diff --git "a/utils/arena_df.csv" "b/utils/arena_df.csv"
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+++ "b/utils/arena_df.csv"
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ Unnamed: 0,question,contexts,difficulty,response_type,answer,num_contexts,proces
 1209,Under what conditions can the Secretary order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance?,"['- (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title. - (c) Orders to manufacturers. --If the Secretary prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer-- - (1) to notify each owner, purchaser, and dealer described in section 30119(d) of this title of the outcome of the action and other information the Secretary requires, and notification under this clause may be combined with notification required under section 30118(b) of this title; - (2) to specify the earliest date under section 30119(b) of this title on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (3) if notification was required under subsection (a) of this section, to reimburse an owner or purchaser for reasonable and necessary expenses (in an amount that is not more than the amount specified in the order of the Secretary under subsection (a)) incurred for repairing the defect or noncompliance during the period beginning on the date that notification was required to be issued and ending on the date the owner or purchaser receives the notification under this subsection. - (d) Venue. --Notwithstanding section 30163(c) of this title, a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title must be brought in the United States district court for a judicial district in the State in which the manufacturer is incorporated or the District of Columbia. On motion of a party, the court may transfer the action to another district court if good cause is shown. All actions related to the same order under section 30118(b) shall be consolidated in an action in one judicial district under an order of the court in which the first action was brought. If the first action is transferred to another court, that court shall issue the consolidation order. ## § 30122. Making safety devices and elements inoperative - (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the', ""The Secretary may prescribe regulations to carry out this paragraph. - (d) Filing manufacturer's remedy program. --A manufacturer shall file with the Secretary a copy of the manufacturer's program under this section for remedying a defect or noncompliance. The Secretary shall make the program available to the public and publish a notice of availability in the Federal Register. A manufacturer's remedy program shall include a plan for reimbursing an owner or purchaser who incurred the cost of the remedy within a reasonable time in advance of the manufacturer's notification under subsection (b) or (c) of section 30118. The Secretary may prescribe regulations establishing what constitutes a reasonable time for purposes of the preceding sentence and other reasonable conditions for the reimbursement plan. In the case of a remedy program involving the replacement of tires, the manufacturer shall include a plan addressing how to prevent, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, replaced tires from being resold for installation on a motor vehicle, and how to limit, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, the disposal of replaced tires in landfills, particularly through shredding, crumbling, recycling, recovery, and other alternative beneficial nonvehicular uses. The manufacturer shall include information about the implementation of such plan with each quarterly report to the Secretary regarding the progress of any notification or remedy campaigns. - (e) Hearings about meeting remedy requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on application by any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements. If the Secretary decides a manufacturer has not reasonably met the remedy requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter."", 'way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. - (3) Notification required under section 30118 of this title about a tire shall be sent by first class mail (or, if the manufacturer prefers, by certified mail) to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer. In addition, if the Secretary decides that public notice is required for motor vehicle safety, public notice shall be given in the way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. In deciding whether public notice is required, the Secretary shall consider-- - (A) the magnitude of the risk to motor vehicle safety caused by the defect or noncompliance; and - (B) the cost of public notice compared to the additional number of owners the notice may reach. - (4) A dealer to whom a motor vehicle or replacement equipment was delivered shall be notified by certified mail or quicker means if available. - (e) Second notification. --If the Secretary decides that a notification sent by a manufacturer under this section has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a 2d notification in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. - (f)Notification by lessor to lessee.--(1) In this subsection, ""leased motor vehicle"" means a motor vehicle that is leased to a person for at least 4 months by a lessor that has leased at least 5 motor vehicles in the 12 months before the date of the notification. - (2) A lessor that receives a notification required by section 30118 of this title about a leased motor vehicle shall provide a copy of the notification to the lessee in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. ## § 30120. Remedies for defects and noncompliance']",medium,answer,The Secretary can order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance if the Secretary decides that the initial notification sent by the manufacturer has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy. The second notification must be sent in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation.,3,Vehicle safety notification requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. <span class=\""highlight\""> If the Secretary decides that a notification of a defect or noncompliance about a motor vehicle or replacement equipment sent by a manufacturer is not adequate</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a notification that complies with this section.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. <span class=\""highlight\""> If the Secretary decides that a manufacturer has not provided an adequate remedy of the defect or noncompliance</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to take specified action to comply with this section, including providing a second notification about the defect or noncompliance.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">When the Secretary determines that the original notification by the manufacturer does not result in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a second notification in a manner prescribed by the Secretary.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title.""}]",,36
 2868,"If HMOs are like the strict parents of healthcare, what's their golden rule for doctors?","[""## Health Maintenance Organizations A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization that provides a form of health care coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. Unlike traditional health insurance, an HMO sets out guidelines under which doctors can operate. On average, an HMO costs less than comparable traditional health insurance, with a trade-off of limitations on the range of treatments available. Unlike many traditional insurers, HMOs do not merely provide financing for medical care. The HMO actually delivers the treatment as well. Doctors, hospitals and insurers all participate in the HMO business arrangement. The NAIC has adopted a model law and regulation that governs the licensure of HMOs: the Health Maintenance Organization Model Act (#430) and the Model Regulation to Implement Rules Regarding Contracts and Services of Health Maintenance Organization (#432). In most cases, access to an HMO is only available to employer group plans. ## Preferred Provider Organizations A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of doctors and/or hospitals that provides medical service only to a specific group or association. The PPO may be sponsored by a particular insurance company, one or more employers, or some other type of organization. PPO physicians provide medical services to the policyholders, employees or members of the sponsor(s) at discounted rates, and they may set up utilization review programs to help control the cost of medical care. In some states, managed care providers may be licensed by an agency outside the insurance department. 9 S ## Chapter 24 ## Managing General Agents A managing general agent (MGA) is an insurance producer authorized by an insurance company to manage all or part of the insurer's business in a specific geographic territory. Activities on behalf of the insurer may include marketing, underwriting, issuing policies, collecting premiums, appointing and supervising other agents, paying claims, and negotiating reinsurance. Many states regulate the activities and contracts of MGAs."", 'Many states regulate the activities and contracts of MGAs. The NAIC has adopted the Managing General Agents Act (#225) to guide the states in regulating MGAs. Under the model, an MGA is defined as any person who engages in all of the following: - 1. Negotiates and binds ceding reinsurance contracts on behalf of an insurer or manages all or part of the insurance business of an insurer-including the management of a separate division, department or underwriting office-and who acts as an agent for such insurer whether known as a managing general agent, manager or other similar term or title. - 2. With or without authority and either separately or together with affiliates, directly or indirectly produces and underwrites an amount of gross direct written premium equal to or greater than 5% of the policyholder surplus in any one quarter or year, as reported in the last annual statement of the insurer. - 3. Engages in either or both of the following: - (a) Adjusts or pays claims in excess of an amount determined by the insurance commissioner. - (b) Negotiates reinsurance on behalf of the insurer. Under the model, an MGA does not include any of the following: - 1. An employee of the insurer. - 2. A manager of a U.S. branch of an alien insurer who resides in this country. - 3. An underwriting manager who, pursuant to contract, manages all insurance operations of the insurer, who is under common control with the insurer, subject to [cite to state law] relating to the regulation of insurance holding company systems, and who is not compensated based upon the volume of premiums written. - 4. An insurance company, in connection with the acceptance or rejection of reinsurance on a block of business. - 5. The attorney-in-fact authorized by or acting for the subscribers of a reciprocal insurer or interinsurance exchange under a power of attorney. In most states, MGAs must be licensed as producers and are not allowed to place business until a written contract exists among all parties. Under Model #225, insurers are required to monitor the financial stability of MGAs under contract. 1 S ## Chapter 25 ## Multiple Employer Welfare Arrangements', 'Members of the board are also policyholders. Individuals who sell products for small mutuals should be licensed as producers, as outlined in Model #218 and the Uniform Licensing Standards (ULS). 5 ## Chapter 22 ## Insurance Consultants An insurance consultant is a person who charges a fee for giving advice about insurance products. Not all states require a separate consultant license. In those states, the individual can obtain a producer license and abide by the disclosure provisions for insurance consultants. In states that do require a special license, the applicant is usually required to pass an examination. The exam may be either one of the same subject-matter examinations that insurance producers must pass or an examination specific to consultants. In states that require an examination, a waiver may be granted if the applicant can demonstrate a specified amount of insurance experience. States usually adopt exemptions from the consultant licensing requirement. The exemptions are available as long as the person is acting in his or her professional capacity or in the normal course of business. Common exemptions are: - 1. A licensed attorney. - 2. A trust officer of a bank. - 3. An actuary or certified public accountant. - 4. A risk manager who consults for his or her employer only. If a state requires appointments for insurance producers, appointments should not be required for insurance consultants. The consultant represents the insured and is not an agent of the insurance company. Some states prohibit an individual from holding both an insurance producer license and an insurance consultant license. Other states allow an insurance producer to function in either capacity with full disclosure. In all cases where an individual is acting as an insurance consultant, a written contract should be used to clearly explain the terms of the consultant arrangement. In states that have a separate insurance consultant license, it is a common practice to have a continuing education (CE) requirement that mirrors the CE requirement for insurance producers. 7 S ## Chapter 23 ## Managed Care Providers ## Health Maintenance Organizations']",medium,answer,"The 'golden rule' for doctors in an HMO is to operate under the guidelines set by the HMO. Unlike traditional health insurance, HMOs establish specific rules and limitations under which doctors can provide treatments. This ensures cost-effectiveness but may restrict the range of available treatments.",3,HMO healthcare model,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization that provides a form of health care coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. <span class=\""highlight\"">Unlike traditional health insurance, an HMO sets out guidelines under which doctors can operate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">In order to see a specialist, HMOs typically require patients to first get a referral from their primary care physician (PCP)</span>, while PPOs allow patients to see specialists without referrals. <span class=\""highlight\"">The HMO will only pay for medical care that is referred by the patient's designated primary care physician</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Doctors in an HMO network accept predetermined fees from the HMO and must follow the HMO's guidelines for care</span>. These guidelines could include which tests to order for specific symptoms, how many days a patient can stay in the hospital for certain conditions, and which medications can be prescribed.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Healthcare plans typically have a network of providers, including hospitals, labs, doctors, and other practitioners, that have agreed to accept the plan's coverage terms, conditions, and payment levels. When patients go outside this network, they generally have higher out-of-pocket costs.""}]",,37
 3971,What does the EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aim to achieve?,"['- viii. Ensures that all reports identified in Section 5 of this Order, Monitoring for Policy Compliance, are complete, accurate, and on time; and - ix. Analyzes and publishes to OAs the results of data collection and reporting for trends. - e. DOT Office of the General Counsel: Interprets and provides guidance on new and existing energy, environmental, and sustainability laws, regulations, executive orders, and other requirements. Reviews contracts and ensures they meet all applicable laws, regulations, E.O.s, and other requirements. Advises ASA on legal issues arising with home-to-work waiver requests. - f. OA Administrator: Ensures OA conforms with and implements all applicable requirements for fleet sustainability provided in this Order. Additionally, the OA Administrator may delegate responsibilities as necessary to meet the requirements. Specific responsibilities related to this Order include, but are not limited to: - i. Issues data collection requests and analyzes data for reporting progress milestones; - ii. Communicates new requirements throughout the OA; - iii. Ensures that fleet sustainability information is tracked and reported to the appropriate reporting systems at the minimum intervals; - iv. - Submits requests to OST, as needed, for exceptions to the goals or requirements; and v. Conducts an annual VAM in accordance with FMR B-30. - g. OA Fleet Manager: Specific responsibilities related to this Order include, but are not limited to: - i. Identifies and implements the optimal fleet management strategy for that OA (based on evaluating the fleet characteristics and requirements at the site); - a) Ensures that the fleet at the fleet location(s) is right-sized (number and types) to mission; - b) Monitors the performance of the fleet in reducing petroleum and increasing alternative fuel use; - c) Ensures that the fleet complies with applicable fleet requirements related to alternative fuel infrastructure; - d) Refines the fleet optimization strategy based on changes in fleet characteristics, performance, and mission; and', ""| Annual Vehicle Acquisition, Petroleum and Alternative Fuels Report to Congress | Summary of activities to meet fleet management requirements | Report of DOT's compliance with fleet requirements for acquisition, petroleum reduction and alternative fuel | Annually, but no later than February 15 for the previous fiscal year | | FAST - 701 Waiver Requests | Waiver from the EISA Section 701 requirement to use alternative fuel in all DOT dual-fuel vehicles i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. | Vehicle type Fuel type Average miles per gallon Model year Vehicle location Number of vehicles Waiver reason Expected miles driven Expected alternative fuel use (percent) OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | |----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | FAST - EISA Section 246 Annual Report | Report summarizing DOT compliance with EISA Section 246 | Federal fleet fueling centers, fuel consumption, renewable fuel pump data; evaluation of compliance with requirement to install renewable fuel pumps OA Fleet Manger provides fuel station information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | | FAST OMB A-11 and VAM Update | Report fleet budget data for all vehicles, owned or leased | Budget estimates of current fiscal year, as well as future fleet operating costs OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, OMB A-11 no later than August, VAM update no later than March 31st | | EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan | Revised plan to meet petroleum reduction and alternative fuel increase requirements | Specific and quantifiable means by which DOT will remedy any current shortfall and catch-up to meet the next year's milestone OA Fleet Manger provides input | No later than August 15, if required |""]",hard,answer,The EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aims to provide a revised plan with specific and quantifiable means by which the Department of Transportation (DOT) will remedy any current shortfall and catch-up to meet the next year's milestone for petroleum reduction and alternative fuel increase requirements.,2,Department of Transportation sustainability plan,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aims to provide a revised plan with specific and quantifiable means by which the Department of Transportation (DOT) will comply with the Energy Independence and Security Act</span> of 2007 (EISA) (Pub. L. 110-140) and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">This plan aims to reduce petroleum consumption and increase alternative fuel consumption</span> for DOT's vehicle fleet. Specifically, it seeks to <span class=\""highlight\"">reduce petroleum consumption by 20 percent by 2015, measured from 2005 baseline data</span>, through annual 2% reductions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The plan includes <span class=\""highlight\"">optimizing the number of vehicles in the fleet, improving vehicle efficiency, and reducing vehicle miles traveled</span>. It also establishes <span class=\""highlight\"">procedures for allocating hybrid and electric vehicles, implementing idle reduction technologies, and promoting the use of alternative fuels</span> in dual-fuel vehicles.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""DOT Office of the General Counsel: Interprets and provides legal guidance on matters relating to environmental and energy policies, as well as makes determinations about whether transportation laws and regulations conflict with environmental regulations.""}]",,38
-1818,Do I need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate?,"[""## J1. What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables on the label, or by taste and appearance causing the consumer to expect juice in the beverage. This includes non-carbonated and carbonated beverages, full-strength (100%) juices, concentrated juices, diluted juices, and beverages that purport to contain juice but contain no juice. 21 CFR 101.30(a) ## J2. Where and how is % juice declared? Answer: The % juice must be on the information panel (for packages with information panels), near the top. Only the brand name, product name, logo, or universal product code may be placed above it. Use easily legible boldface print or type that distinctly contrasts with the other printed or graphic material. The type size for the % juice declaration must be not less than the largest type on the information panel, except that used for the brand name, product name, logo, universal product code, or the title phrase Nutrition Facts. The percentage juice declaration may be either 'contains\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice' or '\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice.' The name of the fruit or vegetable may also be included (e.g., '100% Apple Juice'). If the package does not contain an information panel, the percent juice must be placed on the PDP in a type size not less than that required for the net contents declaration and placed near the name of the food. 21 CFR 101.30(e); 21 CFR 101.30(g) ## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3."", '## it necessary to state that juices are from concentrate when they are in a beverage such as punch? J30. Is contained sometimes. If the juices are specifically named in the statement identity, and the juices are from concentrate, their names must be followed the term \'from concentrate\' in accordance with CFR 102.33(g). no is made to specific juices in the name of a punch that is made from juices, the statement of identity does not have to include the \'from concentrate.\' However, each of the concentrated juices used in the must be declared in order of predominance in the ingredient statement the label. Answer: Yes, of by 21 If reference concentrated term punch of ## a punch have to be made from fruit juice? J31. Does FDA does not have a specific definition or standard of identity punch, or any other requirement that a punch contain fruit juice. A punch be an artificially f lavored beverage, with or without natural flavorings, or may be made from tea and other ingredients, exclusive of fruit juice. Such must be clearly distinguished from products which are made from juices or fruit concentrates or purees. Products containing artificial or flavors must be labeled in accordance with 21 CFR 101.22. Answer: No. for may it products fruit natural ## the case of a vegetable juice cocktail that is 100 percent juice, can the include the term \'cocktail\'? J32. In name Answer: Yes. 10"" X 2"" = 20 SQ. IN. AREA OF PDP = 20 SQ. IN. X 40% = 8 SQ. IN. ## 5. NET QUANTITY OF CONTENTS STATEMENTS ## is the net quantity of contents and how is it expressed? 1. What net quantity of contents (net quantity statement) is the statement the label which provides the amount of food in the container or package. It be expressed in weight, measure or numeric count. Generally, if the food solid, semisolid or viscous, it should be expressed in terms of weight. If the is a liquid it should be expressed in fluid measure (e.g., fl oz). CFR 101.105(a)(b)(c) Answer: The on must is food 21', ""## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3. exception is that beverages containing minor amounts of juice flavoring are not required to bear a % juice declaration provided that: (a) product is described using the term 'flavor' or 'flavored,' (b) the term is not used other than in the ingredient list, and (c) the beverages do otherwise give the impression they contain juice such as with the use of vignettes on the label or physical resemblance of the beverage to juice as pulp. 21 CFR 101.30(c) Answer: An for the 'juice' not explicit such ## is the % juice calculated? J4. How juice made by adding water to concentrate: Calculate using values from Brix table in CFR 101.30(h)(1) the basis for 100% juice. CFR 101.30(j), 21 CFR 101.30(h) For the 21 as 21 juice expressed directly from fruit or vegetables: Compute on a basis. Answer: For volume/volume ## myproductbelabeledasa'drink'ora'beverage?' J5. Should Answer: Beverages that are 100% juice may be called 'juice.' However, beverages that are diluted to less than 100% juice must have the word 'juice' qualified with a term such as 'beverage,' 'drink,' or 'cocktail.' Alternatively, the product may be labeled with a name using the form 'diluted \\_\\_\\_ juice,' (e.g. 'diluted apple juice'). 21 CFR 102.33(a) ## it necessary to use the term 'concentrate' on the label? J6. Is made from concentrate must be labeled with terms such as concentrate,' or'reconstituted' as part of the name wherever it appears the label. An exception is that, in the ingredient statement, the juice is as 'concentrated \\_\\_\\_\\_ juice and water' or 'water and concentrated juice,' as appropriate. CFR 102.33(g) Answer: Juices 'from on declared \\_\\_\\_\\_ 21 ## statement of identity is used on a mixed fruit or vegetable juice J7. What beverage?"", ""## have a 100% juice drink and add a non juice ingredient. May I still call it juice? J23. I 100% the added ingredient does not dilute the juice or, for an expressed change its volume, you may continue to call it 100% juice but the juice statement must identify the added ingredient, e.g., '100% juice added preservative.' CFR 101.30(b)(3) and 101.54(e) Answer: If juice, percent with 21 ## if the added substance is also a nutrient such as Vitamin C acid)? J24. What (ascorbic ascorbic acid is added at levels consistent with fortification of the a declaration as part of the percent juice statement would constitute a content claim which would trigger compliance with more claims the required accompanying information. If it were added at the level as a preservative, then a statement such as 100% juice with preservative be used. In this case it would be listed in the ingredient statement as a in accordance with 101.22(j). Answer: If juice, nutrient including used could preservative ## I have to say 'fruit punch from concentrate' or 'lemonade from J25. Do concentrate'? Section 102.33(g) states that if one or more of the juices in a beverage is made from concentrate, then the name of the juice must the term 'from concentrate' or'reconstituted.' Because the names punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or Answer: No. juice include 'fruit these'reconstituted.' ## the declaration on a lemonade made in terms of the lemon juice only, of sugar? J26. Is exclusive before adding sugar. Answer: Yes, ## have a juice product for food service only, and we are exempt from labeling for this product (we know that is never goes to club Are we also exempt from percent juice declarations? J27. We nutrition stores). Answer: No. There are no exemptions from the requirement for label declaration of the percentage of juice on food service containers of juices. ## the commonorusualnameregulationin21CFR102.33applicableto percent juices or only to diluted juices? J28. Is 100""]",easy,answer,"No, you do not need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate. According to the context (J25), the names 'fruit punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, so these names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or 'reconstituted.' However, the concentrated juices used must still be declared in the ingredient statement in order of predominance.",4,Juice labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables, or by the commonly recognized nature of the beverage. <span class=\""highlight\"">Labels that include a juice percentage are not required to indicate whether the juice is or is not from concentrate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[<span class=\""highlight\"">]The statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For lemonade: If the product is 100% lemon juice, the label must indicate whether it is from concentrate. [<span class=\""highlight\"">]If the lemonade contains water and other ingredients in addition to lemon juice, then the statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Beverages that contain less than 100% juice must declare the total percentage of juice on the information panel of the label. The percentage declaration may also be on the principal display panel (PDP), near the product name.""}]",,39
-1242,Can the Secretary of Transportation create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices?,"['- (A) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (B) when the notification is required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title, enforcement of the order is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) of this title applies. - (2) This subsection does not prohibit a dealer from offering for sale or lease the vehicle or equipment. - (j) Prohibition on sales of replaced equipment. --No person may sell or lease any motor vehicle equipment (including a tire), for installation on a motor vehicle, that is the subject of a decision under section 30118(b) or a notice required under section 30118(c) in a condition that it may be reasonably used for its original purpose unless-- - (1) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (2) notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b) but enforcement of the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) applies. ## § 30121. Provisional notification and civil actions to enforce - (a) Provisional notification.-(1) The Secretary of Transportation may order a manufacturer to issue a provisional notification if a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title has been brought under section 30163 of this title. The provisional notification shall contain-- - (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court;', '## § 30102. Definitions - (a) General definitions. --In this chapter-- - (1) ""dealer"" means a person selling and distributing new motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment primarily to purchasers that in good faith purchase the vehicles or equipment other than for resale. - (2) ""defect"" includes any defect in performance, construction, a component, or material of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (3) ""distributor"" means a person primarily selling and distributing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (4) ""interstate commerce"" means commerce between a place in a State and a place in another State or between places in the same State through another State. - (5) ""manufacturer"" means a person-- - (A) manufacturing or assembling motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment; or - (B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (6) ""motor vehicle"" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line. - (7) ""motor vehicle equipment"" means-- - (A) any system, part, or component of a motor vehicle as originally manufactured; - (B) any similar part or component manufactured or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a motor vehicle; or - (C) any device or an article or apparel (except medicine or eyeglasses prescribed by a licensed practitioner) that is not a system, part, or component of a motor vehicle and is manufactured, sold, delivered, offered, or intended to be used only to safeguard motor vehicles and highway users against risk of accident, injury, or death. - (8) ""motor vehicle safety"" means the performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in a way that protects the public against unreasonable risk of accidents occurring because of the design, construction, or performance of a motor vehicle, and against unreasonable risk of death or injury in an accident, and includes nonoperational safety of a motor vehicle. - (9) ""motor vehicle safety standard"" means a minimum standard for motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment performance.', '- (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the public to repair for compensation a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (b) Prohibition. --A manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business may not knowingly make inoperative any part of a device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter unless the manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business reasonably believes the vehicle or equipment will not be used (except for testing or a similar purpose during maintenance or repair) when the device or element is inoperative. - (c) Regulations. --The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations-- - (1) to exempt a person from this section if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title; and - (2) to define ""make inoperative"". - (d) Nonapplication. --This section does not apply to a safety belt interlock or buzzer designed to indicate a safety belt is not in use as described in section 30124 of this title. ## § 30123. Tires - (a) Regrooved tire limitations.-(1) In this subsection, ""regrooved tire"" means a tire with a new tread produced by cutting into the tread of a worn tire. - (2) The Secretary may authorize the sale, offer for sale, introduction for sale, or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce, of a regrooved tire or a motor vehicle equipped with regrooved tires if the Secretary decides the tires are designed and made in a way consistent with section 30101 of this title. A person may not sell, offer for sale, introduce for sale, or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, a regrooved tire or a vehicle equipped with regrooved tires unless authorized by the Secretary.', ""- (iii) the extent to which distributors and dealers have encouraged first purchasers of tires to register the tires. - (C) A manufacturer of tires shall reimburse distributors and dealers of that manufacturer's tires for all reasonable costs incurred by the distributors and dealers in complying with a requirement prescribed by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. - (D) After making a decision under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Secretary shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing a detailed statement of the decision and an explanation of the reasons for the decision. ## (c) Rollover tests.-- - (1) Development. --Not later than 2 years from the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall- - - (A)develop a dynamic test on rollovers by motor vehicles for the purposes of a consumer information program; and - (B)carry out a program of conducting such tests. - (2) Test results. --As the Secretary develops a test under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall conduct a rulemaking to determine how best to disseminate test results to the public. - (3) Motor vehicles covered. --This subsection applies to motor vehicles, including passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks, with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less. A motor vehicle designed to provide temporary residential accommodations is not covered. ## § 30118. Notification of defects and noncompliance""]",easy,answer,"Yes, the Secretary of Transportation can create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices. According to the context, under § 30102, the Secretary may prescribe regulations to exempt a person from certain prohibitions if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title.",4,Vehicle safety regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30113. <span class=\""highlight\"">General exemptions</span> - (a) Definitions.--In this section-- (1) ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(b) Authority to exempt and procedures.--(1) <span class=\""highlight\"">The Secretary of Transportation may exempt, on a temporary basis, motor vehicles from a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter</span> or passenger motor vehicles from a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title, on terms the Secretary considers appropriate.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">An exemption may be granted only if the Secretary finds that the exemption is consistent with the public interest and this chapter or chapter 325, as applicable, and either: (A) compliance would prevent the manufacturer from selling a motor vehicle with an overall safety level at least equal to the overall safety level of nonexempt vehicles; or (B) compliance would prevent a manufacturer from selling a low-emission motor vehicle</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer granted an exemption under this subsection shall provide quarterly reports to the Secretary on the sale of exempted vehicles. If the Secretary determines the sale of exempted vehicles has increased beyond the original projections, the Secretary may end the exemption early.""}]",,40
+1818,Do I need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate?,"[""## J1. What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables on the label, or by taste and appearance causing the consumer to expect juice in the beverage. This includes non-carbonated and carbonated beverages, full-strength (100%) juices, concentrated juices, diluted juices, and beverages that purport to contain juice but contain no juice. 21 CFR 101.30(a) ## J2. Where and how is % juice declared? Answer: The % juice must be on the information panel (for packages with information panels), near the top. Only the brand name, product name, logo, or universal product code may be placed above it. Use easily legible boldface print or type that distinctly contrasts with the other printed or graphic material. The type size for the % juice declaration must be not less than the largest type on the information panel, except that used for the brand name, product name, logo, universal product code, or the title phrase Nutrition Facts. The percentage juice declaration may be either 'contains\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice' or '\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice.' The name of the fruit or vegetable may also be included (e.g., '100% Apple Juice'). If the package does not contain an information panel, the percent juice must be placed on the PDP in a type size not less than that required for the net contents declaration and placed near the name of the food. 21 CFR 101.30(e); 21 CFR 101.30(g) ## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3."", '## it necessary to state that juices are from concentrate when they are in a beverage such as punch? J30. Is contained sometimes. If the juices are specifically named in the statement identity, and the juices are from concentrate, their names must be followed the term \'from concentrate\' in accordance with CFR 102.33(g). no is made to specific juices in the name of a punch that is made from juices, the statement of identity does not have to include the \'from concentrate.\' However, each of the concentrated juices used in the must be declared in order of predominance in the ingredient statement the label. Answer: Yes, of by 21 If reference concentrated term punch of ## a punch have to be made from fruit juice? J31. Does FDA does not have a specific definition or standard of identity punch, or any other requirement that a punch contain fruit juice. A punch be an artificially f lavored beverage, with or without natural flavorings, or may be made from tea and other ingredients, exclusive of fruit juice. Such must be clearly distinguished from products which are made from juices or fruit concentrates or purees. Products containing artificial or flavors must be labeled in accordance with 21 CFR 101.22. Answer: No. for may it products fruit natural ## the case of a vegetable juice cocktail that is 100 percent juice, can the include the term \'cocktail\'? J32. In name Answer: Yes. 10"" X 2"" = 20 SQ. IN. AREA OF PDP = 20 SQ. IN. X 40% = 8 SQ. IN. ## 5. NET QUANTITY OF CONTENTS STATEMENTS ## is the net quantity of contents and how is it expressed? 1. What net quantity of contents (net quantity statement) is the statement the label which provides the amount of food in the container or package. It be expressed in weight, measure or numeric count. Generally, if the food solid, semisolid or viscous, it should be expressed in terms of weight. If the is a liquid it should be expressed in fluid measure (e.g., fl oz). CFR 101.105(a)(b)(c) Answer: The on must is food 21', ""## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3. exception is that beverages containing minor amounts of juice flavoring are not required to bear a % juice declaration provided that: (a) product is described using the term 'flavor' or 'flavored,' (b) the term is not used other than in the ingredient list, and (c) the beverages do otherwise give the impression they contain juice such as with the use of vignettes on the label or physical resemblance of the beverage to juice as pulp. 21 CFR 101.30(c) Answer: An for the 'juice' not explicit such ## is the % juice calculated? J4. How juice made by adding water to concentrate: Calculate using values from Brix table in CFR 101.30(h)(1) the basis for 100% juice. CFR 101.30(j), 21 CFR 101.30(h) For the 21 as 21 juice expressed directly from fruit or vegetables: Compute on a basis. Answer: For volume/volume ## myproductbelabeledasa'drink'ora'beverage?' J5. Should Answer: Beverages that are 100% juice may be called 'juice.' However, beverages that are diluted to less than 100% juice must have the word 'juice' qualified with a term such as 'beverage,' 'drink,' or 'cocktail.' Alternatively, the product may be labeled with a name using the form 'diluted \\_\\_\\_ juice,' (e.g. 'diluted apple juice'). 21 CFR 102.33(a) ## it necessary to use the term 'concentrate' on the label? J6. Is made from concentrate must be labeled with terms such as concentrate,' or'reconstituted' as part of the name wherever it appears the label. An exception is that, in the ingredient statement, the juice is as 'concentrated \\_\\_\\_\\_ juice and water' or 'water and concentrated juice,' as appropriate. CFR 102.33(g) Answer: Juices 'from on declared \\_\\_\\_\\_ 21 ## statement of identity is used on a mixed fruit or vegetable juice J7. What beverage?"", ""## have a 100% juice drink and add a non juice ingredient. May I still call it juice? J23. I 100% the added ingredient does not dilute the juice or, for an expressed change its volume, you may continue to call it 100% juice but the juice statement must identify the added ingredient, e.g., '100% juice added preservative.' CFR 101.30(b)(3) and 101.54(e) Answer: If juice, percent with 21 ## if the added substance is also a nutrient such as Vitamin C acid)? J24. What (ascorbic ascorbic acid is added at levels consistent with fortification of the a declaration as part of the percent juice statement would constitute a content claim which would trigger compliance with more claims the required accompanying information. If it were added at the level as a preservative, then a statement such as 100% juice with preservative be used. In this case it would be listed in the ingredient statement as a in accordance with 101.22(j). Answer: If juice, nutrient including used could preservative ## I have to say 'fruit punch from concentrate' or 'lemonade from J25. Do concentrate'? Section 102.33(g) states that if one or more of the juices in a beverage is made from concentrate, then the name of the juice must the term 'from concentrate' or'reconstituted.' Because the names punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or Answer: No. juice include 'fruit these'reconstituted.' ## the declaration on a lemonade made in terms of the lemon juice only, of sugar? J26. Is exclusive before adding sugar. Answer: Yes, ## have a juice product for food service only, and we are exempt from labeling for this product (we know that is never goes to club Are we also exempt from percent juice declarations? J27. We nutrition stores). Answer: No. There are no exemptions from the requirement for label declaration of the percentage of juice on food service containers of juices. ## the commonorusualnameregulationin21CFR102.33applicableto percent juices or only to diluted juices? J28. Is 100""]",easy,answer,"No, you do not need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate. According to the context (J25), the names 'fruit punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, so these names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or 'reconstituted.' However, the concentrated juices used must still be declared in the ingredient statement in order of predominance.",4,Juice labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables, or by the commonly recognized nature of the beverage. <span class=\""highlight\"">Labels that include a juice percentage are not required to indicate whether the juice is or is not from concentrate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The statement \""from concentrate\"" is not required to be on the label of a punch, lemonade, cocktail, or similar beverage</span>. The distinction between juice from concentrate and juice not from concentrate is only required on the labels of products that are 100% juice and purport to be juice.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For lemonade: If the product is 100% lemon juice, the label must indicate whether it is from concentrate. <span class=\""highlight\"">If the lemonade contains water and other ingredients in addition to lemon juice, then the statement \""from concentrate\"" or \""not from concentrate\"" is not required (regardless of whether the lemon juice used is from concentrate)</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Beverages that contain less than 100% juice must declare the total percentage of juice on the information panel of the label. The percentage declaration may also be on the principal display panel (PDP), near the product name.""}]",,39
+1242,Can the Secretary of Transportation create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices?,"['- (A) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (B) when the notification is required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title, enforcement of the order is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) of this title applies. - (2) This subsection does not prohibit a dealer from offering for sale or lease the vehicle or equipment. - (j) Prohibition on sales of replaced equipment. --No person may sell or lease any motor vehicle equipment (including a tire), for installation on a motor vehicle, that is the subject of a decision under section 30118(b) or a notice required under section 30118(c) in a condition that it may be reasonably used for its original purpose unless-- - (1) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (2) notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b) but enforcement of the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) applies. ## § 30121. Provisional notification and civil actions to enforce - (a) Provisional notification.-(1) The Secretary of Transportation may order a manufacturer to issue a provisional notification if a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title has been brought under section 30163 of this title. The provisional notification shall contain-- - (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court;', '## § 30102. Definitions - (a) General definitions. --In this chapter-- - (1) ""dealer"" means a person selling and distributing new motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment primarily to purchasers that in good faith purchase the vehicles or equipment other than for resale. - (2) ""defect"" includes any defect in performance, construction, a component, or material of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (3) ""distributor"" means a person primarily selling and distributing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (4) ""interstate commerce"" means commerce between a place in a State and a place in another State or between places in the same State through another State. - (5) ""manufacturer"" means a person-- - (A) manufacturing or assembling motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment; or - (B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (6) ""motor vehicle"" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line. - (7) ""motor vehicle equipment"" means-- - (A) any system, part, or component of a motor vehicle as originally manufactured; - (B) any similar part or component manufactured or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a motor vehicle; or - (C) any device or an article or apparel (except medicine or eyeglasses prescribed by a licensed practitioner) that is not a system, part, or component of a motor vehicle and is manufactured, sold, delivered, offered, or intended to be used only to safeguard motor vehicles and highway users against risk of accident, injury, or death. - (8) ""motor vehicle safety"" means the performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in a way that protects the public against unreasonable risk of accidents occurring because of the design, construction, or performance of a motor vehicle, and against unreasonable risk of death or injury in an accident, and includes nonoperational safety of a motor vehicle. - (9) ""motor vehicle safety standard"" means a minimum standard for motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment performance.', '- (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the public to repair for compensation a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (b) Prohibition. --A manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business may not knowingly make inoperative any part of a device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter unless the manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business reasonably believes the vehicle or equipment will not be used (except for testing or a similar purpose during maintenance or repair) when the device or element is inoperative. - (c) Regulations. --The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations-- - (1) to exempt a person from this section if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title; and - (2) to define ""make inoperative"". - (d) Nonapplication. --This section does not apply to a safety belt interlock or buzzer designed to indicate a safety belt is not in use as described in section 30124 of this title. ## § 30123. Tires - (a) Regrooved tire limitations.-(1) In this subsection, ""regrooved tire"" means a tire with a new tread produced by cutting into the tread of a worn tire. - (2) The Secretary may authorize the sale, offer for sale, introduction for sale, or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce, of a regrooved tire or a motor vehicle equipped with regrooved tires if the Secretary decides the tires are designed and made in a way consistent with section 30101 of this title. A person may not sell, offer for sale, introduce for sale, or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, a regrooved tire or a vehicle equipped with regrooved tires unless authorized by the Secretary.', ""- (iii) the extent to which distributors and dealers have encouraged first purchasers of tires to register the tires. - (C) A manufacturer of tires shall reimburse distributors and dealers of that manufacturer's tires for all reasonable costs incurred by the distributors and dealers in complying with a requirement prescribed by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. - (D) After making a decision under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Secretary shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing a detailed statement of the decision and an explanation of the reasons for the decision. ## (c) Rollover tests.-- - (1) Development. --Not later than 2 years from the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall- - - (A)develop a dynamic test on rollovers by motor vehicles for the purposes of a consumer information program; and - (B)carry out a program of conducting such tests. - (2) Test results. --As the Secretary develops a test under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall conduct a rulemaking to determine how best to disseminate test results to the public. - (3) Motor vehicles covered. --This subsection applies to motor vehicles, including passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks, with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less. A motor vehicle designed to provide temporary residential accommodations is not covered. ## § 30118. Notification of defects and noncompliance""]",easy,answer,"Yes, the Secretary of Transportation can create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices. According to the context, under § 30102, the Secretary may prescribe regulations to exempt a person from certain prohibitions if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title.",4,Vehicle safety regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30113. <span class=\""highlight\"">General exemptions</span> - (a) Definitions.--In this section-- (1) \""exemption\"" means an exemption from a standard prescribed under this chapter; and (2) \""low-emission motor vehicle\"" means a motor vehicle meeting the standards for new motor vehicles applicable to the vehicle under section 202 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7521).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(b) Authority to exempt and procedures.--(1) <span class=\""highlight\"">The Secretary of Transportation may exempt, on a temporary basis, motor vehicles from a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter</span> or passenger motor vehicles from a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title, on terms the Secretary considers appropriate.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">An exemption may be granted only if the Secretary finds that the exemption is consistent with the public interest and this chapter or chapter 325, as applicable, and either: (A) compliance would prevent the manufacturer from selling a motor vehicle with an overall safety level at least equal to the overall safety level of nonexempt vehicles; or (B) compliance would prevent a manufacturer from selling a low-emission motor vehicle</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer granted an exemption under this subsection shall provide quarterly reports to the Secretary on the sale of exempted vehicles. If the Secretary determines the sale of exempted vehicles has increased beyond the original projections, the Secretary may end the exemption early.""}]",,40
 1335,What are the conditions under which the Secretary of Transportation can enter and inspect premises where a motor vehicle is manufactured?,"['## § 30118. Notification of defects and noncompliance - (a) Notification by Secretary. --The Secretary of Transportation shall notify the manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment immediately after making an initial decision (through testing, inspection, investigation, or research carried out under this chapter, examining communications under section 30166(f) of this title, or otherwise) that the vehicle or equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety or does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. The notification shall include the information on which the decision is based. The Secretary shall publish a notice of each decision under this subsection in the Federal Register. Subject to section 30167(a) of this title, the notification and information are available to any interested person. - (b) Defect and noncompliance proceedings and orders.-(1) The Secretary may make a final decision that a motor vehicle or replacement equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety or does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter only after giving the manufacturer an opportunity to present information, views, and arguments showing that there is no defect or noncompliance or that the defect does not affect motor vehicle safety. Any interested person also shall be given an opportunity to present information, views, and arguments. - (2) If the Secretary decides under paragraph (1) of this subsection that the vehicle or equipment contains the defect or does not comply, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to-- - (A) give notification under section 30119 of this title to the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the vehicle or equipment of the defect or noncompliance; and - (B) remedy the defect or noncompliance under section 30120 of this title. - (c) Notification by manufacturer. --A manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment shall notify the Secretary by certified mail, and the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the vehicle or equipment as provided in section 30119(d) of this section, if the manufacturer-- - (1) learns the vehicle or equipment contains a defect and decides in good faith that the defect is related to motor vehicle safety; or - (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '## § 30162. Petitions by interested persons for standards and enforcement - (a) Filing. --Any interested person may file a petition with the Secretary of Transportation requesting the Secretary to begin a proceeding-- - (1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or - (2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Statement of facts. --The petition must state facts that the person claims establish that a motor vehicle safety standard or order referred to in subsection (a) of this section is necessary and briefly describe the order the Secretary should issue. - (c) Proceedings. --The Secretary may hold a public hearing or conduct an investigation or proceeding to decide whether to grant the petition. - (d) Actions of Secretary. --The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition not later than 120 days after the petition is filed. If a petition is granted, the Secretary shall begin the proceeding promptly. If a petition is denied, the Secretary shall publish the reasons for the denial in the Federal Register. ## § 30163. Actions by the Attorney General - (a) Civil actions to enforce. --The Attorney General may bring a civil action in a United States district court to enjoin-- - (1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment-- - (A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or - (B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '- (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. - (d) Exemptions. --On application of a manufacturer, the Secretary shall exempt the manufacturer from this section if the Secretary decides a defect or noncompliance is inconsequential to motor vehicle safety. The Secretary may take action under this subsection only after notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for any interested person to present information, views, and arguments. - (e) Hearings about meeting notification requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on petition of any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements. If the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has not reasonably met the notification requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter. ## § 30119. Notification procedures - (a) Contents of notification. --Notification by a manufacturer required under section 30118 of this title of a defect or noncompliance shall contain-- - (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; - (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; - (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.', '## § 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle accident"" means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage. - (b) Authority to inspect and investigate.--(1) The Secretary of Transportation may conduct an inspection or investigation-- - (A) that may be necessary to enforce this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; or - (B) related to a motor vehicle accident and designed to carry out this chapter. - (2) The Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate with State and local officials to the greatest extent possible in an inspection or investigation under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection. - (c) Matters that can be inspected and impoundment. --In carrying out this chapter, an officer or employee designated by the Secretary of Transportation-- - (1) at reasonable times, may inspect and copy any record related to this chapter; - (2) on request, may inspect records of a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer to decide whether the manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has complied or is complying with this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (3) at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on display of proper credentials and written notice to an owner, operator, or agent in charge, may-- - (A) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce; - (B) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises at which a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident is located; - (C) inspect with reasonable promptness that vehicle or equipment; and - (D) impound for not more than 72 hours a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident.', ""- (D) impound for not more than 72 hours a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident. - (d) Reasonable compensation. --When a motor vehicle (except a vehicle subject to subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title) or motor vehicle equipment is inspected or temporarily impounded under subsection (c)(3) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall pay reasonable compensation to the owner of the vehicle if the inspection or impoundment results in denial of use, or reduction in value, of the vehicle. - (e) Records and making reports. --The Secretary of Transportation reasonably may require a manufacturer of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment to keep records, and a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer to make reports, to enable the Secretary to decide whether the manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has complied or is complying with this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. This subsection does not impose a recordkeeping requirement on a distributor or dealer in addition to those imposed under subsection (f) of this section and section 30117(b) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under subsection (f) or section 30117(b). - (f)Providing copies of communications about defects and noncompliance. --A manufacturer shall give the Secretary of Transportation a true or representative copy of each communication to the manufacturer's dealers or to owners or purchasers of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment produced by the manufacturer about a defect or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter in a vehicle or equipment that is sold or serviced. - (g) Administrative authority on reports, answers, and hearings.--(1) In carrying out this chapter, the Secretary of Transportation may-- - (A) require, by general or special order, any person to file reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and - (B) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.""]",hard,answer,"According to § 30166(c)(3) of the provided context, the Secretary of Transportation can enter and inspect premises where a motor vehicle is manufactured under the following conditions:
 
 1. The inspection must occur at reasonable times.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Unnamed: 0,question,contexts,difficulty,response_type,answer,num_contexts,proces
 
 Specifically, the Secretary or designated officer/employee may:
 - Enter and inspect premises where motor vehicles or equipment are manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after such introduction.
-- The inspection must be conducted with reasonable promptness.",5,Motor vehicle manufacturing inspection authority,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. In this section, 'motor vehicle accident' means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\"">Inspection and investigation. (1) The Secretary of Transportation may inspect and investigate, at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on reasonable notice</span>, a motor vehicle manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\""> The Secretary of Transportation may enter any premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce and inspect the premises, vehicle, or equipment</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - (3) The inspection or investigation shall be conducted <span class=\""highlight\"">at reasonable times, in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable promptness</span>. The Secretary must <span class=\""highlight\"">present credentials and written notice</span> to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises, vehicle, or equipment.""}]",,41
+- The inspection must be conducted with reasonable promptness.",5,Motor vehicle manufacturing inspection authority,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\"">Inspection and investigation. (1) The Secretary of Transportation may inspect and investigate, at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on reasonable notice</span>, a motor vehicle manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\""> The Secretary of Transportation may enter any premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce and inspect the premises, vehicle, or equipment</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - (3) The inspection or investigation shall be conducted <span class=\""highlight\"">at reasonable times, in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable promptness</span>. The Secretary must <span class=\""highlight\"">present credentials and written notice</span> to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises, vehicle, or equipment.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. In this section, 'motor vehicle accident' means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage.""}]",,41
 2409,"If my squishy human larva has a family history of allergies, what bizarre milk hack might (or might not) keep their skin from turning into a polka-dotted mess for the first year?","[""colors: by specific or abbreviated name such as 'FD&amp;C Red No. or 'Red 40.' Certified List 40' depends on whether the artificial color is a certified color: Answer: It colors: as 'artificial color,' 'artificial coloring,' or by their common or usual names such as 'caramel coloring' and 'colored with juice.' Non-certified List specific beet CFR 101.22(k)(1) and (2), 21 CFR 74 21 ## certified color additive lakes have to be declared separately from the color in the ingredient statement? C4. Do certified Certified color additives and their lakes are separate ingredients thus, must be declared separately in the ingredient statement. CFR (k)(1) Answer: Yes. and, 21 101.22 ## Allergen Labeling Food ## Information General ## is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of F1. What 2004? Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (or Title II of Public Law 108-282) is a law that was enacted in August Among other issues, FALCPA addresses the labeling of all packaged regulated by the FDA. We recommend that producers of meat products, products, and egg products, which are regulated by the U.S. Department Agriculture (USDA), contact appropriate USDA agency staff regarding the of such products. Also see Information about Food Allergens for more about the agency's food allergen activities and related guidance that address additional FALCPA questions and answers. Answer: The (FALCPA) 2004. foods poultry of labeling information documents http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/default.htm ## is a'major food allergen?' F2. What - milk a. Under FALCPA, a'major food allergen' is an ingredient that is one the following eight foods or food groups or an ingredient that contains derived from one of them: Answer: of protein egg b. fish c. - Crustacean shellfish d. - tree nuts e. - peanuts g. - wheat f. - soybeans h."", ""- 2. Place the word 'Contains,' followed by the name of the food source from which the major food allergen is derived, immediately after or adjacent to the list of ingredients, in a type size that is no smaller than that used for the ingredient list. ## single ingredient foods that are major food allergens required to with FALCPA? F14.Are comply Single ingredient foods must comply with the allergen requirements in Section 403(w)(1). A single ingredient food that or contains protein derived from milk, egg, fish, Crustacean shellfish, tree wheat, peanuts, or soybeans, may identify the food source in the name of food (e.g., 'all-purpose wheat flour') or use the 'Contains' statement FDA recommends that if a 'Contains' statement format is used, the be placed immediately above the manufacturer, packer, or statement. For single ingredient foods intended for further where the 'Contains' statement format is used, the statement be placed on the PDP of the food. Answer: Yes. declaration is, nuts, the format. statement distributor manufacturing should ## a 'Contains' statement on a food label provided in accordance with list only the names of the food sources of the major food that are not already identified in the ingredient list for a food? F15.May FALCPA allergens packaged If a 'Contains' statement is used on a food label, the statement include the names of the food sources of all major food allergens used as in the packaged food. For example, if'sodium caseinate,' 'whey,' yolks,' and 'natural peanut flavor' are declared in a product's ingredients any 'Contains' statement appearing on the label immediately after or to that statement is required to identify all three sources of the major allergens present (e.g., 'Contains milk, egg, peanuts') in the same type print or font) size as that used for the ingredient list. Answer: No. must ingredients 'egg list, adjacent food (i.e., ## there more than one way to word a 'Contains' statement used to the major food allergens in a packaged food? F16.Is declare"", 'discretion letter | Qualified Health Claims | Eligible | Factors for Exercising | Claim Statements | |----------------------------|------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Foods | Enforcement Discretion | (2) ""Little scientific evidence suggests that, for healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100 % Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life."" (3) ""For healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life and up to 3 years of age. FDA has concluded that the relationship between 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formulas and the reduced risk of atopic dermatitis is uncertain, because there is very little scientific evidence for the relationship."" (4) ""For healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life.']",hard,answer,"Based on the provided context, if your infant has a family history of allergies and is not exclusively breastfed, feeding them a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow's milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the first year of life. However, the FDA notes that the scientific evidence for this relationship is limited and uncertain.",3,Infant formula allergy prevention,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For infants with a <span class=\""highlight\"">family history of allergies</span> who are not exclusively breastfed, using a <span class=\""highlight\"">100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed Formula (PHF)</span> might reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (eczema) compared to using intact cow milk protein formula.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">FDA-qualified health claims indicate that there is limited scientific evidence for a relationship between 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formulas and a reduced risk of developing atopic dermatitis</span>. Based on FDA's review of the scientific evidence, some infants may have a reduced risk of developing atopic dermatitis if they are fed infant formulas with this specific formulation.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The evidence is strongest for infants with a <span class=\""highlight\"">family history of allergies</span> who are not exclusively breastfed. It's important to note that this specific type of formula <span class=\""highlight\"">may or may not reduce the risk of allergic manifestations</span>, and results may vary between individuals.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Breastfeeding is strongly recommended as the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Mothers should always consult with their healthcare providers about the most appropriate feeding options for their babies, especially in cases with family history of allergies.""}]",,42
 544,"If a vampire worked in a lab, what OSHA standard would protect them from their coworkers' blood?","[""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf"", '## Bloodborne Pathogens The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) is designed to protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Employers are subject to the BBP standard if they have workers whose jobs put them at reasonable risk of coming into contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Employers subject to this standard must develop a written Exposure Control Plan, provide training to exposed workers, and comply with other requirements of the standard, including use of Standard Precautions when dealing with blood and OPIM. In 2001, in response to the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, OSHA revised the Bloodborne Pathogens standard. The revised standard clarifies the need for employers to select safer needle devices and to involve workers in identifying and choosing these devices. The updated standard also requires employers to maintain a log of injuries from contaminated sharps. OSHA estimates that 5.6 million workers in the healthcare industry and related occupations are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including HIV, HBV, HCV, and others. All occupational exposure to blood or OPIM places workers at risk for infection with bloodborne pathogens. OSHA defines blood to mean human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. OPIM means: (1) The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids; (2) Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and (3) HIV- or HBV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBVcontaining culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.', ""| | Formaldehyde | Formaldehyde | Formaldehyde | |-------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | Exposure routes | Symptoms | Target Organs | | Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact. | Irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; Tearing; Coughing; Wheezing; Dermatitis; Potential occupational nasal carcin- ogen. | Eyes; Skin; Respiratory system. | ## Employers must provide the following to workers to prevent exposure: - · Appropriate PPE, 29 CFR 1910.132, 29 CFR 1910.133, and 29 CFR 1910.1048(h). - · Acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use, if there is any possibility that a worker's eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater formaldehyde, 29 CFR 1910.1048(i)(3). ## Latex One of the most common chemicals that laboratory workers are exposed to is latex, a plant protein. The most common cause of latex allergy is direct contact with latex, a natural plant derivative used in making certain disposable gloves and other products. Some healthcare workers have been determined to be latex sensitive, with reactions ranging from localized dermatitis (skin irritation) to immediate, possibly life-threatening reactions. Under OSHA's Personal Protective Equipment standard, 29 CFR 1910.132, the employer must ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is accessible at the worksite or issued to workers. Latex-free gloves, glove liners, powder-free gloves, or other similar alternatives are obtainable and must be readily accessible to those workers who are allergic to latex gloves or other latex-containing PPE, 29 CFR 1910.1030(c)(3)(iii). Latex allergy should be suspected in workers who develop certain symptoms after latex exposure, including:"", '- n Hazard Communication: Foundation of Workplace Chemical Safety Programs http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/MSDSenforcementInitiative.html - n Hazard Communication - HAZCOM Program http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/solutions.html - n Hazardous Drugs http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html ## The Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450), commonly referred to as the Laboratory standard, requires that the employer designate a Chemical Hygiene Officer and have a written Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and actively verify that it remains effective. In addition to the information provided at page 9 of this document, the following documents are available in either electronic or hard copy formats or both. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.1450 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10106 - · Fact Sheet - n Laboratory Safety - OSHA Laboratory Standard http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-osha-lab-standard.pdf - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Hygiene Plan http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-chemical-hygieneplan.pdf - · Hospital eTool http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html - n Laboratories - Common safety and health topics: - · Bloodborne Pathogens (BBPs) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#BloodbornePathogens - · Tuberculosis (TB) https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Tuberculosis - · OSHA Laboratory Standard', ""Latex allergy should be suspected in workers who develop certain symptoms after latex exposure, including: - · nasal, eye, or sinus irritation - · hives or rash - · difficulty breathing - · coughing - · wheezing - · nausea - · vomiting - · diarrhea An exposed worker who exhibits these symptoms should be evaluated by a physician or other licensed healthcare professional because further exposure could cause a serious allergic reaction. Once a worker becomes allergic to latex, special precautions are needed to prevent exposures. Certain medications may reduce the allergic symptoms, but complete latex avoidance is the most effective approach. Appropriate work practices should be used to reduce the chance of reactions to latex. If a worker must wear latex gloves, oil-based hand creams or lotions (which can cause glove deterioration) should not be used unless they have been shown to reduce latex-related problems and maintain glove barrier protection. After removing latex gloves, workers should wash their hands with a mild soap and dry them thoroughly. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety - Latex Allergy has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Specific Engineering Control Chemical Fume Hoods The fume hood is often the primary control device for protecting laboratory workers when working with flammable and/or toxic chemicals. OSHA's Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard, 29 CFR 1910.1450, requires that fume hoods be maintained and function properly when used, 29 CFR 1910.1450(e)(3)(iii). An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Biological Hazards ## Biological Agents (other than Bloodborne Pathogens) and Biological Toxins Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure to biological hazards. These hazards are present in various sources throughout the laboratory such as blood and body fluids, culture specimens, body tissue and cadavers, and laboratory animals, as well as other workers.""]",medium,answer,"If a vampire worked in a lab, the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) would protect them from their coworkers' blood. This standard is designed to protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including human blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). The standard requires employers to develop a written Exposure Control Plan, provide training, and ensure the use of Standard Precautions when dealing with blood and OPIM.",5,Laboratory safety standards,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030)</span> is designed to <span class=\""highlight\"">protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)</span>, including those that can transmit bloodborne pathogens causing disease in humans.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The standard requires employers to implement an <span class=\""highlight\"">exposure control plan, offering appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)</span> such as gloves, gowns, eye protection, and masks. The standard also mandates <span class=\""highlight\"">training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, signs and labels</span>, and other provisions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""To prevent exposure to blood or OPIM, the BBP standard requires various <span class=\""highlight\"">engineering controls (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices)</span> and work practice controls (e.g., hand washing, prohibiting recapping of needles). These controls must be regularly examined and maintained to ensure their effectiveness.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The BBP standard applies to all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials, including in laboratory settings where blood samples may be handled for testing, research, or other purposes.""}]",,43
 1773,What is the principal display panel (PDP) on a food package?,"[""## other regulations about nutrition labeling of trans fatty acids is considering? L50.What FDA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advance notice proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) in the Federal Register (Food Labeling: Fatty acids in Nutrition Labeling; Consumer Research to Consider Content and Health Claims and Possible Footnote or Disclosure 68 FR 41507; July 11, 2003) to solicit information and data that could be used to establish new NCCs about trans fat, to establish criteria for trans fat in current NCCs for saturated fat and lean and extra lean claims, and health claims that contain a about cholesterol raising fats, and, in addition, as disclosure and criteria to help consumers make heart-healthy food choices. The also requested comments on whether to consider statements about fat, either alone or in combination with saturated fat and cholesterol, a footnote in the Nutrition Facts label or as a disclosure statement in with claims to enhance consumers' understanding about such lipids and how to use the information to make healthy food Information and data obtained from comments and from consumer conducted by FDA may be used to help draft a proposed rule that establish criteria for certain nutrient content or health claims or require use of a footnote, or other labeling approach, about one or more lipids in the Nutrition Facts label to assist consumers in healthy dietary practices. Answer: The of Trans Nutrient Statements; potentially qualifying cholesterol, message disqualifying agency trans as conjunction cholesterol-raising choices. studies would the cholesterol-raising maintaining ## Miscellaneous ## we nutrition label in good faith, will FDA take legal action involving mistakes? L51.If small Answer: FDA is unlikely to take regulatory action for minor errors. However, such errors should be corrected during the next printing of labels. ## are point-of-purchase materials considered labeling? L52.When Answer: ## Always. ## have tried all the available format options, but without some I can not make them work on my label, what can I do? L53.I modification"", ""## If a manufacturer chooses to do so, how may a food be labeled if the food is commonly combined with another food before eating? L23. labeled Nutrition Facts label must state the nutrients in the food 'as (i.e., before consumer preparation). However, manufacturers are to add a second column of nutrition information showing calories from fat and the % DV for the combination of foods eaten. amounts (i.e., g/mg) need only be given for the packaged food. as shown in this example, a footnote can be added to indicate the of nutrients in the added food. Alternatively, the quantitative of the prepared food may be included immediately adjacent to those the packaged food (e.g., 'Sodium 200 mg, 265 mg'). CFR 101.9(e) Answer: The packaged' encouraged calories, Quantitative However, amount amounts for 21 ## a second column of nutrient information is provided, is it to repeat the'serving size' and'servings per container'? L24.When necessary dual listing of serving size and servings per container is not when providing a second column of nutrient information. The only is to list the serving size and servings per container that are based the Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed (RACC) for the product. CFR 101.9(b)(9) and 21 CFR 101.9(e) Answer: The required requirement on 21 ## have a recipe on my package which calls for 250% of the RACC of my for each serving of the food created using the recipe. Must I use declaration for the nutrition label? L25.I product dual Section that if the product is promoted on label or labeling for a use that differs in quantity from the RACC by 200% greater, dual declaration would be required. FDA considers recipes on the as 'promoting' a use of the food. The regulations CFR101.9(b)(11)) exempt bulk products used primarily as ingredients (e.g., f lour, oils) or traditionally used for multi-purposes (e.g., eggs, butter) from declaration requirements. Answer: Yes. 101.9(b)(11) states the or label (21 specifically sugar, dual"", ""The importers summary these recommended the United Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for assuring that sold in the United States are safe, wholesome and properly labeled. This to foods produced domestically, as well as foods from foreign countries. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&amp;C Act) and the Fair and Labeling Act are the Federal laws governing food products FDA's jurisdiction. The foods applies The Packaging under Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), which amended the Act requires most foods to bear nutrition labeling and requires food that bear nutrient content claims and certain health messages to comply specific requirements. Although final regulations have been established are reflected in this guidance, regulations are frequently changed. It is the for the food industry to remain current with the legal for food labeling. All new regulations are published in the Register (FR) prior to their effective date and compiled annually in 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The FD&amp;C labels with and responsibility requirements Federal Title guidance has been prepared by the Office of Nutrition, Labeling, and Supplements in the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This Dietary the document supercedes the previous version issued in October 2009. This ## 3. GENERAL FOOD LABELING REQUIREMENTS ## should label statements be placed on containers and packages? 1. Where - all required label statements on the front label panel (the principal panel or PDP), or, a. Place display are two ways to label packages and containers: Answer: There certain specified label statements on the PDP and other labeling on information panel (the label panel immediately to the right of the PDP, as by the consumer facing the product). b. Place the seen CFR 101.1, 21 CFR 101.2, 21 CFR 101.3, 21 CFR 101.4, 21 CFR 21 CFR 101.9, and 21 CFR 101.105 21 101.5, ## are the PDP and the alternate PDP? 2. What PDP, is that portion of the package label that is most likely to be by the consumer at the time of purchase. Many containers are designed two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP. are alternate PDPs. CFR 101.1 Answer: The seen with These 21"", '## can I find out what letters FDA has issued for QHC? Q10.How Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion at you can go to Appendix D of this guidance for a listing of the available at the time this guidance was issued. Answer: See www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/QualifiedHealthClaims. Alternately, QHCs ## Claims Structure/Function ## are structure/function (S/F) claims? S1. What structure/function statements. supplement labels or labeling subject to the requirements in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section, statements that describe the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient to affect the structure or function in humans or that characterize the mechanism by which a nutrient or dietary ingredient acts to such structure or function, provided that such statements are not claims under paragraph (g) CFR 101.93). the label or labeling of product marketed as a dietary supplement bears a disease claim as defined in (g) of this section, the product will be subject to regulation as a drug the claim is an authorized health claim for which the product qualifies. (f) Permitted Dietary may, bear intended documented maintain disease (21 If a paragraph unless Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 added Section 403(r)(6) to the FD&amp;C Act. This section of the law that a dietary supplement may bear certain statements on its label or in labeling if the claim meets certain requirements. Section 101.93(f) simply part of the definition of the types of claims that may be made under the FD&amp;C Act. Section Answer: The (DSHEA) states its restates Section 403(r)(6) of 101.93(f) reads:', ""## is a Health Claim? H1. What health claims are limited to claims about disease risk reduction, and be claims about the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, or treatment of Health claims are required to be reviewed and evaluated by FDA prior use. An example of an authorized health claim, is: 'Three grams of soluble from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 grams per serving.' Further, cannot disease. to fiber reduce claim means any claim made on the label or in labeling of a including a dietary supplement, that expressly or by implication, 'third party' references, written statements (e.g., a brand name a term such as 'heart'), symbols (e.g., a heart symbol), or vignettes, the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related Implied health claims include those statements, symbols, vignettes, other forms of communication that suggest, within the context in which are presented, that a relationship exists between the presence or level of a in the food and a disease or health-related condition (see CFR Answer: Health food, including including characterizes condition. or they substance 21 101.14(a)(1)). ## health claims are permitted on food labels? H2. What a claim is provided for in a FDA regulation, then it may be used accordance with that regulation. A firm may also submit a health claim based on an authoritative statement by a U.S. government body under section the FD&amp;C Act. The criteria to use health claims provided for by FDA are summarized in C of this guidance. CFR 101.9(k)(1), 101.14(c)-(d) &amp; CFR 101.70 Answer: If in notification scientific 403(r)(3)(c) of necessary Appendix 21 21 ## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How""]",medium,answer,"The principal display panel (PDP) is that portion of the package label that is most likely to be seen by the consumer at the time of purchase. Many containers are designed with two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP, and these are alternate PDPs. This is defined under 21 CFR 101.1.",5,Food packaging labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The <span class=\""highlight\"">principal display panel (PDP)</span> is <span class=\""highlight\"">that portion of the package label that is most likely to be seen by the consumer at the time of purchase</span>. Many containers are designed with two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Any panel that is designed to be displayed as the PDP during retail sale may be used as the PDP</span>. A food product label must include the following mandatory information on the PDP: Statement of Identity and Net Quantity of Contents.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For consumer packages, <span class=\""highlight\"">where a package bears multiple PDPs, the required label information must appear on each PDP</span>. The <span class=\""highlight\"">area of the PDP is measured as follows: (1) for a rectangular package, one entire side; (2) for a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical package, 40% of the product height \u00d7 the circumference; (3) for a circular or other non-rectangular package, 40% of the total surface area</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The information panel is considered to be the label panel immediately to the right of the PDP, as observed by an individual facing the PDP. If this panel is not usable, due to package design, the information panel is the next label panel immediately to the right.""}]",,44
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces
 3. **General Requirements**:
    - For conventional foods other than fish, the total fat disqualifying level is 13.0 g per RACC and per 50 g if RACC is ≤ 30 g or ≤ 2 tbsp.
    - For meal products, the total fat disqualifying level is 26.0 g per label serving size, and for main dish products, it is 19.5 g per label serving size.
-   - Dietary supplements must meet the criterion for low saturated fat (≤ 1 g per RACC) but are exempt from the no more than 15 percent calories from saturated fat criterion if they weigh 5 g or less per RACC.",4,Nut product fat content regulation,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For products containing nuts, there are specific regulatory requirements related to fat content. [<span class=\""highlight\"">]The bracketed fat content disclosure statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[<span class=\""highlight\"">]Whole or chopped nuts do not need to meet the nutrient content claim requirements for </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""However, <span class=\""highlight\"">nut-containing products (as opposed to whole or chopped nuts themselves) must meet the standard requirements for nutrient content claims regarding fat levels</span>, including the criteria for ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When making qualified health claims about nuts, [<span class=\""highlight\"">]the bracketed phrase naming a specific nut (e.g., </span>""}]",,62
+   - Dietary supplements must meet the criterion for low saturated fat (≤ 1 g per RACC) but are exempt from the no more than 15 percent calories from saturated fat criterion if they weigh 5 g or less per RACC.",4,Nut product fat content regulation,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For products containing nuts, there are specific regulatory requirements related to fat content. <span class=\""highlight\"">The bracketed fat content disclosure statement \""[See nutrition information for fat content.]\"" is applicable to a claim made for whole or chopped nuts, but not a claim made for nut-containing products</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Whole or chopped nuts do not need to meet the nutrient content claim requirements for \""low fat\"" claims</span> as they are generally exempt from this requirement due to their naturally occurring fat content, which is considered beneficial for health.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""However, <span class=\""highlight\"">nut-containing products (as opposed to whole or chopped nuts themselves) must meet the standard requirements for nutrient content claims regarding fat levels</span>, including the criteria for \""low fat\"" (3g or less per reference amount) if such claims are made.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When making qualified health claims about nuts, <span class=\""highlight\"">the bracketed phrase naming a specific nut (e.g., \""walnuts\"" or \""almonds\"") is optional</span>, but the product must meet all other requirements for the claim, including having the appropriate disclosure regarding fat content when applicable.""}]",,62
 3070,"If a vessel is towing an inconspicuous object, what light should it use and how far should it be visible?","['- (iii) a sternlight. Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongsidetowing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International only. - (d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(ii). Power-driven vessel towing astern-length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as required by paragraphs (b) and (i) of this Rule, shall exhibit: - (i) Instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii) (§ 83.23)(a)(i) and (ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line; - (ii) Sidelights; and - (iii) Two towing lights in a vertical line. Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. Inland only. - (d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraphs (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(i) and 23(a)(ii) (§ 83.23(a)(i) or (ii)). Power-driven vessel towing astern-length of tow 200 meters or less. When masthead lights for towing or pushing are exhibited aft, a forward masthead light is required. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall exhibit: - (i) sidelights; - (ii) a sternlight; - when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where - (iii) it can best be seen. Vessel or object being towed-length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland.', 'The lights prescribed in these Rules (Subpart C) shall have an intensity as specified in Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84), so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges: - (a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length: - (i) A masthead light, 6 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 3 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 3 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 3 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 2 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 2 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 1 mile; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: - (i) A white all-round light, 3 miles. - (ii) [Reserved] ## -INTERNATIONAL- ## Lights and Shapes ## Rule 23 Power-driven Vessels Underway', 'Power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes [BLANK] ## Rule 23-CONTINUED (e) A power-driven vessel when operating on the Great Lakes may carry an allround white light in lieu of the second masthead light and sternlight prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule. The light shall be carried in the position of the second masthead light and be visible at the same minimum range. Power-driven vessel on Great Lakes. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24 Towing and Pushing - (a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit: - (i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow, exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line; - (ii) sidelights; - (iii) a sternlight; - (iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and - (v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Power-driven vessel towing astern-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland ## Rule 24 Towing and pushing ## § 83.24', 'In a vessel of less than 20 m in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. - (c) Sternlight means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135° and so fixed as to show the light 67.5° from right aft on each side of the vessel. - (d) Towing light means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the sternlight defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule. - (e) Allround light means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360°. - (f) Flashing light means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute. ## Rule 21 ## Definitions ## § 83.21 (a) Masthead light means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. - (b) Sidelights mean a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. On a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.', 'The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 of Annex I to these Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges: - (a) In vessels of 50 meters or more in length: - -a masthead light, 6 miles; - -a sidelight, 3 miles; - -a sternlight, 3 miles; - -a towing light, 3 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles. - (b) In vessels of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length: - -a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles; - -a sidelight, 2 miles; - -a sternlight, 2 miles; - -a towing light, 2 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles. - (c) In vessels of less than 12 meters in length: - -a masthead light, 2 miles; - -a sidelight, 1 mile; - -a sternlight, 2 miles; - -a towing light, 2 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles. - (d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed: - -a white all-round light, 3 miles. ## Rule 22 Visibility of lights ## § 83.22 The lights prescribed in these Rules (Subpart C) shall have an intensity as specified in Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84), so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:']",medium,answer,"According to the provided context, when a vessel is towing an inconspicuous, partly submerged object, the object being towed should exhibit a white all-round light. This light should be visible at a minimum range of 3 miles.",5,Maritime towing light requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If a vessel is towing an inconspicuous, partly submerged object, <span class=\""highlight\"">the object being towed should exhibit a white all-round light at or near the forward end</span> and one at or near the after end.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The white all-round light on an inconspicuous, partly submerged object being towed shall be visible at a minimum range of 3 miles</span>. This requirement ensures that other vessels can see the object from a safe distance to avoid collisions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When it is impracticable for the inconspicuous, partly submerged object to exhibit all the lights prescribed, <span class=\""highlight\"">the object shall be marked by a white all-round light at each end or as near to the extremities of the object as possible</span>, ensuring visibility from all possible angles.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In addition to the lights required on the towed object, the towing vessel itself must display the appropriate lights for its type and the nature of the tow, which typically includes sidelights, a sternlight, and towing lights as prescribed by the maritime rules.""}]",,63
 1539,What are the main sources of evidence we currently have about diet and cancer prevention?,"['these patterns are also lower in added sugar, saturated and/or trans fats, and excess calories. These healthy dietary pattern scores have also been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer 22,64 and total cancer incidence 65,66 in meta-analyses of observational studies. Two randomized clinical trials found lower overall cancer or breast cancer 8 risk among those randomized to follow the Mediterranean diet. Thus, these studies provide consistent and compelling evidence that healthy dietary patterns are associated with a decreased risk of cancer, all-cause mortality, and other chronic disease endpoints. These healthy dietary patterns are associated not only with improved health but also with a lower environmental impact, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy, land, and water use compared with the average US diet. 67 Environmentally sustainable diets emphasize fruits and vegetables, whole grains, plant-sourced protein foods, unsaturated plant oils, and more limited (optional) quantities of animal-based protein foods, dairy products, and sugar. 68 Attention to complex issues of food production practices and distribution will be needed to identify approaches to further reduce the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of dietary sources. Regardless, achieving recommended dietary patterns, such as those recommended herein, may lead to improved food security and environmental sustainability for future generations. Healthy dietary patterns may reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases through multiple mechanisms. For example, plant-based diets are associated with lower levels of inflammation, improved insulin response, and less oxidative DNA damage. 69 Plant-based diets are also associated with higher concentrations of beneficial gut bacteria compared with mostly animal-based diets high in saturated fat and sugar. 70,71 Additional research on the relationship of dietary factors with these metabolic and microbial biomarkers and with health outcomes will continue to help in elucidating the role that diet plays in carcinogenesis. ## Vegetables and fruit', 'The glycemic load gives a truer picture of how blood glucose is elevated in relation to the intake of a specific food item. Much research has been conducted examining the potential impact of the glycemic load of a diet on cancer risk. 170 Most recent comprehensive reports indicate that eating a dietary pattern high in glycemic load is associated with a higher risk of endometrial cancer. More research is needed to determine the impact on additional cancer sites. ## Inflammation and Anti-Inflammatory Strategies Do anti-inflammatory diets reduce cancer risk? Inflammation has long been recognized as a physiological response to tissue injury, and its relationship to microbial infection was recognized hundreds of years ago. However, the role of inflammation in carcinogenesis was recognized more recently, and the relationships of diet, inflammation, and risk of cancer (as well as cardiovascular disease and overall mortality) are still an evolving area of research. A combination of laboratory experimentation and epidemiological research has identified certain foods and their chemical components that promote systemic inflammation as well as chronic inflammation of certain tissues. 171,172 This information is the basis of anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, which share some characteristics with the recommendations in this guideline, such as high intake of vegetables and fruit and low intake of red and processed meat. ## Irradiated Foods ## Why are foods irradiated, and can these foods increase cancer risk? Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Similar to pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer. Irradiation does not make foods radioactive; compromise nutritional quality; or noticeably change the taste, texture, or appearance of food. In fact, changes made by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to tell if a food has been irradiated.', ""## Dietary patterns as a modern and more appropriate focus Because of accumulating evidence on healthy dietary patterns in relation to chronic disease risk reduction, an emphasis on dietary patterns is now highlighted in the 2015 to 2020 US DGA. 56 This is particularly relevant because, although the associations of individual nutrients and foods with cancer may be small, additive and interactive effects could be important. Several comprehensive 4 reviews support recommendations to follow healthy dietary patterns. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Scientific Report concluded that there is moderate evidence that dietary patterns rich in plant foods and lower in animal products and refined carbohydrates are associated with a lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, and plant-based patterns low in red and processed meat and added sugars are associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, 7 the WCRF/AICR concluded that a Mediterranean diet is 'convincingly' associated with a lower risk of weight gain, overweight, or obesity, whereas a 'Western'-type dietary pattern is 'probably' associated with an increased risk of these outcomes. The Diet Patterns Methods Project, 4 57 a multicenter study of dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality, reported an 8% to 17% lower risk of cancer mortality among women and a 17% to 24% lower risk among men whose diets were most (vs least) concordant with 4 healthy dietary pattern scores. The dietary patterns examined included the Mediterranean Diet, 58,59 the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, 60,61 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Healthy Eating Index, 62 and the Harvard Alternate Healthy Eating Index. 63 Although these and other healthful dietary patterns have unique features, they share a foundation of mostly plant foods (including nonstarchy vegetables, whole fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts/seeds) and healthy protein sources (higher in legumes and/or fish and/or poultry, and lower in processed meats and red meat), and include unsaturated fats (eg, monosaturated and/or polyunsaturated fat); these""]",hard,answer,"The main sources of evidence about diet and cancer prevention include:
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces
 4. **The Diet Patterns Methods Project**: This multicenter study found that diets most concordant with healthy dietary patterns (like the Mediterranean Diet, DASH diet, and others) were associated with lower cancer mortality rates.
 
 5. **Laboratory and epidemiological research**: These studies have identified foods and dietary components that influence inflammation, insulin response, and gut microbiota, which are linked to cancer risk.",3,Diet-cancer research evidence,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Meta-analyses of observational studies have associated healthy dietary pattern scores with a lower risk of colorectal cancer and total cancer incidence</span>. These patterns are characterized by being lower in added sugar, saturated and/or trans fats, and excess calories.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Randomized clinical trials have investigated the relationship between Mediterranean dietary patterns and cancer risk</span>. For example, the PREDIMED study found that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil reduced the risk of breast cancer compared to a low-fat diet.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Epidemiological studies have established strong associations between specific dietary components and cancer risk</span>, such as the relationship between high red and processed meat consumption and colorectal cancer, as well as the protective effects of dietary fiber against the same cancer type.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Mechanistic studies in laboratory settings have provided insights into how dietary factors may influence cancer development at the cellular and molecular level</span>, including effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, cell proliferation, and other cancer-related processes.""}]",,64
-4118,Is the sky doing something unusual in Oklahoma?,"[""9 even Oklahoma has more or less conceded the 54; see also Okla. Opp. Atty. Gen. 71, 1991 WL 567868, *3. In the past, point. The last time Oklahoma was before us, it asked this Court to usurp congressional authority and disestablish the Creek Reservation because, otherwise, the State 'would not have jurisdiction over' 'crimes committed against Indians' within its boundaries. See Tr. of Oral Arg. in McGirt v. Oklahoma, No. 18-9526, O. T. 2019, p. McGirt, 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 37-38). In 1991, Oklahoma's attorney general formally resolved that major '[c]rimes committed by or against Indians... are under the exclusive province of the United States,' while Tribes retain exclusive jurisdiction over'minor crimes committed by Indians.' Haney, 22 And Oklahoma's own courts have recently taken the same position even in the face of vehement opposition from the State's executive branch. See, e.g., Spears, 485 P. 3d, at 875, 877. ------ J., dissenting GORSUCH, D Against all this evidence, what is the Court's reply? It acknowledges that, at the Nation's founding, tribal sovereignty precluded States from prosecuting crimes on tribal lands by or against tribal members without congressional authorization. See ante, at 5. But the Court suggests this traditional ''notion'' flipped 180 degrees sometime in 'the latter half of the 1800s.' Ante, at 5, 21. Since then, the Court says, Oklahoma has enjoyed the 'inherent' power to try at least crimes by non-Indians against tribal members on tribal reservations until and unless Congress preempts state authority."", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, A. Scalia &amp; B. Garner, Reading Law 252 (2012); 'grant of statehood' to Oklahoma did not endow the State with any power to try 'crimes committed by or against Indians' on tribal lands but reserved that authority to the federal government and Tribes alone. Ramsey, 271 U. S., at 469; see also Tiger, 221 U. S., at 309. From start to finish, the Court defies our duty to interpret Congress's laws and our own prior work 'harmoniously' as 'part of an entire corpus juris.' see also Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U. S. 174, 184-185 (1988). C Putting aside these astonishing errors, Congress's work and this Court's precedents yield three clear principles that firmly resolve this case. First, tribal sovereign authority excludes the operation of other sovereigns' criminal laws unless and until Congress ordains otherwise. Second, while Congress has extended a good deal of federal criminal law to tribal lands, in Oklahoma it has authorized the State to prosecute crimes by or against Native Americans within tribal boundaries only if it satisfies certain requirements. Under Public Law 280, the State must remove state-law barriers to jurisdiction and obtain tribal consent. Third, because Oklahoma has done neither of these things, it lacks the authority it seeks to try crimes against tribal members within a tribal reservation. Until today, all this settled law was well appreciated by this Court, the Executive Branch, and even Oklahoma. Consider first our own precedents and those of other courts. In 1946 in Williams v. United States, this Court recognized that, while States'may have jurisdiction over offenses committed on th[e] reservation between persons who are not Indians, the laws and courts of the United States, rather than those of [the States], have jurisdiction over offenses committed there... by one who is not an Indian against one who is an Indian.' 327 U. S. 711, 714 (footnote ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,"", ""J., dissenting GORSUCH, Tribal Nations began seeking retrocession and repeal.' Brief for National Indigenous Women's Resource Center et al. as Amici Curiae 12. Recently, a bipartisan congressional commission agreed that more state criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is often not a good policy choice. See Indian Law and Order Commission, A Roadmap for Making Native America Safer: Report to the President and Congress of the United States xi, xiv, 11-15 (Nov. 2013). Still, none of this finds its way into the Court's cost-benefit analysis. Instead, the Court marches on. The second 'factor' it weighs in its 'balance'-and the only history it seems interested in consulting-concerns Oklahoma's account of its experiences in the last two years since McGirt. Adopting the State's representations wholesale, the Court says that decision has posed Oklahoma with law-and-order 'challenge[s].' Ante, at 4. To support its thesis, the Court cites the State's unsubstantiated 'estimat[e]' that McGirt has forced it to 'transfer prosecutorial responsibility for more than 18,000 cases per year to' federal and tribal authorities. Ibid. Apparently on the belief that the transfer of cases from state to federal prosecutors equates to an eruption of chaos and criminality, the Court remarks casually that traditional limitations on state prosecutorial authority on tribal lands were 'insignificant in the real world' before McGirt. Ante, at 16. But what does this prove? Put aside for the moment questions about the accuracy of Oklahoma's statistics and what the number of cases transferred from state to federal prosecutors may or may not mean for law and order. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 26 (questioning whether the State's 'figures' might be 'grossly exaggerated'). Taking the Court's account at face value, it might amount to a reason for Oklahoma to lobby the Cherokee to consent to state jurisdiction. It might be a reason for the State to petition ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,"", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, 2d Sess., 78 Appropriations Act, H. R. 2471, 117th Cong., (2022). Meanwhile, the Solicitor General has offered the Executive Branch's judgment that McGirt' s 'practical consequences' do not justify this Court's intervention, explaining that the Department of Justice is 'working diligently with tribal and State partners' in Oklahoma. See Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 32. maybe even See, There is even more evidence cutting against the Court's dystopian tale. According to a recent United States Attorney in Oklahoma, 'the sky isn't falling' and 'partnerships between tribal law enforcement and state law enforcement' are strong. A. Herrera, Trent Shores Reflects on His Time as U. S. Attorney, Remains Committed to Justice for Indian Country, KOSU-NPR (Feb. 24, 2021), www.kosu.org/politics/2021-02-24/trent-shoresreflects-on-his-time-as-u-s-attorney-remains-committed-tojustice-for-indian-country. A Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent in charge of Oklahoma has stated that violent crimes ''are being pursued as heavily as they were in the past, and in some cases, stronger.'' A. Brothers, Oklahoma Special Agent Says FBI Faces Challenges in 3 Categories, News on 6 (Feb. 14, 2022), https://www.newson6.com/story/620b261bf8cd4a07e 5cb845b/oklahoma-special-agent-says-fbi-faces-challengesin-3-categories. And the Tribes-those most affected by all this supposed lawlessness within their reservations-tell us that, after a period of adjustment, federal prosecutors are now pursuing lower level offenses vigorously too. See Brief for Muscogee (Creek) Nation as Amicus Curiae on Pet. for Cert. 11-12, and nn. 21-22 (collecting indictments). The federal government has made a similar representation to this Court. Tr."", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, Congress to revise criminal jurisdictional arrangements in the State even without tribal consent. But it is no act of statutory or constitutional interpretation. It is a policy argument through and through. Nor is the Court's policy argument exactly complete in its assessment of the costs and benefits. When this Court issued McGirt, it expressly acknowledged that cases involving crimes by or against tribal members within reservation boundaries would have to be transferred from state to tribal or federal authorities. 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 36-42). This Court anticipated, too, that this process would require a period of readjustment. But, the Court recognized, all this was necessary only because Oklahoma had long overreached its authority on tribal reservations and defied legally binding congressional promises. See ibid. this new workload think the 'costs' Notably, too, neither the tribal nor the federal authorities on the receiving end of of this period of readjustment begin to justify the Court's course. For their part, Tribes in Oklahoma have hired more police officers, prosecutors, and judges. See Cherokee Brief 10-11. Based on that investment, Oklahoma's Tribes have begun to prosecute substantially more cases than they once did. See id., at 12-13. And they have also shown a willingness to work with Oklahoma, having signed hundreds of cross-deputization agreements allowing local law enforcement to collaborate with tribal police. Id., at 1516, and n. 39. Even Oklahoma's amici concede these agreements have proved 'an important tool' for law enforcement. Brief for Oklahoma District Attorneys Association et al. as Amici Curiae 14. Both of the federal government's elected branches have also responded, if not in the way this Court happens to prefer. Instead of forcing state criminal jurisdiction onto Tribes, Congress has chosen to allocate additional funds for law enforcement in Oklahoma. See, e.g., Consolidated ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""]",easy,answer,"The phrase 'the sky isn't falling' is used metaphorically in the context to indicate that the situation in Oklahoma is not as dire as some might suggest, particularly regarding law enforcement and jurisdictional changes after the McGirt decision. According to a United States Attorney in Oklahoma, partnerships between tribal and state law enforcement are strong, and violent crimes are being pursued as vigorously as before, if not more so.",5,Oklahoma legal jurisdiction metaphor,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In the legal context provided, the phrase ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The context discusses the legal framework surrounding jurisdiction in Oklahoma, where <span class=\""highlight\"">Oklahoma has more or less conceded the point</span> regarding federal and tribal authority over certain matters, implying that the state has acknowledged the legal reality despite potential concerns.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The dissenting opinion notes that <span class=\""highlight\"">the Department of Justice is 'working diligently with tribal and State partners' in Oklahoma</span> to address jurisdictional challenges, suggesting that cooperative approaches are being implemented rather than catastrophic outcomes.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The context refers to a case where Oklahoma was before the Court and asked it to disestablish the Creek Reservation because otherwise the State 'would not have that much authority' in a 'big chunk of the State.' This historical situation provides background for the current metaphorical reference to the sky's status.""}]",,65
+4118,Is the sky doing something unusual in Oklahoma?,"[""9 even Oklahoma has more or less conceded the 54; see also Okla. Opp. Atty. Gen. 71, 1991 WL 567868, *3. In the past, point. The last time Oklahoma was before us, it asked this Court to usurp congressional authority and disestablish the Creek Reservation because, otherwise, the State 'would not have jurisdiction over' 'crimes committed against Indians' within its boundaries. See Tr. of Oral Arg. in McGirt v. Oklahoma, No. 18-9526, O. T. 2019, p. McGirt, 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 37-38). In 1991, Oklahoma's attorney general formally resolved that major '[c]rimes committed by or against Indians... are under the exclusive province of the United States,' while Tribes retain exclusive jurisdiction over'minor crimes committed by Indians.' Haney, 22 And Oklahoma's own courts have recently taken the same position even in the face of vehement opposition from the State's executive branch. See, e.g., Spears, 485 P. 3d, at 875, 877. ------ J., dissenting GORSUCH, D Against all this evidence, what is the Court's reply? It acknowledges that, at the Nation's founding, tribal sovereignty precluded States from prosecuting crimes on tribal lands by or against tribal members without congressional authorization. See ante, at 5. But the Court suggests this traditional ''notion'' flipped 180 degrees sometime in 'the latter half of the 1800s.' Ante, at 5, 21. Since then, the Court says, Oklahoma has enjoyed the 'inherent' power to try at least crimes by non-Indians against tribal members on tribal reservations until and unless Congress preempts state authority."", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, A. Scalia &amp; B. Garner, Reading Law 252 (2012); 'grant of statehood' to Oklahoma did not endow the State with any power to try 'crimes committed by or against Indians' on tribal lands but reserved that authority to the federal government and Tribes alone. Ramsey, 271 U. S., at 469; see also Tiger, 221 U. S., at 309. From start to finish, the Court defies our duty to interpret Congress's laws and our own prior work 'harmoniously' as 'part of an entire corpus juris.' see also Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U. S. 174, 184-185 (1988). C Putting aside these astonishing errors, Congress's work and this Court's precedents yield three clear principles that firmly resolve this case. First, tribal sovereign authority excludes the operation of other sovereigns' criminal laws unless and until Congress ordains otherwise. Second, while Congress has extended a good deal of federal criminal law to tribal lands, in Oklahoma it has authorized the State to prosecute crimes by or against Native Americans within tribal boundaries only if it satisfies certain requirements. Under Public Law 280, the State must remove state-law barriers to jurisdiction and obtain tribal consent. Third, because Oklahoma has done neither of these things, it lacks the authority it seeks to try crimes against tribal members within a tribal reservation. Until today, all this settled law was well appreciated by this Court, the Executive Branch, and even Oklahoma. Consider first our own precedents and those of other courts. In 1946 in Williams v. United States, this Court recognized that, while States'may have jurisdiction over offenses committed on th[e] reservation between persons who are not Indians, the laws and courts of the United States, rather than those of [the States], have jurisdiction over offenses committed there... by one who is not an Indian against one who is an Indian.' 327 U. S. 711, 714 (footnote ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,"", ""J., dissenting GORSUCH, Tribal Nations began seeking retrocession and repeal.' Brief for National Indigenous Women's Resource Center et al. as Amici Curiae 12. Recently, a bipartisan congressional commission agreed that more state criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is often not a good policy choice. See Indian Law and Order Commission, A Roadmap for Making Native America Safer: Report to the President and Congress of the United States xi, xiv, 11-15 (Nov. 2013). Still, none of this finds its way into the Court's cost-benefit analysis. Instead, the Court marches on. The second 'factor' it weighs in its 'balance'-and the only history it seems interested in consulting-concerns Oklahoma's account of its experiences in the last two years since McGirt. Adopting the State's representations wholesale, the Court says that decision has posed Oklahoma with law-and-order 'challenge[s].' Ante, at 4. To support its thesis, the Court cites the State's unsubstantiated 'estimat[e]' that McGirt has forced it to 'transfer prosecutorial responsibility for more than 18,000 cases per year to' federal and tribal authorities. Ibid. Apparently on the belief that the transfer of cases from state to federal prosecutors equates to an eruption of chaos and criminality, the Court remarks casually that traditional limitations on state prosecutorial authority on tribal lands were 'insignificant in the real world' before McGirt. Ante, at 16. But what does this prove? Put aside for the moment questions about the accuracy of Oklahoma's statistics and what the number of cases transferred from state to federal prosecutors may or may not mean for law and order. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 26 (questioning whether the State's 'figures' might be 'grossly exaggerated'). Taking the Court's account at face value, it might amount to a reason for Oklahoma to lobby the Cherokee to consent to state jurisdiction. It might be a reason for the State to petition ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,"", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, 2d Sess., 78 Appropriations Act, H. R. 2471, 117th Cong., (2022). Meanwhile, the Solicitor General has offered the Executive Branch's judgment that McGirt' s 'practical consequences' do not justify this Court's intervention, explaining that the Department of Justice is 'working diligently with tribal and State partners' in Oklahoma. See Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 32. maybe even See, There is even more evidence cutting against the Court's dystopian tale. According to a recent United States Attorney in Oklahoma, 'the sky isn't falling' and 'partnerships between tribal law enforcement and state law enforcement' are strong. A. Herrera, Trent Shores Reflects on His Time as U. S. Attorney, Remains Committed to Justice for Indian Country, KOSU-NPR (Feb. 24, 2021), www.kosu.org/politics/2021-02-24/trent-shoresreflects-on-his-time-as-u-s-attorney-remains-committed-tojustice-for-indian-country. A Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent in charge of Oklahoma has stated that violent crimes ''are being pursued as heavily as they were in the past, and in some cases, stronger.'' A. Brothers, Oklahoma Special Agent Says FBI Faces Challenges in 3 Categories, News on 6 (Feb. 14, 2022), https://www.newson6.com/story/620b261bf8cd4a07e 5cb845b/oklahoma-special-agent-says-fbi-faces-challengesin-3-categories. And the Tribes-those most affected by all this supposed lawlessness within their reservations-tell us that, after a period of adjustment, federal prosecutors are now pursuing lower level offenses vigorously too. See Brief for Muscogee (Creek) Nation as Amicus Curiae on Pet. for Cert. 11-12, and nn. 21-22 (collecting indictments). The federal government has made a similar representation to this Court. Tr."", ""## J., dissenting GORSUCH, Congress to revise criminal jurisdictional arrangements in the State even without tribal consent. But it is no act of statutory or constitutional interpretation. It is a policy argument through and through. Nor is the Court's policy argument exactly complete in its assessment of the costs and benefits. When this Court issued McGirt, it expressly acknowledged that cases involving crimes by or against tribal members within reservation boundaries would have to be transferred from state to tribal or federal authorities. 591 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (slip op., at 36-42). This Court anticipated, too, that this process would require a period of readjustment. But, the Court recognized, all this was necessary only because Oklahoma had long overreached its authority on tribal reservations and defied legally binding congressional promises. See ibid. this new workload think the 'costs' Notably, too, neither the tribal nor the federal authorities on the receiving end of of this period of readjustment begin to justify the Court's course. For their part, Tribes in Oklahoma have hired more police officers, prosecutors, and judges. See Cherokee Brief 10-11. Based on that investment, Oklahoma's Tribes have begun to prosecute substantially more cases than they once did. See id., at 12-13. And they have also shown a willingness to work with Oklahoma, having signed hundreds of cross-deputization agreements allowing local law enforcement to collaborate with tribal police. Id., at 1516, and n. 39. Even Oklahoma's amici concede these agreements have proved 'an important tool' for law enforcement. Brief for Oklahoma District Attorneys Association et al. as Amici Curiae 14. Both of the federal government's elected branches have also responded, if not in the way this Court happens to prefer. Instead of forcing state criminal jurisdiction onto Tribes, Congress has chosen to allocate additional funds for law enforcement in Oklahoma. See, e.g., Consolidated ## J., dissenting GORSUCH,""]",easy,answer,"The phrase 'the sky isn't falling' is used metaphorically in the context to indicate that the situation in Oklahoma is not as dire as some might suggest, particularly regarding law enforcement and jurisdictional changes after the McGirt decision. According to a United States Attorney in Oklahoma, partnerships between tribal and state law enforcement are strong, and violent crimes are being pursued as vigorously as before, if not more so.",5,Oklahoma legal jurisdiction metaphor,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In the legal context provided, the phrase <span class=\""highlight\"">the sky isn't falling</span> is used metaphorically, not literally, to suggest that the situation in Oklahoma is not as dire as some might suggest despite jurisdictional changes concerning tribal lands.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The context discusses the legal framework surrounding jurisdiction in Oklahoma, where <span class=\""highlight\"">Oklahoma has more or less conceded the point</span> regarding federal and tribal authority over certain matters, implying that the state has acknowledged the legal reality despite potential concerns.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The dissenting opinion notes that <span class=\""highlight\"">the Department of Justice is 'working diligently with tribal and State partners' in Oklahoma</span> to address jurisdictional challenges, suggesting that cooperative approaches are being implemented rather than catastrophic outcomes.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The context refers to a case where Oklahoma was before the Court and asked it to disestablish the Creek Reservation because otherwise the State 'would not have that much authority' in a 'big chunk of the State.' This historical situation provides background for the current metaphorical reference to the sky's status.""}]",,65
 4541,How do different organizations approach disease control?,"['Chua KB, 2003. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Virology 26, 265-275. Cox J, Bridgers J, 2018. World Animal Net: Why is Animal Welfare Important for Sustainable Consumption and Production? UNEA Report. - de Haan C, Steinfeld H and Blackburn H, 1997. Livestock and the environment: Finding a balance. Study sponsored by the European Commission, FAO and World Bank. Dee S, Neill C, Singrey A, Clement T, Cochrane R, Jones C, Patterson G, Spronk G, ChristopherHennings J, Nelson E, 2016. Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2016 Mar 12;12:51. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0674-z. Diaz-San Sequndo F, Medina GN, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T, 2017. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines Vet Microbiol 206;102-112, 2017. Doyle RE, Wieland B, Roesel K, Grace D, 2018. Animal welfare and the Sustainable Development Goals, UFAW: Animal welfare across borders, Hong Kong. Ducrot C et al., 2008. Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics. Vet Res. 39:15. DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053. Euro Group for Animals, 2018. Achieving the sustainable development goals: The role of animal welfare in Trade Policy. European Commission, 2015. Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Commission Notice 2015/C 299/04. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/ files/antimicrobial\\_resistance/docs/2015\\_prudent\\_use\\_guidelines\\_en.pdf European Commission. Undated. Better regulation toolbox. Tool #18. The choice of policy instruments. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file\\_import/better-regulationtoolbox-18\\_en\\_0.pdf', ""- OIE, 2009. Slaughter of animals, terrestrial animal health code. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris. - OIE, 2019b. Information on aquatic and terrestrial animal diseases: Foot &amp; mouth disease (FMD). World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. - OIE, 2019c. Situational updates of ASF in Asia and the Pacific. https://rr-asia.oie.int/en/projects/ asf/situational-updates-of-asf/ - Oltenacu PA and Broom DM, 2010. The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Animal Welfare 19:39-49. Paustian K, Lehmann J, Ogle S et al., 2016. Climate-smart soils. Nature 532, 49-57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17174 Pinillos RG, 2018. One welfare: A framework to improve animal welfare and human well-being. CABI. Plumb GE, Olsen SC and Buttke D, 2013. Brucellosis: 'One health' challenges and opportunities. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 32(1):271-8 Pritchard J, Upjohn M and HirsonT, 2018. Improving working equine welfare in 'hard-win' situations, where gains are difficult, expensive or marginal. PloS One 13 e0191950. Quested TE, Cook PE, Gorris LGM and Cole MB, 2010. Trends in technology, trade and consumption likely to impact on microbial food safety. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 139:30, S29-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.043 Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, Fèvre EM, Gilbert M, Grace D, Hay SI, Jiwakanon J, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Laxminarayan R, Lubroth J, Magnusson U, Thi Ngoc P, Van Boeckel TP and Woolhouse MEJ, 2017. Antibiotic resistance: Mitigation opportunities in livestock sector development. Animal 11(1):1-3. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116001828."", 'FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Rome, F AO https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2013. FSAI survey finds horse DNA in some beef burger products. https://www.fsai.ie/details.aspx?id=11878 Frank C et al., 2011. Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany. N Engl J Med. 365:1771-80. Fraser D, 2008. Toward a global perspective on farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113, 330-339. Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J, Falcucci A and Tempio G, 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock - A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Godfray HCJ, Garnett T, 2014. Food security and sustainable intensification. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B: biological sciences 369, 20120273. Hall MJ, Ng A, Ursano RJ, Holloway H, Fullerton C, Casper J, 2004. Psychological impact of the animal-human bond in disaster preparedness and response. Journal of Psychiatric Practice® 10, 368-374. Halliday JEB, Allan KJ, Ekwem KJD, Cleaveland S, Kazwala RR and Crump JA, 2015. Endemic zoonoses in the tropics: a public health problem hiding in plain sight. Veterinary Record 176, 220-225. https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/176/9/220 Hanzlicek GA, Raghavan RK, Ganta RR and Anderson GA. 2016. Bayesian space-time patterns and climatic determinants of bovine anaplasmosis. PLOS One https://journals.plos.org/ plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151924']",hard,answer,"Different organizations approach disease control through a variety of strategies, often tailored to the specific disease and context. Here are some approaches based on the provided context:
 
 1. **World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)**: The OIE provides guidelines and standards for disease control, such as the 'Slaughter of animals, terrestrial animal health code' (OIE, 2009) and updates on diseases like Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) and African Swine Fever (ASF) (OIE, 2019b, 2019c).
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces
 
 6. **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)**: Some organizations link disease control to broader sustainability goals, emphasizing animal welfare and its role in sustainable consumption and production (Cox & Bridgers, 2018; Doyle et al., 2018).",3,Disease control organizational strategies,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Health organizations implement surveillance systems to monitor disease incidence, prevalence, and spread</span>, enabling early detection and rapid response. These surveillance networks collect and analyze data from various sources, including laboratories, healthcare facilities, and field investigations.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Organizations approach disease control through <span class=\""highlight\"">integrated vector management programs that combine multiple intervention strategies to reduce vector populations</span>, such as mosquito control for malaria or tsetse fly control for trypanosomiasis, including both chemical and biological methods.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">One Health approaches are increasingly adopted, recognizing the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health</span>. This collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach works at local, regional, national, and global levels to achieve optimal health outcomes.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Organizations also implement <span class=\""highlight\"">vaccination programs as a key preventive measure for controlling communicable diseases</span>, with strategies ranging from routine immunization schedules to mass vaccination campaigns during outbreaks, supplemented by education and awareness campaigns to promote vaccine acceptance.""}]",,66
 5595,What's the deal with older ships and their lights?,"['## Exemptions ‡ Any vessel (or class of vessels) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or which is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows: - (a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until four years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations. - (b) The installation of lights with color specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of annex I to these Regulations, until four years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations. - (c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off measurement figures, permanent exemption. - (d) (i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 m in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3(a) of annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption. ## SUBPART E-EXEMPTIONS ## Rule 38 ## Exemptions ## § 83.38 Any vessel or class of vessels, the keel of which was laid or which was at a corresponding stage of construction before December 24, 1980, provided that she complies with the requirements of- - (a) The Act of June 7, 1897 (30 Stat. 96), as amended (33 U.S.C. 154-232) for vessels navigating the waters subject to that statute; - (b) Section 4233 of the Revised Statutes (33 U.S.C. 301-356) for vessels navigating the waters subject to that statute; - (c) The Act of February 8, 1895 (28 Stat. 645), as amended (33 U.S.C. 241-295) for vessels navigating the waters subject to that statute; or', '## Rule 29 Pilot Vessels - (a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit: - (i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red; - (ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight; - (iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the anchor light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor. - (b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length. Vessel engaged on pilotage duty-underway. Same for Inland. ## Rule 29 Pilot vessels ## § 83.29 - (a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit: - (i) At or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red; - (ii) When underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight; and - (iii) When at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i) of this Rule, the anchor light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 (§ 83.30) for vessels at anchor. - (b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a vessel of her length. Vessel engaged on pilotage duty-at anchor; vessel of less than 50 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 30 ## Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground', ""## 6. Shapes - (a) Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes: - (i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 meter; - (ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 meter and a height equal to its diameter; - (iii)a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 meter and a height of twice its diameter; - (iv)a diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in (ii) above having a common base. - (b) The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 meter. - (c) In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length shapes of lesser dimensions but commensurate with the size of the vessel may be used and the distance apart may be correspondingly reduced. ## 7. Color specification of lights The chromaticity of all navigation lights shall conform to the following standards, which lie within the boundaries of the area of the diagram specified for each color by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). ## -INLANDAnnex I-CONTINUED ## § 84.05 Screens - (a) The sidelights of vessels of 20 meters or more in length shall be fitted with matt black inboard screens and meet the requirements of § 84.15. On vessels of less than 20 meters in length, the sidelights, if necessary to meet the requirements of § 84.15, shall be fitted with matt black inboard screens. With a combined lantern, using a single vertical filament and a very narrow division between the green and red sections, external screens need not be fitted. - (b) On power-driven vessels less than 12 meters in length constructed after July 31, 1983, the masthead light, or the all-round light described in Rule 23(d) (§ 83.23(d) of this chapter) shall be screened to prevent direct illumination of the vessel forward of the operator's position. ## § 84.06 Shapes""]",medium,answer,"Older ships, specifically those whose keels were laid or were at a corresponding stage of construction before certain dates, may be exempt from some of the lighting requirements under specific conditions. For instance, vessels constructed before the entry into force of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, can be exempt from installing lights with ranges and color specifications as prescribed in the regulations for up to four years after the regulations' entry into force. Additionally, there are permanent exemptions for the repositioning of lights due to conversion from Imperial to metric units and for masthead lights on vessels less than 150 meters in length. Vessels constructed before December 24, 1980, may also comply with earlier statutes depending on the waters they navigate.",3,Vessel lighting exemptions,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Any vessel (or class of vessels) whose keel is laid or which is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from the lighting requirements</span>, provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Specifically, <span class=\""highlight\"">older vessels may continue using red and green sidelights with the ranges prescribed by the 1960 Rules (visible at a minimum range of 1 mile) instead of the current requirement of 2 miles</span> that is mandated for newer vessels under the updated regulations.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For masthead lights, <span class=\""highlight\"">existing installations on vessels of less than 150 meters in length with positions prescribed by the 1960 Rules may remain in place until the equipment is replaced or until the vessel undergoes substantial alterations or modifications</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additionally, <span class=\""highlight\"">older vessels may be grandfathered in regarding the positioning of lights, allowing them to maintain configurations that were compliant with previous regulations but might not fully meet current standards</span> for light positioning, height, or visibility patterns.""}]",,67
-3128,What funky light show should a ship that's totally out of control put on at night?,"['Vessel or object being towed-length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit: - (i) Sidelights; - (ii) A sternlight; and - (iii) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Vessel being towed-length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel: - (i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights; - (ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. International only. Vessel being towed alongside. International only. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (f)(iii) of this Rule. - (i) A vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (ii) A vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (iii) When vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outboard vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. Inland only. Vessel being towed alongside.', '## Rule 27 ## Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-not making way. Same for Inland. ## Rule 27 ## Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to maneuver ## § 83.27 - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) Two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) Two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; and - (iii) When making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-making way. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 27-CONTINUED - (b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, except a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations, shall exhibit: - (i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; - (ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond; when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, in - (iii) sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed subparagraph (i); - (iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30. Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver-making way; vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland.', '## § 83.24 - (a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit: - (i) Instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii) (§§ 83.23(a)(i) and (ii)), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line; - (ii) Sidelights; - (iii) A sternlight; - (iv) A towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and - (v) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Power-driven vessel towing astern-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23. Composite unit underway. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23 (§ 83.23). Composite unit underway-less than 50 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall exhibit: - (i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line; - (ii) sidelights; and - (iii) a sternlight.']",easy,answer,"A vessel not under command at night should exhibit two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. If the vessel is making way through the water, it should also show sidelights and a sternlight in addition to the two all-round red lights.",3,Vessel not under command lighting,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A vessel not under command at night should exhibit <span class=\""highlight\"">two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen</span>. This distinctive pattern serves as a warning to other vessels that the ship cannot maneuver as required by the rules.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If the vessel not under command is making way through the water, in addition to the two all-round red lights, it must also show <span class=\""highlight\"">sidelights and a sternlight</span>. The sidelights are green on the starboard side and red on the port side, visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For enhanced visibility in restricted visibility conditions, <span class=\""highlight\"">a vessel not under command must also sound fog signals: one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts at intervals of not more than 2 minutes</span>. This acoustic signal complements the visual display of lights.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The term ""}]",,68
+3128,What funky light show should a ship that's totally out of control put on at night?,"['Vessel or object being towed-length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (e) A vessel or object other than those referred to in paragraph (g) of this Rule being towed shall exhibit: - (i) Sidelights; - (ii) A sternlight; and - (iii) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Vessel being towed-length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel: - (i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights; - (ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. International only. Vessel being towed alongside. International only. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel, except as provided in paragraph (f)(iii) of this Rule. - (i) A vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (ii) A vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights and a special flashing light. - (iii) When vessels are towed alongside on both sides of the towing vessel, a sternlight shall be exhibited on the stern of the outboard vessel on each side of the towing vessel, and a single set of sidelights as far forward and as far outboard as is practicable, and a single special flashing light. Vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit. Inland only. Vessel being towed alongside.', '## Rule 27 ## Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; (iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-not making way. Same for Inland. ## Rule 27 ## Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to maneuver ## § 83.27 - (a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit: - (i) Two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen; - (ii) Two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen; and - (iii) When making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight. Vessel not under command-making way. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 27-CONTINUED - (b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, except a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations, shall exhibit: - (i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; - (ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond; when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, in - (iii) sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed subparagraph (i); - (iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30. Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver-making way; vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland.', '## § 83.24 - (a) A power-driven vessel when towing astern shall exhibit: - (i) Instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii) (§§ 83.23(a)(i) and (ii)), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line; - (ii) Sidelights; - (iii) A sternlight; - (iv) A towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and - (v) When the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Power-driven vessel towing astern-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow 200 meters or less. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23. Composite unit underway. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED (b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23 (§ 83.23). Composite unit underway-less than 50 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall exhibit: - (i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line; - (ii) sidelights; and - (iii) a sternlight.']",easy,answer,"A vessel not under command at night should exhibit two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. If the vessel is making way through the water, it should also show sidelights and a sternlight in addition to the two all-round red lights.",3,Vessel not under command lighting,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A vessel not under command at night should exhibit <span class=\""highlight\"">two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen</span>. This distinctive pattern serves as a warning to other vessels that the ship cannot maneuver as required by the rules.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If the vessel not under command is making way through the water, in addition to the two all-round red lights, it must also show <span class=\""highlight\"">sidelights and a sternlight</span>. The sidelights are green on the starboard side and red on the port side, visible at a distance of at least 2 miles.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For enhanced visibility in restricted visibility conditions, <span class=\""highlight\"">a vessel not under command must also sound fog signals: one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts at intervals of not more than 2 minutes</span>. This acoustic signal complements the visual display of lights.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The term \""not under command\"" specifically refers to a vessel which, through some exceptional circumstance, is unable to maneuver as required by the rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. This is distinct from a \""vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver,\"" which has a different light pattern.""}]",,68
 2788,Explain the special process in Model #218 for producers who cannot comply with CE requirements due to military service.,"[""## Compensation Disclosure Section 18 of Model #218 requires disclosure where the producer receives any compensation from the customer for the placement of insurance or represents the customer with respect to that placement. This section contains several specific definitions and exceptions to the disclosure requirement. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has not developed any formal guidance on the implementation of Section 18, but the NAIC issued a frequently asked questions (FAQ) document to give additional guidance. This FAQ is in the Appendices. State licensing directors should confer with their legal counsel about appropriate methods for implementing this section. 7 ## Chapter 16 ## License Renewal and Reinstatement ## License Renewal Under the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218), the general rule is that a producer license remains in effect unless suspended, cancelled or revoked. All states have a procedure for individual producers to verify compliance with continuing education (CE) requirements. In states that renew licenses, the CE compliance period should coincide with the license renewal. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has adopted a uniform license renewal application that is recommended for use by states that renew producer licenses. The current version of the application can be found on the Working Group's web page. States should use the data elements from the uniform renewal application, whether renewal is done via paper application or electronically. The previous reciprocity provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) also applied to the license renewal of nonresidents. The process should be similar to initial licensing: - 1. The proper application and fee are submitted. - 2. If the answers to any of the questions on the renewal application indicate conduct prohibited by Section 12 of Model #218, a state can require additional documentation. - 3. No other attachments should be required. A number of states use the electronic license renewal process. This process automatically checks the NAIC and National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR) databases to verify the producer's standing in the home/resident state. The NIPR process uses the data elements from the uniform renewal application. Model #218 contains a special process for producers who cannot comply with CE requirements due to military service or other extenuating circumstances."", ""When a producer's license has been suspended for a period of time that extends beyond the producer's license expiration date, reinstatement is not an option. The producer must request reissuance of a license and should not be allowed to merely apply for a new license by passing an examination and submitting a new application. The producer's request for reinstatement or reissuance must include sufficient information to allow the insurance department to determine whether the basis of the revocation, suspension or forfeiture of the applicant's license no longer exists and whether it will be in the public interest to grant the request for a new or reinstated license. The burden of proof to establish such facts is on the producer. In most states, the producer will have a right to an administrative hearing if the reinstatement request is denied. Some states allow a license to be voluntarily forfeited in lieu of compliance with an order of the insurance commissioner. In this scenario, a request for voluntary forfeiture of a license should be made in writing to the insurance commissioner. The written consent of the insurance commissioner is usually required. Forfeiture of a license is effective upon submission of the request, unless a contested case proceeding is pending at the time the request is submitted. If a contested case proceeding is pending at the time of the request, the forfeiture becomes effective when and upon such conditions as required by order of the insurance commissioner. A forfeiture made during the pendency of a contested case proceeding is usually considered a disciplinary action subject to reporting to the Regulatory Information Retrieval System (RIRS). ## Collaboration and Referrals Among State Insurance Regulators There are several NAIC tools to facilitate communication about enforcement actions among state insurance regulators. The NAIC's Market Actions (D) Working Group identifies and reviews insurance companies that are exhibiting or may exhibit characteristics indicating a current or potential market regulatory issue that may affect multiple jurisdictions. The Working Group determines if regulatory action should be taken and supports collaborative actions in addressing problems identified."", ""For example, if a DRP holds a life line of authority (LOA) only, and an affiliated producer is authorized to sell property/casualty (P/C) products, it is not necessary for a DRP with a P/C LOA to be named as a second DRP. Model #218 does not give specific guidance on appropriate action to take when a notification is received that the DRP has lost their home state license. A recommended practice is to send a notification to the BE and inform it that the BE license will go inactive unless a new DRP is named and approved within a reasonable number of days. A BE has an ongoing responsibility to report misconduct of the BE or any of its affiliated producers. Section 12(c) of Model #218 states: The license of a BE may be suspended, revoked or refused if the insurance commissioner finds, after hearing, that an individual licensee's violation was known or should have been known by one or more of the partners, officers or managers acting on behalf of the partnership or corporation and the violation was neither reported to the insurance commissioner nor corrective action taken. ## Recommended Best Practices for State Insurance Regulators - · Use the NAIC uniform application for BEs, and eliminate all other state-specific forms. - · Review all state insurance laws and regulations, and amend any that require attachments that might violate reciprocity. - · Review the practical consumer protection value of all information collected, and collect only information that adds value. - · Require only one DRP per BE. - · If appointments are required for a BE, require only one appointment per state, and require no sub-appointments. - · Use electronic filings for more efficiency. ## Chapter 13 ## Temporary Licenses Section 11 of the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218) contains a provision that allows a state insurance director to issue a temporary license to the survivor of a producer if the insurance commissioner deems it necessary for servicing the deceased producer's customers. The license is limited to 180 days and also may be limited in scope by the insurance commissioner. The intent of this section is to wind up the business affairs of the producer and not indefinitely continue the decedent's insurance business.""]",medium,answer,"Model #218 contains a special process for producers who cannot comply with continuing education (CE) requirements due to military service or other extenuating circumstances. However, the provided context does not specify the exact details of this special process. It is recommended to consult the specific provisions of Model #218 or the NAIC's frequently asked questions (FAQ) document for further guidance on this matter.",3,Insurance licensing military exemptions,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Model #218 contains <span class=\""highlight\"">a special provision for insurance producers who cannot comply with continuing education (CE) requirements due to military service</span>. This accommodation recognizes the unique circumstances faced by service members and provides appropriate relief from standard requirements.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Under this special process, <span class=\""highlight\"">producers called to active duty in the armed forces may be granted an extension of time to complete CE requirements without penalty</span>. The extension typically covers the period of active duty plus a reasonable amount of time following their return to civilian life.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additionally, <span class=\""highlight\"">military service members may be eligible for CE waivers or modifications based on the nature and duration of their service</span>. These accommodations are designed to ensure that military service does not unfairly disadvantage producers in maintaining their professional licenses.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The process requires <span class=\""highlight\"">documentation of military service, such as deployment orders or a letter from commanding officers, to be submitted to the state insurance department or licensing authority</span>. This documentation initiates the special consideration process outlined in Model #218.""}]",,69
 5218,What are the key components of the system established by the Producer Licensing Model Act?,"[""States are not to impose prelicensing education or an examination on a nonresident producer who subsequently moves into another state and declares it to be the home state, unless 'the commissioner has determined otherwise by regulation.' Under Model #218, letters of certification were eliminated as a prerequisite to granting a nonresident license. The State Producer Licensing Database (SPLD) provides verification of good standing in the producer's home state. One unresolved issue is the long-established practice of requiring a letter of clearance for producers changing their resident state. Despite the fact that Model #218 does not contain any reference to a letter of clearance, some states still require the producer to provide a letter of clearance from the former state before the new state will grant the producer an active resident status. Other states grant the new nonresident license but continue to monitor the producer's record to make sure that the prior resident license changes in status from resident to nonresident. This is done to prevent the producer from holding two active resident licenses. The Working Group and National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR) have identified this as an issue that could best be resolved by the establishment of an electronic method for the producer to communicate the desired changes to all affected states in one transaction. NIPR's launch of the Contact Change Request (CCR) service allows producers for many states to change their physical addresses, email addresses, phone numbers and fax numbers. The Working Group will turn its attention to solving the issues surrounding a change of resident state once all states have fully implemented the CCR service. ## Commissioner Discretion Model #218 contains language that allows a state to adopt regulations to cover a state-specific situation. The states should carefully consider the impact that deviation from Model #218 might have on NAIC uniformity and reciprocity initiatives. ## Section-by-Section Summary of Model #218 The full text of Model #218 is in the Appendices. Section 1: Purpose and Scope - · To promote efficiency and uniformity in producer licensing. Section 2: Definitions - · Defines the terms 'home state,' 'limited lines insurance,''sell,''solicit,' 'negotiate,' and other pertinent terms."", ""## Compensation Disclosure Section 18 of Model #218 requires disclosure where the producer receives any compensation from the customer for the placement of insurance or represents the customer with respect to that placement. This section contains several specific definitions and exceptions to the disclosure requirement. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has not developed any formal guidance on the implementation of Section 18, but the NAIC issued a frequently asked questions (FAQ) document to give additional guidance. This FAQ is in the Appendices. State licensing directors should confer with their legal counsel about appropriate methods for implementing this section. 7 ## Chapter 16 ## License Renewal and Reinstatement ## License Renewal Under the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218), the general rule is that a producer license remains in effect unless suspended, cancelled or revoked. All states have a procedure for individual producers to verify compliance with continuing education (CE) requirements. In states that renew licenses, the CE compliance period should coincide with the license renewal. The Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group has adopted a uniform license renewal application that is recommended for use by states that renew producer licenses. The current version of the application can be found on the Working Group's web page. States should use the data elements from the uniform renewal application, whether renewal is done via paper application or electronically. The previous reciprocity provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) also applied to the license renewal of nonresidents. The process should be similar to initial licensing: - 1. The proper application and fee are submitted. - 2. If the answers to any of the questions on the renewal application indicate conduct prohibited by Section 12 of Model #218, a state can require additional documentation. - 3. No other attachments should be required. A number of states use the electronic license renewal process. This process automatically checks the NAIC and National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR) databases to verify the producer's standing in the home/resident state. The NIPR process uses the data elements from the uniform renewal application. Model #218 contains a special process for producers who cannot comply with CE requirements due to military service or other extenuating circumstances."", ""The Attachment Warehouse also allows a producer to meet the requirement from the states to report and submit documentation related to any regulatory action taken against him/her. This enables the producer to meet this regulatory obligation quickly in order to comply with the typical state requirement for producers to report an action within 30 days. Through the use of the Attachment Warehouse, all states in which the producer is licensed are notified with an email alert and have access to the document. A complete list of jurisdictions using NIPR products and services is available at www.nipr.com. The website has an updated list of the states that are making active use of NIPR electronic processing. (Product List by State) ## Chapter 2 ## Producer Licensing Model Act ## Uniformity Provisions of the Producer Licensing Model Act Through the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218), the NAIC created a system of reciprocity for producer licensing and established uniform standards in key areas of producer licensing. Model #218 was initially adopted in January 2000. It was subsequently amended in October 2000 and in January 2005. In December 2002, the Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group adopted a set of Uniform Resident Licensing Standards (URLS). In December 2008, the standards were revised and updated to incorporate standardization and uniformity for both resident and nonresident licensing. Therefore, the standards were renamed the Uniform Licensing Standards (ULS). Model #218 and the ULS are designed to complement each other and assist the states in creating a uniform system of producer licensing. In 2008, the Working Group was charged with reviewing the ULS. Subsequent revisions were made to the ULS in August 2010 (limited lines definitions) and in August 2011 (definitions for certain noncore limited lines). The revised standards are included in the Appendix, and updates can be found on the Working Group's web page on the NAIC website. The key uniformity provisions of Model #218 are:"", ""## National Insurance Producer Registry The NAIC has long advocated for increased use of technology to streamline licensing processes. In 1996, the NAIC collaborated with industry to create the Insurance Regulatory Information Network (IRIN) as a nonprofit affiliate of the NAIC. In 1999, the organization changed its name to the National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR). The purpose of the NIPR is to work with the states and the NAIC to re-engineer, streamline, and make more uniform the producer licensing process for the benefit of state insurance regulators, the insurance industry, and consumers. NIPR worked with the NAIC to develop and implement: 1) the Producer Database (PDB), which includes licensing information from 50 states, Washington, DC and Puerto Rico, utilized by the industry for licensing and appointment information; and 2) the State Producer Licensing Database (SPLD) for use by state insurance regulators. The states use NIPR to link state insurance departments with the entities they regulate. Applicants and licensees can transmit licensing applications, insurers can transmit appointments and terminations, and both can transmit other information to state insurance regulators in multiple states thereby creating electronic solutions that are easy and, efficient to use by the states and industry. Additionally, using the subsequent launch of the Attachment Warehouse, an applicant who answers 'yes' to any background question on the NAIC Uniform application can submit the required supporting documentation at the time he or she is applying for or renewing a license. The submission of a document to the Attachment Warehouse will trigger an email alert to the appropriate state(s) notifying the state(s) that supporting documentation has been submitted to fulfill document requirements pertaining to the 'yes' answer on the background. The advantage to the producer and the state(s) is that the documentation can be sent to the Attachment Warehouse once, and all appropriate states will be notified and have the ability to view, download or print the document. The Attachment Warehouse also allows a producer to meet the requirement from the states to report and submit documentation related to any regulatory action taken against him/her."", ""## Uniform Licensing Standards In 2002, the Producer Licensing (EX) Working Group adopted the Uniform Resident Licensing Standards (URLS). The standards were revised and updated to incorporate standardization and uniformity for both resident and nonresident licensing. The standards were renamed to the Uniform Licensing Standards (ULS) in 2008. These standards will be referenced throughout this Handbook. The full text of the ULS is in the Appendices. The latest information can be found on the Working Group's web page on the NAIC website. These standards establish an important baseline to assure state insurance regulators that all states are applying the same standards to resident applicants. The Working Group monitors compliance with the uniform standards. Since the adoption of the ULS, the Working Group has adopted interpretative guidelines and clarifications to further explain the proper implementation of the ULS. The ULS contain guidelines in the following categories: - 1. Licensing qualifications. - 2. Prelicensing education training. - 3. Producer licensing test. - 4. Integrity/personal qualifications/background checks. - 5. Application for licensure/license structure. - 6. Appointment process. - 7. Continuing Education (CE) Requirements. - 8. Limited lines uniformity. - 9. Surplus lines standards. - 10. Commercial line multistate exemption standard. - 11. Commission sharing. ## Initial and Renewal Producer License Applications The Working Group has adopted initial and renewal NAIC Uniform Applications for resident and nonresident individuals and business entities. Under the ULS, the states are directed to use the Uniform Applications rather than state-specific applications. The Working Group has established a schedule for review and update of the applications. The states are encouraged to use the most current form of the Uniform Applications. The forms are available on the NAIC website. All NIPR online applications use the most recent approved uniform initial and renewal application forms. ## Recommended Best Practices for State Insurance Regulators""]",medium,answer,"The key components of the system established by the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218) include:
 
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces
 5. **Redelivery for Imported Products**: If the non-compliant product is imported and released under bond, ensure it conforms to applicable standards or arrange for redelivery to Customs custody to avoid liquidated damages.",3,Product non-compliance handling,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The objective of the recall is to: <span class=\""highlight\"">locate all noncomplying product as quickly as possible; remove noncomplying product from the distribution chain and from the possession of consumers</span>, if applicable; and accurately communicate information to the public in a timely manner about a noncomplying product, the hazard it presents, and the action needed to correct the problem.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Companies should <span class=\""highlight\"">design all informational materials to motivate retailers and the media to inform the public and to motivate consumers to respond affirmatively to the recall</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Unless a company can identify nearly all purchasers of a product being recalled and notify them directly, <span class=\""highlight\"">the Commission traditionally issues a news release jointly with the company</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Each recall news release must use the word 'recall' in the heading and should include: <span class=\""highlight\"">the recalling firm's legal and commonly known trade name; the manufacturer (or importer), if the firm is not the manufacturer; all significant retailers of the product; the number of product units covered by the recall; a description of the product</span>, including product name and the intended consumer population.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Under section 9 of the FFA, <span class=\""highlight\"">imported products delivered from customs custody under bond must conform to applicable flammability standards in effect on the date of entry. Absent such conformance, the Secretary of the Treasury shall demand redelivery</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Before a firm may export products that fail to comply with regulations, <span class=\""highlight\"">the firm must notify the Commission at least 30 days in advance of the exportation date and include approval from the accepting country</span>.""}]",,72
 3306,"If two trawlers are working together at night, what extra signal should they use besides their normal lights?","['## -INTERNATIONALAnnex II ## Additional Signals for Fishing Vessels Fishing in Close Proximity ## 1. General The lights mentioned herein shall, if exhibited in pursuance of Rule 26(d), be placed where they can best be seen. They shall be at least 0.9 meter apart but at a lower level than lights prescribed in Rule 26(b)(i) and (c)(i). The lights shall be visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than the lights prescribed by these Rules for fishing vessels. ## 2. Signals for trawlers - (a) Vessels of 20 meters or more in length when engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear, shall exhibit: - (i) when shooting their nets: two white lights in a vertical line; - (ii) when hauling their nets: one white light over one red light in a vertical line; - (iii) when the net has come fast upon an obstruction: two red lights in a vertical line. - (b) Each vessel of 20 meters or more in length engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit: - (i) by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair; - (ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an obstruction, the lights prescribed in 2(a) above. - (c) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear, or engaged in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, as appropriate. ## 3. Signals for purse seiners Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in a vertical line. These lights shall flash alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration. These lights may be exhibited only when the vessel is hampered by its fishing gear. § 85.01. [Reserved] ## -INLANDAnnex II 33 CFR 85 ## -INTERNATIONALAnnex III', ""- -one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order. ## -INLAND- ## Sound and Light Signals ## Rule 34 Maneuvering and Warning Signals ## § 83.34 - (a) When power-driven vessels are in sight of one another and meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other, each vessel underway, when maneuvering as authorized or required by these Rules: - (i) Shall indicate that maneuver by the following signals on her whistle: - (1) One short blast to mean 'I intend to leave you on my port side'; - (2) Two short blasts to mean 'I intend to leave you on my starboard side'; and - (3) Three short blasts to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion'. - (ii) Upon hearing the one or two blast signal of the other shall, if in agreement, sound the same whistle signal and take the steps necessary to effect a safe passing. If, however, from any cause, the vessel doubts the safety of the proposed maneuver, she shall sound the signal specified in paragraph (d) of this Rule and each vessel shall take appropriate precautionary action until a safe passing agreement is made. - (b) A vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by light signals: - (i) These signals shall have the following significance: - (1) One flash to mean 'I intend to leave you on my port side'; - (2) Two flashes to mean 'I intend to leave you on my starboard side'; - (3) Three flashes to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion'; - (ii) The duration of each flash shall be about 1 second; and - (iii) The light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be one all-round white or yellow light, visible at a minimum range of 2 miles, synchronized with the whistle, and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84). - (c) When in sight of one another:"", 'The lights prescribed in these Rules (Subpart C) shall have an intensity as specified in Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84), so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges: - (a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length: - (i) A masthead light, 6 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 3 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 3 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 3 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 2 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 2 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 1 mile; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: - (i) A white all-round light, 3 miles. - (ii) [Reserved] ## -INTERNATIONAL- ## Lights and Shapes ## Rule 23 Power-driven Vessels Underway']",medium,answer,"According to the provided context, when two trawlers are working together at night (pair trawling), they should exhibit a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair. Additionally, when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an obstruction, they should exhibit the same lights as single trawlers: two white lights in a vertical line when shooting nets, one white over one red light when hauling nets, or two red lights in a vertical line when the net is fast on an obstruction.",3,Pair trawling vessel signals,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Each vessel of 20 meters or more in length engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit: by night, <span class=\""highlight\"">a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an obstruction, <span class=\""highlight\"">vessels engaged in pair trawling should exhibit the same lights as single trawlers</span>: two white lights in a vertical line when shooting nets, one white light over one red light when hauling nets, or two red lights in a vertical line when nets are fast upon an obstruction.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The lights shall be visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than the lights prescribed by these Rules for fishing vessels.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A vessel of less than 20 meters in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear, or engaged in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed for vessels of 20 meters or more in length, as appropriate.""}]",,73
 437,What are the common routes of exposure to zoonotic diseases?,"['## Employers should adopt the following best practices to reduce allergic responses of workers: - · Eliminate or minimize exposure to the proteins found in animal urine, saliva and dander. - · Limit the chances that workers will inhale or have skin contact with animal proteins by using well-designed air handling and waste management systems. - · Have workers use appropriate PPE (e.g., gloves, gowns, hair covers, respirators) to further minimize their risk of exposure. ## Zoonotic Diseases There are a host of possible infectious agents that can be transferred from animals to humans. These are referred to as zoonotic diseases. The common routes of exposure to infectious agents are inhalation, inoculation, ingestion and contamination of skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation hazards may arise during work practices that can generate aerosols. These include the following: centrifugation, mixing (e.g., blending, vortexing, and sonication), pouring/decanting and spilling/splashing of culture fluids. Inoculation hazards include needlesticks and lacerations from sharp objects. Ingestion hazards include the following: splashes to the mouth, placing contaminated articles/fingers in mouth, consumption of food in the laboratory, and mouth pipetting. Contamination of skin and mucous membranes can occur via splashes or contact with contaminated fomites (e.g., towels, bedclothes, cups, money). Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be acquired from animals are listed below. ## Zoonotic Diseases - Wild and Domesticated Animals Wild rodents and other wild animals may inflict an injury such as a bite or scratch. Workers need to receive training on the correct way to capture and handle any wild animals. While they may carry or shed organisms that may be potentially infectious', ""- · No mouth pipetting; and - · Chemical substitution where feasible (e.g., selecting a less hazardous chemical for a specific procedure). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is protective gear needed to keep workers safe while performing their jobs. Examples of PPE include respirators (for example, N95), face shields, goggles and disposable gloves. While engineering and administrative controls and proper work practices are considered to be more effective in minimizing exposure to many workplace hazards, the use of PPE is also very important in laboratory settings. It is important that PPE be: - · Selected based upon the hazard to the worker; - · Properly fitted and in some cases periodically refitted (e.g., respirators); - · Conscientiously and properly worn; - · Regularly maintained and replaced in accord with the manufacturer's specifications; - · Properly removed and disposed of to avoid contamination of self, others or the environment; and - · If reusable, properly removed, cleaned, disinfected and stored. The following sections of this document are organized based upon classes of hazards, i.e., chemical, biological, physical, safety and other hazards. The organization of these sections and/or subsections may differ somewhat. For instance, OSHA's Laboratory standard is described in greater detail than any other standard in this document. This is because this is the only standard that is specific to laboratories (i.e., non-production laboratories). In all other sections, only those specific aspects of various standards that are considered most relevant to non-production laboratories are discussed. In sections of this document where there are no specific OSHA standards that apply, guidance in the form of Fact Sheets or QuickCardsTM may be provided. ## Chemical Hazards"", '- · Keep exits free from obstruction. Access to exits must remain clear of obstructions at all times, 29 CFR 1910.37(a)(3). - · Ensure that spills are reported and cleaned up immediately. - · Eliminate cluttered or obstructed work areas. - · Use prudent housekeeping procedures such as using caution signs, cleaning only one side of a passageway at a time, and provide good lighting for all halls and stairwells to help reduce accidents, especially during the night hours. - · Instruct workers to use the handrail on stairs, to avoid undue speed, and to maintain an unobstructed view of the stairs ahead of them even if that means requesting help to manage a bulky load. Problems involving control of hazardous energy require procedural solutions. Employers must adopt such procedural solutions for controlling hazards to ensure worker safety during maintenance. However, such procedures are effective only if strictly enforced. Employers must, therefore, be committed to strict implementation of such procedures. - · Eliminate uneven floor surfaces. - · Promote safe work practices, even in cramped working spaces. - · Avoid awkward positions, and use equipment that makes lifting easier. ## References American Chemical Society, Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. 1990. 5th Edition. Burnett L, Lunn G, Coico R. Biosafety: Guidelines for working with pathogenic and infectious microorganisms. Current Protocols in Microbiology. 2009. 13:1A.1.1.-1A.1.14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation, and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets. 2007. 3rd Edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Biosafety Manual. 2007. 5th Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.', ""## Hierarchy of Controls Occupational safety and health professionals use a framework called the 'hierarchy of controls' to select ways of dealing with workplace hazards. The hierarchy of controls prioritizes intervention strategies based on the premise that the best way to control a hazard is to systematically remove it from the workplace, rather than relying on workers to reduce their exposure. The types of measures that may be used to protect laboratory workers, prioritized from the most effective to least effective, are: - · engineering controls; - · administrative controls; - · work practices; and - · personal protective equipment (PPE). Most employers use a combination of control methods. Employers must evaluate their particular workplace to develop a plan for protecting their workers that may combine both immediate actions as well as longer term solutions. A description of each type of control for non-production laboratories follows. Engineering controls are those that involve making changes to the work environment to reduce work-related hazards. These types of controls are preferred over all others because they make permanent changes that reduce exposure to hazards and do not rely on worker behavior. By reducing a hazard in the workplace, engineering controls can be the most cost-effective solutions for employers to implement. ## Examples include: - · Chemical Fume Hoods; and - · Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs). Administrative controls are those that modify workers' work schedules and tasks in ways that minimize their exposure to workplace hazards. ## Examples include: - · Developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan; and - · Developing Standard Operating Procedures for chemical handling. Work practices are procedures for safe and proper work that are used to reduce the duration, frequency or intensity of exposure to a hazard. When defining safe work practice controls, it is a good idea for the employer to ask workers for their suggestions, since they have firsthand experience with the tasks as actually performed. These controls need to be understood and followed by managers, supervisors and workers. ## Examples include: - · No mouth pipetting; and - · Chemical substitution where feasible (e.g., selecting a less hazardous chemical for a specific procedure).""]",easy,answer,"The common routes of exposure to zoonotic diseases are inhalation, inoculation, ingestion, and contamination of skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation hazards may arise during work practices that generate aerosols, such as centrifugation, mixing, pouring/decanting, and spilling/splashing of culture fluids. Inoculation hazards include needlesticks and lacerations from sharp objects. Ingestion hazards include splashes to the mouth, placing contaminated articles/fingers in the mouth, consumption of food in the laboratory, and mouth pipetting. Contamination of skin and mucous membranes can occur via splashes or contact with contaminated fomites (e.g., towels, bedclothes, cups, money).",4,Zoonotic disease transmission,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""There are a host of possible infectious agents that can be transferred from animals to humans. These are referred to as zoonotic diseases. The common routes of exposure to infectious agents are <span class=\""highlight\"">inhalation, inoculation, ingestion and contamination of skin and mucous membranes</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Inhalation hazards may arise during work practices that can generate aerosols</span>. These include the following: centrifugation, mixing (e.g., blending, vortexing, and sonication), pouring/decanting and spilling/splashing of culture fluids.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Inoculation hazards include needlesticks and lacerations from sharp objects</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Ingestion hazards include the following: splashes to the mouth, placing contaminated articles/fingers in mouth, consumption of food in the laboratory, and mouth pipetting</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Contamination of skin and mucous membranes can occur via splashes or contact with contaminated fomites</span> (e.g., towels, bedclothes, cups, money).""}]",,74
-2263,What are the mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries?,"[""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day."", ""| | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Dietary Non- cariogenic Carbohydrate Sweeteners and Dental Caries (21 CFR 101.80) | Sugar free, and When a fermen- table carbohydrate is present, the food must not lower plaque pH below 5.7. Eligible substances 1) The following sugar alcohols: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, erythritol, or a combination of these. 2) The following sugars: D-tagatose and isomaltulose 3) The following non-nutritive sweetener: sucralose | Required terms:'does not promote,''may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.''sugar alcohol' or'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols Note: D-tagatose may be identified as 'tagatose' When the substance that is the subject of the claim is a noncariogenic sugar (i.e., D-tagatose) the claim shall identify the substance as a sugar that, unlike other sugars, does not promote the development of dental caries. Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay."", 'Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay. Packages with less than 15 square inches of surface area available for labeling may use a shortened claim | Full claim: Frequent between-meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches promotes tooth decay. The sugar alcohols in [name of food] do not promote tooth decay. Shortened claim (on small packages only): Does not promote tooth decay. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|']",hard,answer,"The mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries are: 'does not promote,' 'may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.' Additionally, the claim must specify 'sugar alcohol' or 'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols.",3,Dental caries health claims,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Dietary Non-cariogenic Carbohydrate Sweeteners and Dental Caries (21 CFR 101.80) | Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'does not promote,' 'may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries</span>;""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'dental caries' or 'tooth decay'</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'sugar alcohol' or 'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When the substance that is the subject of the claim is a noncariogenic sugar (i.e., D-tagatose) the claim shall identify the substance as a sugar that, unlike other sugars, does not promote the development of dental caries.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Includes statement that <span class=\""highlight\"">frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Full claim example: Frequent between-meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches promotes tooth decay. The sugar alcohols in [name of food] do not promote tooth decay.""}]",,75
+2263,What are the mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries?,"[""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day."", ""| | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Dietary Non- cariogenic Carbohydrate Sweeteners and Dental Caries (21 CFR 101.80) | Sugar free, and When a fermen- table carbohydrate is present, the food must not lower plaque pH below 5.7. Eligible substances 1) The following sugar alcohols: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, erythritol, or a combination of these. 2) The following sugars: D-tagatose and isomaltulose 3) The following non-nutritive sweetener: sucralose | Required terms:'does not promote,''may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.''sugar alcohol' or'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols Note: D-tagatose may be identified as 'tagatose' When the substance that is the subject of the claim is a noncariogenic sugar (i.e., D-tagatose) the claim shall identify the substance as a sugar that, unlike other sugars, does not promote the development of dental caries. Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay."", 'Includes statement that frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay. Packages with less than 15 square inches of surface area available for labeling may use a shortened claim | Full claim: Frequent between-meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches promotes tooth decay. The sugar alcohols in [name of food] do not promote tooth decay. Shortened claim (on small packages only): Does not promote tooth decay. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|']",hard,answer,"The mandatory terms that must be included in a health claim for a product containing sugar alcohols to indicate it does not promote dental caries are: 'does not promote,' 'may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries; 'dental caries' or 'tooth decay.' Additionally, the claim must specify 'sugar alcohol' or 'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols.",3,Dental caries health claims,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Dietary Non-cariogenic Carbohydrate Sweeteners and Dental Caries (21 CFR 101.80) | Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'does not promote,' 'may reduce the risk of,' 'useful [or is useful] in not promoting' or 'expressly [or is expressly] for not promoting' dental caries</span>;""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'dental caries' or 'tooth decay'</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Required terms: <span class=\""highlight\"">'sugar alcohol' or 'sugar alcohols' or the name or names of the sugar alcohols</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When the substance that is the subject of the claim is <span class=\""highlight\"">a noncariogenic sugar (i.e., D-tagatose)</span> the claim shall identify the substance as a sugar that, unlike other sugars, <span class=\""highlight\"">does not promote the development of dental caries</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Includes statement that <span class=\""highlight\"">frequent between meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches can promote tooth decay</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Full claim example: Frequent between-meal consumption of foods high in sugars and starches promotes tooth decay. The sugar alcohols in [name of food] do not promote tooth decay.""}]",,75
 5449,When did things change for the lakes?,"[""## § 88.07 Public Safety Activities - (a) Vessels engaged in government sanctioned public safety activities, and commercial vessels performing similar functions, may display an alternately flashing red and yellow light signal. This identification light signal must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. The identification light signal may be used only as an identification signal and conveys no special privilege. Vessels using the identification light signal during public safety activities must abide by the Inland Navigation Rules, and must not presume that the light or the exigency gives them precedence or right of way. - (b) Public safety activities include but are not limited to patrolling marine parades, regattas, or special water celebrations; traffic control; salvage; firefighting; medical assistance; assisting disabled vessels; and search and rescue. ## -INTERNATIONALINTERPRETATIVE RULES 33 CFR 82 ## § 82.1 Purpose This part contains the interpretative rules concerning the 72 COLREGS that are adopted by the Coast Guard for the guidance of the public. ## § 82.3 Pushing vessel and vessel being pushed: Composite unit Rule 24(b) of the 72 COLREGS states that when a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit, they are regarded as a power-driven vessel and must exhibit the lights under Rule 23. A 'composite unit' is interpreted to be a pushing vessel that is rigidly connected by mechanical means to a vessel being pushed so they react to sea and swell as one vessel. 'Mechanical means' does not include the following: - (a) Lines. - (b) Hawsers. - (c) Wires. - (d) Chains. ## § 82.5 Lights for moored vessels"", ""## Inland Regulations The Inland Rules in this book replace the old Inland Rules, Western Rivers Rules, Great Lakes Rules, their respective pilot rules and interpretive rules, and parts of the Motorboat Act of 1940. Many of the old navigation rules were originally enacted in the 1800's. Occasionally, provisions were added to cope with the increasing complexities of water transportation. Eventually, the navigation rules for United States inland waterways became such a confusing patchwork of requirements that in the 1960's several attempts were made to revise and simplify them. These attempts were not successful. Following the signing of the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, a new effort was made to unify and update the various inland navigation rules. This effort culminated in the enactment of the Inland Navigational Rules Act of 1980. This legislation sets out Rules 1 through 38 - the main body of the Rules. The five Annexes were published as regulations. It is important to note that with the exception of Annex V to the Inland Rules, the International and Inland Rules and Annexes are very similar in both content and format. The effective date for the Inland Navigation Rules was December 24, 1981, except for the Great Lakes where the effective date was March 1, 1983. On May 17, 2010 the US Coast Guard published a Final Rule which placed the Inland Navigational Rules into the Code of Federal Regulations. This move was in accordance with the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004, which repealed the Inland Navigation Rules as they appeared in United States Code. This Handbook supersedes Commandant Instruction M16672.2D, Navigation Rules: International-Inland. It maintains the same format and provides additional and updated content. Not all U.S. Navigation Regulations found in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations are contained in this handbook. ## LEGAL CITATIONS""]",easy,answer,"The effective date for the Inland Navigation Rules on the Great Lakes was March 1, 1983.",2,Great Lakes navigation rules,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The effective date for the Inland Navigation Rules was December 24, 1981, except for the Great Lakes where <span class=\""highlight\"">the effective date was March 1, 1983</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Following the signing of the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, a new effort was made to unify and update the various inland navigation rules. This effort culminated in the enactment of the Inland Navigational Rules Act of 1980.""}]",,76
 3835,Where can I find a complete listing of alternative fuel station locations?,"[""Be advised that DOE will not reconsider waiver approval without a detailed description of the request if a waiver approval appears unlikely during prescreening. - c. Petroleum Use and Reduction Policy: DOT established both its total petroleum consumption, and alternative fuel use baselines in the Department's Federal Fleet Report in FAST for fiscal year (FY) 2005. If these baselines are determined to be inaccurate, the DOT Fleet Manager may work with DOE to correct the original data. - i. EISA requires DOT to reduce the use of petroleum by at least twenty percent from the FY 2005 baseline by October 1, 2015. Additionally, for a covered fleet, E.O. 13423 requires an annual petroleum reduction of at least two percent from a FY 2005 baseline through the end of FY 2015. Lastly, E.O. 13514 further extends the requirements of E.O. 13423 through the end of FY 2020, thus requiring at least a 30 percent reduction from FY 2005 to FY 2020. - ii. OA Fleet Managers should evaluate petroleum reduction strategies and tactics for each fleet location, based on an assessment of site-specific characteristics, including availability of alternative fuel, fleet size, and fleet composition (vehicle type and size). - iii. If OAs are not already on track to meet or exceed petroleum reduction goals, they must reduce petroleum use through various means, including but not limited to the following practices: - a) Develop and implement a communications plan to ensure that strategies for improving fleet fuel efficiencies are disseminated and that all drivers are aware of fuel efficiencies gained by driving more efficiently. The communications plan should include the strategies listed in GSA Bulletin FMR B-19, Motor Vehicle Management. - b) Ensure that the Fleet Managers maintain their vehicles as required. - c) Acquire hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), including PHEVs, for fleets when they are commercially available at a life-cycle cost that is reasonably comparable to non-"", ""- f. Administrators of OAs that operate covered vehicle fleets are responsible for ensuring compliance with the requirements in this section. - g. Alternative Fuels: E.O. 13423 requires DOT to reduce the fleet's total petroleum consumption by two percent annually through the end of fiscal year 2015 and increase the total fuel consumption of nonpetroleum-based fuel by 10 percent annually. Per the DOT Fleet Sustainability Policy, DOT must annually increase the total alternative fuel consumption by 10 percent (compounded annually) starting from a FY 2005 baseline through the end of FY 2015. Additionally, DOT must ensure that at least five percent of total fuel consumed in fleet vehicles is alternative fuels. EPAct 2005, Section 701 requires DOT to use alternative fuels in all dualfuel fleet vehicles if such fuel is available within 5 miles or 15 minutes of the vehicle's garaged location, unless a vehicle receives a Section 701 waiver from DOE. DOT must reduce the number of EPAct 2005, Section 701 waivers requested annually. To be considered in compliance with this requirement, DOT must achieve the following annual waiver reductions specified below: a) in each year where less than 50 percent of AFVs are waived, the OA must reduce the number of waivers requested two percent from the previous year. b) in each year where more than 50 percent of AFVs are waived, the OA must reduce the number of waivers requested 10 percent from the previous year. Finally, pursuant to EISA 2007, Section 246, DOT must install alternative fuel infrastructure, including but not limited to electric vehicle charging stations in fleet refueling centers, where cost-effective, to the maximum extent possible. Alternative fuels for vehicles include, but are not limited to: - i. Blends of 85 percent or more of denatured ethanol, and other alcohols, with gasoline or other fuels (including E85); - ii. Natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas;"", ""transactions, point-of-sale transactions and all transactions resulting from redistribution from tanks/tankers to vehicles. The organization must maintain a detailed record of all transactions that must be available for review/audit upon request. - a. Operators shall use unleaded fuel in vehicles with the minimum grade (octane rating) recommended by the vehicle manufacturer when fueling DOT-owned or leased motor vehicles. Use of premium grade fuel is prohibited unless specifically required by the vehicle manufacturer. - b. Alternative Fuel Policy: DOT policy is that all alternative fuel vehicles must be fueled with alternative fuels E-85 (85 percent ethanol/15 percent gasoline), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), etc. where fuel is available within 5 miles or 15 minutes of the garage location. EPAct 2005 Section 701 waivers may be granted on a case-by-case basis when alternative fuel is not available or the cost of the alternative fuel is unreasonably more expensive compared with gasoline. The OA Fleet Manager must submit all waivers to the DOT Fleet Manager who will enter them into the Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST) no later than midnight, 30 June of each year, and must be certified by the Assistant Secretary for Administration. For a complete listing of alternative fuel station locations go to: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/. - i. OA Fleet Managers can now prescreen waiver applications by entering vehicle location data into the FAST. The FAST compares this information against the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) fuel station locator to determine the likelihood of waiver approval for that location. Be advised that DOE will not reconsider waiver approval without a detailed description of the request if a waiver approval appears unlikely during prescreening."", ""| Annual Vehicle Acquisition, Petroleum and Alternative Fuels Report to Congress | Summary of activities to meet fleet management requirements | Report of DOT's compliance with fleet requirements for acquisition, petroleum reduction and alternative fuel | Annually, but no later than February 15 for the previous fiscal year | | FAST - 701 Waiver Requests | Waiver from the EISA Section 701 requirement to use alternative fuel in all DOT dual-fuel vehicles i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. | Vehicle type Fuel type Average miles per gallon Model year Vehicle location Number of vehicles Waiver reason Expected miles driven Expected alternative fuel use (percent) OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | |----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | FAST - EISA Section 246 Annual Report | Report summarizing DOT compliance with EISA Section 246 | Federal fleet fueling centers, fuel consumption, renewable fuel pump data; evaluation of compliance with requirement to install renewable fuel pumps OA Fleet Manger provides fuel station information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | | FAST OMB A-11 and VAM Update | Report fleet budget data for all vehicles, owned or leased | Budget estimates of current fiscal year, as well as future fleet operating costs OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, OMB A-11 no later than August, VAM update no later than March 31st | | EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan | Revised plan to meet petroleum reduction and alternative fuel increase requirements | Specific and quantifiable means by which DOT will remedy any current shortfall and catch-up to meet the next year's milestone OA Fleet Manger provides input | No later than August 15, if required |""]",easy,answer,A complete listing of alternative fuel station locations can be found at: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/.,4,Alternative fuel resources,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For a complete listing of alternative fuel station locations go to: <span class=\""highlight\"">http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""DOT policy is that all alternative fuel vehicles must be fueled with alternative fuels E-85 (85 percent ethanol/15 percent gasoline), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), etc. where fuel is available within 5 miles or 15 minutes of the garage location.""}]",,77
 4283,Which level is appropriate for work involving respiratory transmission risks?,"['Laboratory workers and supervisors are strongly urged to review this publication directly before engaging in any experimentation. ## Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) BSL-1 is appropriate for working with microorganisms that are not known to cause disease in healthy humans. BSL-l practices, safety equipment, and facility design and construction are appropriate for undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories, and for other laboratories in which work is done with defined and characterized strains of viable microorganisms not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans. Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and exempt organisms under the NIH Recombinant DNA Guidelines (http://www4.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/ guidelines/guidelines.html) are representative of microorganisms meeting these criteria. Many agents not ordinarily associated with disease processes in humans are, however, opportunistic pathogens and may cause infection in the young, the aged, and immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals. Vaccine strains that have undergone multiple in vivo passages should not be considered avirulent simply because they are vaccine strains. BSL-1 represents a basic level of containment that relies on standard microbiological practices with no special primary or secondary barriers recommended, other than a sink for hand washing. ## Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)', '## Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) The facility, containment devices, administrative controls, and practices and procedures that constitute BSL-2 are designed to maximize safe working conditions for laboratory personnel working with agents of moderate risk to personnel and the environment. BSL-2 practices, equipment, and facility design and construction are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, and other laboratories in which work is done with the broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents that are present in the community and associated with human disease of varying severity. With good microbiological techniques, these agents can be used safely in activities conducted on the open bench, provided the potential for producing splashes or aerosols is low. Hepatitis B virus, H1V, the salmonellae, and Toxoplasma spp. are representative of microorganisms assigned to this containment level. Biosafety Level 2 is also appropriate when work is done with any human-derived blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where the presence of an infectious agent may be unknown. Laboratory personnel in the United States working with human-derived materials should refer to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (OSHA 1991), available online at www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_ document?p\\_table=STANDARDS7p\\_id=1005, for required precautions. Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents relate to accidental percutaneous or mucous membrane exposures, or ingestion of infectious materials. Extreme caution should be taken with contaminated needles or sharp instruments. Even though organisms routinely manipulated at Biosafety Level 2 are not known to be transmissible by the aerosol route, procedures with aerosol or high splash potential that may increase the risk of such personnel exposure must be conducted in primary containment equipment, or in devices such as a biological safety cabinet (BSC) or safety centrifuge cups. Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as appropriate, such as splash shields, face protection, gowns, and gloves.', 'Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as appropriate, such as splash shields, face protection, gowns, and gloves. Secondary barriers such as hand washing sinks and waste decontamination facilities must be available to reduce potential environmental contamination. ## Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) BSL-3 is suitable for work with infectious agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal diseases as a result of exposure by the inhalation route. This may apply to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents with potential for respiratory transmission, and which may cause serious and potentially lethal infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetti are representative of the microorganisms assigned to this level. Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents relate to autoinoculation, ingestion, and exposure to infectious aerosols. At BSL-3, more emphasis is placed on primary and secondary barriers to protect personnel in contig- uous areas, the community, and the environment from exposure to potentially infectious aerosols. For example, all laboratory manipulations should be performed in a BSC or other enclosed equipment, such as a gas-tight aerosol generation chamber. Secondary barriers for this level include controlled access to the laboratory and ventilation requirements that minimize the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory. ## Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) BSL-4 practices, safety equipment, and facility design and construction are applicable for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted via the aerosol route, and for which there is no available vaccine or therapy. Agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to Biosafety Level 4 agents also should be handled at this level. When sufficient data are obtained, work with these agents may continue at this or at a lower level. Viruses such as Marburg or Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever are manipulated at Biosafety Level 4.', '| Class I or II biosafety cabinets (BSCs) or other containment devices used for all agents that cause splashes or aerosols of infec- tious materials Laboratory coats and gloves Face protection as needed | Open bench top sink Autoclave | | BSL-3 | Indigenous or exotic agents with potential for aerosol transmis- sion; disease may have serious or lethal consequences | All BSL-2 practices Controlled access Decontamination of all waste Decontamination of laboratory clothing before laundering Baseline serum | Class I or II BSCs or other physical containment devices used for all open manipulations of agents Protective lab clothing and gloves Respiratory protection as needed | Open bench top sink Autoclave Physical separation from access corridors Self-closing, double- door access Exhaust air not recirculated Negative airflow in laboratory | | BSL-4 | Dangerous/exotic agents which pose high risk of life-threat- ening disease; aero- sol-transmitted lab infections; or related agents with unknown risk of transmission | All BSL-3 practices Clothing change be- fore entering Shower on exit All material decontaminated on exit from facility | All procedures conducted in Class III BSCs, or Class I or II BSCs in combination with full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure personnel suit. | BSL-3 plus: Separate building or isolated zone Dedicated supply and exhaust, vac- uum, and decon- tamination systems Other requirements outlined in the text | NOTE: The following information has been adapted from Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th Ed. (BMBL, 5th Ed.), which is published jointly by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and is available online at www.cdc. gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm. Laboratory workers and supervisors are strongly urged to review this publication directly before engaging in any experimentation.']",easy,answer,"Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) is appropriate for work involving respiratory transmission risks. BSL-3 is suitable for work with infectious agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal diseases as a result of exposure by the inhalation route. This includes clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities where work is done with indigenous or exotic agents with potential for respiratory transmission. Examples of such agents include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetti. At BSL-3, emphasis is placed on primary and secondary barriers to protect personnel from exposure to potentially infectious aerosols, including the use of biosafety cabinets and controlled access to the laboratory.",4,Biosafety levels for laboratory work,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">BSL-3 is suitable for work with infectious agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal diseases as a result of exposure by the inhalation route</span>. This may apply to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents with potential for respiratory transmission.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetti are representative of the microorganisms assigned to this level</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""At BSL-3, <span class=\""highlight\"">more emphasis is placed on primary and secondary barriers to protect personnel in contiguous areas, the community, and the environment from exposure to potentially infectious aerosols</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For example, <span class=\""highlight\"">all laboratory manipulations should be performed in a BSC or other enclosed equipment</span>, such as a gas-tight aerosol generation chamber. Secondary barriers for this level include controlled access to the laboratory and ventilation requirements that minimize the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory.""}]",,78
@@ -394,12 +394,12 @@ These measures are implemented to enhance navigation safety, protect the marine
 1647,Identify the populations that require different efforts and resources to improve their health.,"['135 In general, fewer opportunities exist for engaging in health-promoting dietary and physical activity patterns among marginalized populations (e.g., people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ, people who have a disability or who live in a rural community, and others who have historically been excluded), thus further increasing health inequities. Strategies aimed at the general population are often less effective among racial/ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status. Initiatives must address the unique challenges and barriers that certain groups often face when attempting to modify lifestyle behaviors, with culturally appropriate tailoring and equitable support to promote healthy behaviors. Trends in excess body weight among youth are also a significant public health concern; children with obesity are more likely than normal-weight children to become adults with obesity, and their obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe. 136 Promoting obesity prevention and positive lifestyle behaviors during youth is more effective, and often more successful, than efforts to change unhealthy patterns of behavior in adult populations. 137 Therefore, creating health-promoting and antiobesogenic environments that make it easier for children to establish positive eating and physical activity behaviors early in life are critical. ## Improving Healthy Eating and Active Living-Related Environments Effective strategies are being tested to address healthy ating and active living by numerous organizations that have e reated c evidence-based recommendations, including the WHO, 138 the National Academy of Medicine, 139 the CDC, the WCRF/AICR, and the American Heart Association. 4 140 A consensus among these recommendations is a call for policy and systems change, the identification of key environments to promote change, and the need for multiple sectors to work collaboratively to reduce barriers to healthy eating and active living, particularly among lower income and racial/ethnic minority and rural communities. Thus, health promotion considerations should be incorporated into urban, rural, and regional planning and development. To reduce health-related inequities among specific population groups, communitybased approaches should be adapted to meet the needs of the target community. 139', '158 Ensuring that all individuals have access to affordable, healthy food choices and opportunities for safe physical activity will require multiple strategies and bold action, ranging from the implementation of community, worksite, school, childcare, and other health promotion programs to policies that affect community planning, architecture, transportation, school-based physical education, food advertising and marketing, and food services. Special attention must also be paid to recognizing that individuals and populations with the greatest needs, the least resources, and/or those facing increased and unique burdens and challenges require different, not equal, effort and resources to improve their health. Policies, programs, and services should be explicit about prioritizing these populations to achieve health equity. Public, private, and community organizations at local, state, and national levels should consider the implementation and testing of new policies and the reallocation or expansion of resources to weight management, greater physical activity, and healthful diet choices (including avoidance of alcohol) that will improve health. Health care professionals; school, business, faith group, and other community leaders; and elected officials and policy makers are in unique and critical positions to provide leadership and advocate for purposeful changes in public policy and in community environments that are necessary to help all individuals maintain a healthy body weight and remain physically active throughout life, and to engage community members in the design, implementation, and evaluation of these strategies within the aforementioned sectors. 111 ## Common Questions and Answers This section is intended to assist clinicians, public health professionals, and policymakers in addressing questions that commonly arise within the general public. ## Acrylamide ## What is acrylamide, and is it associated with an increased risk of cancer? Acrylamide is a chemical used in industrial processing and is also found in food and tobacco smoke. Acrylamide in food is formed as a by-product of the Maillard reaction, in which the amino acid asparagine reacts with certain sugars when heated to high temperatures. The major sources of acrylamide in our diets are French fries and potato chips; crackers, bread, and cookies; breakfast cereals; canned black olives; prune juice; and coffee.']",medium,answer,"The populations that require different efforts and resources to improve their health include marginalized groups such as people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ individuals, people with disabilities, those living in rural communities, and others who have historically been excluded. Additionally, racial/ethnic minority groups, individuals of low socioeconomic status, and children with obesity are highlighted as needing targeted strategies to address health inequities and promote healthy behaviors.",2,Health equity considerations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In general, fewer opportunities exist for engaging in health-promoting dietary and physical activity patterns among <span class=\""highlight\"">marginalized populations (e.g., people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ, people who have a disability or who live in a rural community, and others who have historically been excluded)</span>, thus further increasing health inequities.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Strategies aimed at the general population are often less effective among <span class=\""highlight\"">racial/ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status</span>. Initiatives must address the unique challenges and barriers that certain groups often face when attempting to modify lifestyle behaviors, with culturally appropriate tailoring and equitable support to promote healthy behaviors.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Trends in excess body weight among youth are also a significant public health concern; <span class=\""highlight\"">children with obesity are more likely than normal-weight children to become adults with obesity</span>, and their obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Special attention must also be paid to recognizing that <span class=\""highlight\"">individuals and populations with the greatest needs, the least resources, and/or those facing increased and unique burdens and challenges require different, not equal, effort and resources to improve their health</span>.""}]",,116
 1129,List the two main objectives outlined in § 30101.,"[""| G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]......................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]................................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law......................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................ 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................................................... 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]................................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................................... 47 | | Q. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]....................................................... 48 | | R. | Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007........................................................... 49 | ## SUBCHAPTER I. GENERAL ## § 30101. Purpose and policy The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary-- - (1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and - (2) to carry out needed safety research and development. ## § 30102. Definitions"", ""- (C) Effective date. --Subsection (a) shall not take effect before the final rule under subparagraph (B) takes effect. - (b) Coordination with department of justice. --The Attorney General may bring an action, or initiate grand jury proceedings, for a violation of subsection (a) only at the request of the Secretary of Transportation. ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS | A. | Improving air bag safety. [Sec. 7103 of TEA-21]........................................................................... 37 | |------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | B. | Insurance study. [Sec. 3 (d) of TREAD Act]................................................................................... 38 | | C. | Endurance and resistance standards for tires. [Sec. 10 of TREAD Act].......................................... 38 | | D. | Improved tire information. [Sec. 11 of TREAD Act]...................................................................... 39 | | E. | Tire pressure warning. [Sec. 13 of TREAD Act]............................................................................. 39 | | F. | Improving the safety of child restraints [Sec. 14 of TREAD Act]................................................... 40 | | G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act].......................................................... 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]..................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law..................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................... 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 |"", 'As used in this Act, the following definitions apply: - (1) Child restraint.--The term ""child restraint\'\' means any product designed to provide restraint to a child (including booster seats and other products used with a lap and shoulder belt assembly) that meets applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards prescribed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. - (2) Production year.--The term ""production year\'\' means the 12-month period between September 1 of a year and August 31 of the following year. - (3) Passenger motor vehicle.--The term ""passenger motor vehicle\'\' has the meaning given that term in section 405(f)(5) of title 23, United States Code. ## SEC. 8. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) In General.-There are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 to the Secretary of Transportation for-- - (1) the evaluation required by section 6 of this Act; and - (2) research of the nature and causes of injury to children involved in motor vehicle crashes. (b) Limitation.-Funds appropriated under subsection (a) shall not be available for the general administrative expenses of the Secretary. L. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10303. Tire research. Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce on research conducted to address tire aging. The report shall include a summary of any Federal agency findings, activities, conclusions, and recommendations concerning tire aging and recommendations for potential rulemaking regarding tire aging. (a) Conforming Amendment.-The chapter analysis for chapter 301 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 30127 the following: ""30128. Vehicle accident ejection protection.\'\'. M. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10304. Vehicle backover avoidance technology study.', '| L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]............................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................................... 47 | | | Q. Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................... 48 | ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION: 49 USC 30127 note. ## TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT FOR 21 CENTURY (TEA-21) st June 9, 1998, Pub. L. 105-178, Title VII, Subtitle A, § 7103, 112 Stat. 465 ## ""SEC. 7103. Improving air bag safety. ## ""(a) Rulemaking to improve air bags. ""(1) Notice of proposed rulemaking. Not later than September 1, 1998, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking to improve occupant protection for occupants of different sizes, belted and unbelted, under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208, while minimizing the risk to infants, children, and other occupants from injuries and deaths caused by air bags, by means that include advanced air bags. ""(2) Final rule. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall complete the rulemaking required by this subsection by issuing, not later than September 1, 1999, a final rule with any provision the Secretary deems appropriate, consistent with paragraph (1) and the requirements of section 30111, title 49, United States Code. If the Secretary determines that the final rule cannot be completed by that date to meet the purposes of paragraph (1), the Secretary may extend the date for issuing the final rule to not later than March 1, 2000.', ""IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10306. Study of safety belt use technologies. The Secretary shall conduct a review of safety belt use technologies to consider possible revisions in strategies for achieving further gains in safety belt use. The Secretary shall complete the study by July 1, 2008. P. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10308. Power window switches. The Secretary shall upgrade Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 118 to require that power windows in motor vehicles not in excess of 10,000 pounds have switches that raise the window only when the switch is pulled up or out. The Secretary shall issue a final rule implementing this section by April 1, 2007. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10310. Authorization of appropriations. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this subtitle, chapter 301 of title 49, and part C of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code-- - (1) $136,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; - (2) $142,800,000 for fiscal year 2007; - (3) $149,900,000 for fiscal year 2008; and - (4) $157,400,000 for fiscal year 2009. W ## CAMERON GULBRANSEN KIDS TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ACT OF 2007 [[Page 639 STAT. 122]] Public Law 110-189 110th Congress Approved February 28, 2008 ## An Act To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue regulations to reduce the incidence of Feb. 28, 2008 child injury and death occurring inside or outside of light motor vehicles, and for other purposes. [H.R. 1216] | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of | Cameron | |---------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | the United States of America in Congress assembled, | Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007. | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. | | This Act may be cited as the ''Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation""]",medium,answer,"The two main objectives outlined in § 30101 are:
 1. To prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce.
-2. To carry out needed safety research and development.",5,Motor vehicle safety objectives,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary--\n<span class=\""highlight\"">(1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and\n(2) to carry out needed safety research and development.</span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""These objectives are part of \u00a7 30101, which is found in Subchapter I: General of the motor vehicle safety regulations.""}]",,117
+2. To carry out needed safety research and development.",5,Motor vehicle safety objectives,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary-- <span class=\""highlight\"">(1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and (2) to carry out needed safety research and development.</span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""These objectives are part of \u00a7 30101, which is found in Subchapter I: General of the motor vehicle safety regulations.""}]",,117
 1183,How is the reimbursement amount calculated for the dealer's installation work?,"[""- (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court; - (B) a clear description of the Secretary's stated basis for the decision; - (C) the Secretary's evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (D) measures the Secretary considers necessary to avoid an unreasonable risk to motor vehicle safety resulting from the defect or noncompliance; - (E) a statement that the manufacturer will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title, but that the requirement to remedy without charge is conditioned on the outcome of the civil action; and - (F) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation or includes in the order requiring the notice. - (2) A notification under this subsection does not relieve a manufacturer of liability for not giving notification required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Civil actions for not notifying.-(1) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers under section 30119(c) and (d) of this title is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty, unless the manufacturer prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section or the court in that action enjoins enforcement of the order. Enforcement may be enjoined only if the court decides that the failure to notify is reasonable and that the manufacturer has demonstrated the likelihood of prevailing on the merits. If enforcement is enjoined, the manufacturer is not liable during the time the order is stayed. - (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title."", ""- (2) if a vehicle, the manufacturer or distributor immediately shall give to the distributor or dealer at the manufacturer's or distributor's own expense, the part or equipment needed to make the vehicle comply with the standards or correct the defect. - (b) Distributor or dealer installation. --The distributor or dealer shall install the part or equipment referred to in subsection (a)(2) of this section. If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer for the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected. - (c) Establishing amount due and civil actions. --The parties shall establish the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement under this section. If the parties do not agree, or if a manufacturer or distributor refuses to comply with subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the distributor or dealer purchasing the motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment may bring a civil action. The action may be brought in a United States district court for the judicial district in which the manufacturer or distributor resides, is found, or has an agent, to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee. An action under this section must be brought not later than 3 years after the claim accrues. ## § 30117. Providing information to, and maintaining records on, purchasers"", '## § 30162. Petitions by interested persons for standards and enforcement - (a) Filing. --Any interested person may file a petition with the Secretary of Transportation requesting the Secretary to begin a proceeding-- - (1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or - (2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Statement of facts. --The petition must state facts that the person claims establish that a motor vehicle safety standard or order referred to in subsection (a) of this section is necessary and briefly describe the order the Secretary should issue. - (c) Proceedings. --The Secretary may hold a public hearing or conduct an investigation or proceeding to decide whether to grant the petition. - (d) Actions of Secretary. --The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition not later than 120 days after the petition is filed. If a petition is granted, the Secretary shall begin the proceeding promptly. If a petition is denied, the Secretary shall publish the reasons for the denial in the Federal Register. ## § 30163. Actions by the Attorney General - (a) Civil actions to enforce. --The Attorney General may bring a civil action in a United States district court to enjoin-- - (1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment-- - (A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or - (B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '- (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. - (d) Exemptions. --On application of a manufacturer, the Secretary shall exempt the manufacturer from this section if the Secretary decides a defect or noncompliance is inconsequential to motor vehicle safety. The Secretary may take action under this subsection only after notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for any interested person to present information, views, and arguments. - (e) Hearings about meeting notification requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on petition of any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements. If the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has not reasonably met the notification requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter. ## § 30119. Notification procedures - (a) Contents of notification. --Notification by a manufacturer required under section 30118 of this title of a defect or noncompliance shall contain-- - (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; - (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; - (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.']",hard,answer,"The reimbursement amount for the dealer's installation work is calculated based on the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price. This amount is prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards or the defect is corrected. If the parties do not agree on the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement, the distributor or dealer may bring a civil action to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee.",4,Dealer reimbursement regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer for <span class=\""highlight\"">the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The parties shall establish the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement under this section. If the parties do not agree, or if a manufacturer or distributor refuses to comply with subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the distributor or dealer purchasing the motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment may bring a civil action</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The action may be brought in a United States district court for the judicial district in which the manufacturer or distributor resides, is found, or has an agent, <span class=\""highlight\"">to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee</span>.""}]",,118
-555,What's the OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges?,"[""- · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods. OSHA Publication 3407 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-chemical-fume-hoods.pdf ## Personal Protective Equipment The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,' 29 CFR 1910.132(a). - · Complete standards - n 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10118 - · Fact Sheet - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data\\_General\\_Facts/ppe-factsheet.pdf - · Brochures/Booklets - n Personal Protective Equipment. OSHA Publication 3151 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html - · Safety and Health Topics Page - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/index.html The Eye and Face Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.133) requires that employers ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.133 - http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9778 - · eTool - n Eye and Face Protection"", ""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf""]",medium,answer,"The OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges would be the safety guidelines and warnings provided in the OSHA QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges (OSHA Publication 3406, 2011). This document outlines the necessary precautions and safety measures to be taken when operating centrifuges to prevent hazards. While OSHA does not use a specific sign like 'Beware of Dog,' they require proper labeling, training, and adherence to safety protocols to ensure safe operation of centrifuges.",2,Laboratory safety requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards\nCentrifuges\n<span class=\""highlight\"">QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011).\nhttp://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf</span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers <span class=\""highlight\"">provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,'</span> 29 CFR 1910.132(a).""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""OSHA publishes various guidance documents and standards to ensure laboratory safety, including specific publications for different equipment types such as centrifuges, chemical fume hoods, and cryogens & dry ice.""}]",,119
+555,What's the OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges?,"[""- · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods. OSHA Publication 3407 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-chemical-fume-hoods.pdf ## Personal Protective Equipment The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,' 29 CFR 1910.132(a). - · Complete standards - n 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10118 - · Fact Sheet - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data\\_General\\_Facts/ppe-factsheet.pdf - · Brochures/Booklets - n Personal Protective Equipment. OSHA Publication 3151 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html - · Safety and Health Topics Page - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/index.html The Eye and Face Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.133) requires that employers ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.133 - http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9778 - · eTool - n Eye and Face Protection"", ""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf""]",medium,answer,"The OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges would be the safety guidelines and warnings provided in the OSHA QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges (OSHA Publication 3406, 2011). This document outlines the necessary precautions and safety measures to be taken when operating centrifuges to prevent hazards. While OSHA does not use a specific sign like 'Beware of Dog,' they require proper labeling, training, and adherence to safety protocols to ensure safe operation of centrifuges.",2,Laboratory safety requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards Centrifuges <span class=\""highlight\"">QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf</span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers <span class=\""highlight\"">provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,'</span> 29 CFR 1910.132(a).""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""OSHA publishes various guidance documents and standards to ensure laboratory safety, including specific publications for different equipment types such as centrifuges, chemical fume hoods, and cryogens & dry ice.""}]",,119
 1057,Why might command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use be ineffective in low-income countries?,"[""## Institutions and compliance Changes in institutions may be just as important as improved technology in controlling diseases. Brucellosis in cattle is an example. This zoonotic disease was eradicated in Sweden in the 1950s based on the robust diagnostics available at that time (Cerenius 2010). This was made possible because communal grazing and mixing of herds were limited, engagement in farmers' organizations was strong, and the veterinary authority and service interacted closely with the farmers. These institutional factors made compliance with external biosecurity measures effective. The opposite conditions still apply in many countries where brucellosis is an issue (Plumb et al. 2013). In such cases, where animal productivity is generally low and where the disease is endemic and symptoms vague, farmers may be reluctant to invest in control measures such as vaccination. A lack of compensation for culled animals further increases resistance to control measures. The development and strengthening of institutions, both state and non-state, in such areas are vital to improving control of livestock diseases. Stronger groups of livestock keepers make it easier for government organizations and veterinary services to interact with larger numbers of local people, learn about their opinions and needs, and provide them with the information and services they require. It also makes compliance with disease-control measures more possible (FAO, 2020). ## Monitoring and surveillance Advances in technology are making it possible to detect and respond to livestock diseases more quickly. Improved testing and control have made it possible to eradicate diseases such as bovine brucellosis and porcine pseudorabies in the United States (USDA 2019a, 2019b). For some diseases it is now possible to perform a rapid diagnosis on the farm itself. To be practicable, such tests must be cheap and quick. Currently, some 'pen-side' tests and several basic laboratory tests are in common use in HICs."", '## Use One Health to control zoonotic and food-borne diseases Zoonotic and food-borne diseases are best tackled using a One Health approach. Resources should be allocated where they most reduce the risk of zoonotic and foodborne diseases. Interventions must be based on knowledge of the socio-economic situations of farmers, food business operators and consumers. A combination of crosscompliance and soft law approaches may work best. Improving animal husbandry and welfare is important for reducing the risks of zoonotic and food-borne diseases. Data on the occurrence of food-borne diseases and the disease burden in the human population are crucial to assess the costs and benefits of diseasecontrol measures in the livestock production and processing systems. Postharvest interventions are also required to reduce the risk of the pathogens surviving, multiplying and contaminating food. In HICs, efficient control and monitoring of targeted diseases are needed by well-functioning regulatory bodies using command-and-control, crosscompliance and market approaches. In low-income countries, such approaches are less likely to be useful; there, soft laws in the form of recommendations and guidance will probably be more effective. ## Reduce use of antimicrobials Not all governments have the capacity to impose command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use, and overly harsh regulations could jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers. It also risks pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. The cross-compliance approach also requires the capacity to enforce regulations, and the market approach relies on consumers demanding food produced without excessive use of antimicrobials. Such approaches will probably work only in HICs. Soft law - guidelines and persuasion - along with education and information, also has a place in HICs, but may be the only realistic option in LMICs. ## Promote animal welfare']",hard,answer,"Command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use might be ineffective in low-income countries due to several reasons. Firstly, these countries often lack the capacity to enforce such regulations effectively. Overly harsh regulations could also jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers, making compliance difficult. Additionally, stringent measures risk pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. In low-income countries, softer approaches like guidelines, persuasion, education, and information may be more realistic and effective.",2,Antimicrobial resistance management,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Not all governments have the capacity to impose command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use, and <span class=\""highlight\"">overly harsh regulations could jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""It also <span class=\""highlight\"">risks pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The cross-compliance approach also <span class=\""highlight\"">requires the capacity to enforce regulations</span>, and the market approach relies on consumers demanding food produced without excessive use of antimicrobials. Such approaches will probably work only in HICs.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Soft law - guidelines and persuasion - along with education and information, also has a place in HICs, but may be the only realistic option in LMICs</span>.""}]",,120
 4398,What are the consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting?,"['- · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. See, 15 U.S.C. §2064(b) and 16 CFR part 1115. If a firm elects to conduct an investigation in order to evaluate the existence of reportable information, the 24-hour period begins when the firm has information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - · fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - · fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - · contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a firm could report to the Commission before the conclusion of a reasonably expeditious investigation and evaluation if the reportable information becomes known during the course of the investigation. In lieu of the investigation, the firm may report the information immediately. 13 ## REPORTING PROCEDURES The Commission considers a firm to have knowledge of product safety information when such information is received by an employee or official of the firm who may reasonably be expected to be capable of appreciating the significance of that information. Under ordinary circumstances, five days is the maximum reasonable time for that information to reach the chief executive officer or other official assigned responsibility for complying with the reporting requirements. Weekends and holidays are not counted in that timetable. 16 C.F.R. §§ 1115.11(a) and 1115.14(b). The Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported. This evaluation will be based, in part, on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Thus, a firm shall be deemed to know what it would have known if it had exercised due care in ascertaining the accuracy of complaints or other representations. 16 C.F.R. § 1115.11(b). ## PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT', ""Section 15(b) of the CPSA defines responsibilities of manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of consumer products. Each is required to notify the Commission immediately if it obtains information that reasonably supports the conclusion that a product: - 1. fails to comply with a consumer product safety rule or a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9 of the CPSA; - 2. fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other statute enforced by the Commission; - 3. contains a defect which could create a substantial product hazard described in section 15(a)(2) of the CPSA; or - 4. creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. The Commission's interpretative regulation (16 C.F.R. part 1115) explains the firm's obligations and those of the Commission. A copy of the regulation can be found at: http://www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/frnotices/fr06/E611758.pdf. ## Firms may report under section 15 online at: https://www.saferproducts.gov/CPSRMSpublic/Section15. ## REPORTING PRODUCTS INVOLVED IN LAWSUITS In addition to the reporting requirements at 15 U.S.C. § 2064(b), section 37 of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2084, requires manufacturers (including importers) of a consumer product to report to the Commission, if: - 1. a particular model of a consumer product is the subject of at least three civil actions that have been filed in federal or state court; - 2. each lawsuit alleges the involvement of that model in death or grievous bodily injury (as defined in § 37(e)(1)); - 3. at least three of the actions result in a final settlement involving the manufacturer or in a judgment for the plaintiff within any one of the two-year periods specified in section 37(b)."", ""attempt to prevent through its own efforts, such as information and education programs, safety labeling, and adoption of product safety standards. Although the CPSC relies on sources other than firm reports to identify substantial product hazards, reporting by companies under the reporting provisions is invaluable because firms often learn of product safety problems long before the Commission. For this reason, any firm involved in the manufacture, importation, distribution, or sale of consumer products should develop a system of reviewing and maintaining consumer complaints, inquiries, product liability suits, and comments on the products they handle. If a firm reports to the Commission under section 15 of the CPSA, it does not necessarily mean that a substantial product hazard exists. Section 15 requires firms to report whenever a product: (1) fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or with a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; (2) fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other Act enforced by the Commission; (3) contains a defect that could create a substantial product hazard; or (4) creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a product need not actually create a substantial product hazard to trigger the reporting requirement. ## WHEN TO REPORT UNDER SECTION 15 OF THE CPSA It is the Commission's view that a firm should take the all-important first step of notifying the Commission when the information available to the firm reasonably indicates that a report is required. It is in the firm's best interest to assign the responsibility of reporting to someone in executive authority. A firm should report immediately (within 24 hours) after a firm has obtained information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - · fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - · fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - · contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death."", ""§ 1015.18(c), the following information must be included with the request for exemption: - 2. state whether the information claimed to be confidential has ever been released in any manner to a person who was not an employee or in a confidential relationship with the firm; - 1. identify specifically the exact portion(s) of the document claimed to be confidential; - 3. state whether the information so specified is known commonly within the industry or is readily ascertainable by outside persons with a minimum of time and effort; - confidentiality on behalf of the person or organization concerned. - 4. state how release of the information so specified would be likely to cause substantial harm to the firm's competitive position; and 5. state whether the submitter is authorized to make claims of If the Commission determines that information marked as confidential may be disclosed because it is not confidential, the Commission must provide written notice that it intends to disclose this information, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(a)(5). This notice must be provided not less than 10 working days prior to disclosure. Any person receiving such notice may bring an action in an appropriate district court to prevent disclosure of the information, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(a)(6). The Commission's regulations under the Freedom of Information Act, 16 C.F.R. § 1015, govern confidential treatment of requests for exportation of violative products that have claimed trade secret or confidential commercial or financial information. In addition, section 6(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(b), also provides limitations on the Commission's disclosure of any information identifying manufacturers or private labelers, and further limits the Commission's disclosure of information received under section 15(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(b)(5). ## CONFIDENTIALITY OF REPORTS UNDER SECTION 15(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT (CPSA)""]",medium,answer,"The consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting are not explicitly detailed in the provided context. However, the context does mention that the Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported, based on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Additionally, there is a section titled 'PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT,' which implies that there are penalties for not complying with the reporting requirements, though the specific penalties are not described in the provided context.",4,Regulatory reporting requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Commission <span class=\""highlight\"">will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported</span>. This evaluation will be based, in part, on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Thus, a firm shall be deemed to know what it would have known if it had exercised due care in ascertaining the accuracy of complaints or other representations. <span class=\""highlight\"">16 C.F.R. \u00a7 1115.11(b)</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT</span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A firm should report immediately (within 24 hours) after obtaining information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product fails to comply with safety rules, contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury, or creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death.""}]",,121
-2272,How much soluble fiber is needed daily to reduce the risk of CHD?,"[""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day."", ""## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How health claims that meet the Significant Scientific Agreement standard and Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) characterize the between a substance to a disease or health-related condition (see CFR 101.14). (S/F) claims describe the effect that a has on the structure or function of the body and do not make to a disease. Both S/F and health claims can be used on the label in the labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements. An of a S/F claim is 'Calcium builds strong bones.' S/F claims must be and not misleading and are not pre-reviewed or authorized by FDA. U.S.C. 343(r)(6) and 21 CFR 101.93 Answer: Both (SSA) relationship 21 Structure/function substance reference and example truthful 21 ## are health claims different from statements about dietary H4. How guidance? examples of an authorized health claim, which by definition must the elements of a substance and a disease or health-related condition, 'Three grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 per serving.' and 'Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart disease'. Two contain are: fat grams include health claims that meet the SSA standard and QHCs a relationship between a substance and a disease or health-related (see CFR 101.14). elements of 1) a substance and 2) a are present in a health claim. Dietary guidance does not contain both (and therefore does not constitute a health claim, but may contain element or another. Typically, dietary guidance statements make reference a category of foods (i.e., a grouping that is not readily characterized and not to a specific substance. The following illustrations be helpful: Answer: Both characterize condition 21 Both disease elements one to compositionally) may"", ""| | Fiber-Containing Grain Products, Fruits, and Vegetables and Cancer (21 CFR 101.76) | A grain product, fruit, or vegetable that contains dietary fiber; Low fat, and Good source of dietary fiber (without fortification) | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', or 'Total dietary fiber' 'Some types of cancer' or 'Some cancers' Does not specify types of dietary fiber that may be related to risk of cancer. | Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. | | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Fruits, Vegetables and Grain Products that contain Fiber, particularly Soluble Fiber, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.77) | A fruit, vegetable, or grain product that contains fiber; Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, Low fat, At least 0.6 grams of soluble fiber per RACC (without fortification), and, Soluble fiber content provided on label | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', 'Some types of dietary fiber', 'Some dietary fibers', or 'Some fibers' 'Saturated fat' and 'Cholesterol' 'Heart disease' or 'Coronary heart disease' | Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. |"", ""--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.81) | Low saturated fat Low cholesterol Low fat, and The food product must include one or more of the following whole oat or barley foods: 1) oat bran, 2) rolled oats, 3) whole oat f lour, 4) whole grain barley or dry milled barley, and the whole oat or barley foods must contain at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC of the food product; or Oatrim that contains at least 0.75 g of beta--glucan soluble per RACC of the food product; or Psyllium husk that contains at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC of food product. Eligible Sources of Soluble Fiber Beta-glucan soluble fiber from the following whole oat and barley sources: 1) Oat bran 2) Rolled Oats 3) Whole Oat Flour 4) Oatrim 5) Whole Grain Barley and Dry Milled Barley 6) Barley Betafiber 7) Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95% The amount of soluble fiber per RACC must be declared in nutrition label. | Required terms: 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease.' 'Saturated fat' and 'cholesterol.' In specifying the substance the claim uses the term'soluble fiber' qualified by the name of the eligible source of by the name of the eligible source of the soluble fiber, which is either whole oat or barley or psyllium seed husk. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product."", ""Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product. Additional Required Label Statement Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of f luids; e.g., 'NOTICE: This food should be eaten with at least a full glass of liquid. Eating this product without enough liquid may cause choking. Do not eat this product if your have difficulty in swallowing. (21 CFR 101.17(f)) | Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies _ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect. protein. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|""]",medium,answer,"According to the context, the daily dietary intake of soluble fiber necessary to reduce the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is specified as follows: For soluble fiber from certain foods like whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk, the claim specifies the necessary daily dietary intake. For example, foods containing psyllium husk must provide at least 1.7 grams of soluble fiber per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC) to qualify for the health claim. Additionally, the context mentions that the claim must specify the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD, but the exact daily amount may vary depending on the specific source of soluble fiber (e.g., whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk).",5,Heart disease prevention requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For soluble fiber from certain foods, the qualifying foods must contain minimum amounts per RACC: whole oat or barley foods must contain <span class=\""highlight\"">at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of the food product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Psyllium husk must contain at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of food product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of fluids.""}]",,122
+2272,How much soluble fiber is needed daily to reduce the risk of CHD?,"[""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day."", ""## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How health claims that meet the Significant Scientific Agreement standard and Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) characterize the between a substance to a disease or health-related condition (see CFR 101.14). (S/F) claims describe the effect that a has on the structure or function of the body and do not make to a disease. Both S/F and health claims can be used on the label in the labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements. An of a S/F claim is 'Calcium builds strong bones.' S/F claims must be and not misleading and are not pre-reviewed or authorized by FDA. U.S.C. 343(r)(6) and 21 CFR 101.93 Answer: Both (SSA) relationship 21 Structure/function substance reference and example truthful 21 ## are health claims different from statements about dietary H4. How guidance? examples of an authorized health claim, which by definition must the elements of a substance and a disease or health-related condition, 'Three grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 per serving.' and 'Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart disease'. Two contain are: fat grams include health claims that meet the SSA standard and QHCs a relationship between a substance and a disease or health-related (see CFR 101.14). elements of 1) a substance and 2) a are present in a health claim. Dietary guidance does not contain both (and therefore does not constitute a health claim, but may contain element or another. Typically, dietary guidance statements make reference a category of foods (i.e., a grouping that is not readily characterized and not to a specific substance. The following illustrations be helpful: Answer: Both characterize condition 21 Both disease elements one to compositionally) may"", ""| | Fiber-Containing Grain Products, Fruits, and Vegetables and Cancer (21 CFR 101.76) | A grain product, fruit, or vegetable that contains dietary fiber; Low fat, and Good source of dietary fiber (without fortification) | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', or 'Total dietary fiber' 'Some types of cancer' or 'Some cancers' Does not specify types of dietary fiber that may be related to risk of cancer. | Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. | | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Fruits, Vegetables and Grain Products that contain Fiber, particularly Soluble Fiber, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.77) | A fruit, vegetable, or grain product that contains fiber; Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, Low fat, At least 0.6 grams of soluble fiber per RACC (without fortification), and, Soluble fiber content provided on label | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', 'Some types of dietary fiber', 'Some dietary fibers', or 'Some fibers' 'Saturated fat' and 'Cholesterol' 'Heart disease' or 'Coronary heart disease' | Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. |"", ""--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.81) | Low saturated fat Low cholesterol Low fat, and The food product must include one or more of the following whole oat or barley foods: 1) oat bran, 2) rolled oats, 3) whole oat f lour, 4) whole grain barley or dry milled barley, and the whole oat or barley foods must contain at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC of the food product; or Oatrim that contains at least 0.75 g of beta--glucan soluble per RACC of the food product; or Psyllium husk that contains at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC of food product. Eligible Sources of Soluble Fiber Beta-glucan soluble fiber from the following whole oat and barley sources: 1) Oat bran 2) Rolled Oats 3) Whole Oat Flour 4) Oatrim 5) Whole Grain Barley and Dry Milled Barley 6) Barley Betafiber 7) Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95% The amount of soluble fiber per RACC must be declared in nutrition label. | Required terms: 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease.' 'Saturated fat' and 'cholesterol.' In specifying the substance the claim uses the term'soluble fiber' qualified by the name of the eligible source of by the name of the eligible source of the soluble fiber, which is either whole oat or barley or psyllium seed husk. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product."", ""Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product. Additional Required Label Statement Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of f luids; e.g., 'NOTICE: This food should be eaten with at least a full glass of liquid. Eating this product without enough liquid may cause choking. Do not eat this product if your have difficulty in swallowing. (21 CFR 101.17(f)) | Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies _ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect. protein. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|""]",medium,answer,"According to the context, the daily dietary intake of soluble fiber necessary to reduce the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is specified as follows: For soluble fiber from certain foods like whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk, the claim specifies the necessary daily dietary intake. For example, foods containing psyllium husk must provide at least 1.7 grams of soluble fiber per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC) to qualify for the health claim. Additionally, the context mentions that the claim must specify the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD, but the exact daily amount may vary depending on the specific source of soluble fiber (e.g., whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk).",5,Heart disease prevention requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For soluble fiber from certain foods, the qualifying foods must contain minimum amounts per RACC: whole oat or barley foods must contain <span class=\""highlight\"">at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of the food product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Psyllium husk must contain at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of food product.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of fluids.""}]",,122
 3800,Explain the conditions under which a Federal agency can acquire a vehicle that is not low GHG-emitting.,"[""## Monitoring for Policy Compliance The Department must use the following monitoring and documentation systems related to the above program initiatives and abide by reporting. The table below describes the major activities and reporting deadlines DOT must follow to meet the requirements of this Order. Unless stated otherwise, these reports are the responsibility of the DOT Fleet Manager, and are required to satisfy DOT-wide motor vehicle fleet reporting requirements. These systems are generally web-based and proprietary to the Federal Government. | Reporting Module | Purpose | Data Attributes to Report | Minimum Reporting Frequency (sustainability requirements) | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------| | FAST - EISA 2007 Section 141 | Report summarizing DOT compliance with EISA Section 141 | Vehicle type Fuel type Model year Vehicle location Number of vehicles OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle acquisition information | Annually, no later than December 15 | | Annual Vehicle Acquisition, Petroleum and Alternative Fuels Report to Congress | Summary of activities to meet fleet management requirements | Report of DOT's compliance with fleet requirements for acquisition, petroleum reduction and alternative fuel | Annually, but no later than February 15 for the previous fiscal year |"", '- c) Presidential Memorandum of December 2, 2011 (Implementation of Energy Savings Projects and Performance-Based Contracting for Energy Savings); - d) Section 1 of Presidential Memorandum of February 21, 2012 (Driving Innovation and Creating Jobs in Rural America through Bio-based and Sustainable Product Procurement); and - e) Presidential Memorandum of December 5, 2013 (Federal Leadership on Energy Management); and - f) Presidential Memorandum of May 24, 2011 (Federal Fleet Performance) - v. When acquiring LDVs and MDVs, OAs must only acquire low GHG-emitting vehicles with the following characteristics, unless the Assistant Secretary for Administration approves a functional-need exception waiver in accordance with the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements: - a) Low GHG-emitting vehicles, as designated by the EPA; - b) AFVs for locations with access to alternative fuel within five miles or 15 minutes of garaged location including: diesel vehicles for locations with access to biodiesel blends and electric vehicles to replace gasoline vehicles; - c) Vehicles with greatest fuel efficiency; - d) Vehicles with the smallest wheelbase and average track width; - e) Other guidance as provided by DOT, Department of Energy (DOE) or GSA. - f) OAs may apply for an exception from one or more of the above acquisition requirements based on the following process: - g) The OA Administrator must submit an exception request to the DOT Assistant Secretary for Administration, following the instructions provided in the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements, and - h) OAs must receive written approval from the Assistant Secretary for Administration before pursuing vehicle acquisition(s). - i) DOT must ensure that all non-exempt GOCO vehicles performing official business for the Department comply with the AFV acquisition requirements set forth in this Order; and - j) DOT must ensure that the above acquisition requirements are included in all GOCO contracts. ## f. Low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Vehicles', ""contractor; e.g., when a medical van is to be equipped with Government- or contractor-supplied equipment. - a. DOT Policy: The acquisition of Government vehicles shall be limited to the minimum number required to meet operational requirements, and these vehicles shall be of the smallest, most economical and fuel-efficient types that will enable DOT to meet its mission needs. - i. CFR § 102-34 Subparts B through K prescribe requirements and guidelines to promote energy conservation in the acquisition, operation, management, maintenance, and disposal of motor vehicles used for official purposes by the Federal Government. - ii. The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 required that 75 percent of DOT's light duty vehicle (LDV) requirements in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) be Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs). The Presidential Memorandum on Federal Fleet Performance, dated May 24, 2011, requires that all new LDVs acquired by DOT be AFVs by December 31, 2015. In addition, E.O. 13423 requires DOT to use Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) when they are commercially available at a life-cycle cost reasonably comparable to non-PHEVs. - iii. The source for acquisition to purchase or lease Government vehicles is the GSA Interagency Fleet Management System (IFMS). See 41 CFR part 101-39. DOT policy is that GSA shall be the sole source for acquisition of all vehicles to the maximum extent practicable. If a required vehicle is not available through GSA IFMS, the requesting organization must perform a lease versus buy analysis to determine the most economical and advantageous method to acquire the vehicle commercially. The DOT Fleet Manager, upon approval from GSA, may authorize the purchase of vehicles from sources other than GSA. - iv. All motor vehicles shall be of minimum body size, engine size, and operational equipment (if any) necessary to fulfill the needs the vehicles must meet. Limit passenger vehicles to'small,''subcompact' or 'compact' unless otherwise approved by the DOT Fleet Manager.""]",hard,answer,"A Federal agency can acquire a vehicle that is not low GHG-emitting under the following conditions:
 1. The Assistant Secretary for Administration approves a functional-need exception waiver in accordance with the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum on Federal Vehicle Fleets Replacement Requirements.
 2. The OA Administrator submits an exception request to the DOT Assistant Secretary for Administration, following the instructions provided in the February 24, 2011, DOT Action Memorandum.