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---
task_categories:
- image-classification
- image-segmentation
pretty_name: Copernicus-Bench
tags:
- earth-observation
- remote-sensing
- benchmark
- foundation-model
---
# Dataset Card for Copernicus-Bench
<!-- Provide a quick summary of the dataset. -->
A hierarchical ML benchmark for Copernicus Sentinels, with 15 datasets spread into three task levels covering all major Sentinel missions (S1,2,3,5P).
*(Officially named "Copernicus-Bench", initially named "SentinelBench")*
## Dataset Details
<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this dataset is. -->
| Level | Name | Modality | Task | # Images | Image Size | # Classes | Source | License |
|-------|----------------|----------|-------------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| L1 | Cloud-S2 | S2 TOA | segmentation (cloud) | 1699/567/551 | 512x512x13 | 4 | [CloudSEN12](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tacofoundation/cloudsen12) | CC 0 1.0 |
| L1 | Cloud-S3 | S3 OLCI | segmentation (cloud) | 1197/399/399 | 256x256x21 | 5 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
| L2 | EuroSAT-S1 | S1 GRD | classification (LULC) | 16200/5400/5400 | 64x64x2 | 10 | [EuroSAT-SAR](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wangyi111/EuroSAT-SAR) | CC BY 4.0 |
| L2 | EuroSAT-S2 | S2 TOA | classification (LULC) | 16200/5400/5400 | 64x64x13 | 10 | [EuroSAT](https://github.com/phelber/EuroSAT) | MIT |
| L2 | BigEarthNet-S1 | S1 GRD | classification (LULC) | 11894/6117/5991 | 120x120x12 | 19 | [BigEarthNet v2.0](https://bigearth.net/) | CDLA-Permissive-1.0 |
| L2 | BigEarthNet-S2 | S2 SR | classification (LULC) | 11894/6117/5991 | 120x120x12 | 19 | [BigEarthNet v2.0](https://bigearth.net/) | CDLA-Permissive-1.0 |
| L2 | LC100Cls-S3 | S3 OLCI | classification (LULC) | 5181/1727/1727* | 96x96x21 | 23 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
| L2 | DFC2020-S1 | S1 GRD | segmentation (LULC) | 3156/986/986 | 256x256x13 | 10 | [DFC2020](https://ieee-dataport.org/competitions/2020-ieee-grss-data-fusion-contest) | CC BY 4.0 |
| L2 | DFC2020-S2 | S2 TOA | segmentation (LULC) | 3156/986/986 | 256x256x13 | 10 | [DFC2020](https://ieee-dataport.org/competitions/2020-ieee-grss-data-fusion-contest) | CC BY 4.0 |
| L2 | LC100Seg-S3 | S3 OLCI | segmentation (LULC) | 5181/1727/1727* | 96x96x21 (288x288) | 23 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
| L3 | Flood-S1 | S1 GRD | change detection (flood) | 3000/1000/1000 | 224x224x2 | 3 | [Kuro Siwo](https://github.com/Orion-AI-Lab/KuroSiwo) | MIT |
| L3 | LCZ-S2 | S2 TOA | classification (local climate zone) | 15000/5000/5000 | 32x32x10 | 17 | [So2Sat LCZ42](https://github.com/zhu-xlab/So2Sat-LCZ42) | CC BY 4.0 |
| L3 | Biomass-S3 | S3 OLCI | regression (biomass) | 3000/1000/1000* | 96x96x21 (288x288) | 1 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
| L3 | AQ-NO2-S5P | S5P NO2 | regression (air quality) | 1480/493/494* | 56x56x1 | 1 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
| L3 | AQ-O3-S5P | S5P O3 | regression (air quality) | 1480/493/494* | 56x56x1 | 1 | new | CC BY 4.0 |
L1: preprocessing, L2: base applications, L3: specialized applications. *: time series available.
## Related Sources
<!-- Provide the basic links for the dataset. -->
- **Repository:** https://github.com/zhu-xlab/Copernicus-FM
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.11849
## License
See individual datasets.
## Citation
```
@misc{wang2025unifiedcopernicusfoundationmodel,
title={Towards a Unified Copernicus Foundation Model for Earth Vision},
author={Yi Wang and Zhitong Xiong and Chenying Liu and Adam J. Stewart and Thomas Dujardin and Nikolaos Ioannis Bountos and Angelos Zavras and Franziska Gerken and Ioannis Papoutsis and Laura Leal-Taixé and Xiao Xiang Zhu},
year={2025},
eprint={2503.11849},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.11849},
}
``` |