diff --git "a/utils/arena_df.csv" "b/utils/arena_df.csv" --- "a/utils/arena_df.csv" +++ "b/utils/arena_df.csv" @@ -883,20 +883,6 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Evidence suggests diet's influence on cancer may act through effects on weight and obesity, which are established risk factors for many cancers."", } ]", -4118,Is the sky doing something unusual in Oklahoma?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""9 even Oklahoma has more or less conceded the 54; see also Okla. Opp. Atty. Gen. 71, 1991 WL 567868, *3. In the past, point. The last time Oklahoma was before us, it asked this Court to usurp congressional authority and disestablish the Creek Reservation because, otherwise, the State 'would not have jurisdiction over' 'crimes committed against Indians' within its boundaries. See Tr. of Oral Arg. in McGirt v. Oklahoma, No. 18-9526, O. T. 2019, p. McGirt, 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 37-38). In 1991, Oklahoma's attorney general formally resolved that major '[c]rimes committed by or against Indians... are under the exclusive province of the United States,' while Tribes retain exclusive jurisdiction over'minor crimes committed by Indians.' Haney, 22 And Oklahoma's own courts have recently taken the same position even in the face of vehement opposition from the State's executive branch. See, e.g., Spears, 485 P. 3d, at 875, 877. ------ J., dissenting GORSUCH, D Against all this evidence, what is the Court's reply? It acknowledges that, at the Nation's founding, tribal sovereignty precluded States from prosecuting crimes on tribal lands by or against tribal members without congressional authorization. See ante, at 5. But the Court suggests this traditional ''notion'' flipped 180 degrees sometime in 'the latter half of the 1800s.' Ante, at 5, 21. Since then, the Court says, Oklahoma has enjoyed the 'inherent' power to try at least crimes by non-Indians against tribal members on tribal reservations until and unless Congress preempts state authority.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, A. Scalia & B. Garner, Reading Law 252 (2012); 'grant of statehood' to Oklahoma did not endow the State with any power to try 'crimes committed by or against Indians' on tribal lands but reserved that authority to the federal government and Tribes alone. Ramsey, 271 U. S., at 469; see also Tiger, 221 U. S., at 309. From start to finish, the Court defies our duty to interpret Congress's laws and our own prior work 'harmoniously' as 'part of an entire corpus juris.' see also Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U. S. 174, 184-185 (1988). C Putting aside these astonishing errors, Congress's work and this Court's precedents yield three clear principles that firmly resolve this case. First, tribal sovereign authority excludes the operation of other sovereigns' criminal laws unless and until Congress ordains otherwise. Second, while Congress has extended a good deal of federal criminal law to tribal lands, in Oklahoma it has authorized the State to prosecute crimes by or against Native Americans within tribal boundaries only if it satisfies certain requirements. Under Public Law 280, the State must remove state-law barriers to jurisdiction and obtain tribal consent. Third, because Oklahoma has done neither of these things, it lacks the authority it seeks to try crimes against tribal members within a tribal reservation. Until today, all this settled law was well appreciated by this Court, the Executive Branch, and even Oklahoma. Consider first our own precedents and those of other courts. In 1946 in Williams v. United States, this Court recognized that, while States'may have jurisdiction over offenses committed on th[e] reservation between persons who are not Indians, the laws and courts of the United States, rather than those of [the States], have jurisdiction over offenses committed there... by one who is not an Indian against one who is an Indian.' 327 U. S. 711, 714 (footnote ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""J., dissenting GORSUCH, Tribal Nations began seeking retrocession and repeal.' Brief for National Indigenous Women's Resource Center et al. as Amici Curiae 12. Recently, a bipartisan congressional commission agreed that more state criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is often not a good policy choice. See Indian Law and Order Commission, A Roadmap for Making Native America Safer: Report to the President and Congress of the United States xi, xiv, 11-15 (Nov. 2013). Still, none of this finds its way into the Court's cost-benefit analysis. Instead, the Court marches on. The second 'factor' it weighs in its 'balance'-and the only history it seems interested in consulting-concerns Oklahoma's account of its experiences in the last two years since McGirt. Adopting the State's representations wholesale, the Court says that decision has posed Oklahoma with law-and-order 'challenge[s].' Ante, at 4. To support its thesis, the Court cites the State's unsubstantiated 'estimat[e]' that McGirt has forced it to 'transfer prosecutorial responsibility for more than 18,000 cases per year to' federal and tribal authorities. Ibid. Apparently on the belief that the transfer of cases from state to federal prosecutors equates to an eruption of chaos and criminality, the Court remarks casually that traditional limitations on state prosecutorial authority on tribal lands were 'insignificant in the real world' before McGirt. Ante, at 16. But what does this prove? Put aside for the moment questions about the accuracy of Oklahoma's statistics and what the number of cases transferred from state to federal prosecutors may or may not mean for law and order. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 26 (questioning whether the State's 'figures' might be 'grossly exaggerated'). Taking the Court's account at face value, it might amount to a reason for Oklahoma to lobby the Cherokee to consent to state jurisdiction. It might be a reason for the State to petition ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, 2d Sess., 78 Appropriations Act, H. R. 2471, 117th Cong., (2022). Meanwhile, the Solicitor General has offered the Executive Branch's judgment that McGirt' s 'practical consequences' do not justify this Court's intervention, explaining that the Department of Justice is 'working diligently with tribal and State partners' in Oklahoma. See Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 32. maybe even See, There is even more evidence cutting against the Court's dystopian tale. According to a recent United States Attorney in Oklahoma, 'the sky isn't falling' and 'partnerships between tribal law enforcement and state law enforcement' are strong. A. Herrera, Trent Shores Reflects on His Time as U. S. Attorney, Remains Committed to Justice for Indian Country, KOSU-NPR (Feb. 24, 2021), www.kosu.org/politics/2021-02-24/trent-shoresreflects-on-his-time-as-u-s-attorney-remains-committed-tojustice-for-indian-country. A Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent in charge of Oklahoma has stated that violent crimes ''are being pursued as heavily as they were in the past, and in some cases, stronger.'' A. Brothers, Oklahoma Special Agent Says FBI Faces Challenges in 3 Categories, News on 6 (Feb. 14, 2022), https://www.newson6.com/story/620b261bf8cd4a07e 5cb845b/oklahoma-special-agent-says-fbi-faces-challengesin-3-categories. And the Tribes-those most affected by all this supposed lawlessness within their reservations-tell us that, after a period of adjustment, federal prosecutors are now pursuing lower level offenses vigorously too. See Brief for Muscogee (Creek) Nation as Amicus Curiae on Pet. for Cert. 11-12, and nn. 21-22 (collecting indictments). The federal government has made a similar representation to this Court. Tr.""}, {""chunk"": 5, ""content"": ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, Congress to revise criminal jurisdictional arrangements in the State even without tribal consent. But it is no act of statutory or constitutional interpretation. It is a policy argument through and through. Nor is the Court's policy argument exactly complete in its assessment of the costs and benefits. When this Court issued McGirt, it expressly acknowledged that cases involving crimes by or against tribal members within reservation boundaries would have to be transferred from state to tribal or federal authorities. 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 36-42). This Court anticipated, too, that this process would require a period of readjustment. But, the Court recognized, all this was necessary only because Oklahoma had long overreached its authority on tribal reservations and defied legally binding congressional promises. See ibid. this new workload think the 'costs' Notably, too, neither the tribal nor the federal authorities on the receiving end of of this period of readjustment begin to justify the Court's course. For their part, Tribes in Oklahoma have hired more police officers, prosecutors, and judges. See Cherokee Brief 10-11. Based on that investment, Oklahoma's Tribes have begun to prosecute substantially more cases than they once did. See id., at 12-13. And they have also shown a willingness to work with Oklahoma, having signed hundreds of cross-deputization agreements allowing local law enforcement to collaborate with tribal police. Id., at 1516, and n. 39. Even Oklahoma's amici concede these agreements have proved 'an important tool' for law enforcement. Brief for Oklahoma District Attorneys Association et al. as Amici Curiae 14. Both of the federal government's elected branches have also responded, if not in the way this Court happens to prefer. Instead of forcing state criminal jurisdiction onto Tribes, Congress has chosen to allocate additional funds for law enforcement in Oklahoma. See, e.g., Consolidated ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""}]",easy,answer,"The phrase 'the sky isn't falling' is used metaphorically in the context to indicate that the situation in Oklahoma is not as dire as some might suggest, particularly regarding law enforcement and jurisdictional changes after the McGirt decision. According to a United States Attorney in Oklahoma, partnerships between tribal and state law enforcement are strong, and violent crimes are being pursued as vigorously as before, if not more so.",5,Oklahoma legal jurisdiction metaphor,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In Oklahoma, [[start_highlight]]\""the sky isn't falling\"" metaphor used to indicate situation is not dire[[end_highlight]] as suggested regarding law enforcement jurisdiction."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Despite jurisdictional changes, [[start_highlight]]federal and tribal authorities have managed criminal cases effectively, and the state retains substantial jurisdiction[[end_highlight]] over non-Indian defendants."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The context discusses legal jurisdiction issues in Oklahoma following Supreme Court decisions affecting tribal authority."", - } - ]", 4541,How do different organizations approach disease control?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""Chua KB, 2003. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Virology 26, 265-275. Cox J, Bridgers J, 2018. World Animal Net: Why is Animal Welfare Important for Sustainable Consumption and Production? UNEA Report. - de Haan C, Steinfeld H and Blackburn H, 1997. Livestock and the environment: Finding a balance. Study sponsored by the European Commission, FAO and World Bank. Dee S, Neill C, Singrey A, Clement T, Cochrane R, Jones C, Patterson G, Spronk G, ChristopherHennings J, Nelson E, 2016. Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2016 Mar 12;12:51. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0674-z. Diaz-San Sequndo F, Medina GN, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T, 2017. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines Vet Microbiol 206;102-112, 2017. Doyle RE, Wieland B, Roesel K, Grace D, 2018. Animal welfare and the Sustainable Development Goals, UFAW: Animal welfare across borders, Hong Kong. Ducrot C et al., 2008. Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics. Vet Res. 39:15. DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053. Euro Group for Animals, 2018. Achieving the sustainable development goals: The role of animal welfare in Trade Policy. European Commission, 2015. Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Commission Notice 2015/C 299/04. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/ files/antimicrobial\\_resistance/docs/2015\\_prudent\\_use\\_guidelines\\_en.pdf European Commission. Undated. Better regulation toolbox. Tool #18. The choice of policy instruments. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file\\_import/better-regulationtoolbox-18\\_en\\_0.pdf""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""- OIE, 2009. Slaughter of animals, terrestrial animal health code. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris. - OIE, 2019b. Information on aquatic and terrestrial animal diseases: Foot & mouth disease (FMD). World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. - OIE, 2019c. Situational updates of ASF in Asia and the Pacific. https://rr-asia.oie.int/en/projects/ asf/situational-updates-of-asf/ - Oltenacu PA and Broom DM, 2010. The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Animal Welfare 19:39-49. Paustian K, Lehmann J, Ogle S et al., 2016. Climate-smart soils. Nature 532, 49-57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17174 Pinillos RG, 2018. One welfare: A framework to improve animal welfare and human well-being. CABI. Plumb GE, Olsen SC and Buttke D, 2013. Brucellosis: 'One health' challenges and opportunities. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 32(1):271-8 Pritchard J, Upjohn M and HirsonT, 2018. Improving working equine welfare in 'hard-win' situations, where gains are difficult, expensive or marginal. PloS One 13 e0191950. Quested TE, Cook PE, Gorris LGM and Cole MB, 2010. Trends in technology, trade and consumption likely to impact on microbial food safety. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 139:30, S29-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.043 Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, F\u00e8vre EM, Gilbert M, Grace D, Hay SI, Jiwakanon J, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Laxminarayan R, Lubroth J, Magnusson U, Thi Ngoc P, Van Boeckel TP and Woolhouse MEJ, 2017. Antibiotic resistance: Mitigation opportunities in livestock sector development. Animal 11(1):1-3. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116001828.""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Rome, F AO https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2013. FSAI survey finds horse DNA in some beef burger products. https://www.fsai.ie/details.aspx?id=11878 Frank C et al., 2011. Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany. N Engl J Med. 365:1771-80. Fraser D, 2008. Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113, 330-339. Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J, Falcucci A and Tempio G, 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock - A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Godfray HCJ, Garnett T, 2014. Food security and sustainable intensification. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences 369, 20120273. Hall MJ, Ng A, Ursano RJ, Holloway H, Fullerton C, Casper J, 2004. Psychological impact of the animal-human bond in disaster preparedness and response. Journal of Psychiatric Practice\u00ae 10, 368-374. Halliday JEB, Allan KJ, Ekwem KJD, Cleaveland S, Kazwala RR and Crump JA, 2015. Endemic zoonoses in the tropics: a public health problem hiding in plain sight. Veterinary Record 176, 220-225. https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/176/9/220 Hanzlicek GA, Raghavan RK, Ganta RR and Anderson GA. 2016. Bayesian space-time patterns and climatic determinants of bovine anaplasmosis. PLOS One https://journals.plos.org/ plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151924""}]",hard,answer,"Different organizations approach disease control through a variety of strategies, often tailored to the specific disease and context. Here are some approaches based on the provided context: 1. **World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)**: The OIE provides guidelines and standards for disease control, such as the 'Slaughter of animals, terrestrial animal health code' (OIE, 2009) and updates on diseases like Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) and African Swine Fever (ASF) (OIE, 2019b, 2019c). @@ -941,20 +927,6 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Exemptions typically apply until vessel undergoes substantial modification or replacement of lighting system."", } ]", -3128,What funky light show should a ship that's totally out of control put on at night?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""Vessel or object being towed-length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit: - (i) Sidelights; - (ii) A sternlight; and - (iii) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Vessel being towed-length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel: - (i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights; - (ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. International only. Vessel being towed alongside. International only. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (f)(iii) of this Rule. - (i) A vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (ii) A vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (iii) When vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outboard vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. Inland only. Vessel being towed alongside.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## Rule 27 ## Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-not making way. Same for Inland. ## Rule 27 ## Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to maneuver ## \u00a7 83.27 - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) Two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) Two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; and - (iii) When making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-making way. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 27-CONTINUED - (b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, except a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations, shall exhibit: - (i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; - (ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond; when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, in - (iii) sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed subparagraph (i); - (iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30. Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver-making way; vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland.""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""## \u00a7 83.24 - (a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit: - (i) Instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii) (\u00a7\u00a7 83.23(a)(i) and (ii)), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line; - (ii) Sidelights; - (iii) A sternlight; - (iv) A towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and - (v) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Power-driven vessel towing astern-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23. Composite unit underway. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23 (\u00a7 83.23). Composite unit underway-less than 50 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall exhibit: - (i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line; - (ii) sidelights; and - (iii) a sternlight.""}]",easy,answer,"A vessel not under command at night should exhibit two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. If the vessel is making way through the water, it should also show sidelights and a sternlight in addition to the two all-round red lights.",3,Vessel not under command lighting,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A vessel not under command must exhibit [[start_highlight]]two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If making way through water, also show [[start_highlight]]sidelights and sternlight[[end_highlight]] in addition to the two red lights."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\""Not under command\"" means vessel unable to maneuver as required by rules due to exceptional circumstance, thus unable to keep out of way of another vessel."", - } - ]", 2788,Explain the special process in Model #218 for producers who cannot comply with CE requirements due to military service.,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## Compensation Disclosure Section 18 of Model #218 requires disclosure where the producer receives any compensation from the customer for the placement of insurance or represents the customer with respect to that placement. This section contains several specific definitions and exceptions to the disclosure requirement. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has not developed any formal guidance on the implementation of Section 18, but the NAIC issued a frequently asked questions (FAQ) document to give additional guidance. This FAQ is in the Appendices. State licensing directors should confer with their legal counsel about appropriate methods for implementing this section. 7 ## Chapter 16 ## License Renewal and Reinstatement ## License Renewal Under the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218), the general rule is that a producer license remains in effect unless suspended, cancelled or revoked. All states have a procedure for individual producers to verify compliance with continuing education (CE) requirements. In states that renew licenses, the CE compliance period should coincide with the license renewal. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has adopted a uniform license renewal application that is recommended for use by states that renew producer licenses. The current version of the application can be found on the Working Group's web page. States should use the data elements from the uniform renewal application, whether renewal is done via paper application or electronically. The previous reciprocity provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) also applied to the license renewal of nonresidents. The process should be similar to initial licensing: - 1. The proper application and fee are submitted. - 2. If the answers to any of the questions on the renewal application indicate conduct prohibited by Section 12 of Model #218, a state can require additional documentation. - 3. No other attachments should be required. A number of states use the electronic license renewal process. This process automatically checks the NAIC and National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR) databases to verify the producer's standing in the home/resident state. The NIPR process uses the data elements from the uniform renewal application. Model #218 contains a special process for producers who cannot comply with CE requirements due to military service or other extenuating circumstances.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""When a producer's license has been suspended for a period of time that extends beyond the producer's license expiration date, reinstatement is not an option. The producer must request reissuance of a license and should not be allowed to merely apply for a new license by passing an examination and submitting a new application. The producer's request for reinstatement or reissuance must include sufficient information to allow the insurance department to determine whether the basis of the revocation, suspension or forfeiture of the applicant's license no longer exists and whether it will be in the public interest to grant the request for a new or reinstated license. The burden of proof to establish such facts is on the producer. In most states, the producer will have a right to an administrative hearing if the reinstatement request is denied. Some states allow a license to be voluntarily forfeited in lieu of compliance with an order of the insurance commissioner. In this scenario, a request for voluntary forfeiture of a license should be made in writing to the insurance commissioner. The written consent of the insurance commissioner is usually required. Forfeiture of a license is effective upon submission of the request, unless a contested case proceeding is pending at the time the request is submitted. If a contested case proceeding is pending at the time of the request, the forfeiture becomes effective when and upon such conditions as required by order of the insurance commissioner. A forfeiture made during the pendency of a contested case proceeding is usually considered a disciplinary action subject to reporting to the Regulatory Information Retrieval System (RIRS). ## Collaboration and Referrals Among State Insurance Regulators There are several NAIC tools to facilitate communication about enforcement actions among state insurance regulators. The NAIC's Market Actions (D) Working Group identifies and reviews insurance companies that are exhibiting or may exhibit characteristics indicating a current or potential market regulatory issue that may affect multiple jurisdictions. The Working Group determines if regulatory action should be taken and supports collaborative actions in addressing problems identified.""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""For example, if a DRP holds a life line of authority (LOA) only, and an affiliated producer is authorized to sell property/casualty (P/C) products, it is not necessary for a DRP with a P/C LOA to be named as a second DRP. Model #218 does not give specific guidance on appropriate action to take when a notification is received that the DRP has lost their home state license. A recommended practice is to send a notification to the BE and inform it that the BE license will go inactive unless a new DRP is named and approved within a reasonable number of days. A BE has an ongoing responsibility to report misconduct of the BE or any of its affiliated producers. Section 12(c) of Model #218 states: The license of a BE may be suspended, revoked or refused if the insurance commissioner finds, after hearing, that an individual licensee's violation was known or should have been known by one or more of the partners, officers or managers acting on behalf of the partnership or corporation and the violation was neither reported to the insurance commissioner nor corrective action taken. ## Recommended Best Practices for State Insurance Regulators - \u00b7 Use the NAIC uniform application for BEs, and eliminate all other state-specific forms. - \u00b7 Review all state insurance laws and regulations, and amend any that require attachments that might violate reciprocity. - \u00b7 Review the practical consumer protection value of all information collected, and collect only information that adds value. - \u00b7 Require only one DRP per BE. - \u00b7 If appointments are required for a BE, require only one appointment per state, and require no sub-appointments. - \u00b7 Use electronic filings for more efficiency. ## Chapter 13 ## Temporary Licenses Section 11 of the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218) contains a provision that allows a state insurance director to issue a temporary license to the survivor of a producer if the insurance commissioner deems it necessary for servicing the deceased producer's customers. The license is limited to 180 days and also may be limited in scope by the insurance commissioner. The intent of this section is to wind up the business affairs of the producer and not indefinitely continue the decedent's insurance business.""}]",medium,answer,"Model #218 contains a special process for producers who cannot comply with continuing education (CE) requirements due to military service or other extenuating circumstances. However, the provided context does not specify the exact details of this special process. It is recommended to consult the specific provisions of Model #218 or the NAIC's frequently asked questions (FAQ) document for further guidance on this matter.",3,Insurance licensing military exemptions,False,"[ { ""type"": ""primary"", @@ -1117,20 +1089,6 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Preventive measures include engineering controls, personal protective equipment, vaccination when available, and proper hygiene practices."", } ]", -2263,What are the mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""| | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Dietary Non- cariogenic Carbohydrate Sweeteners and Dental Caries (21 CFR 101.80) | Sugar free, and When a fermen- table carbohydrate is present, the food must not lower plaque pH below 5.7. Eligible substances 1) The following sugar alcohols: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, erythritol, or a combination of these. 2) The following sugars: D-tagatose and isomaltulose 3) The following non-nutritive sweetener: sucralose | Required terms:'does not promote,''may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.''sugar alcohol' or'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols Note: D-tagatose may be identified as 'tagatose' When the substance that is the subject of the claim is a noncariogenic sugar (i.e., D-tagatose) the claim shall identify the substance as a sugar that, unlike other sugars, does not promote the development of dental caries. Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay.""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay. Packages with less than 15 square inches of surface area available for labeling may use a shortened claim | Full claim: Frequent between-meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches promotes tooth decay. The sugar alcohols in [name of food] do not promote tooth decay. Shortened claim (on small packages only): Does not promote tooth decay. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|""}]",hard,answer,"The mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries are: 'does not promote,' 'may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.' Additionally, the claim must specify 'sugar alcohol' or 'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols.",3,Dental caries health claims,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""| Health Claim | Mandatory Terms |\n|-------------|----------------|\n| Sugar Alcohols and Dental Caries | [[start_highlight]]\""does not promote,\"" \""may reduce the risk of,\"" \""useful [or is useful] in not promoting,\"" or \""expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting\"" dental caries\""[[end_highlight]]"", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Food must meet criteria: [[start_highlight]]sugar alcohol used in place of sugar, sugar alcohol not fermented by oral bacteria, food doesn't lower plaque pH below 5.7[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Eligible sugar alcohols include xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, or combination of these."", - } - ]", 5449,When did things change for the lakes?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## \u00a7 88.07 Public Safety Activities - (a) Vessels engaged in government sanctioned public safety activities, and commercial vessels performing similar functions, may display an alternately flashing red and yellow light signal. This identification light signal must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. The identification light signal may be used only as an identification signal and conveys no special privilege. Vessels using the identification light signal during public safety activities must abide by the Inland Navigation Rules, and must not presume that the light or the exigency gives them precedence or right of way. - (b) Public safety activities include but are not limited to patrolling marine parades, regattas, or special water celebrations; traffic control; salvage; firefighting; medical assistance; assisting disabled vessels; and search and rescue. ## -INTERNATIONALINTERPRETATIVE RULES 33 CFR 82 ## \u00a7 82.1 Purpose This part contains the interpretative rules concerning the 72 COLREGS that are adopted by the Coast Guard for the guidance of the public. ## \u00a7 82.3 Pushing vessel and vessel being pushed: Composite unit Rule 24(b) of the 72 COLREGS states that when a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit, they are regarded as a power-driven vessel and must exhibit the lights under Rule 23. A 'composite unit' is interpreted to be a pushing vessel that is rigidly connected by mechanical means to a vessel being pushed so they react to sea and swell as one vessel. 'Mechanical means' does not include the following: - (a) Lines. - (b) Hawsers. - (c) Wires. - (d) Chains. ## \u00a7 82.5 Lights for moored vessels""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## Inland Regulations The Inland Rules in this book replace the old Inland Rules, Western Rivers Rules, Great Lakes Rules, their respective pilot rules and interpretive rules, and parts of the Motorboat Act of 1940. Many of the old navigation rules were originally enacted in the 1800's. Occasionally, provisions were added to cope with the increasing complexities of water transportation. Eventually, the navigation rules for United States inland waterways became such a confusing patchwork of requirements that in the 1960's several attempts were made to revise and simplify them. These attempts were not successful. Following the signing of the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, a new effort was made to unify and update the various inland navigation rules. This effort culminated in the enactment of the Inland Navigational Rules Act of 1980. This legislation sets out Rules 1 through 38 - the main body of the Rules. The five Annexes were published as regulations. It is important to note that with the exception of Annex V to the Inland Rules, the International and Inland Rules and Annexes are very similar in both content and format. The effective date for the Inland Navigation Rules was December 24, 1981, except for the Great Lakes where the effective date was March 1, 1983. On May 17, 2010 the US Coast Guard published a Final Rule which placed the Inland Navigational Rules into the Code of Federal Regulations. This move was in accordance with the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004, which repealed the Inland Navigation Rules as they appeared in United States Code. This Handbook supersedes Commandant Instruction M16672.2D, Navigation Rules: International-Inland. It maintains the same format and provides additional and updated content. Not all U.S. Navigation Regulations found in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations are contained in this handbook. ## LEGAL CITATIONS""}]",easy,answer,"The effective date for the Inland Navigation Rules on the Great Lakes was March 1, 1983.",2,Great Lakes navigation rules,False,"[ { ""type"": ""primary"", @@ -1173,24 +1131,6 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces ""abbreviatedContent"": ""BSL-2 is for agents with moderate potential hazard, while BSL-4 is for dangerous/exotic agents with high risk of aerosol-transmitted infections and no available treatments."", } ]", -221,What does the Court's suggestion about Oklahoma's authority imply about Congress's past legislation?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""A Today the Court rules for Oklahoma. In doing so, the Court announces that, when it comes to crimes by non-Indians against tribal members within tribal reservations, Oklahoma may 'exercise jurisdiction.' Ante, at 4. But this declaration comes as if by oracle, without any sense of the history recounted above and unattached to any colorable legal authority. Truly, a more ahistorical and mistaken statement of Indian law would be hard to fathom. premise that The source of the Court's error is foundational. Through most of its opinion, the Court proceeds on the Oklahoma possesses 'inherent' sovereign power to prosecute crimes on tribal reservations until and unless Congress 'preempt[s]' that authority. Ante, at 5-18. The Court emphasizes that States normally wield broad police powers within their borders absent some preemptive federal law. See ante, at 4-6; see also Virginia Uranium, Inc. v. Warren, 587 U. S. \\_\\_\\_, \\_\\_\\_ (2019) (lead opinion) (slip op., at 12). But the effort to wedge Tribes into that paradigm is a category error. Tribes are not private organizations within ## J., dissenting GORSUCH, other authorstate boundaries. Their reservations are not glorified private campgrounds. Tribes are sovereigns. And the preemption rule applicable to them is exactly the opposite of the normal rule. Tribal sovereignty means that the criminal laws of the States 'can have no force' on tribal members within tribal bounds unless and until Congress clearly ordains otherwise. Worcester, 6 Pet., at 561. After all, the power to punish crimes by or against one's own citizens within one's own territory to the exclusion of ities is and has always been among the most essential attributes of sovereignty. See, e.g., Wilson v. Girard, 354 U. S. 524, 529 (1957) ( per curiam ) ('A sovereign nation has exclusive jurisdiction to punish offenses against its laws committed within its borders'); see also Schooner Exchange v.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""408, 416-418 (2003) (Breyer). In refusing to sanction Georgia's power grab, this Court explained that the State's 'assertion of jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation' was 'void,' because under our Constitution only the federal government possessed the power to manage relations with the Tribe. Worcester, 6 Pet., at 542, 561-562. B Two years later, and exercising its authority to regulate tribal affairs in the shadow of Worcester, Congress adopted the General Crimes Act of 1834 (GCA). That law extended federal criminal jurisdiction to tribal lands for certain crimes and, in doing so, served two apparent purposes. First, as a 'courtesy' to the Tribes, the law represented a promise by the federal government 'to punish crimes... committed... by and against our own [non-Indian] citizens.' H. Rep. No. 474, 23d Cong., 1st Sess., 13 (1834) (H. Rep. No. 474). That jurisdictional arrangement was also ## J., dissenting GORSUCH, against non-Indians. See consistent with, and even seemingly compelled by, the federal government's treaties with various Tribes. See F. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law 731 (N. Newton et al. eds. 2005) (Cohen); R. Clinton, Development of Criminal Jurisdiction Over Indian Lands: The Historical Perspective, 17 Ariz. L. Rev. 951, 958-962 (1975) (Clinton). Second, because Worcester held that States lacked criminal jurisdiction on tribal lands, Congress sought to ensure a federal forum for crimes committed by and H. Rep. No. 474, at 13. Otherwise, Congress understood, non-Indian settlers would be subject to tribal jurisdiction alone. See id., at 13, 18; R. Barsh & J. Henderson, The Betrayal, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe and the Hunting of the Snark, 63 Minn. L. Rev. 609, 625-626 (1979).""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""Now, before a State like Oklahoma may try crimes by or against Native Americans arising on tribal lands, it must take action to amend any state law disclaiming that authority; then, the State must seek and obtain tribal consent to any extension of state jurisdiction. See Part I-B, supra ; Clinton 958-962. Unless a State takes these steps, it does ## J., dissenting GORSUCH, 'not hav[e] jurisdiction.' 25 U. S. C. \u00a7\u00a7 1321(a), 1323(b). 6 'inherent' The Court's suggestion that Oklahoma enjoys authority to try crimes against Native Americans within the Cherokee Reservation makes a mockery of all of Congress's work from 1834 to 1968. The GCA and MCA? On the Court's account, Congress foolishly extended federal criminal law to tribal lands on a mistaken assumption that only tribal law would otherwise apply. Unknown to anyone until today, state law applied all along. The treaty, the Oklahoma Enabling Act, and the provision in Oklahoma's constitution that Congress insisted upon as a condition of statehood? The Court effectively ignores them. The Kansas Act and its sibling statutes? On the Court's account, they were needless too. Congress's instruction in Public Law 280 that States may not exercise jurisdiction over crimes by or against tribal members on tribal lands until they amend contrary state law and obtain tribal consent? Once more, it seems the Court thinks Congress was hopelessly misguided. Through it all, the Court makes no effort to grapple with the backdrop rule of tribal sovereignty. The Court proceeds oblivious to the rule that only a clear act of Congress may impose constraints on tribal sovereignty. The Court ignores the fact that Congress has never come close to subjecting the Cherokee to state criminal jurisdiction over crimes against tribal members within the Tribe's reservation. The Court even disregards our precedents recognizing that the ------ ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""\u00a7 1324. The Court gestures toward the Cherokee's treaties and the Oklahoma Enabling Act, but ultimately abandons any argument that those treaties were lawfully abrogated or that the Oklahoma Enabling Act endowed Oklahoma J., dissenting GORSUCH, with inherent authority to try cases involving Native Americans within tribal bounds. See ante, at 18. Nor does the Court address the relevant text of those treaties or the Enabling Act-let alone come to terms with our precedents holding that Oklahoma's 'grant of statehood' did not include the power to try 'crimes committed by or against Indians' on tribal lands. Ramsey, 271 U. S., at 469; see also Tiger, 221 U. S., at 309. Nothing in today's decision could or does begin to preclude the Cherokee or other Tribes from pressing arguments along any of these lines in future cases. The unamended Oklahoma Constitution and other state statutes and judicial decisions may stand as independent barriers to the assumption of state jurisdiction as a matter of state law too. At least that rule (and The Court's decision is limited in still other important ways. Most significantly, the Court leaves undisturbed the ancient rule that States cannot prosecute crimes by Native Americans on tribal lands without clear congressional authorization-for that would touch the heart of 'tribal self-government.' Ante, at 17. maybe others) can never be balanced away. Indeed, the Court's ruling today rests in significant part on the fact that Tribes currently lack criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians who commit crimes on tribal lands-a factor that obviously does not apply to cases involving Native American defendants. Ante, at 19.""}]",hard,answer,"The Court's suggestion that Oklahoma possesses 'inherent' authority to prosecute crimes by non-Indians against tribal members within tribal reservations implies that Congress's past legislation was unnecessary or misguided. According to the dissenting opinion, this view makes a 'mockery' of Congress's work from 1834 to 1968, including laws like the General Crimes Act (GCA) and the Major Crimes Act (MCA), which were based on the premise that state law did not apply on tribal lands without explicit congressional authorization. The dissenting opinion argues that the Court's stance ignores the historical and legal framework that has long recognized tribal sovereignty and the need for clear congressional action to extend state jurisdiction over tribal lands.",4,Tribal jurisdiction legal interpretation,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Court announces that Oklahoma has [[start_highlight]]'inherent' authority to prosecute crimes by non-Indians against tribal members within tribal boundaries, implying that Congress's past legislation (MCA, GCA) was unnecessary and superfluous[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Court's decision [[start_highlight]]disregards direct Congressional authority that explicitly excluded states from jurisdiction over Indians in Indian country[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Court's approach [[start_highlight]]makes \""a mockery\"" of prior statutes like Public Law 280 where Congress expressly granted states criminal jurisdiction over tribal lands[[end_highlight]] with specific requirements."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In the past, Supreme Court consistently recognized that states lacked jurisdiction over crimes involving tribal members in Indian country without express Congressional authorization."", - } - ]", 1550,Why might vegetables and fruits help with weight loss?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## What are antioxidants, and what do they have to do with cancer? The body uses certain nutrients, bioactive food components, and endogenously produced compounds for protection against damage to tissues that is constantly occurring as a result of normal oxidative metabolism. Because such damage is associated with increased cancer risk, some antioxidants are thought to protect against cancer. Antioxidants obtained from the diet include vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and many other bioactive food components. Studies suggest that people who eat more vegetables and fruits, which are rich sources of antioxidants, may have a lower risk for some types of cancer. However, this does not mean that the benefits of 4 vegetables and fruits result primarily from their antioxidant content rather than from other bioactive food components. Several clinical trials of antioxidant supplements have not demonstrated a reduction in cancer risk from these supplements; indeed, some demonstrated an increased risk of cancer among those taking supplements. To reduce cancer risk, 4 the best advice is to consume antioxidants through whole food sources rather than supplements. ## Arsenic ## What is arsenic? Does it cause cancer? The WHO, 162 the US National Toxicology Program, 163 and others have classified arsenic as carcinogenic to humans. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be found in rocks and soil, water, air, plants, and animals as well as in industrial and agricultural compounds. It is through these sources that arsenic can enter our water and food supply and increase human exposure. Arsenic is found in 2 forms: inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic arsenic compounds are used in industry and in building products (such as some 'pressuretreated' woods) and are found in arsenic-contaminated water. This tends to be the more toxic form of arsenic and has been linked to cancer. The organic arsenic compounds are thought to be much less toxic than the inorganic arsenic compounds and are not thought to be linked to cancer.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""Fructose, the natural sugar in fruit and in many sugar-sweetened beverages in the form of high fructose corn syrup, is similar to sucrose with regard to its effects on weight and insulin, as is honey, which contains a mixture of fructose and glucose (another form of sugar). Laboratory studies have shown that metabolism of glucose occurs more rapidly in cancer cells than in normal cells. This fact is often misinterpreted by people who are unfamiliar with the relevant metabolic pathways, who assume (incorrectly) that sugars in foods and beverages directly 'feed' cancer cells. Nonetheless, limiting highly processed foods containing high levels of added sugars, such as cakes, candy, cookies, and sweetened cereals, as well as sugar-sweetened beverages, such as soda, sports drinks, and energy drinks, can help to reduce caloric intake, minimize weight gain, and promote a healthier body weight as well as lower insulin secretion in individuals with metabolic abnormalities, such as those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. ## Vegetarian/Vegan Diets ## Do vegetarian diets reduce cancer risk? Vegetarian diets can include many health-promoting features: they tend to be low in saturated fat and high in fiber, vitamins, and other bioactive food components 195 and do not include red and processed meats. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that vegetarian diets may be beneficial for cancer risk reduction. Many studies of vegetarians indicate a lower risk of cancer overall relative to people who also eat meat. Whether vegetarian diets confer any special benefits over diets that include smaller amounts of animal products than are typically consumed in Western diets is less clear; indeed, in a large British study, people who ate fish, but not other meats, appeared to have the same overall cancer risk as vegetarians. 196""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""190 There is some evidence from epidemiologic and laboratory studies that the consumption of traditional soy foods such as tofu may decrease the risk of cancers of the breast 191 and prostate, 192 but overall, the evidence remains too limited for a firm conclusion. Many of the supportive studies are 4 based on Asian populations with a high lifelong consumption of soy foods, and their relevance to soy consumption by Western populations at low levels and for a short-to-medium duration remains uncertain. There are no data to support the use of supplements containing isolated soy phytochemicals or soy protein powders used in some food products for reducing cancer risk. In fact, a recent study found increased risk among users of soy supplements for estrogen receptornegative breast cancer (an aggressive type) and for women with a family history of breast cancer. 193 Therefore, although soy from food sources appears to be safe and may even have multiple beneficial health effects, 194 soy supplements should be used with caution, if at all. ## Sugar ## Does sugar increase cancer risk? Several types of sugars are found in foods and beverages. These sugars vary in their chemical structures but, once they are consumed, they have similar metabolic effects. All sugars in foods and beverages contribute to caloric intake, so, by promoting obesity, a high sugar intake can indirectly increase cancer risk. There is also evidence that a dietary pattern high in added sugars influences levels of insulin and related hormones in ways that may increase the risk of certain cancers. 39 Brown (unrefined) sugar contains the same chemical form of sugar (sucrose) as white (refined) sugar and also contains extremely small amounts of other substances that affect its color and flavor but do not influence the unfavorable effects of sucrose on body weight or insulin. Fructose, the natural sugar in fruit and in many sugar-sweetened beverages in the form of high fructose corn syrup, is similar to sucrose with regard to its effects on weight and insulin, as is honey, which contains a mixture of fructose and glucose (another form of sugar).""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""110 Many healthful compounds are found in vegetables and fruits, and it is likely that these compounds work synergistically to exert their beneficial effect. There are likely to be important, but as yet unidentified, components of whole food that are not included in dietary supplements. Some supplements are described as containing the nutritional equivalent of vegetables and fruits. However, the small amount of dried powder in such pills frequently contains only a small fraction of the levels contained in the whole foods, and there is a lack of evidence supporting a role of these products in cancer prevention. Food is the best source of vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive food components. If a dietary supplement is used for general health purposes, the best choice is a balanced multivitamin/mineral supplement containing no more than 100% of the 'daily value' of nutrients, and the ACS does not recommend the use of dietary supplements for cancer prevention, consistent with WCRF/AICR guidelines. 4 ## Alcohol Consumption Recommendation: It is best not to drink alcohol - \u00b7 People who do choose to drink alcohol should limit their consumption to no more than 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men. Alcohol consumption is the third major modifiable cancer risk factor after tobacco use and excess body weight. A 2 standard drink of alcohol is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits, which contain approximately 14 grams of ethanol, the primary form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.""}, {""chunk"": 5, ""content"": ""## Vegetables and fruit Several food and nutrient components of healthy dietary patterns are also independently associated with cancer risk. Although the relationship between vegetables and fruit intake with lowering cancer risk is weaker than previously believed, the 2018 WCRF/AICR report concluded that consuming nonstarchy vegetables and/or whole fruit 'probably' protects against several aerodigestive cancers, including mouth, pharynx, larynx, nasopharynx, esophagus, lung, stomach and colorectal cancers. Promising research on molecularly defined 4 tumor subtypes has shown that carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruit, and biomarkers of their consumption, are associated with a lower risk of more aggressive breast tumors, including estrogen receptor-negative breast tumors. 72,73 Vegetables (including beans) and fruits are complex foods, each containing numerous vitamins, minerals, fiber, carotenoids, flavonoids, and other bioactive substances, such as sterols, indoles, and phenols, that may help prevent cancer. There is ongoing research on the potential cancer 4 chemopreventive properties of particular vegetables and fruits, or groups of these, including dark-green and orange vegetables, cruciferous vegetables (eg, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts), soy products, legumes, allium vegetables (onions and garlic), and tomato products. Vegetables and fruits may also indirectly influence cancer risk through effects on energy intake or body weight. 74 Many vegetables and fruits are low in energy, high in fiber, and have a high water content, which may increase satiety and decrease overall energy intake, 74 and thus should contribute to weight loss and maintenance of that loss. Vegetable and fruit consumption has also been associated with a reduced risk of other chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, an important contributor to overall morbidity and mortality in the United States. 60,75-79 For cancer risk reduction, the ACS advises consistency with the DGA, which recommends consuming at least 2.5 to 3 cups of vegetables and 1.5 to 2 cups of fruit each day, depending on energy requirements.""}]",medium,answer,"Vegetables and fruits may help with weight loss because they are low in energy, high in fiber, and have a high water content. These properties can increase satiety and decrease overall energy intake, which may contribute to weight loss and maintenance of that loss.",5,Produce and weight management,False,"[ { ""type"": ""primary"", @@ -1641,43 +1581,6 @@ These requirements are in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24 ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Reference to the agency contract or the first application is based on the current time period."", } ]", -4926,Explain the rules for listing nutrients.,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## there a Nutrition Facts format for a food in which most nutrients are in insignificant amounts? L30.Is present simplified Nutrition Facts label may be used if at least eight of the nutrients are present in insignificant amounts: Calories, total fat, fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron (slightly different rules labeling foods intended for children less than 2 years). The five core shown in bold in the adjoining example, must always appear on all Facts labels regardless of amounts present in the food. In addition, Answer: A following saturated sugars, for nutrients, Nutrition any of the nutrients required on the full Nutrition Facts label that are naturally present or are added to the food must be declared on the simplified Nutrition Facts label. 21 CFR 101.9(f) - List of nutrients; 101.9(f)(1) - 'Insignificant' defined; 101.9(c) - 'Insignificant' levels listed for nutrients ## L31.What are insignificant amounts of nutrients? Answer: These are the amounts that are permitted to be shown as zero on the Nutrition Facts label (e.g., less than 5 calories may be expressed as 0 calories) except that for total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and protein, it is the amount that can be declared as 'less than 1 g' on the Nutrition Facts label. 21 CFR 101.9(c) ## L32.When I use the simplified format, when is the statement 'Not a significant source of\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_' required? Answer: This statement, which must list all nutrients required by the full format that are present at insignificant amounts, must be included when: (1) nutrition claims are made; or (2) vitamins and minerals are added; or (3) naturally occurring nutrients that are not required on the full format (e.g., potassium) are voluntarily declared. 21 CFR 101.9(f)(4)""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## How do I determine what values to declare on the Nutrition label? N25. Facts nutrient values declared on the Nutrition Facts label are based the nutrient profile of the product, as packaged, rounded as required by Rounding rules are provided in CFR 101.9(c) in Appendix H. Answer: The on regulation. 21 and summarized ## should vitamins and minerals that are permitted to be voluntarily be listed? N26.How listed potassium is listed, it should be listed in bold type directly under Voluntary vitamins and minerals (i.e., those other than vitamin A, C, calcium, and iron), should be declared horizontally or vertically the required vitamins and minerals in the order listed in CFR 101.9(c)(8)(iv), 21 CFR 101.9(c)(5) and 21 CFR 101.9(d)(8) Answer: If sodium. vitamin following 21 ## Is it legal to declare 400% of the Daily Value for a vitamin? N27. The percent Daily Value is based on the amount of the nutrient in the product. Answer: Yes. present ## Can information about nutrients that do not have an RDI/DRV such as and omega-3 fatty acids be provided on the food label? N28. boron provided that the information is truthful and not misleading is provided outside the Nutrition Facts label. Such information is limited statements of amount or percent of a nutrient (eg. 300 mg omega 3) and not characterize the level of the nutrient (you may not state 'High in CFR 101.13(i)(3) Answer: Yes, and to may Omega-3'). 21 ## a dry mix product such as flavored rice be required to provide information for both the product as packaged and prepared? N29. Would nutrition as the nutritional properties of the product as packaged is However, nutritional information may be voluntarily presented 'as as provided for in CFR 101.9(h)(4). 21 CFR 101.9(e) Answer: Only required. prepared' 21 ## Can I use 'average' values derived from data bases to determine the content of my product? N30. nutrient""}]",medium,answer,"The rules for listing nutrients on a Nutrition Facts label are as follows: - -1. **Simplified Nutrition Facts Label**: A simplified format may be used if at least eight of the nutrients are present in insignificant amounts. The five core nutrients (calories, total fat, sodium, total carbohydrate, and protein) must always appear. Other nutrients required on the full label but present in insignificant amounts must still be declared. - -2. **Insignificant Amounts**: These are amounts that can be shown as zero (e.g., less than 5 calories as '0 calories') or 'less than 1 g' for total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and protein. - -3. **Statement Requirement**: The statement 'Not a significant source of ___' is required when: - - Nutrition claims are made. - - Vitamins and minerals are added. - - Naturally occurring nutrients not required on the full format (e.g., potassium) are voluntarily declared. - -4. **Voluntary Vitamins and Minerals**: These should be listed in bold type directly under sodium if potassium is listed, or horizontally/vertically following the required vitamins and minerals in the specified order. - -5. **Percent Daily Value**: It is legal to declare any percent Daily Value based on the nutrient's amount in the product, even if it exceeds 100%. - -6. **Additional Nutrients**: Information about nutrients without an RDI/DRV (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids) can be provided outside the Nutrition Facts label, provided it is truthful and not misleading. - -7. **Dry Mix Products**: Only the nutritional information 'as packaged' is required, but 'as prepared' information may be voluntarily provided. - -8. **Nutrient Values**: Values are based on the product's nutrient profile, rounded as per regulations, and may use average values from databases.",2,Nutrition Facts simplified format,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Simplified format allowed if [[start_highlight]]at least eight of these nutrients are in insignificant amounts: calories, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The [[start_highlight]]five core nutrients shown in bold in the example must always appear on all Nutrition Facts labels regardless of amounts present[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Statement \""Not a significant source of ____\"" required when [[start_highlight]](1) nutrition claims are made; or (2) vitamins and minerals are added; or (3) naturally occurring nutrients are voluntarily declared[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Insignificant amounts are those permitted to be shown as zero on the Nutrition Facts label (e.g., less than 5 calories may be expressed as 0 calories)."", - } - ]", 3392,Determine the navigational rules applicable in the waters from Portland Head to Halibut Point at Cape Ann.,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""- (c) A line drawn from Sakonnet Breakwater Light 2 tangent to the southernmost part of Sachuest Point charted in approximate position latitude 41\u00b0 28.5' N., longitude 71\u00b014.8' W. - (d) An east-west line drawn through Beavertail Light between Brenton Point and the Boston Neck shoreline. ## \u00a7 80.150 Block Island, RI. The 72 COLREGS shall apply on the harbors of Block Island. ## \u00a7 80.155 Watch Hill, RI to Montauk Point, NY. (a) A line drawn from 41\u00b018'13.999' N., 071\u00b051'30.300' W. (Watch Hill Light) to East Point on Fishers Island. - (b) A line drawn from Race Point at 41\u00b014'36.509' N., 072\u00b002'49.676' W. (Race Rock Light); thence to 41\u00b012'22.900' N., 072\u00b006'24.700' W. (Little Gull Island Light) thence to East Point on Plum Island. - (c) A line drawn from 41\u00b010'16.704' N., 072\u00b012'21.684' W. (Plum Island Harbor East Dolphin Light) to 41\u00b010'17.262' N., 072\u00b012'23.796' W. (Plum Island Harbor West Dolphin Light). - (d) A line drawn from 41\u00b010'25.745' N., 072\u00b012'42.137' W. (Plum Island Light) to 41\u00b009'48.393' N., 072\u00b013'25.014' W. (Orient Point Light); thence to Orient Point. - (e) A line drawn from the 41\u00b006'35.100' N., 072\u00b018'21.400' W. (Long Beach Bar Light) to Cornelius Point. - (f) A line drawn from 41\u00b004'12.000' N., 072\u00b016'48.000' W. (Coecles Harbor Entrance Light) to Sungic Point.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## \u00a7 80.130 Boston Harbor entrance. - A line drawn from the easternmost tower at Nahant, charted in approximate position latitude 42\u00b025.4' N., longitude 70\u00b054.6' W., to Boston Lighted Horn Buoy 'B'; thence to the easternmost radio tower at Hull, charted in approximate position latitude 42\u00b016.7' N., longitude 70\u00b052.6' W. ## \u00a7 80.135 Hull, MA to Race Point, MA. (a) Except inside lines described in this section, the 72 COLREGS apply on the harbors, bays, and inlets on the east coast of Massachusetts from the easternmost radio tower at Hull, charted in approximate position latitude 42\u00b016.7' N., longitude 70\u00b052.6' W., to Race Point on Cape Cod. (b) A line drawn from Canal Breakwater Light 4 south to the shoreline. ## \u00a7 80.145 Race Point, MA to Watch Hill, RI. (a) Except inside lines specifically described in this section, the 72 COLREGS shall apply on the sounds, bays, harbors and inlets along the coast of Cape Cod and the southern coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island from Race Point to Watch Hill. - (b) A line drawn from Nobska Point Light to Tarpaulin Cove Light on the southeastern side of Naushon Island; thence from the southernmost tangent of Naushon Island to the easternmost extremity of Nashawena Island; thence from the southwestern most extremity of Nashawena Island to the easternmost extremity of Cuttyhunk Island; thence from the southwestern tangent of Cuttyhunk Island to the tower on Gooseberry Neck charted in approximate position latitude 41\u00b029.1' N., longitude 71\u00b002.3' W. - (c) A line drawn from Sakonnet Breakwater Light 2 tangent to the southernmost part of Sachuest Point charted in approximate position latitude 41\u00b0 28.5' N., longitude 71\u00b014.8' W.""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""(a) Except inside lines specifically described in this section, the 72 COLREGS shall apply on the harbors, bays, and inlets on the east coast of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts from Portland Head to Halibut Point at Cape Ann. (b) A line drawn from the southernmost tower on Gerrish Island charted in approximate position latitude 43\u00b004.0' N., longitude 70\u00b041.2' W. to Whaleback Light; thence to Jeffrey Point Light 2A; thence to the northeasternmost extremity of Frost Point. (c) A line drawn from the northernmost extremity of Farm Point to Annisquam Harbor Light. ## \u00a7 80.120 Cape Ann, MA to Marblehead Neck, MA. (a) Except inside lines specifically described in this section, the 72 COLREGS shall apply on the harbors, bays and inlets on the east coast of Massachusetts from Halibut Point at Cape Ann to Marblehead Neck. (b) A line drawn from Gloucester Breakwater Light to the twin towers charted in approximate position latitude 42\u00b035.1' N., longitude 70\u00b041.6' W. (c) A line drawn from the westernmost extremity of Gales Point to the easternmost extremity of House Island; thence to Bakers Island Light; thence to Marblehead Light. ## \u00a7 80.125 Marblehead Neck, MA to Nahant, MA. The 72 COLREGS apply on the harbors, bays, and inlets on the east coast of Massachusetts from Marblehead Neck to the easternmost tower at Nahant, charted in approximate position latitude 42\u00b025.4' N., longitude 70\u00b054.6' W. ## \u00a7 80.130 Boston Harbor entrance.""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""## \u00a7 80.01 General basis and purpose of demarcation lines. (a) The regulations in this part establish the lines of demarcation delineating those waters upon which mariners shall comply with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (72 COLREGS) and those waters upon which mariners shall comply with the Inland Navigation Rules. (b) The waters inside of the lines are Inland Rules Waters. The waters outside the lines are COLREGS Waters. ## ATLANTIC COAST ## FIRST DISTRICT ## \u00a7 80.105 Calais, ME to Cape Small, ME. The 72 COLREGS shall apply on the harbors, bays, and inlets on the east coast of Maine from International Bridge at Calais, ME to the southwesternmost extremity of Bald Head at Cape Small. ## \u00a7 80.110 Casco Bay, ME. (a) A line drawn from the southwesternmost extremity of Bald Head at Cape Small to the southeasternmost extremity of Ragged Island; thence to the southern tangent of Jaquish Island thence to Little Mark Island Monument Light; thence to the northernmost extremity of Jewell Island. (b) A line drawn from the tower on Jewell Island charted in approximate position latitude 43\u00b040.6' N., longitude 70\u00b005.9' W. to the northeasternmost extremity of Outer Green Island. (c) A line drawn from the southwesternmost extremity of Outer Green Island to Ram Island Ledge Light; thence to Portland Head Light. ## \u00a7 80.115 Portland Head, ME to Cape Ann, MA. (a) Except inside lines specifically described in this section, the 72 COLREGS shall apply on the harbors, bays, and inlets on the east coast of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts from Portland Head to Halibut Point at Cape Ann.""}]",easy,answer,"The navigational rules applicable in the waters from Portland Head to Halibut Point at Cape Ann are the 72 COLREGS (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972), except inside lines specifically described in the section. This is outlined in § 80.115(a) of the provided context.",4,Maritime demarcation lines,False,"[ { ""type"": ""primary"", @@ -1906,26 +1809,6 @@ These measures are implemented to enhance navigation safety, protect the marine ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Towing light is a yellow light with same characteristics as stern light, positioned above stern light with horizontal separation to show it's distinct."", } ]", -1129,List the two main objectives outlined in § 30101.,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""| G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]......................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]................................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law......................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................ 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................................................... 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]................................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................................... 47 | | Q. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]....................................................... 48 | | R. | Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007........................................................... 49 | ## SUBCHAPTER I. GENERAL ## \u00a7 30101. Purpose and policy The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary-- - (1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and - (2) to carry out needed safety research and development. ## \u00a7 30102. Definitions""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""- (C) Effective date. --Subsection (a) shall not take effect before the final rule under subparagraph (B) takes effect. - (b) Coordination with department of justice. --The Attorney General may bring an action, or initiate grand jury proceedings, for a violation of subsection (a) only at the request of the Secretary of Transportation. ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS | A. | Improving air bag safety. [Sec. 7103 of TEA-21]........................................................................... 37 | |------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | B. | Insurance study. [Sec. 3 (d) of TREAD Act]................................................................................... 38 | | C. | Endurance and resistance standards for tires. [Sec. 10 of TREAD Act].......................................... 38 | | D. | Improved tire information. [Sec. 11 of TREAD Act]...................................................................... 39 | | E. | Tire pressure warning. [Sec. 13 of TREAD Act]............................................................................. 39 | | F. | Improving the safety of child restraints [Sec. 14 of TREAD Act]................................................... 40 | | G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act].......................................................... 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]..................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law..................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................... 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 |""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""As used in this Act, the following definitions apply: - (1) Child restraint.--The term \""child restraint'' means any product designed to provide restraint to a child (including booster seats and other products used with a lap and shoulder belt assembly) that meets applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards prescribed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. - (2) Production year.--The term \""production year'' means the 12-month period between September 1 of a year and August 31 of the following year. - (3) Passenger motor vehicle.--The term \""passenger motor vehicle'' has the meaning given that term in section 405(f)(5) of title 23, United States Code. ## SEC. 8. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) In General.-There are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 to the Secretary of Transportation for-- - (1) the evaluation required by section 6 of this Act; and - (2) research of the nature and causes of injury to children involved in motor vehicle crashes. (b) Limitation.-Funds appropriated under subsection (a) shall not be available for the general administrative expenses of the Secretary. L. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10303. Tire research. Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce on research conducted to address tire aging. The report shall include a summary of any Federal agency findings, activities, conclusions, and recommendations concerning tire aging and recommendations for potential rulemaking regarding tire aging. (a) Conforming Amendment.-The chapter analysis for chapter 301 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 30127 the following: \""30128. Vehicle accident ejection protection.''. M. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10304. Vehicle backover avoidance technology study.""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""| L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]............................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................................... 47 | | | Q. Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................... 48 | ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION: 49 USC 30127 note. ## TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT FOR 21 CENTURY (TEA-21) st June 9, 1998, Pub. L. 105-178, Title VII, Subtitle A, \u00a7 7103, 112 Stat. 465 ## \""SEC. 7103. Improving air bag safety. ## \""(a) Rulemaking to improve air bags. \""(1) Notice of proposed rulemaking. Not later than September 1, 1998, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking to improve occupant protection for occupants of different sizes, belted and unbelted, under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208, while minimizing the risk to infants, children, and other occupants from injuries and deaths caused by air bags, by means that include advanced air bags. \""(2) Final rule. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall complete the rulemaking required by this subsection by issuing, not later than September 1, 1999, a final rule with any provision the Secretary deems appropriate, consistent with paragraph (1) and the requirements of section 30111, title 49, United States Code. If the Secretary determines that the final rule cannot be completed by that date to meet the purposes of paragraph (1), the Secretary may extend the date for issuing the final rule to not later than March 1, 2000.""}, {""chunk"": 5, ""content"": ""IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10306. Study of safety belt use technologies. The Secretary shall conduct a review of safety belt use technologies to consider possible revisions in strategies for achieving further gains in safety belt use. The Secretary shall complete the study by July 1, 2008. P. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10308. Power window switches. The Secretary shall upgrade Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 118 to require that power windows in motor vehicles not in excess of 10,000 pounds have switches that raise the window only when the switch is pulled up or out. The Secretary shall issue a final rule implementing this section by April 1, 2007. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10310. Authorization of appropriations. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this subtitle, chapter 301 of title 49, and part C of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code-- - (1) $136,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; - (2) $142,800,000 for fiscal year 2007; - (3) $149,900,000 for fiscal year 2008; and - (4) $157,400,000 for fiscal year 2009. W ## CAMERON GULBRANSEN KIDS TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ACT OF 2007 [[Page 639 STAT. 122]] Public Law 110-189 110th Congress Approved February 28, 2008 ## An Act To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue regulations to reduce the incidence of Feb. 28, 2008 child injury and death occurring inside or outside of light motor vehicles, and for other purposes. [H.R. 1216] | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of | Cameron | |---------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | the United States of America in Congress assembled, | Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007. | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. | | This Act may be cited as the ''Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation""}]",medium,answer,"The two main objectives outlined in § 30101 are: -1. To prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce. -2. To carry out needed safety research and development.",5,Non-nutritive sweetener labeling,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Non-nutritive sweeteners must be [[start_highlight]]declared in the ingredient statement by their common or usual name[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If product makes a claim about sweeteners, [[start_highlight]]the claim must be followed by statement informing consumers that product contains non-nutritive sweetener[[end_highlight]] (e.g., ""Diet, Contains Non-Nutritive Sweetener"")."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For saccharin specifically, [[start_highlight]]products must bear warning statement: ""Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.""[[end_highlight]]"", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Non-nutritive sweeteners are subject to specific use level limitations that vary by sweetener type and food application."", - } - ]", 1183,How is the reimbursement amount calculated for the dealer's installation work?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""- (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court; - (B) a clear description of the Secretary's stated basis for the decision; - (C) the Secretary's evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (D) measures the Secretary considers necessary to avoid an unreasonable risk to motor vehicle safety resulting from the defect or noncompliance; - (E) a statement that the manufacturer will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title, but that the requirement to remedy without charge is conditioned on the outcome of the civil action; and - (F) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation or includes in the order requiring the notice. - (2) A notification under this subsection does not relieve a manufacturer of liability for not giving notification required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Civil actions for not notifying.-(1) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers under section 30119(c) and (d) of this title is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty, unless the manufacturer prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section or the court in that action enjoins enforcement of the order. Enforcement may be enjoined only if the court decides that the failure to notify is reasonable and that the manufacturer has demonstrated the likelihood of prevailing on the merits. If enforcement is enjoined, the manufacturer is not liable during the time the order is stayed. - (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""- (2) if a vehicle, the manufacturer or distributor immediately shall give to the distributor or dealer at the manufacturer's or distributor's own expense, the part or equipment needed to make the vehicle comply with the standards or correct the defect. - (b) Distributor or dealer installation. --The distributor or dealer shall install the part or equipment referred to in subsection (a)(2) of this section. If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer for the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected. - (c) Establishing amount due and civil actions. --The parties shall establish the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement under this section. If the parties do not agree, or if a manufacturer or distributor refuses to comply with subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the distributor or dealer purchasing the motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment may bring a civil action. The action may be brought in a United States district court for the judicial district in which the manufacturer or distributor resides, is found, or has an agent, to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee. An action under this section must be brought not later than 3 years after the claim accrues. ## \u00a7 30117. Providing information to, and maintaining records on, purchasers""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""## \u00a7 30162. Petitions by interested persons for standards and enforcement - (a) Filing. --Any interested person may file a petition with the Secretary of Transportation requesting the Secretary to begin a proceeding-- - (1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or - (2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Statement of facts. --The petition must state facts that the person claims establish that a motor vehicle safety standard or order referred to in subsection (a) of this section is necessary and briefly describe the order the Secretary should issue. - (c) Proceedings. --The Secretary may hold a public hearing or conduct an investigation or proceeding to decide whether to grant the petition. - (d) Actions of Secretary. --The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition not later than 120 days after the petition is filed. If a petition is granted, the Secretary shall begin the proceeding promptly. If a petition is denied, the Secretary shall publish the reasons for the denial in the Federal Register. ## \u00a7 30163. Actions by the Attorney General - (a) Civil actions to enforce. --The Attorney General may bring a civil action in a United States district court to enjoin-- - (1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment-- - (A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or - (B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""- (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. - (d) Exemptions. --On application of a manufacturer, the Secretary shall exempt the manufacturer from this section if the Secretary decides a defect or noncompliance is inconsequential to motor vehicle safety. The Secretary may take action under this subsection only after notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for any interested person to present information, views, and arguments. - (e) Hearings about meeting notification requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on petition of any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements. If the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has not reasonably met the notification requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter. ## \u00a7 30119. Notification procedures - (a) Contents of notification. --Notification by a manufacturer required under section 30118 of this title of a defect or noncompliance shall contain-- - (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; - (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; - (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.""}]",hard,answer,"The reimbursement amount for the dealer's installation work is calculated based on the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price. This amount is prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards or the defect is corrected. If the parties do not agree on the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement, the distributor or dealer may bring a civil action to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee.",4,Navigation aid damage reporting,False,"[ { ""type"": ""primary"", @@ -1962,56 +1845,6 @@ These measures are implemented to enhance navigation safety, protect the marine ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Primary residence determination is crucial for establishing whether state, federal, or tribal jurisdiction applies in criminal cases involving Indians."", } ]", -1057,Why might command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use be ineffective in low-income countries?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## Institutions and compliance Changes in institutions may be just as important as improved technology in controlling diseases. Brucellosis in cattle is an example. This zoonotic disease was eradicated in Sweden in the 1950s based on the robust diagnostics available at that time (Cerenius 2010). This was made possible because communal grazing and mixing of herds were limited, engagement in farmers' organizations was strong, and the veterinary authority and service interacted closely with the farmers. These institutional factors made compliance with external biosecurity measures effective. The opposite conditions still apply in many countries where brucellosis is an issue (Plumb et al. 2013). In such cases, where animal productivity is generally low and where the disease is endemic and symptoms vague, farmers may be reluctant to invest in control measures such as vaccination. A lack of compensation for culled animals further increases resistance to control measures. The development and strengthening of institutions, both state and non-state, in such areas are vital to improving control of livestock diseases. Stronger groups of livestock keepers make it easier for government organizations and veterinary services to interact with larger numbers of local people, learn about their opinions and needs, and provide them with the information and services they require. It also makes compliance with disease-control measures more possible (FAO, 2020). ## Monitoring and surveillance Advances in technology are making it possible to detect and respond to livestock diseases more quickly. Improved testing and control have made it possible to eradicate diseases such as bovine brucellosis and porcine pseudorabies in the United States (USDA 2019a, 2019b). For some diseases it is now possible to perform a rapid diagnosis on the farm itself. To be practicable, such tests must be cheap and quick. Currently, some 'pen-side' tests and several basic laboratory tests are in common use in HICs.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## Use One Health to control zoonotic and food-borne diseases Zoonotic and food-borne diseases are best tackled using a One Health approach. Resources should be allocated where they most reduce the risk of zoonotic and foodborne diseases. Interventions must be based on knowledge of the socio-economic situations of farmers, food business operators and consumers. A combination of crosscompliance and soft law approaches may work best. Improving animal husbandry and welfare is important for reducing the risks of zoonotic and food-borne diseases. Data on the occurrence of food-borne diseases and the disease burden in the human population are crucial to assess the costs and benefits of diseasecontrol measures in the livestock production and processing systems. Postharvest interventions are also required to reduce the risk of the pathogens surviving, multiplying and contaminating food. In HICs, efficient control and monitoring of targeted diseases are needed by well-functioning regulatory bodies using command-and-control, crosscompliance and market approaches. In low-income countries, such approaches are less likely to be useful; there, soft laws in the form of recommendations and guidance will probably be more effective. ## Reduce use of antimicrobials Not all governments have the capacity to impose command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use, and overly harsh regulations could jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers. It also risks pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. The cross-compliance approach also requires the capacity to enforce regulations, and the market approach relies on consumers demanding food produced without excessive use of antimicrobials. Such approaches will probably work only in HICs. Soft law - guidelines and persuasion - along with education and information, also has a place in HICs, but may be the only realistic option in LMICs. ## Promote animal welfare""}]",hard,answer,"Command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use might be ineffective in low-income countries due to several reasons. Firstly, these countries often lack the capacity to enforce such regulations effectively. Overly harsh regulations could also jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers, making compliance difficult. Additionally, stringent measures risk pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. In low-income countries, softer approaches like guidelines, persuasion, education, and information may be more realistic and effective.",2,Vessel maneuvering signals,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Light signal purpose is to [[start_highlight]]provide visual indication of vessel's intended maneuvers to other vessels[[end_highlight]] in conditions with visibility."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Light signal [[start_highlight]]supplements or replaces sound signals when vessels are in sight of one another[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Signal consists of [[start_highlight]]flashes indicating intended direction: one flash for ""I am altering course to starboard"", two flashes for ""port"", three flashes for ""operating astern propulsion""[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Signal enhances safety by providing visual confirmation of maneuvers that might be difficult to detect visually, especially at night or in limited visibility."", - } - ]", -4398,What are the consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""- \u00b7 creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. See, 15 U.S.C. \u00a72064(b) and 16 CFR part 1115. If a firm elects to conduct an investigation in order to evaluate the existence of reportable information, the 24-hour period begins when the firm has information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - \u00b7 fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - \u00b7 fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - \u00b7 contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - \u00b7 creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a firm could report to the Commission before the conclusion of a reasonably expeditious investigation and evaluation if the reportable information becomes known during the course of the investigation. In lieu of the investigation, the firm may report the information immediately. 13 ## REPORTING PROCEDURES The Commission considers a firm to have knowledge of product safety information when such information is received by an employee or official of the firm who may reasonably be expected to be capable of appreciating the significance of that information. Under ordinary circumstances, five days is the maximum reasonable time for that information to reach the chief executive officer or other official assigned responsibility for complying with the reporting requirements. Weekends and holidays are not counted in that timetable. 16 C.F.R. \u00a7\u00a7 1115.11(a) and 1115.14(b). The Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported. This evaluation will be based, in part, on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Thus, a firm shall be deemed to know what it would have known if it had exercised due care in ascertaining the accuracy of complaints or other representations. 16 C.F.R. \u00a7 1115.11(b). ## PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""Section 15(b) of the CPSA defines responsibilities of manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of consumer products. Each is required to notify the Commission immediately if it obtains information that reasonably supports the conclusion that a product: - 1. fails to comply with a consumer product safety rule or a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9 of the CPSA; - 2. fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other statute enforced by the Commission; - 3. contains a defect which could create a substantial product hazard described in section 15(a)(2) of the CPSA; or - 4. creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. The Commission's interpretative regulation (16 C.F.R. part 1115) explains the firm's obligations and those of the Commission. A copy of the regulation can be found at: http://www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/frnotices/fr06/E611758.pdf. ## Firms may report under section 15 online at: https://www.saferproducts.gov/CPSRMSpublic/Section15. ## REPORTING PRODUCTS INVOLVED IN LAWSUITS In addition to the reporting requirements at 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2064(b), section 37 of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2084, requires manufacturers (including importers) of a consumer product to report to the Commission, if: - 1. a particular model of a consumer product is the subject of at least three civil actions that have been filed in federal or state court; - 2. each lawsuit alleges the involvement of that model in death or grievous bodily injury (as defined in \u00a7 37(e)(1)); - 3. at least three of the actions result in a final settlement involving the manufacturer or in a judgment for the plaintiff within any one of the two-year periods specified in section 37(b).""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""attempt to prevent through its own efforts, such as information and education programs, safety labeling, and adoption of product safety standards. Although the CPSC relies on sources other than firm reports to identify substantial product hazards, reporting by companies under the reporting provisions is invaluable because firms often learn of product safety problems long before the Commission. For this reason, any firm involved in the manufacture, importation, distribution, or sale of consumer products should develop a system of reviewing and maintaining consumer complaints, inquiries, product liability suits, and comments on the products they handle. If a firm reports to the Commission under section 15 of the CPSA, it does not necessarily mean that a substantial product hazard exists. Section 15 requires firms to report whenever a product: (1) fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or with a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; (2) fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other Act enforced by the Commission; (3) contains a defect that could create a substantial product hazard; or (4) creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a product need not actually create a substantial product hazard to trigger the reporting requirement. ## WHEN TO REPORT UNDER SECTION 15 OF THE CPSA It is the Commission's view that a firm should take the all-important first step of notifying the Commission when the information available to the firm reasonably indicates that a report is required. It is in the firm's best interest to assign the responsibility of reporting to someone in executive authority. A firm should report immediately (within 24 hours) after a firm has obtained information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - \u00b7 fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - \u00b7 fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - \u00b7 contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - \u00b7 creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death.""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""\u00a7 1015.18(c), the following information must be included with the request for exemption: - 2. state whether the information claimed to be confidential has ever been released in any manner to a person who was not an employee or in a confidential relationship with the firm; - 1. identify specifically the exact portion(s) of the document claimed to be confidential; - 3. state whether the information so specified is known commonly within the industry or is readily ascertainable by outside persons with a minimum of time and effort; - confidentiality on behalf of the person or organization concerned. - 4. state how release of the information so specified would be likely to cause substantial harm to the firm's competitive position; and 5. state whether the submitter is authorized to make claims of If the Commission determines that information marked as confidential may be disclosed because it is not confidential, the Commission must provide written notice that it intends to disclose this information, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2055(a)(5). This notice must be provided not less than 10 working days prior to disclosure. Any person receiving such notice may bring an action in an appropriate district court to prevent disclosure of the information, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2055(a)(6). The Commission's regulations under the Freedom of Information Act, 16 C.F.R. \u00a7 1015, govern confidential treatment of requests for exportation of violative products that have claimed trade secret or confidential commercial or financial information. In addition, section 6(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2055(b), also provides limitations on the Commission's disclosure of any information identifying manufacturers or private labelers, and further limits the Commission's disclosure of information received under section 15(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2055(b)(5). ## CONFIDENTIALITY OF REPORTS UNDER SECTION 15(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT (CPSA)""}]",medium,answer,"The consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting are not explicitly detailed in the provided context. However, the context does mention that the Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported, based on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Additionally, there is a section titled 'PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT,' which implies that there are penalties for not complying with the reporting requirements, though the specific penalties are not described in the provided context.",4,Nutrition labeling thresholds,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For Nutrition Facts labeling, [[start_highlight]]less than 5 calories is considered an insignificant amount[[end_highlight]] and may be expressed as 0 calories."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For simplified format qualification, calories count as [[start_highlight]]""insignificant"" if less than 5 calories per serving[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Other nutrients have different thresholds for being considered ""insignificant"" (e.g., less than 0.5g for fat, less than 2mg for cholesterol)."", - } - ]", -2272,How much soluble fiber is needed daily to reduce the risk of CHD?,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day.""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How health claims that meet the Significant Scientific Agreement standard and Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) characterize the between a substance to a disease or health-related condition (see CFR 101.14). (S/F) claims describe the effect that a has on the structure or function of the body and do not make to a disease. Both S/F and health claims can be used on the label in the labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements. An of a S/F claim is 'Calcium builds strong bones.' S/F claims must be and not misleading and are not pre-reviewed or authorized by FDA. U.S.C. 343(r)(6) and 21 CFR 101.93 Answer: Both (SSA) relationship 21 Structure/function substance reference and example truthful 21 ## are health claims different from statements about dietary H4. How guidance? examples of an authorized health claim, which by definition must the elements of a substance and a disease or health-related condition, 'Three grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 per serving.' and 'Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart disease'. Two contain are: fat grams include health claims that meet the SSA standard and QHCs a relationship between a substance and a disease or health-related (see CFR 101.14). elements of 1) a substance and 2) a are present in a health claim. Dietary guidance does not contain both (and therefore does not constitute a health claim, but may contain element or another. Typically, dietary guidance statements make reference a category of foods (i.e., a grouping that is not readily characterized and not to a specific substance. The following illustrations be helpful: Answer: Both characterize condition 21 Both disease elements one to compositionally) may""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""| | Fiber-Containing Grain Products, Fruits, and Vegetables and Cancer (21 CFR 101.76) | A grain product, fruit, or vegetable that contains dietary fiber; Low fat, and Good source of dietary fiber (without fortification) | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', or 'Total dietary fiber' 'Some types of cancer' or 'Some cancers' Does not specify types of dietary fiber that may be related to risk of cancer. | Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. | | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Fruits, Vegetables and Grain Products that contain Fiber, particularly Soluble Fiber, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.77) | A fruit, vegetable, or grain product that contains fiber; Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, Low fat, At least 0.6 grams of soluble fiber per RACC (without fortification), and, Soluble fiber content provided on label | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', 'Some types of dietary fiber', 'Some dietary fibers', or 'Some fibers' 'Saturated fat' and 'Cholesterol' 'Heart disease' or 'Coronary heart disease' | Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. |""}, {""chunk"": 4, ""content"": ""--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.81) | Low saturated fat Low cholesterol Low fat, and The food product must include one or more of the following whole oat or barley foods: 1) oat bran, 2) rolled oats, 3) whole oat f lour, 4) whole grain barley or dry milled barley, and the whole oat or barley foods must contain at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC of the food product; or Oatrim that contains at least 0.75 g of beta--glucan soluble per RACC of the food product; or Psyllium husk that contains at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC of food product. Eligible Sources of Soluble Fiber Beta-glucan soluble fiber from the following whole oat and barley sources: 1) Oat bran 2) Rolled Oats 3) Whole Oat Flour 4) Oatrim 5) Whole Grain Barley and Dry Milled Barley 6) Barley Betafiber 7) Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95% The amount of soluble fiber per RACC must be declared in nutrition label. | Required terms: 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease.' 'Saturated fat' and 'cholesterol.' In specifying the substance the claim uses the term'soluble fiber' qualified by the name of the eligible source of by the name of the eligible source of the soluble fiber, which is either whole oat or barley or psyllium seed husk. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product.""}, {""chunk"": 5, ""content"": ""Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product. Additional Required Label Statement Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of f luids; e.g., 'NOTICE: This food should be eaten with at least a full glass of liquid. Eating this product without enough liquid may cause choking. Do not eat this product if your have difficulty in swallowing. (21 CFR 101.17(f)) | Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies _ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect. protein. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|""}]",medium,answer,"According to the context, the daily dietary intake of soluble fiber necessary to reduce the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is specified as follows: For soluble fiber from certain foods like whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk, the claim specifies the necessary daily dietary intake. For example, foods containing psyllium husk must provide at least 1.7 grams of soluble fiber per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC) to qualify for the health claim. Additionally, the context mentions that the claim must specify the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD, but the exact daily amount may vary depending on the specific source of soluble fiber (e.g., whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk).",5,Simplified nutrition labeling,False,"[ - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Simplified format may be used if [[start_highlight]]at least eight of these nutrients are present in insignificant amounts: calories, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and iron[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[[start_highlight]]The five core nutrients (shown in bold in example) must always appear on all Nutrition Facts labels regardless of amounts present[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""primary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Statement ""Not a significant source of ____"" required when [[start_highlight]](1) nutrition claims are made; (2) vitamins and minerals are added; or (3) naturally occurring nutrients that are not required on full format are voluntarily declared[[end_highlight]]."", - }, - { - ""type"": ""secondary"", - ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Insignificant amounts are those permitted to be shown as zero on the label (e.g., less than 5 calories may be expressed as 0 calories)."", - } - ]", 3800,Explain the conditions under which a Federal agency can acquire a vehicle that is not low GHG-emitting.,"[{""chunk"": 1, ""content"": ""## Monitoring for Policy Compliance The Department must use the following monitoring and documentation systems related to the above program initiatives and abide by reporting. The table below describes the major activities and reporting deadlines DOT must follow to meet the requirements of this Order. Unless stated otherwise, these reports are the responsibility of the DOT Fleet Manager, and are required to satisfy DOT-wide motor vehicle fleet reporting requirements. These systems are generally web-based and proprietary to the Federal Government. | Reporting Module | Purpose | Data Attributes to Report | Minimum Reporting Frequency (sustainability requirements) | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------| | FAST - EISA 2007 Section 141 | Report summarizing DOT compliance with EISA Section 141 | Vehicle type Fuel type Model year Vehicle location Number of vehicles OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle acquisition information | Annually, no later than December 15 | | Annual Vehicle Acquisition, Petroleum and Alternative Fuels Report to Congress | Summary of activities to meet fleet management requirements | Report of DOT's compliance with fleet requirements for acquisition, petroleum reduction and alternative fuel | Annually, but no later than February 15 for the previous fiscal year |""}, {""chunk"": 2, ""content"": ""- c) Presidential Memorandum of December 2, 2011 (Implementation of Energy Savings Projects and Performance-Based Contracting for Energy Savings); - d) Section 1 of Presidential Memorandum of February 21, 2012 (Driving Innovation and Creating Jobs in Rural America through Bio-based and Sustainable Product Procurement); and - e) Presidential Memorandum of December 5, 2013 (Federal Leadership on Energy Management); and - f) Presidential Memorandum of May 24, 2011 (Federal Fleet Performance) - v. When acquiring LDVs and MDVs, OAs must only acquire low GHG-emitting vehicles with the following characteristics, unless the Assistant Secretary for Administration approves a functional-need exception waiver in accordance with the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements: - a) Low GHG-emitting vehicles, as designated by the EPA; - b) AFVs for locations with access to alternative fuel within five miles or 15 minutes of garaged location including: diesel vehicles for locations with access to biodiesel blends and electric vehicles to replace gasoline vehicles; - c) Vehicles with greatest fuel efficiency; - d) Vehicles with the smallest wheelbase and average track width; - e) Other guidance as provided by DOT, Department of Energy (DOE) or GSA. - f) OAs may apply for an exception from one or more of the above acquisition requirements based on the following process: - g) The OA Administrator must submit an exception request to the DOT Assistant Secretary for Administration, following the instructions provided in the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements, and - h) OAs must receive written approval from the Assistant Secretary for Administration before pursuing vehicle acquisition(s). - i) DOT must ensure that all non-exempt GOCO vehicles performing official business for the Department comply with the AFV acquisition requirements set forth in this Order; and - j) DOT must ensure that the above acquisition requirements are included in all GOCO contracts. ## f. Low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Vehicles""}, {""chunk"": 3, ""content"": ""contractor; e.g., when a medical van is to be equipped with Government- or contractor-supplied equipment. - a. DOT Policy: The acquisition of Government vehicles shall be limited to the minimum number required to meet operational requirements, and these vehicles shall be of the smallest, most economical and fuel-efficient types that will enable DOT to meet its mission needs. - i. CFR \u00a7 102-34 Subparts B through K prescribe requirements and guidelines to promote energy conservation in the acquisition, operation, management, maintenance, and disposal of motor vehicles used for official purposes by the Federal Government. - ii. The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 required that 75 percent of DOT's light duty vehicle (LDV) requirements in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) be Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs). The Presidential Memorandum on Federal Fleet Performance, dated May 24, 2011, requires that all new LDVs acquired by DOT be AFVs by December 31, 2015. In addition, E.O. 13423 requires DOT to use Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) when they are commercially available at a life-cycle cost reasonably comparable to non-PHEVs. - iii. The source for acquisition to purchase or lease Government vehicles is the GSA Interagency Fleet Management System (IFMS). See 41 CFR part 101-39. DOT policy is that GSA shall be the sole source for acquisition of all vehicles to the maximum extent practicable. If a required vehicle is not available through GSA IFMS, the requesting organization must perform a lease versus buy analysis to determine the most economical and advantageous method to acquire the vehicle commercially. The DOT Fleet Manager, upon approval from GSA, may authorize the purchase of vehicles from sources other than GSA. - iv. All motor vehicles shall be of minimum body size, engine size, and operational equipment (if any) necessary to fulfill the needs the vehicles must meet. Limit passenger vehicles to'small,''subcompact' or 'compact' unless otherwise approved by the DOT Fleet Manager.""}]",hard,answer,"A Federal agency can acquire a vehicle that is not low GHG-emitting under the following conditions: 1. The Assistant Secretary for Administration approves a functional-need exception waiver in accordance with the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements. 2. The OA Administrator submits an exception request to the DOT Assistant Secretary for Administration, following the instructions provided in the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum.