effective command backdated to 20 Aug. While under his command, a battle group of the LSSAH perpetrated the infamous "Malmedy Massacre" in which 72 US soldiers were gunned down after having surrendered. The US Department of Justice maintains that there is evidence to suggest Mohnke had some responsibility for the crime though he was not present when it occurred. He served with the LSSAH during until early 1945, promoted to SS-Brigadeführer, and then injured in an air raid and suffering ear damage. His last combat posting was as commander of Kampfgruppe Mohnke in Berlin, devoted to defence of the Reich Chancellery, the seat of German government including Hitler's underground bunker.
The Murders in Normandy
Margolians book provides an excellent account of the actions leading up to and including the murders, and uniquely examines the military situation down to the platoon and section level, from the perspective of both the Germans and the Canadians. Mohnke's participation in, and responsiblity for, three separate instances of murder of Canadian soldiers in Normandy is well-chronicled in this account.
Mass Killing on the Caen-Fontenary Road
On 8 June, Mohnke's Regiment had concluded a successfuly counter-attack against troops of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division - inflicting 256 casualties on the Royal Winnipeg Rifles alone and effectively destroying three of their four rifle companies. But the action had been costly and frustrating. As prisoners were being collected, the town of Putot would actually be retaken by the Canadians. Mohnke, who had received a large number of prisoners (about 100) now heard from one of his battalion commanders that 40 more had been collected. Mohnke expressed some annoyance to the officer and told him not to send back such large numbers of prisoners, which the officer took to mean not to take prisoners at all. The officer refused to act, however, and insisted on sending prisoners back to regimental headquarters. The group was marched (two of them were carried on stretchers) to the rear. An SS officer met the group (difficult to see in the gathering darkness), yelled at the soldier in charge of the escort (and according to one eyewitness may even have threatened him) and left. Soon after this exchange, a group of Germans approached the 40 Canadians, sitting in rows in a field, and turned their machine pistols on them. Thirty-five men were killed, five managed the escape - briefly - and were recaptured by other Germans, and went into captivity as prisoners. They were able to tell the story of the 40 men after their liberation at war's end.
Among those who were killed were:
• Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Lieutenant Ferguson, William
• Sergeant Reid, James
• Corporal Brown, George
• Corporal Firman, Roger
• Corporal Kines, Clare
• Corporal Kyle, James
• Corporal Scott, Robert
• Lance Corporal Culleton, Stewart
• Lance Corporal Hill, John
• Rifleman Booth, Walter
• Rifleman Bradley, Ernest
• Rifleman Daniels, Walter
• Rifleman Findlay, Robert
• Rifleman Freeman, Lant
• Rifleman Guiboche, Lawrence
• Rifleman Horton, Charles
• Rifleman Jones, Henry
• Rifleman Lefort, Elmer
• Rifleman Lewis, Gordon
• Rifleman MacLeod, Angus
• Rifleman Marych, Frederick
• Rifleman Sigurdson, Kjartan
• Rifleman Smith, Edward
• Rifleman Thompson, John
[*]Queen's Own Rifles of Canada
• Rifleman Smith, Richard
[*]3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, RCA
• Lieutenant Barker, Reginald
• Sergeant Beresford, William
• Gunner Birston, Hilliard
• Gunner Grant, Thomas
• Gunner Harkness, Alvin
[*]Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa
• Private Burnett, Donald
Margolian presents reasoning in his book that the officer who had spoken to the escort was Mohnke personally and suggests that he had given an order for the prisoners to be murdered. Unfortunately, eye witnesses by the end of the war were difficult to find and insufficient direct evidence for charges could be found. Mohnke's conduct was reminiscent of that he displayed at Wormhoudt, and his actions subsequent to the killings on 8 June further reinforce Margolian's theory.
First Aid Post Murders
Mohnke later visited the command post of the battalion commander who had refused to execute the prisoners, and as he made his displeasure known, an officer of the Panzer Lehr Division arrived, injured, to tell of his mistreatment while briefly in the custody of British soldiers. Mohnke was outraged and ordered his battalion commander to deny quarter in future and execute all prisoners taken by his men in future.
Later on, Mohnke again returned to the battalion command post, just as that battalion's medical officer reported three wounded Canadians had been collected. Mohnke ordered these three prisoners executed and the battalion commander refused. The battalion commander testified after the war that Mohnke was enraged, ordered a supernumerary officer on the battalion commander's staff to carry out the executions, but that officer also refused. Mohnke left in a rage. The battalion commander then took the unusual step of circumventing the chain of command, contacting divisional headquarters for a clarification - had the division been ordered not to take prisoners? The division's chief of staff ensured the officer that no such order had been given, and in fact, encouraged officers in the field to take prisoners as they were often the only source of information on enemy dispositions. Allied mastery of the air over Normandy, for example, prevented aerial reconnaissance. Prisoner interrogations were considered a reliable means of intelligence gathering.
Concerned by the battalion commander's report, the divisional chief of staff contacted regimental headquarters, talking to Mohnke's adjutant and reinforcing the importance of live enemy prisoners and insisting on humane treatment under the terms of the Geneva Convention. In the meantime, Mohnke again telephoned the 2nd Battalion, to find out if his orders had been carried out. The battalion commander was not available to talk on the phone, but Mohnke was informed that his orders had not been carried out. He hung up angrily, Margolian concluding that the orders for the executions now becoming a "matter of honour" in his mind. Mohnke again made a visit to the battalion command post, displaying what Margolian described as "a terrifying display of obsessive behaviour", lectured staff there about insubordination and disloyalty, but again left frustrated when the battalion commander wasn't available to talk to him.
The next morning, the three Canadians had been interrogated and fed, and Mohnke appeared personally at the medical station to again order the same supernumerary officer from the night before to shoot the prisoners. The officer complied, and Private Harold Angel of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa, and Riflemen Frederick Holness and Ernest Baskerville were led outside and shot by four Germans with machine pistols, the supernumerary applying a coup de grace to each with his pistol.
Command Post Murders
Mohnke was involved in one last incident on 11 Jun 1944, when Sapper John Ionel and Sapper George Benner of the 6th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers and Private Allan Owens of "B" Company of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles were marched to Mohnke's regimental headquarters. As the prisoners were searched and personal papers inspected, Mohnke was reportedly angry, and during a 15 minute interrogation Mohnke began to yell and gesture dramatically. The interrogations concluded when the military policemen who had escorted the prisoners to the headquarters moved them thirty yards away, removed the identification tags from the Canadians, and in full view of Mohnke marched the men three hundred yards into a field where they were shot down with machine pistols.
Wilhelm Mohnke had, in Margolian's words, "personally ordered, instigated, or abetted more atrocities" than any other officer in the division.
Post War
Mohnke was one of many in Hitler's inner circle who attempted a breakout from Berlin after the death of Hitler and the surrender of the city. He was captured by the Soviets, placed in solitary confinement unitl 1949, then moved to a prison camp for General Officers at Voikovo, 200 miles east of Moscow, until 10 Oct 1955. The Soviet refusal to turn him over to the western Allies was but one tiny act in the political battles of the Cold War. Mohnke, wanted for separate war crimes by the British (France, 1940), Canadians (Normandy, 1944) and Americans (Malmedy, Belgium, 1944), would have faced a much different future had he been tried.
But when he returned to West Germany in 1955, he returned to civil life where he sold small trucks and trailers near Hamburg.
Questions about his war record did not appear until the early 1970s, when the chaplain of the Dunkirk Veterans' Association talked to survivors of the Wormhoudt massacre. Reverend Leslie R. Aitken was so compelled he wrote a book about the subject, and his research brought up Mohnke's name as well as the connection to Normandy war crimes. In 1975, the German agency known as the Central Office of the Judicial Authorities for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes informed Aitken of Mohnke's whereabouts. Aitken informed the agency that Canada had an arrest warrant for him, still outstanding from 1945, but prosecutors in Lübeck wrote back to report that evidence to try him was insufficient. The case was put on hold, and Aitken was informed that if he could suggest additional evidence, it would be reopened. Aitken then wrote to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who passed the letter to the Judge Advocate General's office in the Department of National Defence. The Directorate of History set to work verifying Aitken's claims, and re-examined the files on Canada's post-war investigation into Mohnke. DND passed their information on to the prosecutors in Germany, but the Judge Advocate General's office bureaucratically opined that there "may exist" reasons why the prosecution had not been pursued after the war - and without stating what those reasons were, declined to follow up. Canada had decided not to act further.
In 1988, a German prosecutor did reopen the Wormhoudt case, but concluded there was insufficient evidence against him.
Wilhelm Mohnke lived to the ripe old age of 90, dying on 6 Aug 2001, never having been prosecuted for the atrocities he is alleged to be responsible for. Controversially, he received a pension from the German government for his injuries, a special "victim pension" awarded under the "Social Compensation And Assistance To War Victims" law (Bundesversorgungsgesetz or BVG).
Dramatic Portrayals
André Hennicke depicted Wilhelm Mohnke in the German film Der Untergang, about the last days of the Third Reich in Berlin. In the film, Mohnke is shown as a professional and compassionate officer with no hint about his former conduct at Dunkirk or in Normandy. It is true that the film focuses on the events of Apr 1945 and that his earlier conduct is wholly irrelevant to the subject of the film. Nonetheless, Mohnke's sympathetic portrayal seems at odds with the historical figure. While Margolian paints Mohnke (admittedly, perhaps, not without some bias) as a raving madman and drug addict, the character in the film is a square-jawed heroic figure, who not only concentrates his efforts on acquiring medical care for the wounded under his command, but actually, physically carries a wounded man to safety. He expresses concern for the wounded and civilian population on more than one occasion in the film, and points out to Dr. Goebbels that the untrained soldiers being thrown into battle in Berlin are being sacrificed needlessly. His attitude towards the enemies he is fighting are never revealed. Viewers of the film with an understanding of his history have cause to be disappointed with this sympathetic treatment though technically, the character of Mohnke is not inaccurately portrayed. The film makers have chosen to concentrate - wittingly or unwittingly - on aspects of his character other than his temper and attitudes towards illegal killings. Certainly the portrayal of Mohnke as a dedicated professional officer is accurate as there could be little argument about the strength of will he possessed.
David Cesarani (research professor in history at Royal Holloway, University of London) and Professor Peter Longerich (director of the centre for research on the Holocaust and 20th-century history also at Royal Holloway) wrote the following in the 7 Apr 2005 edition of "The Guardian" newspaper, in an article entitled "The Massaging of History":
Most astonishingly, Waffen-SS General Wilhelm Mohnke is depicted as a humanitarian pleading with Hitler to evacuate civilians and arguing with Goebbels against the suicidal deployment of poorly armed militia against the Red Army.
This is the same Mohnke whose Waffen-SS unit massacred 80 captured British soldiers outside Dunkirk in May 1940. He later led a Waffen-SS regiment in Normandy that murdered more than 60 surrendered Canadian troops.
In one dramatic encounter, Mohnke protests to Goebbels against the pointless sacrifice of aged militia men. Goebbels retorts that they had consented to Nazi rule and "now their little throats are going to be cut". The effect is to engender contempt for the heartless Nazi propaganda chief and sympathy for his hapless victims who were hoodwinked into giving their mandate to a gang of murderous thugs.
However, the scene is invented. The only source is the postwar memoir of Hans Fritzsche, who served in the Nazi propaganda ministry. Fritzsche claimed to have heard these words at the last Goebbels press conference, not addressed to Mohnke.
Yet this fabrication goes to the heart of the film's mission, which is to depict the German people as the last victims of Nazism whose true defenders were a band of brave German soldiers, including SS men, who fought until overwhelmed by the Bolshevik hordes.
Jonathan Ball likes this.
2. Staffsyeoman
Staffsyeoman Member
There were many efforts to bring a case against Mohnke in the UK over the years, and a number of television reports. I am leaving out a lot of detail as I am away from my files. Jeff Rooker MP (now Lord Rooker)pressed the case in Parliament. Unfortunately Margolian's assertion cannot be proven - and people tried. The nearest can be got is Mohnke turning to the soldiers who brought in Royal Warwick s prisoners and saying 'What do you mean by bringing prisoners here, directly against orders' There is (sadly) no direct instruction that he ordered the shootings - which is why a case has not been brought for Wormhoudt, because it would not succeed.
3. Drew5233
Drew5233 #FuturePilot 1940 Obsessive
I take it the author didn't do very much research on the 1940 section of his article?
4. Another baffling example of how live sometimes works. This derailed man lives until he is ninety and countless good men didn't make it to twenty during that war. Here's hoping there is justice in the afterlife.
5. Harry Ree
Harry Ree Very Senior Member
Mohnke was a career Nazi whose background is well known.
He was lucky to be appointed as the Battle Commander of the Reich Chancellery and that ultimately led to be captured by the Russians and contributed to the failure to bring him to book for his involvement in battlefield excesses in the west.It transpired that he had vanished into Soviet captivity and not been killed on the fall of Berlin as generally supposed.The Russians denied his existence to the British authorities who were unaware of his existence until reports filtered through that he was alive and living in a Hamburg suburb.
As regards Mohnke's release from Soviet captivity.After Adenauer visited Russia in September 1955,the outcome was the establishing of diplomatic relations between West Germany and Russia.But from this meeting,the last of the German POWs,who the Soviets had deemed to be war criminals, were released between October 1955 and January 1956, as a gesture by Bulganin.Among these prisoners was Mohnke, a prisoner who the Soviets,particularly Stalin had been interested in from the war end to establish beyond all doubt, that "that bastard Hitler was dead"...(as quoted by Stalin).Stalin remained unconvinced that Hitler was dead and even commissioned a document prepared by Linge and Gunsche,later available as "The Hitler Book" which detailed the last days of Hitler and his inner circle within the Hitler Chancellery.
6. snake36bravo
snake36bravo New Member
There were many all around during that war who 'got away with it'. Im no fan of this rat SOB or of his chosen organization.
In appearance alone he didnt met the criteria that was the soap opera of LSSAH. Not pretty enough, intelligent enough or charismatic enough. Revisionists or apologists attempt the line of drug addiction when working to explain away his mental state however they cant explain away his propensity for the killing of unarmed prisoners of war as early as 1940, his inability to control his brutality even towards his own men. He was universally not well liked but held favor with Dietrich who was his saving grace in the ass kiss that was the officer corps of the Waffen-SS.
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Clinical diagnosis and identification - three steps for the diagnosis of swine diseases
Disease is more important than prevention is not more than governance, emphasis on the concept is not emphasis on experience, but the level of domestic farming is limited, pigs accept the new concept is slow. Some pig farmers have been bragging pigs for 10 years (less than 20 sows), have seen many diseases, and claim to have rich experience, but they have not seen any development on the scale or reduction in the number of dead pigs. Gein has always earned a living allowance. Only. Today, I don’t say “how the concept should be changedâ€, and I don’t say “how do I need to do a good job in prevention?†to say “clinical diagnosis and identification†after the onset of a pig.
Description: The following is a general case, non-exceptional cases, such as part of the data error or argument error, please correct me.
The first step: see the mental state
Needless to say this, if the mental state is normal, ignore it, with them overturning the earth, if the mental state is not good, turn to the second step - body temperature observation.
Step 2: Look at body temperature
Not all elevated body temperatures require treatment. Increased body temperature is a defensive manifestation of the body's resistance to pathogenic invasion. There is no problem with a rise in body temperature in the short term, and fever is required for a continuous increase in body temperature. The normal body temperature of the pig is 38.5°C, and the body temperature 38-40°C measured with a thermometer is also within the normal range. A body temperature of 40°C is slightly increased, but it is 40°C for consecutive days, which can be regarded as an increase in body temperature.
So how do you identify clinically by increasing body temperature?
1, high fever: body temperature exceeds 41 °C
Taking into account the accuracy of the thermometer, 40.5 °C is also considered high fever. This situation is usually infected with a virus, and occasional acute bacterial infections can also cause high fever. Therefore, the scope of the disease has been reduced, such as flu, pseudo-mad, acute swine fever, parasporosis, paratyphoid and so on.
2, in the burning: body temperature below 41 °C
At 40.5°C, it is usually due to a bacterial infection, but mild swine fever is also a symptom of low-grade fever.
Observing Temperature Purpose: To determine if the pig is infected with a virus or a bacterial infection.
The principle of playing back the needle: fever above 41 °C, observed 2-3 days without fever, indicating that the pig itself can not resist, needle cooling. Increase body temperature by 40-41°C. Observe for 2-3 days. If fever does not occur, consider needle cooling. Below 40°C, for several days, it is not recommended to rush back the needle.
The third step: see the stool
There are two kinds of excrement in appearance: one is diarrhea and the other is constipation. There are two types of diarrhea: a watery diarrhea and a paste. Among them, watery diarrhea was found mostly in viral infections, and pasty diarrhea was mostly seen in bacterial infections. In addition to constipation, in fact, constipation does not have much guiding significance, because high fever generally leads to pig constipation, but in special circumstances constipation has a very effective guiding significance. Situation 1: Dry spherical bake is covered with a layer of oil, most likely found in mild swine fever. Situation 2: There is blood in the stool and guidance is also very important. Such as blood stasis (induced by Treponema), ileitis (Clostridial), rectal prolapse, acute gastroenteritis, paratyphoid (pigs).
Therefore, using the two indicators of body temperature and excrement can greatly reduce the scope of the disease:
High-grade fever must have a viral infection and may also have a bacterial infection.
Low fever is generally a bacterial infection.
Watery diarrhea must have a viral infection and may also have a bacterial infection.
Paste diarrhea is generally a bacterial infection.
Then someone said: My pig has a high fever of 42°C and mushy diarrhea. Tell you: Well, basically, you said, can you have diarrhea with such a high fever? The above is an ordinary case, not a special case. Swine constipation and diarrhea will alternate, and some swine mild pigs do not perform well or even have a low fever, such as 40°C. The swine fever, also known as bad field temperature, is related to the progress of the rotten gut. Pig manure will have different performance. However, it is rare to see diarrhea under high fever.
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Posted: April 7th, 2021
Intro to philosophy | Philosophy homework help
Read chapters 1-3 from the book provided below and Please answer the following questions in your own words. The format is that of a “short answer” test, meaning that each question can be answered in a short paragraph. This exam is also “open book,” so I expect you to use your textbook.
1. Please explain the meaning of an “Ad hominem” attack.
2. What was the rationale that Thales of Miletus gave for his idea concerning the fundamental nature of the world?
3. Name and explain Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul.
4. In terms of validity, what is the difference between inductive and deductive arguments?
5. Name and explain Aristotle’s “Four causes.”
6. What is Philosophy?
7. Under what division of Philosophy would skepticism fall? Please give a definition of skepticism and describe one example of its ontological limitations.
8. According to Bertrand Russell, what is the primary task of philosophizing?
9. Explain how divine commands are related to the field of Ethics.
10. From your textbook, name and explain one of the most popular sayings of Heraclitus.
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Gout – How Did Seneca and Cicero Know What Doctors Don’t?
Majid Ali, M.D.
One of the early, if not the earliest, recorded epidemic of gout occurred during the years of the decline of the Roman empire. The Roman philosopher, Seneca (4 B.C.) recognized its association with intemperance and gluttony. He stated that was so because women “rival men in every kind of lasciviousness.” How did Seneca know this about gout?
Rheumatologists blame uric acid for gout. I do not think they consider the fact that uric acid is a powerful antioxidant, nearly fifty-fold stronger than vitamin C. Like all bodily antioxidants that act as anti-inflammatory substances, uric acid is an anti-inflammatory agent within the physiologic range. Nor do they seem to recognize other crucial physiologic roles of uric acid in e healing immune responses. Specifically, the acid provides a molecular link between cell injury and immunity. Most intriguingly, uric acid facilitates conversations between dead and living cells. I present this subject at length in Integfrative Nutritional Medicine (2001%0, the fifth volume of my 14-volume textook entitled The Principles and Practice of Integrative Medicine.
Now to Cicero. The Roman sage once visited a friend sick with gout who suggested that Cicero not eat his food. Cicero told his friend that he could eat the food because the cook did not have gout. How did Cicero know that gout was not an infection that he could contract by sharing a meal with a friend with gouty arthritis?
Seneca and Cicero came to mind today when I saw limp into my office. I had not seen her for about two years. I glanced at the chart. Her previous doctor had diagnosed the following: gout arthritis, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder), memory lapses, and brain fog episodes. The outcome sheet recorded When looked up from the chart, her companion said, “She had a good run of about a year and a half and came X-mas and New Year eating and she came off your program. Within six weeks her symptom-complexes returned and within another a few weeks she developed incapacitating gout attack.”
I recognize this pattern of gouty attack every time I see a patient with acute gouty attack. This is how Seneca and Cicero must have figured out the causes and clinical course of gout. Why don’t doctors today this? I leave that to your imagination.
Causes of Gout
Gut fermentation and mitochondrial dysfunction due to toxicities of food, environment, and thought. Treatment: detect and address all relevant causes on an individual basis. See my article entitled “Dr. Ali’s Top Seven for Gout.”
The bliss of pharmaceutical companies is that doctors are eager to prescribe their drugs but reluctant to think about what they prescribe.
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Kotlin Quick Guide
visitors license
This is a quick start guide to Kotlin for people with prior coding experience (in any other language). I compiled what I learned from different sources like Kotlin Koans and JetBrains Academy, as a quick reference while working on coding challenges or Android applications. This guide is in no way a complete reference to Kotlin, but it probably will be sufficient for new users. I’ve assumed you already know programming in some other language, so I have skipped explanations for concepts like mutability and lambda expressions. However, if you are new to such terms, a simple web search will definitely help you undertand them.
A sample Hello-World program has been included in the src directory to give you an idea of how Kotlin files and packages look like.
Table of Contents
Basic Facts
Values and Variables
Data Types
Type Conversion
Type Inference
Null Safety
Standard Input/Output
Functions and Lambda Expressions
Standard Library
Control Flow Statements
Object Oriented Programming
Working With Files
Learn Kotlin
Basic Facts
• Blocks of code are enclosed in curly braces, {...}
• Each statement should start on a new line
• There are three types of comments in Kotlin:
// This is a single line comment
/* This is an example of
a multiline comment. */
* These are
* documentation comments.
• &&, ||, ! and xor represent the logical operators – and, or, not and xor.
Values and Variables
• val is used to declare read-only values.
val name = "Kotlin"
name = "Programming" // won't work, as 'name' is read-only and cannot be reassigned
• var is used to declare mutable variables. You can reassign the variables with values of the same type as the initial value.
var language = "English"
language = "Klingon" // this is possible
language = 10 // won't work, as language is a String variable
• The variables type is inferred by the compiler. This is called type inference.
• The type of a variable can be specified, if required, while declaring it. The type should be specified if the variable is not initialized during declaration, as the compiler cannot automatically infer the type.
var name: String = "Kotlin"
val num: Int = 999
val foo // won't work, as type can't be inferred
val character: Char
character = 'A' // works as expected
• If you create a variable and assign an object to it, the new variable can point to the same object as well. This is called copying by reference. In other words, the = sign does not copy the object itself, it only copies a reference to it.
val msg1 = "Hey"
val msg2 = msg1
// msg1 and msg2 will both point to a single object in memory, the String "Hey".
• If the object is immutable, you cannot change it, but you can use another object and assign this new object to the same variable. When you reassign the variable, it will point to the new object and other variables will still point to the old object. Standard types such as strings or numbers are immutable, so it’s safe to copy them by reference. The behavior of mutable objects is different. If you modify an object from one variable, the other assigned variables continue to point to that object, so they will also reflect the same changes.
• If mutable types like lists or arrays are declared with the val keyword, the reference to the object is declared as read-only. However, the contents of the mutable type are still modifiable. In other words, if you declare a variable of type Array using val, you cannot reassign another Array to it, but you can change the values in the original Array.
• The comparison operators == and != checks for structual equality, while === and !== checks for referential equality.
val blue = Box(3)
val green = blue // object reference is copied
val red = Box(3)
println(blue == green) // true
println(blue === green) // true, as both point (refer) to the same object
println(blue == red) // true
println(blue === red) // false, they point (refer) to different objects
var two = 2
var anotherTwo = 2
println(two === anotherTwo) // true, because the '===' equality check is equivalent to the '==' check for primitive types
two = two + 1
println(two === anotherTwo) // false
• The val keyword implies an immutable reference to the object. The var keyword implies a mutable reference to a variable, so you can reassign it.
• Kotlin supports prefix and postfix increment/decrement operators (++ and --) on variables.
Data Types
• The names of Kotlin datatypes start with a capital letter.
• Types:
Byte: 8 bits (1 byte), Range: -128 to 127
Short: 16 bits (2 bytes), Range: -32768 to 32767
Int: 32 bits (4 bytes), Range: −(231) to (231)−1
Long: 64 bits (8 bytes), Range: −(263) to (263)−1
Float: 32 bits (4 bytes), 6-7 significant decimal digits
Double: 64 bits (8 bytes), 15-16 significant decimal digits
Char: 16 bits (2 bytes), represents a 16-bit Unicode character
Boolean: size is machine-dependent
String: size depends on the string
• Strings are enclosed in double quotes, "...".
• Characters are enclosed in single quotes, '_'.
• Fractional numbers are inferred as Double by default. Explicitly specify the type, or use the suffix f or F to use Float instead.
• Long is used by the compiler only if the value won’t fit in an Int variable. To use Long with a small value, explicitly specify the type of the variable, or use the suffix l or L with the value.
• Underscores can be used to divide the a number into blocks for easier readability. 1_000_000 is the same as 1000000.
• Types in Kotlin are organized into a hierarchy of subtype-supertype relationships. Supertype is a type that specifies some common characteristics and rules of behavior that every subtype will follow.
• Number is a supertype for all types that represent numeric value. For example, Int, Float and Double are subtypes of Number type.
• The type checker of the Kotlin compiler also enforces supertype-subtype relationships. For example, to a function waiting for an argument of type Number, you can pass its subtype, Int:
fun calc(number: Number) { /*...*/ }
val number: Int = 1
• Any is a supertype for all non-nullable types in Kotlin. Any? is a supertype for Any that includes every other nullable type.
• Unit is the equivalent of the void type found in many other programming languages. It is the return type of a function that does not return any meaningful value. If the return type of a function is not specified, it is inferred to be Unit. A return statement is not required for such functions as they are returned implicitly. Unit is also a subtype of Any.
• Nothing is a type that has no instances, and are used in functions like fail() or expressions like throw, which doesn’t return control. Any code following an expression of type Nothing is unreachable. When you call a function with a Nothing return type, the compiler won’t execute any code beyond this call.
• If you use null to initialize a value of an inferred type and there’s no other information that can be used to determine a more specific type, the compiler will infer the Nothing? type:
val x = null // type: Nothing?
val l = listOf(null, null) // type: List<Nothing?>
• In Kotlin, 0 is not the same as false. So you cannot assign a Int value to a Boolean variable.
• Small errors may accumulate after operations involving Float and Double types. Generally, avoid using == in expressions involving floating-point operations.
val one = 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1
println(one) // 0.9999999999999999
// one == 1.0 will return false
• A Char can be also created by using its hexadecimal code in the Unicode table. They are interconvertible with Int values.
val alphabet = '\u0041' // represents 'A'
• Int numbers can be added to characters, but the reverse is not true.
var ch = 'a'
val ch1 = ch + 1 // 'b'
val ch2 = 1 + ch // Error
ch += 2 // 'c'
• You can compare Char using relational operators according to their position in the Unicode table.
• The Char class has built-in utility functions like isDigit(), isLetter(), isLetterOrDigit(), isWhitespace(), isUpperCase(), isLowerCase(), toUpperCase() and toLowerCase().
• String has a property length that stores the number of characters in the string. Individual elements can be accessed using their indices. It also has functions like first(), last() and lastIndex() to improve readability.
val text = "Hello!"
println(text.length) // 6
println(text.first()) // H
println(text.last()) // !
println(text.lastIndex()) // 5
• Individual characters of a String can’t be changed, because it is an immutable type.
• String objects can be concatenated using the + operator. Values of other types can also be appended to a String using the + operator, but the expression must start with the String.
val firstName = "John"
val lastName = "Doe"
val fullName = lastName + ", " + firstName // Doe, John
val userName = "johnny" + true + 69 // johnnytrue69
val nickname = 8 + "ball" // Error, as a string can't be added to an Int
• Kotlin supports string templates. Variables can be used directly in a String by prefixing the dollar sign ($) to the variable name. Similarly, expressions can be used in a String by enclosing them in curly braces after the dollar sign.
val name = "John"
println("My name is $name.") // My name is John.
println("My name has ${name.length} letters.") // My name has 4 letters.
• The substring() method of a String accepts startIndex and lastIndex as arguments and returns the substring that starts at the startIndex and ends right before the lastIndex. If lastIndex is omitted, the default value (length of the original string) is used.
• The substringBefore() and substringAfter() functions of String accept a delimiter as argument and return a String before/after the first occurrence of the specified delimiter. If the String does not contain the delimiter, the entire String is returned. Similarly, the substringBeforeLast() and substringAfterLast() methods return a String before or after the last occurrence of the delimiter. If a second argument is provided to these methods, it is returned if the delimiter is not found in the String.
• The replace() method of a String replaces all occurrences of the first argument in the String with the second argument. Similarly, replaceFirst() replaces the first occurrence of the first argument with the second, and skips the rest.
• The toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() methods of a String returns a String with its case converted accordingly.
• The repeat() method of String allows you to repeat a String without using loops.
print("Hey".repeat(5)) // HeyHeyHeyHeyHey
• A CharArray can be converted to a String using String(), and a String can be converted to a CharArray using the toCharArray() method. The toTypedArray() method can be used to convert an list of String to a TypedArray.
val chars = charArrayOf('A', 'B', ' ', 'C', 'D')
val text = String(chars) // "AB CD"
val charsFromString = text.toCharArray() // { 'A', 'B', ' ', 'C', 'D' }
val words1: List<String> = text.split(" ") // { "AB", "CD" }
val words2: Array<String> = text.split(" ").toTypedArray() // { "AB", "CD" }
• You can iterate through a String using a range of indices, array of indices, or using the characters of the String.
val text = "Hello World"
for (i in 0 until text.length) {
print("${text[i]} ") // H e l l o W o r l d
for (index in text.indices) {
print("${text[index]} ") // H e l l o W o r l d
for (i in text) {
print("$i ") // H e l l o W o r l d
Type Conversion
• Unlike some other programming languages, there are no implicit widening conversions for numbers in Kotlin. For example, an Int variable cannot be initialized with a Short or Byte variable. A function with a Double parameter can be called only on Double values, but not Float, Int, or other numeric values. The compiler will not perform any automatic type conversion in these cases.
• There are methods built into the datatypes for explicit type conversion. It will not affect the type of the original variables.
• Every number type supports the following conversions:
toByte(), toShort(), toInt(), toLong(), toFloat(), toDouble() and toChar().
• Numbers are converted to Char and vice versa using the Unicode Table.
• When you convert a larger type to smaller type, the value may be truncated.
• All datatypes can be converted to a string using toString().
• Strings can be converted to numbers if they are in the correct format of the type.
• If the string is “true” or “false” (case insensitive), it can be converted to a Boolean using toBoolean(). Any value other than “true” will be a false Boolean.
Type Inference
• In expressions involving variables of different datatypes, the widest type in the expression is inferred by the compiler as the type of the result.
Double > Float > Long > Int > (Byte, Short)
• The result of an expression involving Byte or Short variables is of the type Int (or an even larger type), unless explicitly casted.
• Kotlin lets you create ranges of values using rangeTo() from the kotlin.ranges package, and its operator form ...
• a..b is a range from a to b (inclusive), and in is a keyword used to check whether a value is within a range.
if (i in 1..5) { // equivalent of 1 <= i && i <= 5
• If you need to exclude the right border, you should subtract one from it:
val within = c in a..b - 1
// equivalent of a <= c && c < b
• If you need to check that a value is not within a range, use !in:
val notWithin = 100 !in 10..99 // true
• You can assign a range to a variable and use it later somewhere in the code:
val range = 1..5
print(3 in range) // true
• You can also use ranges of characters and strings (in dictionary order):
println('b' in 'a'..'c') // true
println("hello" in "he".."hi") // true
• Integral type ranges can be iterated over using for loops:
for (i in 1..5) print(i) // 12345
• To iterate numbers in reverse order, use the downTo function instead of ..:
for (i in 5 downTo 1) print(i) // 54321
• To iterate over numbers with an arbitrary step, use the step function:
for (i in 1..10 step 2) {
print(i) // 13579
• To iterate a number range which does not include its end element, use the until function:
• A regex instance can be created using the toRegex() method of a String or by calling the Regex constructor:
val string = "ing"
val regex1 = string.toRegex()
val regex2 = Regex("ing")
// regex1 and regex2 represent the same regular expression
• matches() method of a string returns true if the string is full match for the regex specified:
val regex = Regex("ing")
val string1 = "ing"
val string2 = "running"
println(string1.matches(regex)) // true
println(string2.matches(regex)) // false
• The dot character (.) can match any character except a newline. A question mark (?) denotes that the preceding character is optional. A double backslash (\\) is used to escape special characters. A single backslash (\) is used to escape double quotes (").
• To match \, the regexp is \\\\.
• The Java Class Library provides a BigInteger class for processing very large numbers, limited only by the memory available. It is immutable.
import java.math.BigInteger
val number1 = BigInteger("52955871795228763416553091") // initialized using constructor
val number2 = BigInteger.valueOf(1000000000) // initialized from a Long value using the valueOf() method
val number3 = 1234.toBigInteger() // initialized from an Int value using the toBigInteger() method
// Some constants defined in the BigInteger class:
val zero = BigInteger.ZERO // 0
val one = BigInteger.ONE // 1
val ten = BigInteger.TEN // 10
• The divideAndRemainder() function returns an array consisting of the result of integer division and its remainder.
val (result, remainder) = oneHundredTen.divideAndRemainder(nine) // 12 and 2
• The abs() function returns a new BigInteger whose value is the absolute value of the initial BigInteger. The gcd() function returns the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
val number = BigInteger("-1")
println(number.abs()) // 1
val twelve = BigInteger.valueOf(12)
val fifteen = BigInteger.valueOf(15)
println(twelve.gcd(fifteen)) // 3
Null Safety
• To allow nulls, we have to declare a variable as nullable by defining the type of the variable as <type>?.
• You can generally handle operations using nullable variables in three ways:
• You can explicitly check whether the variable is null.
var a: String? = "abc"
val l = if (a != null) a.length else -1
• Use the safe call operator, ?..
val b: String? = null
println(b?.length) // returns b.length if b is not null, and null otherwise
// the type of this expression is Int?
Safe calls are useful in chains. For example, if Bob (Employee) may be assigned to a Department, that in turn may have another Employee as a department head, then to obtain the name of Bob’s department head (if any), we write:
bob?.department?.head?.name // returns null if any of the properties is null
To perform an operation only for non-null values, you can use the safe call operator together with let:
for (item in listWithNulls) {
A safe call can also be placed on the left side of an assignment. If one of the receivers in the safe calls chain is null, the assignment is skipped, and the expression on the right is not evaluated at all:
person?.department?.head = managersPool.getManager()
We can also use the Elvis operator (?:) in place of an if-expression. The expression to the right of ?: is evaluated only if the left-hand side is null.
val l = a?.length ?: -1
// Equivalent to:
// val l: Int = if (a != null) a.length else -1
// Other examples:
val parent = node.getParent() ?: return null
• The not-null assertion operator (!!) can be used to convert any value to a non-null type and throw an exception if the value is null.
val l = a!!.length
• Regular casting may result in a ClassCastException if the object is not of the target type. You can use safe casts that return null if the attempt was unsuccessful:
var a: String? = "abc"
val n: Int? = a as? Int // null, as the String can't be casted to an Int type
• If you have a collection of elements of a nullable type and want to filter non-null elements, you can use filterNotNull():
val intList: List<Int> = nullableList.filterNotNull() // [1, 2, 4]
• Four spaces are used for indentation. Do not use tabs.
• Omit semicolons (;) wherever possible, as they are optional.
• Put spaces around binary operators, for example, a + b.
• Put spaces between control flow keywords (if, when, for and while) and the corresponding opening parenthesis.
• If a variable or function name is a single word, it should be in lowercase; if the name has multiple words, it should be in lowerCamelCase.
• For curly braces, put the opening brace in the end of the line where the construct begins, and the closing brace on a separate line aligned horizontally with the opening construct.
if (elements != null) {
for (element in elements) {
// ...
Standard Input/Output
• print(message: Any?) can be used to print the given message to the standard output stream.
• println(message: Any?) prints the given message to the standard output stream along with a newline at the end.
• readLine() reads a whole line from standard input and returns it as a String. The returned string can be casted to the required type using casting function like toInt() or toBoolean(). You can use two exclamation marks at the end of the function call to force a non-null return value.
val line = readLine() // can be null
val line2 = readLine()!! // not null; commonly used
• A Java Scanner object can be used to read input:
import java.util.Scanner // or import java.util.*
val scanner = Scanner(System.`in`)
val line = scanner.nextLine() // read a line
val integer = scanner.nextInt() // read a number
val word = scanner.next() // read a string
Functions and Lambda Expressions
• A function definition in Kotlin looks like:
fun functionName(param1: Type1, param2: Type2, ...): ReturnType {
// body of the function
return result // optional
// ReturnType is optional if the return type is Unit
• If the function returns a single expression, you can avoid the curly braces:
fun hello() = print("Hello World")
fun isNegative(num: Int): Boolean = num < 0
// the return types of these functions can be inferred automatically
• The main() function is the entry point in a Kotlin program.
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
// body
// args is optional
• Kotlin supports default arguments in function declarations and named arguments in function calls:
fun horizontalRule(symbol: Char = '-', count: Int = 10, end: Char = '\n') {
for (i in 1..count) {
fun main() {
horizontalRule() // ----------
horizontalRule('_', end = '?') // __________?
• The default value for a parameter of a function can also be another named argument, or a function:
fun sum(a: Int, b: Int = a) = a + b
• Kotlin uses the call stack (execution stack) of the JVM to store information about functions that are being executed. Each function and its associated data (like function address, argument references and local variables) is stored as a stack frame in the stack. A StackOverflowError occurs when the number function invocations exhaust the memory available to the stack.
• Functions are first-class citizens in Kotlin. They can be stored in variables, and passed to or returned by other functions.
• The type of a function is given as:
(types of parameters, comma separated) -> return type of the function
// Type is:
// (Int, Int) -> Int
fun hello() = print("Hello World")
// Type is:
// () -> Unit
• Reference to a function can be obtained by prefixing a double colon (::) to the function name.
var newSum = ::sum
// newSum(1, 2) will return 3
• The filter() method of String or collections can accept references to other functions to act as the filtering criteria.
• Anonymous functions in Kotlin are of the form fun(arguments): ReturnType { body }
• Lambda expressions in Kotlin are of the form { arguments -> body }.
If the lambda doesn’t have arguments, it’s written in the form { body }.
• When the lambda is the last argument to a function, it can be placed outside the parenthesis. If the function has no other arguments other than the lambda, you can omit the parenthesis altogether. If there is only a single argument for the lambda, it can be used to refer to the parameter rather than assigning a name to it.
val someText = "L-o-r-e-m I-p-s-u-m"
print( someText.filter({ ch -> ch != '-' }) ) // Lorem Ipsum
print( someText.filter() { ch -> ch != '-' } ) // Lorem Ipsum
print( someText.filter { ch -> ch != '-' } ) // Lorem Ipsum
print( someText.filter { it != '-' } ) // Lorem Ipsum
• If the lambda has multiple lines of code, its last line is treated as the return value. The return keyword is not required in this case.
• If you use return in a lambda expression, a non-local return happens to the nearest enclosing function.
fun foo() {
listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).forEach {
if (it == 3) return // non-local return directly to the caller of foo()
println("this point is unreachable")
• To return just from a lambda expression and not the enclosing function, you need to use a fully qualified return statement.
fun foo() {
listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).forEach [email protected]{
if (it == 3) return@lit // local return to the caller of the lambda, the forEach loop
print(" done with explicit label")
fun bar() {
if (it == 3) return@forEach // local return to the caller of the lambda, the forEach loop
print(" done with implicit label")
• A return statement in an anonymous function will return from the anonymous function itself.
fun foo() {
listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).forEach(fun(value: Int) {
if (value == 3) return // local return to the caller of the anonymous function, the forEach loop
print(" done with anonymous function")
• The variables and values visible where the lambda is created are also visible inside the lambda, i.e. lambda captures variables. So if a variable is changed inside the lambda, the changes are also reflected outside it.
fun placeArgument(value: Int, f: (Int, Int) -> Int): (Int) -> Int {
return { i -> f(value, i) }
val mul = { a: Int, b: Int -> a * b }
val double = placeArgument(2, mul)
print(double(5)) // 10
Standard Library
• The Math (inherited from Java) and kotlin.math libraries contains implementation of common mathematical functions and constants.
val sqrt = Math.sqrt(2.0) // 1.4142...
• Random numbers can be generated using the Random class in the kotlin.random package.
import kotlin.random.Random
fun main() {
println( Random.nextInt() ) // generates a random Int number
println( Random.nextLong() ) // generates a random Long number
println( Random.nextFloat() ) // generates a random Float number between 0 (inclusive) and 1.0 (exclusive)
println( Random.nextDouble() ) // generates a random Double number between 0 (inclusive) and 1.0 (exclusive)
println( Random.nextInt(10) ) // generates a non-negative Int value less than 10
println( Random.nextInt(1, 10) ) // generates an Int value between 1 (inclusive) and 10 (exclusive)
// ranges can be specified for all these functions except nextFloat()
• You can set the seed for the pseudorandom number generator using the Random() class constructor.
val generator = Random(42) // setting the seed 42
for (i in 0..4) {
print(generator.nextInt(10).toString() + " ") // "3 0 1 2 1 " will always be the sequence generated for this seed if the same Kotlin runtime and architecture is used
• A generator initialized using Random.Default will have a different seed each time it is used.
• Kotlin supports the following native arrays for primitive types: IntArray, LongArray, DoubleArray, FloatArray, CharArray, ShortArray, ByteArray and BooleanArray. There is no StringArray.
• To create an array of a specified type, pass the elements as parameters to functions like intArrayOf(), charArrayOf() and booleanArrayOf(). To initialize an array with a single value, use a lambda expression along with the type constructor.
val numbers1 = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) // Array<Int>: { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
println(numbers.joinToString()) // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
val numbers2 = IntArray(5) // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
val numbers3 = IntArray(5) {1} // { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 }
• You cannot change the size of an array, but you can modify its elements.
• The size of an array can be obtained using the size property.
val numbers = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
println(numbers.size) // 5
• Arrays also have the first(), last() and lastIndex() methods, and it works in the same way it does for String.
• Arrays can be compared using the contentEquals() method, as == only compares the references and not the contents of the object.
val numbers1 = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
val numbers2 = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
println(numbers1.contentEquals(numbers2)) // true
println(numbers1 == numbers2) // false
• The Array<T> class lets you create an array of any object. The arrayOf() and emptyArray() functions can be used to create an Array.
val array1 = arrayOf("Hello", "World")
val array2 = arrayOf<String>("Hello", "World") // if you want to enforce the type
val array3 = emptyArray<String>()
• The joinToString() method returns a String containing the elements of the array, separated using commas. The contentEquals() method can be used to compare the Array with another Array.
• The size of an array can be changed (by adding or removing elements) only if it was declared using var, and not val. However, you can change the elements in both cases.
• Arrays can be nested to create multidimensional arrays. The nested arrays can even be of different types.
val array = arrayOf(
arrayOf(1, 2),
arrayOf(3, 4, 5))
• The contentDeepToString() method can be used to get the entire content of a multidimensional array as a single String.
Control Flow Statements
• In Kotlin, if is also treated as an expression, and not just a statement. It can return the result of some computation, by specifying the result as the last expression in the body. If if is used as an expression, it must have an else branch.
val max = if (a > b) {
println("a wins!")
} else {
println("b wins!")
• The braces can be omitted if the body has only one statement.
println( if (a == b) "a equal b"
else if (a > b) "a is greater than b"
else "a is less than b" )
• The when construct is the alternative to the switch-case statement found in many languages. The else keyword specifies the default (fallback) argument for the construct. You can use multiple statements in a branch by enclosing them in curly braces. They can also be used as expressions, and the else branch is required in such cases.
when (alphabet) {
"a", "A" -> println("Alpha")
"b", "B" -> println("Beta")
"c" -> { println("Gamma")
alphabet = "C"
else -> println("Unknown")
• The branch conditions of a when construct can also be expressions. It can also be used without an argument; in this case, the branch conditions are evaluated as boolean expressions.
val a = 5
val b = 6
val c = 11
println(when (c) {
a + b -> "$c equals $a plus $b"
a - b -> "$c equals $a minus $b"
a * b -> "$c equals $a times $b"
else -> "We do not know how to calculate $c"
}) // "11 equals 5 plus 6"
when (c) {
in 0..10 -> println("c is between 0 and 10 (inclusive).")
else -> println("c is not between 0 and 10.")
• The repeat block simply executes its body over and over again for the specified number of times.
import java.util.*
val scanner = Scanner(System.`in`)
val n = 10
val sum = 0
repeat(n) {
val num = scanner.nextInt()
sum += num
• A for loop is used to iterate through ranges, arrays or collections of elements.
for (i in 1..4) {
• Kotlin supports the standard while and do..while loops. The break and continue statements also work as expected.
• Any expression in Kotlin may be marked with a label. Labels have the form of an identifier followed by the @ sign. You can use break, continue and return statements using these labels.
for (j in 1..100) {
if (i == 10 && j == 10) break@loop // breaks out from both loops
fun foo() { // prints "1245"
if (it == 3) return@forEach // local return to the forEach loop
fun foobar() { // prints "12"
run [email protected]{
if (it == 3) return@loop // non-local return from the lambda passed to run
Object Oriented Programming
• A class is defined using the class keyword. If the body of the class is empty, the curly braces can be omitted.
class ClassName {
// class properties and methods
val object = ClassName()
• The default values of the properties can be specified in the class definition itself. The properties can be accessed by using the object.property format.
class Solid {
var color = "red"
var count = 10
var shape = "sphere"
val object = Solid()
println(object.shape) // sphere
• A class in Kotlin has one primary constructor, and zero or more secondary constructors. The primary constructor is a part of the class header, and does not have to be defined separately. Optionally, the primary constructor can also take parameters.
class Person(name: String) { /*...*/ }
// Same as:
// class Person constructor(name: String) { /*...*/ }
• Any initialization code for the primary constructor has to be put in one or more init blocks. These init blocks are executed in the order in which they appear.
class InitOrderDemo(name: String) {
val firstProperty = "First property: $name".also(::println)
init {
println("First initializer block that prints ${name}")
val secondProperty = "Second property: ${name.length}".also(::println)
init {
println("Second initializer block that prints ${name.length}")
• The parameters passed to the primary constructor can be used as class properties by adding val or var keywords to the parameters list.
class Name(val firstName: String, val lastName: String) // example of a data class, used to store structured data
• The primary constructor also takes default values in the arguments list.
class Solid(val shape = "sphere", val color = "red") { /*...*/ }
val object = Solid(color = "blue")
• Class methods are called member functions in Kotlin. They are defined inside the class definition block. The this keyword can be used to refer to the current instance.
class Color(var color = "red") {
fun printColor() {
print(this.color) // you can omit the 'this' keyword if the property name is unique
val obj = Color("green")
obj.printColor() // prints "green"
• When you access a property, a getter function is invoked implicitly. Similarly, a setter function is invoked when the value of a property is changed. Each property has their own getter and setter functions. They are automatically defined by the compiler, but you can define custom functions if required. Inside the getter and setter function, the keyword field has to be used in place of the actual property name to avoid an infinite recursive call of getter/setter functions.
class Person {
var name: String = "John"
get() = field
set(value) {
print("Changed name from $field to $value.")
field = value
val guy = Person()
guy.name = "Ron" // prints "Changed name from John to Ron"
• If a class is to be inherited (extended), it has to be declared with the open keyword. We can pass parameters to the constructor of the parent class, if required.
open class Person(var name: String, var age: Int = 25)
class Employee(name: String, dept: String) : Person(name) {
var department = dept
• Any function that accepts a parent class also accepts a child class as its parameter.
• To override a function from the parent class in a child class, the open modifier has to be used in the function definition in the parent class, and the override modifier has to be used in the function definition in the child class. An overridden method is automatically open to all subclasses (if any). The final modifier can be used to close such implicitly open functions. Overriding properties works in a similar way.
open class Shape {
open val vertices: Int = 0
class Rectangle : Shape() {
final override val vertices = 4
• Code in a derived class can call its superclass functions and property accessors implementations using the super keyword.
open class Rectangle {
open fun draw() { println("Drawing a rectangle") }
class FilledRectangle : Rectangle() {
override fun draw() {
println("Filling the rectangle")
• Secondary constructors are declared as constructor(). A class can have more than one secondary constructors, provided they all have unique function signatures.
class Person {
var children: MutableList<Person> = mutableListOf()
constructor(parent: Person) {
• If the class has a primary constructor, each secondary constructor needs to delegate to the primary constructor, either directly or indirectly through another secondary constructor(s). The this keyword can be used to delegate to another constructor of the same class. Delegation to the primary constructor happens as the first statement of a secondary constructor, so the code in init blocks and property initializers is executed before the secondary constructor body.
class Person(val name: String) {
var children: MutableList<Person> = mutableListOf()
init {
println("Initializing..") // always runs before the secondary constructor
• A singleton class is a special class with a only single instance globally. Singletons are implemented in Kotlin by using object declarations. The singleton is declared like a regular class declaration, but with the keyword object in place of class. Such classes doesn’t need instantiation, and can be accessed directly using the class name.
object President {
val name = "Abraham Lincoln"
fun printMsg() {
println("$name was a former US President.")
• Classes can be nested. As a singleton is also a special type of class, objects declarations can also be nested in class or object declarations.
• Extensions are used to extend a class with new functionality without having to inherit from the class. You can declare methods and properties for a class without modifying the actual class declaration. To declare an extension, we prefix its name with the receiver type (the class being extended). Extensions do not actually modify the classes being extended, and are resolved statically.
this[index1] = this[index2]
this[index2] = tmp
val list = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)
list.swap(0, 2) // [3, 2, 1]
• If an extension for a class is defined with the same name (and signature) as a member, the member always wins. However, functions can be overloaded by using a different signature.
class Example {
fun Example.printFunctionType() = println("Extension function")
Example().printFunctionType() // Class method
• Extensions can also be defined with a nullable receiver type.
fun Any?.toString(): String {
if (this == null) return "null"
// resolves to the member function of the Any class
return toString()
• Extension properties can have getters and setters, but cannot have initializers.
val <T> List<T>.lastIndex: Int
get() = size - 1
• The toString() method of classes are invoked implicitly by when you try to print them. You can override the toString() method of a class to change the default behavior (which is a string of the form <class_name>@). This modified function is inherited by the child classes, if any.
open class Toy(val type: String = "ball", val color: String = "blue") {
override fun toString(): String {
return "$color $type"
class ToyOwner(val name: String, type: String = "ball", color: String = "blue") : Toy(type, color) {
override fun toString(): String {
return "${name}'s ${super.toString()}"
val blueBall = ToyOwner("John")
print(blueBall) // John's blue ball
• An object declaration inside a class can be marked with the companion keyword. Members of the companion object can be called by using simply the class name as the qualifier. The name of the companion object can be omitted, in which case the name Companion will be automatically.
class SampleClass {
companion object {
fun create(): SampleClass = SampleClass()
val instance1 = SampleClass.create()
val instance2 = SampleClass.Companion.create()
// both function calls refer to the same function, and creates different instances of the class
• Properties from the outer class will shadow the properties of the companion if they have the same name. Only one companion object can be created for a class. A companion class cannot be nested inside another companion class or object declaration.
• The enum keyword is used to create enumeration classes.
enum class Rainbow {
• Enum classes can be used to store multiple parameters per member, and even add member functions.
enum class Rainbow(val color: String, val rgb: String) {
RED("Red", "#FF0000"),
ORANGE("Orange", "#FF7F00"),
YELLOW("Yellow", "#FFFF00"),
GREEN("Green", "#00FF00"),
BLUE("Blue", "#0000FF"),
INDIGO("Indigo", "#4B0082"),
VIOLET("Violet", "#8B00FF");
fun printFullInfo() {
println("Color: $color --- RGB: $rgb")
val rgb = Rainbow.RED.rgb
• Enum classes also contain some methods and properties implicitly defined by Kotlin.
val color: Rainbow = Rainbow.BLUE
println(color.name) // returns the enum instance's name, "BLUE"
println(color.ordinal) // returns the postion (index) of the instance in the class declaration, 4
fun isRainbowColor(color: String) : Boolean {
for (enum in Rainbow.values()) { // returrns a list of instances in the enum class
if (color.toUpperCase() == enum.name) return true
return false
println(isRainbowColor("Pink")) // false
• Data classes declared with the modifier data is used to store data in an organized manner. These classes automatically support methods like equals(), hashCode(), toString() and copy(). However, such built-in methods only consider the properties listed in the constructor, and ignores any properties found in the body of the class. All the methods except copy() can be overridden if required.
data class Toy(var type = "Ball", var color = "Blue")
val blueBall = Toy()
val redBall = blueBall.copy(color = "Red")
• Data classes can be unpacked, or destructured. A destructuring declaration uses a componentN() operator that returns the n-th element in the data class.
val blueBall = Toy()
val (toyType, toyColor) = blueBall
// Same as:
// val toyType = blueBall.component1()
// val toyColor = blueBall.component2()
println(toyType) // Ball
println(toyColor) // Blue
• Regular classes can also be destructured if you explicitly define componentN() operators.
operator fun component1(): String = type
operator fun component2(): String = color
• Destructuring also works with arrays. If there are less variables than the size of the array, it will skip the remaining elements of the array. If there are more variables, the expression will result in an error. If you don’t need a variable in the destructuring declaration, you can place an underscore instead of its name.
• The following properties and methods are supported by all the standard collections in Kotlin:
• size
• contains(element) → checks if element is in the collection
• containsAll(col) → checks whether all the elements in the collection col is in the current collection
• isEmpty()
• joinToString() returns a string consisting of the elements of the collection.
• indexOf(element) returns the index of the first occurrence of element in the collection, and -1 if element is not present in the collection.
• Mutable collections have some more common methods:
• clear() removes all the elements in the collection
• remove(element) removes the first occurrence of element
• removeAll(col) removes all elements of the collection col from the current collection
• List<T> stores elements in a specified order and provides indexed access to them. A List can contain duplicate elements, even null.
val numbers = listOf("one", "two", "three", "four")
val empty = emptyList<String>() // to initialize an empty list
println("Number of elements: ${numbers.size}")
println("Third element: ${numbers.get(2)}")
println("Fourth element: ${numbers[3]}")
println("Index of element \"two\" ${numbers.indexOf("two")}")
• A MutableList<T> is a mutable List, i.e supports adding or removing elements. A List can be converted to a MutableList using the toMutableList() method of a List.
val numbers = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
numbers.add(5) // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
numbers.removeAt(1) // 1, 3, 4, 5
numbers[0] = 0 // 0, 3, 4, 5
numbers.shuffle() // list is shuffled in a random order
• A Set<T> is used an unordered collection of unique elements. Even null can occur only once in a Set. Two sets are equal if they have the same size, and for each element of a set there is an equal element in the other set. The default implementation of a Set is a LinkedHashSet, which remembers the order of insertion of elements. So it also supports methods like first() and last().
val numbers = setOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
if (numbers.contains(1)) println("1 is in the set")
val numbersBackwards = setOf(4, 3, 2, 1)
println("${numbers == numbersBackwards}")
• A MutableSet allows you to add or remove values.
val empty = mutableSetOf<Int>() // declare an empty mutable set for Int elements
• Map<K, V> stores key-value (KV) pairs. The keys in a Map should be unique. Two maps containing the equal pairs are equal regardless of the order in which the pairs are found in the maps.
val numbersMap = mapOf<String, Int>("key1" to 1, "key2" to 2, "key3" to 3, "key4" to 1) // the type specification can be omitted as it is automatically inferred
println("All keys: ${numbersMap.keys}")
println("All values: ${numbersMap.values}")
if ("key2" in numbersMap) println("Value of \"key2\": ${numbersMap["key2"]}")
if (1 in numbersMap.values) println("The value 1 is in the map")
if (numbersMap.containsValue(1)) println("The value 1 is in the map") // same as previous
• A MutableMap allows you to add new key-value pairs and update existing ones.
val numbersMap = mutableMapOf("one" to 1, "two" to 2)
numbersMap.put("three", 3)
numbersMap["one"] = 11
println(numbersMap) // {one=11, two=2, three=3}
numbersMap.remove("four") // nothing happens
numbersMap.remove("three", 4) // removes the pair only if the value associated with "three" is 4
println(numbersMap.containsValue(3)) // true
println(numbersMap.containsKey(3)) // false
• Collections support iteration. When iterating over maps, a pair of values is returned in each iteration, which can be destructured into two separate variables.
• A description of all the properties and methods supported by lists, mutable lists, sets, mutable sets, maps and mutable maps can be found in the official documentation.
• You can throw exceptions using the throw keyword.
throw ArithmeticException
• The Exception class is used to create custom exceptions.
val customException = Exception("A custom error message.")
throw customException
// Same as:
// throw Exception("A custom error message.")
• Kotlin supports try-catch blocks. They can have multiple handlers (catch blocks) if required. The message property stores the error message related to an Exception. When an exception occurs in the try block, the suitable handler is determined by trying to match the exception types from the first catch block to the last. So specialized handlers like IOException should come before general handlers like Exception (which can catch every type of exception). After the exception is handled, code execution resumes from the line immediately after the try-catch block.
try {
print(10 / 0)
catch (e: IOException) {
// handles IOException and its subtypes
catch (e: Exception) {
// handles all subtypes of Exception
println(e.message) // "/ by zero"
• A finally block is executed irrespective of whether an exception was encounter in a try or catch block.
try {
// code that may throw an exception
catch (e: Exception) {
// exception handler
finally {
// always executed
• A try-catch block can also be used as an expression in Kotlin.
val number: Int = try { "abc".toInt() } catch (e: NumberFormatException) { 0 }
println(number) // 0
Working With Files
• Files are handled using the File class from the java.io package. A File object contains a pointer to the specified file. When a method (except write methods) is called and the file does not exist, and a NoSuchFileException is thrown.
• The readText() method returns the entire contents of the file as a String.
import java.io.File
val file = File("file.txt") // file is not opened, only a reference to the file is returned
val content = file.readText() // file is opened and closed automatically by the method
print(content) // entire content of the text file is displayed
• The readLines() method returns a List with each line of the file as an element of the list.
• The readBytes() method returns the entire content of the file as a byte array.
• The forEachLine() method executes an action for each line in the file. This is recommended for very large files, as directly trying to read the entire file in one go may exhaust the system memory.
val fileName = "file.txt"
File(fileName).forEachLine { println(it) }
• The writeText() method is used to write a String to file. If the file does not exists, it is created automatically. If the file already exists, its contents are overwritten.
• The appendText() method is used to append a String to an existing file.
• The writeBytes() and appendBytes() methods are used to write a ByteArray to file.
• The length() method returns the number of characters in the file.
• The exists() method of the File class can be used to check whether a file exists.
• A list of all methods supported by the File class can be found in the official documentation.
Basic Syntax – Kotlin Official Documentation
Kotlin Programming Language Reference – Kotlin Official Documentation
NOTE: A lot of code samples have been taken directly from the official documentations.
Learn Kotlin
• JetBrains Academy has a Kotlin track that helps you learn by working on a project in Kotlin. The course is current in a public beta phase, and available for free at the time of writing.
• Kotlin Koans is great way for Java developers to learn Kotlin, by working on a curated series of exercises in Kotlin.
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Quick Answer: Can Your Baby Die In The Womb Without You Knowing?
Can sitting in hot water cause miscarriage?
Can a dead fetus make you sick?
What food can kill a baby when pregnant?
What week is miscarriage most common?
What causes a baby to die in the womb?
There are wide-ranging reasons why a baby may die in the womb. These reasons include how the placenta works, genetic factors, a mum’s health, age and lifestyle, and if there has been any infection. Problems with the placenta are thought to be the most common cause of a baby dying in the womb.
Is it OK to sleep on right side when pregnant?
Why do stillborn babies look bruised?
Lips – your baby’s lips may be a bright cherry red, or a deep purple color. This can be due to birth asphyxia, or due to the baby’s blood pooling after death has occurred. Head — collapse of the skull with overlapping bones, cranial bones become separated from the dura and periosteum.
How can I check my baby’s heartbeat at home?
How do they remove a dead baby from the womb?
How do I know if my baby is growing inside me?
What are the signs of unhealthy pregnancy?
First Trimester Problems: When to Call Your DoctorVaginal Bleeding. … Excessive Nausea and Vomiting. … High Fever. … Vaginal Discharge and Itching. … Pain or Burning During Urination. … Leg or Calf Pain, or Swelling on One Side/ Severe Headache. … Flare-Ups of Chronic Diseases.
How do you know if something is wrong with your pregnancy?
Normal discomforts of pregnancy can include nausea (especially in the first 3 months), heartburn, a need to urinate often, backache, breast tenderness and swelling, and tiredness. There are some symptoms that may mean danger for you or the baby.
What week is stillbirth most common?
What is Stillbirth?An early stillbirth is a fetal death occurring between 20 and 27 completed weeks of pregnancy.A late stillbirth occurs between 28 and 36 completed pregnancy weeks.A term stillbirth occurs between 37 or more completed pregnancy weeks..
Which fruits should avoid during pregnancy?
Can a baby be put back in the womb?
In a pioneering operation, a team of California surgeons has removed a 23-week-old fetus from his mother’s womb, successfully operated to correct a blocked urinary tract and then returned the unborn baby to the uterus and sewed the womb back up.
What are the symptoms if baby dies in womb?
How long can you keep a dead baby in your womb?
Why does a fetus heart stop beating?
This means the genetic material in the chromosomes wasn’t right for a baby to develop. In a missed miscarriage, either the embryo doesn’t develop, or it doesn’t get very far and the heartbeat stops. Occasionally it happens beyond the first few weeks, perhaps at eight weeks or 10 weeks, or even further on.
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A succession of severe winters has had the result of establishing the practice of thawing frozen water mains and service pipes by means of electricity. In some sections during the winter of 1903-4 water mains 7 ft. underground were frozen, and the old method of digging up the frozen ground to expose the affected pipe was found to be a matter of great expense, especially as several thousands of freeze-ups occurred in some of the large cities.
The principle upon which this method works is the fact that an electric current, in passing through a conductor which offers considerable resistance to its passage, develops a great amount of heat in the conducting material.
Plate LII. Thawing Underground Water Pipes By Electricity
Thawing of Water Mains & Services by Electricity
Plate 52.
Thawing Underground Water Pipes By Electricity 127
In passing an electric current through a frozen water pipe there is sufficient resistance encountered to generate the heat necessary to thaw the pipe. The ice itself offers great resistance, it being a poor conductor, while the pipe, especially at its joints, offers a considerable amount also. With this principle to work upon, the thawing of pipes may be accomplished if the means are at hand for providing a large enough current, in this work the securing of a large amount of current being of most importance, just as in the use of water for some purposes, the volume which may be obtained is of greater importance than the pressure which it is under.
Many different and successful methods have been made use of in supplying the electric surrent. In sizable towns and in cities, the most convenient source of electricity for this work has been the electric-lighting mains, most of which are now alternating circuits.
In employing alternating currents it is necessary to use what is known as a step-down transformer. Such a device consists essentially of two coils of wire adjacent to each other, but not connected together in any way. The ends of the primary coil are connected to the lighting mains, and the passage of the current through this coil induces a current in the secondary coil. The step-down transformer takes a current from the mains at a high voltage or pressure and delivers it through the secondary coil under a much lower voltage.
Currents under various voltages, up to several thousand in amount, have been used on the primary and transformed generally to about 50 volts on the secondary.
An electric circuit is made up of three factors - current in amperes, voltage, and resistance. As the resistance increases, the amount of current decreases, and vice versa.
The thawing apparatus is generally placed upon a wagon or sled, and consists principally of the transformer and what is known as a water resistance. The latter is usually in the form of a small barrel filled with salted water, in which two copper plates are immersed, each being connected to a wire.
After this apparatus has been taken to the place where the thawing is to be done, the primary leads are connected to the electric-light mains, proper fuses and an ammeter for measuring the current being provided.
The secondary leads or connections are then attached at either end of the frozen section, and the water resistance placed at any point in the secondary circuit, with the copper plates far apart. When in this position the resistance is great, and the amount of current small. When it is seen that a larger amount of current is necessary, it may be obtained by reducing the resistance, that is, by moving the plates closer together. Various amounts of current are required, depending on the conditions of each individual piece of work. For service pipes, which are naturally more often affected than the mains, currents of an amount between 200 and 300 amperes are generally used.
Long leads are used on this work, and when possible the connection may be made most easily by attaching one of the secondary leads to the nearest hydrant, and the other to a faucet or to the piping inside the house, the current thus being allowed to pass through the frozen section. Attention should be given to making as good connections to the hydrant and faucet as possible, as a poor contact at either place may result in burning the metal.
When there is no hydrant conveniently located, connection may be made to the piping of an adjacent house, and if the latter is too far distant it sometimes becomes necessary to dig down to the pipe to make the connection.
When the service pipes of two or more adjacent houses are to be thawed, the several water services may be connected in series, and a single application of the current answer for thawing all of them.
By using long secondary leads, frozen service pipes of several houses may often be thawed without changing the primary connections to the lighting mains.
So universal has the practice become of thawing frozen mains and service pipes by electricity, that apparatus designed especially for such work may now be procured of manufacturers of electrical apparatus.
In some cases, where it was impossible to use lighting or power circuits, portable outfits have been used in this work, consisting of a steam or gas engine connected to an electric generator. Storage batteries have also been made use of. The time used in thawing pipes depends so largely on conditions, size of pipe, length of frozen section, amount of current available, etc., that it is difficult to make any estimate of it. Under favorable conditions, however, service pipes of different sizes have been thawed out in from ten to twenty minutes, and long lines of water mains, as large as 10 in. in size, in two or three hours.
The plumber, being ordinarily unacquainted with electrical work, should always seek the advice or the services of competent electricians before attempting this class of work, as errors in connections on his part might result seriously.
The workman inexperienced in electrical work might easily make a mistake which would not only result in considerable damage to apparatus, but which might also affect the lighting circuit to such an extent as to render it useless until repaired. In addition, there is the danger of serious or fatal injury to the workman.
The matter of caring for frozen mains and services has in many cities been taken over by the city water department, the thawing operations being performed by them, in combination with the electric-lighting companies. This would appear to be by far the best method under the circumstances.
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“Unlike Any Other” –Exoplanet Discovered Three-Times Mass of Jupiter
Jupiter-Like Exoplanet
“This planet is unlike the planets in our solar system, but more than that, it is unlike any other exoplanets we have discovered so far,” says Caltech’s Sarah Blunt about a planet discovered with three times the mass of Jupiter that travels on a long, slingshot-shaped path around its star.
“Copernicus taught us that Earth is not the center of the solar system, and as we expanded into discovering other solar systems of exoplanets, we expected them to be carbon copies of our own solar system,” said Andrew W. Howard, Caltech professor of Astronomy and head of California Planet Search. “But it’s just been one surprise after another in this field. This newfound planet is another example of a system that is not the image of our solar system but has remarkable features that make our universe incredibly rich in its diversity.”
“Alien Glow” –May Indicate Hidden Biospheres on Exoplanets
If this planet were somehow placed into our own solar system, it would swing from within our asteroid belt to out beyond Neptune. Other giant planets with highly elliptical orbits have been found around other stars, but none of those worlds were located at the very outer reaches of their star systems like this one.
“Other planets detected far away from their stars tend to have very low eccentricities, meaning that their orbits are more circular,” added Blunt, first author of the new study. “The fact that this planet has such a high eccentricity speaks to some difference in the way that it either formed or evolved relative to the other planets.”
California Planet Search, led Howard, is one of the few groups that watches stars over the decades-long timescales necessary to detect long-period exoplanets using radial velocity. In addition to Keck Observatory, the California Planet Search also used the Lick Observatory in Northern California and the McDonald Observatory in Texas.
The data needed to make the discovery of the new planet were first provided by W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. In 1997, the team began using the High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) on the Keck I telescope to take measurements of the planet’s star, called HR 5183.
The Daily Galaxy, Max Goldberg, via Keck Observatory
Image credit: ESO Hot Jupiter
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Early education about sexual health
Writing a literature review is all about
learning to support your ideas
objectively and empirically. This can
be a challenge as many of us use
subjective reasoning. Below are 3
topics. Your task is to pick 1 topic
and find a peer reviewed article that
is either in favor of or against the
selected topic. You will summarize
the article and explain how it
supports your position. Be objective.
Be sure to provide the APA full
reference to the article that you have
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The Power of Journals: Going Beyond the Text
Grade: 8
Subjects: Social Studies, English Language Arts
Concepts: Journaling, understanding frame of reference/bias, colonial period captivity phenomenon, Native American relations
Skills: Reading comprehension, vocabulary, small and large group discussion, historical context
Materials: Handouts, Vocabulary and Historical Terms, Quiz
Time: 2 class periods (set up activity is 4 days prior)
Focus Questions
• What can we learn about captivities during the colonial period that are not in the text?
• What is the reliability of personal accounts?
• What does it mean to express yourself through journal writing?
Instructional Objectives
Students will be able to:
• Define vocabulary and historical terms
• Identify reasons for Native American captivities of Europeans during the Colonial Period
• Empathize with European and Native American cultures of the 18th century
• Construct their own journal and make a personal connection to the past
• Explain the value and pitfalls of using a journal as a historical source
Rationale and Background
Connection to the NH Framework Proficiencies
Introductory Activity
1. Ask students to keep a journal of their activities for four days. Students should list their activities from the time they arise until bedtime. Ask them to keep a record of what they think and feel along with what they eat and do.
2. After four days, ask students to hand in their journals.
3. Conduct a whole class discussion, asking:
• How often did you write?
• Did you include absolutely everything? If not, what kinds of things did you leave out?
• Would someone close to you see the events of your day differently? How?
• What does your thoughts and feeling show about your perspective on life?
• How is your perspective different from your classmate or teacher?
• Years from now, if someone “discovered” your journal, would it tell them everything they needed to know about your life today? Why or why not?
• Why do historians need to be alert when using a journal to learn about a historical time period?
Transition to the lesson, by telling students they are going to look deeper into the answer of the last question. Tell them the goal of the lesson is to show the unique role of historical journals in helping students understand historical figures and time periods.
Instructional Resources or Materials
Instructional Procedure
1. Distribute the Handout: Selections from: a Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson along with the list of Vocabulary and Historical Terms for students to use as a resource while reading.
2. Ask for a student volunteer to read the Introduction while the rest of the class follows along.
3. Have students read the rest of the selections on their own, using the vocabulary list as a resource. Put any other unknown vocabulary words on the board with their definitions.
4. When everyone has finished, have students get into groups of three. For accountability, ask that each group member choose a role as: Leader, Speaker and Quizzer.
• The leader facilitates the answering of the questions among group members.
• The speaker shares the group’s responses with the whole class.
• The quizzer tests the team’s knowledge of the vocabulary terms.
5. Once all the groups have had time to answer the questions and review the vocabulary, lead a whole class discussion about the questions and journal in general. Go over the answers integrating information on how historians would use this primary source to construct a picture of Susanna Johnson’s experience and colonial life at that time. Wrap up discussion questions may include:
• What did you learn about the value of journals?
• What new insights do you have of the Colonial Period?
• What was Susanna Johnson’s perspective as shown by her writing?
• If historians discovered a Native American journal about Susanna Johnson’s captivity, what might it have said? Would it be similar or very different than Mrs. Johnson’s version? Why?
• What precautions (in terms of author bias etc.) must students take when reading historical journals?
• Students will keep a journal of their thoughts and activities over a four day period
• Students will complete the questions at the end of the handout
• Students will take a Quiz on Vocabulary and Historical Terms
• Students will participate in small group and whole class discussions
Curriculum Modifications/Extension
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3. Topic: Dutch
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5. "Er zijn veel sterrenstelsels…
"Er zijn veel sterrenstelsels in het universum."
Translation:There are many galaxies in the universe.
December 23, 2014
Does Sterrenstelsel literally translate to "star system"?
Yes, sterren is stars and stelsel is system, is actually stars system, plural stars
Literally, yes, but the actual meaning is different: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system
Just out of curiosity, does the word "universum" have a plural form?
Yes, either 'universa' or 'universums'.
How do you say "solar" as in "solar power" rather than as in Zonnestelsel?
Solar power would be "zonne-energie" or "zonnekracht".
is Sterrenstelsels not the same as "solar systems"?
No. In terms of astronomy, they are two different things (size being the biggest distinction between the two)
In terms of Dutch, they have two different words:
• Sterrenstelsel - Galaxy
• Zonnestelsel - Solar system
More specifically:
Zonnestelsel - Solar system = A star and things (e.g. planets, asteroids, etc) that orbit it.
Sterrenstelsel - Star system (A term Duo still refuses to acknowledge, despite the fact that it's more accurate and the LITERAL translation) = A group of stars (some of which may be part of solar systems) that orbit each other.
Galaxy - a star system containing a large number of stars, sometimes called a star cluster.
As far as I can tell, in Dutch, there isn't any disambiguation between "star system" and "galaxy"... I suspect this is because most scientific papers by Dutch people would be written in English.
For more see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy
I believe the term 'star system' would introduce some additional connotations in English... you can have binary star systems for example.
Galaxy is more like the sum of all star systems orbiting a central core.
This is a problem for astronomers in English as well as Dutch. The issue arose because when the term "solar system" was invented, there was only one known, and that remained true for more than a century, although others were assumed to exist, and finally discovered in the 1990s. So there was little need to differentiate between "the Solar System" meaning the one around Sol, our sun, and "a solar system" orbiting another star. In English, too, a "star system" is ambiguous, and can mean a system of stars i.e. a galaxy, or a system of planets around a star i.e. a solar system. I don't know how usage in Dutch has settled, but it seems like Duo is trying to get us to use zonnestelsel for "solar system" even when the star in the middle is not de zon.
My Belgian girl said that stelsel means a lot of things. Can anyone enlighten me?
Well it's been a year, nobody answered, now i'm wondering. Maybe she can enlighten you?
why is it veel and not vele? the plural (de form) is normally the vele form
"vele" is more formal. You can use it, but "veel" is more common. See https://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1339/
Is een Melkwegstelsel a translate for a galaxy or not.
Melkwegstelsel or Melkweg = Milky Way.
This is a galaxy, but not all galaxies are the Milky way.
Plural / de noun = "e" form of an adjective so why isn't vele accepted here?
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Gay, Lesbian, and Homosexual – these words have become common in our vocabulary as homosexuality has become one of the big ethical issues of our time. Supporters view homosexuality as a form of love that should be accepted as normal by society. They advocate legal same-sex marriage, promote homosexual equality, and some even claim that the Bible supports homosexuality. In some respects, their reasoning sounds right. If two people of the same sex love each other, then why shouldn’t they be together? However, many people, even those who aren’t religious, view homosexuality as something wrong. This is because at the core of their beings, people know that there is an underlying blueprint for humans. In truth, homosexuality is something that is wrong, and it is wrong for two main reasons.
First, homosexuality goes against God’s design for human beings. The first two chapters of Genesis perfectly illustrate this. At the beginning of the world, God created the first people, Adam and Eve. “And God created man in His image; in the image of God He created him. He created them male and female” (Genesis 1:27). God designs each person (while they are still in the womb) as either a male or a female.
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Furthermore, God designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a man and a woman, not between people of the same sex. After creating Adam, “the LORD God said, ‘It is not good that man should be alone; I will make him a helper comparable to him” (Genesis 2:18). Considering that Adam is a man, wouldn’t a comparable helper be a man as well? Genesis 2:22-24 gives the answer: “Then the rib which the LORD God had taken from man He made into a woman, and He brought her to the man. And Adam said: ‘This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.’ Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.” God created a couple – one man and one woman. As the first humans, Adam and Eve reveal the basic blueprint or template of God’s design for human beings. It is evident, then, that man and woman are divinely designed for one another; they complement one another. For example, in areas where men are stronger, women are usually weaker, and in areas where women are stronger, men are usually weaker. Furthermore, one of the most apparent proofs that God designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a man and a woman is that reproduction of the human race can only come through the union of a male and a female. This is the way the Creator designed it to be. “And [Jesus] answered and said to them, ‘Have you not read that He who made them at the beginning “made them male and female”, and said, “For this cause a man shall leave father and mother and shall cling to his wife, and the two of them shall be one flesh?” Therefore they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let not man separate’” (Matthew 19:4-6).
Rejecting God’s design will only cause negative effects. For instance, consider a little child who has recently discovered how delicious candy is. It is so pleasing to his taste buds, that he decides he will never eat anything else. When he refuses the dinner that his mother made, asking for candy instead, she adamantly refuses. “But why can’t I eat candy?” the child asks, “I love candy; it tastes good.” When his mother explains that candy is filled with sugar, which his body was not designed to live off of, the child retorts, “I don’t believe you! Why would something that tastes so good be bad for me? I was born with these taste buds, and these taste buds tell me that candy is good!” The little boy decides to stick to his beliefs, eating nothing but candy. It is not long before he starts to feel sick, and his body dramatically weakens. As time goes on, he will only get weaker and weaker because his body was not designed to live off of candy. Going against the way something is designed only brings malfunction and eventual breakdown. Homosexuality is against God’s design, and, therefore, practicing it will bring a person to ruin because humans were created for something better.
Not only does homosexuality go against God’s design, but it also goes against God’s commands. Being perfect, all-powerful, loving, and the one-and-only, God created rules for human beings to follow. He did not create these rules to be mean, oppressive, or controlling, but rather, to instruct people as to what is best for them. Since He designed them, He would know. One of His commands is that He alone be worshipped because He alone is God. “It is written, ‘You shall worship the LORD your God and serve Him only” (Luke 4:8). To put anything else above God in our hearts and minds is idolatry, and idolatry is at the heart of homosexuality. Homosexuality (or any sexual sin, for that matter) is the result of a sinful heart that worships (covets, lusts after) the image of the human instead of worshipping God as it should. Romans 1:26-27 aptly refers to this: “For they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen. For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men with men committing indecent acts and receiving in their own persons the due penalty of their error” (Romans 1:26-27).
Also, the Bible contains many of God’s commands against sexual sins (of which homosexuality is a part). One of the first examples is found in Leviticus 20:13, where God is giving His laws to the set-apart nation of Israel: “If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death. Their blood-guiltiness is upon them.” This verse and the previous verse from Romans reveal God’s view of homosexuality. To the Designer of human beings, homosexuality is “degrading”, “unnatural”, “indecent”, and “detestable”. That is why God commands that we “Flee sexual immorality. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body” (1 Corinthians 6:18).
As with rejecting God’s design, rejecting God’s commands will only bring sorrow. God is just, and He cannot let sin go unpunished. Breaking His laws is just like breaking the law of the land – there will be consequences. The consequences to rejecting God’s commands, however, affect ones soul; it affects where a person will go after dying. “Or do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor homosexuals, nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God” (1 Corinthians 6:9-10).
Proponents of homosexuality may argue that such punishment is unjust, considering that people can be born with homosexual tendencies. However, although it is true that people can be born with homosexual tendencies, that fact does not make them innocent of breaking God’s law. The reason a person can be born with homosexual tendencies is because every human being is born with a sinful nature. That is, a heart that does not want or seek after God; a heart that is naturally inclined to reject God’s design and disobey God’s commands because it wants what it wants when it wants it. Consequently, influences such as medical imbalances, improper upbringing, and sexual or mental abuse may cause a person to have stronger tendencies to give in to his sin nature, which can be expressed in homosexuality. No one is forced to be a homosexual, however, nor is a person born homosexual. Homosexuality is the result of a person giving in to his sinful nature. Giving in to one’s sinful nature may feel right; however, that does not make it right. As Proverbs 14:12 says, “There is a way which seems right to a man, but the end of it is the ways of death.”
Also, the fact that certain influences may contribute to a person giving in to his sinful nature does not make the person innocent. For example, imagine a man who just lost all of his vast wealth because the corporation in which he invested just crashed. Depressed, angry, and hopeless, the man buys a gun and takes out his frustration on some innocent townspeople, killing a little girl and her mother. Evidently, the man was not in his rightful mind, but, nonetheless, he is responsible for his crime and must bear the punishment. Similarly, to practice homosexuality, regardless of influences, is to reject God’s design and break His law. Thus, God’s punishment is fully just and appropriate.
In spite of this, there is hope. God sent His Son, Jesus Christ, to release people from the hold sin has on them. Just like every other human being, a person practicing homosexuality is unable to do anything to make himself good enough for heaven. Before God, every person is guilty. However, “God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world might through Him be saved” (John 3:16-17). By sending His Son to die for sinners, God is offering the free gift of eternal life in heaven and salvation from death. The only thing a person needs to do is accept God’s offer by repenting of his sin and believing in and following God!
To summarize, homosexuality is wrong because it goes against God’s loving design and commands for human beings. God designed each human being as either a male or a female, and he designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a male and a female, not between people of the same sex. Also, God commands that He alone be worshiped and that people flee from sexual sins (including homosexuality). Because God is the Master Designer and Lord over all, rejecting His designs and commands will only have negative and serious consequences. These consequences are not unjust because each person has broken God’s law and is guilty before God. However, God offers hope. He sent His only Son to pay the price of the sin of those who repent and believe in Him.
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Baseband Processor
• What is it?
A baseband processor is a chip in a smartphone, tablet or other device that helps convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network).
• Why do you need it?
A baseband processor manages all the wireless radio functions of a cellular device. Without it, it would would be impossible for the device to connect to a wireless cellular network. Some important manufacturers of baseband processors include Broadcom, Icera, Intel, MediaTek and Qualcomm.
• How is GIGABYTE helpful?
A baseband processor will include to be an integral part of any mobile device including in use of upcoming 5G networks. GIGABYTE’s server technology will also be essential in building out the infrastructure needed deploy 5G networks, with our Edge Server solutions ideal to be adopted as Baseband Units (that fulfill a similar function to a baseband processor but at the network infrastructure level) or as a MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) server to support a range of 5G applications at the network edge.
What is Edge Computing? Definition and Cases Explained.
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LHC Report: the role of the injectors
How the injector chain has contributed to increase the luminosity of the proton-lead ion run
For its last four running weeks of the year the LHC is colliding protons (p) with lead ions (Pb). This not only presents a challenge for the collider itself, but also for the six accelerators involved in producing the beams, which have to provide the bunches that will eventually collide in ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. Two different injector chains boost and deliver the two different types of particles to the LHC. For the protons, the chain is Linac 2, the PS Booster (PSB), the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and for the lead ions, it’s Linac 3, the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), the PS and the SPS.
The challenge for the injector complex is twofold. Firstly, the injection pattern of the protons must match with that of the lead ions, in order to maximise the number of colliding bunches in the LHC.
The ideal situation would be to have the same number of bunches and the same bunch spacing for both protons and lead ions. However, the lead ion injection technique sets a constraint. LEIR and the PS can only provide the SPS with a lead ion beam consisting of four bunches spaced by 100 nanoseconds (ns), a different pattern than in normal p-p operations where the proton beam consists of 72 bunches spaced by 25 ns.
Secondly, the intensity of the proton beam must also be reduced to correspond to that of the lead ions. For p-Pb operations, the proton bunches need to be five times less intense than usual.
The best possible match that the injector team has found is to inject a train of two batches each consisting of 18 bunches of protons and a train of seven batches consisting of four bunches of lead ions (see picture for more details).
The injector chain is already benefiting from the results of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, which aims to upgrade the beam performance of the injectors for the future High-Luminosity LHC. Since the beginning of the run, the Pb injectors have delivered an intensity three times greater than the original design value. This was a major contributor to reaching peak luminosity about six times greater than expected when the proton-lead programme was planned just a few years ago.
At the time of writing, the LHC is still on course to achieve all the physics goals of this run, in spite of all the technical mishaps encountered, such as a power cut last week and a quench on 24 November.
When not filling the LHC, the injector chain provides beams for lots of other users, including the Antiproton Decelerator, AWAKE, HiRadMat, and the North Area.
The injection scheme for the proton beam (upper part of the picture) starts with the PSB, which first sends four bunches to the PS, followed by two more 1.2 seconds later. In the PS, the bunches are then split in three and are spaced by 100 ns. The 18 resulting bunches are accelerated to 25 GeV and delivered to the SPS. This operation is repeated and the second batch of 18 bunches is injected next to the first one in the SPS, with a spacing of 200 ns. After acceleration to 450 GeV, the 36-bunch train is transferred to the LHC. For the lead ion beam (lower half of the picture): LEIR accelerates the ion beam in two bunches to 72 MeV/nucleon, and sends it to the PS. In the PS, the bunches are split in two and their spacing is set to 100 ns using an RF technique known as “batch expansion”. The accelerated beam is extracted towards the SPS and traverses a 1-mm thick aluminium foil, which strips the ions of their 28 remaining electrons. This operation is repeated six times, accumulating the seven four-bunch trains in the SPS with a spacing of 200 ns. The 28 bunches are sent to the LHC after acceleration to 177 GeV/nucleon.Due to the different bunch spacings, only the 27 blue bunches collide in each train. Each operation is repeated 20 times to fill both rings of the LHC.
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WFP West Africa Annual Achievements 2020
+ 19
Дата публикации
19 countries covered by WFP West Africa region
57.6 million people estimated to be food insecure by the end of 2020
11 million children aged 6-59 months estimated to be acutely malnourished in 2020
In 2020, the West Africa region faced unprecedented levels of challenges, including protracted conflicts, climatic shocks, and poor macroeconomic conditions. The increasing number of emergencies coupled with the impact of COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the food and security needs in the region, with households living in poverty and fragile environments being more affected. Compared to the pre-COVID estimates of acute food insecurity, an additional 36 million people were projected to be food insecure (Cadre Harmonisé Phase 3-5) by the end of 2020, increasing the total burden of food insecurity to 57.6 million people (135 percent increase). This included 40 percent residing in Nigeria (23 million), a further 10 percent in Niger, and between 4 and 6 percent each in Burkina Faso,
Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mali, and Senegal. The key drivers of food insecurity expanded beyond conflict in 2020, affecting countries differently.
Countries with chronic vulnerabilities and active conflict were affected more severely by the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 restrictions that were put into place, that disrupted supply chains, led to food price increases and worsened tensions. This included the Central Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger),
Lake Chad Basin (Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad) and Central African Republic. Within the coastal countries, Sierra Leone and Liberia were the most impacted, likely explained by the deepening of recession this year, fuelled by food price increases of over 40 percent and persistent depreciation of the local currencies.
2020 was also characterized by a significant deterioration of the nutrition situation in the region. The number of acute malnutrition cases among children aged 6-59 months was estimated at nearly 11 million, an increase of 40 percent compared to 2019. This was the highest number in a decade, of which half can be attributed to COVID-19. WFP contributed to these estimates by providing a methodology to estimate additional cases of wasting due to COVID19. Levels were especially alarming in the Sahel countries. The joint WFP-UNICEF Nutrition Hotspot Analysis done for the six Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal) demonstrated that approximately half of the estimated figure for the region (5.4 million children) would be in these six countries.
Fill the Nutrient Gap analysis, carried out in 4 countries in 2019 and 2020 (Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali and Niger) indicated that on average three out of five households in the Central Sahel cannot afford of a nutritious diet. This is even higher in remote or conflict affected areas. The non-affordability of a nutritious diet is especially affecting pregnant and lactating women, as well as young children since proportionally their nutrient requirements are highest. To prevent malnutrition at scale, it is therefore essential to restructure food systems with the aim to ensure access to affordable nutritious diets for all, including in remote and conflict affected areas.
Lastly, the upsurge in insurgency and violence due to protracted conflicts, and contested presidential election results (such as in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Niger) resulted in forced displacement, disruption of livelihoods and operational and access challenges. As of 15 December 2020, 5.6 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 2.1 million refugees were reported by UNHCR across the seven hotspots for insecurity in the region (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Niger and Nigeria). The number of IDPs increased significantly between February and November, with the highest increase in Chad (100 percent), followed by Niger (40 percent), Burkina Faso (35 percent) and Mali (30 percent). Moreover, the crisis in the Central Sahel continued to spill-over in the region, spreading to Benin and Côte d’Ivoire this year.
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Latinos have contributed significantly to the success of the United States while overcoming systemic discrimination — and our stories have largely been erased from U.S. history.
Now, our stories will have a new home with a Latino Museum on the National Mall.
From astronaut José Hernández, athlete Roberto Clemente, and Medal of Honor recipient Macario García to Supreme Court Justice Sonya Sotomayor, civil rights organizer Dolores Huerta, and cultural icon Selena Quintanilla, Latinos are from many nations, compose diverse cultures, and have contributed to what it means to be an American.
Amidst the historic devastation of Latino communities by COVID-19, it is more important than ever to preserve and celebrate Latino stories for future generations.
This achievement is a testament to New York Congressman José Serrano. Born in humble circumstances in Puerto Rico, raised in public housing in the Bronx, and completing 46 years in public service, Representative Serrano has fulfilled the American Dream. Future generations will learn about the triumphs and setbacks of Latinos in the United States and be inspired to expand our nation’s greatness to all Americans.
Thank you to the community champions of the National Museum of the American Latino, whose persistent advocacy powered a broad coalition to make this museum possible.I commend Senator Bob Menendez for his unwavering commitment over two decades to creating this museum and for his leadership shepherding this legislation in the Senate. I also want recognize Representatives Cardenás and Hurd for their work securing bipartisan support in the House.
Editor’s Note: The above guest column was penned by U.S. Rep. Joaquin Castro on behalf of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC). Castro, a Democrat from San Antonio, chairs the CHC. Castro wrote the column following inclusion of the National Museum of the American Latino in the fiscal year 2021 appropriations bill that was passed by Congress on Dec. 21, 2020.
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First Past the Post electoral system
From Academic Kids
The First Past the Post electoral system, is a voting system for single-member districts. The name first past the post (abbreviated FPTP or FPP) is an analogy to horse racing; the system is also variously called winner-take-all, plurality voting, or relative majority. In political science, it is known as Single-Member District Plurality or SMDP. When this system is in use at all levels of politics it usually results in a true two-party system, based on single seat district voting systems. However, the system of forming a governing government is also crucial; it is very common in former British colonies and is the single most commonly used system for election of parliaments [1] (http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esh.htm) based on FPTP voting districts. A thorough list is given below.
The United Kingdom continues to use First Past The Post for national and most regional elections. Changes to the UK system have been proposed, and alternatives were examined by the Jenkins Committee in the late 1990s but no major changes have been implemented. Canada also uses First Past The Post for national and provincial elections. In May 2005 the citizens of the Canadian province of British Columbia had a chance to cast a ballot for a referendum for abolishing plurality in favor of the Single Transferable Vote after the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform made a recommendation for the reform. The referendum obtained 57% of the vote, but failed to meet the 60% requirement for passing.
Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and New Zealand have fairly recently implemented different election systems.
The term "first past the post" refers to a now seldom-used analogy with horse racing, where the winner is the first to pass a particular point (in this case a plurality of votes), upon which all other runners automatically and completely lose ("winner take all"). There is, however, no "post" that the winning candidate must pass in order to win, they are just required to receive the largest number of votes in their favour. This sometimes results in the alternate name "furthest past the post".
Duverger's law predicts that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will become two-party systems.
Each voter in a given electoral district selects one candidate. All votes are counted and the candidate with more votes than any of the other candidates is the winner. The winner represents the entire electoral district.
Simple example
For this example, consider the election for the president of a school class. Each class has a president, who sits on a school council. Further assume that, in this imaginary school, girl and boy students disagree with each other on most issues, and students prefer to vote for others of the same sex as themselves.
The election for class president
There are three candidates, Amy, Brian and Chloe. Each class member gets a ballot paper, with these three names on it. The class member must put an "X" against one of the names.
After the election finishes, the papers are sorted into three piles. One pile contains all the papers where there is an "X" against Amy (that is, votes for Amy). The other two piles contain votes for Brian and for Chloe.
The largest pile decides the winner. For instance, if Amy's pile has 11 votes, Brian's pile has 16 votes, and Chloe's pile has 13 votes, then the winner is Brian.
Notice that there were a total of 11 + 16 + 13 = 40 votes, and the winner had only 16 of them — only 40%. But that is only the result for this one class.
The election to the school council
Some might argue that a boy won for this class because there were two girls, who "split the vote": some of the girls in the class voted for Amy and others for Chloe. Perhaps if Amy had not been a candidate, all the girls would have voted for Chloe and she would have won this class; this in turn would make the girls the winners of the whole council. Arguments exactly like this, but on a larger scale, are common wherever there are first-past-the-post elections.
More complex example
Imagine an election for the capital of Tennessee, a state in the United States that is over 500 miles (800 km) east-to-west, and only 110 miles (180 km) north-to-south. In this vote, the candidates for the capital are Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville. The population breakdown by metro area is as follows:
Tennesee's four cities are spread throughout the state
• Memphis: 826,330
• Nashville: 510,784
• Chattanooga: 285,536
• Knoxville: 335,749
If the voters cast their ballot based strictly on geographic proximity, the voters' sincere preferences might be as follows:
42% of voters (close to Memphis)
1. Memphis
2. Nashville
3. Chattanooga
4. Knoxville
26% of voters (close to Nashville)
1. Nashville
2. Chattanooga
3. Knoxville
4. Memphis
15% of voters (close to Chattanooga)
1. Chattanooga
2. Knoxville
3. Nashville
4. Memphis
17% of voters (close to Knoxville)
1. Knoxville
2. Chattanooga
3. Nashville
4. Memphis
If voting follows sincere preferences, Memphis is selected with the most votes. Note that this system does not require that the winner have a majority, but only a plurality. That is, Memphis wins because it has the most votes, even though more than half of the voters preferred another option.
Fewer parties
Single-member districts also mean that parties need to appeal to a wide cross-section of the populace rather than a political niche. Some argue that this discourages "extremist" parties.
Each representative must be a winner
Sometimes, the voters are in favour of a political party, but do not like specific candidates. An example was the premier of Alberta, Donald Getty. His government was re-elected in 1989, but because of voter dissatisfaction with the way the government was led, Getty, the leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party, was not re-elected by voters from his electoral district.
However this can also have the opposite effect. A candidate who is very popular among the electrorate in general may lose if the candidate or the candidate's party is unpopular or has caused dissatisfaction in his or her seat.
Similarly, in the 1999 Ontario provincial election, Mike Harris and his Progressive-Conservative party was re-elected to a majority government, but symbolic of the growing discontent among voters about cuts to education, his education minister and strong ally was resoundingly defeated by the opposition candidate.
The most commonly expressed disadvantage – perhaps because it is easiest to express and explain – of first-past-the-post is that it frequently produces disproportional results, i.e. results in which a party's share of the seats does not match up with its share of the votes. Thus, substantial bodies of opinion can be left out of the final outcome, and a party can obtain a majority of seats without a majority of the vote. Examples include the recent United Kingdom general election of 2005 where the new government won a majority of the seats with less than 38% of the national vote. The dispproportonate nature of this system also means that whole regions may have M.P.s from only one party. The British Conservatives won large majorities of seats in the 1980's on a minority of votes while almost all the Scottish seats were Labour or Liberal or SNP, thus creating tremendous disatisfaction in Scotland.
Tactical voting
To a greater extent than most other methods, first-past-the-post encourages the tactical voting technique known as "compromising"; voters are frequently pressured to vote for one of the two options most likely to win, even if it is not their most preferred option. In the above example, voters from Chattanooga and Knoxville may "compromise" by voting for Nashville, which they prefer to Memphis.
If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system becomes a form of runoff voting where the first round is held in the court of public opinion. This can give substantial power to the media as voters will tend to believe their viewpoint on who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election and use that viewpoint to decide where a "tactical" vote would be (in the voter's opinion) best used. This can also become a system promoting votes against more so than votes for.
Tactical voting can lead to situations where voters pass over a candidate who is preferred by a majority of voters and instead vote for a "lesser evil" who has shown themselves as good vote getters in the past.
One often-overlooked flaw in the FPTP system is that invariably, voters can select only one candidate in a single-member district, whilst in multi-member districts they can never select more canidates than the number of seats in the district. Some argue that FPTP would work better if electors could cast a vote for as many candidates as they wish. This would allow voters to "vote against" a certain despised candidate if they choose without having to guess at who they should vote for to defeat that candidate, thus eliminating the need for tactical voting. Such a system would also serve to reduce the spoiler effect.
Anomalous results
An interesting anomaly in the results of this system arose in the Canadian federal election of 1926 for the province of Manitoba. The province was entitled to 17 seats in that election. The result was very different from how people voted.
Political party Percentage of votes Number of seats Percentage of Seats
Conservatives 42.2% 0 0%
Labour Progressives 19.5% 7 41%
Liberals 18.4% 4 24%
Progressives 11.2% 4 24%
Labour 8.7% 2 12%
The Conservatives clearly had the largest number of votes across the province, but received no seats at all. The other parties were able to have success by having concentrated support in particular constituencies, and by not running candidates in others.
This presents a problem because the parties tend to focus narrowly on the needs and well-beings of specific electoral districts where they can be sure to win seats, rather than be sensitive to the sentiments of voters everywhere. In order to secure election results, some also choose to use gerrymandering, that is, redistricting to distort election results by enclosing party voters together in one electoral district.
Fewer parties
First-past-the-post's tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can produce both advantages and disadvantages.
One disadvantage of having fewer parties is that the government does not consider as wide a range of perspectives and concerns.
Another disadvantage is that fewer choices are offered to the voters, often pressuring voters to vote for a candidate whom they largely disagree with, in order to oppose a candidate whom they disagree with even more. (See "tactical voting" above.) The likely result of this is that candidates will less closely reflect the viewpoints of those who vote for them.
It may also be argued that one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy that are only favored by a plurality or bare majority of the voters, whereas multi-party systems usually require greater consensus in order to make dramatic changes.
Wipe out and clean sweep results
Since FPTP combined with single member constituencies generate a winner's bonus, if not winner takes all, the loyal opposition can be left with few if any seats.(See above)
An opposition that is weak or absent, because of an electoral wipeout, is not good for good governance, it is argued. Provincal elections in several Canadian provinces provide suitable examples.
This is the missing corollary of strong-government argument for FPTP.
No system can guarantee a clear result
A close election is one where the winner's majority is very small, or where third parties or independents hold the balance of power.
Where First Past the Post systems are used
See Table of voting systems by nation
The first past the post election system is used in the Republic of China on Taiwan for executive offices such as county magistrates, mayors, and the president, but not for legislative seats which used the single non-transferable vote system. This has produced an interesting party structure in which there are two broad coalitions of parties which cooperate in executive elections but which compete internally in legislative elections. Source: Making Votes Count, Gary Cox (1997).
India is using a proportional representation system for its upper house.
Ballot types
Ballots can be of two forms. The simplest form is a blank ballot where the name of a candidate is written in by hand. A more structured ballot will list all the candidates and allow a mark to be made by a single candidate. (A ballot with a candidate list can include space for a write-in candidate as well)
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What are in tobacco?
Maudie Volkman asked a question: What are in tobacco?
Asked By: Maudie Volkman
Date created: Sat, Mar 20, 2021 7:33 PM
Those who are looking for an answer to the question «What are in tobacco?» often ask the following questions:
🚬 What is in chewing tobacco tobacco?
nicotine, acetone and something else that is commonly found in urine
🚬 What kind of tobacco is pipe tobacco?
Although the varieties of tobacco are vast, the following seven are the most well-known and commonly used in pipe tobacco: Burley Tobacco. Cavendish Tobacco. Dark Fired Kentucky Tobacco.
🚬 What eats tobacco?
Weevils eat cigars.
1 other answer
A single puff of tobacco contains more than 4000 chemicals and 40 of them are highly dangerous and can cause death and serious forms of lung cancer. For this reason, tobacco has been banned on all domestic flights in the U.S. The reason many people crave tobacco is because tobacco contains nicotine. Nicotine is the substance that increases the craving for tobacco. It speeds up the heart rate which increases the craving for tobacco. People who use tobacco daily create a tolerance for tobacco. Tolerance is when the body develops a need for larger and larger doses of drugs to feel the same effect. Tobacco also contains tarwhich is a black substance which coats the linings of the lung. Tar creates a disease called emphysema which destroys the lungs. In addition, tobacco contains carbon monoxide which is a colorless, oderless, poisonous gas.All things considered, it is important to avoid tobacco. Many people think that smokeless tobacco is a good alternative. But it is not true. In fact, smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine and tar than cigarettes do.Pregnant mothers should not use tobacco for risks of birth defects in their child. If they do, they risk their child being a smoke addict.The most dangerous type of smoke is sidestream smoke which is the smoke that directly comes from the burning end of a cigar. This is the most dangerous because the smoke has not been filtered like mainstream smoke is. Mainstream smoke is the smoke that smokers inhale and exhale. This smoke has been filtered and processed through your body. Another type of smoke is second-hand smoke which is air that has been contaminated by cigars. People who breathe in this air are known as passive smokers. Passive smokers are non-smokers who breathe in second-hand smoke.Overall, it is important to stay away from tobacco as it contributes to lung cancer and stomach ulcers and even death.DON'T TRY TOBACCO.
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The Galilean Moons of Venus
The full moon night could be the night lovers would give their all to meet. We find in a wide collection of books how young lovers wait with longing for the full moon night. It is as if the night is tailor-made for their passions to flow unrestrained, spontaneous. The author need not delve more into descriptions of any nature to create the perfect ambience if he mentions that it is a full-moon night. The reader knows by instinct and his study of related literature and art to tell what is about to follow. Despite this oddball moon's many exotic attributes, it actually sports one of the most Earth-like surfaces in our Solar System. Titan may also experience volcanic activity, but its volcanoes would erupt with different ingredients than the molten-rock lava that shoots out from the volcanoes of Earth. In dramatic contrast to what occurs on our own planet, Titan's volcanoes erupt icy water "lava" (cryovolcanism). Titan's entire alien surface has been sculpted by gushing methane and ethane, which carves river channels, and fills its enormous great lakes with liquid natural gas. The astronomers observed this effect in the upper layer of the lunar crust, termed the megaregolith. This layer is heavily pockmarked by relatively small craters, measuring only 30 kilometers or less in diameter. In contrast, the deeper layers of lunar crust, that are scarred by larger craters, appear not to have been as badly battered, and are, therefore, less porous and fractured.
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ObituaryNov 20th 2010 edition
Liang Congjie
Liang Congjie, modern China’s first environmentalist, died on October 28th, aged 78
UNTIL the air began to clog and burn, the rivers turned to sludge and desert sand began to sift into the streets of Beijing, China's people did not much care what Mao Zedong's great leap into industrialisation had done to the motherland. Pollution did not happen in socialist countries; it was a Western, capitalist evil. But Liang Congjie noticed. He realised he no longer saw the blue skies of the Beijing of his boyhood, or the courtyard trees he had loved to climb. In the rugged south of Shanxi province, the water in the mountain streams was now black with coal dust and undrinkable.
As a historian Mr Liang was a traditionalist, sighing sometimes that nothing could surpass the wooden temples of the Tang dynasty; by breeding he was a preservationist, the son of a distinguished architect who had famously sat weeping on the medieval walls of Beijing the night before Mao's bulldozers demolished them. Some were inclined to think that Mr Liang was less than committed to China's progress. But he was determined that China should surge forward armed with green sensibility, and a green heart.
Friends of Nature, founded by him in 1994 with three colleagues from the Academy for Chinese Culture, was China's first legal NGO and the first committed to protecting the country's environment. At its inaugural meeting it drew 60 members; there are now around 10,000. As Mr Liang proudly said, it was for everybody: housewives, students, food-sellers in the market, even workers from the Capital Steel Corporation factory where Mr Liang, each January, would gather snow in plastic bottles to show schoolchildren the little black specks of pollution in it.
Though based on Western organisations he had seen on television, Friends of Nature was less a lobbying outfit than a club, whose members would go tree-planting, camping and chorus-singing to spread the green message through the land. In the main Beijing office, a homely red-painted house in a courtyard littered with bicycles, visitors would be handed staff cards printed on recycled paper and given metal reusable chopsticks, together with a lecture on how much of China's virgin forest was disappearing for wooden chopsticks every year. Here, among countless papers and the relentless tap of computers, Mr Liang would be working away in shirt and casual slacks, never raising his soft voice, modest as ever. His bike was among the others outside.
He came to his cause when he was past 60, a dignified figure with greying hair. Most of his professional life had been spent unremarkably, teaching history in universities and compiling a 74-part encyclopedia of China. His family background—American-educated parents, a grandfather renowned as a reformer under the Qing dynasty—made him suspect during the Cultural Revolution, and for nine years he was forced to teach in a cadre school in rural Yunnan. But he was slow to radicalise, and cautious even as his radicalism grew. Not for him the prison or martyrdom route. Instead he joined the right committees, especially in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and used his connections to persuade the government and the media to listen.
This was delicate work. In China, he always said, there was no point in the sort of dangerous and eye-catching stunts favoured by Greenpeace. He indulged in one or two, handing a letter to Tony Blair, on a visit to China in 1998, to petition him to help save the Tibetan antelope, or bringing in secret cameras to record illegal logging in Sichuan. State goons kept a bit of an eye on him. But in general his campaigns were conducted in an orderly Chinese manner. You did not criticise your parents; instead, you helped with the housework. Similarly, you did not attack the government; instead, you reminded it that there were laws already on the books to protect the land, the water and the air, and offered to help enforce them.
Within these self-described limits, Mr Liang and his NGO notched up several famous victories. He managed to stop the cutting of virgin forest (and the destruction of golden monkey habitat) in Yunnan province. With others, he killed proposals to build giant dams on the Salween river and in one of the most spectacular gorges of the Yangzi. The Tibetan antelope, hunted almost to extinction for the fineness of its fur, remained his favourite cause, and he went to the icy plateau to burn sequestered skins himself—though, to his sorrow, he could not stop the disbanding of the heroic anti-poaching brigade and the transfer of patrols to corruptible local officials. He was sure, he said diplomatically, that the government would do all it could.
Kestrels in the smog
His proudest achievement, however, was to start environmental awareness in China. Where FON led, some 3,000 NGOs have followed. His “Project Hope” sends out buses, painted with an antelope, to rural villages, to teach schoolchildren to treasure flowers, streams and woods. His bird-spotting book encourages residents of Beijing to look out, through the still-smoggy air, for egrets and kestrels. “Mr Liang's heart, very sensitive, very soft,” wrote a sad Chinese blogger after his death. All hearts should be so soft, he would have said, the better to plant green seeds in.
This article appeared in the Obituary section of the print edition under the headline "Liang Congjie"
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5 ways to outfox foxes in Adelaide
Wednesday 06 October 2021
Foxes are a threat to many of Adelaide’s native animals, along with pet chickens, birds, guinea pigs and rabbits. Here’s four ways to reduce their threat.
Foxes are everywhere in metropolitan Adelaide. You can find foxes more-so around cities than rural areas for the simple reason that city life suits them. This is because there is plenty of food and shelter in urban areas.
Are foxes good or bad?
Foxes are an introduced and pest species in Australia.
Adelaide has a widespread population of them, and this is bad because they can:
• hurt and kill Adelaide’s native animals
• prey on pet rabbits, guinea pigs, chickens and other pet birds, and
• carry a diseases like mange that can spread to pet dogs.
As foxes have been around since the 1850s, most of our remaining native wildlife have adjusted to their presence, so eradicating foxes from our suburbs and cities is not realistic, we instead need to reduce their threat to native wildlife and our pets in metropolitan Adelaide.
Here’s five ways you can reduce the threat of foxes across Adelaide:
1. Keep your chicken coop secure
Foxes are good climbers and can climb pens. So the best way to protect your chickens from raids is to fox-proof them in a fully enclosed pen or coop. A fox-proof enclosure should be made from material that foxes cannot jump over, chew through or dig under.
2. Avoid leaving fox food lying around
Foxes living a city life become scavengers and feed on anything – rubbish, food left out for pets, even fruit that’s fallen from backyard trees.
3. Reduce fox access to potential shelter
Foxes don’t need much living space and can build a den under a house, or a quiet part of a neighbourhood. Things like wood piles, old tires and green waste make great homes for foxes.
4. Don’t feed wild native animals
When you feed native animals this makes them less wary of others and this includes being less wary for foxes. So keep those snacks at home.
5. Record sightings in FoxScan
You can help control foxes in metropolitan Adelaide by recording sightings in FoxScan. Anyone can use FoxScan to record information about foxes. Information you record can be used to manage foxes more effectively to reduce the damage they cause. The more information you record, the more useful FoxScan will become for fox management.
Fun fact: native animal tactics to outfox foxes
Some native animals can outfox a fox, like possums and native water rats.
Possums are known to race up tree tops and move around on rooves and power lines to keep safe. Whereas, native water rats (or rakali) keep safe by living in rivers and lakes and foxes prefer to stay dry.
Ringtail possum. Picture: Martin Stokes
Remember, though some may look cute, it’s illegal to keep foxes as pets in South Australia.
This story was originally published in May 2021.
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More than 1,400 recycling bins have been rejected in just six months after the wrong things were put in them.
Recycling crews at North East Lincolnshire Council found items including dirty cat litter, guttering, a football, carpets, roof felt and vacuum cleaner parts when the new recycling bins were presented to them for collection.
The council started leaving red tags on bins when householders put the wrong things in them in December.
READ MORE: Moped menaces, drug users and vandals damaging beloved Grimsby community garden
Since then, 1,416 bins have been tagged.
Out of all the bins tagged, only 64 households put the wrong things in their bin a second time.
Education officers will send letters to and visit those who repeatedly put the wrong items in the recycling bins and help them get it right.
Cllr Stewart Swinburn, portfolio holder for Environment and Transport at North East Lincolnshire Council, said: “When you put the right thing in the right bin, it means the quality of recycling we collect from your household is high and can be used to make something else.
“We collect good quality recycling in North East Lincolnshire and I’m proud to say our recycling stays in the UK to be processed.
“Heavily contaminated recycling is not as valuable, and the reprocessing plants will reject it if it is below the standards they expect.
“Tagging bins is one way we are helping households provide better quality recycling.
“Recycling helps prolong the lives of materials and products we use, such as plastics, metals and paper.
“A huge amount of energy and material resources goes into making a plastic bottle or a drinks can, so it’s important that we make the most of them. This helps reduce the damage caused to the natural environment.
“Recycling plays a key role as the country moves to a more circular economy and helps us keep resources in use for as long as possible.”
Recycling crews are now using the tags on several rounds.
If you find a red ‘Ooops!’ tag on your bin it means you have put something in the wrong bin.
The crew will not empty the tagged bins. The tags show people why the bins were not emptied.
Find out what's happening in your area
Households that are given a tag need to check their bins and take out anything that is in the wrong bin. The crews will then empty the bin on the next scheduled collection day.
Each bin lid is clearly labelled with symbols showing what to put in them. Paper and card go in the blue wheelie bin. Washed plastic bottles, tubs and trays, food tins and drink cans and glass bottles and jars go in the grey wheelie bin.
Most households received an instruction booklet with their new bins, another booklet before Christmas and another with a calendar in February.
The booklets include helpful lists of items that can and can’t be recycled in the blue or grey bin.
Sorting recycling helps create a better-quality product for reprocessing. Increased recycling saves energy and helps us transform existing items into something new.
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Just a Few Weeks Early
by admin
Just a Few Weeks Early
Until recently, babies born a few weeks early—between thirty-four and thirty-six weeks gestation—were referred to as near term infants. However, the designation, near term, implies that an infant is almost term or almost fully mature, and the misnomer has often caused health professionals and parents to underestimate the medical risks in this large, vulnerable population of infants. Recently, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that infants born at thirty-four, thirty-five, or thirty-six weeks gestation be referred to as late-preterm infants to emphasize that these babies are physiologically immature and have special health care needs compared to full term infants (born between thirty-seven to forty-one weeks). In addition, the mothers of late-preterm infants are more likely to have medical complications themselves, such as gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, or C-section delivery.
The Rising Incidence of Late-Preterm Births
The proportion of all U.S. births that are late preterm has increased over the past fifteen years. Late-preterm infants now comprise over 9 percent of all births, and account for more than 70 percent of all preterm births (less than thirty-seven weeks gestation), representing nearly 400,000 babies each year. Although the reason for the increase in late-preterm deliveries is not well understood, one explanation is the increased use of fertility treatments, which has lead to a rise in pregnancies with twins and higher multiples. Half of all twins and 90 percent of all triplets are born preterm. Other possible contributors to the rise in late-preterm births include the rise in cesarean section births (now 30 percent of all deliveries), the need to deliver some infants early due to medical complications, and more pregnancies occurring among women at an older age. In addition, performing elective labor inductions or elective cesarean sections for no clear medical or obstetrical reason sometimes leads to the unintentional delivery of a late-preterm infant. Both expectant mothers and obstetricians need to know the importance of avoiding late-preterm delivery unless it is medically necessary.
Medical Complications Among Late-Preterm Infants
Because many late-preterm babies are the size of infants born at full term, health care professionals may not always give these at-risk infants the special treatment and careful screening they deserve. Instead, hospital personnel and parents tend to treat these apparently healthy infants as if they were developmentally mature. Late-preterm infants have been called impostor babies because many of these “slightly early” newborns masquerade as full-term infants, appearing to need no special care after birth and being discharged as early as term babies. Yet, babies born even a few weeks early have an increased risk of medical complications after birth and may require a longer hospital stay than full-term infants. Late-preterm infants are more likely to develop low blood sugar, severe jaundice, breathing difficulties, and infections; to have difficulty maintaining their body temperature; and to experience feeding problems and excessive weight loss after birth. Late-preterm infants also are more likely to be re-admitted to the hospital in the early weeks of life for medical complications, including newborn jaundice, breastfeeding difficulties, dehydration, and possible infections.
The brain and nervous system are among the last systems to mature during fetal development, and some studies show that late-preterm infants have a higher risk of developmental and behavioral problems compared to full-term babies. Late-preterm infants also have a higher rate of birth defects and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome. For all these reasons, late-preterm infants require close monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up after birth.
Breastfeeding Challenges Among Late-Preterm Infants
The initiation of successful breastfeeding can be especially challenging for smaller, developmentally immature, late-preterm infants. These babies often have trouble latching on to the breast correctly and may be unable to breastfeed effectively at first because of their lower muscle tone and tendency to tire easily. Inadequate breastfeeding increases a newborn’s risk for severe jaundice and excessive weight loss.
Providing your baby with skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth and as often as possible while you are rooming-in will help promote infant feeding behaviors and successful breastfeeding. Your hospital lactation consultant can offer valuable assistance with your breastfeeding technique during your hospital stay. Sometimes, using an ultra-thin, soft silicone nipple shield can help your late-preterm baby latch on and stay attached to your breast. Ask to be referred for extra help with breastfeeding after discharge, since it often takes several weeks for a late-preterm infant to be able to breastfeed effectively.
Late-preterm infants seldom are able to drain their mother’s breasts well at first. Ineffective breastfeeding not only increases a baby’s risk of medical complications, a mother’s milk supply can rapidly decrease if her baby removes little milk. If you deliver a late-preterm infant, you can help assure that you bring in and maintain an abundant milk supply by using an effective electric breast pump to express the extra milk your infant leaves behind after breastfeeding. Removing the milk remaining after your baby nurses is known as “insurance pumping” or “prevention pumping” because it helps keep your milk supply generous until your infant is big enough and mature enough to drain your breasts well on her own. Having an abundant milk supply also helps your immature, smaller, less-vigorous baby obtain more milk when she attempts to breastfeed because she can “drink from a fire hydrant” instead of having to work hard to get enough milk. Furthermore, the extra milk you remove with the pump makes the ideal supplement if your baby temporarily requires supplemental feedings. Your surplus pumped milk can be stored for later use (in the refrigerator for three to five days; in a separate door freezer for at least three months; in a deep freezer for at least six months).
After you go home from the hospital, arrange to have your baby followed closely and weighed often to monitor her progress with breastfeeding. Her first pediatric visit should occur twenty-four to forty-eight hours after discharge. A lactation consultant or your baby’s doctor periodically can weigh your baby (identically clothed) before and after breastfeeding to measure how much milk she drinks and monitor her progress with breastfeeding. As your baby matures and gains weight rapidly and becomes able to breastfeed effectively, you gradually can decrease your pumping regimen. Your extra investment of time and effort to safeguard breastfeeding in the early weeks after your baby’s birth will pay off in a thriving infant and a plentiful milk supply that will set the stage for a long-term successful breastfeeding experience.
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There’s nothing that unites and divides people quite like money. They say you can’t have too much of it; a theory I imagine many would be more than willing to test. Some people inherit it, some people win it, but most people have to work for it. In fact, many people work hard and still barely make a living wage. What if things were different? What if the government helped you get closer to a living wage and you didn’t even have to work for it? This may sound like a communist fairy tale, but it is a real economic theory. It’s called Universal Basic Income. The short explanation of UBI is that the government would give every citizen (potentially limited to adults) a relatively substantial amount of money (this figure can vary wildly, for the purposes of simplicity, we’ll be using $1000 as an example) simply for being a citizen. Do you remember the stimulus plans of the previous decade; where everyone got an extra couple hundred dollars on their tax returns to promote economic growth? UBI is kinda like that, only on an exponentially greater scale. Sounds crazy, right? It might not be as ridiculous as it seems.
The most obvious criticism of (effectively) supporting the entire country financially is that it would be too expensive. Fun fact: giving every adult in America around $1000 a month would be cheaper than our current welfare system. Now, this isn’t a perfect solution, as it’s unlikely we’d swap one for the other, but it does go to show that the idea itself is not as far-fetched as it immediately appears. The next biggest criticism is that it would promote laziness and bring our country to a standstill. The thought is, “If people are getting money for nothing, why would they work?” There are two problems with the logic there. Firstly, $1000 a month is just plainly not enough to live off of a single source of income. Not much more to it than that. The second reason that line of thinking is faulty is a bit more complicated. History has shown that that’s not how people think. Remember those stimulus plans I was talking about? In theory, if you give people some extra cash, they will spend it, revitalizing the marketplace. Well, that’s not really what happened. Many people used the extra money to pay off debts or build their savings. The idea that people would just go out and blow their UBI on alcohol and drugs is a vicious, yet virulent myth. While that explains away one criticism, it creates another. If people aren’t going to put their money back into the economy, what’s the point in the first place? While it could be argued that the very point of a government is to make the lives of its citizens better; that’s not an opinion everyone shares.
With a stable UBI, we can get rid of minimum wage. Unless you’re a business owner, that probably doesn’t sound like a good thing; but hear me out. If the purpose of a minimum wage is to ensure that every working citizen makes enough money to live off of, then the concept of a minimum wage has been an abject failure. You need only look at the poverty statistics to see that. The national minimum wage is about $7.50. I’ll save you the calculations, it’s not enough to get by. It’s actually not even close. UBI take the burden off of wages as the singular source of income. If you’re afraid that, without a minimum wage owners would only offer employees peanuts, don’t be. Competition would take care of that. If employers aren’t offering a fair wage, no one will take the job. Employees are in a stronger bargaining position with UBI. It gives them a fallback position where otherwise they would have nothing.
Don’t Quit Your Day Job
Universal Basic Income may not be as far-fetched as it sounds when you initially hear it, but we are nowhere near it ever becoming a thing in the US, especially considering our current political landscape. There are, however, places around the world playing with the idea, testing its feasibility. The outlook is promising. Though we might not see it in America any time soon, it may be a future to look forward to.
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How do taxes work in Canada?
By: Updated: June 15, 2021
Topics: ,
No one loves paying income taxes, but they make up about half of the revenue that the federal government needs to deliver services to Canadians. Fortunately, there are ways to reduce the amount of tax that you pay. Read on for more information about how the income tax system works and for some tax-saving tips.
What is income tax?
First, the basics. Income tax is payable on most forms of income, such as wages, self-employment earnings, capital gains and investment dividends.
The good news is that some income is not taxable. This includes lottery winnings (woo-hoo!), most inheritances and gifts, and life insurance payouts.
How much do Canadians pay in taxes? Surprisingly, not all Canadians pay income tax. About a third of tax filers owe nothing at all. The Canada Revenue Agency encourages everyone to file a return, even if your tax bill is zero. That’s because you may be eligible for government programs such as the child tax benefit, GST credits and the Guaranteed Income Supplement.
The deadline to pay your income taxes is April 30 following the tax year. It’s important to submit on time because the government charges penalties for late-filing.
How do tax brackets work in Canada?
Canada has a progressive tax system in which people who earn higher incomes pay more. No one pays tax on the first $13,808 in income – this is known as the basic personal amount.
Income tax rates in Canada are determined by federal tax brackets. The tax rate on the first $49,020 is 15 percent. The highest tax bracket is 33 percent on taxable income above $216,511. It’s important to note that when a taxpayer moves into a higher tax bracket, they only pay tax on the incremental amount, not on their entire income.
These are just the federal tax brackets in Canada. Each province has its own income tax brackets, although the funds are all collected by Ottawa.
How does a tax refund work in Canada?
Most people have tax deducted from their paycheques. Their employer then remits these funds to the federal government. At the end of the year, you file your tax return – and the government will give you a refund if you have paid too much. Lucky you, right? Well, sort of. When you receive a refund, it simply means that the government has kept your money for an entire year without paying you any interest. If you want to reduce the amount of tax deducted each pay period, you can submit a request to CRA using a T1213 form. If approved, this will put more money in your pocket every month, although it will mean a smaller refund when you file your taxes.
How can you reduce your income tax?
Two of the most popular ways to pay less tax are to open a Tax Free Savings Account and/or a Registered Retirement Savings Plan.
RRSPs help you to reduce your current taxes and save for your retirement. That’s because your contributions are tax deductible up to a certain limit depending on your income (check your Canada Revenue Agency notice of assessment for your maximum contribution for this year). High-income earners can contribute up to $27,830 in 2021.
While RRSPs are designed for retirement savings, you can actually withdraw funds at any time. Suppose you need to put a new roof on your house – you can either borrow the money or take some money out of your RRSP. However, you will be hit with a tax withholding on your withdrawal and will have to pay tax on it. So you must decide whether it’s better to draw down your RRSP or borrow for the roof.
How does a tax free savings account work in Canada? Contributions that you make use after-tax funds. In other words, there is no tax deduction like there is with an RRSP. That’s the bad news. The good news is that any dividends and interest that you earn inside a TFSA are not taxed. So you can withdraw the funds at any time without facing a tax hit.
In our example above of needing a new roof, you can take cash out of a TFSA without triggering tax consequences. So if you have both a TFSA and an RRSP, you may prefer to withdraw funds from the TFSA.
The maximum annual contribution to a TFSA is $6,000 per year. However, if you have not deposited funds in previous years, your contribution room grows annually.
How does a tax deduction work in Canada?
In addition to TFSAs and RRSPs, there are other ways to reduce your taxes. These are called tax deductions.
Some of the key tax deductions are:
• Child care expenses: You can deduct the cost of daycare and camps for your children. These can be costly so be sure to keep receipts and add them to your tax return.
• Tuition: Students can deduct tuition fees and living costs up to a certain amount. However, since most students earn little money, they don’t usually need this deduction and can transfer it to a parent. Post-secondary education is expensive so be sure to take advantage of this deduction.
• Moving expenses: If you are moving out of the area to take a job, you can deduct moving costs. Sorry, you can’t deduct this if you are just moving across town.
• Support payments paid to your spouse: If you are separated and making payments to your spouse for alimony or child support, these payments may be deductible. There are specific legal requirements so check the rules to see if you are eligible.
These are just some of the available tax deductions. Check the CRA website for a complete list.
How does a tax credit work in Canada?
Tax credits reduce the tax you pay on your taxable income. There are two types – refundable and non-refundable. Refundable credits mean that if you have zero taxable income the government will send you a cheque for the credits. With non-refundable credits, you can eliminate your tax payable but won’t be paid for any remaining credits.
Most tax credits are non-refundable. These include tuition, caregiver amounts, medical expenses and charitable donations.
GST/HST is one tax credit that is refundable. If you are eligible, the government will send you a cheque or direct deposit for the credit.
There is a wide range of tax credits, including special amounts for volunteer firefighters and members of the military. When you are completing your tax return, be sure to apply for everything that fits your situation!
Are you incorporated in Canada?
Small business owners and incorporated individuals in Canada can use a Health Spending Account (HSA) to save on their medical expenses. An HSA is a cost effective alternative to traditional health insurance. The plan covers a wide variety of health and dental expenses. You could save thousands of dollars in taxes with an HSA.
Find out more about Health Spending Account (HSA), download my free guides:
Download the HSA Guide for Incorporated Individuals
Download the HSA Guide for a Business with Staff
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— Veronica Reynolds, Arvada, Colorado
Those numbers might make a person believe she could get by quite nicely without a gallbladder, but the organ does in fact serve an important purpose in digestion. It stores and releases bile, a substance that helps the body process fat.
When the gallbladder is removed, bile still flows from the liver (where it originates) into the small intestine. However, the release is more haphazard and can result in discomfort after a meal—particularly one that is high in fat.
My first recommendation is to consider eating smaller meals evenly spaced throughout the day and to reduce your intake of dietary fat. You may find these minor changes are all you need.
If that doesn't work, try slowly increasing your intake of fiber—from whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and lentils—which helps speed the movement of food through your system. More efficient digestion can also help reduce bloating.
A few gradual adjustments should ensure that you and food get along just fine, even without your gallbladder there to referee.
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Toprak-Kala, Karakalpakstan
Toprak-Kala, Karakalpakstan
Toprak-Kala served as the seat of the ancient capital of Khorezm, Uzbekistan nearly 2000 years ago. As the only fully excavated fortress of its kind in Karakalpakstan Region, it is one of the most unique sites in all horezm.
Toprak-Kala, whose names translates as "Sand Fortress" or "Earthen Fortress", was a fortified palace and settlement founded between the 1st-5th centuries AD. It stands adjacent to the Sultanuizdag Range in the Ellik Kala District of Karakalpakstan, approximately 12 kilometers from the village of Buston. Toprak-Kala is a significant stop along the Ellik Kala (Fifty Fortresses) cluster, better known as the Golden Ring of Ancient Khorezm.
At the beginning of the 1st millennium, Toprak-Kala served as the residence of the Khorezm shahs for centuries before being abandoned and falling into disrepair in the 5th century. The once-powerful fortress lay buried under the sands of the Kyzyklum Desert until 1938, when an archaeological expedition led by Sergei Pavlovich Tolstoy uncovered this astounding treasure of antiquity. Their findings have allowed us to peer into ancient Khorezm through the lens of the walled city of Toprak-Kala.
The skill and ingenuity of the Khorezm fortress architects is nothing short of impressive. Stretching 500 meters long and 350 meters wide, Toprak-Kala was fortified with 12-meter-thick walls and watchtowers standing 20 meters tall. More than 2,500 people once lived in Toprak-Kala, whose layout included busy streets, shopping malls, numerous houses stretched across an area of ten blocks and a Zoroastrian fire temple situated in the city’s southeastern corner. Dominating the northwestern quadrant was a three-story palace which one housed a throne room, an additional 150 rooms and a three-towered building up to 30 meters in height.
Inside Toprak-Kala, archaeologists have discovered coins, ceramics, woolen and silk fabrics, fragments of burial vessels, gold jewelry, household utensils, unique sculptures, paintings and writings in the ancient Khorezmian language. Household documents dated to the 3rd century AD have even been found in the palace.
Toprak-Kala may be remote, but its air of mystery and historic significance make it a truly worthwhile and unforgettable stop during your Uzbekistan travels.
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How To Control The Timing Of A Linear Actuators Motion
How to Control the Timing of a Linear Actuators Motion?
Guest Writer
Guest Writer
PA Engineer
In our latest "How To" post, we will be going over how to control the timing of a linear actuator's motion using a microcontroller. Microcontrollers give a lot of freedom in motion control and this is just one example of an almost endless amount of motion control options available. Depending on your application, the example project in this article can be adjusted to suit your requirements, whether you add another timed actuator or beef up the power supply to handle a stronger linear actuator, it is all up to you.
Motion Control Using a Microcontroller
An Arduino microcontroller will be used to control the motion timing of a linear actuator, but any microcontroller will work. However, since we are using a shield, the microcontroller needs to be compatible. We are going to walk you through the various parameters that you can adjust to change the speed of a linear actuator.
What You Will Need
For this example, we will be using the following components for controlling a linear actuator:
Connecting Components
Now that we have our supplies, we will need to connect everything. Thankfully, connections are simple by using a shield as opposed to a separate board that requires additional wiring and soldering.
First, let's connect our actuator to our LC-80 MegaMoto Plus shield by attaching the two wire leads from the actuator to the A/B screw terminals on the LC-80. Then, we need to connect the LC-80 to our power supply, in this case, the PS-20-12. We do this by attaching positive and negative wires from the power supply to the BAT +/- terminals of the LC-80.
Finally, we need to connect the LC-80 to the LC-066, which is as simple as sticking it on top of one another as shown in the image below.
Photo of microcontrollers by Progressive Automations
Adjusting the Code
For us to get full control over our actuator's motion, we will need to do some linear actuator programming with our Arduino unit. We've prepared an example code that has our actuator extending and then retracting for 10 seconds each way for a 300-second cycle.
//Use the jumpers on the board to select which pins will be used
int EnablePin1 = 13;
int PWMPinA1 = 11;
int PWMPinB1 = 3;
int extendtime = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int retracttime = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int timetorun = 300 * 1000; // 300 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int duty;
int elapsedTime;
boolean keepMoving;
void setup() {
pinMode(EnablePin1, OUTPUT);//Enable the board
pinMode(PWMPinA1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PWMPinB1, OUTPUT);//Set motor outputs
elapsedTime = 0; // Set time to 0
keepMoving = true; //The system will move
}//end setup
void loop() {
if (keepMoving)
digitalWrite(EnablePin1, HIGH); // enable the motor
delay(10);//small delay before retracting
elapsedTime = millis();//how long has it been?
if (elapsedTime > timetorun) {//if it's been 300 seconds, stop
Serial.print("Elapsed time is over max run time. Max run time: ");
keepMoving = false;
}//end if
}//end main loop
void stopActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 0);
analogWrite(PWMPinB1, 0); // speed 0-255
void pushActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 255);
void pullActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 0);
analogWrite(PWMPinB1, 255);//speed 0-255
It is important to walk through the code, line-by-line to try and understand what is going on. By doing so, you can customize the code to do a whole host of other tasks. However, for now, the most important part is the first section and the setup loop, which that focuses on assigning pins and setting the cycle speed.
You need to configure the pins on our LC-80 to match what is in the first section of the code by setting the jumpers on the LC-80 or adjusting the code. In this case, set the "Enable" pin to D13, the "PWMA" pin to D11, and the "PWMB" pin to D3. The “Enable” pin is what controls and powers the motor and without it, the actuator will stop moving and will not be able to be controlled. The “PWMA” and “PWMB” pins control the extension and retraction of the actuator. We don't need the "Sensor" pins in this example so don't worry about selecting anything there.
The timer control of a linear actuator is now complete. You can upload the code to the Arduino by using their IDE (download from the Arduino website). Once you have your linear actuator extending and retracting, why not play around with the code a bit? Try and adjust the extend/retract time within the code, re-upload it to the Arduino, and see how the linear actuator responds. By adjusting these numbers in the code, you can control the speed and total motion cycle time based on your desired application.
Below we have included a video of a timing actuator in action. For the video example, we wanted to show off another way you can alter the timing, so we made it extend and retract for 5 seconds at a time over a 20-second cycle.
As stated earlier, this is just one example of a way you can alter the motion of an actuator with the help of our microcontrollers. If you have your own custom control method in mind, you can have a control system built specifically to your custom requirements with the help of our talented engineering staff. They will guide you through the process and make sure you have full control over your units. If you'd like to learn more about the custom order process take a look at our custom order page.
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This morning it was announced that people must show two major symptoms of Covid-19 to qualify for a test, even those currently waiting must re-qualify by meeting the criteria. Patients must have a fever along with a cough or shortness of breath in order to be tested.
But there are milder symptoms we need to look out for that could be tell-tale signs you may have the sinister virus.
1. Lack of appetite
Most Covid-19 patients have said they have very little interest in food while some have no desire to eat at all.
2. Losing sense of smell and taste
The British Association of Otorhinolaryngology warned that losing your sense of smell and taste may mean you have Covid-19."Evidence from other countries that the entry point for the coronavirus is often in the eyes, nose and throat areas," the Association said in a statement.
3. Physical fatigue
Rest is always a great cure when you are ill but the overwhelming, constant feeling of fatigue is another common symptom of the Coronavirus. Many people have said they were unable to sleep due to coughing and having difficulty breathing.
4. Upset tummy
A newly published study by the American Journal of Gastroenterology links tummy problems to Covid-19. They found that 48.5% of 204 people who have been infected by the coronavirus in China's Hubei province had digestive symptoms such as diarrhoea.
Protect yourself from getting coronavirus
Things you can do to protect yourself from getting coronavirus include:
• wash your hands properly and regularly
• follow the travel advice from the Department of Foreign Affairs if travelling to China
• You do not need to use a face mask.
• Wash your hands
• after coughing or sneezing
• after toilet use
• before eating
• before and after preparing food
• if your hands are dirty
• if you have handled animals or animal waste
Cover your mouth when you cough and sneeze. If you have to sneeze or cough:
• cover your nose and mouth with disposable tissues
• put used tissues into a sealed bin
• wash your hands
5. Sore eyes
A burning or itching sensation in your eyes as if you suffer from hay fever or other allergies is also a common telltale sign someone is brewing.
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Earth Science - Other
Can Science Save the Planet
Chris Handy's image for:
"Can Science Save the Planet"
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When referring to science one refers to the studies of the physical world through observation, the formation of theories, and experimentation to prove or disprove those theories. Scientists though, are supposed to look at these theories with constant skepticism. For instance, Einstein took Newton's laws of gravity and said that gravity, that thing holding me onto Earth, is just a theory. So why is it that climate researchers are so sure of global warming? Should they not be more skeptical about their theories? Or is there politics involved that is driving them to the conclusions they reach. I am not writing this essay as a scholar in the field; I am writing it as a student who feels politics should not be involved in science and that scientists should be doing what they were taught to do, which is to look at the world with a skeptical eye.
First of all, I do not feel it is proper to use the term global warming because today's data confirms that while the northern hemisphere is warming the southern hemisphere is cooling. This is due to precession, which I will discuss later. Through the course of this essay though, I feel the proper term is "global climate change" which has occurred naturally throughout the Earth's 4.5 billion year history. The modern fear of global warming is about as scary as the fear of global cooling during the 1970's. While both make sense to those who don't know science, it can be easily disproven by those who do.
Probably the most well known piece to global warming is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse states that while certain gases are in the atmosphere they will trap heat, causing the Earth to warm. If this is true than I would like to hear an explanation as to why Antarctica is growing in size. Of course though, it is apparent that I will never see a story about that because that that will make even the dumbest of people realize that the Earth is not warming. Since most people think they understand the greenhouse effect and what it does to the Earth it seems relevant to explain the fact that greenhouse gases remove themselves naturally from the atmosphere. Of course though, when I went to find out how long it takes them to exit the atmosphere the answer I get was, "CO2 has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely"?
Another aspect to science which is completely ignored in the global warming theory is the entire scientific theory. The scientific theory says that you must have an independent variable (constant) which changes due to a dependant variable. Global warming says that distribution of greenhouse gases causes Earth to warm but greenhouse gas levels cannot be an independent variable (constant) because of the simple fact that they are not uniform throughout the atmosphere. If you search for the greenhouse gas concentration over every major city in the United states you will not find the same number, and if you look at suburbs as well as rural areas the concentration will deviate even more. So the question remains. How can you say human pollution causes global warming when the pollutants are not the same throughout the atmosphere?
Having brought up pollution I'm sure Carbon Dioxide came to your mind. Little do people know that 95% of the pollution humans cause is actually water. Water vapor is not a threat though because that is what clouds are made of. Once you exclude water vapor (as most CNN broadcasts about global warming do) Carbon Dioxide is the next most concentrated greenhouse gas. Assuming that all of this Carbon Dioxide goes into the atmosphere, CO2 only consitutes for .03% of Earths atmosphere. So why is it seen as such a threat? The answer is that no one knows that statistic and blindly believe what they read on the headlines of the newspaper and what they hear in the first 15 seconds of a news segment. In fact I would challenge any regular person who thinks they understand global warming from what they read in the newspaper to explain. All they will do is preech that pollution causes the Earth to warm because Al Gore made a movie about it.
Next, when you step outside and complain that it's hot you should think again. Most people have never heard of the medieval warm period but approximately 1,000 years ago it was warmer than it is now. Obviously pollution couldn't have caused this warm period because the industrial revolution occurred 200 years ago. So what could have made it so warm you ask? The answer: Natural causes. Humans aren't responsible for global climate change.
First is something called precession. Most people don't think of the world on a large scale but as the Earth rotates about it's axis it moves in weird ways. To understand this concept you must first understand that ALL objects in the universe with mass exert gravity on eachother. This means all the planets, the sun, even other galaxies to an extent will influence the Earth with their gravity. This causes the Earth's axis to wobble. What this does is it moves the Earth's poles closer to or further from the sun. This is why while the Northern hemisphere warms, the southern hemisphere cools. Another cause has to do with the sun itself. As we all know, through nuclear fusion the sun gives off heat. What most people don't know though, is that sometimes the sun gives off more heat than other times. Through periods of 22 years (called the solar cycle) sunspots on the surface of the sun shift. These sunspots control parts of the sun's magnetic field. What happens is over 11 years the sunspots shift so that the sun's magnetic field actually flips itself over and than over the next 11 years it flips itself back. During each of those 2 points when the magnetic field is flipped one way or the other, the sun gives off immense amounts of heat. These are actually the cause of the Aurora Borealis, which in case you don't know are the beautiful lights given off by gases in the atmosphere which are ionized by the high amounts of energy the sun hits them with.
Lastly, the politics behind global warming must be discussed. It has become apparent since the late 1970's that we have a limited amount of fossil fuels here on the Earth. I'm not sure how many people have noticed but ever since global warming became a big deal, cars that get high gas mileage and hybrids have been highly advertised. People are always talking about conspiracy theories involving the government, but what business does the government have involving itself with climate research? What business is it of an ex-Vice President to make a movie about global warming? It is clear that the quickest way to cause change is to scare people, so what a better way to cause a change than to tell them that if they don't buy hybrids and/or fuel efficient cars they will die because of global warming. Then to top it all off you have the liberal media jumping on the opportunity to scare people even though the writers have no idea what they're talking about.
I am not writing this essay as a scholar. I am writing it as a skeptical high school senior who feels that politics has no place in climate research, and that global warming is not a threat, nor does it exist. If you question anything I said go look any of it up in an encyclopedia or a text book and read about it yourself. The whole theory of global warming has so many holes in it that it is suprising that no real scientist has questioned it yet. Now my question to you is this. Will you question it, or will you follow blindly believing a "scientific" theory which does not follow the basics of science itself?
More about this author: Chris Handy
From Around the Web
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Search Ancestors Map Descendants Load Gedcom file
Edward IV, King of England
Determine relationship to...
29 APR 1442 Rouen, Haute-Normandie, France
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Cecily de Neville
Elizabeth Woodville 1 MAY 1464 Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England
Elizabeth of York, Princess of England
Born: 11 FEB 1466 Westminster Palace, London, Middlesex, England
Died: 11 FEB 1503 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Elizabeth Lucy BEF 1470
Arthur Plantagenet, Vicount Lisle
Born: ABT 1470 Calais, Aquitaine, France
Died: 3 MAR 1542 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Elizabeth Woodville 1 MAY 1464 Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England
Edward V, King of England
Born: 4 NOV 1470 Sanctuary, Westminster, England
Died: 1483 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York and Norfolk
Born: 17 AUG 1473 Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Anne Plantagenet, Princess of England
Born: 1479
Died: 1512
Catherine Plantagenet
Born: 14 AUG 1479 Eltham Palace, Kent, England
Died: 15 NOV 1527 Tiverton Castle, Tiverton, Devon, England
9 APR 1483 Westminster Palace, London, Middlesex, England aged 40
REIGNED: making an admirable start on reforming royal administration, on improving the machinery of royal finance Strong emphasis was placed on restoring law and order.
The Houses of Lancaster and York had fought the Wars of the Roses, and despite the civil war that continued intermittently until 1471 when all Lancastrian resistance was crushed and Henry VI was taken prisoner, Edward fostered the commerce of his realm. During his reign, printing and silk manufacturing were introduced in England.
Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner, and his efforts to create a new nobility more amenable to his interests, angered the older nobles and alienated Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had been a power behind his throne. Warwick made an alliance with the Lancastrians and, in 1470, drove Edward from the throne and into exile in Holland. Henry VI again became king of England. Supplied with funds by his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, Edward returned to England in 1471, raised a large army, and won decisive victories over his enemies at Barnet and Tewkesbury. Thereafter the crown was securely in his possession. The later years of his reign were, for the most part, uneventful. The most notable incident of this period was a short war with France in 1475, which was terminated by an arrangement whereby King Louis XI agreed to pay Edward an annual subsidy. Edward was succeeded by his son Edward V.
OCCUPATION: including the renovation of St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, intended to be the mausoleum of the House of York. It was a hugely ambitious redevelopment of St George's funded with French money received under the terms of the Treaty of Picquigny.
The centrepiece of this redevelopment was a chapel of cathedral-like proportions set out immediately to the west of its predecessor. Integral to the new building was the king's own funeral monument and chantry. The construction of this sumptuous chapel, one of the masterpieces of late medieval European architecture, was supervised by Richard Beauchamp, bishop of Salisbury, and directed by the master mason Henry Janyns.
This new building completely obscured the original public façade of Edward III's college and necessitated a complete reordering of the lower bailey, including the construction of the Horseshoe Cloister for the community of the vicars.
When Edward IV died his new collegiate church and funerary monument were far from complete. The choir was roofed but not vaulted and the walls of the nave were still under construction. Despite the king's death, work to the chapel does appear to have continued for a short while but the Yorkist defeat at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 soon brought operations at St George's to a complete standstill.
Just before this event, however, the body of Henry VI, the Lancastrian king murdered by Edward IV was brought to the chapel. Almost immediately miracles were reputedly worked by the murdered king and a pilgrimage cult focused on Windsor began to develop and with far-reaching results.
BIOGRAPHICAL: He was popular with the people, especially the Londoners and the ladies. Inclined to be lazy and easy going, he could act with alacrity when the occasion demanded it.
York 1461-1470, 1471-1483
Database: stanwardine Bridge Family Tree
Contact: William Bridge
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For individuals longing to have some break from the hustle and bustle of life, heading to somewhere silent and peaceful could provide a much needed respite.
Thankfully, scouting for such quiet place would now be easier thanks to a new map that reveals which parts of America are the loudest and which ones are the quietest.
The map, a National Park Service project presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Jose, California on Feb. 16, depicts the noise levels across the U.S. on an average summer day based on 1.5 million hours of acoustic monitoring from places across the country ranging from the remote Dinosaur National Monument in Utah and the highly urbanized New York City.
Kurt Fristrup, from the National Park Service Division of Natural Sounds and Night Skies, and colleagues then fed these acoustic data into a computer algorithm that predicts the noise values in areas where sound was not directly measured, incorporating variables such as street traffic and air.
The deep blue regions in the map, which included the Great Sand Dunes National Park in Colorado and the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, indicate areas with background noise levels that are lower than 20 decibels.
The researchers said that this noise level is likely as deep as the one from prior to the European colonization that occurred over 500 years ago and which is significantly quieter than most cities where the average noise levels range between 50 and 60 decibels.
The yellow areas on the map, which include Los Angeles, New York City and Dallas, have noise levels of at least 50 decibels. The map also revealed that the eastern half of the country is louder than the west. The researchers also considered the loudness without the presence of humans and found that the East tend to be the loudest, which is driven by noises produced by waters.
The researchers have come up with the map to identify the areas with sound levels that could affect the survival of some species that have sensitive hearing and need quiet to detect and catch their prey.
Bats and owls, for instance, have ears that are up to 20 decibels more sensitive compared with the human ears. These animals tend to be influenced by man-made noises because these drown the faint noise produced by the insects and rodents that they hunt.
ⓒ 2021 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
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By Yuval Noah
$29.99, 464 pages
ISBN 9780062316097
eBook available
Originally published in Israel, Dr. Yuval Noah Harari's brilliant history of humankind has already become an international bestseller. A specialist in world history, Harari undertakes a daunting task in Sapiens: to examine the rise of our species and discern the reasons behind our remarkable success.
"How did we manage to settle so rapidly in so many distant and ecologically different habitats?" Harari asks. "How did we push all other human species into oblivion?"
Harari is clear about the most likely answer: our unique language. And the author's own command of words and ideas is part of what makes this account so engaging.
Harari traces the rise of human language, focusing on a period about 70,000 years ago he calls the Cognitive Revolution, which led to the extinction of the Neanderthals.
Harari's scope is both deep and broad, yet while immersing the reader in the sweep of history, he also presents fascinating information about the roles money, science and religion have played.
Finally, Harari speculates about the future, wondering whether we will continue to improve the human condition while wreaking havoc on our planet and the plants and animals that share it with us.
COPYRIGHT 2015 BookPage
Copyright 2015 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Author:Hopkinson, Deborah
Article Type:Book review
Date:Feb 1, 2015
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MERIDA Yucatan (Times Media Mexico) – Whoever visits Yucatan soon notices the unique elements that differentiate it from the Mexican Republic’s other states. Perhaps, Campeche and Quintana Roo’s neighboring states, which once formed a single entity and have a shared history. The Yucatan Mayan language gives the Spanish spoken in Yucatan an emphatic and robust accent that is quickly identifiable. Likewise, it mixes many Mayan words with the Spanish spoken in this state, the culture, music, gastronomy, and in general, the way of being of the Yucatan, which is exotic even for our compatriots.
On one occasion, many years ago, in a bohemian talk by friends, between drinks of aged rum, someone mentioned that in Mexico, there are two kinds of Mexicans: the Mexicans, worth the redundancy, and the Yucatecans.
Historically, the Yucatan developed, to some extent, apart from the rest of the country.
During the colonial era, it was General Captaincy. That is, the Governor and General Capital were directly named by the King of Spain. Therefore, both politically and militarily, they depended and were directly accountable to the Spanish crown; their territory, at some point, included, besides the mentioned and current states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo, also Tabasco, Belize, and the Guatemalan Petén. Only, in the judicial field, the Yucatecans had to resort to the Royal Court of New Spain or the Royal Court of Guatemala.
Coupled with the peninsula’s geographic location and its dense forests and rainforests, it made communications easier by sea than by land. Yucatan was isolated from the rest of the “New Spain” and Mexico once independence from Spain was obtained.
All these circumstances have shaped the Yucatecan culture. However, it can be said that the current Yucatecan is a consequence of the syncretism of the Mayas and the Spanish. Other countries and cultures have contributed their grain of sand in the conformation of our identity; influences such as the Lebanese, European, Caribbean, and even Asian have influenced the cultural confirmation of this part of the Mexican nation; so much so that even the famous American Chef Ricky Bayless specialized in Mexican food, in his program entitled “Mexico: One Plate at a time”, in its 11th season, is dedicated to the gastronomy of this region of the country and indicates the following in its official page: “For the 11th season of Chef Rick Bayless’ highly-rated cooking and travel show, we’re taking our viewers on a journey through a different Mexico, to the Yucatan Peninsula.”
Between Cuba and Yucatan there has been a close historical relationship, even since pre-Columbian times, not only because the island was the gateway and therefore communication of Spain with its American domains, but also by the geographical proximity to our peninsula, separated by the Yucatan channel and the geographical arrangement of both, the poet Salvador Diaz Miron expressed: “Like two hands that were together and still want to shake each other”; with an identical climate, Doctor Eduardo Urzaiz Rodriguez, points out in one of the works that serve as a source for this article, that it is one more Antilla that, by the whim of Geology, remained attached to the Continent.
During the time in which Yucatan separated from Mexico for opposition to the centralism established by Antonio López de Santa Anna, in the middle of 1847, the Mayan people’s rebellion against the Creole and mestizo oppression broke out in the east of the state, the Mayan hosts were devastating the towns, until practically arriving at the doors of the city of Merida, the government’s resources were exhausted and the situation was desperate, when unexpected help arrived from Cuba, on March 9, 1848, The Spanish war Churruca, the brigantine schooner Juanita and the war corvette Luisa Fernanda arrived at the port of Sisal with a cargo of 2000 useful rifles with their bayonets, 200 cavalry sabers, 2 12-pound mountain howitzers and 200 quintals of gunpowder, that were of great help and that served to raise the spirits of the Yucatecans and, although the support came from the Spanish authorities on the island, it left a debt of gratitude in the hearts of the Yucatecans, which was later taken advantage of by the Cuban emigrants.
To be continued…
Miguel Fernández-Montilla Cervera
For The Yucatán Times
Miguel Fernández-Montilla Cervera is a Yucatecan lawyer, specialist in labor law, and an enthusiast of Yucatan’s history. He has hosted the program “El buho de la noche” (The Night Owl) which deals with historical issues and anecdotes of the Yucatan.
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The Šarplaninac is an ancient breed of dog from southeastern Yugoslavia's mountain region, which during Roman times was referred to as Illyria. It was originally bred to guard livestock, and is still used today frequently in their homeland for flock protection from predators, but they are not known widely in the United States. [1] While they have some similarities to other dog breeds, they have several unique characteristics as well. This wikiHow will help you with figuring out whether a dog is a Šarplaninac.
Method 1
Method 1 of 3:
Body Structure
1. 1
Consider the dog's size. Šarplaninacs are typically anywhere from 23 to 24 inches (58 to 61 cm) tall, and they usually weigh somewhere between 66 to 99 pounds (30 to 45 kg). [2]
2. 2
View the dog's head. When the dog's height is average, the length of their head should be around 9.75 inches (24.8 cm) going from their occiput to nose tip. However, this will vary proportionate to the dog's size. When looked at in a profile view, you should notice that the dog's muzzle length when measured from the stop to their nose is a little shorter than the skull when measured from the stop to the occiput. You should also notice a little stop. [3]
3. 3
Check the dog's ears. Šarplaninacs should have drop ears that are in the shape of a V, hang near their cheeks, and are covered in hair which is dense and short. When the ears are brought forwards, their tips should reach the eye's inside corner. The dog's ears should be set right below or on a line that goes from the nose tip to their eye's inside corner. [4]
4. 4
Take note of the dog's eyes. Šarplaninacs should have moderate-sized eyes that are almond in shape. The color of the dog's eyes can be anywhere from dark brown to chestnut-colored. [5]
5. 5
Look at the dog's tail. Šarplaninacs should have a thick tail that appears to be a natural topline extension, and has a base which is muscular. Their tail should also taper in the shape of a saber to the tip. If the tail is of the right length, it should reach to their hock or further. When the dog is at rest, their tail should be hanging naturally down, and when they are alert or in motion, their tail should be raised to or a little higher than the back's level. If the dog is quite agitated, they may raise their tail above their back. [6]
6. 6
Examine the dog's overall appearance. Overall, Šarplaninacs should appear bigger than they actually are due to a coat that is thick and bone which is heavy. When the dog is trotting, they should freely move using medium length strides. When they are alert, they should have purposeful, determined movement, and their head may be lowered a little and they may raise their tail higher than their back. [7]
Method 2
Method 2 of 3:
1. 1
Analyze the dog's coat color. Šarplaninacs can be any any solid color, ranging from white to quite dark (almost black) brown. Most often, the dog is an iron gray color. On the dog's neck, body and head, the color may be darker, and this shade may become lighter in color going towards their extremities, though this is gradual and not appearing to form color patches or spots. You may also notice black-tipped outer coat hairs, which create a color pattern that is sable. While not ideal, the dog may also have small markings that are white in color on their toes and chest. [8]
2. 2
See if the coat is of varying lengths. Šarplaninacs should have a long outer coat, and an undercoat that is shorter. The dog should also have short hair on their ears, head, and the front of their legs. On the dog's tail, buttocks, back of their legs and neck, the hair should be longer. The outer coat on the dog's withers should be between 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) in length, though it should not be any shorter than 2.75 inches (7.0 cm). Because of the varying coat length, you should notice a neck ruff, a frill that is noticeable at the neck's nape, a tail plume, and breeches found on the back of the dog's legs and their buttocks. [9]
3. 3
View the coat's overall appearance. Overall, Šarplaninacs should have a double coat, with a straight outer coat that feels relatively rough in texture and a thicker undercoat that is a lot more fine. [10]
4. 4
Look for a large grooming need. Due to a relatively large amount of shedding, Šarplaninacs will need regular grooming that starts while they are young. [11]
Method 3
Method 3 of 3:
1. 1
Know if the dog is a good guard dog. Because of their protectiveness and wariness towards strangers, Šarplaninacs are known to be good guard dogs. [12]
• Although they are not usually aggressive, Šarplaninacs may attack if they think they should, so this is something you should be aware of. [13] A good amount of socialization can be helpful for this dog to be able to handle strangers. [14]
2. 2
Recognize whether the dog is calm. Despite being protective, Šarplaninacs are known to be quiet, calm dogs on the most part who are okay with relaxing after they complete a job they are given. [15]
3. 3
Check for a need for regular exercise. Šarplaninacs need regular exercise, such as farmland work or time in a securely, completely fenced-in yard. [16]
4. 4
Make sure the dog is trained by someone with confidence and experience. Šarplaninacs can be willful and stubborn, and will need to be trained with persistence. They tend to do well with repetition and fixed commands. [17]
5. 5
See if the dog is independent. Šarplaninacs are known to be independent dogs who usually do not develop separation anxiety. [18]
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• Look in to dog DNA testing if you would like to know your dog's breed, because this can help confirm whether or not your dog is a Šarplaninac.
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Question: Is Accrued Income A Debtor?
Is accrued income a debit or credit?
Accrued IncomeDebitIncome Receivable (Balance Sheet)CreditIncome (Income Statement)1 more row.
Is accrued income an asset?
Accrued income is listed in the asset section of the balance sheet because it represents a future benefit to the company in the form of a future cash payout.
What is accrued income in balance sheet?
What is accrued income example?
Accrued income can be the earning generated from an investment but yet to receive. For example, XYZ company invested in $500,000 in bonds on 1 march in a 4% $500,000 bond that pays interest $10,000 on 30th September and 31st March each.
What is the difference between accrued income and prepaid income?
Accrued expenses are the opposite of prepaid expenses. Prepaid expenses are payments made in advance for goods and services that are expected to be provided or used in the future. While accrued expenses represent liabilities, prepaid expenses are recognized as assets on the balance sheet.
What are accrued items?
Accrued items. On a closing statement, items of expense that are incurred but not yet payable, such as interest on a mortgage loan or taxes on real property. Closing. An event where promises made in a sales contract are fulfilled and mortgage loan funds (if any) are distributed to the buyer.
What is entry of accrued income?
It is income earned during a particular accounting period but not received until the end of that period. It is treated as an asset for the business. Journal entry for accrued income recognizes the accounting rule of “Debit the increase in assets” (modern rules of accounting).
How do you record accrued income?
When accrued revenue is first recorded, the amount is recognized on the income statement through a credit to revenue. An associated accrued revenue account on the company’s balance sheet is debited by the same amount, potentially in the form of accounts receivable.
What is the double entry for accrued income?
Therefore we need to recognise another form of receivable. This will be invoiced and collected at some point in the future; accrued income. The double entry for this is: Dr Accrued income (again, an asset. Think of this as an ‘un-invoiced receivable’)
What type of asset is accrued income?
What is accrued amount?
To accrue means to accumulate over time—most commonly used when referring to the interest, income, or expenses of an individual or business. Interest in a savings account, for example, accrues over time, such that the total amount in that account grows.
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King Philip - Makers of History
by John S. C. (John Stevens Cabot) Abbott
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"There are some that have hopes of their greatest and chiefest sachem, named Philip. Some of his chief men, as I hear, stand well-inclined to hear the Gospel, and himself is a person of good understanding and knowledge in the best things. I have heard him speak very good words, arguing that his conscience is convicted. But yet, though his will is bound to embrace Jesus Christ, his sensual and carnal lusts are strong bands to hold him fast under Satan's dominion."
Some time after this, Rev. Mr. Elliot records that, in conversation with King Philip upon the subject of religion, the Wampanoag chieftain took hold of a button upon Mr. Elliot's coat, and said, very deliberately,
"Mr. Elliot, I care no more for the Gospel of Jesus Christ than I do for that button."
For nine years Philip was probably brooding over the subject of the encroachments of the English, and the waning power of the Indians. This was the inevitable result of the idle, vagabond life of the Indians, and of the industry and energy of the colonists. The Indians had not thus far been defrauded. Mr. Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth Colony, writes, in a letter dated May 1, 1676:
"I think I can truly say that, before these present troubles broke out, the English did not possess one foot of land in this colony but what was fairly obtained by honest purchase of the Indian proprietors."
The discontent of Philip did not, however, escape the notice of the English, and for a long time they saw increasing indications that a storm was gathering. The wary monarch, with continued protestations of friendship, was evidently accumulating resources, strengthening alliances, and distributing more extensively among the Indians guns and other weapons of Indian warfare. His warriors soon rivaled the white men in skill as sharp-shooters, and became very adroit in the use of their weapons. They were carefully laying up stores of powder and bullets, and Philip could not conceal the interest with which he endeavored to learn how to manufacture gunpowder.
Under this state of affairs, it is easy to perceive that mutual suspicions and recriminations must have rapidly ensued. The Indians and the colonists, year after year, became more exasperated against each other. The dangers of collision were constantly growing more imminent. Many deeds of violence and aggression were perpetrated by individuals upon each side. Still, candor compels us to admit, as we carefully read the record of those days, that the English were very far from being patterns of meekness and long-suffering. Haughtiness and intolerance when in power has marked the career of our venerated, yet far from faultless ancestors in every quarter of the globe.
The Narraganset tribe had now lost its pre-eminence. Canonicus had long since died, at the age of eighty years. Miantunnomah had been taken prisoner by the Mohegans, and had been executed upon the plain of Norwich. Ninigret, who was now sovereign chief of the Narragansets, was old, infirm, and imbecile. His character illustrates the saying of Napoleon, that "better is it to have an army of deer led by a lion, than an army of lions led by a deer."
Philip, by his commanding genius and daring spirit, had now obtained a great ascendency over all the New England tribes excepting the Mohegans. They, under Uncas, were strongly attached to the English, to whom they were indebted for their very existence. The character of Philip is illustrated by the following incident. In 1665, he heard that an Indian had spoken disrespectfully of his father, Massasoit. To avenge the insult, he pursued the offender from place to place, until, at last, he tracked him to the island of Nantucket. Taking a canoe, Philip proceeded to the island. Assasamooyh, who, by speaking ill of the dead, had, according to Indian law, forfeited his life, was a Christian Indian. He was sitting at the table of one of the colonists, when a messenger rushed in breathlessly, and informed him that the dreaded avenger was near the door. Assasamooyh had but just time to rush from the house when Philip was upon him. The Indian fled like a frighted deer, pursued by the vengeful chieftain. From house to house the pursued and his pursuer rushed, while the English looked with amazement at this exhibition of the energy of Indian law. According to their code, whoever spoke ill of the dead was to forfeit life at the hand of the nearest relative. Thus Philip, with his brandished tomahawk, considered himself but the honored executor of justice. Assasamooyh, however, at length leaped a bank, and, plunging into the forest, eluded his foe. The English then succeeded, by a very heavy ransom, in purchasing his life, and Philip returned to Mount Hope, feeling that his father's memory had been suitably avenged.
In the year 1671, the English, alarmed by the threatening aspect of affairs, and seeing increasing indications that Philip was preparing for hostilities, sent an imperious command to him to come to Taunton and explain his conduct. For some time Philip made sundry rather weak excuses for not complying with this demand, at the same time reiterating assurances of his friendly feelings. He was, as yet, quite unprepared for war, and was very reluctant to precipitate hostilities, which he had sufficient sagacity to foresee would involve him in ruin, unless he could first form such a coalition of the Indian tribes as would enable him to attack all the English settlements at one and the same time. At length, however, he found that he could no longer refuse to give some explanation of the measures he was adopting without giving fatal strength to the suspicions against him.
Accordingly, on the 10th of April of this year, he took with him a band of warriors, armed to the teeth, and painted and decorated with the most brilliant trappings of barbarian splendor, and approached within four miles of Taunton. Here the proud monarch of the Wampanoags established his encampment, and, with native-taught punctiliousness, sent a message to the English governor, informing him of his arrival at that spot, and requiring him to come and treat with him there. The governor, either afraid to meet these warriors in their own encampment, or deeming it beneath his dignity to attend the summons of an Indian chieftain, sent Roger Williams, with several other messengers, to assure Philip of his friendly feelings, and to entreat him to continue his journey to Taunton, as a more convenient place for their conference. Philip, with caution which subsequent events proved to have been well timed, detained these messengers as hostages for his safe return, and then, with an imposing retinue of his painted braves, proudly strode forward toward the town of Taunton.
When he arrived at a hill upon the outskirts of the village, he again halted, and warily established sentinels around his encampment. The governor and magistrates of Massachusetts, apprehensive that the Plymouth people might get embroiled in a war with the Indians, and anxious, if possible, to avert so terrible a calamity, had dispatched three commissioners to Taunton to endeavor to promote reconciliation between the Plymouth colony and Philip. These commissioners were now in conference with the Plymouth court. When Philip appeared upon the hill, the Plymouth magistrates, exasperated by many outrages, were quite eager to march and attack him, and take his whole party prisoners, and hold them as hostages for the good behavior of the Indians. With no little difficulty the Massachusetts commissioners overruled this rash design, and consented to go out themselves and persuade Philip to come in and confer in a friendly manner upon the adjustment of their affairs.
Philip received the Massachusetts men with reserve, but with much courtesy. At first he refused to advance any farther, but declared that those who wished to confer with him must come where he was. At length, however, he consented to refer the difficulties which existed between him and the Plymouth colony to the Massachusetts commissioners, and to hold the conference in the Taunton meeting-house. But, that he might meet his accusers upon the basis of perfect equality, he demanded that one half of the meeting-house should be appropriated sacredly to himself and his followers, while the Plymouth people, his accusers, should occupy the other half. The Massachusetts commissioners, three gentlemen, were to sit alone as umpires. We can not but admire the character developed by Philip in these arrangements.
Philip managed his cause, which was manifestly a bad one, with great adroitness. Talleyrand and Metternich would have given him a high position among European diplomatists. He could not deny that he was making great military preparations, but he declared that this was only in anticipation of an attack from the Narraganset Indians. But it was proved that at that moment he was on terms of more intimate friendship with the Narragansets than ever before. He also brought charge for charge against the English; and it can not be doubted that he and his people had suffered much from the arrogance of individuals of the domineering race. Philip has had no one to tell his story, and we have received the narrative only from the pens of his foes. They tell us that he was at length confounded, and made full confession of his hostile designs, and expressed regret for them.
As a result of the conference, all past grievances were to be buried in oblivion, and a treaty was entered into in which mutual friendship was pledged, and in which Philip consented to the extraordinary measure of disarming his people, and of surrendering their guns to the governor of Plymouth, to be retained by him so long as he should distrust the sincerity of their friendship. Philip and his warriors immediately gave up their guns, seventy in number, and promised to send in the rest within a given time.
It is difficult to conceive how the Indians could have understandingly, and in good faith, have made such a treaty. The English had now been fifty years in the country. The Indians had become familiar with the use of guns. Bows and arrows had long since been laid aside. As game was with them an important element of food, the loss of their guns was apparently a very serious calamity. It is not improbable that the English magistrates humanely hoped, by taking away the guns of the Indians, to lead them from the precarious and vagabond life of hunters to the more refining influences of agriculture. But it is very certain that the Indians cherished no such views. It was also agreed in the council that, in case of future troubles, both parties should submit their complaints to the arbitration of Massachusetts.
This settlement, apparently so important, amounted to nothing. The Indians were ever ready, it is said, to sign any agreement whatever which would extricate them from a momentary difficulty; but such promises were broken as promptly as they were made. Philip, having returned to Mount Hope, sent in no more guns, but was busy as ever gaining resources for war, and entering into alliances with other tribes. Philip denied this, but the people of Plymouth thought that they had ample evidence that such was the case.
The summer thus passed away, while the aspect of affairs was daily growing more threatening. As Philip did not send in his guns according to agreement, and as there was evidence, apparently conclusive, of his hostile intentions, the Plymouth government, late in August, sent another summons, ordering the Wampanoag sovereign to appear before them on the 13th of September, and threatening, in case he did not comply with this summons, to send out a force to reduce him to subjection. At the same time, they sent communications to the colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, stating their complaints against Philip, and soliciting their aid in the war which they thought evidently approaching.
In this movement Philip gained a manifest advantage over the Plymouth colonists. It will be remembered that, according to the terms of the treaty, all future difficulties were to be referred to the arbitration of Massachusetts as an impartial umpire. But Plymouth had now, in violation of these terms, imperiously summoned the Indian chieftain, as if he were their subject, to appear before their courts. Philip, instead of paying any regard to this arrogant order, immediately repaired to Boston with his councilors, and thus manifestly placed himself in the position of the "law and order" party. It so happened that he arrived in Boston on the very day in which the Governor of Massachusetts received the letter from the Plymouth colony. The representations which Philip made seemed to carry conviction to the impartial umpires of Massachusetts that he was not severely to be censured. They accordingly wrote a letter to Plymouth, assuming that there was perhaps equal blame on both sides, and declaring that there did not appear to be sufficient cause for the Plymouth people to commence hostilities. In their letter they write:
"We do not understand how Philip hath subjected himself to you. But the treatment you have given him, and your proceedings toward him, do not render him such a subject as that, if there be not a present answering to summons, there should presently be a proceeding to hostilities. The sword once drawn and dipped in blood, may make him as independent upon you as you are upon him."
Arrangements were now made for a general council from the united colonies to assemble at Plymouth on the 24th of September. King Philip agreed to meet this council in a new attempt to adjust all their difficulties. At the appointed time the assembly was convened. King Philip was present, with a retinue of warriors, all decorated in the highest style of barbaric splendor. Bitter complaints were entered upon both sides, and neither party were disposed to draw any very marked line of distinction between individual acts of outrage and the measures for which the two governments were responsible. Another treaty was, however, made, similar to the Taunton treaty, and the two parties again separated with protestations of friendship, but quite hostile as ever at heart. The colonists were, however, all anxious to avoid a war, as they had every thing to lose by it and nothing to gain. Philip, on the contrary, deemed the salvation of the Indians was depending upon the extermination of the colonists. He was well aware that he was quite unprepared for immediate hostilities, and that he had much to do in the way of preparation before he could hope successfully to encounter foes so formidable as the English had now become.
Three years now passed away of reserved intercourse and suspicious peace. The colonists were continually hearing rumors from distant tribes of Philip's endeavors, and generally successful endeavors, to draw them into a coalition. The conspiracy, so far as it could be ascertained, included nearly all the tribes of New England, and extended into the interior of New York, and along the coast to Virginia. The Narragansets agreed to furnish four thousand warriors. Other tribes, according to their power, were to furnish their hundreds or their thousands. Hostilities were to be commenced in the spring of 1676 by a simultaneous assault upon all the settlements, so that none of the English could go from one portion of the country to aid another.
The English, month after month, saw this cloud of terror increasing in blackness; yet measures were so adroitly adopted by King Philip that, while the air was filled with rumors, it was difficult to obtain any positive proof, and still more difficult to decide what course to pursue to avert the calamity. As these deep-laid plans of the shrewd Wampanoag chieftain were approaching maturity, Philip became more independent and bold in his demeanor. The Massachusetts colonists now began to feel that the danger was indeed imminent, and that their Plymouth brethren had more cause for complaint than they had supposed. The evidence became so convincing that this dreadful conspiracy was in progress, that the Governor of Massachusetts sent an embassador to Philip, demanding an explanation of these threatening appearances, and soliciting another treaty of peace and friendship. The proud sachem haughtily replied to the embassador,
Enthusiasm of the young Indians.—John Sassamon.—Betty's Neck.—Private secretary of Philip.—The conspiracy.—Incredulity of the English.—Sassamon to be murdered.—Death of Sassamon.—Indians arrested.—Proof of the murder.—Execution of the Indians.—Superstitious notions.—Insolence of the Indians.—They capture a settler.—The first blood.—Day of fasting.—Letter of Governor Winslow.—Murders by the Indians.—Flight of the colonists.—Energy of Philip.—Assistance implored.—Flight of Philip.—March of the army.—The Soykonate tribe.—Awashonks.—Captain Church.—The embassadors of Philip.—The council.—Appearance of the embassadors.—Exciting conference.—Rage of Captain Church.—Awashonks to remain friendly.—The Pocasset tribe.—Wetamoo joins Philip.—Indian warfare.—The colonists much scattered.—An illustration.—Heroic woman.—Dispatching the Indians.—Succor arrives.—Defiance of the English.—Horrible sight.—Destruction of corn.—An ambush.—Attempt to surround them.—A retreat.—Apparent hopeless situation.—Bravery long continued.—Relief at hand.—All rescued.—Narrow escape of Captain Church.—Dartmouth burned.—Perfidy of the English.—Attempts to capture Philip.—An unfortunate ambush.—Lesson of caution dearly purchased.—Indian allies.—Preaching politics.—Escape of Philip.—A conference agreed upon.—Suspicions of treachery.—Furious attack.—Escape to Brookfield.—Attack upon the town.—Brookfield consumed.—Attempts to burn the garrison.—Relief comes.—A shower.—The garrison saved.—The Indians elated by victory.
The old warriors, conscious of the power of the foe whose fury they were about to brave, were not at all disposed to precipitate hostilities, but Philip found it difficult to hold his young men under restraint. They became very insolent and boastful, and would sharpen their knives and tomahawks upon the door-sills of the colonists, vaporing in mysterious phrase of the great deeds they were about to perform.
There was at this time a Christian Indian by the name of John Sassamon, who had learned to read and write, and had become quite an efficient agent in Christian missions to the Indians. He was esteemed by the English as truly a pious man, and had been employed in aiding to translate the Bible into the Indian language, and also in preaching to his countrymen at Nemasket, now Middleborough. He lived in semi-civilized style upon Assawompset Neck. He had a very pretty daughter, whom he called Assowetough, but whose sonorous name the young Puritans did not improve by changing it into Betty. The noted place in Middleborough now called Betty's Neck is immortalized by the charms of Assowetough. This Indian maiden married a warrior of her tribe, who was also in the employment of the English, and in all his interests had become identified with them. Sassamon was a subject of King Philip, but he and his family were on the most intimate and friendly relations with the colonists.
Philip needed a private secretary who could draw up his deeds and write his letters. He accordingly took John Sassamon into his employment. Sassamon, thus introduced into the court and cabinet of his sovereign, soon became acquainted with the conspiracy in all its appalling extent and magnitude of design. He at once repaired to Plymouth, and communicated his discovery to the governor. He, however, enjoined the strictest secrecy respecting his communication, assuring the governor that, should the Indians learn that he had betrayed them, his life would be the inevitable forfeit. There were many who had no faith in any conspiracy of the kind. Rumors of approaching perils had been rife for many years, and the community had become accustomed to them. Most of the Massachusetts colonists thought the Plymouth people unnecessarily alarmed. They listened to the story of Sassamon with great incredulity. "His information," says Dr. I. Mather, "because it had an Indian original, and one can hardly believe them when they do speak the truth, was not at first much regarded."
Sassamon soon after resigned his situation as Philip's secretary, and returned to Middleborough, where he resumed his employment as a preacher to the Indians and teacher of a school.
By some unknown means Philip ascertained that he had been betrayed by Sassamon. According to the Indian code, the offender was deemed a traitor and a renegade, and was doomed to death; and it was the duty of every subject of King Philip to kill him whenever and wherever he could be found. But Sassamon had been so much with the English, and had been for years so intimately connected with them as their friend and agent, that it was feared that they would espouse his cause, and endeavor to avenge his death. It was, therefore, thought best that Indian justice should be secretly executed.
Early in the spring of 1675 Sassamon was suddenly missing. At length his hat and gun were found upon the ice of Assawompset Pond, near a hole. Soon after his body was found beneath the ice. There had been an evident endeavor to leave the impression that he had committed suicide; but wounds upon his body conclusively showed that he had been murdered. The English promptly decided that this was a crime which came under the cognizance of their laws. Three Indians were arrested under suspicion of being his murderers. These Indians were all men of note, connected with the council of Philip. An Indian testified that he happened to be upon a distant hill, and saw the murder committed. For some time he had concealed the knowledge thus obtained, but at length was induced to disclose the crime. The evidence against Tobias, one of the three, is thus stated by Dr. Increase Mather:
"When Tobias came near the dead body, it fell a bleeding on fresh, as if it had been newly slain, albeit it was buried a considerable time before that." In those days of darkness it was supposed that the body of a murdered man would bleed on the approach of his murderer.
The prisoners were tried at Plymouth in June, and were all adjudged guilty, and sentenced to death. The jury consisted of twelve Englishmen and four Indians. The condemned were all executed, two of them contending to the last that they were entirely innocent, and knew nothing of the deed. One of them, it is said, when upon the point of death, confessed that he was a spectator of the murder, which was committed by the other two.
The summary execution of three of Philip's subjects enraged and alarmed the Wampanoags exceedingly. As the death of Sassamon had been undeniably ordered by Philip, he was apprehensive that he also might be kidnapped and hung. The young Wampanoag warriors were roused to phrensy, and immediately commenced a series of the most intolerable annoyances, shooting the cattle, frightening the women and children, and insulting wayfarers wherever they could find them. The Indians had imbibed the superstitious notion, which had probably been taught them by John Sassamon, that the party which should commence the war and shed the first blood would be defeated. They therefore wished, by violence and insult, to provoke the English to strike the first blow. The English established a military watch in every town; but, hoping that the threatening storm might blow over, they endured all these outrages with commendable patience.
On the 20th of June, eight Indian desperadoes, all armed for fight, came swaggering into the town of Swanzey, and, calling at the door of a colonist, demanded permission to grind their hatchets. As it was the Lord's day, the colonist informed them that it would be a violation of the Sabbath for them to do such work, and that God would be displeased. They replied, "We care neither for your God nor for you, but we will grind our hatchets." They then went to another house, and, with insulting carousals, ransacked the closets, helping themselves abundantly to food. The barbarian roisterers then proceeded blustering along the road, when they chanced to meet a colonist. They immediately took him into custody, kept him for some time, loading him with taunts and ridicule, and then dismissed him, derisively telling him to be a good man, and not to tell any lies or work on the Lord's day.
Growing bolder and more insolent as they advanced, they began to shoot the cattle which they saw in the fields. They encountered no opposition, for the houses were at some distance from each other, and most of the men were absent at public worship. At last they came to a house where the man chanced to be at home. They shot his cattle, and then entered the house and demanded liquor. Being refused, they became very boisterous in threats, and attempted to get the liquor by violence. The man at last, provoked beyond endurance, seized his gun and shot one of them, inflicting a serious but not mortal wound. The first blood was now shed, and the drama of war was opened. The young savages retired, bearing their wounded companion with them, and breathing threatenings and slaughter.
The next Thursday, June 24th, had been set apart by the colonists as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, in view of the alarming state of affairs. Upon an impartial review of all the transactions, it is difficult to see how the colonists could have avoided the war.
"I do solemnly protest," says Governor Winslow, in a letter written July 4th, 1675, "we know not any thing from us which might have put Philip upon these motions, nor have heard that he pretends to have suffered any wrong from us, save only that we had killed some Indians, and intended to send for himself for the murder of John Sassamon."
As the people in Swanzey were returning from church on fast-day, a party of Indians, concealed in a thicket by the road side, fired upon them, killing one instantly, and severely wounding many others. Two men who set off in haste for a surgeon were waylaid and murdered. At the same time, in another part of the town, a house was surrounded by a band of Indians, and eight more of the colonists were shot. These awful tidings spread rapidly, causing indescribable alarm. One man, afraid to remain in his unprotected dwelling, hastily sent his wife and only son to the house of the Rev. Mr. Miles, which was fortified, and could be garrisoned. He remained a few moments behind to take some needful things. The wife had gone but a short distance when she heard behind her the report of a gun. True to woman's heroic love, she instantly returned to learn the fate of her husband.
He was lying in his blood on the threshold of his door, and the savages were ransacking the house. The wretches caught sight of her, pursued her, killed both her and her son, and took their scalps. In this terrible state of alarm, the scattered and helpless colonists fled with their families, as rapidly as they could, to the garrison house. Two men went from the house to the well for water. They fell, pierced by bullets. The savages rushed from their concealment, seized the two still quivering bodies, and dragged them into the forest. They were afterward found scalped, and with their hands and feet cut off. Such were the opening acts of the tragedy of blood and woe.
With amazing energy and with great strategetic skill, the warriors of Philip, guided by his sagacity, plied their work of destruction. It was their sole, emphatic mission to kill, burn, and destroy. The savages, flushed with success, were skulking every where. No one could venture abroad without danger of being shot. Runners were immediately sent, in consternation, from all the frontier towns, to Plymouth and Boston, to implore assistance. In three hours after the arrival of the messenger in Boston, one hundred and twenty men were on the march to attack Philip at Mount Hope. But the renowned chieftain was too wary to be caught in the trap of Mount Hope Neck. He had sent his women and children to the hospitality of distant tribes, and, abandoning the Neck, which was nearly surrounded by water, traversed with his warriors the country, where he could at any time plunge into the almost limitless wilderness.
The little army from Massachusetts moved promptly forward, pressing into its service all the available men to be found by the way. They marched to Swanzey, and established their head-quarters at the garrison house of the Rev. Mr. Miles, a Baptist clergyman of exalted character and of fervent piety, who was ready to share with his parishioners in all the perils of protecting themselves from the border ruffians of that day. About a dozen of the troops, on a reconnoitring party, crossed the bridge near the garrison house. They were fired upon from an ambush, and one killed and one wounded. The Indians fled, hotly pursued by the English, and took refuge in a swamp, after having lost sixteen of their number.
Upon the eastern shore of Narraganset Bay, in the region now occupied by Little Compton and a part of Tiverton, there was a small tribe of Indians in partial subjection to the Narragansets, and called the Soykonate tribe. Here also a woman, Awashonks, was sachem of the tribe, and the bravest warriors were prompt to do homage to her power. Captain Benjamin Church and a few other colonists had purchased lands of her, and had settled upon fertile spots along the shores of the bay. Awashonks was on very friendly terms with Captain Church. Though there were three hundred warriors obedient to her command, that was but a feeble force compared with the troops which could be raised both by Philip and by the English. She was therefore anxious to remain neutral. This, however, could not be. The war was such that all dwelling in the midst of its ravages must choose their side.
Philip sent six embassadors to engage Awashonks in his interest. She immediately assembled all her counselors to deliberate upon the momentous question, and also took the very wise precaution to send for Captain Church. He hastened to her residence, and found several hundred of her subjects collected and engaged in a furious dance. The forest rang with their shouts, the perspiration dripped from their limbs, and they were already wrought to a pitch of intense excitement. Awashonks herself led in the dance, and her graceful figure appeared to great advantage as it was contrasted with the gigantic muscular development of her warriors.
Immediately upon Captain Church's arrival the dance ceased. Awashonks sat down, called her chiefs and the Wampanoag embassadors around her, and then invited Captain Church to take a conspicuous seat in the midst of the group. She then, in a speech of queenly courtesy, informed Captain Church that King Philip had sent six of his men to solicit her to enter into a confederacy against the English, and that he stated, through these embassadors, that the English had raised a great army, and were about to invade his territories for the extermination of the Wampanoags. The conference was long and intensely exciting. Awashonks called upon the Wampanoag embassadors to come forward.
They were marked men, dressed in the highest embellishments of barbaric warfare. Their faces were painted. Their hair was trimmed in the fashion of the crests of the ancient helmets. Their knives and tomahawks were sharp and glittering. They all had guns, and horns and pouches abundantly supplied with shot and bullets.
Captain Church, however, was manifestly gaining the advantage, and the Wampanoag embassadors, baffled and enraged, were anxious to silence their antagonist with the bludgeon. The Indians began to take sides furiously, and hot words and threatening gestures were abundant. Awashonks was very evidently inclined to adhere to the English. She at last, in the face of the embassadors, declared to Captain Church that Philip's message to her was that he would send his men over privately to shoot the cattle and burn the houses of the English who were within her territories, and thus induce the English to fall in vengeance upon her, whom they would undoubtedly suppose to be the author of the mischief. This so enraged Captain Church that he quite forgot his customary prudence. Turning to the Wampanoag embassadors, he exclaimed,
"You are infamous wretches, thirsting for the blood of your English neighbors, who have never injured you, but who, on the contrary, have always treated you with kindness."
Then, addressing Awashonks, he very inconsiderately advised her to knock the six Wampanoags on the head, and then throw herself upon the protection of the English. The Indian queen, more discreet than her adviser, dismissed the embassadors unharmed, but informing them that she should look to the English as her friends and protectors.
Captain Church, exulting in this success, which took three hundred warriors from the enemy and added them to the English force, set out for Plymouth. At parting, he advised Awashonks to remain faithful to the English whatever might happen, and to keep, with all her warriors, within the limits of Soykonate. He promised to return to her again in a few days.
Just north of Little Compton, in the region now occupied by the upper part of Tiverton, and by Fall River, the Pocasset tribe of Indians dwelt. Wetamoo, the former bride of Alexander, was a princess of this tribe. Upon the death of her husband and the accession of Philip to the sovereignty of the Wampanoags, she had returned to her parental home, and was now queen of the tribe. Her power was about equal to that of Awashonks, and she could lead three or four hundred warriors into the field. Captain Church immediately proceeded to her court, as he deemed it exceedingly important to detach her, if possible, from the coalition.
He found her upon a high hill at a short distance from the shore. But few of her people were with her, and she appeared reserved and very melancholy. She acknowledged that all her warriors had gone across the water to Philip's war-dance, though she said that it was against her will. She was, however, brooding over her past injuries, and was eager to join Philip in any measures of revenge. Captain Church had hardly arrived at Plymouth before the wonderful successes of Philip so encouraged the Indians that Wetamoo, with alacrity and burning zeal, joined the coalition; and even Awashonks could not resist the inclinations of her warriors, but was also, with reluctance, compelled to unite with Philip.
War was now raging in all its horrors. A more harassing and merciless conflict can hardly be imagined. The Indians seldom presented themselves in large numbers, never gathered for a decisive action, but, dividing into innumerable prowling bands, attacked the lonely farm-house, the small and distant settlements, and often, in terrific midnight onset, plunged, with musket, torch, and tomahawk, into the large towns. These bands varied in their numbers from twenty to thirty to two or three thousand. The colonists were very much scattered in isolated farm-houses through the wilderness. In consequence of the gigantic growth of trees, which it was a great labor to cut down, and which, when felled, left the ground encumbered for years with enormous stumps and roots, the colonists were eager to find any smooth meadow or natural opening in the forest where, for any unknown cause, the trees had disappeared, and where the thick turf alone opposed the hoe. They often had neither oxen nor plows. Thus these widely-scattered spots upon the hill-sides and the margins of distant streams were eagerly sought for, and thus these lonely settlers were exposed, utterly defenseless, to the savage foe.
The following scene, which occurred in a remote section of the country at a later period, will illustrate the horrible nature of this Indian warfare. Far away in the wilderness, a man had erected his log hut upon a small meadow, which had opened itself in the midst of a gigantic forest. The man's family consisted of himself, his wife, and several children, the eldest of whom was a daughter fifteen years of age. At midnight, the loud barking of his dog alarmed him. He stepped to the door to see what he could discover, and instantly there was a report of several muskets, and he fell upon the floor of his hut pierced with bullets, and with a broken leg and arm. The Indians, surrounding the house, now with frightful yells rushed to the door. The mother, frantic with terror, her children screaming around her, and her husband groaning and weltering in his blood, barred the door and seized an axe. The savages, with their hatchets, soon cut a hole through the door, and one of them crowded in. The heroic mother, with one blow of the axe, cleft his head to the shoulder, and he dropped dead upon the floor. Another of the assailants, supposing, in the darkness, that he had made good his entrance, followed him. He also fell by another well-directed stroke. Thus four were slain before the Indians discovered their mistake.
They then clambered upon the house, and were soon heard descending through the capacious flue of the chimney. The wife still stood with the axe to guard the door. The father, bleeding and fainting, called upon one of the little children to roll the feather bed upon the fire. The burning feathers emitted such a suffocating smoke and smell that the Indians were almost smothered, and they tumbled down upon the embers. At the same moment, another one attempted to enter the door. The wounded husband and father had sufficient strength left to seize a billet of wood and dispatch the half-smothered Indians. But the mother was now so exhausted with terror and fatigue that her strength failed her, and she struck a feeble blow, which wounded, but did not kill her adversary. The savage was so severely wounded, however, that he retreated, leaving all his comrades, six in number, dead in the house. We are not informed whether the father recovered of his wounds. Some distant neighbors, receiving tidings of the attack, came with succor, and the six dead Indians, without much ceremony, were tumbled into a hole.
Volumes might be filled with such terrible details. No one could sleep at night without the fear of an attack from the Indians before the morning. In the silence of the wilderness, many a tragedy was enacted of terror, torture, and blood, which would cause the ear that hears of it to tingle.
The day after the arrival of the English force in Swanzey the Indians again appeared in large numbers, and with defiant shouts dared them to come out and fight. Philip himself was with this band. A party of volunteers rushed furiously upon the foe, killed a number, and pursued the rest more than a mile. The savages retired to their fastnesses, and the English traversed Mount Hope Neck until they came to the imperial residence of Philip. Not an Indian was to be found upon the Neck. But here the English found the heads of eight of their countrymen, which had been cut off and stuck upon poles, ghastly trophies of savage victory. They took them down and reverently buried them.
It was now the 29th of June, and the Indian corn-fields were waving in luxuriant growth. Philip had not anticipated so early an outbreak of the war, and had more than a thousand acres planted with corn. These fields the English trampled down, and destroyed all the dwellings of the Indians, leaving the Neck barren and desolate. This was a heavy blow to Philip. The destruction of his corn-fields threatened him with starvation in the winter. The Indians scattered in all directions, carrying every where terror, conflagration, and death.
Captain Church, with twenty men, crossed the Taunton River, and then followed down the eastern shores of the bay, through Pokasset, the territory of Wetamoo, toward Sogkonate Neck, where Awashonks reigned. At the southern extremity of the present town of Tiverton they came to a neck of land called Punkateeset. Here they discovered a fresh trail, which showed that a large body of Indians had recently passed. Following this trail, they came to a large pea-field belonging to Captain Almy, a colonist who had settled there. They loitered a short time in the field, eating the peas. The forest, almost impenetrable with underbrush, grew very densely around. Just as they were emerging from the field upon an open piece of ground, with the woods growing very thickly upon one side, a sudden discharge of musketry broke in upon the silent air, and bullets were every where whistling fiercely around them. Instantly three hundred Indians sprang up from their ambush. Captain Church "casting his eyes to the side of the hill above him, the hill seemed to move, being covered with Indians, with their bright guns glistening in the sun, and running in a circumference, with a design to surround them." Captain Church and his men slowly retreated toward the shore, where alone they could prevent themselves from being surrounded. The Indians, outnumbering them fifteen to one, closely pressed them, making the forest resound with their hideous outcries.
As the savages emerged from their ambush, they followed at a cautious distance, but so directed their steps as to cut off all possibility of retreat from the Neck. They felt so sure of their victims that they thought that all could be killed or captured without any loss upon their own part.
The situation of the English now seemed desperate. They had no means of crossing the water, and the exultant foe, in overwhelming numbers and with fiendlike yells, were pressing nearer and nearer, and overwhelming them with a storm of bullets.
But the colonists resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. It was better to die by the quick ministry of the bullet, than to fall as captives into the hands of the savages, to perish by lingering torment. Fortunately, the ground was very stony, and every man instantly threw up a pile for a breastwork. The Indians were very cautious in presenting their bodies to the unerring aim of the white men, and did not venture upon a simultaneous rush, which would have secured the destruction of the whole of Captain Church's party.
For six hours the colonists beat back their swarming foes. The Indians availed themselves of every stump, rock, or tree in sight, and kept up an incessant firing. Just as the ammunition of the colonists was about exhausted, and night was coming on, a sloop was discerned crossing the water to their rescue. Captain Golding, a man of great resolution and fearlessness, had heard the firing, and was hastening to their relief. The wind was fair, and as the vessel approached the shore the Indians plied their shot with such effect that the colors, sails, and sides of the sloop were soon pierced full of bullet holes. The water was so shoal that they dropped anchor, and the vessel rode afloat several rods from the beach. Captain Golding had a small canoe, which would support but two men. Attaching a cord to this, he let it drift to the shore, driven by the fresh wind. Two men entered the canoe, and were drawn on board. The canoe was then returned, and two more were taken on board. Thus the embarkation continued, covered by the muskets of those on board and those on the shore, until every man was safe. Not one of their number was even wounded. The English, very skillful with the musket, kept their innumerable foes at a distance. It was certain death for any Indian to step from behind his rampart. The heroic Church was the last to embark. As he was retreating backward, boldly facing his foes, presenting his gun, which all the remaining powder he had did but half charge, a bullet passed through his hat, cutting off a lock of his hair. Two others struck the canoe as he entered it, and a fourth buried itself in a stake which accidentally stood before the middle of his breast. Discharging his farewell shot at the enemy, he was safely received on board, and they were all conveyed to the English garrison which had been established at Mount Hope. Many Indians were killed or wounded in this affray, but it is not known how many.
Captain Church then went, with a small army, to ravage the territories of Wetamoo. When he arrived at the spot where Fall River now stands, he found that Wetamoo, with her warriors, had taken refuge in a neighboring swamp. Just then news came that a great part of the town of Dartmouth was in flames, that many of the inhabitants were killed, and that the survivors were in great distress. Captain Church marched immediately to their rescue. But the foe had finished his work of destruction, and had fled into the wilderness, to emerge at some other spot, no one could tell where, and strike another deadly blow. The colonists, however, took one hundred and sixty Indians prisoners, who had been induced by promises of kind treatment to come in and surrender themselves. To the extreme indignation of Captain Church, all these people, in most dishonorable disregard of the pledges of the capitulation, were by the Plymouth authorities sold into slavery. This act was as impolitic as it was criminal. It can not be too sternly denounced. It effectually deterred others from confiding in the English.
The colonists, conscious of the intellectual supremacy of King Philip as the commanding genius of the strife, devoted their main energies to his capture, dead or alive. Large rewards were offered for his head. The barbarian monarch, with a large party of his warriors, had taken refuge in an almost impenetrable swamp upon the river, about eighteen miles below Taunton. All the inhabitants of Taunton, in their terror, had abandoned their homes, and were gathered in eight garrison houses. On the 18th of July, a force of several hundred men from Plymouth and Taunton surrounded the swamp. They cautiously penetrated the tangled thicket, their feet at almost every step sinking in the mire and becoming shackled by interlacing roots, the branches pinioning their arms, and the dense foliage blinding their eyes. Philip, with characteristic cunning, sent a few of his warriors occasionally to exhibit themselves, to lure the English on. The colonists gradually forgot their accustomed prudence, and pressed eagerly forward. Suddenly from the dense thicket a party of warriors in ambush poured upon their pursuers a volley of bullets. Fifteen dropped dead, and many were sorely wounded. The survivors precipitately retired from the swamp, "finding it ill," says Hubbard, "fighting a wild beast in his own den."
The English, taught a lesson of caution by this misadventure, now decided to surround the swamp, guarding every avenue of escape. They knew that Philip had no stores of provisions there, and that he soon must be starved out. Here they kept guard for thirteen days. In the mean time, Philip constructed some canoes and rafts, and one dark night floated all his warriors, some two hundred in number, across the river, and continued his flight through the present towns of Dighton and Rehoboth, far away into the unknown wilderness of the interior of Massachusetts. Wetamoo, with several of her warriors, accompanied Philip in his flight. He left a hundred starving women and children in the swamp, who surrendered themselves the next morning to the English.
A band of fifty of the Mohegan Indians had now come, by direction of Uncas, to proffer their services to the colonists. A party of the English, with these Indian allies, pursued the fugitives. They overtook Philip's party not far from Providence, and shot thirty of their number, without the loss of a single man. Rev. Mr. Newman, pastor of the church in Rehoboth, obtained great commendation for his zeal in rousing his parishioners to pursue the savages.
Philip had now penetrated the wilderness, and had effected his escape beyond the reach of his foes. He had the boundless forest around him for his refuge, with the opportunity of emerging at his leisure upon any point of attack along the vast New England frontier which he might select.
The Nipmuck Indians were a powerful tribe, consisting of many petty clans spread over the whole of the interior of Massachusetts. They appear to have had no sachem of distinction, and at one time were tributary to the Narragansets, but were now tributary to the Wampanoags. They had thus far been living on very friendly terms with the inhabitants of the towns which had been settled within the limits of their territory. The court at Boston, apprehensive that the Nipmucks might be induced to join King Philip, sent some messengers to treat with them. The young warriors were very surly, and manifestly disposed to fight; but the old men dreaded the perils of war with foes whose prowess they appreciated, and were inclined to a renewal of friendship.
It was agreed that a conference should be held at a certain large tree, upon a plain about three miles from Brookfield, on the 2d of August. At the appointed time, the English commissioners were there, with a small force of twenty mounted men. But not an Indian was to be seen. Notwithstanding some suspicions of treachery, the English determined to advance some miles farther, to a spot where they were assured that a large number of Indians were assembled. They at length came to a narrow pass, with a steep hill covered with trees and underbrush on one side, and a swamp, impenetrable with mire and thickets, upon the other. Along this narrow way they could march only in single file. The silence of the eternal forest was around them, and nothing was to be seen or heard which gave the slightest indication of danger.
Just as they were in the middle of this trail, three hundred Indians rose up on either side, and showered upon them a storm of bullets. Eight dropped dead. Three were mortally, and several others severely wounded. Captain Wheeler, who was in command, had his horse shot from under him, and a bullet also passed through his body. His son, who rode behind him, though his own arm was shattered by a ball, dismounted, and succeeded in placing his father in the saddle. A precipitate retreat was immediately commenced, while the Indians pursued with yells of exultation. But for the aid of three Christian Indians who accompanied the English party, every Englishman must have perished. One of these Indians was taken captive. The other two, by skill and bravery, led their friends, by a by-path, back to Brookfield.
This town was then a solitary settlement of about twenty houses, alone in the wilderness, half way between the Atlantic shore and the settlements on the Connecticut. The terrified inhabitants had but just time to abandon their homes and take refuge in the garrison house when the savages were upon them. With anguish they saw, from the loop-holes of their retreat, every house and barn consumed, their cattle shot, and all their property of food, clothing, and furniture destroyed. They were thus, in an hour, reduced from competence to the extreme of want.
The inhabitants of Brookfield, men, women, and children, amounted to but eighty. The nearest settlement from whence any help could come was at Lancaster, some forty miles northeast of Brookfield. The Indians surrounded the garrison, and for two days exerted all their ingenuity in attempting to destroy the building. They wrapped around their arrows hemp dipped in oil, and, setting them on fire, shot them upon the dry and inflammable roof. Several times the building was in flames, but the inmates succeeded in arresting the conflagration. It was now the evening of the 4th of August. The garrison, utterly exhausted by two days and two nights of incessant conflict, aware that their ammunition must soon be exhausted, and knowing not from what quarter to hope for relief, were in despair. The Indians now filled a cart with hemp, flax, and the resinous boughs of firs and pines. They fastened to the tongue a succession of long poles, and then, setting the whole fabric on fire, as it rolled up volumes of flame and smoke, pushed it back against the log house, whose walls were as dry as powder. Just then, when all hope of escape was abandoned, relief came.
Major Willard had been sent from Boston to Lancaster with a party of dragoons for the defense of that region. By some chance, probably through a friendly Indian, he was informed of the extreme distress of the people at Brookfield. Taking with him forty-eight dragoons, he marched with the utmost possible haste to their relief. With Indian guides, he traversed thirty miles of the forest that day, and arrived at the garrison in the evening twilight, just as the Indians, with fiendish clamor, were all engaged in their experiment with the flaming cart. Though the Indian scouts discovered his approach, and fired their guns and raised shouts of alarm, there was such a horrid noise from the yells of the savages and the uproar of musketry that the scouts could not communicate intelligence of the approach of the English, and the re-enforcement, with a rush, entered the garrison. At the same moment a very heavy shower arose, which aided greatly in the extinguishment of the flames.
The savages, thus balked of their victims, howled with rage, and, after firing a few volleys of bullets into the walls of the fortress, retired to their fastnesses. During this siege many of the whites were wounded, and about eighty of the Indians were killed. The day after the defeat, Philip, with forty-eight warriors, arrived at the Indian encampment at Brookfield. Though the Indians had not taken the garrison, and though they mourned the loss of many warriors, they were not a little elated with success. They had killed many of their enemies, and had utterly destroyed the town of Brookfield.
Philip's influence.—Simultaneous attacks.—Deerfield burned.—Re-enforcement.—An ambuscade.—Dreadful slaughter and tortures.—Rescue of Northfield.—Northfield abandoned.—Attempts to save some corn.—Unsuspicious of danger.—Sudden attack.—A scene of carnage.—The English overpowered.—Captain Mosely attempts a rescue.—A prolonged fight.—The Indians vanquished.—Burial of the dead.—Deerfield destroyed.—Plot against Springfield.—A timely warning.—Lieutenant Cooper shot.—The attack.—The conflagration.—Loss of books.—Alarm of the inhabitants.—Decree of the general court.—Arrangement of forces.—Attack upon Hatfield.—The Indians defeated.—Narrow escape of Major Appleton.—The Indian rendezvous.—Philip's employments.—Attempts to secure the Narragansets.—Mission to the Narragansets.—Compulsory treaty.—Erection of an Indian fort.—Advantages of the Indians.—Indian warfare.—Endurance of the Indians.—Losses of the colonists.—Anxious deliberations.—Arguments pro and con.—The Indians to be attacked.—A day of fasting.—John Woodcock.—Mode of collecting debts.—March of the army.—Skirmishes.—Fortifications of the Indians.—The Indian fort.—Deplorable condition of the colonists.—A friendly traitor.—Terrible march.—Entrance to the swamp.—Appearance of the fort.—Fearless bravery.—Terrible slaughter.—An entrance effected.—Capture of the fort.—A scene of carnage.—Continuance of the battle.—The houses fired.—Flight of the Indians.—Helplessness of the English.—Necessity for a retreat.—A second retreat from Moscow.—Horrors of the night.—Want of provisions.—Disappointment at not finding food.—Arrival of a vessel.
Philip now directed his steps to the valley of the Connecticut, and gave almost superhuman vigor to the energy which the savages were already displaying in their attack upon the numerous and thriving settlements there. Even most of the Christian Indians, who had long lived upon terms of uninterrupted friendship with the English, were so influenced by the persuasions of Philip that they joined his warriors, and were as eager as any others for the extermination of the colonists.
Attacks were made almost simultaneously upon the towns of Hadley, Hatfield, and Deerfield, and also upon several towns upon the Merrimac River, in the province of New Hampshire. In these conflicts, the Indians, on the whole, were decidedly the victors. As Philip had fled from Plymouth, and as the Narragansets had not yet joined the coalition, the towns in Plymouth colony enjoyed a temporary respite.
On the 1st of September the Indians made a rush upon Deerfield. They laid the whole town in ashes. Most of the inhabitants had fortunately taken refuge in the garrison house, and but one man was slain. They then proceeded fifteen miles up the river to Northfield, where a small garrison had been established. They destroyed much property, and shot eight or ten of the inhabitants. The rest were sheltered in the garrison. The next day, this disaster not being known at Hadley, Captain Beers was detached from that place with thirty-six mounted infantry and a convoy of provisions to re-enforce the feeble garrison at Northfield. They had a march before them of thirty miles, along the eastern bank of the river. The road was very rough, and led through almost a continued forest.
When they arrived within a few miles of Northfield, they came to a wide morass, where it was necessary to dismount and lead their horses. They were also thrown into confusion in their endeavors to transport their baggage through the swamp. Here the Indians had formed an ambuscade. The surprise was sudden, and disastrous in the extreme. The Indians, several hundred in number, surrounded the doomed party, and, from their concealment, took unerring aim. Captain Beers, a man of great valor, succeeded, with a few men, in retreating to a small eminence, since known as Beers's Mountain, where he bravely maintained the unequal fight until all his ammunition was expended. A ball then pierced his bosom, and he fell dead. A few escaped back to Hadley to tell the mournful tidings of the slaughter, while all the rest were slain, and all their provisions and baggage fell into the hands of the exultant savages. The barbarian victors amused themselves in cutting off the heads of the slain, which they fixed upon poles at the spot, as defiant trophies of their triumph. One man was found with a chain hooked into his under jaw, and thus he was suspended on the bough of a tree, where he had been left to struggle and die in mortal agony. The garrison at Northfield, almost destitute of powder and food, was now reduced to the last extremity.
Major Treat was immediately dispatched with a hundred men for their rescue. Advancing rapidly and with caution, he succeeded in reaching Northfield. His whole company, in passing through the scene of the disaster, were most solemnly affected in gazing upon the mutilated remains of their friends, and appear to have been not a little terror-stricken in view of such horrid barbarities. Fearing that the Indians were too numerous in the vicinity to be encountered by their small band, they brought off the garrison, and retreated precipitately to Hadley, not tarrying even to destroy the property which they could not bring away. It is said that Philip himself guided the Indians in their attack upon Captain Beers.
Hadley was now the head-quarters of the English army, and quite a large force was assembled there. Most of the inhabitants of the adjoining towns in tumult and terror had fled to this place for protection. At the garrison house in Deerfield, fifteen miles above Hadley, on the western side of the river, there were three thousand bushels of corn standing in stacks.
On the 18th of September, Captain Lothrop, having been sent from Hadley to bring off this corn, started with his loaded teams on his return. His force consisted of a hundred men, soldiers and teamsters. As no Indians had for some time appeared in that immediate vicinity, and as there was a good road between the two places, no particular danger was apprehended. The Indians, however, from the fastnesses of the forest, were all the time watching their movements with eagle eye, and with consummate cunning were plotting their destruction.
After leaving Deerfield, the march led for about three miles through a very level country, densely wooded on each side of the road. The march was then continued for half a mile along the borders of a morass filled with large trees and tangled underbrush. Here a thousand Indians had planted themselves in ambuscade. It was a serene and beautiful autumnal day. Grape-vines festooned the gigantic trees of the forest, and purple clusters, ripe and juicy, hung in profusion among the boughs. Captain Lothrop was so unsuspicious of danger that many of his men had thrown their guns into the carts, and were strolling about gathering grapes.
The critical moment arrived, and the English being in the midst of the ambush, a thousand Indians sprang up from their concealment, and poured in upon the straggling column a heavy and destructive fire. Then, with savage yells, which seemed to fill the whole forest, they rushed from every quarter to close assault. The English were scattered in a long line of march, and the Indians, with the ferocity of wolves, sprang upon them ten to one. A dreadful scene of tumult, dismay, and carnage ensued.
The tragic drama was soon closed. The troops, broken and scattered, could only resort to the Indian mode of fighting, each one skulking behind a tree. But they were so entirely surrounded and overpowered that no one could discharge his musket more than two or three times before he fell. Some, in their dismay, leaped into the branches of the trees, hoping thus to escape observation. The savages, with shouts of derision, mocked them for a time, and then pierced them with bullets until they dropped to the ground. All the wounded were indiscriminately butchered. But eight escaped to tell the awful story. Ninety perished upon this bloody field. The young men who were thus slaughtered constituted the flower of Essex county. They had been selected for their intrepidity and hardihood from all the towns. Their destruction caused unspeakable anguish in their homes, and sent a wave of grief throughout all the colonies. The little stream in the south part of Deerfield, upon the banks of which this memorable tragedy occurred, has in consequence received the name of Bloody Brook.
Captain Mosely had been left in the garrison at Deerfield with seventy men, intending to go the next day in search of the Indians. As he was but five miles from the scene of the massacre, he heard the firing, and immediately marched to the rescue of his friends. But he was too late. They were all, before his arrival, silent in death. As the Indians were scalping and stripping the dead, Captain Mosely, with great intrepidity, fell upon them, though he computed their numbers at not less than a thousand. Keeping his men in a body, he broke through the tumultuous mass, charging back and forth, and cutting down all within range of his shot.
Still, aided by the swamp and the forest, and being so overwhelmingly superior to the English in numbers, the savages maintained the fight with much fierceness for six hours. Captain Mosely and all his men might perhaps also have perished, had not another party providentially and very unexpectedly come to their relief.
Major Treat, from Connecticut, was ascending the river with one hundred and sixty Mohegan Indians, on his way to Northfield, in pursuit of the foe in that vicinity. It was so ordered by Providence that he approached the scene of action just as both parties were exhausted by the protracted fight. Hearing the firing, he pressed rapidly forward, and with fresh troops fell vigorously upon the foe. The Indians, with yells of disappointment and rage, now fled, plunging into the swamps and forests. They left ninety-six of their number dead by the side of the English whom they had so mercilessly slaughtered in the morning. It is supposed that Philip himself commanded the Indians on this sanguinary day. The Indians, though in the end defeated, had gained a marvelous victory, by which they were exceedingly encouraged and emboldened.
Captains Mosely and Treat encamped in the vicinity for the night, and the next morning attended to the burial of the dead. They were deposited in two pits, the English in one and the Indians in another. A marble monument now marks the spot where this battle occurred, and a slab is placed over the mound which covers the slain.
Twenty-seven men only had been left in the garrison at Deerfield. The next morning the Indians appeared in large numbers before the garrison, threatening an attack. They tauntingly exhibited the clothes they had stripped from the slain, and shouted messages of defiance and insult. But the captain of the garrison, making a brave show of resistance, and sounding his trumpets, as if to call in forces near at hand, so alarmed the Indians that they retired, and soon all disappeared in the pathless forest. Deerfield was, however, utterly destroyed, and the garrison, abandoning the fortress, retired down the river to afford such protection as might be in their power to the lower towns.
About thirty miles below Hadley, upon the river, was the town of Springfield, a very flourishing settlement, containing forty-eight dwelling-houses. A numerous tribe of Indians lived in the immediate vicinity, having quite a spacious Indian fort at Long Hill, a mile below the village. These Indians had for forty years lived on terms of most cordial friendship with their civilized neighbors. They now made such firm protestations of friendliness that but few doubted in the least their good faith. But, while thus protesting, they had yielded to the potent seductions of King Philip, and, joining his party secretly, were making preparations for the destruction of Springfield.
On the night of the 4th of October, three hundred of King Philip's warriors crept stealthily through the forest, and were received into the Indian fort at Long Hill. A friendly Indian by the name of Toto, who had received much kindness from the whites, betrayed his countrymen, and gave information of the conspiracy to burn the town and massacre the inhabitants. The people were thrown into consternation, and precipitately fled to the garrison houses, while a courier was dispatched to Hadley for aid.
Still, many had so much confidence in the sincerity of the Springfield Indians that they could not believe in their treachery. Lieutenant Cooper, who commanded there, was so deceived by their protestations that he the next morning, taking another man with him, rode toward the fort to ascertain the facts. He had not advanced far before he met the enemy, several hundred in number, marching to the assault. The savages immediately fired upon him. His companion was instantly shot, and several bullets passed through his body. He was a man of Herculean strength and vigor, and, though mortally wounded, succeeded, by clinging to his horse, in reaching the garrison and giving the alarm before he died.
The savages now came roaring on like ferocious wild beasts. The town was utterly defenseless. Thirty-three houses and twenty-five barns were almost instantly in flames. Fortunately, nearly all of the inhabitants were in the block-houses, and but five men and one woman were killed. The Indians kept cautiously beyond the reach of gun-shot, vigorously plundering the houses and applying the torch. The wretched inhabitants, from the loop-holes of the garrison, contemplated with anguish the conflagration of their homes and all their earthly goods. The Reverend Mr. Glover, pastor of the church in this place, was a man of studious habits, and had collected a valuable library, at an expense of five thousand dollars. He had, for some time, kept his library in the garrison house for safety; but, a short time before the attack, thinking that Philip could not venture to make an assault upon Springfield, when it was surrounded by so many friendly Indians, he removed the books to his own house. They were all consumed. The loss to this excellent man was irreparable, and a source of the keenest grief. In the midst of the conflagration and the plunder Major Treat appeared with a strong force from Hadley, and the Indians, loaded down with booty, retreated into their forest fastnesses. Fifteen houses only were left unburned.
This treachery on the part of the Springfield Indians caused very great alarm. There were, henceforward, no Indians in whom the colonists could confide. The general court in Boston ordered:
"That no person shall entertain, own, or countenance any Indian, under penalty of being a betrayer of this government.
"That a guard be set at the entrance of the town of Boston, and that no Indian be suffered to enter, upon any pretense, without a guard of two musketeers, and not to lodge in town."
Animated by his success, Philip now planned a still bolder movement. Hatfield was one of the most beautiful and flourishing of the towns which reposed in the fertile valley of the Connecticut. Its inhabitants, warned by the disasters which had befallen so many of their neighbors, were prepared for a vigorous defense. They kept a constant watch, and several garrison houses were erected, to which the women and children could fly in case of alarm. All the male inhabitants were armed and drilled, and there were three companies of soldiers stationed in the town; and Hadley, which was on the opposite side of the river, was the head-quarters of the Massachusetts and Connecticut forces, then under the command of Major Appleton. An attack upon Hatfield would immediately bring the forces of Hadley to its relief.
On the 19th of October, Philip, at the head of eight hundred warriors, boldly, but with Indian secrecy, approached the outposts of Hatfield. He succeeded in cutting off several parties who were scouring the woods in the vicinity, and then made an impetuous rush upon the town. But every man sprang to his appointed post. Every avenue of approach was valiantly defended. Major Appleton immediately crossed with his force from Hadley, and fell furiously upon the assailants, every man burning with the desire to avenge the destruction of Northfield, Deerfield, and Springfield. Notwithstanding this determined defense, the Indians, inspired by the energies of their indomitable leader, fought a long time with great resolution. At length, repulsed at every point, they retreated, bearing off with them all their dead and wounded. They succeeded, however, in burning many houses, and in driving off many cattle. The impression they made upon the English may be inferred from the fact that they were not pursued. In this affair, six of the English were killed and ten wounded. A bullet passed through the bushy hair of Major Appleton, cutting a very smooth path for itself, "by that whisper telling him," says Hubbard, "that death was very near, but did him no other harm."
Winter was now approaching, and as Philip found that the remaining settlements upon the Connecticut were so defended that he could not hope to accomplish much, he scattered his forces into winter quarters. Most of his warriors, who had accompanied him from the Atlantic coast to the Connecticut, returned to Narraganset, and established their rendezvous in an immense swamp in the region now incorporated into the town of South Kingston, Rhode Island. Upon what might be called an island in this immense swamp, they constructed five hundred wigwams, and surrounded the whole with fortifications admirably adapted to repel attack. Three thousand Indians were soon assembled upon this spot.
There is some uncertainty respecting the movements of Philip during the winter. It is generally supposed that he passed the winter very actively engaged in endeavors to rouse all the distant tribes. It is said that he crossed the Hudson, and endeavored to incite the Indians in the valley of the Mohawk to fall upon the Dutch settlements on the Hudson. It is also probable that he spent some time at the Narraganset fort, and that he directed several assaults which, during this season of comparative repose, fell upon remote sections of the frontier.
Straggling parties of Indians lingered about Northampton, Westfield, and Springfield, occasionally burning a house, shooting at those who ventured into the fields, and keeping the inhabitants in a state of constant alarm.
At the commencement of the war, just before the discomfiture of Philip in the swamp near Taunton, a united force of the Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut colonies had been sent into the Narraganset country to persuade, and, if they could not persuade, to compel the Narraganset Indians to declare for the English. It was well known that the Narragansets in heart espoused the cause of Philip; for the Wampanoag chieftain, to relieve himself from embarrassment, had sent his old men, with his women and the children, into the Narraganset territory, where they were received and entertained with much hospitality.
In this mission to the Narraganset country, a part of the troops crossed the bay in boats, while others rode around by land, entering the country by the way of Providence. The two parties soon met, and advanced cautiously together to guard against ambush. They could, however, for some time find no Indians. The wigwams were all deserted, and the natives, men, women, and children, fled before them. At length they succeeded in catching some Narraganset sachems, and with them, after a conference of two or three days, concluded a treaty of peace. It was virtually a compulsory treaty, in which the English could place very little reliance, and to which the Narragansets paid no regard.
According to the terms of this treaty, which was signed on the 15th of July, 1675, the Narragansets agreed,
1st. To deliver to the English army every subject of King Philip, either living or dead, who should come into their territories.
2dly. To become allies of the English, and to kill and destroy, with their utmost ability, all the subjects of King Philip.
There were several other articles of the treaty, but they were all comprehended in the spirit of the two first. But now, in three months after the signing of this treaty, Philip, with the aid of the Narragansets, was constructing a fort in the very heart of their country, and was making it the general rendezvous for all his warriors. The Narragansets could bring a very fearful accumulation of strength to the cause of Philip. They could lead two thousand warriors into the field, and these warriors were renowned for ferocity and courage. Dwelling so near the English settlements, they could at any time emerge from their fastnesses, scattering dismay and ruin along their path.
The Indians enjoyed peculiar advantages for the rude warfare in which they engaged. They were not only perfectly acquainted with the wilderness, its morasses, mountains, and impenetrable thickets, but, from their constant intercourse with the settlements, were as well acquainted with the dwellings, fields, and roads of the English as were the colonists themselves. They were very numerous and widely scattered, and could watch every movement of their foe. Stealthily approaching through the forest under cover of the night, they could creep into barns and out-houses, and lie secreted behind fences, prepared for murder, robbery, and conflagration. Often they concealed themselves before the very doors of their victims. The first warning of their presence would be the ring of the musket, as the lonely settler, opening his door in the morning, dropped down dead upon his threshold. The house was then fired, the mother and her babes scalped, and the work of destruction was accomplished. Like packs of wolves they came howling from the wilderness, and, leaving blood and smouldering ruins behind them, howling they disappeared. While the English were hunting for them in one place, they would be burning and plundering in another. They were capable of almost any amount of fatigue, and could subsist in vigor where a civilized man would starve. A few kernels of corn, pounded into meal between two stones, and mixed with water, in a cup made from rolling up a strip of birch bark, afforded a good dinner for an Indian. If to this he could add a few clams, or a bird or a squirrel shot from a neighboring tree, he regarded his repast as quite sumptuous.
The storms of winter checked, but by no means terminated the atrocities of the savages. Marauding bands were wandering every where, and no man dwelt in safety. Many persons were shot, houses and barns were burned, and not a few men, women, and children were taken captive and carried into the wilderness, where they miserably perished, often being subjected to the most excruciating torture. The condition of the colonies was now melancholy in the extreme. Their losses had been very great, as one company after another of their soldiers had wasted away. Industry had been paralyzed, and the harvest had consequently been very short, while at the same time the expenses of the war were enormous. The savages, elated with success, were recruiting their strength, to break forth with new vigor upon the settlements in the early spring.
The commissioners of the united colonies deliberated long and anxiously. The all-important question was whether it were best to adopt the desperate enterprise of attacking the Narraganset fort in the dead of winter, or whether they should defer active hostilities until spring. Should they defer, the warriors now collected upon one spot would scatter every where in the work of destruction. The Narragansets, who had not as yet engaged openly in the conflict, would certainly lend all their energies to King Philip. Another year of disaster and blood might thus be confidently anticipated.
On the other hand, the severity of the winter was such that a whole army, houseless, on the march, might perish in a single night. Storms of snow often arose, encumbering the ground with such drifts and masses that it might be quite impossible to force a march through the pathless expanse.
But, in view of all the circumstances, it was at length decided best to make the attack. A thousand men were to be raised. Of these, Massachusetts contributed five hundred and twenty-seven. Plymouth furnished one hundred and fifty-eight. Connecticut supplied three hundred and fifteen, and also sent one hundred and fifty Mohegan Indians. Josiah Winslow, governor of the Plymouth colony, was appointed commander-in-chief. The choicest officers in the colonies were selected, and the men who filled the ranks were all chosen from those of established reputation for physical vigor and bravery. All were aware of the perilous nature of the enterprise. In consequence of the depth of the snow, it would probably be impossible to send any succor to the troops by land in case of reverse. "It was a humbling providence of God," wrote the commissioners, "that put his poor people to be meditating a matter of war at such a season." The second of December was appointed as a solemn fast to implore God's aid upon the enterprise.
The Massachusetts troops rendezvoused at Dedham, and on the morning of the 9th of December commenced their march. They advanced that day twenty-seven miles, to the garrison house of John Woodcock, within the limits of the present town of Attleborough. Woodcock kept a sort of tavern at what was called the Ten Mile River, which tavern he was enjoined by the court to "keep in good order, that no unruliness or ribaldry be permitted there." He was a man of some consequence, energetic, reckless, and not very scrupulous in regard to the rights of the Indians. An Indian owed him some money. As Woodcock could not collect the debt, he paid himself by going into the Indian's house and taking his child and some goods. For this crime he was sentenced to sit in the stocks at Rehoboth during a training day, and to pay a fine of forty shillings.
At this garrison house the troops encamped for the night, and the next day they advanced to Seekonk, and were ferried across the river to Providence. On the morning of the twelfth they resumed their march, and followed down the western shore of the bay until they arrived at the garrison house of Mr. Smith, in the present town of Wickford, which was appointed as their head-quarters. Here, in the course of a few days, the Connecticut companies, marching from Stonington, and the Plymouth companies were united with them. As the troops were assembling, several small parties had skirmishes with roving bands of Indians, in which a few were slain on both sides. A few settlers had reared their huts along the western shores of the bay, but the Indians, aware of the approach of their enemies, had burned their houses, and the inhabitants were either killed or dispersed. Nearly the whole region was now a wilderness.
The Indians, three thousand in number, were strongly intrenched, as we have before mentioned, in a swamp, which was in South Kingston, about eighteen miles distant from the encampment of the colonists. It is uncertain whether Philip was in the fort or not; the testimony upon that point is contradictory. The probability, however, is that he was present, sharing in the sanguinary scene which ensued.
The swamp was of immense extent and quite impenetrable, except through two or three paths known only to the Indians. In the centre of the swamp there were three or four acres of dry land, a few feet higher than the surrounding morass. Here Philip had erected his houses, five hundred in number, and had built them of materials far more solid and durable than the Indians were accustomed to use, so that they were quite bullet-proof. They were all surrounded by a high palisade. In this strong encampment, in friendly alliance with the Narragansets, Philip and his exultant warriors had been maturing their plans to make a terrible assault upon all the English settlements in the spring. Whether Philip was present or not when the fort was attacked, his genius reared the fortress and nerved the arms of its defenders.
The condition of the colonial army seemed now deplorable. Their provisions were nearly consumed, and they could hardly hope for any supply except such as they could capture from the savages. They knew nothing of the entrances to the swamp, and were entirely unacquainted with the nature of the fortification and the points most available for attack. The ground was covered with snow, and they huddled around the camp-fires by night, with no shelter from the inclemency of frost and storm.
The morning of the 19th dawned cold and gloomy. The supper of the previous night had utterly exhausted their stores. At break of day they commenced their march. A storm was then raging, and the air was filled with snow. But for the treachery of one of Philip's Indians, they would probably have been routed in the attack and utterly destroyed. A Narraganset Indian, who, for some cause, had become enraged against his countrymen, deserted their cause, and, entering the camp of the colonists, acted as their guide.
Early in the afternoon of the cold, short, and stormy winter's day, the troops, unrefreshed by either breakfast or dinner, after a march of eighteen miles, arrived at the borders of the swamp. An almost impenetrable forest, tangled with every species of underbrush, spread over the bog, presenting the most favorable opportunity for ambuscades, and all the stratagems of Indian warfare. The English, struggling blindly through the morass, would have found themselves in a helpless condition, and exposed at every point to the bullets of an unseen foe. The destruction of this army would have so emboldened the savages and paralyzed the English that every settlement of the colonists might have been swept away in an inundation of blood and flame. The fate of the New England colonies trembled in the balance.
The Narraganset deserter guided them to the entrance of a narrow and intricate foot-path which led to the island. The Indians, watching their approach, were lying in ambush upon the edge of the swamp. They fired upon the advancing files, and retreated. The English, returning the fire, vigorously pursued. Led by their guide, they soon arrived at the fort. It presented a formidable aspect. In addition to the palisades, a hedge of fallen trees a rod in thickness surrounded the whole intrenchment; outside the hedge there was a ditch wide and deep. There was but one point of entrance, and that was over the long and slender trunk of a tree which had been felled across the ditch, and rested at its farther end upon a wall of logs three or four feet high. A block-house, at whose portals many sharp-shooters were stationed in vigilant guard, commanded the narrow and slippery avenue. It was thus necessary for the English, in storming the fort, to pass in single file along this slender stem, exposed every step of the way to the muskets of the Indians. Every soldier at once perceived that the only hope for the army was in the energies of despair.
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How Many Hours In 24 Days?
How many days is it for 72 hours?
72 Hours is 3 Days.
Is 24 hours a day or two days?
Is a day actually 24 hours?
Is 24 hours a whole day?
Modern timekeeping defines a day as the sum of 24 hours —but that is not entirely correct. The Earth’s rotation is not constant, so in terms of solar time, most days are a little longer or shorter than that. The Moon is—very gradually—slowing the Earth’s rotation because of friction produced by tides.
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Is 72 hours the same as 3 days?
How many hours make 2 days?
So a full day is 24 hours. So that means two full days 48 hours.
How much is 48 hours?
48 Hours is 2 Days.
How is 24 hours calculated?
There are two ways of telling the time: The 12-hour clock runs from 1am to 12 noon and then from 1pm to 12 midnight. The 24-hour clock uses the numbers 00:00 to 23:59 (midnight is 00:00).
At what time does 24 hours end?
Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 00:00 of the following day.
Why is a day 23 hours and 56 minutes?
Not quite 24 hours, it turns out — it’s precisely 23 hours and 56 minutes. But because Earth is constantly moving along its orbit around the sun, a different point on the planet faces the sun directly at the end of that 360-degree spin. “If we didn’t orbit the sun, both days would be the same.”
How many vacation days is 144 hours?
How many vacation days is 144 hours? This conversion of 144 hours to weeks has been calculated by multiplying 144 hours by 0.0059 and the result is 0.8571 weeks.
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How many hours is one hour?
There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. To convert from minutes to hours, divide the number of minutes by 60. For example, 120 minutes equals 2 hours because 120/60=2.
How many days is 50 hours a week?
A 50-hour workweek represents a workweek that exceeds the usual 40-hour schedule for professionals across industries. This means that instead of committing eight hours each day for five days, professionals may work 10 hours each day for five days, or work an additional sixth day to meet their 50-hour requirements.
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China Overview
China is a vast country situated at the eastern part of Eurasia and the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Covering a land area of 3,706,581 square miles (9,600,000 square kilometers), China is the third largest of the world, inferior to Russia and Canada. It is 3,231 miles long from east to west and 3,417.5 miles long from north to south. With the entire territory shaping like a rooster, its northernmost end reaches Mohe in Heilongjiang Province; the southernmost is at Zengmu Ansha in Nansha Islands, the easternmost at conjunction of Heilongjiang River and the Wusuli River, while the western at the Pamirs.
Facts of China
Formal Mame: People's Republic of China (PRC)
Referred Name: China (中国 zhōngguó）
Area:The total area is 14.3 million square kilometers, of which the land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, and the water area is about 4.7 million square kilometers.
Population:1.45 billion people (2019)
Nationality: 56 nationalities including Han
Capital: Beijing
Current President : Xi Jingping
Current Prime Minister: Li Keqiang
National Day: 1st, Oct
National Flag: Red flag with five stars.
National Anthem: March of the Volunteers
National Emblem: Tiananmen Gatetower under five stars, encircled by ears of grain and with a gear wheel below.
Administrative division:By the end of 2017, China had 34 provincial-level administrative regions (including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions), 334 prefecture-level administrative regions, 2851 county-level administrative regions, and 39888 township-level administrative regions
China is an ancient country having a profound history. Originated in the eastern area of the Yellow River Region, the country's civilization is over 5,000 years old and was considered one of four ancient civilizations of the world, along with the civilizations of the ancient Babylon, the ancient Egypt and the ancient India. The first dynasty of Chinese history started from the Xia Dynasty (2070BC-1600BC) and the last one was the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), while the most glorious period were the Qin (221BC-206BC), Han (206BC-220), Tang (618-907) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties. During thousands of years of feudal ruling, Chinese people have created brilliant science and art culture, like the Four Great Inventions, the poetry, paintings and Chinese calligraphy. Also, a great amount of cultural relics such as the Great Wall and the Terra Cotta Warriors left by ancestors have become the treasures of the nation and the wonder of the world.
Founded in 1949 by the Communist Party, The People's Republic of China, (PRC) is a unified multi-ethnic country. 56 nationalities are now living in 34 direct administrative regions including 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly-governed city regions–Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing and two special administrative regions (SAR)–Hong Kong and Macau. The 55 ethnic minorities mainly live in Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Yunnan. China is also the most populous country in the world. Being over 1.3 billion (in the end of 2007), the country's population is about 22 percent of the world population. The most populous part is the eastern coastal areas. Almost 94 percent of Chinese people live in the Southeast part of the country which covers 43 percent of its land area; while the other six percent people live in the northwestern areas which cover 57 percent of the territory.
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Migraines And Headaches
The Ayurvedic history of migraines dates back to 6000 BC when Ayurveda originated from Divinities as an oral tradition. First documented evidence of headache can be found in the ancient Vedic texts like Ashtanga Hridayam, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita where it is termed Sirasoola and we can find description about its different types and clinical subtypes. Though Hippocrates defined about headaches in 400 B.C.E.
Please Mind Your Head!
Headache has been ranked as the second leading cause of disorders by the Global burden of disease studies because it affects the normal and work life, increases absenteeism causing social and economic burden making them disable. Migraine comes in the third position affecting the people in the age group between 20 to 50 years. Based on the studies, there can be up to three million migraine sufferers in Australia and up to seven million tension-type headache sufferers. At least one migraine suffering person is present in one fourth of the houses of Australia. Proper history, CT or MRI will help in reaching to a causative factor of headache.
Headaches can be of structural, physiological or psychological. Though it may cause physical, emotional, and economic burdens proper guidance is less sought. Structural headaches are mainly due to space occupying lesions/tumours, inflammatory responses or increased intracranial pressure. Among them some can be dangerous and life-threatening.b90% of the headaches are physiological or psychological and they are classified under primary type in clinical medicine. They can be like cluster headache, tension head ache, migraine and Trigeminal neuralgia.
Migraines can be unilateral lasting from several hours to 3 days preceded with or without aura and sensitivity to light; sound and pain. It will be of moderate to severe type and will be relieved on vomiting. Many of you can have an evident family history. If left untreated it may lead to serious complications. Cluster headaches are usually unilateral around one eye lasting about 4 hours and patient will be active. Trigeminal neuralgic patients will be having shooting pain to the face. Tension headaches are one of the other most common types with squeezing pain and pressure on both sides of the head and neck and people rarely seek medical advice. Sinus headaches usually have pain behind fore head and cheekbones. Some other types of primary headaches are cough head ache, exertional headache, Headache associated with sexual activity, Medication over use headache and Dull Headaches which develops only during sleep.
Ayurvedic management of Migraine and other head aches at Ayur Healthcare:
Ayurveda understands migraine as a reflection of poor metabolism associated with accumulation of toxins leading to imbalance of doshas. Vata is heavily imbalanced and disturb Pitta and Kapha as well as per your body’s conditions. The preventive treatment for migraine at Ayur Healthcare helps in reducing frequency, severity and duration of migraine attacks. At Ayur Healthcare, tailored plans will be recommended to address migraine from root causes after a detailed assessment via consultation by Ayurvedic experts.
Diet and Lifestyle
Following Ayurvedic concepts of Dinacharya (daily regimen) and Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) will helpsto maintain the body’s homeostasis and neurological balance as there can be involvement of multiple Doshas. Since neurotransmitters play a major role in the formation of migraines and headache, it is necessary to maintain a perfect gut and healthy nervous system. Eat a healthy diet without skipping meals. Include soups and salads in your diet. Reduce sour foods and hot spices. Foods prepared using immunomodulatory medicinal herbs like garlic; Cinnamons and Ginger tend to reduce the intensity of headache. Use rock salt instead of sea salt. Drink Plenty of Juices especially, coconut water. Abstain from smoking and drinking for a better neuronal health. Walk at least 30 minutes a day. Listen to nice music for 15 minutes every day. Always sleep early and wake up early, avoid mobiles at bed time especially during sleep and if you are the kind of person keeping mobiles under your pillow your brain will suffer because, research studies show that due to hypersensitivity of several brain areas to these triggering factors knowingly or unknowingly initiating a stimuli may initiate a migraine attack .
Always note the triggering factors of disease. A headache diary should always be maintained. Migraines always need immediate treatment before it becomes full blown. Treatment should start when the prodromal symptoms start so that it will never lead to intolerable pain. Keeping an eye on hormonal fluctuations will help in taking necessary precautions. Minimize use of pain killers. Relaxing techniques should be practiced. Regular head and shoulder massages with medicated herbal oils are of great help in headache. Avoid sleeping during day time.
So it’s time to refresh your Brain!!!!
Panchakarma treatment is inevitable in this condition as it provides you with the safest mode of herbal relief. Specially processed herbal Ghee’s can be taken under the supervision of an Ayurvedic consultant. Purgation once in a month can help in the elimination of toxins and improve gut brain interaction. Steam bath with different types of herbal steams will help in release toxins.
Once your toxins are released its time to revitalise. Following the preventive and curative principles of Ayurveda do Nasya (the nasal detox) regularly or as sessions followed by herbal smoke with incense made of purifying herbs. Nasya helps to protect, stabilise and strengthen sensory organs, shoulders, chest, skin, and neck.Circulation and blood flow are the undebatable factors needed to keep a healthy brain which is possible through leech therapy. Shirodhara the streaming of warm herbal oil at third eye helps to relax the body deeply and reduce stress thereby reducing the frequency of migraines.
Follow the Ayur Health Care’s time tested formula for Migraine. Feel Yourself Revitalised. Find the better you with the ancient wisdom
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Having better learned here how action potential creation works in some detail, I'd like to pin down the functional role of voltage-gated potassium channels: they mainly shorten the time it takes the neuron to get back to rest potential. Without potassium channels, the sodium ions that entered the neuron through a sodium channel would slowly diffuse away (electrotonically) and the sodium potassium pumps reset the potential. With potassium channels, this process is drastically accelerated (by quickly moving positively charged ions out of the neuron in situ). Without potassium channels, an action potential would be created nevertheless by the sodium channels alone, i.e. a peak of 40mV would be generated (equally fast!), but it would decay much slower, not yielding a pronounced peak.
Would you agree that this is a correct description of the main "purpose" of potassium channels involved in producing action potentials?
In any case, potassium channels seem to work equally well when their "closing" potential would not be -80mV, but e.g. -70mV, i.e. the resting potential. But because it's -80mV the potassium channels produce an afterhyperpolarization. My second question is:
Does afterhyperpolarization play a ("positive") functional role, too, or is it just unavoidable? If so: Which "negative" and undesirable effects might it have? (In some respects it might have been better, if there was no afterhyperpolarization.)
The meaning of reversal potential
Ion channels do not themselves have reversal potentials except for via a weighted average of the ions that they conduct. The reversal potential for a given ion is given by the Nernst equation and besides physical constants is a function only of the relative concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell.
The equilibrium potential of the whole cell is given by the Goldman equation, which is similar to the Nernst equation but covers any number of ions. Note that you can also calculate a "reversal potential" for a channel using the Goldman equation by considering all the ions that a given channel will conduct.
The reason that a cell's equilibrium potential at rest is not equal to the potassium reversal potential is because cells are not permeable only to potassium at rest; although potassium dominates, there is some conductance to other ions, which depolarizes the cell slightly.
There is no way for a potassium-selective channel to have a reversal potential any different from the potassium reversal potential, unless it were to be permeable to other ions as well.
What would happen if there were no potassium channels?
If there were no potassium channels at all, cells would rest near 0 mV, give or take a few mV. The "leak" channels that allow cells to rest at a negative potential are primarily potassium channels. However, it seems like your question is mostly directed towards voltage-gated potassium channels.
What would happen if there were no voltage-gated potassium channels?
As you suggest, cells would repolarize much more slowly. However, your question still has inaccuracies.
1) This repolarization would not be from sodium diffusing away, it would be from potassium leaving the cell through leak channels.
2) The sodium-potassium ATPase is not directly responsible for the membrane potential or for repolarization in an action potential. Ion concentrations change very little during an action potential. The thing that changes is the permeability to different ions. The sodium-potassium ATPase is important, however, for maintaining the relative inside concentrations of sodium and potassium ions over the long term.
In addition, as you also suggest, there would be no afterhyperpolarization.
Is there a purpose to the afterhyperpolarization? Is it just unavoidable?
There is somewhat of a purpose. Although the afterhyperpolarization isn't strictly necessary to get action potentials to fire, there are some hyperpolarization-activated channels in some cells, and in all cells the hyperpolarization facilitates the removal of the inactivation block of sodium channels. In general words, it serves as a bit of a 'reset signal' beyond mere repolarization.
However, the afterhyperpolarization is also pretty much unavoidable without a very fine-tuned engineering of the repolarization process (you would need to rapidly close potassium channels as they approached rest, which would also slow down the return to rest).
Overall, this material would be well-covered in an introductory neuroscience textbook. My personal recommendation is Purves:
(any other edition is fine, too, and there a lot of other good alternatives as well)
• $\begingroup$ Thanks a lot for this - once again - great answer! You say: "repolarization would not be from sodium diffusing away". Not at all? Or only to a (much?) lesser extent than potassium leaking? $\endgroup$ Dec 5 '17 at 9:07
• $\begingroup$ (Yes, you are right, I was mainly interested in voltage-gated potassium channels, I should have made this explicit. On the other side: I wouldn't have learnt about the important functional role of potassium leak channels!) $\endgroup$ Dec 5 '17 at 9:09
• $\begingroup$ @HansStricker The net diffusion of sodium across the membrane will (almost) always be sodium coming in, because the reversal potential of sodium is greater than the membrane potential of the cell. The Nernst equation is your friend. Only if the membrane potential is raised higher than the reversal potential for sodium could sodium net flow out. This is plausible if calcium currents push the membrane potential to a high voltage, but this would be a very minor amount and would reverse as soon as the cell was back to the sodium reversal potential. $\endgroup$
– Bryan Krause
Dec 5 '17 at 23:13
• $\begingroup$ Ah, once again, I've not been clear enough! I meant diffusion not across but parallel to the membrane. $\endgroup$ Dec 6 '17 at 6:28
• $\begingroup$ @HansStricker Since you'd like to emphasize your question on voltage gated potassium channels, you are mainly talking about action potentials; in the context of an action potential, you have sodium coming in all throughout the cell. There could be some flow into the dendrites, but the flow of sodium into the dendrites is going to depolarize them (and many dendrites also have active sodium conductances) unless there is leak of potassium out of the dendrites: you have to cross the membrane eventually. :) $\endgroup$
– Bryan Krause
Dec 6 '17 at 9:05
As theorized about here, there might be another "purpose" of voltage-gated potassium channels: They give spreading action potentials - especially in myelinated axons - the form of wandering decaying pulses (compared to a stationary peak at the site of creation, that simply decays, nevertheless giving rise to a rise of the potential at distant sites).
What this shaping is good for – per se – is another question. Why is it per se better that the potential arrives at the next trigger zone as a pulse: the ion channels there won't see a difference, will they? They are unaware of whether potassium channels were present or not at the first trigger zone, they will experience roughly the same (rise of) potential after roughly the same time.
Well, as a pulse (which fades out as it faded it) the signal is shorter, otherwise it lasts longer, making temporal fine tuning harder.
• $\begingroup$ I don't understand what you are suggesting here, and your link in reference is simply to another answer by yourself. $\endgroup$
– Bryan Krause
Dec 6 '17 at 18:21
• $\begingroup$ Sorry for that, I'll try to explain - and visualize - it in more detail.I guess it's not nonsense - and maybe even common knowledge - but hard to explain in a few words. $\endgroup$ Dec 6 '17 at 19:01
• $\begingroup$ Sorry, I could also be more explicit in my criticism. What is a "wandering decaying pulse"? That doesn't sound at all like what an action potential is, so I don't understand how voltage gated potassium channels could be conveying a property that action potentials don't have. $\endgroup$
– Bryan Krause
Dec 6 '17 at 20:54
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Design Approach to Intercom Public Address (PA) System
A design approach to a PA system encompasses the available technologies and a project-specific project-specific engineered layout. This requires a review of the plan drawings to confirm coverage/functionality and a load calculation of the design circuits thus assuring that the expected sound level is realized at each location.
When reviewing the plan drawings, it is important to understand the differences in performance provided by the different speaker types. The more commonly used speakers are speaker/transformer/baffle assemblies, usually a ceiling mount unit, and the horn speaker type also called a loudspeaker. The horn speaker is normally applied to common areas with high occupancy and outdoor use. Two major differences in performance can be seen in the speakers. Possibly the more important difference is in response rate; the frequency response in the normal speech range is significantly better on the ceiling mount type speaker. This basically means that typical announcements come thru as a more intelligible speech pattern. The other major difference is in the audio output performance. In this, the horn speaker can produce up to 15 watts of audio power while the ceiling mount speaker can produce a maximum of 5 watts. The power rating on the speakers translates directly to sound levels where more power means louder sound.
As noted, the typical mounting of the two-general type of speakers differs. The more common ceiling type speaker is offered in a 2x2 drop-in ceiling tile and also as a pendant back-can configuration for mounting in hard ceilings; either recessed in the ceiling or suspended on a conduit box. The horn speaker is often recessed into a wall but does have a surface mount option. The horn speaker is not easily ceiling mounted.
Once the type of speakers in the layout is identified, the sound level has to be established. Because the sound level is directly related to power, louder overall building requirements mean more power must be made available thru the PA system. The typical measurement for sound pressure is the dB scale. The OSHA Sound Level chart is used to establish a baseline with the understanding that the scale is for sustained sound levels and not short announcements.
A typical scale is as follows:
Allowable exposure to the levels are as follows:
From the above, a value of 80 dB is used for a typical classroom, 91 dB for hallways, and 105 dB for horn speakers. After an audible power value is placed on the speakers, a power matrix is created which represents the limits that a PA output card and amplifiers can supply as well as defining the maximum speakers that can be "strung" together…placed in one common circuit. An example of the power matrix is shown below:
This chart represents a PA system with 18 output cards, each card having 25 output ports and a maximum capacity of 50 watts per card. Note that this system also includes an RTU; a large capacity output module.
Two considerations are accounted for when assigning output ports:
• Maintaining the load per card at below 80%, if possible, but always below 100%. Further evaluation is given to those cards that exceed 80%
• Grouping of PA zones/areas of the building within the same output cards
Load assignments to ports are based on the number of speakers in each circuit. This is symbolized by riser diagrams. The riser diagram is a representation of how an output channel will provide power from the port thru each terminal block down to the speaker.
An example is shown below:
Once the power assignments are allocated, the total power (watts) can be calculated, and thus the number of amplifiers required to meet the listed load.
It is important to note that each output port has a maximum capacity. As such, the matrix prevents overloading any one port, the individual card or reaching the limits of assigned amplifiers to respective cards. High loads can be assigned to high output ports and, where needed, space can be made available for future expansion by assigning expected values to the associated ports.
Fieldwork is also simplified as the speaker assignments are engineered to the respective terminal blocks. An example of the expected wiring is shown below.
With this approach, field wiring, testing, and troubleshooting can be traced down to specific circuits thus eliminating any guesswork as to where the tie point might be.
The end result is a fully functional system meeting the intended sound levels of each area.
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Compressed Gas Safety
Compressed gas cylinders can be extremely hazardous, not only because of the contents of the cylinders, but because of the pressure of the gases within the cylinders, so there is a dual concern. When a cylinder is compromised, there’s worry about how the container itself may behave, but also about the potential from harm from whatever chemical is stored inside.
Learning Objectives:
(1) Identify hazards associated with cylinder dispensing and control components and contents
(2) Recognize identification labels and markings on compressed gas cylinders
(3) Recall practices to safely use compressed gas cylinders and their components
(4) Identify safe methods of moving and storing compressed gas cylinders.
Course length: 21 Minutes
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I referred to dictionaries, then concluded that collisions can't be replaced with clash or crash, but I'm not 100% sure my conclusion is right.
Although bird strikes pose a sizable threat to flight safety, the number of major accidents caused due to bird strikes are quite low. The majority of bird strikes do little damage to the affected airplane, but these collisions are almost always fatal to the birds involved in the accident.
What Really Happens When A Bird Hits An Airplane?
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Clashes is completely unsuitable (it means are not compatible, do not go well together). And crashes is a very poor choice when the specific sentence it occurs in is about the birds getting "shredded" without causing the plane to crash. In short, stick with collisions. Sep 10 at 17:16
Forget 'clash' - that does have a different meaning. It can mean "to collide with a loud, harsh, usually metallic noise", but more often than not it is a deliberate collision. For example, the sound of cymbals is a 'clash', and the same word can describe them being played, ie "the cymbals clashed together". It doesn't usually describe an accidental collision.
A 'crash' is often the same thing as a 'collision' - for example, 'a car crash' or 'a car collision' are both idiomatic ways of referring to an accident involving one or more cars. The two words have distinct meanings though, and both carry different inferences. Sometimes, "collision" is used in a positive way. For example, when two people meet it is sometimes said that "their worlds collided". On the other hand, a car crash would almost certainly mean damage to the car and whatever it collided with - another car, or a tree, for example. If a car collided with a bird it is unlikely that the car would be damaged (although the bird might not fare so well). Bird strikes, as mentioned in your example, are notoriously dangerous for planes because a bird can get into the engine and cause damage to the plane, although your example text is saying that more often than not they are harmless. "Collision" definitely seems to be the best word here because of the varying outcomes that are possible.
As a general rule mobile biological things do not crash but mobile mechanical things do. Biological things are more likely to be described as crashing into something or crashing something else.
The plane crashed when a bird collided with it.
A bird crashed into a plane. (The two things collided.)
A bird crashed a plane. (The plane is what crashed here.)
The cars crashed [together].
The go-cart crashed.
I crashed a go-cart.
I crashed into a dumpster. (Maybe I was walking or maybe I was driving a go-cart.)
A plane crashed into a bird. (Just like biological things mechanical things can also crash into other things.)
If I just say I crashed without supporting context, most people will wonder what I crashed, my vehicle for example, or what I crashed into.
P.S. People can be described as crashing if they are extremely tired and fall asleep but that's a different definition.
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9 Symptoms of Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Unusual Odor
Diarrhea is a common symptom of Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) patients often complain about their feces having an unusual odor that has been described as ‘sickeningly sweet’. The stools of an infected person are usually watery and have a yellowish-green color. If you’ve been passing unusual colored and smelly stools, it is best to visit your doctor to know the underlying cause of this symptom.
Mild to severe diarrhea can occur in CDI patients; this is an abnormally high number of bowel passages per day. The bacteria often causes the colon to become swollen or inflamed. This irritates the digestive organ and stimulates frequent bowel passages. The inflammation of the colon can cause patches of raw tissue to form, leading to bleeding or pus production. Persons suffering from this condition may defecate six to twelve times daily. Diarrhea is a severe symptom that requires immediate treatment because it can lead to other health complications.
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“The very basic core of a man’s living spirit is his passion for adventure.” This was the philosophy of a young man who abandoned his family, car and possessions, inventing a new life for himself. Into The Wild is the story of Christopher McCandless, a twenty-four year old from the East Coast, who walked alone into the Alaskan wilderness and never came out. At the discovery of his remains, the puzzling circumstances of the boys death received huge media attention. Many called him reckless, incompetent, selfish, a wacko, a “narcissist who perished out of arrogance and stupidity.” Jon Krakauer, author of Into the Wild, reported on McCandless’s death, and soon realized the connection he had with the boy who perished in the Alaskan bush.While Krakauer’s work is technically a biography, the essence of his novel is very complex: a narrative at times, and most importantly a persuasive and comparative essay. Jon Krakauer’s comparisons of Christopher McCandless to Everett Ruess, Walt McCandless, and Krakauer himself, compels readers to change their view of McCandless to brilliant rather than arrogant.
Everett Ruess, a young man who mysteriously disappeared in a remote area of Utah in 1934, is extensively discussed in Jon Krakauer’s Into The Wild. Krakauer’s description of Everett Ruess and Christopher McCandless draws significant parallels between their personalities. Rather than focusing on the misjudgements that led to their deaths, Krakauer brings to light the motives behind them. First, Krakauer describes in detail Ruess’s family; successful, educated and wealthy, not so different from McCandless’s family. Strangely enough, Ruess like McCandless began travelling the wilderness alone just after high school. And to the bewilderment of his family returned home less and less until one day, he didn’t return at all. Without background knowledge, this appears to be a selfish act; completely undermining the love and support of family. Krakauer however, reveals a different perspective Ruess had, which the reader can’t help but apply to Christopher McCandless. To open the chapter, Krakauer includes an excerpt from a letter Ruess wrote to his brother in 1934, the last letter ever received from him. In it, Ruess not only justifies his abandonment of civilization, but McCandless’s as well who held his life to the same principles: “Do you blame me for staying here, where I feel that I belong and am one with the world around me? It is true that I miss intelligent companionship, but there are so few with whom I can share the things that mean so much to me that I have learned to contain myself. It is enough that I am surrounded by beauty.” Krakauer’s strategic placement of this excerpt before retelling Ruess’s story destroys any misconceptions that Ruess (and McCandless) were running away from relationship trouble, which would undermine his pure and authentic awe with the wilderness. He was not trying to get revenge on those he loved by walking out of their lives, rather he felt so inspired the wild that he couldn’t bear to leave it. Krakauer discusses their similarities further by stating specific examples of these parallels, such as adopting a new name before entering the wild. Ruess inscribed “Nemo 1934” on a canyon wall while McCandless inscribed “Alexander Supertramp 1992” on an abandoned bus in Alaska. Both McCandless and Ruess were undeterred by physical discomfort, and obsessed with the pursuit of adventure. By showing these similarities, the perception that McCandless had unprecedented feelings is challenged, as he mirrored another man’s actions from decades before. Krakauer’s decision to share Ruess’s story changes the way McCandless’s actions are interpreted: “In attempting to understand Everett Ruess and Chris McCandless, It can be illuminating to consider their deeds in a larger context. It is helpful to look at counterparts from a distant place and a century far removed.” This comparison is crucial in depicting McCandless as a courageous young man whose pursuit of adventure has been shared by other men before him.
While the comparison of Ruess discussed adventurous motivations, Krakauer’s analysis of McCandless’s relationship with his father shed light on his frustration with the world around him, further explaining his desire to go to Alaska. Krakauer dedicates nearly an entire chapter of Into the Wild on Walter McCandless’s life and his interactions with his son, drawing on personal statements from Walter, and interpreting those statements based on Christopher’s actions. Krakauer’s description of the tension between Christopher and his father is supported and further developed by examples. First, Krakauer describes a fundamental point of contention-money. To provide background information on Walt, Krakauer outlines his life and struggle from a poor child to successful businessman. With enough money to finally provide for his family, Walt showered his wife and kids with expensive things, a loving act in his mind. Krakauer provides a quote from Chris’s mother who acknowledges that Chris was “embarrassed” by it, as he was strictly against materialism. To further inform the reader, more background is given on Chris’s childhood and his revulsion to any kind of fatherly advice. The examples given in Chris’s early years are effective foreshadowing to greater disagreements that Krakauer will discuss later, such as the value of a college education. Walt thought college was necessary to make an impact, while Chris viewed it as a waste of time and money. To further establish the tension between Chris and Walt, Krakauer uses juxtaposition and places their point of view side by side. Like setting up a row of dominos, Krakauer uses each source of conflict to prepare the reader for the major relational flaw. First the reader is left wondering why Chris’s anger towards his father increases after high school. Krakauer places the reader in the position of Chris’s family, who were bewildered by his sudden disconnect. Next, the perspective changes, as Krakauer reveals the missing piece to the puzzle of Chris’s anger. Walt had continued his relationship with his first wife while he was married to Chris’s mother Billie, and had fathered one of her children after having Chris. This only hardened the resentment Chris felt for his father, solidifying the distance between them. Krakauer’s detached tone during this chapter forces readers to analyze the gray areas between the turbulent relationship of Chris and his father. However, by including the father aspect, the reader must place themselves in Chris’s childhood and family life which is crucial in understanding him. Krakauer’s keen sense to include this is vital in the portrayal of McCandless as misunderstood; destroying the notion that he had no reason for dissatisfaction with his life before entering the wild.
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Perhaps the most formative comparison Krakauer makes of McCandless is to himself. Krakauer has a personal connection to McCandless in many ways; a strained relationship with his father, a love of the outdoors, and most importantly a desire of adventure that brushed with death. In destroying the notion that McCandless was suicidal, Krakauer uses his personal experience as a young man who nearly lost his life while climbing an ice cap. He first states: “As a youth, I am told, I was willful, self-absorbed, intermittently reckless, moody,” then shares his plan to climb Devil’s Thumb, a unclimbed mountain in Alaska. He describes this ordeal in detail, a terrifying experience that nearly ended with him falling three thousand feet to his death. Most importantly, Krakauer emphasizes the emotions that led to his actions; feelings that can be applied to McCandless: “It is easy, when you are young, to believe that what you desire is no less than what you deserve, to assume that if you want something badly enough, it is your God-given right to have it. When I decided to go to Alaska that April, like Chris McCandless, I was a raw youth who mistook passion for insight and acted according to an obscure, gap-ridden logic…I suspect we had a similar intensity, a similar heedlesness, a similar agitation of the soul.” Krakauer’s personal story portrays a young man whose sense of adventure nearly cost him his life; not a suicidal maniac. This is critical in understanding McCandless. Many of McCandless’s critics portrayed him as naive, incompetent, even insane. As a well known and respected author known for his knowledge of the wilderness, the connections between McCandless and Krakauer help improve Chris’s image from someone who was mentally unstable, to an adventurous young man who suffered from bad luck. Krakauer points out that in a different array of events he could’ve died on the ice cap, and people would be saying of him exactly what they were saying of McCandless. The two men’s stories were very much alike, apart from a very different end. The emotional link between Krakauer and McCandless is key in the portrayal of McCandless as a young man searching for a purpose, not a death wish.
Into the Wild successfully reports the outcome and events leading up to Christopher McCandless’s journey into the wilderness. It completely fits the role of biography, yet Krakauer’s approach defend McCandless’s actions against the judgement of the world. Krakauer successfully does this through a series of comparisons that not only increases the readers understanding of McCandless, but portrays him as a young man with a deep passion for life, an intense moral compass, and a restlessness that many young people can relate to.With each small part of the larger whole that is the novel, Krakauer draws the reader in, using pathos to change the view of McCandless. In comparison to Ruess, Krakauer proves that the desire for unpredictability offered by the wilderness is universal to young men with a certain agitation of the soul. The investigation of McCandless’s relationship with his father reveal a strong sense of moral rectitude possessed by Chris, further improving his image. Lastly, the personal connection Krakauer had with McCandless depicted a similar experience which highlighted the characteristics of post-adolescence and the struggle to find identity. Into The Wild is the defense of a man who pursued the life he wanted, and all who share a similar passion.
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prontron - PRONunciation percepTRON
by Graham Neubig
prontron is a tool for pronunciation estimation, mainly focusing on the pronunciation of Japanese unknown words, but written in a general way so it can be used for any string-to-string conversion task. I created it as a quick challenge to see if I could apply discriminative learning (the structured perceptron) to Japanese pronunciation estimation, but I am posting it in case anybody will find it useful.
--- Download/Install ---
Download the latest version from
The code of prontron is distributed according to the Common Public License v 1.0, and can be distributed freely according to this license.
--- Estimating Pronunciations with prontron ---
To estimate the pronunciation of words with prontron, you can use the models included in the model directory. If you have a file input.txt with one word per line, run the program as follows:
$ model/model.dict model/model.feat < input.txt > output.txt
This will output pronunciations, one per line, into output.txt.
--- Training prontron ---
Prontron training is a two step process. First, you have to build a dictionary of "subword/pronunciation" pairs, then run weight training.
First, create two files train.word and train.pron that contain words and their pronunciations. Then run the alignment program to create a dictionary model/model.dict of subword/pronunciation pairs:
$ train.word train.pron model/model.dict
You can add more entries to the dictionary if you notice that anything important is missing. Next, we train the feature weights model/model.feat using the perceptron algorithm.
$ train.word train.pron model/model.dict model/model.feat
That is it! Both of these programs have a number of training options (mins and maxes should be the same for
-fmin minimum length of the input unit (1)
-fmax maximum length of the input unit (1)
-emin minimum length of the output unit (0)
-emax maximum length of the output unit (5)
-iters maximum number of iterations (10)
-word use word units instead of characters only:
-cut all pairs that have a maximum posterior probability
less than this will be trimmed (0.001) only:
-inarow skip training examples we've gotten right
this many times
-recheck re-check skipped examples in this many times
--- How Does it Work? ---
Prontron uses discriminative training based on the structured perceptron. This is good, because it lets the training many arbitrary features. The basic idea of the structured perceptron algorithm is:
* Given a set of feature weights h, for a certain word w find the highest scoring pronunciation p, and its set of features f(p).
* If p is not equal to the correct pronunciation p*, reduce the weights for features f(p) and increase weights of features of f(p*).
* Repeat this for every word in the corpus many times until we find good weights.
In the case of pronunciation estimation, it is not too difficult to find p, f(p), and f(p*) using the Viterbi algorithm. For the current features in prontron, we use bigram and length features over four sequences:
Word: 発音 発表
Pronunciation: はつおん はっぴょう
Seq1 -- Char/Pron. Pairs: 発/はつ 音/おん 発/はっ 表/ぴょう
Seq2 -- Pron. Strings: はつ おん はっ ぴょう
Seq3 -- Pron. Characters: は つ お ん は っ ぴ ょ う
Seq4 -- (Almost) Phonemes: h a t u o n h a x p i xyo u
Examples of the features learned over each of these sequences are as follows:
--- Contributors ---
* Graham Neubig (main developer)
If you are interested in participating in the prontron project, particularly tackling any of the interesting challenges below, please send an email to neubig at gmail dot com.
--- TODO List ---
There are a bunch of possible improvements that would be quite interesting and useful:
* Regularization: Currently the perceptron is unregularized, but adding L1 or L2 regularization could reduce the number of features and increase performance.
* N-best Decoding: Currently prontron can only give one-best answers.
* Large-Margin Traning: Large-margin techniques such as support vector machines can be learned online. They are simple to implement, but require at least 2-best decoding.
* Other Loss Functions: Prontron currently only supports one-zero loss (examples are right, or not), but it would probably be better to do loss based on mora error rate. This is not, however, trivial to do.
--- Revision History ---
Version 0.1.0 (7/10/2011)
* Initial release!
A discriminative pronunciation estimator using the structured perceptron algorithm.
No releases published
No packages published
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Are there gender pronouns in Dutch?
Does Dutch have a gender-neutral pronoun?
What are the genders in Dutch?
There are three genders in Dutch: masculine, feminine, and neuter. De is used with masculine and feminine nouns. Het is used with neuter nouns. Each noun has a gender and some nouns have two genders.
What are your pronouns in Dutch?
Personal pronouns
Nominative Accusative
Ik I Me
U You (formal) You (formal)
Hij/-ie He Him
Zij/ze She Her
How do pronouns work in Dutch?
Direct and indirect object pronouns are the same in Dutch, except for “them.” Hen is used if it is a direct object, and hun is used if it is an indirect object. Generally, indirect objects are preceded by “to” or “from” in English, and direct objects are not preceded by any prepositions.
Does Dutch have 3 genders?
IT IS INTERESTING: Can I substitute regular cocoa for Dutch processed?
Is there any in the Dutch alphabet?
Letter Letter name Spelling alphabet
Z [zɛt] Zacharias
Is Dutch easy to learn?
What language has no gender?
There are some languages that have no gender! Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish, and many other languages don’t categorize any nouns as feminine or masculine and use the same word for he or she in regards to humans.
What is the opposite gender of Dutch?
Dutch as a nationality, is a unisex word. It is both masculine as feminine.
What do you call a Dutch woman?
[ duhch-woom-uhn ] SHOW IPA. / ˈdʌtʃˌwʊm ən / PHONETIC RESPELLING. noun, plural Dutch·wom·en. a female native or inhabitant of the Netherlands; a woman of Dutch ancestry.
Are the Dutch?
Dutch people
c. 30 million
Regions with significant populations
Netherlands 16,215,000 (Citizens with Dutch nationality include both parents born in the Netherlands 13,227,000)
United States 3,558,000
What is ZIJ in Dutch?
“Zij” and “ze” is a personal pronoun which can translate as either “she” or “they” in English. The difference in Dutch though is emphasis. “Zij” is the emphatic form, “ze” is unemphatic. The same goes for “mij/me” (me), “jij/je” (you), “wij/we” (we).
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Is 3 days enough in Amsterdam?
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Thursday, October 21, 2021
HomeBlogs5 Tips on How to Teach A Child to Write
5 Tips on How to Teach A Child to Write
Teaching a child to write is entertaining as well as challenging. Parents need to be polite, patient and tolerant enough to teach a child to write in a well-coordinated way. Usually, children start learning to write before pre-school. Very often parents enjoy teaching their kids any new activity.
Parents should keep in mind that first three to fours years of a child’s life are crucial in early development. Anything that kids face at this stage has a long-lasting effect on their lives for the years to come. Therefore, parents must treat their kids by keeping in mind their psyche.
How to Teach A Child to Write
One should keep a number of factors in mind before starting to teach a child to write. Briefly, applying following tips can help parents to accomplish this task in an effective manner.
1. Help Them Tighten the Grip
Kids usually have a tighter grip on everything they hold. But, they not always know how to hold something in the right way. Before, parents start to teach a child to write they must begin by working on their grip on the pencils.
2. Writing In Front of the Children
Parents who think that it is time to teach their kids how to write should begin writing before them. It is the nature of children that they imitate elders in almost everything. So, parents practice writing before the kids for making them build an interest.
3. Work on Their Posture
Parents must observe the comfort level of their kids from the very beginning. They should know what bothers their kids while writing. Usually, after the pen’s grip, it is the angle that an arm makes with a hand which can bother a kid. It can also determine the writing style as well. Parents who will that their kids have difficulty in comfortably using the pen should use a slanting surface for writing.
4. Making Kids Connect the Dots
The most effective way to teach a child to write is by designing the dotted letters and making your kids connect them with a pencil. It seems to be fun for kids to press a pencil over dots and complete the shapes.
5. Correcting them in Beginning
Parents should also make sure to connect their children in beginning. Like they should tell them why to not stretch a line too long or why to not keep it too short. Making such corrections in numerics and alphabetical letters are essential because they have fixed universal shapes and must be drawn accordingly.
Also Read
Learn How to Teach Kids to Swim
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Winner of the New Statesman SPERI Prize in Political Economy 2016
Tuesday, 31 August 2021
Is it true that “anything we can actually do we can afford”?
This was something Keynes said in a 1942 BBC address. By 'we' he meant the government, and by 'actually do' he meant the physical resources (e.g. labour) were available. He was talking about what he hoped would happen after the war, and against the austerity policies that had seen mass unemployment in the late 1920s and 1930s. He says in the same address:
It was a policy the UK pursued in the next few decades, after a few years producing full employment on average along with rapid growth and, initially at least, with little or no inflation. Keynes was proved correct. However in the 1960s and 1970s that was no longer the case, and we learnt through double digit inflation, and in the UK widespread disruption, that the real constraint on what you can do is inflation rather than full employment. It was always clear, however, at least to UK and other European economists, that how close you could get to full employment before inflation set in was governed by a complex and variable set of institutional factors. So Keynes’ statement became ‘governments can do anything as long as inflation remains stable’.
If inflation is the ultimate constraint on what we can actually do, why did governments start to worry about their own finances? Why did bodies like the IMF start advocating fiscal rules to limit government borrowing and later independent fiscal institutions to monitor government deficits? Some may have wanted to reduce the growth of government spending, but the official reason was real enough: deficit bias.
Deficit bias has been long forgotten as a result of the macroeconomic disaster that began in 2010, but it is crucial to understanding the origin of financial considerations influencing what we can actually do. To understand deficit bias you also need to understand another change that began in the 1970s and has now become dominant, which is how demand management is done.
In the UK in the decades after WWII, fiscal policy was used to stabilise the economy at full employment. Interest rates played a minor role, and arbitrary limits on personal borrowing were common. (This is similar to the policy proposal associated with MMT.) This made sense under the system of fixed exchange rates created by Bretton Woods. When that came to an end in the early 1970s, interest rate changes became more powerful because of their impact on exchange rates, and that was enhanced as credit controls were gradually abolished.
The world moved, often erratically, towards a system we have today: macroeconomic stabilisation using interest rates set by central banks trying to hit inflation targets. This in turn created the problem of deficit bias. In a world where fiscal policy stabilises the economy, deficit bias isn’t an issue because deficits increase in recessions but fall in booms. The economic cycle and the need for fiscal policy stabilisation means that government debt broadly looks after itself. To put it another way, labour shortages and high inflation are the cost an irresponsible government pays for spending to much or taxing too little.
In contrast, in a world where interest rates are varied to stabilise the economy, inflation is no longer a constraint on fiscal policy. In this world, Keynes’ statement of the title again becomes true, because central banks will look after inflation. The only cost of spending a lot or taxing too little would be high interest rates, but as these rates were set by someone else, the political cost to governments of running large deficits is more opaque as long as the increase in rates wasn’t too rapid.
This is perhaps the most important point of this post. Deficit targets or more sophisticated fiscal rules only make sense in a world where interest rates are able to be used to target inflation. It follows automatically that fiscal rules make no sense when rates are stuck at their lower bound. These two sentences are sufficient to show that 2010 austerity makes no sense. The reason MMTers don’t like fiscal rules follows automatically from their wish that fiscal policy rather than interest rates target inflation.
In the three decades after the fall in Bretton Woods, governments in the US and Europe (not the UK) took advantage of this new freedom monetary policy stabilisation had given them. Global debt to GDP ratios almost doubled. This is deficit bias. [1]
To what extent was this deficit bias a problem? In the short and medium term for the major economies (treating the Eurozone as a country) not much, but in the longer term (by which I mean centuries rather than decades) there is bound to be a limit on how large government debt could be in relation to GDP. [2] So for that reason alone it makes sense to try and make it hard, through rules and institutions, for governments to increase debt at that rate. It should also increase welfare if governments are discouraged from increasing debt for no good reason beyond buying elections.
I think the evidence that inflation stabilisation by independent central banks was highly successful compared to all the other stabilisation regimes that preceded it is overwhelming. So having good fiscal rules that make it difficult for governments to try and win elections by increasing debt is also worth having. This is why I support good fiscal rules.
However, I also think bad fiscal rules are far worse than no fiscal rules at all. It is vitally important that government debt should be allowed to rise in a number of situations. Fiscal rules that prevent that do far more harm than good. There are two clear situations today where debt needs to rise. The first is in severe recessions, where interest rates get stuck at their lower bound [3]. The second is where large investments are required to produce a large future benefit. The most obvious example of the latter is climate change.
Why are there so many bad fiscal rules around today? I think one important reason is that the political right has seen them as a way of reducing the size of the state. The media have not helped, by grossly exaggerating the cost of higher debt and using any departure from a (bad) fiscal rule as a sign of government irresponsibility.
Which brings me to what inspired this post, Adam Tooze’s Chartbook No.34. This takes an MMT perspective, and ignores all the points I make about interest rate stabilisation and inflation. Which is understandable, when interest rates have been at or close to their lower bound for over a decade and inflation has not been an issue. The puzzle he addresses is how can we describe a government project (project X) as crowding out something else, when the amount the government could borrow before hitting an inflation constraint far exceeds what it actually borrows. You cannot say doing X stopped you doing Y and Z, because you could have done X, Y and Z.
I suspect this is usually an artificial question, because for me at least doing X, Y and Z would bring the economy to the point where it either hits the inflation constraint (in an MMT world) or where interest rates start rising (in today’s world). This would be a certainty if Y was greening the economy and Z were the fiscal transfers to make a carbon tax (or equivalent) politically acceptable. In both cases there is a clear opportunity cost of doing X.
An example of X where this arose recently was Trump’s tax cuts for the rich. I am happy to say the main problem with this is it was a transfer of income from the many to the few. The rich were better off, and that money either comes from the rest of the population now or in the future. Most people don’t see that because Trump paid for it by borrowing. For me [4], that means it’s also an example of deficit bias: raising the deficit just to pay off those who gave you money to win the election. [5]
I agree with Adam Tooze when he says there is no fixed pot of money. The government is the owner of the magic money tree, and in the US, UK and collective Eurozone today can borrow freely. I disagree on three points. First, I think the constraint in MMT type economies (where only fiscal policy does macro stabilisation) is normally inflation and not available resources, and second I think we can talk about the opportunity cost of bad policies even when the inflation constraint does not bite for the reason I gave above. Third, in today’s economies, it does make sense to ask whether deficits are justified or not, just as it did over the period of deficit bias and subsequently.
[1] The term deficit bias is bound to involve value judgments. No one should describe the rise in government debt after the GFC and the pandemic as deficit bias, because debt rose for very good reasons. Deficit bias is a rising government debt to GDP ratio over decades for no obviously good reason, and what a good reason is has to be a value judgement.
[2] Debt around 100% of GDP is fine. But if it doubles every 30 years for no good reason, you are over 1000% a century later and over 10,000% after that.
[3] This is why the fiscal rule that Jonathan Portes and I proposed here contained a knock-out where the rule no longer applies when interest rates hit the lower bound. Any fiscal rule today that fails to have something similar is a bad fiscal rule. It also focused on the current balance, putting no constraint on investment to green the economy, for example.
[4] I admit that a Republican who thought the economy was better off if taxes on the rich were reduced would not call this deficit bias. In that case all you can do is point out that there is little sign his belief is correct (e.g.)
[5] Does the relationship between r (the interest rate) and g (the nominal growth rate) matter here? I don’t think so, because we are talking about a permanent flow (tax cuts) rather than a one-off project.
1. My suspicion is that the debate is where the floating exchange rate boundary is - and few economists can see that
Effectively government doesn't spend in green dollars. It spends in yellow dollars which via the interest rate has an exchange rate with green dollars.
QE makes that exchange rate impure and more like the 'dirty peg' that the Chinese run between the Yuan and the dollar.
MMT says scrap yellow dollars and just use green dollars, which then puts government in the same floating exchange rate zone as the rest of us. The floating rate boundary then moves from around Treasury out to the border of the currency zone.
The difference between Keynesians and MMT people is whether they believe having a variable cost parameter on government spending that comes from the silly shuffle that they call 'borrowing' has any economic value.
2. Offer a $15/£10 per hour job to anybody who wants one, paying them directly from the central bank.
If mainstream economic theory is correct, nobody will turn up and/or nobody will be left on it very quickly.
The MMT position is that putting the currency on the labour hour standard is superior to interest rate adjustment in terms of inflation control - leading to greater output at stable prices than any competing ideas at any given interest rate.
That's because unlike the Gold standard labour hours cannot be hoarded and are fundamental to every form of activity in the economy.
May I suggest focusing not on the ratio of debt but the cost of debt service. Obviously at a low 2% average yield on nominal debt, the first scenario gives debt service as an alarming and doubtfully feasible 20% of GDP, and the second a mathematically impossible 200%.
The main reason for the change is that debt service directly represents the real burden on current and future taxpayers. The portfolio of nominal debt outstanding is a historical palimpsest, different for each country, especially ones with long debt records like the UK. Using nominal debt-to-GDP ratios adds pointless and emotive noise, and risks unsound policies.
The one aspect where nominal debt may be a better guide is in assessing rollover risks. But these need an additional indicator anyway to capture the maturity distribution, just as we need a distinct indicator of foreign bondholding to capture the foreign dependency risk.
A historical anecdote reinforces the argument. The UK's debt-to GDP ratio in 1815 after Waterloo is often cited with awe as a historical record for a country without hyperinflation, variously at 295% or 270% IIRC. It is a commonplace qualification thatthe denominator is uncertain, and Pitt did not have usable GDP estimates to go by. However, the estimates constructed later by economic historians are pretty good. What is less often noted is that he numerator is arbitrary.
As I understand it, when the Treasury needed to borrow during the long Napoleonic wars, which was often, it took the traditional 2.5% coupon on Consols as given and sold the new issue for what they could get, often considerably less than par. This was sensible policy, as it made the new issue legally identical to the old and over time created a huge and highly liquid pool of low-risk assets, as well as reducing administrative costs and risks of misappropriation to the absolute minimum. But it also meant that the nominal total of outstanding Consols was an unimportant book-keeping sum, not even a record of the total sums raised. Were any significant policymakers and pundits like Ricardo paying any attention to it?
4. «I think the evidence that inflation stabilisation by independent central banks was highly successful compared to all the other stabilisation regimes that preceded it is overwhelming.»
That is pure handwaving, especially considering the periodic 15-20 year financial crashes and recessions.
But so many governments have been simply shifted the technique used to buy elections by increasing *private* debt (which is not really private, e.g. mortgage debt, "secured" by "fantasy finance" valuations) which thanks to the "debt collateral spiral" described by John Stiglitz generates high inflation of property and pension costs (which is not "inflation" of course).
This has been called by Kevin Crouch "privatised keynesianism" and has been celebrated by many central bankers as inducing the "wealth effect". Mervyn King however seems to have repented.
George Osborne: “Hopefully we will get a little housing boom and everyone will be happy as property values go up
As to the quote from Cameron, real booms result in a *reduction* of debt because they increase income from greater output rather than book capital gains from higher asset prices.
5. "You cannot say doing X stopped you doing Y and Z, because you could have done X, Y and Z."
Not really. There are good reasons why we cannot achieve a perfect health service by, say, having 99% of the working population employed by the NHS. It isn't just an issue of funding. It is an issue of the allocation of national resources.
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The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s & 1940s by Michael Goldfield
BY Barry Eidlin
The U.S. Civil Rights Movement (CRM) from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s has served as the template for contemporary social movement scholarship. Not only has the movement itself been the most widely studied, but many of the core theoretical concepts, most notably political process theory, either were developed as part of explaining the emergence and development of the CRM, or had the CRM as a key empirical vantage point.
Vast amounts of scholarship have sought to explain the timing and trajectory of the CRM, how it framed issues, how it won key rights and freedoms. Considerably less scholarship examines why the movement took the shape it did (i.e. based in the Black church and clergy-led) or ended up focusing on the issues it did (i.e. equal individual rights such as voting, access to desegregated public and private facilities, etc.).
The scholarship that does exist reveals an earlier incipient civil rights movement in the 1930s and 40s. As scholars like Robin D. G. Kelley, Robert Korstad, and Manning Marable have shown, this one was far more rooted in the organized working class, with the Communist Party (CP) playing a leading role. Its program took aim much more squarely at the economic power of Southern racism and Northern reaction, while linking principled anti-racism to a broad program for economic justice.
This movement was violently repressed in the aftermath of World War II. Its defeat delayed the emergence of a full-blown civil rights movement in the U.S. for a decade or more, and constrained the demands the movement that did emerge could win. While it is true that the 1963 March on Washington was for “Jobs and Freedom,” and that Martin Luther King, Jr.’s program incorporated broader economic demands, this part of King’s dream was deferred.
Understanding how and why this incipient labor-based civil rights movement was snuffed out remains critical for explaining not only the trajectory of the later CRM that emerged, but Southern and U.S. politics more broadly.
That’s why I’m recommending Mobilizing Ideas’ summer reading list a great new book from Michael Goldfield entitled The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Oxford University Press, 2020). Few scholars have delved as deeply as Goldfield into questions of race, labor, and Left politics, particularly in the U.S. South. The result is a book that is a culmination of his life’s work, and a tremendous contribution not only to the study of labor history and politics, but of social movements more broadly.
What is Goldfield’s explanation for why a labor-based CRM failed to take root? Briefly, he argues that conservative business union leaders tamped down the worker upsurges of the 1930s, preventing the broader community alliances and grassroots organizing that could have overcome racial divisions and the power of Southern reaction. The possible counterweight to the business unionists was the CP. It had considerable influence within labor thanks to its members, who proved themselves to be the hardest-working, most dedicated organizers. They were also the most consistent, principled anti-racists, which won them respect among Black workers and Black communities more broadly. Through its campaigns, the CP served as the base for an incipient labor-civil rights movement.
However, the CP’s Stalinist-influenced politics vacillated according to the dictates of the Soviet Comintern. While these shifts penetrated the ranks unevenly, in the South they meant that the Party soft-pedaled its principled anti-racism and allied with business unionists in the name of building a “Popular Front,” even in cases where it legitimately enjoyed broader worker support than the more conservative alternative. This undermined the CP’s ability to counter the business unionist vision while leaving its leaders and activists more vulnerable to Red-baiting attacks that destroyed the Party, and with it the possibility of a broader labor-civil rights movement in the South.
Goldfield develops this argument through in-depth analyses of organizing in key Southern industries: coal, steel, wood, and textile. These are the industries which would have been key to organizing the South. In each case, he carefully documents the objective possibilities for organizing the industry, the internal politics of the unions or committees leading the organizing drives in each industry, and how and why they came up short. A subsequent chapter on the failure of Operation Dixie in the late 1940s shows that it was a coda to previous failures to organize the South rather than a decisive moment itself, while a concluding chapter focused on the CP offers a nuanced assessment of how it both built and undermined possibilities for a stronger, more interracial labor movement.
As he discusses in a methodological first chapter, Goldfield’s approach is resolutely structural, focusing on how economic relations shape the forms that protest takes and the conditions for movement success. In this he evokes the work of pioneering social movement scholars like Doug McAdam and Frances Fox Piven. This approach is essential for challenging widely held shibboleths about race, politics, and social mobilization in the South, which tend to view the region as inherently conservative and irredeemably racist.
A great example of this is Goldfield’s analysis of textile organizing, a strategically vital sector where organizers consistently ran into trouble. Much existing scholarship lays the blame on conservative Southern textile communities. But through a comparative analysis of textile industry organizing at a global scale, Goldfield shows that it is challenging everywhere, not just the U.S. South. The reason is textile’s relative mobility, which undermines workers’ structural power, as compared to miners or steelworkers for example. To compensate for this and to organize successfully, textile workers must rely on building up associational power through community alliances, solidarity strikes from workers in other structurally powerful industries, and other such measures. In the case of the U.S. South, organizers focused on large textile mills in isolated, rural areas, instead of starting by building a base in mills located closer to urban areas, where possibilities for associational power were greater.
While his analysis is structural, Goldfield also takes seriously Marx’s oft-quoted maxim that “men [sic] make their own history, but they do not make it…under self-selected circumstances.” Leadership styles and organizational decisions play key roles in Goldfield’s account of labor and the Left’s defeat. This comes through in his meticulous archival research, which includes fascinating organizational correspondence from union and CP staff and leadership. You get to observe these actors weighing and making the fateful decisions that doom their organizing drives. By extension, you gain a clearer sense of what alternate possibilities could have been viable, and what it would have taken to win.
This, ultimately, is the most important point of Goldfield’s book, and what makes it important for social movement scholars to read: its insistence, based on carefully documented evidence, that failure was not inevitable. Organizing the South and building a labor-based civil rights movement was indeed possible, but failed due to certain critical decisions and the outcomes of key battles. By implication, different decisions and battle outcomes could have led to a different outcome. And, by extension, in spite of the historic challenges that workers in the South and across the U.S. face today, winning is still an option.
But in order to win, it’s crucial to learn the lessons of these historical events from the 1930s and 40s. That’s why it’s worth spending part of your summer with Michael Goldfield’s The Southern Key.
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What is Horseradish?
Species: Armoracia rusticana; family (Cruciferae/Brassicaceae)
Common Names: German Mustard.
Horseradish is a European plant of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae) with large green leaves and a large cylindrical, edible root, used as a condiment.. The root has a light brown skin (when freshly harvested) and a white flesh.
The whole root is not pungent but once it’s bruised by cutting or grating certain enzymes and chemicals are released that make it pungent.
The enzyme is called myrosinase and it breaks down two compounds, sinigrin and gluconasturtiin into a compound called allyl isothiocyanate, which irritates the eyes, mucuos membranes and sinuses, so be careful when grating or blitzing horseradish in a blender. (WIKI)
When allyl isothiocyanate is exposed to air or heat it oxidizes and gradually looses its pungency, eventually darkening in colour and developing an unpleasantly bitter taste. To avoid this, freshly grated horseradish should be stored in vinegar as soon as possible. Allyl isothiocyanate is also responsible for pungency in mustard.
By Anna reg [CC BY-SA 3.0]
What is prepared horseradish?
To use horseradish roots, they have to be grated, finely shredded or crushed and mixed with vinegar to give them a longer shelf life and stop them from oxidizing. This preparation is referred to as prepared mustard and is usually seasoned with salt. Some people also call it pickled horseradish.
You can either prepare horseradish by yourself or buy bottled prepared horseradish in the supermarket in the cold section near sauerkraut and potato salad. Freshly prepared horseradish is more pungent than commercial preparations. (see this recipe).
Grated beetroot or beetroot juice can be added to prepared horseradish to to produce what we call Red Horseradish or Prepared Horseradish and Beets . The beetroot gives it a sweet taste. (see this product)
Please note that once horseradish is prepared it will gradually lose its pungency, so it should be stored in an airtight container and used as soon as possible to get maximum flavour.
What is horseradish sauce?
Grated horseradish or horseradish powder can be combined with mayonnaise or or several ingredients to give what we call “horseradish sauce” which is usually bought in the supermarkets. These types of sauces are usually very high in fat and calories. Below are two examples of store-bought horseradish sauces (Arby’s and Lynch’s)
1. Arby’s Horsey Sauce
1 teaspoon (5g) of the famous Arby’s Horsey Sauce has 20 calories (15 from fat) and the following ingredients: Soya Bean Oil, Water, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Distilled Vinegar, Corn Syrup, Modified Cornstarch, Egg Yolks, Salt, Mustard Flour, Horseradish Powder, Artificial Flavour, Sodium Benzoate (Preservative), Calcium Disodium EDTA (to protect flavour). It should be refrigerated after opening. (see Arby’s Horsey Sauce)
2. Lynch’s Creamy Horseradish Sauce
Here are ingredients in Lynch’s Creamy Horseradish Sauce: Horseradish (horseradish, water, white vinegar), water, sugar, glucose, vinegar, modified corn starch, canola oil, coconut oil, corn syrup solids, salt, mustard, concentrated lemon juice, colour, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium caseinate (milk), dipotassium phosphate, mono & diglycerides (soy), silicon dioxide, xanthan gum, soy lecithin, spice extractive. (see Lynch’s Horseradish Sauce)
Culinary Use of Horseradish
The pungent horseradish root compliments meat, poultry and vegetables. It is commonly grated, mixed with lemon or vinegar and eaten raw, as a condiment, although ketchup and mustard is more widely used.
Grated horseradish can be mixed with yoghurt and apple sauce and used to serve meat.
Prepared horseradish can be mixed with vinegar, lemon juice and grated apple and used to serve steak (see this recipe)
In the UK, horseradish sauce is prepared at home by finely grating the root and mixing it with whipped double or heavy cream. This sauce is traditionally eaten with roast beef and can be stored int he fridge for two weeks. (see this recipe and this recipe)
In Germany horseradish sauce is served with beef and sausages
How to Prepare the root
Scrub the roots and peel the outer skin before grating. Watch out for the pungent aroma that will permeate your kitchen as you grate the root especially if it’s still very fresh. Use as per your recipe.
How to Buy Horseradish
Choose firm robust roots without spots or cuts.
Avoid limp roots that have sat on the shelf for lengthy period of time.
Storage: store the root in plastic bag in the fridge crisper.
Availability: Fresh roots are mostly available in spring.
Author: Liz
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Native American Stories of Resilience
Mary Everette
Lorraine Davis: We're ready for interview number two for the stories of resiliency of the Native American people. Today here I have an elder from the Fort Berthold reservation from the Arikara Nation. Can you tell us a little bit about yourself? Your name and your Indian name and your tribal affiliations?
Mary Everette: My Indian name is would have been now Red Basket but I gave it to Catherine, Catherine's name is Red Basket, but my name is Yellow Corn, named after my good grandmother. That would be Snow, used to get my dad's mother. Then I started school in Bismarck here, Bismarck Indian School when I was about 7 years old and I never knew a word of English so I used to go over to grandma, Mrs. Wilde. They would teach me a few words like the main things, you know, what I needed like, "I'm hungry," or, "I'm going to ..." Every day words that was a necessity to my being.
I was very happy to find out that I wasn't the only one, that were a lot of others that had the same problem of learning how to speak in the English language and now learn how the outside lived. The first time to get under the shower and wash your hands, sink, and all that. Not to go to the bathroom and flush your toilet. Of course when they flush their toilet I just jumped up. I thought I was going to go right down with it.
Davis: I couldn't imagine all of those things we take for granted today, those little things. It's all normal for us but back then I could see that's a total big transformation and how things are done.
Everette: There was a lot of change in our lives when we started. Then of course we had separate ... You had your own government clothes, your striped gown, dress you know and striped bloomers. They were the real ...
Davis: They were all striped ...
Everette: Again you went to town you went underwear and stockings or the regular ... Anyhow ...
Davis: Was it like tube socks?
Everette: They weren't socks or anything; they were regular government stocking and government shoes. Then of course it couldn't go around, government shoes couldn't go around so a lot of us kids that had small feet, we had to wear boy's shoes. You see a lot of our girls going clump, clump. Then how to march. We learned how to march and well anyhow. They'd say, "Forward march," we'd go ... We learned all the rules of that. They'd say, "Company this way, company that way," and all that. Just a regular military.
Davis: Yeah, I was just going to say that.
Everette It was all kind of military.
Davis: You were kids. How old were you at that time, do you remember that? What was your age?
Everette: In the morning we all had to get out there and do exercise.
Davis: Oh really?
Everette: We had somebody ... As soon as you got up and got yourself organized then you went out there and you know, it's like a military, you know? You know where you stand. Somebody goes down, it's just like people were soldiers.
Davis: You must've been how old were you?
Everette: I was 7 years old at that time.
Davis: Seven years old.
Everette: Yeah, 7 years old when I started out.
Davis: Start marching?
Everette: Yeah, start learning how to March ...
Davis: Talk English, flush toilets, different things like that.
Everette: It was the beginning of it.
Davis: Is it ... I apologize if this is not correct or appropriate but today are you in ... Well in your 90s?
Everette: Ninety-six right now but I'll be 97 in September.
Davis: Oh my goodness.
Everette: September and you know really I thank the Lord for every day because I still have my mind, I can think way back and I mean I can respond to other, but the only thing was my hearing first, it began with that. Boy. I used to have a hearing because that way you can join the conversations or you can answer if they ask a question, this way they don't ... It does get on your nerves, especially not knowing ... They said that too. Now I can speak for myself now.
Davis: Thank goodness for hearing aids.
Everette: No one has to speak for me or my grandchildren had to speak for me or tell me, let me know what was going on or something like that. The family is so good. I can't complain really. Because they, they really are good. Right now Jo is gone so I miss her too, you know?
Davis: Oh sure. Is she out of state? Your granddaughter?
Everette: Yeah, she's in Chicago, she's a nurse. Yeah, she’s a nurse. Those kids are smart!
Davis: They're all doctors and nurses, right?
Everette: Yeah, the little ones. She's married to the doctor ...
Davis: Rising Sun. I met him through my husband, met both of them through my husband because my husband Scott is friends with Dr. Rising Sun.
Everette: They're both alike, their feelings are both alike, as a couple. They've got that little boy and you'd think that little boy would be spoiled, it's an only child, he's probably got other children but being the youngest. Then they've got the girl, and she's going to college right now. They're doing real fine for themselves.
Davis: That's good.
Everette: She helps me out a lot. Same with Jo. I saw those kids, when she had the babies, you know, I used to take care of the babysitting for them all the time. I would've babysat every time for when they wanted to go some place so I babysat for the kids. I know them both well and even when they got to high school and afterwards. They went to college. I was always with Jo every time she was going to have a test. I'd go over there with her, to Grand Forks and take care of her, my little great grandchildren.
After her test then I'd come home.
Davis: Kind of that's the way it is, Indian way, no matter what tribe we're from Grandmas are a bit part of the family's life, whether it's the grandkids, your own kids. They're a big part of caretaking, even as grandma.
Everette: I think that's what helped me, my mind and responsibility.
Davis: Sure, that makes sense.
Everette: To keep track ...
Davis: To keep active.
Everette: I really do.
Davis: Have that social part that we all need.
Everette: If I can do my own work I'm going to do it and I do exercises, I do a lot of walking, I do ... I learned how to be by myself and do things for myself. Probably sometimes it can be pretty tough but I manage.
Davis: You have a beautiful home here. I've been throughout the facility here, this is beautiful.
Everette: This is nice. I said this reminds me of the time, I think it was the Paterson Place, the same layout.
Davis: Is it?
Everette: Yeah. I said I guess I just moved from one place to another place. I needed help over there because I worked all my life. I've worked all my life. I didn't have the education, didn't have that chance because I got married right away. When I got out into California I thought, I've got to do something to help along with the rent and everything else. I went back to school and I went to nursing training and I went to the college there in Sacramento. Then I took my state exams in San Francisco and I was happy when I passed. Oh my goodness.
Davis: I bet. Big accomplishment.
Everette: Then too my experience, working in different areas, we had to work in different areas., which helped when you go to different hospitals, you put every place. I was just like that, it seems like they always wanted ... I always had a place to work. If I didn't have it I'd call up, they'd say, "Put on your hat and come right over," so that's what I'd do. I'd put my little hat on, my LPN cat and I'd go to work.
Davis: You weren't driving back and forth to work, you took the bus?
Everette: Catherine was going to school. In Sacramento they went. We had nice neighbors.
Davis: That's nice.
Everette: Which is nice. Nice neighbors. Betty used to babysit for me, neighbors, and she had children too. There was another one right across too, had nothing but boys. Then they go to school all together go to the school and all come back together as kids.
Davis: When you were growing up as a child, you went through those experiences, you mentioned going to Bismarck Public School, was it a Public School or was it a Catholic School?
Everette: Catholic School.
Davis: A lot of things changed because you grew up being taught, for example the Arikara language and then English, all these different changes. What did you carry with you? Even though you were taught to change your language, some of your values and some use the word, "Assimilated." What would you say through all of that assimilation, what do you still carry with you today?
Everette: When I started school in Bismarck, it seems like they pushed you on. Then when I got into the public school when I was about 6 and 7th grade, 7th and 8th grade ...
Davis: 13, 14?
Everette: Yeah, there was a change there. It wasn't for Sister Benedict. It seems like otherwise they would've put me way back at the end.
Davis: Sister Benedict helped you?
Everette: She took time out to let me catch up to the real 7th and 8th grade. You know what? I got down. In Derado all of us were in that same category. We all had to start from the beginning. Every time when it's a government school, what we have now ...
Davis: The public school system?
Everette: I say no. Start just like the public school so when anybody goes into a different school they'll be able to ...
Davis: Adapt right into the system.
Everette: Mm-hmm. I think the government should know that. Should be the same as the other schools.
Davis: All the schools should be the same so if they move ...
Everette: Uh huh, and it depends on the person. They can get ahead, maybe get a scholarship whatever it is that the person is working for. That's another thing I would like to have done in the schools for girls, especially starting school. Elementary right on through, same type.
Davis: When you were growing up, what were ... Who was your teacher? Who did you learn the most from?
Everette: We had ... One teacher, that was in grade school, Miss Dosey.
Davis: Miss Dosey was your favorite?
Everette: She was a favorite. Miss Dosey, yeah.
Davis: What kind of teacher was she? What did she teach? Was it academics?
Everette: She was the 7th and 8th grade teacher. I remember Tootsie Partay. She was kind of mischievous, and so she'd say, "No," she says I'm going to have to spank you. So she'd spank her and she put her pants so hard I don't think she even felt the spanking.
Davis: You guys would get spanked in school? Back then that was normal to get spanked in school?
Everette: Yeah.
Davis: You must've been about 7, 8 years old at that time?
Everette: 7 years old at that time ... Miss Dickinson used to be the one with the elementary, that was our superintendent's wife.
Davis: She did the spanking?
Everette: Yeah. Very strict lady.
Davis: Going back to before the public school or the Catholic schools, who was your teacher? Who taught you? Was it your mom and your dad both? Were they a part of your life?
Everette: My dad, yeah.
Davis: Where did they go?
Everette: My mother went to Fort Stevenson.
Davis: Fort Stevenson?
Everette: Yeah. They had the school there.
Davis: Where is that?
Everette: Most of them when you go down there they always have a place that says Fort Stevenson. I imagine the school as in that area. I never did know whereabouts the school was, but Pete Roshan used to go to school there too, my dad, all of them. They were just like the way where you had to march in. They always tell about each other and they'd tell, we'd sit there, the things that they'd laugh about. Of course, I can talk to you about that. We were all poor but regardless, it’s just that Leah was the poorest .
The bottom of the shoe? I guess it came off so there he goes, you know.
Davis: He was the poorest one, huh? I could only imagine.
You mentioned your father. Was he sent to Fort Stevenson's too?
Everette: Yeah, I guess they all go to school right there at the Fort Stevenson. They have one now, Fort Stevenson flat.
Davis: I'm not familiar with where that's located.
Everette: I'll bet you that's probably where the school was. I wish I could've known where it was and if I knew I would've really found it out, if they showed me, whereabouts it would be. Then all of a sudden they took a lot of ... They took them to Pennsylvania, what's that place there now? They had 2 schools.
Davis: In Pennsylvania?
Everette: Yeah, in New Jersey, around the area. Pete Roshan, I guess he went out there and Charlie Helfen, he was out there too. I imagine they graduated ...
Davis: Together?
Everette: Yeah, they graduated from high school.
Davis: They had each other over there?
Everette: Yeah, they had government schools over there I guess.
Davis: They separated you guys though, your parents?
Everette: Yeah, they said one school there, I don't know which one it was, I can't think of the names of them. They were Indians and Blacks together.
Davis: Oh okay, I didn't know that.
Everette: Now what school was that, there were 2 schools there.
Davis: These were the ones in Pennsylvania? I'll have to look it up.
Everette: Yeah, there were 2 schools.
Davis: I'll have to do my research.
Everette: Pete Roshan, he was a smart man, he did a lot for the people, same with Ina. do you know them?
Davis: No I don't.
Everette: And Margie?
Davis: No, I don't know who they are.
Everette: They did a lot, the White Shield School, she's got her name on there, Margie Roer ...
Davis: She was a relative?
Everette: Yeah, that school has got her name on there. They did a lot of work.
Davis: Creating that school?
Everette: Yeah, for people. Of course they are around Arikara's too but they have White blood in them, you know? Mrs. Roshan, she was White, came from the east and Pete was married to her. I suppose they got married when they were out in New Jersey or some place, when he was going to school.
Davis: He was Arikara and she was White and he met her up there? I see.
Everette: There's a lot of Boshan's there.
Davis: In White Shield?
Everette: Yeah, White Shield.
Davis: I didn't know that.
Everette: Sons, they had 3 of them I think. Yeah. Pete and Bernard and the young one is still living in White Shield, but I think Bernard and them are now gone. They still ...
Davis: Their names are still on the school, right?
Everette: Mm-hmm. It was a real nice family.
Davis: I'll check that next time.
Everette: The whole family is just great.
Davis: One of the questions that we wanted to make sure to share with the audience is because what we want to get tout of this is to help people gain some insight, gain some wisdom from your life experience, your journey. What were some of the struggles that you had, overview of some of those struggles and what got you through them? What helped you get through them in a good way.
Everette: My mother and dad used to put in a big garden. You know how it is without the equipment like the modern you had to do it with horses. I think the community people that was oh they had a boss farmer there and one was Burton Bell and then there was another one before him was Charlie Ross, Burton Bell and the least one I think he came from Wisconsin. I think he was a teacher or something. I don't know but anyhow the main thing is they had community gardens. People would put in their gardens in all those places and then you could see. What I really wish I don't know what goes on right now in White Shield but I think if they put their minds to for their sake of their children in their gardens, work, that would give them ... That way they wouldn't have time to be thinking about drinking. You know what I mean? It'd probably be ... They'd be doing something for their own self by putting in a garden.
Margie Brewer, Agnes was working there too, Vera, there was a lot of people working at that school. They told the people there whoever wants to can their food, bring your canning over to the school and we'll help you can. That was some of Margie Brewer's ... A lot of them they took whatever they wanted canned, they took them over to the school and they did like that.
There was one lady there, I can remember she was a wonderful lady and her name was Pauline Fredericks. She was a wonderful lady, a German lady. She was just a wonderful person. She did a lot of things at the school. Help, cooked and everything else at the school. I had a picture of the people that are going to have to go downstairs and look for the trash, oh it's not trash but there's a picture of all the people that worked at the school.
Davis: That's a pretty old picture.
Everette: Old picture. The whole picture, the elders and probably just like they were in that kitchen, the teachers and Margie's in it.
Davis: I'd love to see that picture.
Everette: Yeah, I'm going to have to find out about get it and get it out, I should even take it up to the school.
Davis: Sure.
Everette: Make copies of it.
Davis: Put it up on the board. That would be such a gift.
Everette: That would be something to pass on and help them advance, and then they'd forget about drugs and alcoholism if they'd just put their minds to doing something about themselves and the community.
Davis: That's a good point that you make. It helps us to feel a sense of self identity. Learning those values, being taught things that make us feel valuable and at the same time feel unity and love is what you get when you have community. Sometimes the love isn't always directly in our home sometimes for some family members, so if we have it within our community we can all carry each other's weight and help one another, right? That's kind of the sense that I feel like it was a long time ago. Even though I surely wasn't there but it seems to me that's the sense that I got from listening too from my grandma before she passed away and hearing a lot of the stories.
Growing up as a little child I felt that. It was always a sense of unity within our relatives. A lot of laughter, at the pow wows that we went to and the visits at the houses of our relatives, it was always warm and welcoming and a lot of laughter and eating and warm. Love. Feeling. I remember that from my grandma's side.
Everette: I'm thinking about alcoholism, I don't know how many ... To me, looking at the people when I go there, it doesn't seem like there's alcoholism among the people that I eat with.
Davis: You can't see it.
Everette: At the senior center. Of course they have those homes, but I think most of it must come from New Town.
Davis: Mm-hmm. That area. The bars.
Everette: I imagine it's because of they have the oil and things right there too and it's much closer, much closer there.
Davis: The bars are and activities.
Everette: Casino. There is a lot of temptations and things. I just imagine according to what I hear they say that they go in to be a place for people that have alcoholic problems.
Davis: A treatment center?
Everette: Drugs.
Davis: Recovery?
Everette: Yes, a recovery place.
Davis: Center.
Everette: Yeah, that's good.
Davis: That is good news.
Everette: I heard about it, it's good. Apparently they probably, everything is going on right in that area there. I don't know anything about the Fort Yates, but there they've had a lot of problems too, you know? It's quieting down quite a bit. It really has. I never hear anything more, it's just mostly in that area.
Davis: Fort Berthold area since the oil has come?
Everette: Yeah, and so somebody's got to do something about it.
Davis: When it's in the news often that's when you know it's happening a lot because just imagine how many things are happening that aren't in the news. The way it used to be before, things weren't always in the news. It's such at a deep end level of crime now. It's more criminal today than it was back then. Yeah, it's definitely blamed to alcohol and drugs. We can blame the oil but if we really look at it it's the actual addiction of people.
Everette: Yeah. A lot of them, I mean then too a lot of that money, I was telling Catherine, I said a lot of that money, should we spend it on things that to help the people look at themselves and to start cultivating something to overcome and to start ...
Davis: Invest in their futures, in their children's futures, in their futures, home ownership, things like that. That would be definitely a place to start. I think we need a revolution. We really need that inspirational empowering kind of mobilizing bodies of unity to do that, whether that comes within each reservation or comes from the urban area and does outreach to ... However, but it needs to happen because it just ... We need the people power to inspire people to find their culture, to find God, to find something that is higher than this life.
Everette: Mm-hmm. Yeah. I don't even know the people. All the old people, maybe a few now that goes to the senior center, but most of them, they're gone, the older people, people that I remembered. People that I knew. When you go in or whatever and you're glad to see them and like that but not anymore. You don't get to see them. They've passed on. Now it's just a few. There's Greta, when I go to White Shield, of course Greta's my niece. Packinome and sometimes you should go, just go in there to eat. Talk to ...
Davis: That's a very good idea.
Everette: Catherine. Your aunt is working there, Florence's girl.
Davis: Oh, which one would that be then? It's not Delila?
Everette: Yeah, they work there, and I always like it too because I mean they're very dependable. Makes me feel good. I know them.
Davis: You're proud of them.
Everette: I am very proud of them because they're very dependable and the food they bring out, is it ever good. They have a way of fixing up the ... The food up, and I says you now what? It's Val and Catherine and I are going to White Shield, and I says, could I go? Catherine says, "Yeah." They take me along and I say you know what? Maybe I should take chicken along, the barrels of chicken, put an addition to the food.
Davis: Your pot luck. That is so fun. I love visiting with you.
Everette: You know what? I said do you know ... I'm related to everybody.
Davis: It seemed like everybody's from White Shield. When I meet people here over the years in Bismarck, I've worked at United Tribes, people at the church or just in our community here and they say they're from White Shield, there's so many from White Shield, I'm like wow, it's hard to believe that many people come out of White Shield because it's the tiniest little piece of the reservation up there. It always amazes me.
Everette: I went to the school and they had us talk to the kids so I went to the school and looked around. I says oh my goodness, I says I'm a grandma too old. I was a grandma to all of them in some forms or other.
Davis: Oh I bet. I think we're going to start wrapping up but I just want to ask one more question and if you are able to share and give some advice to someone who's listening who's younger and still has a journey in front of them. What advice would you give them that might be helpful for them, going forward in a good way, to do it in a good way? What advice would you give to the people?
Everette: I was telling the kids I said when I was a little girl, I said what I remembered as a child, when I was running on my own, which is true, I said I used to see haystacks. You now, the straw? I said, did you know your grandparents put in a crop, they put in wheat, they put in flax and they put in on their lands regardless, even if it was just 80 acres because they had to work with horses.
Then they had this thrash machine, used to go from one end of the reservation and comes and they had ... I can remember that coming out and I can remember that and I always think oh, how sweet and how nice to still have that picture where they were straw piles and everything else. They themselves did. Now this new generation we have one fourth shares of, we don't even put nothing in. I know we did, I mean Jack and I did. We put in wheat, we put in although had to drop the tractor but we put them in. We didn't have no thrash, the modern, so we used to have to get somebody to do their and they'd put it on the floor and then we had to find ways to put the truck in and go and ... We done it though, we made it. I really think people should do their own land and put their own wheat in and a long time ago they had a flour mill.
I remember one man there, my dad just would tease him because he was related to him in some way, but he was in charge of the flour mill. They even had ... What did they call ... Where they made lumber. They had one of those, too. I thought about it, the time I went to ... With Sarah, her and her husband, he was transferred to Arizona and Apache reservation. I went along to babysit and to help her out with that. Then I used to ... What got me was they had their own restaurant and their own hotel, we stayed in that hotel until they got a house that they got, that they had to have a house. Then they even had a fish where they raised fishes and I would even go over there to see it.
They had a hospital there, so I'm kind of nosy. They had a lot of things. Their own stores and oh dresses, they had dresses you know, and they had those just kind of ... I think I'd seen some of them on a sale and stores. I could just see and then I went to their museum and I sat through the museum to see the beginning of what they did before that. I thought they did the same ... We did the same thing as they did at one time or other, and they have cattle. I don't know if it's still going on but when I saw the movie they said the cattle belonged to the whole tribe.
Davis: Oh really? Wow.
Everette: Yeah, and that's what it was at that time, the whole tribe. The land belonged to the whole tribe. They got money, everybody I imagine got money in there. Anyhow I sat through there and I thought I wonder if that happened to us, whether we had ... I don't think so because they used to have ... My mother and dad, they had horses and things too and I remember now this is way back, I'm talking about, they had ... They round up all the cattle and it was right there around Roseglen, just way up there. That's where they had the ... Then of course a lot of people went and made a big deal out of it.
Then of course they took a lot of the camps, I mean the cattle and then they'd take the calves away and that way they knew who's calf belonged to who, and they did a lot of branding. That was a long time ago and I remembered, thank goodness. That was the same thing that was going on then which brought my mind back to a time when I was a little girl and I'd seen the whole thing there. As kids we were playing around and running around and everything else like that. I can remember that so well and of course we camped there, my mother and dad and me. We camped there. A lot of things was going on there.
People seem to have known where their own cattle and their own ... Their horses and I suppose they did a lot of things anyhow for their cattle and things at that time. Just think, this was way back in 1918.
Davis: 1918? That's when you were born?
Everette: Maybe I might've been about 5 or 6 years old at that time, to be able to remember all that.
Davis: Yeah. I will have to do the math here. You know my grandpa was born 1917.
Everette: Yeah, mm-hmm.
Davis: He would've been 97.
Everette: That's going way back with what I remembered.
Davis: That was a long time ago.
Everette: Yeah, that was a long time ago. I can remember. I often wondered looking back at the old records of the time we all lived in that area there, I wonder if there's anything written about that, I mean if they were keeping track of that, you know?
Davis: Would that be Applewoods?
Everette: Nichu.
Davis: Nichu?
Everette: It used to be Nichu and then before that it was Fort Worth ... Armstrong.
Davis: Armstrong?
Everette: That was the first one was Armstrong, then just recently they named after the Chief, Nichu. Then of course Nichu and then of course what's named White Shield. That was Theodore Gillete’s son. You know we all did get there, either brothers, I guess I don't know how many brothers they had but ...
Davis: Everybody who lived there was family?
Everette: Between the 2 of them, yeah. We were related to Bill Deans, remember her?
Davis: I don't think I know them.
Everette: Anyhow, I'm relate to everybody, and then you couldn't marry your own relatives, remember that?
Davis: Yeah, that would've been hard. You'd have to go somewhere else to find your husband or your wife because everybody's related.
Everette: They thought that was terrible. If you're married close to your ... Maybe 3, 4, but even then it was still terrible. You didn't do that. You go outside an marry somebody else.
Davis: That's why it's so important for us to be taught.
Everette: A lot of the people got married to some other tribes because they didn't want to marry their 4th cousin or 5th cousin.
Davis: If you're unsure, just go to a different tribe. Play it on the safe side. Thank you, Mary.
Everette: That's how they used to do before.
Davis: Thank you, Mary, This has been a pleasure visiting with you and it's been nice meeting you and I look forward to vising more and more with you.
Everette: Mm-hmm. Yeah.
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As Canadians watch the racial divisiveness in the United States, we tend to think that we are more civilized in our behavior, that we are less racist. But are we? Our population is 37 million compared to US, which is 326 million; relative to our population compared to the US, our history and our society’s current racist attitudes is as bad (if not worse) as in the US.
Consider these historical racist episodes: the Japanese internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbour, which brought the US into WWII. Everyone who was Japanese, even Canadian born Japanese, were rounded up and put in camps right here in Vancouver. Another racist incidence from history is when Canada turned away the SS. St. Lewis, a ship with Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany. The ship was forced to go back to Germany, where many of those on board later died in concentration camps. More currently, hate crimes have risen against Muslims, from 90 reported crimes in 2013 to 150 in 2016-17. There is some speculation that is due to the rise of terrorist organizations such as ISIS, but attacking innocent Canadians of Muslim faith is just plain racist and ignorant. This ignorance was recently demonstrated when a woman verbally attacked Jagmeet Singh (who is now the leader of the NDP) at a political rally, accusing him of being a terrorist. And, an even more horrible example was the Quebec Mosque shooting on January 29, 2017 when six people were killed and another 20 were injured. “It was a murderous attack on a specific group,” said the Premier of Quebec, Phillipe Couillard. Canada also has a strained relationship based on racism with its indigenous population. On October 6, Ottawa announced that the government will pay up to 750 million to the victims of the “60’s scoop” when indigenous children were taken from their homes and forced into non-indigenous households between the 1960’s and 80’s.
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Snakes, fishing methods, cooking on a fire and eating snakes during survival in extreme or emergency situations.
Science claims that out of about 2,400 species of snakes, about 200 of them are deadly to humans. Despite this, one should not be afraid of the unpleasant consequences of eating snake meat. Almost all snakes, both poisonous and non-poisonous, are edible. Snake venom, if it exists, is only in their head, and therefore meat can be eaten without fear of poisoning.
We will not dwell on the reasons that may prompt you to catch and eat snakes during a short outing or a multi-day trip. We believe that they will be quite substantial and reasonable..
Catching snakes.
When catching snakes, extreme care must be taken, it is better to be safe again and consider each of them poisonous by default, regardless of whether you visually recognized it or not. In case the snake defeats the snake-man, you must remember the rules for first aid after a bite of snakes and, if available, prepare the necessary tools, for example, the Swyer Extractor Pump Kit.
Keeping from the snake at a safe distance, at least one of its length, so that it does not reach you in the throw, with a long, forked stick (branch), we securely press the snake’s head to the ground and then either cut it off with a knife or chop it off with an ax. Or smash it with a stone or another stick. Even in the head of a poisonous snake separated from the body, its teeth remain very dangerous. Therefore, the head must be buried, farther and deeper, so that then you do not accidentally step on it.
Cutting and Cooking Snakes.
From the headless snake we remove the skin and remove the insides. To do this, after making a long longitudinal section along her belly, we take the skin with one hand and pull the carcass with the other. Then we remove all the insides and then wash the carcass. If the snake is large, then the skin can not be removed, only gut and rinse well.
The prepared snake carcass can be cooked, previously cut into pieces, or baked in coals (in its own skin) or over the heat of a fire (if the skin was removed). Snakes do not smell very good, so you should not postpone the cooking procedure, there will be less unpleasant sensations. The easiest, most convenient and fastest way to cook a snake is to bake it over a fire. To do this, we fix the carcass on a raw skewer branch and place it over the heat of coals or fire of the fire. The dish is ready when the meat is easily separated from the bones. In extreme cases, if it is not possible to get fire, snake meat can be eaten raw. However, it is better to refrain from this, you never know what parasites live on it. Any heat treatment would be preferable.
Original snake recipes by Jerry Hopkins, author of Extreme Cooking.
Breaded Rattlesnake Snack.
Kill the snake and hang it by the tail for an hour, having previously cut off its head. Refresh and gut. Cut into pieces, which are then soaked for 2 hours in milk. Roll the pieces in cornmeal or breadcrumbs, or in a mixture thereof. Deep-fry. Serve with hot Louisiana sauce, texas pepper sauce or tartar sauce.
Pickled Snake Cooked with Rice.
Refresh the snake and cut its meat into chopsticks with chopsticks. Sliced in a mixture of soy sauce, garlic, ginger and bourbon whiskey. Then put the meat on partially cooked rice and continue cooking until both are cooked..
How to distinguish a venomous snake from a non-venomous snake, some signs. Small video.
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burlap vs gunny what difference
what is difference between burlap and gunny
Origin uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (a coarse woollen cloth) + lap (flap of a garment), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that “its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely” (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (coarse, rubbing linen or cloth) with the first element perhaps confused with boer; Bense instead suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where *boeren supposedly has an extended sense of “coarse” as in Dutch boerenkost (coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers) and boerengoed (from Dutch boer (farmer, peasant); compare English boor), though this word is not attested.
• (General American) IPA(key): /ˈbɝlæp/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈbɜːlæp/
burlap (countable and uncountable, plural burlaps)
1. (US) A very strong, coarse cloth, made from jute, flax, or hemp, and used to make sacks, etc.
Synonyms: (UK) hessian, (Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago) crocus
burlap (third-person singular simple present burlaps, present participle burlapping, simple past and past participle burlapped)
1. (transitive) To wrap or cover in burlap.
See also
• sackcloth
Etymology 1
gunny (usually uncountable, plural gunnies)
2. (countable) A gunny sack.
Derived terms
• gunnybag
• gunnycloth
Etymology 2
A shortening of gunnery sergeant
gunny (plural gunnies)
1. (countable, informal) A gunnery sergeant.
• Guynn
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burning vs electrocution what difference
what is difference between burning and electrocution
• (General American) IPA(key): /bɝnɪŋ/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɜːnɪŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)nɪŋ
1. present participle of burn
burning (comparative more burning, superlative most burning)
1. So hot as to seem to burn (something).
2. Feeling very hot.
3. Feeling great passion.
4. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful.
• like a young hound upon a burning scent
5. Being keenly discussed.
a burning question; a burning issue
Derived terms
• wood-burning, woodburning
burning (plural burnings)
1. The act by which something burns or is burned.
• 1850, The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal (volume 91, page 93)
The propriety of the dissolution, too, was speedily seen in the improved state of the public peace: for twelve years we hear little of Orange riots, and nothing of such burnings and wreckings as those of Maghera, Maghery, and Annahagh.
2. A fire.
The burnings continued all day.
3. (cryptocurrencies) purposefully remove certain number of coins in circulation, by sending it to a public address where the private keys cannot be obtained (called burn address, eater address or black hole), usually should be available on the blockchain for anyone to review such a transaction. It’s a one-way address with no ability to reverse the transaction or withdraw the coins. For all practical purposes, the asset no longer exists (it has been “burned”). The act of burning effectively removes tokens from the available supply.
• Bruning
electrocute + -ion
• IPA(key): /ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/
electrocution (countable and uncountable, plural electrocutions)
1. The accidental death or suicide by electric shock.
2. Deliberate execution by electric shock, usually involving an electric chair.
3. (informal) A severe electric shock, whether fatal or not.
Usage notes
Formally, the words electrocution and electrocute imply fatality (and originally referred specifically to judicial execution, although the latter distinction has fallen out of use). Informally, however, these terms are sometimes used to refer to serious but nonfatal electric shocks. Preferred usage is to normally reserve electrocution for fatal electric shocks, and to use shock or electric shock for nonfatal ones.
See also
• execution
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Does Scotland need permission for a referendum?
Does Scotland have sovereignty?
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland.
How many Scots voted for independence?
The referendum question was, “Should Scotland be an independent country?”, which voters answered with “Yes” or “No”. The “No” side won with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour.
Does Scotland have self rule?
You might be interested: Often asked: What Currency Used In Scotland?
Does England subsidize Scotland?
When the UK Government increases funding for an area which is devolved, the Scottish Government receives extra funding too. This equates to around £129 per head for every £100 per head the UK Government spends in England on matters devolved in Scotland.
Does Scotland own North Sea oil?
The Continental Shelf Act 1964 and the Continental Shelf (Jurisdiction) Order 1968 defined the UK North Sea maritime area to the north of latitude 55 degrees north as being under the jurisdiction of Scots law meaning that 90% of the UK’s oil resources was considered under Scottish jurisdiction.
Does Scotland want independence?
Who has sovereignty in Scotland?
On 4 July 2018, the House of Commons officially endorsed the principles of the Claim of Right, agreeing that the people of Scotland are sovereign and that they have the right to determine the best form of government for Scotland’s needs.
Is Scotland a country Yes or no?
Yes, it’s a country, much as Wales, England and Northern Ireland are. Scotland has an independent parliament, and have their own laws, and you’ll also see them represented by their own sports teams, though we share a military and an economy.
Who owns most of the land in Scotland?
You might be interested: Often asked: Where Is Port Of Newhaven Scotland?
How many voted leave in Scotland?
Of the 382 voting areas in Great Britain and Gibraltar and the 18 Northern Ireland parliamentary constituencies, a total of 270 returned majority votes in favour of “Leave the European Union”, while 129 returned majority votes in favour of “Remain a member of the European Union”, including all 32 voting areas in
What percentage of Scotland voted SNP?
The Scottish National Party (SNP) received the most votes (45%, up 8.1% from the previous election) and won 48 out of 59 seats — a gain of 13 over those won in 2017, and 81% of the Scottish seats in the House of Commons.
What would independence mean for Scotland?
Is Scotland leaving the EU?
The people of Scotland voted decisively to remain within the European Union (EU) in 2016. On 24 December 2020, the UK Government and the EU announced agreement on core elements of the future relationship.
Why did Scotland join the UK?
Defeat in the 1649–1651 Third English Civil War or Anglo- Scottish War resulted in Scotland’s incorporation into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, largely driven by Cromwell’s determination to break the power of the kirk, which he held responsible for the Anglo- Scottish War.
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1. How did war criminals escape prosecution? 2. Discuss the formation of the International Military Tribunal.3. How were war criminals tracked and captured?. Define the four different charges against individual Nazis and Nazi organizations.5. What was the format used for the Nuremberg trials? critical Thinking Questions1. What evidence was used at the Nuremberg trial and why?. Consider Hermann Goering’s behavior at the trial. Why did he behave the way he did and how does that play into his eventual suicide? 3. How did the Eichmann trial differ from the Nuremberg trials and what was the impact of the Eichmann trial? 4. Discuss the reasons for the public proceedings at Nuremberg. Why was it so important to have a public, legal trail with the proper process? During the trial, prosecutors had to present sensitive and horrifying materials, including photographs of victims and evidence of crimes against humanity.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of presenting this type of material in a trial? Do you think you would have taken the same approach as the Nuremberg prosecutors? Why or why not? Shtetl <- your first lablinkThisdocumentary is several hours long. Watch at least the first hour of the film for this unit. (The rest of the film will be covered in the next unit.) Read through some of the information from the left-hand side menu.. How did the Holocaust affect the Polish town that Marzynski and his friend visit? Write at least three paragraphs in response to the question.2. Marzynski and his friend confront the idea that some of the Polish townspeople killed or turned in their Jewish neighbors. How do they feel about this? 3. Do the townspeople still hold anti-Semitic feelings? Explain your answer.4. Why did some of the Jewish townspeople to the woods during the Nazi occupation? What was their life like there? 5. Why do you think Marzynski is reluctant to return to his own hometown? Why do you think Nathan wanted to search for his family’s shtetl? Get assignment help here
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Concentration problems
A lot of children are sensitive to stimuli and can be distracted by all sorts of stimuli in their environment at the expense of their concentration. When children are not feeling comfortable, this may also cause concentration problems.
When you turn to VidaSense, we will find out the cause of these concentration problems and together we will find solutions to improve their ability to concentrate.
What is ADD and how does it differ from ADHD?
There is a difference between ADD and ADHD. ADHD probably sounds more familiar. It means Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This means that a person diagnosed with ADHD has concentration problems and in addition is hyperactive, acts impulsively and can easily have a temper.
But what is ADD? Someone with ADD, Attention Deficit Disorder, only suffers from concentration problems and carelessness. ADD as well as ADHD often occurs in children and adolescents, but can also occur in adults. Research shows that 3 to 5 percent of children has ADHD.
Help with ADHD and ADD
Children with ADHD or ADD experience difficulties keeping their focus. They are continuously influenced by external stimuli and are triggered by these. They make mistakes at school or have troubles focusing on their homework.
This does not mean that they cannot handle the educational level, but they simply cannot focus well enough. These children can also appear to be chaotic, hyperactive and impulsive.
Does this all sound familiar? Then your child will probably suffer from concentration problems.
Do you need assistance with ADHD or ADD? The VidaSense team is ready to offer you this assistance. Please contact us for more information.
Yes! I want to know more. Contact me.
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Trigger Finger
Tendons are soft tissue strings, which main function is to connect muscles to bones, transmitting the impulse of muscular contraction that produces movement. Therefore, any damage or harm to them can cause some limitations or inability in the fingers movement.
This may be the case of swelling of flexor tendons in the hand fingers, known as trigger fingers.
The trigger finger is the result of a chronic inflammation of the flexor tendons in one or more fingers of the hand. The long-evolution tendonitis is responsible for a thickening of the affected tendon (tendon nodule), which makes its way difficult through the pulley.
The pulley is a fibrous membrane that connects tendon to bone through a “tunnel-like” sheath.
If a section of the tendon widens as a result of an inflammatory process, it does not glide smoothly through the tunnel made by pulleys, and sometimes it “locks” at the same tunnel, causing a bent finger or “trigger finger”.
When the finger tries to extend, the tendon keeps blocked at the entrance of the pulley. By increasing the strenght to complete the movement, the tendon overcomes the obstacle, but causes some discomfort at the fingertip.
The repeated movement of the tendon sliding through the pulley causes the tendon to swell and therefore a progressive increase of its volume, creating a vicious circle that maintains the swelling process.
At the beginning, tendons glide with difficulty and cause only pain, but as time goes by, they lead to a lock of the finger, commonly called “trigger finger”.
The trigger finger occurs spontaneously, with no apparent reason.
Sometimes it may be secondary to a hand traumatism or may appear as a result of a disease such as diabetes, gout, Dupuytren’s contracture, rheumatoid arthritis or primary arthritis of the hand.
The most affected group of age is between 40 and 60 years old.
The trigger finger mostly affects the thumb, middle and ring fingers, but sometimes the index and little fingers as well.
In the initial phases patients complaint about pain only when they move the finger, although sometimes it is possible to realize the typical mechanical lock of the disease. The patient usually refers a “click” at the fingertip, although the problem lies further down.
The “click” is usually more common in the mornings. When the patient is getting up, one or more fingers are bent and he/she has to make an effort to extend them. Sometimes it is necessary to use the other hand to extend the finger/fingers. This symptom decreases gradually during the day and working hours and it shows again the following morning.
Palm palpation often reveals a nodule that moves when the finger moves.
Traditional surgical treatment
The purpose of surgery is to release flexors after cutting and opening the pulley at the base of the finger; increasing the room for the tendon to move, so that the flexor tendon can glide more easily through the tunnel. This surgery is carried out through an incision of about 2 centimetres made in the palm of the hand for each affected finger.
After surgery, it is necessary a resting period and the hand may move freely but avoiding manual tasks and efforts.
It will be also necessary to start moving and extending the finger from the first day after surgery in order to avoid the growth of adhesions and rigidity, which is sometimes more uncomfortable than the pathology itself.
Percutaneous surgical treatment
For many years, the only surgical solution for trigger finger has been the open surgery. Although this kind of surgery is very effective and is still presented to patients, at Clinica Planas we offer another surgical possibility much less invasive and that allows a quick recovery.
Open surgery requires a daily wound care, to remove stitches a week later, and has a higher risk of infection. Also, recovery will be longer as well as time to return to work.
Percutaneous surgery allows, by using a special needle and ultrasound live images, to release flexor tendons and therefore, to correct the problem without surgical incisions. This procedure is carried out in about 10 minutes on an outpatient basis under local anaesthesia.
As there is no incision, there are no wounds, which provide the patient with a quick recovery, a lower risk of infection and a lower possibility of having painful keloids.
Recovery is faster and pain is nearly nonexistent.
The patient will be able to move the finger immediately and will not have to worry about any medical care or stitches removal.
On the third day, the patient can return to light gripping activities and ten days later to strong gripping ones.
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10 Tips to have the most energy efficient AC to lower the electricity bill
Electricity bills in summer shot up due to the use of ACs or Air Conditioners. However you can control this by implementing a few best practices. Following tips will will help you to have the most energy efficient ACs which in turn will lower the electricity bills.
1. Do not install AC units on walls that are exposed to direct sunlight through a major part of the day during summers. Read Principles of AC Installation. (Link to the Article)
2. Reduce air-conditioning energy use by as much as 40 per cent by shading your home as windows and walls. Plant trees to keep the day’s hottest sun off your house.
3. Try turning your AC down at night and utilize the “sleep mode” which lowers the output on a timer.
1. Keeping a Reasonable Temperature: One will use 3 to 5 per cent less energy for each degree air conditioner is set above 25 degrees C to provide the most comfort at the least cost. Keeping ACs at (24–26 degrees C) can save electricity.
On a hot day – say 43 degrees C – you may be tempted to put the air conditioner way down to 20 degrees C to get the room cool as quickly as possible. But if you can cope with setting the temperature at 25 degrees C, you will not only save on wear and tear on the AC’s motor, you will also save big on your energy bill. Each degree cooler, or warmer in winter, can add about 10 per cent to the running cost. The same principle applies in winter. If it’s 10 degrees C outside, try setting the indoor temperature to 18 degrees C rather than 25 degrees C. It also depends on the external temperature. Generally you’ll get better efficiency by aiming for a maximum temperature differential of about 8 degrees C. So, on a 35 degrees C day, set your indoor thermostat to 27 degrees C. Realistically, most people will still go for a cooler temperature. You can probably aim for a bigger differential if your house is very thermally efficient (well-insulated, double-glazed, etc).
1. Using ceiling fans allows you to set the temperature higher because the air movement will cool the room.
2. Clean the air-conditioner filter every month. Clean filters enable the unit to cool down quickly and use less energy.
3. Have your air conditioning unit checked if the Freon gas level is not correct, you will waste a lot of energy and your home will never be as cool as you want it.
4. The gaps around the windows and doors leads to energy loss. Insulate your room properly.
5. Buy inverter or split ACs instead of window ACs. They cost more, but they are more energy efficient and consume lesser electricity. Know which the Best 1.5 ton Split AC or which is the Best Inverter AC
6. Switch to evaporative coolers from air conditioners during hot/dry summer days.
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Categories Bible
What Did The Levites Do In The Bible?
What was so special about the Levites?
What does being a Levite mean?
Levites are integrated in Jewish and Samaritan communities, but keep a distinct status. A Levite (or Levi) (/ˈliːvaɪt/, Hebrew: לֵוִי, Modern: Levi, Tiberian: Lēwî) is a Jewish male descended patrilineally from the Tribe of Levi. The Tribe of Levi descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah.
What is the covenant of Levi?
Levi” in the Malachi passage is a generic term, which means that YHWH’s covenant of peace with Phinehas (Num 25:6–13) was more than a covenant only with him; it included both his predecessors beginning with the ancestor Levi and all his descendants, the priests, who like Phinehas were descended from him.
Did the Levites worship the golden calf?
Why did God not give the Levites land?
Which tribe of Israel did Jesus come from?
Did the Levites pay tithes?
The tithe gift is discussed in the Hebrew Bible (Numbers 18:21–26) according to which a tenth of the produce was to be presented to a Levite who then gave a tenth of the first tithe to a kohen (Numbers 18:26). Tithing was seen as performing a mitzvah done in joyful obedience to God.
What is the Levitical priesthood?
Levitical priesthood may refer to: Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints), an order of priesthood in Latter Day Saint movement churches. Kohen, the priestly families in Judaism. Levite, a male of the tribe of Levi.
What was a Levite in Good Samaritan?
The priest is the Law, the Levite is the prophets, and the Samaritan is Christ. The wounds are disobedience, the beast is the Lord’s body, the [inn], which accepts all who wish to enter, is the Church. The manager of the [inn] is the head of the Church, to whom its care has been entrusted.
You might be interested: Who Is The Bible Written For?
What is the Mosaic covenant in the Bible?
The Mosaic Covenant
See Exodus 19 and 24. This is the covenant God establishes with the people of Israel at Mt. Sinai after he led them out of Egyptian slavery. With it, God supplies the Law that is meant to govern and shape the people of Israel in the Promised Land.
What was in the law of Moses?
The Ten Commandments. Moral laws – on murder, theft, honesty, adultery, etc. Social laws – on property, inheritance, marriage and divorce, Food laws – on what is clean and unclean, on cooking and storing food.
Was Malachi a Levite?
Certain traditions ascribe the book to Zerubbabel and Nehemiah; others, still, to Malachi, whom they designate as a Levite and a member of the “Great Synagogue.” Certain modern scholars, however, on the basis of the similarity of the title (compare Malachi 1:1 to Zechariah 9:1 and Zechariah 12:1), declare it to be
Why is the golden calf in the Bible?
It was a symbol of virility and strength associated with the Canaanite god El, and such idolatry would persist into the period of the divided monarchy. King Jeroboam I of the Northern Kingdom of Israel commissioned two golden calves for the sanctuaries of Yahweh in Bethel and Dan, to serve as the Lord’s attendants.
How many died because of the golden calf?
Only 3,000 people are killed. The golden calf is destroyed.
How did God punish the Israelites for the golden calf?
Moses went down from the mountain, but upon seeing the calf, he became angry and threw down the two Tablets of Stone, breaking them. Moses burnt the golden calf in a fire, ground it to powder, scattered it on water, and forced the Israelites to drink it.
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Why Water Efficiency is Essential for Businesses
Current attention has been focused more on energy efficiency than water efficiency. However, demand for water has been growing along with energy usage in recent years especially as the climate changes. Furthermore, water usage requires energy, and it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Yet there are many other reasons aside from being eco-friendly to reduce your water usage since water is a finite resource.
Let’s take a look at why water efficiency should be a priority for your business, and some ways that you can become more efficient.
Water Supply Is Essential
Water is essential to all businesses, notably to provide drinking water, toilets and hand washing facilities for employees. Businesses may use much more water than this, however. Many manufacturing processes require water, and even if your business isn’t involved in manufacturing, water is still essential for maintenance and cleaning among other things. Being more water efficient means that you are saving money, helping the planet and your business wont be as severely affected if there are issues with your supply or price rises.
Saving Money
Taking steps to reduce water usage will eventually reduce overhead expenditures. More importantly, doing so can be done at a low cost. Sometimes, all it takes is adapting some of your processes. There are a variety of water-saving process changes that could save your business money. For example, reducing how often you rinse things will eliminate these unnecessary labour costs as well as saving water. Using cold water instead of hot water can reduce energy use and recycling grey water can also be adopted.
Smart Meter
You can get an idea of how and when you use water by installing a smart meter that tracks water usage. You can track water efficiency by determining how much water is used each time a given action is performed, whether it is rinsing holding tanks, cleaning at the end of the shifts or producing a batch of products. Once you know where the water goes, you can compare this tothe industry average for a business like yours. Then you can start looking for ways to reduce water usage.
Water Efficiency Packs
One of the things you can do is make the most of the resources offered by water suppliers, like this free water efficiency pack from Business Stream. It’ll help you to find actionable ways to improve water efficiency in your business. Business Stream’s example includes a device that you can install in toilet tanks to reduce the amount of excessive water wasted on flushes as well as a water flow aerator to reduce flow on taps. The pack also includes a great booklet on how to reduce water usage and your overall carbon footprint.
Infrastructure Changes for Water Efficiency
If your goal is to dramatically reduce water usage, you may need to look at some bigger infrastructure changes. For example, you could consider replacing water cooling with air cooling, which would make a bigger difference than you might think. Also, don’t forget to have a water audit performed to find out exactly where money is being wasted and how you can make adjustments. Demand for fresh water is expected to exceed demand much sooner than many imagine, so investing in the time to make these changes and improvements could pay dividends for your business in the future.
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October 4, 2021
GRF Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Scorecard Blog Series
GRF Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Scorecard - Privacy
Next post: Hacktivist Shares
Simply put, Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the discipline of allowing the right individuals to have access to the right resources at the right times for the right reasons. As hackers have gotten more sophisticated, organizations must take steps to ensure that users attempting to gain access are authenticated (they are who they say they are), and that they have permission to access the data they are attempting to access.
Implementing security best practices and a credential management program is essential to prevent being a victim of an attack. Highly secure databases can still be beached if users’ access credentials are not properly secured. In fact, Ubiquiti – a major networking service provider – had a massive breach last year that exposed user credentials for millions of customers. Attackers were able to access Ubiquiti’s Amazon cloud servers by stealing an administrator’s credentials. Although Amazon secures their server hardware and software, the client is responsible for securing access, which Ubiquiti failed to do.
Privacy and security are two of the top risks facing organizations today, so it is important to understand how the authorization process works and how to manage it.
Access Management
At a high level, access issues fall into a large category. Access issues occur when users can access data that they shouldn’t be able to. Permission issues occur when a user has more permissions than they need to do their job, which can lead to an access violation. An access violation occurs when someone accesses or tries to access data that they are not authorized to see. To ensure users only have access to what they need to complete their job, it’s a good practice to utilize the method of least privilege. Controlling access within the system is the first step to maintaining a healthy IAM process and continues with identification and authorization.
User Identification
Most users are accustomed logging into a network or system by using a credentials such as a unique username and password, but as security has evolved, organizations are adopting more stringent requirements. Multi-factor authentication is a best practice in creating an effective credential management system and involves using two or more methods as a part of the authentication process.
Multi-factor authentication adds an extra step for a person to verify his or her identity. It may require providing something that you know (e.g. Password, PIN), something that you have (e.g. Smart Card, Common Access Card, or one-time password sent to phone), something that you are (e.g. Fingerprint, facial scan, eye scan), something you do (e.g. Handwriting, picture password), and/or where you are (e.g. Geolocation, inside a secure facility). At least two of these methods must be used to be considered multi-factor authentication. Utilizing MFA can help mitigate the risk of credential breaches that occur to maintain the integrity of your systems and only allow the correct users to log in to your network.
Credential Management
IAM allows for security and protection when accessing and utilizing your systems and network. However, there is a high risk of a data breach occurring due to compromised credentials. CyberNews reported that a database of over 3.2 billion unique pairs of clear text emails and passwords have been compiled and shared by hackers. It includes leaks from popular companies including Netflix, Gmail, and Yahoo. If any of your users utilized these websites and re-use their credentials, your company could be at risk of being attacked. An article from Security Magazine, states that 53% of people admit to using the same password across accounts which presents a major risk to your organization. Being aware of these leaked credentials is important to maintain an effective security posture.
IAM Security Best Practices
We recommend taking the steps below to make your systems more secure:
1. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Passwords are not enough to keep your information safe. By implementing MFA, you add an extra layer of protection to your system, making it difficult for information to be stolen.
1. Password Policy
Maintain a password policy that includes strong password requirements, changing of password at a set interval, and a top-down approach. If top management follows and enforces the policy, then everyone in the company can follow suit. Security needs to be an organizational mindset and not just an IT one.
1. Password Manager
Ensure that employees are using password managers so that all of their passwords are different and strong. Many password managers are free and provide safety in case of a credential breach.
1. Educate Your Employees
Organizations are constantly at risk of becoming a victim of a cyber-attack through phishing, malware, and lack of awareness. It is important to invest in cybersecurity training for all employees, having a cyber-policy, and making all employees aware of the process for reporting suspicious items/activity. No matter how strong your physical security is, all it takes is one click to allow an attacker into your network so investing in training and cyber awareness is essential.
1. Encrypt Data
It is extremely important to protect all data by using encryption, so that if you are a victim of a breach, then your data will not be accessible to anyone who is not authorized to do so.
1. Monitor Breached Credentials
There are over 5 billion breached emails and passwords available on the internet and underground forums. It is important to be aware when your organization’s credentials are breached so that passwords can be changed.
How GRF can help
Following these best practices is a great way to increase your organization’s cybersecurity posture. The GRF Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Scorecard can help take your organization’s cyber posture to the next level. We will provide an easy-to-read scorecard that identifies breached credentials and vulnerabilities, presents mitigation steps, and allows you to see where you can improve your security. Our team of risk professionals is here to provide support in your organization’s mission by protecting your assets.
For more information about GRF’s Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Scorecard, reach out to our Senior IT & Risk Analyst Darren Hulem, CISA, Security +, PCIP, or Risk Analyst Tom Brown, CAPM, through our contact us page.
For further Reading, refer to Identity and Access Management Benefits article from Identity-Theft-Awareness.com.
Next post: Hacktivist Shares
GRF Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Scorecard
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