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	<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>"Four Hundred Years of Darkness"</div>
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	<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Emigration Literature</div>
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	<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Norwegian literature</span></h1>

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	<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="أدب نرويجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нарвежская літаратура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нарвэская літаратура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_noruega" title="Literatura noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk%C3%A1_literatura" title="Norská literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegische_Literatur" title="Norwegische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_kirjandus" title="Norra kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_noruega" title="Literatura noruega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveglingva_literaturo" title="Norveglingva literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegierazko_literatura" title="Norvegierazko literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_norv%C3%A9gienne" title="Littérature norvégienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նորվեգական գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_norvegese" title="Letteratura norvegese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9g_irodalom" title="Norvég irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorse_literatuur" title="Noorse literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_litteratur" title="Norsk litteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_litteratur" title="Norsk litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_norweska" title="Literatura norweska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_da_Noruega" title="Literatura da Noruega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_norvegian%C4%83" title="Literatura norvegiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Норвежская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norjan_kirjallisuus" title="Norjan kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_litteratur" title="Norsk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Norveç edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Норвезька література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li>
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	<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Written works from Norway</div>
	<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0.3em; clear: right; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; background:#efefef; text-align:center">

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	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">
	<p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian literature</a></b>
	</p>
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_literature" title="Category:Norwegian literature">By category</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_writers" title="List of Norwegian writers">List of writers</a>
	</p>
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">Norwegian authors
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_writers" title="Category:Norwegian writers">Writers</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_novelists" title="Category:Norwegian novelists">Novelists</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Norwegian dramatists and playwrights">Playwrights</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_poets" title="Category:Norwegian poets">Poets</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_essayists" title="Category:Norwegian essayists">Essayists</a>
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	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">Forms
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	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_novels" title="Category:Norwegian novels">Novel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian poetry">Poetry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_plays" title="Category:Norwegian plays">Plays</a><br />
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	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">Genres
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	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Science Fiction</a><br />
	</p>
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	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">Criticism & Awards
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_literary_critics" title="Category:Norwegian literary critics">Critics</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_literary_awards" title="Category:Norwegian literary awards">Literary Prizes</a>
	</p>
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc">Most visited
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em">
	<p><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tarjei_Vesaas" title="Tarjei Vesaas">Vesaas</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Camilla_Collett" title="Camilla Collett">Collett</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnson</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Dag_Solstad" title="Dag Solstad">Dag Solstad</a> <br />
	<a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a> -
	<a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a><br />
	</p>
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway Portal</a>
	</td></tr>
	<tr>
	<td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature Portal</a>
	</td></tr>
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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/90px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/135px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/180px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;">
	<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Holidays</a></li>
	<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Norway" title="Mass media in Norway">Media</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Film</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Norway" title="Television in Norway">Television</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Norway" title="Radio in Norway">Radio</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Norway" title="List of newspapers in Norway">Newspapers</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_magazines" title="List of Norwegian magazines">Magazines</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Norway" title="Internet in Norway">Internet</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li></ul></td>
	</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;">
	<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Australia</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Brazilians" title="Nordic Brazilians">Brazil</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Canada</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians_in_Finland" title="Norwegians in Finland">Finland</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mexicans" title="Scandinavian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_New_Zealanders" title="Norwegian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Russia</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">South Africa</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">United States</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi Americans</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Dakotas</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Venezuelans" title="Nordic Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td>
	</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;">
	Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Language</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li></ul></td>
	</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;">
	<a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norwegian Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian-people" title="Template:Norwegian-people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian-people" title="Template talk:Norwegian-people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian-people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian-people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
	<p><b>Norwegian literature</b> is literature composed in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegian people</a>. The history of Norwegian literature starts with the <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddaic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddaic poems">Eddaic poems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic verse">skaldic verse</a> of the 9th and 10th centuries with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Bragi_Boddason" title="Bragi Boddason">Bragi Boddason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_Sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyvindr Skáldaspillir">Eyvindr Skáldaspillir</a>. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this was to flower into an active period of literature production in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Norwegie">Historia Norwegie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thidreks_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thidreks saga">Thidreks saga</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Konungs_skuggsj%C3%A1" title="Konungs skuggsjá">Konungs skuggsjá</a>.</i>
	</p><p>The period from the 14th century to the 19th is considered a Dark Age in the nation's literature though Norwegian-born writers such as <a href="/wiki/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis" title="Peder Claussøn Friis">Peder Claussøn Friis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothe_Engelbretsdatter" title="Dorothe Engelbretsdatter">Dorothe Engelbretsdatter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a> contributed to the common literature of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. With the advent of nationalism and the struggle for independence in the early 19th century, a new period of national literature emerged. In a flood of nationalistic romanticism, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Greats_(Norwegian_writers)" title="The Four Greats (Norwegian writers)">great four</a></i> emerged: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kielland" title="Alexander Kielland">Alexander Kielland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lie_(writer)" title="Jonas Lie (writer)">Jonas Lie</a>. The dramatist <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> was the most-influential author of the period while the later works of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> were to earn Norway a key place in Western European literature.
	</p><p><a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernist literature</a> was introduced to Norway through the literature of <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn_Obstfelder" title="Sigbjørn Obstfelder">Sigbjørn Obstfelder</a> in the 1890s. In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Emil_Boyson" title="Emil Boyson">Emil Boyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Larsen_(writer)" title="Gunnar Larsen (writer)">Gunnar Larsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Bugge_Mahrt" title="Haakon Bugge Mahrt">Haakon Bugge Mahrt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stenersen" title="Rolf Stenersen">Rolf Stenersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edith_%C3%98berg" title="Edith Øberg">Edith Øberg</a> were among the Norwegian authors who experimented with prose modernism. The literature in the first years after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> was characterized by a long series of documentary reports from people who had been in German custody, or who had participated in the resistance efforts during the occupation. In the 20th century notable Norwegian writers include the two Nobel Prize-winning authors, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a>. The period after 1965 represented a sharp expansion of market for Norwegian fiction and the 1970s produced both politicization and empowerment of Norwegian authors. The 1980s has been labeled the "fantasy decade" in Norwegian literature.
	</p>
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	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_poetry">Medieval poetry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a></div>
	<p>The earliest preserved examples of Old Norse literature are the <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poems">Eddic poems</a>, the oldest of which may have been composed in early 9th century Norway drawing on the common Germanic tradition of <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>. In the 9th century the first instances of <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">skaldic poetry</a> also appear with the skalds <a href="/wiki/Bragi_Boddason" title="Bragi Boddason">Bragi Boddason</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0%C3%B3lfr_of_Hvinir" title="Þjóðólfr of Hvinir">Þjóðólfr of Hvinir</a> and the court poets of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>. This tradition continued through the 10th century with the major Norwegian poet being <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" title="Eyvindr skáldaspillir">Eyvindr skáldaspillir</a>. By the late 10th century the tradition of skaldic verse had increasingly moved to Iceland and Norwegian rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">St. Olaf</a> employed mostly Icelandic poets.
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_prose">Medieval prose</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Old Norse literature</a></div>
	<p>In pagan times the <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runic alphabet</a> was the only one used in Norway. The preserved inscriptions from that time are mostly short memorial dedications or magical formulas. One of the longest inscriptions is that on the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Eggjum_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggjum stone">Eggjum stone</a>, containing cryptic religious or magical allusions. Around the years 1000 to 1030, Christianity became established in Norway, bringing with it the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The oldest preserved Norwegian prose works are from the mid-12th century, the earliest are Latin hagiographical and historical texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Passio_Olavi" title="Passio Olavi">Passio Olavi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_sanctorum_in_Selio" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta sanctorum in Selio">Acta sanctorum in Selio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Norwegie">Historia Norwegie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_Antiquitate_Regum_Norwagiensium" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium">Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium</a></i>. At the end of the 12th century, historical writing expanded to the vernacular with <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum" title="Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum">Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum</a></i> followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Legendary_Saga_of_St._Olaf" title="Legendary Saga of St. Olaf">Legendary Saga of St. Olaf</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i>.
	</p><p>Medieval Norwegian literature is closely tied with medieval <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic literature</a>, and together, they are considered <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Old Norse literature</a>. The greatest Norse author of the 13th century was the Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>. He recorded <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, a book of poetic language providing an important understanding of Norse culture prior to Christianity. He was also the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i>, a detailed history of the Norwegian kings that begins in the legendary <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i> and continues to document much of early Norwegian history.
	</p><p>The period of common Old Norse literature continued up through the 13th century with Norwegian contributions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thidreks_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thidreks saga">Thidreks saga</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Konungs_skuggsj%C3%A1" title="Konungs skuggsjá">Konungs skuggsjá</a></i> but by the 14th century saga writing was no longer cultivated in Norway and Icelandic literature became increasingly isolated.
	</p>
	<h2><span id=".22Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"">"Four Hundred Years of Darkness"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Four Hundred Years of Darkness""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>-era literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
	<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;background:#89CFF0;padding:0.2em;">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th-century Renaissance humanism</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Reformation-era propaganda</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
	</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
	<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;background:#89CFF0;padding:0.2em;">British</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li></ul>
	<div class="hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li></ul>
	</div><div class="hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li></ul>
	<p><br />
	</p>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist">
	<li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li></div><div class="hlist">
	<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li>
	</div></div></div></td>
	</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
	<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;background:#89CFF0;padding:0.2em;">Continental</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500–1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul>
	</div>
	<p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a>
	</p>
	<a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></div></div></td>
	</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
	<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;background:#89CFF0;padding:0.2em;">Scandinavian</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li>
	<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"">Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li></ul>
	</div></div></div></td>
	</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation_literature" title="Template talk:Reformation literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
	<p>Norwegian literature was virtually nonexistent during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Scandinavian Union</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Dano-Norwegian union</a> (1387–1814). Ibsen characterized this period as "Four Hundred Years of Darkness". During the period of union with Denmark, Danish replaced Norwegian. The university and cultural center of Denmark–Norway was Copenhagen, where young men went to study.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankner-1">[1]</a></sup>
	</p><p>The reformation was imposed on Norway in 1537 and the Dano-Norwegian rulers used it to also impose Danish culture; this was effected through the pulpit as well as through written records, as pastors were trained in Copenhagen. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">written Norwegian</a> became closely related to Danish, causing the literature to become essentially Danish. Geble Pedersson (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1490–1557) was the first Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bj%C3%B8rgvin" title="Diocese of Bjørgvin">Bishop of Bergen</a> and a man of broad humanistic views; his adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Absalon_Pederss%C3%B8n_Beyer" title="Absalon Pederssøn Beyer">Absalon Pederssøn Beyer</a> (1528–1575), followed in his footsteps as a humanist and a nationalist, writing an important historical work, <i>Concerning the Kingdom of Norway</i> (1567). <a href="/wiki/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis" title="Peder Claussøn Friis">Peder Claussøn Friis</a> (1545–1615) was also a humanist who both revived the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> by translating it into the language of the period and wrote the first natural history of Norway as well as an important topographic study of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankner_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankner-1">[1]</a></sup>
	</p><p>The seventeenth century was a period of meager literary activity in Norway, but there were significant contributions. <a href="/wiki/Petter_Dass" title="Petter Dass">Petter Dass</a> (1647–1707) wrote <i>Nordlands Trompet</i> (The Trumpet of Nordland) which described in graphic verse the landscape, mode of life, conditions and character of the northern Norwegian people. Two other authors merit mention. <a href="/wiki/Dorothe_Engelbretsdotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothe Engelbretsdotter">Dorothe Engelbretsdotter</a> (1634–1713), was Norway's first recognized woman author who wrote powerful religious poetry. Her first work, <i>Siælens Sang-offer</i>, was published in 1678. <i>Taare-Offer</i> was her second collected works and was published for the first time in 1685. Another gifted poet was <a href="/wiki/Anders_Arrebo" title="Anders Arrebo">Anders Arrebo</a> who translated the Psalms into Norwegian and composed the creation poem, <i>Hexaemeron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankner_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankner-1">[1]</a></sup>
	</p><p>Norway also contributed significantly to the joint literature of Denmark–Norway. One of the first names in Danish literature, Peder Claussøn Friis (1545–1614), was Norwegian-born. Other important Norwegian by birth 'Danish' authors of the period included <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a> (Bergen, 1684–1754), <a href="/wiki/Christian_Tullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Tullin">Christian Tullin</a> (Christiania, 1728–1765), and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Herman_Wessel" title="Johan Herman Wessel">Johan Herman Wessel</a> (1742–1785).<sup id="cite_ref-Blankner_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankner-1">[1]</a></sup>
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebirth">Rebirth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature. In 1811, a Norwegian university was established in Christiania (later renamed Oslo). Seized by the spirit of revolution following the American and French Revolutions, as well as bridling as a result of the forced separation from Denmark and subordination to Sweden subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, Norwegians signed their first constitution in 1814. Virtually immediately, the cultural backwater that was Norway brought forth a series of strong authors recognized first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide.
	</p><p><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> is generally recognized as the father of a new Norwegian literature. The enthusiastic nationalism of Wergeland and his young following brought conflict with the establishment, which was unwilling to accept everything as good, simply because it was Norwegian.
	</p><p>This period also saw collection of Norwegian folk tales by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Asbjørnsen">Peter Asbjørnsen</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>. This collection, which paralleled those by the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> in Denmark, captured an important overview of the folk culture of the mountains and fjords.
	</p><p>At least as important in the creation of a Norwegian literature was the effort to introduce a pure Norwegian language, based on the dialects spoken in the areas more isolated from capital. The genius of <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> (1813–1898) was at the heart of this effort. Aasen, a self-taught linguistic scholar and philologist, documented a written grammar and dictionary for the spoken Norwegian folk language, which became Nynorsk (New Norwegian) – the "speech of the country" as opposed to the official language largely imported from Denmark. Nynorsk is one of the two official written norms of the Norwegian language to this day.
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="National_Romantic_Period">National Romantic Period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Romantic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>By the late 19th century, in a flood of nationalistic romanticism, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Greats_(Norwegian_writers)" title="The Four Greats (Norwegian writers)">great four</a></i> emerged: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kielland" title="Alexander Kielland">Alexander Kielland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lie_(writer)" title="Jonas Lie (writer)">Jonas Lie</a>. A unity of purpose pervades the whole period, creation of a national culture based on the almost forgotten and certainly neglected past, as well as celebration of the <i>bondekultur</i> or Norwegian farm culture. The realism of Kielland (e.g., <i>Skipper Worse</i>) gave way to the romantic and nationalistic spirit which swept Europe and rekindled the Norwegian interest in their glorious <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> past (e.g., Ibsen's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_at_Helgeland" title="The Vikings at Helgeland">The Vikings at Helgeland</a></i>), the struggles of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (e.g., Ibsen's <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Inger_of_Oestraat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Inger of Oestraat">Lady Inger of Østeraad</a></i>), peasant stories (e.g., Bjørnson's <i>A Happy Boy</i>) and the wonders of myths and folks tales of the mountains (e.g., Ibsen's <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>) and the sea (e.g., Lie's <i>The Visionary</i>).
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transition_to_Realism">Transition to Realism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transition to Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>Although a strong contributor to early Norwegian romanticism, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> is perhaps best known as an influential Norwegian playwright who was largely responsible for the popularity of modern realistic drama in Europe, with plays like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i>. In this, he built on a theme first evident in Norway with plays like Bjørnson's <i>En fallit</i> (A Bankruptcy).
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Emigration_Literature">Emigration Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emigration Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>Although a side note to the mainstream of Norwegian literature, the literature which documents the experience of Norwegian emigrants to America is as important as the Norwegian immigrants became to the growing America of the 19th century. Three authors are recognized in this genre; <a href="/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8lvaag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Rølvaag">Ole Rølvaag</a> wrote about immigrants, while <a href="/wiki/Johan_Bojer" title="Johan Bojer">Johan Bojer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Refling_Hagen" title="Ingeborg Refling Hagen">Ingeborg Refling Hagen</a> wrote about emigrants. Ole E. Rølvaag, who immigrated to America, experienced life in the prairies, and rose to become professor of Norwegian at <a href="/wiki/St._Olaf_College" title="St. Olaf College">St. Olaf College</a> in Northfield, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, provided a strong record of the joys and pains of the immigrant in adapting to the harsh realities of and carving out a new life in a wild new country. Norwegian author Johan Bojer provided a mirror image, depicting the struggles and processes which led to the decisions to emigrate. Ingeborg Refling Hagen, having two brothers and a sister in the United States contemplated the emigrant's longing for home and their harsh struggle "over there" in a known collection of emigrant poems from 1935.
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modernism_in_Norway">Modernism in Norway</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modernism in Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p><a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernist literature</a> was introduced to Norway through the literature of <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn_Obstfelder" title="Sigbjørn Obstfelder">Sigbjørn Obstfelder</a> in the 1890s. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Boyson" title="Emil Boyson">Emil Boyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Larsen_(writer)" title="Gunnar Larsen (writer)">Gunnar Larsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Bugge_Mahrt" title="Haakon Bugge Mahrt">Haakon Bugge Mahrt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stenersen" title="Rolf Stenersen">Rolf Stenersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edith_%C3%98berg" title="Edith Øberg">Edith Øberg</a> were among the Norwegian authors who experimented with prose modernism. The books of the 1930s did not receive the same recognition as modernist works after the war. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Tarjei_Vesaas" title="Tarjei Vesaas">Tarjei Vesaas</a> published a poetry collection, <i>Leiken og lynet</i>, that led to major debate about the shape and rhythm for Norwegian poetry. This evolved further in the 1950s. Rolf Jacobsen achieved recognition as a poet of modernistic style after the war. <a href="/wiki/Kristofer_Uppdal" title="Kristofer Uppdal">Kristofer Uppdal</a> was also recognized for his work.
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Twentieth_Century">The Twentieth Century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Twentieth Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>After the death of the great four and <a href="/wiki/Amalie_Skram" title="Amalie Skram">Amalie Skram</a>, a new period of Norwegian literature took place. The year 1905, when Norway was free from the union with Sweden, marks a new period in the history of Norwegian literature. In the 20th century, three Norwegian novelists won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> in literature. The first was <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, whose prize reflected work of the previous century. The second was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> for the idealistic novel <i>Markens Grøde</i> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Soil" title="Growth of the Soil">Growth of the Soil</a>, 1917) in 1920. The third was <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a> for the trilogy of Kristin Lavransdatter and the two books of Olav Audunssøn, in 1927.
	</p><p>Knut Hamsun was especially criticized because of his sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a>, a Norwegian Nazi-party, during the Second World War.
	</p><p>Other important Norwegian writers include: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Gulbranssen" title="Trygve Gulbranssen">Trygve Gulbranssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Bj%C3%B8rneboe" title="Jens Bjørneboe">Jens Bjørneboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnar_Mykle" title="Agnar Mykle">Agnar Mykle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olav_Duun" title="Olav Duun">Olav Duun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cora_Sandel" title="Cora Sandel">Cora Sandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjartan_Fl%C3%B8gstad" title="Kjartan Fløgstad">Kjartan Fløgstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arne_Garborg" title="Arne Garborg">Arne Garborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksel_Sandemose" title="Aksel Sandemose">Aksel Sandemose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarjei_Vesaas" title="Tarjei Vesaas">Tarjei Vesaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Saabye_Christensen" title="Lars Saabye Christensen">Lars Saabye Christensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Askildsen" title="Kjell Askildsen">Kjell Askildsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Borgen" title="Johan Borgen">Johan Borgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dag_Solstad" title="Dag Solstad">Dag Solstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbj%C3%B8rg_Wassmo" title="Herbjørg Wassmo">Herbjørg Wassmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Herbj%C3%B8rnsrud" title="Hans Herbjørnsrud">Hans Herbjørnsrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Erik_Vold" title="Jan Erik Vold">Jan Erik Vold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jacobsen" title="Roy Jacobsen">Roy Jacobsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergljot_Hob%C3%A6k_Haff" title="Bergljot Hobæk Haff">Bergljot Hobæk Haff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_E._Kinck" title="Hans E. Kinck">Hans E. Kinck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olav_H._Hauge" title="Olav H. Hauge">Olav H. Hauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Jacobsen_(poet)" title="Rolf Jacobsen (poet)">Rolf Jacobsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunvor_Hofmo" title="Gunvor Hofmo">Gunvor Hofmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland" title="Arnulf Øverland">Arnulf Øverland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn_Obstfelder" title="Sigbjørn Obstfelder">Sigbjørn Obstfelder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Bull" title="Olaf Bull">Olaf Bull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje" title="Aasmund Olavsson Vinje">Aasmund Olavsson Vinje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tor_Ulven" title="Tor Ulven">Tor Ulven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torborg_Nedreaas" title="Torborg Nedreaas">Torborg Nedreaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stein_Mehren" title="Stein Mehren">Stein Mehren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kj%C3%A6rstad" title="Jan Kjærstad">Jan Kjærstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Johannesen" title="Georg Johannesen">Georg Johannesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristofer_Uppdal" title="Kristofer Uppdal">Kristofer Uppdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aslaug_Vaa" title="Aslaug Vaa">Aslaug Vaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halldis_Moren_Vesaas" title="Halldis Moren Vesaas">Halldis Moren Vesaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hoel" title="Sigurd Hoel">Sigurd Hoel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Falkberget" title="Johan Falkberget">Johan Falkberget</a>, Hans Børli and <a href="/wiki/Axel_Jensen" title="Axel Jensen">Axel Jensen</a>.
	</p>
	<h3><span id="The_Post-war_Period_.281945.E2.80.931965.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Post-war_Period_(1945–1965)">The Post-war Period (1945–1965)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Post-war Period (1945–1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
	<p>The literature in the first years after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> was characterized by a long series of documentary reports from people who had been in German custody, or who had participated in the resistance efforts during the occupation. The most famous among these were <a href="/wiki/Lise_B%C3%B8rsums" class="mw-redirect" title="Lise Børsums">Lise Børsums</a>'s <i>Fange i Ravensbrück</i>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nansen" title="Odd Nansen">Odd Nansen</a>'s <i>Fra dag til dag</i> (From Day to Day) and the posthumously published <i>Petter Moens dagbok</i> (<a href="/wiki/Petter_Moen" title="Petter Moen">Petter Moen</a>'s diary). Some years later, biographies of heroes of resistance, such as <a href="/wiki/Frithjof_S%C3%A6len_(writer)" title="Frithjof Sælen (writer)">Fridtjof Sælen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shetlands-Larsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetlands-Larsen">Shetlands-Larsen</a></i>, about <a href="/wiki/Leif_Larsen" title="Leif Larsen">Leif Andreas Larsen</a>, and David Armin Howarth's <i>Ni liv. Historien om Jan Baalsrud</i> (Nine Lives – the story of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baalsrud" title="Jan Baalsrud">Jan Baalsrud</a>), became major publishing successes.
	</p><p>Fiction of the period also centered on the war. <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Evensmo" title="Sigurd Evensmo">Sigurd Evensmo</a>'s <i>Englandsfarere</i> (published in English as "A Boat for England") about a group of resistance fighters who are captured. <a href="/wiki/Tarjei_Vesaas" title="Tarjei Vesaas">Tarjei Vesaas</a> symbolically addressed the war experience in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_in_the_Dark" title="The House in the Dark">Huset i mørkret</a></i> (The House in the Dark). A significant portion of the post-war literature was concerned with the question of why some remained good Norwegian patriots while others, seemingly ordinary people, served the enemy. Examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hoel" title="Sigurd Hoel">Sigurd Hoel</a>'s <i>Møte ved milepelen</i> from 1947, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Holt" title="Kåre Holt">Kåre Holt</a>'s <i>Det store veiskillet</i> (The Big Fork) from 1949 and <a href="/wiki/Aksel_Sandemose" title="Aksel Sandemose">Aksel Sandemose</a>'s <i>Varulven</i> (The Werewolf) from 1958, which provide psychological explanations for <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaboration</a>.
	</p><p>Poetry written during the war, which had either been broadcast from London or had circulated illegally, was published as collections in the spring of 1945, and enjoyed a popularity that Norwegian poetry has not seen before or since. In particular <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland" title="Arnulf Øverland">Arnulf Øverland</a>'s <i>Vi overlever alt</i> (We survive everything) and Nordahl Grieg's <i>Friheten</i> (Freedom) were well received. Some of those who were young during the war found that the traditional lyrical forms were insufficient to express horrors of war, atomic bombs and the emerging Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Gunvor_Hofmo" title="Gunvor Hofmo">Gunvor Hofmo</a>, who was personally affected by the war, came with the remarkable collections <i>Jeg vil hjem til menneskene</i> (I Want to Go Home to the People) and <i>Fra en annen virkelighet</i> (From an Alternate Reality).
	</p><p><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> appeared on a broad front in the Norwegian poetry of the 1950s. It impacted the lyrics produced by Tarjei Vesaas, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Orvil" title="Ernst Orvil">Ernst Orvil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Tollefsen" title="Astrid Tollefsen">Astrid Tollefsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olav_H._Hauge" title="Olav H. Hauge">Olav H. Hauge</a>. Among the younger poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Astrid_Hjerten%C3%A6s_Andersen" title="Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen">Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paal_Brekke" title="Paal Brekke">Paal Brekke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_B%C3%B8rli" title="Hans Børli">Hans Børli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(writer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (writer)">Harald Sverdrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Takvam" title="Marie Takvam">Marie Takvam</a>, free verse was the preferred form. Paal Brekke was modernism's foremost advocate against traditionalists – such as Arnulf Øverland and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bjerke" title="André Bjerke">André Bjerke</a> – in a wide-ranging debate about poetic forms which is recognized as the <i>speaking-in-tongues debate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Johannesen" title="Georg Johannesen">Georg Johannesen</a>'s first publication <i>Dikt</i> (Poetry) in 1959 introduced a new interest in political and social values, that had not been particularly evident in the 1950s. At the same time, the well-established poet, Rolf Jacobsen, espoused a more critical attitude to the consumer mentality and environmental destruction.
	</p><p>In prose, first and foremost it was <a href="/wiki/Jens_Bj%C3%B8rneboe" title="Jens Bjørneboe">Jens Bjørneboe</a> who led the attack on the establishment in the 1950s. In <i>Jonas</i> and <i>Den onde hyrde</i> (The Evil Shepherd) he attacks the school and prison systems, arguing that there the government shows its authoritarian aspects particularly clearly. One of the highlights of 1950s prose literature is <a href="/wiki/Johan_Borgen" title="Johan Borgen">Johan Borgen</a>'s <i>Lillelord</i> trilogy. Borgen' work is characterized by an experimental prose-writing style, which can be seen in several short story collections as well as the experimental novel <i>Jeg</i> (I) from 1959. Another highlight of 1950s literature was two controversial novels by <a href="/wiki/Agnar_Mykle" title="Agnar Mykle">Agnar Mykle</a>'s about Ask Burlefot: <i>Lasso rundt fru Luna</i> (published in English as "Lasso Around The Moon") and <i>Sangen om den røde rubin</i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Red_Ruby" title="The Song of the Red Ruby">The Song of the Red Ruby</a>). But as a result of legal intervention against the latter book, the pressure of the court case and surrounding controversy left Mykle a reclusive who published little thereafter. <a href="/wiki/Axel_Jensen" title="Axel Jensen">Axel Jensen</a> was another fresh, new voice in the 1950s. In his debut novels <i>Ikaros</i> and <i>Line</i> the young protagonist comes to terms with nonsocialistic members of the Social Democratic welfare state. Jensen also introduced a new theme in Norwegian literature with the publication of <i>Epp</i> in 1965; this novel dealt with a future <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a>.
	</p><p>Besides Johan Borgen, Tarjei Vesaas and <a href="/wiki/Torborg_Nedreaas" title="Torborg Nedreaas">Torborg Nedreaas</a> also achieved recognition as excellent short story writers. In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Askildsen" title="Kjell Askildsen">Kjell Askildsen</a> debuted with the short story collection <i>Heretter følger jeg deg helt hjem</i> (From now on I'll walk you all the way home). He has since remained at short prose genre, and is today considered one of Norwegian literature's finest short story writers.
	</p>
	<h3><span id="Political_awareness_and_social_realism_.281965.E2.80.931980.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_awareness_and_social_realism_(1965–1980)">Political awareness and social realism (1965–1980)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political awareness and social realism (1965–1980)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
	<p>The period after 1965 represented a sharp expansion of market for Norwegian fiction. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> instituted a policy for purchasing new literature. The state committed to purchase 1000 copies of each new title of Norwegian literature (conditioned on it meeting minimum standards). These were distributed among the country's libraries. This, combined with the creation of the book club <i>Bokklubben Nye Bøker</i> (New Books) in 1976 produced increased vitality in the country's literary production.
	</p><p>The 1970s produced both politicization and empowerment of Norwegian authors as a group – as well as intellectuals in general. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Authors%27_Union" title="Norwegian Authors' Union">Norwegian Authors' Union</a> became an arena for political struggle as well as the struggle for academic authors' rights. At one point the author's union split into two camps. Around the country the authors organized themselves in the regional author's organizations, and started a number of literary journals, in which contributions by amateur writers were welcomed.
	</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Profil_(literary_magazine)" title="Profil (literary magazine)">Profil</a></i> would eventually become the most-notable literary magazine. From 1965, it published the work of a number of young writers who would put their distinct mark on the literature of the period. The <i>Profil</i> goal was to bring Norwegian literature abreast of <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a> in general. To achieve this, they rebelled against the traditional <a href="/wiki/Psychological_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological novel">psychological novel</a> development. The question of the true identify for the modern state was core. <a href="/wiki/Dag_Solstad" title="Dag Solstad">Dag Solstad</a> contributed significantly to this late-1960s figures modernism through his articles, essays and literary works.
	</p><p>Poetry already exhibited a modernist style, which was prevalent through the 1950s and early 1960s. Traditionalists who still wrote in fixed stanza forms were out of favor. The younger poets targeted replacing the 1950s-style symbolism, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Erik_Vold" title="Jan Erik Vold">Jan Erik Vold</a> was at the forefront of this insurgency. Profil poetry introduced a new simplicity, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_poetry" title="Concrete poetry">concretism</a>, and use of everyday language. <a href="/wiki/Paal_Brekke" title="Paal Brekke">Paal Brekke</a> was particularly noted for promoting modern European poetry, both as poet and critic. He argued for a renewal of Norwegian poetry, and spread knowledge of foreign literature through translations of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Modernist poetry in English">English modernist writers</a> like <a href="/wiki/T.S.Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S.Eliot">T.S.Eliot</a>. In the mid-1950s, Brekke participated in the debate on lyrical form, and opposed <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bjerke" title="André Bjerke">André Bjerke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland" title="Arnulf Øverland">Arnulf Øverland</a> in the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a> debate</i>. Among the established lyrists, <a href="/wiki/Olav_H._Hauge" title="Olav H. Hauge">Olav H. Hauge</a> transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">modernistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concrete_poetry" title="Concrete poetry">concretist</a> poetry and enjoyed a renaissance, especially with his collection entitled <i>Dropar in austavind,</i> which inspired other, younger Norwegian poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Erik_Vold" title="Jan Erik Vold">Jan Erik Vold</a>.
	</p><p>After a short period the <i>Profil</i> group went separate routes, as authors such as Dag Solstad, <a href="/wiki/Espen_Haavardsholm" title="Espen Haavardsholm">Espen Haavardsholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tor_Obrestad" title="Tor Obrestad">Tor Obrestad</a> turned to the newly formed party <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Norway)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Norway)">Workers' Communist Party</a> (<i>Arbeidernes kommunistparti</i> or AKP), and become involved in formulating a new political program that based on the view that literature should serve the working people and their uprising against capitalism. Arild Asnes Solstad's <i>1970</i> is a key novel to understanding the desire of the modern intellectual to connect with something larger and more realistic – the working people and a cause.
	</p><p>There were few AKP-authors, yet they managed to set a major part of the agenda for Norwegian fiction through much of the 1970s. Some authors began to write novels and poems in a language targeted so that people could recognize themselves, often known as <a href="/wiki/Social_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Realism">social realism</a> literature. Well-known works in this genre include Solstad's <i>25. septemberplassen</i>, Obrestad's <i>Sauda! Streik!</i> and Haavardsholm's <i>Historiens kraftlinjer</i>.
	</p><p>Even though a minority wrote AKP-themed literature, there was a general willingness of the larger community of authors to support this literary focus. Besides the class struggle, there were two areas that were subject of serious literature: <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and the struggle against the concentration of governmental power into a centralized government.
	</p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">feminist literature</a> or woman's literature was shifting during this period. While some believed that a special term for literature written for women by women about women's experiences were necessary, others were concerned that feminist literature served to place the female writers and readers outside the community, in an isolated cycle. Notwithstanding the debate, important contributions came from new, female authors about women unsatisfactory role in the family and in society. <a href="/wiki/Liv_K%C3%B8ltzow" title="Liv Køltzow">Liv Køltzow</a>'s <i>Hvem bestemmer over Liv og Unni?</i> (Who decides for Liv and Unni?) is central to understanding the new woman's literature. <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rg_Vik" title="Bjørg Vik">Bjørg Vik</a> contributed a long series of short story collections and the play <i>To akter for fem kvinner</i> (Two acts for five women). Both Køltzow's and Vik's work stayed with the realistic tradition. Later <a href="/wiki/Cecilie_L%C3%B8veid" title="Cecilie Løveid">Cecilie Løveid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eldrid_Lunden" title="Eldrid Lunden">Eldrid Lunden</a> created work with a more rebellious language representing a fresh genre of experimental work. Løveid's work is notably committed to finding a new language for a new female role.
	</p>
	<h3><span id="Beyond_social_realism_.281980.E2.80.932000.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Beyond_social_realism_(1980–2000)">Beyond social realism (1980–2000)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beyond social realism (1980–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
	<p>The decade of the 1980s was in many ways a response to the social realism in 1970s literature. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Kaj_Skagen" title="Kaj Skagen">Kaj Skagen</a> published a polemical-philosophical treatise titled <i>Bazarovs barn</i> ("Bazarov's Children", alluding to the Russian fictional <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Bazarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Bazarov">Eugene Bazarov</a>), which reconciled the role of authors who had been on the periphery in the 1970s. Skagen advocated for a more individual-oriented and idealistic literature. Although it is uncertain whether this book created or simplify reflected the transition, many of the 1970s authors shifted in new directions during the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Dag_Solstad" title="Dag Solstad">Dag Solstad</a> published two novels which were retrospectives on the Workers' Communist Party. <a href="/wiki/Espen_Haavardsholm" title="Espen Haavardsholm">Espen Haavardsholm</a> wrote a novel titled <i>Drift</i> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Hoem" title="Edvard Hoem">Edvard Hoem</a> authored <i>Prøvetid</i>. All these works focused on middle-aged men who live through the crises of life, while struggling to find new footing. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Knut_Faldbakken" title="Knut Faldbakken">Knut Faldbakken</a>'s novels about the change of men's roles during the women's revolution in the 1970s reflected the new direction.
	</p><p>The 1980s generated several major novels that develop a main theme over decades, are centered on a strong-central character person and are built around rural milieu or a local community of a not too distant past. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Lars_Saabye_Christensen" title="Lars Saabye Christensen">Lars Saabye Christensen</a>'s <i>Beatles</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tove_Nilsen" title="Tove Nilsen">Tove Nilsen</a>'s <i>Skyskraperengler</i> (Skyscraper Angels), <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Ambj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Ingvar Ambjørnsen">Ingvar Ambjørnsen</a>'s <i>Hvite niggere</i> (White Niggers), <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Brantenberg" title="Gerd Brantenberg">Gerd Brantenberg</a>'s St.Croix trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Herbj%C3%B8rg_Wassmo" title="Herbjørg Wassmo">Herbjørg Wassmo</a>'s Tora-trilogy and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jacobsen" title="Roy Jacobsen">Roy Jacobsen</a>'s <i>Seierherrene</i>.
	</p><p>The 1980s have also been labeled the "fantasy decade" in Norwegian literature. A number of authors, including <a href="/wiki/Kjartan_Fl%C3%B8gstad" title="Kjartan Fløgstad">Kjartan Fløgstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_Osmundsen" title="Mari Osmundsen">Mari Osmundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Herbj%C3%B8rnsrud" title="Hans Herbjørnsrud">Hans Herbjørnsrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arild_Nyquist" title="Arild Nyquist">Arild Nyquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kj%C3%A6rstad" title="Jan Kjærstad">Jan Kjærstad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Hovland" title="Ragnar Hovland">Ragnar Hovland</a> produced works with magical, fantastic or improbable elements. Literature written for children and young people also included fantastic elements; <a href="/wiki/Tormod_Haugen" title="Tormod Haugen">Tormod Haugen</a> is the most notable contributor to this genre.
	</p><p>A large number of 1980s authors displayed a high degree of literary consciousness. Many of the new authors in this decade were formally educated in literature, philosophy and other academic subjects at the many schools or institutes for writers established throughout Norway. Many novels generated internal conflicts with the text itself or with other texts, and the protagonists was represented as a writer, scientist or artist. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kj%C3%A6rstad" title="Jan Kjærstad">Jan Kjærstad</a>'s <i>Homo Falsus</i> is perhaps the foremost of these 1980s <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">meta-novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Moe" title="Karin Moe">Karin Moe</a>'s <i>KYKA/1984</i> another. <a href="/wiki/Ole_Robert_Sunde" title="Ole Robert Sunde">Ole Robert Sunde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liv_Nysted" title="Liv Nysted">Liv Nysted</a> also produced works in this genre. Another consequence of more academically oriented authors was the large number of essay collections published in recent years; these often provide an authors' interpretations of other authors or reflections on other forms of art.
	</p><p>The period showed a rising interest in crime literature. <a href="/wiki/Jon_Michelet" title="Jon Michelet">Jon Michelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Staalesen" title="Gunnar Staalesen">Gunnar Staalesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Sm%C3%A5ge" title="Kim Småge">Kim Småge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Skagen" title="Fredrik Skagen">Fredrik Skagen</a> all were well appreciated by Norwegian readers. In the 1990s female crime writers such as <a href="/wiki/Karin_Fossum" title="Karin Fossum">Karin Fossum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Holt" title="Anne Holt">Anne Holt</a> had great success – the latter's works featured a female investigator. Interest in crime has in no way decreased since the turn of the millennium, and a number of writers have either specialized in crime or have alternated between crime and other prose. <a href="/wiki/Jo_Nesb%C3%B8" title="Jo Nesbø">Jo Nesbø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aust" title="Kurt Aust">Kurt Aust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unni_Lindell" title="Unni Lindell">Unni Lindell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Egeland" title="Tom Egeland">Tom Egeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kristensen_(author)" title="Tom Kristensen (author)">Tom Kristensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Lier_Horst" title="Jørn Lier Horst">Jørn Lier Horst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stein_Morten_Lier" title="Stein Morten Lier">Stein Morten Lier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Ola_Dahl" title="Kjell Ola Dahl">Kjell Ola Dahl</a> are among the authors in this category. A stream of translated crime, especially from Sweden and Britain, have influenced Norwegian authors of this genre.
	</p><p>Another clear trend is an interest in biographies, especially of authors and artists. Many of the significant living writers during the 1980s have written one or more biographies of deceased artist or other colleagues. In addition, several significant biographies were written. <i>The Fall of the Sun God. Knut Hamsun</i> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haugan" title="Jørgen Haugan">Jørgen Haugan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingar_Sletten_Kolloen" title="Ingar Sletten Kolloen">Ingar Sletten Kolloen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> biography received great attention. There is a trend in these modern biographies – similar to today's cinema and unlike the past – to use source material of a private character.
	</p><p>In poetry <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Jacobsen_(poet)" title="Rolf Jacobsen (poet)">Rolf Jacobsen</a>'s <i>Nattåpent</i> sold almost 20,000 copies and <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(writer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (writer)">Harald Sverdrup</a>'s <i>Lysets øyeblikk</i> was also very well received. <a href="/wiki/Stein_Mehren" title="Stein Mehren">Stein Mehren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tor_Ulven" title="Tor Ulven">Tor Ulven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paal-Helge_Haugen" title="Paal-Helge Haugen">Paal-Helge Haugen</a> also published significant collections of poetry during this decade. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Erik_Vold" title="Jan Erik Vold">Jan Erik Vold</a> wrote some of his most political poetry, reminiscent of the 1970s, during the 1990s. The new and emerging poetry shows great diversity. However, only the rare collection of poetry achieves substantial sales or circulation. Poetry can be said to be in a crisis state, unlike newer novels, which often are published in large quantities as the month's book for book clubs.
	</p><p>Theater audiences show only moderate interest in new Norwegian plays. Hence drama has been overshadowed by prose and poetry, with one exception: Jon Fosse. Fosse, through the 1990s and later, has achieved an international acclaim not enjoyed by any other Norwegian playwright since Ibsen.
	</p>
	<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="21st_century">21st century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
	<p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ove_Knausg%C3%A5rd" title="Karl Ove Knausgård">Karl Ove Knausgård</a> had worldwide success with his six-volume series of <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">autobiographical novels</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/My_Struggle_(Knausg%C3%A5rd_novels)" title="My Struggle (Knausgård novels)">My Struggle</a></i> (<i>Min kamp</i> in Norwegian) and was described by <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> as "one of the 21st-century's greatest literary sensations". Knausgård is also the author of novels (<i><a href="/wiki/Ute_av_verden" title="Ute av verden">Ute av verden</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/En_tid_for_alt" class="mw-redirect" title="En tid for alt">En tid for alt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Morgenstjernen" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgenstjernen">Morgenstjernen</a></i>), the autobiographical <i>The Seasons Quartet</i> and essay collections.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comics">Comics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>Norway has a distinct <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> and single-panel comic culture that it shares with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.
	</p><p>Story-driven comics with local themes were popular in the postwar years, including <a href="/wiki/Vangsgutane" title="Vangsgutane">Vangsgutane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_von_Bustenskjold" title="Jens von Bustenskjold">Jens von Bustenskjold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B8rbukk" title="Smørbukk">Smørbukk</a>. However, they gradually faded out of popularity, leading to several decades with no major locally produced comics (with the partial exception of <a href="/wiki/Pyton" title="Pyton">Pyton</a>). Starting in the early 1990s, a large number of strip comics were born from the local hype that had surrounded such US strip comics as <a href="/wiki/Calvin_%26_Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin & Hobbes">Calvin & Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piranha_Club" title="Piranha Club">Piranha Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beetle_Bailey" title="Beetle Bailey">Beetle Bailey</a>. Significant names include <a href="/wiki/Frode_%C3%98verli" title="Frode Øverli">Frode Øverli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pondus" title="Pondus">Pondus</a></i>, <i>Rutetid</i>), Lars Lauvik (<i>Eon</i>, <i>Wildlife</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mads_Eriksen" title="Mads Eriksen">Mads Eriksen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/M_(comic_strip)" title="M (comic strip)">M</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Lise_Myhre" title="Lise Myhre">Lise Myhre</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nemi_(comic_strip)" title="Nemi (comic strip)">Nemi</a></i>), Øyvind Sagosen (<i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Gaga" title="Radio Gaga">Radio Gaga</a></i>), and the duo Emberland & Sveen (<i>Sleivdal IL</i>).
	</p><p>Starting out with a focus on slapstick comedy, Norwegian comic strips gradually focused more on relationships and family life from the late 2000s onwards, leading to the creation of additional comic strips made by names like <a href="/wiki/Hanne_Sigbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Hanne Sigbjørnsen">Hanne Sigbjørnsen</a> (<i>Tegnehanne</i>) and Nils Axle Kanten (<i>Hjalmar</i>).
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Electronic_literature">Electronic literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electronic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<p>Hans Kristian Rustad's book <i>Digital litteratur</i> (2012) provides an overview of early Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">electronic literature</a>. See also the Nordic Electronic Literature Collection in the ELMCIP Electronic Literature Knowledge Base.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Significant authors include Ottar Ormstad and Anne Bang Steinsvik.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
	</p>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Norwegian Writers">List of Norwegian Writers</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_in_Norway" title="Bible translations in Norway">Bible translations in Norway</a></li></ul>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
	<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
	<li id="cite_note-Blankner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blankner_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankner_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankner_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankner_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankner 1938.</span>
	</li>
	<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jan/24/on-my-radar-karl-ove-knausgaards-cultural-highlights">On my radar: Karl Ove Knausgaard's cultural highlights</a> The Guardian 24 January 2021</span>
	</li>
	<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmcip.net/research-collection/nordic-electronic-literature-research-collection">"Nordic Electronic Literature Research Collection \| ELMCIP"</a>. <i>elmcip.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elmcip.net&rft.atitle=Nordic+Electronic+Literature+Research+Collection+%7C+ELMCIP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felmcip.net%2Fresearch-collection%2Fnordic-electronic-literature-research-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span>
	</li>
	<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRustad2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rustad, Hans Kristian (2009-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/kok/article/view/22030">"Elektronisk litteratur i Norden: Nordisk hyperteksttradisjon i lys av internasjonal hypertekstfiksjonshistorikk"</a>. <i>K&K - Kultur og Klasse</i> (in Danish). <b>36</b> (106): 190–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7146%2Fkok.v36i106.22030">10.7146/kok.v36i106.22030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2246-2589">2246-2589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=K%26K+-+Kultur+og+Klasse&rft.atitle=Elektronisk+litteratur+i+Norden%3A+Nordisk+hyperteksttradisjon+i+lys+av+internasjonal+hypertekstfiksjonshistorikk&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=190-217&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7146%2Fkok.v36i106.22030&rft.issn=2246-2589&rft.aulast=Rustad&rft.aufirst=Hans+Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fkok%2Farticle%2Fview%2F22030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span>
	</li>
	<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrmstad2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ormstad, Ottar (2012-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediarep.org/handle/doc/18724">"From Concrete to Digital Poetry: DRIVING DOWN THE ROAD OF CONTINUITY? A Personal Report from Norway"</a>. <i>Dichtung Digital. Journal für Kunst und Kultur digitaler Medien</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25969%2Fmediarep%2F17756">10.25969/mediarep/17756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dichtung+Digital.+Journal+f%C3%BCr+Kunst+und+Kultur+digitaler+Medien&rft.atitle=From+Concrete+to+Digital+Poetry%3A+DRIVING+DOWN+THE+ROAD+OF+CONTINUITY%3F+A+Personal+Report+from+Norway&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25969%2Fmediarep%2F17756&rft.aulast=Ormstad&rft.aufirst=Ottar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediarep.org%2Fhandle%2Fdoc%2F18724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span>
	</li>
	</ol></div></div>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
	<ul><li>Blankner, Frederika (1938). <i>A History of the Scandinavian Literatures</i>. Dial Press Inc., New York.</li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Ethlyn_T._Clough" title="Ethlyn T. Clough">Clough, Ethlyn T.</a> (editor) (1909). <i>Norwegian Life</i>. Bay View Reading Club.</li>
	<li>Gjerset, Knut (1915). <i>The History of the Norwegian People</i>. MacMillan.</li>
	<li>Griffiths, Tony (2004). <i>Scandinavia; at War with Trolls</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6776-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6776-8">1-4039-6776-8</a></li>
	<li>Grøndahl, Carl Henrik and Nina Tjomsland (editors) (1978). <i>The Literary Masters of Norway, with Samples of Their Works</i>. Tanum-Norli, Oslo.</li>
	<li>Larson, Karen (1948). <i>A History of Norway</i>. Princeton University Press.</li>
	<li>Naess, Harald S. (1993). <i>A History of Norwegian Literature</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3317-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3317-5">0-8032-3317-5</a></li></ul>
	<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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	<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626112022/http://www.bartleby.com/65/no/Norwlit.html">Norwegian literature</a> Columbia Encyclopedia article</li>
	<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/nordic-faq/part6_NORWAY/section-4.html">Norwegian literature</a> A short overview</li>
	<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/history/032005-990479/index-dok000-b-n-a.html">Trends in contemporary Norwegian literature</a> Article by <a href="/wiki/Janneken_%C3%98verland" title="Janneken Øverland">Janneken Øverland</a></li>
	<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/history/032001-990014/index-dok000-b-n-a.html">Norwegian children's literature: Word games, earnestness – diversity of genre and experiment in form</a> Article by Karin Beate Vold</li>
	<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.culturalprofiles.net">Norway Cultural Profile</a> - national cultural portal for Norway in English</li>
	<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Fiske" title="Willard Fiske">Fiske, Willard</a> (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Norway, Language and Literature of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Norway,_Language_and_Literature_of">"Norway, Language and Literature of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway%2C+Language+and+Literature+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li>
	<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norway"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Norway">"Norway" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 799–818, see page 816. <q>Norwegian Literature</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=799-818%2C+see+page+816&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Norway_in_the_High_Middle_Ages_(1066–1380)" title="History of Norway">High Middle Ages</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">End of the union</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">World War II</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></li>
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	<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Postwar" title="History of Norway">1945–2000</a></li>
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	</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway#Climate" title="Geography of Norway">Climate</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">Districts</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Norway" title="Extreme points of Norway">Extreme points</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">Islands</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Norway" title="List of lakes of Norway">Lakes</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Norway" title="List of mammals of Norway">Mammals</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Norway_by_height" title="List of mountains in Norway by height">Mountains</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Protected areas</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Norway" title="List of rivers of Norway">Rivers</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Norway">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/State_budget_of_Norway" title="State budget of Norway">National budget</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Correctional Service</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Elections</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_governments" title="List of Norwegian governments">Governments</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Police</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Norway" title="List of political parties in Norway">Political parties</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties">Membership of International organizations</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_in_Norway" title="Category:Fishing in Norway">Fisheries</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Industry in Norway">Industry</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Norway" title="Category:Mining in Norway">Mining</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Natural gas industry in Norway">Natural gas</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">National bank</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_paradox" title="Norwegian paradox">Norwegian paradox</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_in_Norway" title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Oil</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Renewable energy</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Taxation</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Telecommunications</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Trade unions</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Norway" title="Category:Society of Norway">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Climate change</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Norway" title="Crime in Norway">Crime</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Norway" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Norway">Ethnic groups</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Irreligion</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Norway" title="Pensions in Norway">Pensions</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Poverty</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Norway">Women</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad"><i>Bunad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(clothing)</span></a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway"><i>Christmas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(season)</span></a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante law</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></li>
	<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Media</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Prostitution</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Public holidays</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Norway" title="Category:Sport in Norway">Sport</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Anthem</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Norway">Flags</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">national flag</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Norwegian_institutions" title="Mottos of Norwegian institutions">Mottos</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Norway">Name of Norway</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">Category</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
	<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norwegian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_language" title="Template talk:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norwegian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Orthography</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian Braille</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Phonology</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(discontinued)</span></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Spoken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">West and south</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendalsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnesmål</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavangersk</a></li>
	<li>etc.</li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Østnorsk">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohusm%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohusmål (page does not exist)">Bohusmål</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdalsmål</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingmål-Valdris</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna-Idrem%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Särna-Idremål">Särna-Idremål</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_egentliga_dalm%C3%A5len" class="extiw" title="sv:De egentliga dalmålen">sv</a>]</span></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a></li>
	<li>etc.</li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herjedalsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herjedalsk (page does not exist)">Herjedalsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalska" class="extiw" title="sv:Härjedalska">sv</a>]</span></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jemtlansk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Medalsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Trondheimsk" title="Trondheimsk">Trondheimsk</a></li>
	<li>etc.</li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøymål</a></li>
	<li>etc.</li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Non-dialectical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/American_Norwegian" title="American Norwegian">American Norwegian</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish">Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms" title="Norwegian exonyms">Exonyms</a></li>
	<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_profanity" title="Norwegian profanity">Profanity</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li>
	<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjell_(norwegian_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kjell"><img alt="Kjell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/8px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/12px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/16px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49" /></a></span> "<a href="/wiki/Kjell_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell (letter)">Kjell</a>"</li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_transcription" title="Norvegia transcription">Norvegia</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l_Society" title="Riksmål Society">Riksmål Society</a></li></ul>
	</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
	<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_literature" title="Template:European literature"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_literature" title="Template talk:European literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European literature"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhaz</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_literature" title="Aragonese literature">Aragonese</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian literature (page does not exist)">Aromanian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_literature" title="Asturian literature">Asturian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Belgian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_literature" title="Chuvash literature">Chuvash</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cypriot</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anglo-Saxon)</span></a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Estonian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Flemish</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_literature" title="Frisian literature">Frisian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_literature" title="Friulian literature">Friulian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic</a></li>
	<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagauz_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagauz literature (page does not exist)">Gagauz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Гагаузская литература">ru</a>]</span></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature" title="Galician-language literature">Galician</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a>
	<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">medieval</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">modern</a></li></ul></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li>
	<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a>
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