docs/sdk.md

# MCP Python SDK

<div align="center">

<strong>Python implementation of the Model Context Protocol (MCP)</strong>

[![PyPI][pypi-badge]][pypi-url]
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[![Python Version][python-badge]][python-url]
[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
[![Specification][spec-badge]][spec-url]
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## Table of Contents

- [MCP Python SDK](#mcp-python-sdk)
  - [Overview](#overview)
  - [Installation](#installation)
    - [Adding MCP to your python project](#adding-mcp-to-your-python-project)
    - [Running the standalone MCP development tools](#running-the-standalone-mcp-development-tools)
  - [Quickstart](#quickstart)
  - [What is MCP?](#what-is-mcp)
  - [Core Concepts](#core-concepts)
    - [Server](#server)
    - [Resources](#resources)
    - [Tools](#tools)
    - [Prompts](#prompts)
    - [Images](#images)
    - [Context](#context)
  - [Running Your Server](#running-your-server)
    - [Development Mode](#development-mode)
    - [Claude Desktop Integration](#claude-desktop-integration)
    - [Direct Execution](#direct-execution)
    - [Mounting to an Existing ASGI Server](#mounting-to-an-existing-asgi-server)
  - [Examples](#examples)
    - [Echo Server](#echo-server)
    - [SQLite Explorer](#sqlite-explorer)
  - [Advanced Usage](#advanced-usage)
    - [Low-Level Server](#low-level-server)
    - [Writing MCP Clients](#writing-mcp-clients)
    - [MCP Primitives](#mcp-primitives)
    - [Server Capabilities](#server-capabilities)
  - [Documentation](#documentation)
  - [Contributing](#contributing)
  - [License](#license)

[pypi-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/mcp.svg
[pypi-url]: https://pypi.org/project/mcp/
[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/mcp.svg
[mit-url]: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/LICENSE
[python-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/mcp.svg
[python-url]: https://www.python.org/downloads/
[docs-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-modelcontextprotocol.io-blue.svg
[docs-url]: https://modelcontextprotocol.io
[spec-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/spec-spec.modelcontextprotocol.io-blue.svg
[spec-url]: https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io
[discussions-badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/discussions/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk
[discussions-url]: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/discussions

## Overview

The Model Context Protocol allows applications to provide context for LLMs in a standardized way, separating the concerns of providing context from the actual LLM interaction. This Python SDK implements the full MCP specification, making it easy to:

- Build MCP clients that can connect to any MCP server
- Create MCP servers that expose resources, prompts and tools
- Use standard transports like stdio, SSE, and Streamable HTTP
- Handle all MCP protocol messages and lifecycle events

## Installation

### Adding MCP to your python project

We recommend using [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/) to manage your Python projects. 

If you haven't created a uv-managed project yet, create one:

   ```bash
   uv init mcp-server-demo
   cd mcp-server-demo
   ```

   Then add MCP to your project dependencies:

   ```bash
   uv add "mcp[cli]"
   ```

Alternatively, for projects using pip for dependencies:
```bash
pip install "mcp[cli]"
```

### Running the standalone MCP development tools

To run the mcp command with uv:

```bash
uv run mcp
```

## Quickstart

Let's create a simple MCP server that exposes a calculator tool and some data:

```python
# server.py
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create an MCP server
mcp = FastMCP("Demo")


# Add an addition tool
@mcp.tool()
def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Add two numbers"""
    return a + b


# Add a dynamic greeting resource
@mcp.resource("greeting://{name}")
def get_greeting(name: str) -> str:
    """Get a personalized greeting"""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"
```

You can install this server in [Claude Desktop](https://claude.ai/download) and interact with it right away by running:
```bash
mcp install server.py
```

Alternatively, you can test it with the MCP Inspector:
```bash
mcp dev server.py
```

## What is MCP?

The [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io) lets you build servers that expose data and functionality to LLM applications in a secure, standardized way. Think of it like a web API, but specifically designed for LLM interactions. MCP servers can:

- Expose data through **Resources** (think of these sort of like GET endpoints; they are used to load information into the LLM's context)
- Provide functionality through **Tools** (sort of like POST endpoints; they are used to execute code or otherwise produce a side effect)
- Define interaction patterns through **Prompts** (reusable templates for LLM interactions)
- And more!

## Core Concepts

### Server

The FastMCP server is your core interface to the MCP protocol. It handles connection management, protocol compliance, and message routing:

```python
# Add lifespan support for startup/shutdown with strong typing
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
from dataclasses import dataclass

from fake_database import Database  # Replace with your actual DB type

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create a named server
mcp = FastMCP("My App")

# Specify dependencies for deployment and development
mcp = FastMCP("My App", dependencies=["pandas", "numpy"])


@dataclass
class AppContext:
    db: Database


@asynccontextmanager
async def app_lifespan(server: FastMCP) -> AsyncIterator[AppContext]:
    """Manage application lifecycle with type-safe context"""
    # Initialize on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield AppContext(db=db)
    finally:
        # Cleanup on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
mcp = FastMCP("My App", lifespan=app_lifespan)


# Access type-safe lifespan context in tools
@mcp.tool()
def query_db() -> str:
    """Tool that uses initialized resources"""
    ctx = mcp.get_context()
    db = ctx.request_context.lifespan_context["db"]
    return db.query()
```

### Resources

Resources are how you expose data to LLMs. They're similar to GET endpoints in a REST API - they provide data but shouldn't perform significant computation or have side effects:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.resource("config://app")
def get_config() -> str:
    """Static configuration data"""
    return "App configuration here"


@mcp.resource("users://{user_id}/profile")
def get_user_profile(user_id: str) -> str:
    """Dynamic user data"""
    return f"Profile data for user {user_id}"
```

### Tools

Tools let LLMs take actions through your server. Unlike resources, tools are expected to perform computation and have side effects:

```python
import httpx
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def calculate_bmi(weight_kg: float, height_m: float) -> float:
    """Calculate BMI given weight in kg and height in meters"""
    return weight_kg / (height_m**2)


@mcp.tool()
async def fetch_weather(city: str) -> str:
    """Fetch current weather for a city"""
    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
        response = await client.get(f"https://api.weather.com/{city}")
        return response.text
```

### Prompts

Prompts are reusable templates that help LLMs interact with your server effectively:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts import base

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.prompt()
def review_code(code: str) -> str:
    return f"Please review this code:\n\n{code}"


@mcp.prompt()
def debug_error(error: str) -> list[base.Message]:
    return [
        base.UserMessage("I'm seeing this error:"),
        base.UserMessage(error),
        base.AssistantMessage("I'll help debug that. What have you tried so far?"),
    ]
```

### Images

FastMCP provides an `Image` class that automatically handles image data:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Image
from PIL import Image as PILImage

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def create_thumbnail(image_path: str) -> Image:
    """Create a thumbnail from an image"""
    img = PILImage.open(image_path)
    img.thumbnail((100, 100))
    return Image(data=img.tobytes(), format="png")
```

### Context

The Context object gives your tools and resources access to MCP capabilities:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Context

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
async def long_task(files: list[str], ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Process multiple files with progress tracking"""
    for i, file in enumerate(files):
        ctx.info(f"Processing {file}")
        await ctx.report_progress(i, len(files))
        data, mime_type = await ctx.read_resource(f"file://{file}")
    return "Processing complete"
```

### Authentication

Authentication can be used by servers that want to expose tools accessing protected resources.

`mcp.server.auth` implements an OAuth 2.0 server interface, which servers can use by
providing an implementation of the `OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider` protocol.

```python
from mcp import FastMCP
from mcp.server.auth.provider import OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider
from mcp.server.auth.settings import (
    AuthSettings,
    ClientRegistrationOptions,
    RevocationOptions,
)


class MyOAuthServerProvider(OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider):
    # See an example on how to implement at `examples/servers/simple-auth`
    ...


mcp = FastMCP(
    "My App",
    auth_server_provider=MyOAuthServerProvider(),
    auth=AuthSettings(
        issuer_url="https://myapp.com",
        revocation_options=RevocationOptions(
            enabled=True,
        ),
        client_registration_options=ClientRegistrationOptions(
            enabled=True,
            valid_scopes=["myscope", "myotherscope"],
            default_scopes=["myscope"],
        ),
        required_scopes=["myscope"],
    ),
)
```

See [OAuthAuthorizationServerProvider](src/mcp/server/auth/provider.py) for more details.

## Running Your Server

### Development Mode

The fastest way to test and debug your server is with the MCP Inspector:

```bash
mcp dev server.py

# Add dependencies
mcp dev server.py --with pandas --with numpy

# Mount local code
mcp dev server.py --with-editable .
```

### Claude Desktop Integration

Once your server is ready, install it in Claude Desktop:

```bash
mcp install server.py

# Custom name
mcp install server.py --name "My Analytics Server"

# Environment variables
mcp install server.py -v API_KEY=abc123 -v DB_URL=postgres://...
mcp install server.py -f .env
```

### Direct Execution

For advanced scenarios like custom deployments:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run()
```

Run it with:
```bash
python server.py
# or
mcp run server.py
```

Note that `mcp run` or `mcp dev` only supports server using FastMCP and not the low-level server variant.

### Streamable HTTP Transport

> **Note**: Streamable HTTP transport is superseding SSE transport for production deployments.

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Stateful server (maintains session state)
mcp = FastMCP("StatefulServer")

# Stateless server (no session persistence)
mcp = FastMCP("StatelessServer", stateless_http=True)

# Stateless server (no session persistence, no sse stream with supported client)
mcp = FastMCP("StatelessServer", stateless_http=True, json_response=True)

# Run server with streamable_http transport
mcp.run(transport="streamable-http")
```

You can mount multiple FastMCP servers in a FastAPI application:

```python
# echo.py
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP(name="EchoServer", stateless_http=True)


@mcp.tool(description="A simple echo tool")
def echo(message: str) -> str:
    return f"Echo: {message}"
```

```python
# math.py
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP(name="MathServer", stateless_http=True)


@mcp.tool(description="A simple add tool")
def add_two(n: int) -> int:
    return n + 2
```

```python
# main.py
import contextlib
from fastapi import FastAPI
from mcp.echo import echo
from mcp.math import math


# Create a combined lifespan to manage both session managers
@contextlib.asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    async with contextlib.AsyncExitStack() as stack:
        await stack.enter_async_context(echo.mcp.session_manager.run())
        await stack.enter_async_context(math.mcp.session_manager.run())
        yield


app = FastAPI(lifespan=lifespan)
app.mount("/echo", echo.mcp.streamable_http_app())
app.mount("/math", math.mcp.streamable_http_app())
```

For low level server with Streamable HTTP implementations, see:
- Stateful server: [`examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp/`](examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp/)
- Stateless server: [`examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp-stateless/`](examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp-stateless/)

The streamable HTTP transport supports:
- Stateful and stateless operation modes
- Resumability with event stores
- JSON or SSE response formats
- Better scalability for multi-node deployments

### Mounting to an Existing ASGI Server

> **Note**: SSE transport is being superseded by [Streamable HTTP transport](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports#streamable-http).

By default, SSE servers are mounted at `/sse` and Streamable HTTP servers are mounted at `/mcp`. You can customize these paths using the methods described below.

You can mount the SSE server to an existing ASGI server using the `sse_app` method. This allows you to integrate the SSE server with other ASGI applications.

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount, Host
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP


mcp = FastMCP("My App")

# Mount the SSE server to the existing ASGI server
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount('/', app=mcp.sse_app()),
    ]
)

# or dynamically mount as host
app.router.routes.append(Host('mcp.acme.corp', app=mcp.sse_app()))
```

When mounting multiple MCP servers under different paths, you can configure the mount path in several ways:

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create multiple MCP servers
github_mcp = FastMCP("GitHub API")
browser_mcp = FastMCP("Browser")
curl_mcp = FastMCP("Curl")
search_mcp = FastMCP("Search")

# Method 1: Configure mount paths via settings (recommended for persistent configuration)
github_mcp.settings.mount_path = "/github"
browser_mcp.settings.mount_path = "/browser"

# Method 2: Pass mount path directly to sse_app (preferred for ad-hoc mounting)
# This approach doesn't modify the server's settings permanently

# Create Starlette app with multiple mounted servers
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        # Using settings-based configuration
        Mount("/github", app=github_mcp.sse_app()),
        Mount("/browser", app=browser_mcp.sse_app()),
        # Using direct mount path parameter
        Mount("/curl", app=curl_mcp.sse_app("/curl")),
        Mount("/search", app=search_mcp.sse_app("/search")),
    ]
)

# Method 3: For direct execution, you can also pass the mount path to run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
    search_mcp.run(transport="sse", mount_path="/search")
```

For more information on mounting applications in Starlette, see the [Starlette documentation](https://www.starlette.io/routing/#submounting-routes).

## Examples

### Echo Server

A simple server demonstrating resources, tools, and prompts:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("Echo")


@mcp.resource("echo://{message}")
def echo_resource(message: str) -> str:
    """Echo a message as a resource"""
    return f"Resource echo: {message}"


@mcp.tool()
def echo_tool(message: str) -> str:
    """Echo a message as a tool"""
    return f"Tool echo: {message}"


@mcp.prompt()
def echo_prompt(message: str) -> str:
    """Create an echo prompt"""
    return f"Please process this message: {message}"
```

### SQLite Explorer

A more complex example showing database integration:

```python
import sqlite3

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("SQLite Explorer")


@mcp.resource("schema://main")
def get_schema() -> str:
    """Provide the database schema as a resource"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect("database.db")
    schema = conn.execute("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'").fetchall()
    return "\n".join(sql[0] for sql in schema if sql[0])


@mcp.tool()
def query_data(sql: str) -> str:
    """Execute SQL queries safely"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect("database.db")
    try:
        result = conn.execute(sql).fetchall()
        return "\n".join(str(row) for row in result)
    except Exception as e:
        return f"Error: {str(e)}"
```

## Advanced Usage

### Low-Level Server

For more control, you can use the low-level server implementation directly. This gives you full access to the protocol and allows you to customize every aspect of your server, including lifecycle management through the lifespan API:

```python
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator

from fake_database import Database  # Replace with your actual DB type

from mcp.server import Server


@asynccontextmanager
async def server_lifespan(server: Server) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
    """Manage server startup and shutdown lifecycle."""
    # Initialize resources on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield {"db": db}
    finally:
        # Clean up on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
server = Server("example-server", lifespan=server_lifespan)


# Access lifespan context in handlers
@server.call_tool()
async def query_db(name: str, arguments: dict) -> list:
    ctx = server.request_context
    db = ctx.lifespan_context["db"]
    return await db.query(arguments["query"])
```

The lifespan API provides:
- A way to initialize resources when the server starts and clean them up when it stops
- Access to initialized resources through the request context in handlers
- Type-safe context passing between lifespan and request handlers

```python
import mcp.server.stdio
import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions

# Create a server instance
server = Server("example-server")


@server.list_prompts()
async def handle_list_prompts() -> list[types.Prompt]:
    return [
        types.Prompt(
            name="example-prompt",
            description="An example prompt template",
            arguments=[
                types.PromptArgument(
                    name="arg1", description="Example argument", required=True
                )
            ],
        )
    ]


@server.get_prompt()
async def handle_get_prompt(
    name: str, arguments: dict[str, str] | None
) -> types.GetPromptResult:
    if name != "example-prompt":
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown prompt: {name}")

    return types.GetPromptResult(
        description="Example prompt",
        messages=[
            types.PromptMessage(
                role="user",
                content=types.TextContent(type="text", text="Example prompt text"),
            )
        ],
    )


async def run():
    async with mcp.server.stdio.stdio_server() as (read_stream, write_stream):
        await server.run(
            read_stream,
            write_stream,
            InitializationOptions(
                server_name="example",
                server_version="0.1.0",
                capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
                    notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
                    experimental_capabilities={},
                ),
            ),
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import asyncio

    asyncio.run(run())
```

Caution: The `mcp run` and `mcp dev` tool doesn't support low-level server.

### Writing MCP Clients

The SDK provides a high-level client interface for connecting to MCP servers using various [transports](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports):

```python
from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters, types
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client

# Create server parameters for stdio connection
server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    command="python",  # Executable
    args=["example_server.py"],  # Optional command line arguments
    env=None,  # Optional environment variables
)


# Optional: create a sampling callback
async def handle_sampling_message(
    message: types.CreateMessageRequestParams,
) -> types.CreateMessageResult:
    return types.CreateMessageResult(
        role="assistant",
        content=types.TextContent(
            type="text",
            text="Hello, world! from model",
        ),
        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
        stopReason="endTurn",
    )


async def run():
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(
            read, write, sampling_callback=handle_sampling_message
        ) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

            # List available prompts
            prompts = await session.list_prompts()

            # Get a prompt
            prompt = await session.get_prompt(
                "example-prompt", arguments={"arg1": "value"}
            )

            # List available resources
            resources = await session.list_resources()

            # List available tools
            tools = await session.list_tools()

            # Read a resource
            content, mime_type = await session.read_resource("file://some/path")

            # Call a tool
            result = await session.call_tool("tool-name", arguments={"arg1": "value"})


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import asyncio

    asyncio.run(run())
```

Clients can also connect using [Streamable HTTP transport](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports#streamable-http):

```python
from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamablehttp_client
from mcp import ClientSession


async def main():
    # Connect to a streamable HTTP server
    async with streamablehttp_client("example/mcp") as (
        read_stream,
        write_stream,
        _,
    ):
        # Create a session using the client streams
        async with ClientSession(read_stream, write_stream) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()
            # Call a tool
            tool_result = await session.call_tool("echo", {"message": "hello"})
```

### OAuth Authentication for Clients

The SDK includes [authorization support](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/authorization) for connecting to protected MCP servers:

```python
from mcp.client.auth import OAuthClientProvider, TokenStorage
from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamablehttp_client
from mcp.shared.auth import OAuthClientInformationFull, OAuthClientMetadata, OAuthToken


class CustomTokenStorage(TokenStorage):
    """Simple in-memory token storage implementation."""

    async def get_tokens(self) -> OAuthToken | None:
        pass

    async def set_tokens(self, tokens: OAuthToken) -> None:
        pass

    async def get_client_info(self) -> OAuthClientInformationFull | None:
        pass

    async def set_client_info(self, client_info: OAuthClientInformationFull) -> None:
        pass


async def main():
    # Set up OAuth authentication
    oauth_auth = OAuthClientProvider(
        server_url="https://api.example.com",
        client_metadata=OAuthClientMetadata(
            client_name="My Client",
            redirect_uris=["http://localhost:3000/callback"],
            grant_types=["authorization_code", "refresh_token"],
            response_types=["code"],
        ),
        storage=CustomTokenStorage(),
        redirect_handler=lambda url: print(f"Visit: {url}"),
        callback_handler=lambda: ("auth_code", None),
    )

    # Use with streamable HTTP client
    async with streamablehttp_client(
        "https://api.example.com/mcp", auth=oauth_auth
    ) as (read, write, _):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            await session.initialize()
            # Authenticated session ready
```

For a complete working example, see [`examples/clients/simple-auth-client/`](examples/clients/simple-auth-client/).


### MCP Primitives

The MCP protocol defines three core primitives that servers can implement:

| Primitive | Control               | Description                                         | Example Use                  |
|-----------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Prompts   | User-controlled       | Interactive templates invoked by user choice        | Slash commands, menu options |
| Resources | Application-controlled| Contextual data managed by the client application   | File contents, API responses |
| Tools     | Model-controlled      | Functions exposed to the LLM to take actions        | API calls, data updates      |

### Server Capabilities

MCP servers declare capabilities during initialization:

| Capability  | Feature Flag                 | Description                        |
|-------------|------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| `prompts`   | `listChanged`                | Prompt template management         |
| `resources` | `subscribe`<br/>`listChanged`| Resource exposure and updates      |
| `tools`     | `listChanged`                | Tool discovery and execution       |
| `logging`   | -                            | Server logging configuration       |
| `completion`| -                            | Argument completion suggestions    |

## Documentation

- [Model Context Protocol documentation](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)
- [Model Context Protocol specification](https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io)
- [Officially supported servers](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/servers)

## Contributing

We are passionate about supporting contributors of all levels of experience and would love to see you get involved in the project. See the [contributing guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) to get started.

## License

This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the LICENSE file for details.