diff --git "a/utils/arena_df.csv" "b/utils/arena_df.csv"
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Unnamed: 0,question,contexts,difficulty,response_type,answer,num_contexts,proces
 3245,Describe the conditions under which all-round lights can be placed above the after masthead light.,"['- (g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater than three quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be interfered with by deck lights. - (h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a power-driven vessel of less than 20 meters in length, shall be placed not less than 1 meter below the masthead light. - (i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line, they shall be spaced as follows: - (i) on a vessel of 20 meters in length or more such lights shall be spaced not less than 2 meters apart, and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 4 meters above the hull; - (ii) on a vessel of less than 20 meters in length such lights shall be spaced not less than 1 meter apart and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 2 meters above the gunwale; - (iii) when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced. - (j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged in fishing shall be at a height above the sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights. - (k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i), when two are carried, shall not be less than 4.5 meters above the after one. On a vessel of 50 meters or more in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a height of not less than 6 meters above the hull. ## -INLANDAnnex I-CONTINUED', '- (ii) On a vessel of less than 20 meters in length such lights shall be spaced not less than 1 meter apart and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 2 meters above the gunwale; - (iii) When three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced. - (j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged in fishing shall be at a height above the sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights. - (k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i) (§ 83.30(a)(i)), when two are carried, shall not be less than 4.5 meters above the after one. On a vessel of 50 meters or more in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a height of not less than 6 meters above the hull. ## -INTERNATIONALAnnex I-CONTINUED ## 3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights - (a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a power-driven vessel, the horizontal distance between them shall not be less than one half of the length of the vessel but need not be more than 100 meters. The forward light shall be placed not more than one quarter of the length of the vessel from the stem. - (b) On a power-driven vessel of 20 meters or more in length the sidelights shall not be placed in front of the forward masthead lights. They shall be placed at or near the side of the vessel. - (c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 are placed vertically between the forward masthead light(s) and the after masthead light(s) these allround lights shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 meters from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel in the athwartship direction.', '## 2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights - (a) On a power-driven vessel of 20 meters or more in length the masthead lights shall be placed as follows: - (i) the forward masthead light, or if only one masthead light is carried, then that light, at a height above the hull of not less than 6 meters, and, if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 6 meters, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so however that the light need not be placed at a greater height above the hull than 12 meters; - (ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 meters vertically higher than the forward one. - (b) The vertical separation of masthead lights of power-driven vessels shall be such that in all normal conditions of trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at a distance of 1000 meters from the stem when viewed from sea level. - (c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 meters but less than 20 meters in length shall be placed at a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 meters. - (d) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may carry the uppermost light at a height of less than 2.5 meters above the gunwale. When, however, a masthead light is carried in addition to sidelights and a sternlight or the all-round light prescribed in rule 23(d)(i) is carried in addition to sidelights, then such masthead light or all-round light shall be carried at least 1 meter higher than the sidelights. ## -INLAND- ## Annex I 33 CFR 84 ## Positioning and Technical Details of Lights and Shapes ## § 84.01 Definitions', '- (b) The vertical separation of the masthead lights of power-driven vessels shall be such that in all normal conditions of trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at a distance of 1000 meters from the stem when viewed from water level. - (c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 meters but less than 20 meters in length shall be placed at a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 meters. - (d) The masthead light, or the all-round light described in Rule 23(d)(§ 83.23(d) of this chapter), of a power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall be carried at least one meter higher than the sidelights. ## -INTERNATIONALAnnex I-CONTINUED - (e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel when engaged in towing or pushing another vessel shall be placed in the same position as either the forward masthead light or the after masthead light; provided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest after masthead light shall be at least 4.5 meters vertically higher than the forward masthead light. - (f) (i) The masthead light or lights prescribed in Rule 23(a) shall be so placed as to be above and clear of all other lights and obstructions except as described in subparagraph (ii). - (ii) When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 below the masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or vertically in between the forward masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement of Section 3(c) of this Annex shall be complied with. - (g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater than three quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be interfered with by deck lights.']",hard,answer,"According to the provided context, all-round lights can be placed above the after masthead light when it is impracticable to carry them below the masthead lights as prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28. This is specified in subparagraph (ii) of section (f) in the INTERNATIONAL Annex I-CONTINUED. The context states: 'When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 below the masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or vertically in between the forward masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement of Section 3(c) of this Annex shall be complied with.'",4,Vessel lighting requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A sailing vessel shall also have at the stern a white light showing an unbroken arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel. <span class=\""highlight\"">If it is impracticable to fix this light below the masthead lights, it may be fixed above the after masthead light(s)</span>, provided that the all-round white light is carried at a distance of not less than 1 meter from the after masthead light.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The light prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be visible at a distance of at least 5 miles. The lights prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section shall be visible at a distance of at least 2 miles. <span class=\""highlight\"">The all-round red and green lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section may be carried above the masthead lights</span> if it is found impossible to place them below.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Regulations concerning light placement: <span class=\""highlight\"">When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights below the masthead lights, the all-round lights may be carried above the after masthead light(s)</span> or, if the vessel has two masthead lights, then between the forward and after masthead lights. This arrangement must maintain the required arc of visibility.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Sidelights must maintain a minimum distance of one meter from white or red lights. This separation helps prevent confusion between different types of navigational lights at night.""}]",,30
 4676,When is the deadline for the rulemaking?,"['The Secretary shall complete the rulemaking not later than June 1, 2002. ""(b) Inflation levels and load limits. In the rulemaking initiated under subsection (a), the Secretary may take whatever additional action is appropriate to ensure that the public is aware of the importance of observing motor vehicle tire load limits and maintaining proper tire inflation levels for the safe operation of a motor vehicle. Such additional action may include a requirement that the manufacturer of motor vehicles provide the purchasers of the motor vehicles information on appropriate tire inflation levels and load limits if the Secretary determines that requiring such manufacturers to provide such information is the most appropriate way such information can be provided."". ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat. 1800 ""SEC. 13. Tire pressure warning. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall complete a rulemaking for a regulation to require a warning system in new motor vehicles to indicate to the operator when a tire is significantly under inflated. Such requirement shall become effective not later than 2 years after the date of the completion of such rulemaking."". ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION ## TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat. 1800 ## ""SEC. 14. Improving the safety of child restraints.', '""SEC. 15. Improving criteria used in a recall. - ""(a) Review of standards and criteria used in opening a defect or noncompliance investigation. The Secretary shall, not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, undertake a comprehensive review of all standards, criteria, procedures, and methods, including data management and analysis used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in determining whether to open a defect or noncompliance investigation pursuant to subchapter II or IV of chapter 301 of title 49, United States Code, and shall undertake such steps as may be necessary to update and improve such standards, criteria, procedures, or methods, including data management and analysis. - ""(b) Report to Congress. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit to the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report describing the Secretary\'s findings and actions under subsection (a)."". I. J. ## ANTON\'S LAW [[Page 116 STAT. 2772]] Public Law 107-318 107th Congress Approved: December 4, 2002 ## An Act To provide for the improvement of the safety of child restraints in passenger motor vehicles, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION ## TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat. 1800 ## ""SEC. 16. Follow-up report. ""One year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall report to the Congress on the implementation of the amendments made by this Act and any recommendations for additional amendments for consumer safety."". ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat. 1800 ## ""SEC. 17. Authorization of appropriations.', '## ""SEC. 3 - (d). Insurance study. The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a study to determine the feasibility and utility of obtaining aggregate information on a regular and periodic basis regarding claims made for private passenger automobile accidents from persons in the business of providing private passenger automobile insurance or of adjusting insurance claims for such automobiles. Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit the results of such study to the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate."". ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat. 1800 ""SEC. 10. Endurance and resistance standards for tires. The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a rulemaking to revise and update the tire standards published at 49 CFR 571.109 and 49 CFR 571.119. The Secretary shall complete the rulemaking under this section not later than June 1, 2002."". E. ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION ## TRANSPORTATION RECALL ENHANCEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DOCUMENTATION (TREAD) ACT November 1, 2000, Pub. L. 106-414, 114 Stat, 1800 ## ""SEC. 11. Improved tire information. ""(a) Tire labeling. Within 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding to improve the labeling of tires required by section 30123 of title 49, United States Code to assist consumers in identifying tires that may be the subject of a decision under section 30118(b) or a notice required under section 30118(c). The Secretary shall complete the rulemaking not later than June 1, 2002.']",easy,answer,"The deadline for the rulemaking is June 1, 2002, as specified in the context under 'SEC. 10. Endurance and resistance standards for tires' and 'SEC. 11. Improved tire information'.",3,Tire safety regulations timeline,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""SEC. 10. Endurance and resistance standards for tires: The Secretary shall complete the rulemaking <span class=\""highlight\"">not later than June 1, 2002</span>. ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""SEC. 11. Improved tire information: Not later than 24 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall complete a rulemaking to require manufacturers of motor vehicles to include in the owner's manual for all vehicles information about the relationship between <span class=\""highlight\"">vehicle load, tire pressure and safe operation</span> of the vehicle.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""SEC. 11(b): The Secretary shall complete a rulemaking for this section <span class=\""highlight\"">not later than June 1, 2002</span>.""}]",,31
 14,Does state jurisdiction in Indian country preempt federal jurisdiction?,"[""A The Court Begin with the most fundamental problem. invokes what it calls the'Bracker balancing' test with no more appreciation of that decision's history and context than it displays in its initial suggestion that the usual rules of preemption apply to Tribes. The Court tells us nothing about Bracker itself, its reasoning, or its limits. Perhaps understandably so, for Bracker never purported to claim for this Court the raw power to 'balance' away tribal sovereignty in favor of state criminal jurisdiction over crimes by or against tribal members-let alone ordain a wholly different set of jurisdictional rules than Congress J., dissenting GORSUCH, already has. 143-144. With these rules in mind, the State's tax based on a Bracker involved a relatively minor civil dispute. Arizona sought to tax vehicles used by the White Mountain Apache Tribe in logging operations on tribal lands. See Bracker, 448 U. S., at 138-140. The Tribe opposed the effort, pointing to a federal law that regulated tribal logging but did not say anything about preempting the State's vehicle tax. See id., at 141, 145. The Court began by recognizing that the usual rules of preemption are not 'properly applied' to Tribes. Id., at 143. Instead, the Court started with the traditional ''backdrop'' presumption that States lack jurisdiction in Indian country. Ibid. And the Court explained that any ambiguities about the scope of federal law must be 'construed generously' in favor of the Tribes as sovereigns. Id., at the Court proceeded to turn back 'particularized inquiry into the nature of the state, federal, and tribal interests at stake.' Id., at 145. The Court judged that 'traditional notions of [tribal] sovereignty,' the federal government's 'policy of promoting tribal self-sufficiency,' and the rule requiring it to resolve '[a]mbiguities' in favor of the Tribe trumped any competing state interest. Id., at 143-144, 151."", ""This case is the first time that the matter has been fully explored by this Court. Until the Court's decision in McGirt two years ago, this ------ ## Opinion of the Court question likewise did not matter much in Oklahoma. Most everyone in Oklahoma previously understood that the State included almost no Indian country. McGirt, 590 U. S., at \\_\\_\\_-\\_\\_\\_ (ROBERTS, C. J., dissenting) (slip op., at 31-32). But after McGirt, about 43% of Oklahoma-including Tulsa-is now considered Indian country. Therefore, the question of whether the State of Oklahoma retains concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indian on Indian crimes in Indian country has suddenly assumed immense importance. The jurisdictional question has now been called. In light of the newfound significance of the question, it is necessary and appropriate for this Court to take its first hard look at the text and structure of the General Crimes Act, rather than relying on scattered dicta about a question that, until now, was relatively insignificant in the real world. After independently examining the question, we have concluded that the General Crimes Act does not preempt state jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. Castro-Huerta next invokes Public Law 280 as a source of preemption. That argument is similarly unpersuasive. Indian country. Indeed, the Public Law 280 affirmatively grants certain States broad jurisdiction to prosecute state-law offenses committed by or against Indians in Indian country. See 18 U. S. C. §1162. (Other States may opt in, with tribal consent. 25 U. S. C. §1321.) But Public Law 280 does not preempt any preexisting or otherwise lawfully assumed jurisdiction that States possess to prosecute crimes in Court has already concluded as much: 'Nothing in the language or legislative history of Pub. L. 280 indicates that it was meant to divest States of pre-existing and otherwise lawfully assumed jurisdiction.' Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. Wold Engineering, P. C., 467 ## Opinion of the Court"", ""Under the Court's precedents, as we will explain, a State's jurisdiction in Indian country may be preempted (i) by federal law under ordinary principles of federal preemption, or (ii) when the exercise of state jurisdiction would unlawfully infringe on tribal self-government. In Part III-A, we consider whether state authority to prosecute crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country is preempted by federal law under ordinary principles of preemption. In Part III-B, we consider whether principles of tribal self-government preclude the exercise of state jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. A S. C. §1162; 25 U. S. C. §1321. NeiCastro-Huerta points to two federal laws that, in his view, preempt Oklahoma's authority to prosecute crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country: (i) the General Crimes Act, which grants the Federal Government jurisdiction to prosecute crimes in Indian country, 18 U. S. C. §1152; and (ii) Public Law 280, which grants States, or authorizes States to acquire, certain additional jurisdiction over crimes committed in Indian country, 67 Stat. 588; see 18 U. ther statute preempts preexisting or otherwise lawfully assumed state authority to prosecute crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. United States as to the punishment of offenses As relevant here, the General Crimes Act provides: 'Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, the general laws of the committed in any place within the sole and exclusive juris- Opinion of the Court diction of the United States, except the District of Columbia, shall extend to the Indian country.' 18 U. S. C. §1152. By its terms, the Act does not preempt the State's authority to prosecute non-Indians who commit crimes against Indians in Indian country. The text of the Act simply 'extend[s]' federal law to Indian country, leaving untouched the background principle of state jurisdiction over crimes committed within the State, including in Indian country. Ibid."", ""## Syllabus country. But Public Law 280 18 U. S. C. §1162; 25 U. S. C. §1321. Castro-Huerta contends that the law's enactment in 1953 would have been pointless surplusage if States already had concurrent jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian contains no language preempting state jurisdiction. And Public Law 280 encompasses far more than just non-Indian on Indian crimes. Thus, resolution of the narrow jurisdictional issue here does not negate the significance of Public Law 280. Pp. 16-18. crimes non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. There, (2) The test articulated in White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U. S. 136, does not bar the State from prosecuting committed by the Court held that even when federal law does not preempt state jurisdiction under ordinary preemption analysis, preemption may still occur if the exercise of state jurisdiction would unlawfully infringe upon tribal self-government. Id., at 142-143. Under Bracker's balancing test, the Court considers tribal interests, federal interests, and state interests. Id., at 145. Here, the exercise of state jurisdiction would not infringe on tribal self-government. And because a State's jurisdiction is concurrent with federal jurisdiction, a state prosecution would not preclude an earlier or later federal prosecution. Finally, the State has a strong sovereign interest in ensuring public safety and criminal justice within its territory, including an interest in protecting both Indian and non-Indian crime victims. Pp. 18-20. jurisdiction unless that (c) This Court has long held that Indian country is part of a State, not separate from it. Under the Constitution, States have to prosecute crimes within their territory except when preempted by federal law or by principles of tribal self-government. The default is that States have criminal jurisdiction in Indian country jurisdiction is preempted. And that jurisdiction has not been preempted here. Pp. 21-25. Reversed and remanded.""]",easy,answer,"Based on the provided context, state jurisdiction in Indian country does not preempt federal jurisdiction. The context explains that state jurisdiction is concurrent with federal jurisdiction unless preempted by federal law or principles of tribal self-government. The General Crimes Act extends federal law to Indian country but does not preempt state jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. Public Law 280 also does not preempt state jurisdiction but rather grants certain states additional jurisdiction over crimes in Indian country. Therefore, both state and federal jurisdictions can coexist unless specifically preempted.",4,Tribal jurisdiction legal principles,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A The Court Begin with the most fundamental problem. invokes what it calls the 'Bracker balancing' test with no more appreciation of that decision's history and context than it displays in its initial suggestion that the usual rules of preemption apply to Tribes. <span class=\""highlight\"">State authority cannot 'preempt' federal authority in Indian country; rather, the opposite is true</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Under the Court's precedents, as we will explain, <span class=\""highlight\"">a State's jurisdiction in Indian country may be preempted (i) by federal law under ordinary principles of federal preemption, or (ii) when the exercise of state jurisdiction would unlawfully infringe on tribal self-government</span>. In Part III-A, we consider whether the exercise of state jurisdiction is preempted by federal law.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""This case is the first time that the matter has been fully explored by this Court. Until the Court's decision in McGirt two years ago, this question likewise did not matter much in Oklahoma. <span class=\""highlight\"">State jurisdiction is concurrent with federal jurisdiction</span>. Preemption excludes state authority.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Congress has exercised its authority over Indian country for more than two centuries; its power to deal with and regulate the affairs of native tribes and their members has long been recognized. This authority stems from the Constitution's Indian Commerce Clause, which has been construed to provide Congress with plenary power over Indian affairs.""}]",,32
-3516,Under what conditions does the prohibition on a vessel expire if the owner or operator has had multiple vessels detained for substandard conditions?,"[""or - (B) the operator of the vessel has on more than one occasion had a vessel detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in an electronic form, including the name of the owner of the vessel. - (2) The prohibition in paragraph (1) expires for a vessel on the earlier of (A) 1 year after the date of the publication in electronic form on which the prohibition is based; or (B) any date on which the owner or operator of the vessel prevails in an appeal of the violation of the relevant international convention on which the detention is based. - (3) As used in this subsection, the term 'Government-impelled cargo' means cargo for which a Federal agency contracts directly for shipping by water or for which (or the freight of which) a Federal agency provides the financing, including financing by grant, loan or loan guarantee, resulting in shipment of the cargo by water. ## § 2303 Duties related to marine casualty assistance and information - (a) The master or individual in charge of a vessel involved in a marine casualty shall- - (1) render necessary assistance to each individual affected to save that affected individual from danger caused by the marine casualty, so far as the master or individual in charge can do so without serious danger to the master's or individual's vessel or to individuals on board; and - (2) give the master's or individual's name and address and identification of the vessel to the master or individual in charge of any other vessel involved in the casualty, to any individual injured, and to the owner of any property damaged. - (b) An individual violating this section or a regulation prescribed under this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than 2 years. The vessel also is liable in rem to the United States Government for the fine."", '## § 2301 Application Except as provided in sections 2304 and 2306 of this title, this chapter applies to a vessel operated on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States (including the territorial sea of the United States as described in Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 of December 27. 1988) and, for a vessel owned in the United States, on the high seas. ## § 2302 Penalties for negligent operations and interfering with safe operations - (a) A person operating a vessel in a negligent manner or interfering with the safe operation of a vessel so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of a person is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 in the case of a recreational vessel or $25,000 in the case of any other vessel. - (b) A person operating a vessel in a grossly negligent manner that endangers the life, limb, or property of a person commits a class A misdemeanor. - (c) An individual who is under the influence of alcohol, or a dangerous drug in violation of a law of the United States when operating a vessel, as determined under standards prescribed by the Secretary by regulation- - (1) is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000; or - (2) commits a class A misdemeanor. - (d) For a penalty imposed under this section, the vessel also is liable in rem unless the vessel is- - (1) owned by a State or a political subdivision of a State; - (2) operated principally for governmental purposes; and - (3) identified clearly as a vessel of that State or subdivision. - (e) (1) A vessel may not transport Government-impelled cargoes if (A) the vessel has been detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in an electronic form, including the name of the owner of the vessel; or', ""- (b) An individual violating this section or a regulation prescribed under this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than 2 years. The vessel also is liable in rem to the United States Government for the fine. - (c) An individual complying with subsection (a) of this section or gratuitously and in good faith rendering assistance at the scene of a marine casualty without objection by an individual assisted, is not liable for damages as a result of rendering assistance or for an act or omission in providing or arranging salvage, towage, medical treatment, or other assistance when the individual acts as an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent individual would have acted under the circumstances. ## OPERATIONS OF VESSELS -CONTINUED ## § 2303a Post serious marine casualty alcohol testing - (a) The Secretary shall establish procedures to ensure that after a serious marine casualty occurs, alcohol testing of crew members or other persons responsible for the operation of other safety-sensitive functions of the vessel or vessels involved in such casualty is conducted no later than 2 hours after the casualty occurs, unless such testing cannot be completed within that time due to safety concerns directly related to the casualty. (b) The procedures in subsection (a) shall require that if alcohol testing cannot be completed within 2 hours of the occurrence of the casualty, such testing shall be conducted as soon thereafter as the safety concerns in subsection (a) have been adequately addressed to permit such testing, except that such testing may not be required more than 8 hours after the casualty occurs. ## § 2304 Duty to provide assistance at sea - (a) (1)A master or individual in charge of a vessel shall render assistance to any individual found at sea in danger of being lost, so far as the master or individual in charge can do so without serious danger to the master's or individual's vessel or individuals on board. - (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to a vessel of war or a vessel owned by the - United States Government appropriated only to a public service. - (b) A master or individual violating this section shall be fined not more than $1,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.""]",medium,answer,The prohibition on a vessel expires under the earlier of two conditions: (A) 1 year after the date of the publication in electronic form on which the prohibition is based; or (B) any date on which the owner or operator of the vessel prevails in an appeal of the violation of the relevant international convention on which the detention is based.,3,Maritime vessel prohibition regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When the operator of the vessel has on more than one occasion had a vessel detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in electronic form, <span class=\""highlight\"">the prohibition expires upon the later of the following:</span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[start_highlight] 1 year after the date of publication in electronic form of the earliest detention and determination[[end_highlight]] under this paragraph; or [start_highlight] completion of the newest major survey[[end_highlight]].""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For substandard vessels, the Secretary must notify the owner or operator in writing about the detention. Notification must include the basis for determining that the vessel is substandard.""}]",,33
+3516,Under what conditions does the prohibition on a vessel expire if the owner or operator has had multiple vessels detained for substandard conditions?,"[""or - (B) the operator of the vessel has on more than one occasion had a vessel detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in an electronic form, including the name of the owner of the vessel. - (2) The prohibition in paragraph (1) expires for a vessel on the earlier of (A) 1 year after the date of the publication in electronic form on which the prohibition is based; or (B) any date on which the owner or operator of the vessel prevails in an appeal of the violation of the relevant international convention on which the detention is based. - (3) As used in this subsection, the term 'Government-impelled cargo' means cargo for which a Federal agency contracts directly for shipping by water or for which (or the freight of which) a Federal agency provides the financing, including financing by grant, loan or loan guarantee, resulting in shipment of the cargo by water. ## § 2303 Duties related to marine casualty assistance and information - (a) The master or individual in charge of a vessel involved in a marine casualty shall- - (1) render necessary assistance to each individual affected to save that affected individual from danger caused by the marine casualty, so far as the master or individual in charge can do so without serious danger to the master's or individual's vessel or to individuals on board; and - (2) give the master's or individual's name and address and identification of the vessel to the master or individual in charge of any other vessel involved in the casualty, to any individual injured, and to the owner of any property damaged. - (b) An individual violating this section or a regulation prescribed under this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than 2 years. The vessel also is liable in rem to the United States Government for the fine."", '## § 2301 Application Except as provided in sections 2304 and 2306 of this title, this chapter applies to a vessel operated on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States (including the territorial sea of the United States as described in Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 of December 27. 1988) and, for a vessel owned in the United States, on the high seas. ## § 2302 Penalties for negligent operations and interfering with safe operations - (a) A person operating a vessel in a negligent manner or interfering with the safe operation of a vessel so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of a person is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 in the case of a recreational vessel or $25,000 in the case of any other vessel. - (b) A person operating a vessel in a grossly negligent manner that endangers the life, limb, or property of a person commits a class A misdemeanor. - (c) An individual who is under the influence of alcohol, or a dangerous drug in violation of a law of the United States when operating a vessel, as determined under standards prescribed by the Secretary by regulation- - (1) is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000; or - (2) commits a class A misdemeanor. - (d) For a penalty imposed under this section, the vessel also is liable in rem unless the vessel is- - (1) owned by a State or a political subdivision of a State; - (2) operated principally for governmental purposes; and - (3) identified clearly as a vessel of that State or subdivision. - (e) (1) A vessel may not transport Government-impelled cargoes if (A) the vessel has been detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in an electronic form, including the name of the owner of the vessel; or', ""- (b) An individual violating this section or a regulation prescribed under this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than 2 years. The vessel also is liable in rem to the United States Government for the fine. - (c) An individual complying with subsection (a) of this section or gratuitously and in good faith rendering assistance at the scene of a marine casualty without objection by an individual assisted, is not liable for damages as a result of rendering assistance or for an act or omission in providing or arranging salvage, towage, medical treatment, or other assistance when the individual acts as an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent individual would have acted under the circumstances. ## OPERATIONS OF VESSELS -CONTINUED ## § 2303a Post serious marine casualty alcohol testing - (a) The Secretary shall establish procedures to ensure that after a serious marine casualty occurs, alcohol testing of crew members or other persons responsible for the operation of other safety-sensitive functions of the vessel or vessels involved in such casualty is conducted no later than 2 hours after the casualty occurs, unless such testing cannot be completed within that time due to safety concerns directly related to the casualty. (b) The procedures in subsection (a) shall require that if alcohol testing cannot be completed within 2 hours of the occurrence of the casualty, such testing shall be conducted as soon thereafter as the safety concerns in subsection (a) have been adequately addressed to permit such testing, except that such testing may not be required more than 8 hours after the casualty occurs. ## § 2304 Duty to provide assistance at sea - (a) (1)A master or individual in charge of a vessel shall render assistance to any individual found at sea in danger of being lost, so far as the master or individual in charge can do so without serious danger to the master's or individual's vessel or individuals on board. - (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to a vessel of war or a vessel owned by the - United States Government appropriated only to a public service. - (b) A master or individual violating this section shall be fined not more than $1,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.""]",medium,answer,The prohibition on a vessel expires under the earlier of two conditions: (A) 1 year after the date of the publication in electronic form on which the prohibition is based; or (B) any date on which the owner or operator of the vessel prevails in an appeal of the violation of the relevant international convention on which the detention is based.,3,Maritime vessel prohibition regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When the operator of the vessel has on more than one occasion had a vessel detained and determined to be substandard by the Secretary for violation of an international safety convention to which the United States is a party, and the Secretary has published notice of the detention and determination in electronic form, <span class=\""highlight\"">the prohibition expires upon the later of the following:</span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\""> 1 year after the date of publication in electronic form of the earliest detention and determination</span> under this paragraph; or <span class=\""highlight\""> completion of the newest major survey</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For substandard vessels, the Secretary must notify the owner or operator in writing about the detention. Notification must include the basis for determining that the vessel is substandard.""}]",,33
 5662,Explain the rules for vessels.,"[""## § 82.5 Lights for moored vessels For the purposes of Rule 30 of the 72 COLREGS, a vessel at anchor includes a barge made fast to one or more mooring buoys or other similar device attached to the sea or river floor. Such a barge may be lighted as a vessel at anchor in accordance with Rule 30, or may be lighted on the corners in accordance with 33 CFR 83.30(h) through (l). ## § 82.7 Sidelights for unmanned barges An unmanned barge being towed may use the exception of COLREGS Rule 24(h). However, this exception only applies to the vertical sector requirements. ## -INLAND- ## INTERPRETATIVE RULES 33 CFR 90 ## § 90.1 Purpose This part contains the interpretative rules for the Inland Rules. These interpretative rules are intended as a guide to assist the public and promote compliance with the Inland Rules. ## § 90.3 Pushing vessel and vessel being pushed: Composite unit Rule 24(b) of the Inland Rules states that when a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit, they are regarded as a power-driven vessel and must exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23. A 'composite unit' is interpreted to be the combination of a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead that are rigidly connected by mechanical means so they react to sea and swell as one vessel. Mechanical means does not include lines, wires, hawsers, or chains. ## § 90.5 Lights for moored vessels A vessel at anchor includes a vessel made fast to one or more mooring buoys or other similar device attached to the ocean floor. Such vessels may be lighted as a vessel at anchor in accordance with Rule 30, or may be lighted on the corners in accordance with 33 CFR 83.30(h) through (l). ## § 90.7 Sidelights for unmanned barges An unmanned barge being towed may use the exception of COLREGS Rule 24(h). However, this exception only applies to the vertical sector requirements."", '- (j) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to give the bell signals prescribed in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes. - (k) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may, in addition to the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) or (g) of this Rule, sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts. - (l) The following vessels shall not be required to sound signals as prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule when anchored in a special anchorage area designated by the Coast Guard: - (i) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length; and - (ii) A barge, canal boat, scow, or other nondescript craft. ## Rule 36 ## Signals to Attract Attention ## § 83.36 If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to embarrass any vessel. ## -INTERNATIONAL- ## Sound and Light Signals ## Rule 37 Distress Signals When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Regulations. ## DISTRESS SIGNALS 72 COLREGS ## Rule 37 Distress Signals ## § 83.37 When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV of these Rules (33 CFR part 87) *. A high intensity white light flashing at regular intervals from 50 to 70 times per minute. Inland only. ## -INTERNATIONALExemptions ## PART E-EXEMPTIONS ## Rule 38 ## Exemptions ‡', '## Rule 23 Power-driven Vessels Underway - (a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit: - (i) a masthead light forward; - (ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so; - (iii) sidelights; and - (iv) a sternlight. Power-driven vessel underway-50 meters or greater in length. Same for Inland. ## Rule 23 ## Power-driven vessels underway ## § 83.23 - (a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit: - (i) A masthead light forward; - (ii) A second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so; - (iii) Sidelights; and - (iv) A sternlight. Power-driven vessel underway-less than 50 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 23-CONTINUED - (b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit an allround flashing yellow light. - (c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light. Air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode-vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland. ## Rule 23-CONTINUED']",medium,answer,"The rules for vessels are categorized into several sections based on the context provided:
 
 1. **Lights for Moored Vessels**: A vessel at anchor, including a barge made fast to mooring buoys or similar devices, may be lighted as per Rule 30 or on the corners as specified in 33 CFR 83.30(h) through (l).
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ Unnamed: 0,question,contexts,difficulty,response_type,answer,num_contexts,proces
    - Air-cushion vessels in non-displacement mode must also exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
    - WIG crafts must exhibit a high-intensity all-round flashing red light when taking off, landing, or in flight near the surface.",3,Maritime vessel regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 82.5 <span class=\""highlight\"">Lights for moored vessels</span>: For the purposes of Rule 30 of the 72 COLREGS, <span class=\""highlight\"">a vessel at anchor includes a barge made fast to one or more mooring buoys or other similar device attached to the sea or river floor</span>. Such a barge may be lighted as a vessel at anchor in accordance with Rule 30, or may be lighted on the corners in accordance with 33 CFR 83.30(h) through (l).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Rule 35. <span class=\""highlight\"">Sound signals in restricted visibility</span>: (a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes <span class=\""highlight\"">one prolonged blast</span>. (b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes <span class=\""highlight\"">two prolonged blasts in succession</span> with an interval of about 2 seconds between them.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 83.22 <span class=\""highlight\"">Visibility of lights</span>: The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an <span class=\""highlight\"">intensity specified in Annex I to these Rules so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges</span>: (a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length: A masthead light, 6 miles; a sidelight, 3 miles; a sternlight, 3 miles; a towing light, 3 miles; a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.""}]",,34
 4215,How loud is too loud before someone starts yelling at you about ear muffs?,"['There are several steps that employers can take to minimize the noise in the laboratory, including: - · Moving noise-producing equipment (e.g., freezers, refrigerators, incubators and centrifuges) from the laboratory to an equipment room; - · Locating compressors for controlled-temperature rooms remotely; and - · Providing acoustical treatment on ceilings and walls. An OSHA Fact Sheet entitled Laboratory Safety - Noise has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Safety Hazards Employers must assess tasks to identify potential worksite hazards and provide and ensure that workers use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) as stated in the PPE standard, 29 CFR 1910.132. Employers must require workers to use appropriate hand protection when hands are exposed to hazards such as sharp instruments and potential thermal burns. Examples of PPE which may be selected include using oven mitts when handling hot items, and steel mesh or cut-resistant gloves when handling or sorting sharp instruments as stated in the Hand Protection standard, 29 CFR 1910.138. ## Autoclaves and Sterilizers Workers should be trained to recognize the potential for exposure to burns or cuts that can occur from handling or sorting hot sterilized items or sharp instruments when removing them from autoclaves/ sterilizers or from steam lines that service the autoclaves. In order to prevent injuries from occurring, employers must train workers to follow good work practices such as those outlined in the QuickCardTM highlighted below. ## An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety - - Autoclaves/Sterilizers has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Centrifuges Centrifuges, due to the high speed at which they operate, have great potential for injuring users if not operated properly. Unbalanced centrifuge rotors can result in injury, even death. Sample container breakage can generate aerosols that may be harmful if inhaled.', ""## Noise OSHA's Occupational Noise Exposure standard, 29 CFR 1910.95, requires employers to develop and implement a hearing conservation program that includes the use of PPE (e.g., hearing protectors), if workers are exposed to a time-weighted average (TWA) of ≥ 85 dBA over an 8-hour work shift. In addition, when workers are exposed to noise levels ≥ 85 dBA, the employer must develop a monitoring program to assess noise levels. The monitoring program must include the following components: - · All continuous, intermittent, and impulsive sound levels from 80-130 dBA must be included in noise measurements, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(2)(i); - · Instruments used to measure worker noise exposure must be calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(2)(ii); and - · Monitoring must be repeated whenever a change in production, process, equipment, or controls increases noise exposures, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(3). Laboratory workers are exposed to noise from a variety of sources. Operation of large analyzers (e.g., chemistry analyzer), fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, incubators, centrifuges (especially ultracentrifuges), cell washers, sonicators, and stirrer motors, all contribute to the noise level in laboratories. Further sources of noise in laboratories include fans and compressors for cryostats, refrigerators, refrigerated centrifuges, and freezers. As an example, a high-speed refrigerated centrifuge alone can generate noise levels as high as 65 dBA. To provide some further context, a whisper registers approximately 30 dBA; normal conversation about 50 to 60 dBA; a ringing phone 80 dBA and a power mower 90 dBA. If noise levels exceed 80 dBA, people must speak very loudly to be heard, while at noise levels of 85 to 90 dBA, people have to shout."", ""If noise levels exceed 80 dBA, people must speak very loudly to be heard, while at noise levels of 85 to 90 dBA, people have to shout. In order to determine if the noise levels in the laboratory are above the threshold level that damages hearing, the employer must conduct a noise exposure assessment using an approved sound level monitoring device, such as a dosimeter, and measuring an 8-hour TWA exposure. If the noise levels are found to exceed the threshold level, the employer must provide hearing protection at no cost to the workers and train them in the proper use of the protectors. The potential dangers of miscommunicating instructions or laboratory results are obvious, and efforts should be made to improve the design of clinical laboratories and to evaluate new instrumentation with regard to the impact of these factors on worker noise exposure. The employer should evaluate the possibility of relocating equipment to another area or using engineering controls to reduce the noise level below an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA in order to comply with OSHA's Occupational Noise Exposure standard. While most laboratories' noise levels do not equal or exceed the 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA, certain accrediting agencies are implementing special emphasis programs on noise reduction in the laboratory. Because noise is becoming more of a concern in the clinical setting, the College of American Pathologists has added evaluation of noise in the laboratory under their general checklist for accreditation (GEN.70824). ## Health Effects Exposure to continuous noise may lead to the following stress-related symptoms: - · Depression; - · Irritability; - · Decreased concentration in the workplace; - · Reduced efficiency and decreased productivity; - · Noise-induced hearing loss; - · Tinnitus (i.e., ringing in the ears); and - · Increased errors in laboratory work. There are several steps that employers can take to minimize the noise in the laboratory, including:""]",medium,answer,"According to OSHA's Occupational Noise Exposure standard (29 CFR 1910.95), when noise levels reach or exceed 85 decibels (dBA) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA), employers are required to implement a hearing conservation program, which includes providing hearing protection (like ear muffs) to workers. At noise levels of 85 to 90 dBA, people typically have to shout to be heard, which is when hearing protection becomes mandatory. Therefore, 85 dBA is the threshold at which someone would 'start yelling at you about ear muffs' in a regulatory context.",3,Occupational noise safety standards,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""There are several steps that employers can take to minimize the noise in the laboratory, including moving noise-producing equipment (e.g., freezers, refrigerators, incubators and centrifuges) from the laboratory to an equipment room. <span class=\""highlight\"">OSHA requires employers to implement a hearing conservation program when workers are exposed to a time-weighted average noise level of 85 decibels (dBA) or higher over an 8-hour work shift</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">When workplace noise levels reach or exceed 85 decibels (dBA) as an 8-hour time-weighted average, employers must provide hearing protectors to employees</span>, and ensure proper usage of these protective devices. <span class=\""highlight\"">Hearing protectors include ear muffs (which fit over the entire ear)</span> and ear plugs (which are inserted into the ear canal).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Under <span class=\""highlight\"">OSHA's Occupational Noise Exposure standard (29 CFR 1910.95)</span>, hearing protection devices must be made available to all workers exposed to 8-hour TWA noise levels of <span class=\""highlight\"">85 dB or above</span>. This is the level at which employers must initiate a hearing conservation program, which includes monitoring, testing, and protective measures.""}]",,35
-1209,Under what conditions can the Secretary order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance?,"['- (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title. - (c) Orders to manufacturers. --If the Secretary prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer-- - (1) to notify each owner, purchaser, and dealer described in section 30119(d) of this title of the outcome of the action and other information the Secretary requires, and notification under this clause may be combined with notification required under section 30118(b) of this title; - (2) to specify the earliest date under section 30119(b) of this title on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (3) if notification was required under subsection (a) of this section, to reimburse an owner or purchaser for reasonable and necessary expenses (in an amount that is not more than the amount specified in the order of the Secretary under subsection (a)) incurred for repairing the defect or noncompliance during the period beginning on the date that notification was required to be issued and ending on the date the owner or purchaser receives the notification under this subsection. - (d) Venue. --Notwithstanding section 30163(c) of this title, a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title must be brought in the United States district court for a judicial district in the State in which the manufacturer is incorporated or the District of Columbia. On motion of a party, the court may transfer the action to another district court if good cause is shown. All actions related to the same order under section 30118(b) shall be consolidated in an action in one judicial district under an order of the court in which the first action was brought. If the first action is transferred to another court, that court shall issue the consolidation order. ## § 30122. Making safety devices and elements inoperative - (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the', ""The Secretary may prescribe regulations to carry out this paragraph. - (d) Filing manufacturer's remedy program. --A manufacturer shall file with the Secretary a copy of the manufacturer's program under this section for remedying a defect or noncompliance. The Secretary shall make the program available to the public and publish a notice of availability in the Federal Register. A manufacturer's remedy program shall include a plan for reimbursing an owner or purchaser who incurred the cost of the remedy within a reasonable time in advance of the manufacturer's notification under subsection (b) or (c) of section 30118. The Secretary may prescribe regulations establishing what constitutes a reasonable time for purposes of the preceding sentence and other reasonable conditions for the reimbursement plan. In the case of a remedy program involving the replacement of tires, the manufacturer shall include a plan addressing how to prevent, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, replaced tires from being resold for installation on a motor vehicle, and how to limit, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, the disposal of replaced tires in landfills, particularly through shredding, crumbling, recycling, recovery, and other alternative beneficial nonvehicular uses. The manufacturer shall include information about the implementation of such plan with each quarterly report to the Secretary regarding the progress of any notification or remedy campaigns. - (e) Hearings about meeting remedy requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on application by any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements. If the Secretary decides a manufacturer has not reasonably met the remedy requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter."", 'way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. - (3) Notification required under section 30118 of this title about a tire shall be sent by first class mail (or, if the manufacturer prefers, by certified mail) to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer. In addition, if the Secretary decides that public notice is required for motor vehicle safety, public notice shall be given in the way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. In deciding whether public notice is required, the Secretary shall consider-- - (A) the magnitude of the risk to motor vehicle safety caused by the defect or noncompliance; and - (B) the cost of public notice compared to the additional number of owners the notice may reach. - (4) A dealer to whom a motor vehicle or replacement equipment was delivered shall be notified by certified mail or quicker means if available. - (e) Second notification. --If the Secretary decides that a notification sent by a manufacturer under this section has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a 2d notification in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. - (f)Notification by lessor to lessee.--(1) In this subsection, ""leased motor vehicle"" means a motor vehicle that is leased to a person for at least 4 months by a lessor that has leased at least 5 motor vehicles in the 12 months before the date of the notification. - (2) A lessor that receives a notification required by section 30118 of this title about a leased motor vehicle shall provide a copy of the notification to the lessee in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. ## § 30120. Remedies for defects and noncompliance']",medium,answer,The Secretary can order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance if the Secretary decides that the initial notification sent by the manufacturer has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy. The second notification must be sent in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation.,3,Vehicle safety notification requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. [start_highlight] If the Secretary decides that a notification of a defect or noncompliance about a motor vehicle or replacement equipment sent by a manufacturer is not adequate[[end_highlight]], the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a notification that complies with this section.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. [start_highlight] If the Secretary decides that a manufacturer has not provided an adequate remedy of the defect or noncompliance[[end_highlight]], the Secretary may order the manufacturer to take specified action to comply with this section, including providing a second notification about the defect or noncompliance.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">When the Secretary determines that the original notification by the manufacturer does not result in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a second notification in a manner prescribed by the Secretary.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title.""}]",,36
+1209,Under what conditions can the Secretary order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance?,"['- (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title. - (c) Orders to manufacturers. --If the Secretary prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer-- - (1) to notify each owner, purchaser, and dealer described in section 30119(d) of this title of the outcome of the action and other information the Secretary requires, and notification under this clause may be combined with notification required under section 30118(b) of this title; - (2) to specify the earliest date under section 30119(b) of this title on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (3) if notification was required under subsection (a) of this section, to reimburse an owner or purchaser for reasonable and necessary expenses (in an amount that is not more than the amount specified in the order of the Secretary under subsection (a)) incurred for repairing the defect or noncompliance during the period beginning on the date that notification was required to be issued and ending on the date the owner or purchaser receives the notification under this subsection. - (d) Venue. --Notwithstanding section 30163(c) of this title, a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title must be brought in the United States district court for a judicial district in the State in which the manufacturer is incorporated or the District of Columbia. On motion of a party, the court may transfer the action to another district court if good cause is shown. All actions related to the same order under section 30118(b) shall be consolidated in an action in one judicial district under an order of the court in which the first action was brought. If the first action is transferred to another court, that court shall issue the consolidation order. ## § 30122. Making safety devices and elements inoperative - (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the', ""The Secretary may prescribe regulations to carry out this paragraph. - (d) Filing manufacturer's remedy program. --A manufacturer shall file with the Secretary a copy of the manufacturer's program under this section for remedying a defect or noncompliance. The Secretary shall make the program available to the public and publish a notice of availability in the Federal Register. A manufacturer's remedy program shall include a plan for reimbursing an owner or purchaser who incurred the cost of the remedy within a reasonable time in advance of the manufacturer's notification under subsection (b) or (c) of section 30118. The Secretary may prescribe regulations establishing what constitutes a reasonable time for purposes of the preceding sentence and other reasonable conditions for the reimbursement plan. In the case of a remedy program involving the replacement of tires, the manufacturer shall include a plan addressing how to prevent, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, replaced tires from being resold for installation on a motor vehicle, and how to limit, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, the disposal of replaced tires in landfills, particularly through shredding, crumbling, recycling, recovery, and other alternative beneficial nonvehicular uses. The manufacturer shall include information about the implementation of such plan with each quarterly report to the Secretary regarding the progress of any notification or remedy campaigns. - (e) Hearings about meeting remedy requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on application by any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the remedy requirements. If the Secretary decides a manufacturer has not reasonably met the remedy requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter."", 'way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. - (3) Notification required under section 30118 of this title about a tire shall be sent by first class mail (or, if the manufacturer prefers, by certified mail) to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer. In addition, if the Secretary decides that public notice is required for motor vehicle safety, public notice shall be given in the way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. In deciding whether public notice is required, the Secretary shall consider-- - (A) the magnitude of the risk to motor vehicle safety caused by the defect or noncompliance; and - (B) the cost of public notice compared to the additional number of owners the notice may reach. - (4) A dealer to whom a motor vehicle or replacement equipment was delivered shall be notified by certified mail or quicker means if available. - (e) Second notification. --If the Secretary decides that a notification sent by a manufacturer under this section has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a 2d notification in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. - (f)Notification by lessor to lessee.--(1) In this subsection, ""leased motor vehicle"" means a motor vehicle that is leased to a person for at least 4 months by a lessor that has leased at least 5 motor vehicles in the 12 months before the date of the notification. - (2) A lessor that receives a notification required by section 30118 of this title about a leased motor vehicle shall provide a copy of the notification to the lessee in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation. ## § 30120. Remedies for defects and noncompliance']",medium,answer,The Secretary can order a manufacturer to send a second notification about a defect or noncompliance if the Secretary decides that the initial notification sent by the manufacturer has not resulted in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy. The second notification must be sent in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation.,3,Vehicle safety notification requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. <span class=\""highlight\""> If the Secretary decides that a notification of a defect or noncompliance about a motor vehicle or replacement equipment sent by a manufacturer is not adequate</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a notification that complies with this section.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(c) Orders to manufacturers. <span class=\""highlight\""> If the Secretary decides that a manufacturer has not provided an adequate remedy of the defect or noncompliance</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to take specified action to comply with this section, including providing a second notification about the defect or noncompliance.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">When the Secretary determines that the original notification by the manufacturer does not result in an adequate number of motor vehicles or items of replacement equipment being returned for remedy</span>, the Secretary may order the manufacturer to send a second notification in a manner prescribed by the Secretary.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title.""}]",,36
 2868,"If HMOs are like the strict parents of healthcare, what's their golden rule for doctors?","[""## Health Maintenance Organizations A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization that provides a form of health care coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. Unlike traditional health insurance, an HMO sets out guidelines under which doctors can operate. On average, an HMO costs less than comparable traditional health insurance, with a trade-off of limitations on the range of treatments available. Unlike many traditional insurers, HMOs do not merely provide financing for medical care. The HMO actually delivers the treatment as well. Doctors, hospitals and insurers all participate in the HMO business arrangement. The NAIC has adopted a model law and regulation that governs the licensure of HMOs: the Health Maintenance Organization Model Act (#430) and the Model Regulation to Implement Rules Regarding Contracts and Services of Health Maintenance Organization (#432). In most cases, access to an HMO is only available to employer group plans. ## Preferred Provider Organizations A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of doctors and/or hospitals that provides medical service only to a specific group or association. The PPO may be sponsored by a particular insurance company, one or more employers, or some other type of organization. PPO physicians provide medical services to the policyholders, employees or members of the sponsor(s) at discounted rates, and they may set up utilization review programs to help control the cost of medical care. In some states, managed care providers may be licensed by an agency outside the insurance department. 9 S ## Chapter 24 ## Managing General Agents A managing general agent (MGA) is an insurance producer authorized by an insurance company to manage all or part of the insurer's business in a specific geographic territory. Activities on behalf of the insurer may include marketing, underwriting, issuing policies, collecting premiums, appointing and supervising other agents, paying claims, and negotiating reinsurance. Many states regulate the activities and contracts of MGAs."", 'Many states regulate the activities and contracts of MGAs. The NAIC has adopted the Managing General Agents Act (#225) to guide the states in regulating MGAs. Under the model, an MGA is defined as any person who engages in all of the following: - 1. Negotiates and binds ceding reinsurance contracts on behalf of an insurer or manages all or part of the insurance business of an insurer-including the management of a separate division, department or underwriting office-and who acts as an agent for such insurer whether known as a managing general agent, manager or other similar term or title. - 2. With or without authority and either separately or together with affiliates, directly or indirectly produces and underwrites an amount of gross direct written premium equal to or greater than 5% of the policyholder surplus in any one quarter or year, as reported in the last annual statement of the insurer. - 3. Engages in either or both of the following: - (a) Adjusts or pays claims in excess of an amount determined by the insurance commissioner. - (b) Negotiates reinsurance on behalf of the insurer. Under the model, an MGA does not include any of the following: - 1. An employee of the insurer. - 2. A manager of a U.S. branch of an alien insurer who resides in this country. - 3. An underwriting manager who, pursuant to contract, manages all insurance operations of the insurer, who is under common control with the insurer, subject to [cite to state law] relating to the regulation of insurance holding company systems, and who is not compensated based upon the volume of premiums written. - 4. An insurance company, in connection with the acceptance or rejection of reinsurance on a block of business. - 5. The attorney-in-fact authorized by or acting for the subscribers of a reciprocal insurer or interinsurance exchange under a power of attorney. In most states, MGAs must be licensed as producers and are not allowed to place business until a written contract exists among all parties. Under Model #225, insurers are required to monitor the financial stability of MGAs under contract. 1 S ## Chapter 25 ## Multiple Employer Welfare Arrangements', 'Members of the board are also policyholders. Individuals who sell products for small mutuals should be licensed as producers, as outlined in Model #218 and the Uniform Licensing Standards (ULS). 5 ## Chapter 22 ## Insurance Consultants An insurance consultant is a person who charges a fee for giving advice about insurance products. Not all states require a separate consultant license. In those states, the individual can obtain a producer license and abide by the disclosure provisions for insurance consultants. In states that do require a special license, the applicant is usually required to pass an examination. The exam may be either one of the same subject-matter examinations that insurance producers must pass or an examination specific to consultants. In states that require an examination, a waiver may be granted if the applicant can demonstrate a specified amount of insurance experience. States usually adopt exemptions from the consultant licensing requirement. The exemptions are available as long as the person is acting in his or her professional capacity or in the normal course of business. Common exemptions are: - 1. A licensed attorney. - 2. A trust officer of a bank. - 3. An actuary or certified public accountant. - 4. A risk manager who consults for his or her employer only. If a state requires appointments for insurance producers, appointments should not be required for insurance consultants. The consultant represents the insured and is not an agent of the insurance company. Some states prohibit an individual from holding both an insurance producer license and an insurance consultant license. Other states allow an insurance producer to function in either capacity with full disclosure. In all cases where an individual is acting as an insurance consultant, a written contract should be used to clearly explain the terms of the consultant arrangement. In states that have a separate insurance consultant license, it is a common practice to have a continuing education (CE) requirement that mirrors the CE requirement for insurance producers. 7 S ## Chapter 23 ## Managed Care Providers ## Health Maintenance Organizations']",medium,answer,"The 'golden rule' for doctors in an HMO is to operate under the guidelines set by the HMO. Unlike traditional health insurance, HMOs establish specific rules and limitations under which doctors can provide treatments. This ensures cost-effectiveness but may restrict the range of available treatments.",3,HMO healthcare model,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization that provides a form of health care coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. <span class=\""highlight\"">Unlike traditional health insurance, an HMO sets out guidelines under which doctors can operate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">In order to see a specialist, HMOs typically require patients to first get a referral from their primary care physician (PCP)</span>, while PPOs allow patients to see specialists without referrals. <span class=\""highlight\"">The HMO will only pay for medical care that is referred by the patient's designated primary care physician</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Doctors in an HMO network accept predetermined fees from the HMO and must follow the HMO's guidelines for care</span>. These guidelines could include which tests to order for specific symptoms, how many days a patient can stay in the hospital for certain conditions, and which medications can be prescribed.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Healthcare plans typically have a network of providers, including hospitals, labs, doctors, and other practitioners, that have agreed to accept the plan's coverage terms, conditions, and payment levels. When patients go outside this network, they generally have higher out-of-pocket costs.""}]",,37
 3971,What does the EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aim to achieve?,"['- viii. Ensures that all reports identified in Section 5 of this Order, Monitoring for Policy Compliance, are complete, accurate, and on time; and - ix. Analyzes and publishes to OAs the results of data collection and reporting for trends. - e. DOT Office of the General Counsel: Interprets and provides guidance on new and existing energy, environmental, and sustainability laws, regulations, executive orders, and other requirements. Reviews contracts and ensures they meet all applicable laws, regulations, E.O.s, and other requirements. Advises ASA on legal issues arising with home-to-work waiver requests. - f. OA Administrator: Ensures OA conforms with and implements all applicable requirements for fleet sustainability provided in this Order. Additionally, the OA Administrator may delegate responsibilities as necessary to meet the requirements. Specific responsibilities related to this Order include, but are not limited to: - i. Issues data collection requests and analyzes data for reporting progress milestones; - ii. Communicates new requirements throughout the OA; - iii. Ensures that fleet sustainability information is tracked and reported to the appropriate reporting systems at the minimum intervals; - iv. - Submits requests to OST, as needed, for exceptions to the goals or requirements; and v. Conducts an annual VAM in accordance with FMR B-30. - g. OA Fleet Manager: Specific responsibilities related to this Order include, but are not limited to: - i. Identifies and implements the optimal fleet management strategy for that OA (based on evaluating the fleet characteristics and requirements at the site); - a) Ensures that the fleet at the fleet location(s) is right-sized (number and types) to mission; - b) Monitors the performance of the fleet in reducing petroleum and increasing alternative fuel use; - c) Ensures that the fleet complies with applicable fleet requirements related to alternative fuel infrastructure; - d) Refines the fleet optimization strategy based on changes in fleet characteristics, performance, and mission; and', ""| Annual Vehicle Acquisition, Petroleum and Alternative Fuels Report to Congress | Summary of activities to meet fleet management requirements | Report of DOT's compliance with fleet requirements for acquisition, petroleum reduction and alternative fuel | Annually, but no later than February 15 for the previous fiscal year | | FAST - 701 Waiver Requests | Waiver from the EISA Section 701 requirement to use alternative fuel in all DOT dual-fuel vehicles i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. | Vehicle type Fuel type Average miles per gallon Model year Vehicle location Number of vehicles Waiver reason Expected miles driven Expected alternative fuel use (percent) OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | |----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | FAST - EISA Section 246 Annual Report | Report summarizing DOT compliance with EISA Section 246 | Federal fleet fueling centers, fuel consumption, renewable fuel pump data; evaluation of compliance with requirement to install renewable fuel pumps OA Fleet Manger provides fuel station information | Annually, but no later than June 30 | | FAST OMB A-11 and VAM Update | Report fleet budget data for all vehicles, owned or leased | Budget estimates of current fiscal year, as well as future fleet operating costs OA Fleet Manager provides owned vehicle information | Annually, OMB A-11 no later than August, VAM update no later than March 31st | | EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan | Revised plan to meet petroleum reduction and alternative fuel increase requirements | Specific and quantifiable means by which DOT will remedy any current shortfall and catch-up to meet the next year's milestone OA Fleet Manger provides input | No later than August 15, if required |""]",hard,answer,The EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aims to provide a revised plan with specific and quantifiable means by which the Department of Transportation (DOT) will remedy any current shortfall and catch-up to meet the next year's milestone for petroleum reduction and alternative fuel increase requirements.,2,Department of Transportation sustainability plan,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The EISA Section 142 Fleet Plan aims to provide a revised plan with specific and quantifiable means by which the Department of Transportation (DOT) will comply with the Energy Independence and Security Act</span> of 2007 (EISA) (Pub. L. 110-140) and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">This plan aims to reduce petroleum consumption and increase alternative fuel consumption</span> for DOT's vehicle fleet. Specifically, it seeks to <span class=\""highlight\"">reduce petroleum consumption by 20 percent by 2015, measured from 2005 baseline data</span>, through annual 2% reductions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The plan includes <span class=\""highlight\"">optimizing the number of vehicles in the fleet, improving vehicle efficiency, and reducing vehicle miles traveled</span>. It also establishes <span class=\""highlight\"">procedures for allocating hybrid and electric vehicles, implementing idle reduction technologies, and promoting the use of alternative fuels</span> in dual-fuel vehicles.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""DOT Office of the General Counsel: Interprets and provides legal guidance on matters relating to environmental and energy policies, as well as makes determinations about whether transportation laws and regulations conflict with environmental regulations.""}]",,38
-1818,Do I need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate?,"[""## J1. What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables on the label, or by taste and appearance causing the consumer to expect juice in the beverage. This includes non-carbonated and carbonated beverages, full-strength (100%) juices, concentrated juices, diluted juices, and beverages that purport to contain juice but contain no juice. 21 CFR 101.30(a) ## J2. Where and how is % juice declared? Answer: The % juice must be on the information panel (for packages with information panels), near the top. Only the brand name, product name, logo, or universal product code may be placed above it. Use easily legible boldface print or type that distinctly contrasts with the other printed or graphic material. The type size for the % juice declaration must be not less than the largest type on the information panel, except that used for the brand name, product name, logo, universal product code, or the title phrase Nutrition Facts. The percentage juice declaration may be either 'contains\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice' or '\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice.' The name of the fruit or vegetable may also be included (e.g., '100% Apple Juice'). If the package does not contain an information panel, the percent juice must be placed on the PDP in a type size not less than that required for the net contents declaration and placed near the name of the food. 21 CFR 101.30(e); 21 CFR 101.30(g) ## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3."", '## it necessary to state that juices are from concentrate when they are in a beverage such as punch? J30. Is contained sometimes. If the juices are specifically named in the statement identity, and the juices are from concentrate, their names must be followed the term \'from concentrate\' in accordance with CFR 102.33(g). no is made to specific juices in the name of a punch that is made from juices, the statement of identity does not have to include the \'from concentrate.\' However, each of the concentrated juices used in the must be declared in order of predominance in the ingredient statement the label. Answer: Yes, of by 21 If reference concentrated term punch of ## a punch have to be made from fruit juice? J31. Does FDA does not have a specific definition or standard of identity punch, or any other requirement that a punch contain fruit juice. A punch be an artificially f lavored beverage, with or without natural flavorings, or may be made from tea and other ingredients, exclusive of fruit juice. Such must be clearly distinguished from products which are made from juices or fruit concentrates or purees. Products containing artificial or flavors must be labeled in accordance with 21 CFR 101.22. Answer: No. for may it products fruit natural ## the case of a vegetable juice cocktail that is 100 percent juice, can the include the term \'cocktail\'? J32. In name Answer: Yes. 10"" X 2"" = 20 SQ. IN. AREA OF PDP = 20 SQ. IN. X 40% = 8 SQ. IN. ## 5. NET QUANTITY OF CONTENTS STATEMENTS ## is the net quantity of contents and how is it expressed? 1. What net quantity of contents (net quantity statement) is the statement the label which provides the amount of food in the container or package. It be expressed in weight, measure or numeric count. Generally, if the food solid, semisolid or viscous, it should be expressed in terms of weight. If the is a liquid it should be expressed in fluid measure (e.g., fl oz). CFR 101.105(a)(b)(c) Answer: The on must is food 21', ""## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3. exception is that beverages containing minor amounts of juice flavoring are not required to bear a % juice declaration provided that: (a) product is described using the term 'flavor' or 'flavored,' (b) the term is not used other than in the ingredient list, and (c) the beverages do otherwise give the impression they contain juice such as with the use of vignettes on the label or physical resemblance of the beverage to juice as pulp. 21 CFR 101.30(c) Answer: An for the 'juice' not explicit such ## is the % juice calculated? J4. How juice made by adding water to concentrate: Calculate using values from Brix table in CFR 101.30(h)(1) the basis for 100% juice. CFR 101.30(j), 21 CFR 101.30(h) For the 21 as 21 juice expressed directly from fruit or vegetables: Compute on a basis. Answer: For volume/volume ## myproductbelabeledasa'drink'ora'beverage?' J5. Should Answer: Beverages that are 100% juice may be called 'juice.' However, beverages that are diluted to less than 100% juice must have the word 'juice' qualified with a term such as 'beverage,' 'drink,' or 'cocktail.' Alternatively, the product may be labeled with a name using the form 'diluted \\_\\_\\_ juice,' (e.g. 'diluted apple juice'). 21 CFR 102.33(a) ## it necessary to use the term 'concentrate' on the label? J6. Is made from concentrate must be labeled with terms such as concentrate,' or'reconstituted' as part of the name wherever it appears the label. An exception is that, in the ingredient statement, the juice is as 'concentrated \\_\\_\\_\\_ juice and water' or 'water and concentrated juice,' as appropriate. CFR 102.33(g) Answer: Juices 'from on declared \\_\\_\\_\\_ 21 ## statement of identity is used on a mixed fruit or vegetable juice J7. What beverage?"", ""## have a 100% juice drink and add a non juice ingredient. May I still call it juice? J23. I 100% the added ingredient does not dilute the juice or, for an expressed change its volume, you may continue to call it 100% juice but the juice statement must identify the added ingredient, e.g., '100% juice added preservative.' CFR 101.30(b)(3) and 101.54(e) Answer: If juice, percent with 21 ## if the added substance is also a nutrient such as Vitamin C acid)? J24. What (ascorbic ascorbic acid is added at levels consistent with fortification of the a declaration as part of the percent juice statement would constitute a content claim which would trigger compliance with more claims the required accompanying information. If it were added at the level as a preservative, then a statement such as 100% juice with preservative be used. In this case it would be listed in the ingredient statement as a in accordance with 101.22(j). Answer: If juice, nutrient including used could preservative ## I have to say 'fruit punch from concentrate' or 'lemonade from J25. Do concentrate'? Section 102.33(g) states that if one or more of the juices in a beverage is made from concentrate, then the name of the juice must the term 'from concentrate' or'reconstituted.' Because the names punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or Answer: No. juice include 'fruit these'reconstituted.' ## the declaration on a lemonade made in terms of the lemon juice only, of sugar? J26. Is exclusive before adding sugar. Answer: Yes, ## have a juice product for food service only, and we are exempt from labeling for this product (we know that is never goes to club Are we also exempt from percent juice declarations? J27. We nutrition stores). Answer: No. There are no exemptions from the requirement for label declaration of the percentage of juice on food service containers of juices. ## the commonorusualnameregulationin21CFR102.33applicableto percent juices or only to diluted juices? J28. Is 100""]",easy,answer,"No, you do not need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate. According to the context (J25), the names 'fruit punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, so these names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or 'reconstituted.' However, the concentrated juices used must still be declared in the ingredient statement in order of predominance.",4,Juice labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables, or by the commonly recognized nature of the beverage. <span class=\""highlight\"">Labels that include a juice percentage are not required to indicate whether the juice is or is not from concentrate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[[start_highlight]]The statement ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For lemonade: If the product is 100% lemon juice, the label must indicate whether it is from concentrate. [[start_highlight]]If the lemonade contains water and other ingredients in addition to lemon juice, then the statement ""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Beverages that contain less than 100% juice must declare the total percentage of juice on the information panel of the label. The percentage declaration may also be on the principal display panel (PDP), near the product name.""}]",,39
+1818,Do I need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate?,"[""## J1. What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables on the label, or by taste and appearance causing the consumer to expect juice in the beverage. This includes non-carbonated and carbonated beverages, full-strength (100%) juices, concentrated juices, diluted juices, and beverages that purport to contain juice but contain no juice. 21 CFR 101.30(a) ## J2. Where and how is % juice declared? Answer: The % juice must be on the information panel (for packages with information panels), near the top. Only the brand name, product name, logo, or universal product code may be placed above it. Use easily legible boldface print or type that distinctly contrasts with the other printed or graphic material. The type size for the % juice declaration must be not less than the largest type on the information panel, except that used for the brand name, product name, logo, universal product code, or the title phrase Nutrition Facts. The percentage juice declaration may be either 'contains\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice' or '\\_\\_\\_\\_% juice.' The name of the fruit or vegetable may also be included (e.g., '100% Apple Juice'). If the package does not contain an information panel, the percent juice must be placed on the PDP in a type size not less than that required for the net contents declaration and placed near the name of the food. 21 CFR 101.30(e); 21 CFR 101.30(g) ## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3."", '## it necessary to state that juices are from concentrate when they are in a beverage such as punch? J30. Is contained sometimes. If the juices are specifically named in the statement identity, and the juices are from concentrate, their names must be followed the term \'from concentrate\' in accordance with CFR 102.33(g). no is made to specific juices in the name of a punch that is made from juices, the statement of identity does not have to include the \'from concentrate.\' However, each of the concentrated juices used in the must be declared in order of predominance in the ingredient statement the label. Answer: Yes, of by 21 If reference concentrated term punch of ## a punch have to be made from fruit juice? J31. Does FDA does not have a specific definition or standard of identity punch, or any other requirement that a punch contain fruit juice. A punch be an artificially f lavored beverage, with or without natural flavorings, or may be made from tea and other ingredients, exclusive of fruit juice. Such must be clearly distinguished from products which are made from juices or fruit concentrates or purees. Products containing artificial or flavors must be labeled in accordance with 21 CFR 101.22. Answer: No. for may it products fruit natural ## the case of a vegetable juice cocktail that is 100 percent juice, can the include the term \'cocktail\'? J32. In name Answer: Yes. 10"" X 2"" = 20 SQ. IN. AREA OF PDP = 20 SQ. IN. X 40% = 8 SQ. IN. ## 5. NET QUANTITY OF CONTENTS STATEMENTS ## is the net quantity of contents and how is it expressed? 1. What net quantity of contents (net quantity statement) is the statement the label which provides the amount of food in the container or package. It be expressed in weight, measure or numeric count. Generally, if the food solid, semisolid or viscous, it should be expressed in terms of weight. If the is a liquid it should be expressed in fluid measure (e.g., fl oz). CFR 101.105(a)(b)(c) Answer: The on must is food 21', ""## Are there any exceptions from the % juice requirement? J3. exception is that beverages containing minor amounts of juice flavoring are not required to bear a % juice declaration provided that: (a) product is described using the term 'flavor' or 'flavored,' (b) the term is not used other than in the ingredient list, and (c) the beverages do otherwise give the impression they contain juice such as with the use of vignettes on the label or physical resemblance of the beverage to juice as pulp. 21 CFR 101.30(c) Answer: An for the 'juice' not explicit such ## is the % juice calculated? J4. How juice made by adding water to concentrate: Calculate using values from Brix table in CFR 101.30(h)(1) the basis for 100% juice. CFR 101.30(j), 21 CFR 101.30(h) For the 21 as 21 juice expressed directly from fruit or vegetables: Compute on a basis. Answer: For volume/volume ## myproductbelabeledasa'drink'ora'beverage?' J5. Should Answer: Beverages that are 100% juice may be called 'juice.' However, beverages that are diluted to less than 100% juice must have the word 'juice' qualified with a term such as 'beverage,' 'drink,' or 'cocktail.' Alternatively, the product may be labeled with a name using the form 'diluted \\_\\_\\_ juice,' (e.g. 'diluted apple juice'). 21 CFR 102.33(a) ## it necessary to use the term 'concentrate' on the label? J6. Is made from concentrate must be labeled with terms such as concentrate,' or'reconstituted' as part of the name wherever it appears the label. An exception is that, in the ingredient statement, the juice is as 'concentrated \\_\\_\\_\\_ juice and water' or 'water and concentrated juice,' as appropriate. CFR 102.33(g) Answer: Juices 'from on declared \\_\\_\\_\\_ 21 ## statement of identity is used on a mixed fruit or vegetable juice J7. What beverage?"", ""## have a 100% juice drink and add a non juice ingredient. May I still call it juice? J23. I 100% the added ingredient does not dilute the juice or, for an expressed change its volume, you may continue to call it 100% juice but the juice statement must identify the added ingredient, e.g., '100% juice added preservative.' CFR 101.30(b)(3) and 101.54(e) Answer: If juice, percent with 21 ## if the added substance is also a nutrient such as Vitamin C acid)? J24. What (ascorbic ascorbic acid is added at levels consistent with fortification of the a declaration as part of the percent juice statement would constitute a content claim which would trigger compliance with more claims the required accompanying information. If it were added at the level as a preservative, then a statement such as 100% juice with preservative be used. In this case it would be listed in the ingredient statement as a in accordance with 101.22(j). Answer: If juice, nutrient including used could preservative ## I have to say 'fruit punch from concentrate' or 'lemonade from J25. Do concentrate'? Section 102.33(g) states that if one or more of the juices in a beverage is made from concentrate, then the name of the juice must the term 'from concentrate' or'reconstituted.' Because the names punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or Answer: No. juice include 'fruit these'reconstituted.' ## the declaration on a lemonade made in terms of the lemon juice only, of sugar? J26. Is exclusive before adding sugar. Answer: Yes, ## have a juice product for food service only, and we are exempt from labeling for this product (we know that is never goes to club Are we also exempt from percent juice declarations? J27. We nutrition stores). Answer: No. There are no exemptions from the requirement for label declaration of the percentage of juice on food service containers of juices. ## the commonorusualnameregulationin21CFR102.33applicableto percent juices or only to diluted juices? J28. Is 100""]",easy,answer,"No, you do not need to include 'from concentrate' in the name of a fruit punch or lemonade if it contains juice from concentrate. According to the context (J25), the names 'fruit punch' and 'lemonade' do not include the name of a specific juice, so these names do not have to contain the term 'from concentrate' or 'reconstituted.' However, the concentrated juices used must still be declared in the ingredient statement in order of predominance.",4,Juice labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""What causes a juice beverage label to be required to have a % juice declaration? Answer: Beverages that purport to contain juice (fruit or vegetable juice) must declare the % of juice. Included are beverages that purport to contain juice by way of label statements, by pictures of fruits or vegetables, or by the commonly recognized nature of the beverage. <span class=\""highlight\"">Labels that include a juice percentage are not required to indicate whether the juice is or is not from concentrate</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[<span class=\""highlight\"">]The statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For lemonade: If the product is 100% lemon juice, the label must indicate whether it is from concentrate. [<span class=\""highlight\"">]If the lemonade contains water and other ingredients in addition to lemon juice, then the statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Beverages that contain less than 100% juice must declare the total percentage of juice on the information panel of the label. The percentage declaration may also be on the principal display panel (PDP), near the product name.""}]",,39
 1242,Can the Secretary of Transportation create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices?,"['- (A) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (B) when the notification is required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title, enforcement of the order is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) of this title applies. - (2) This subsection does not prohibit a dealer from offering for sale or lease the vehicle or equipment. - (j) Prohibition on sales of replaced equipment. --No person may sell or lease any motor vehicle equipment (including a tire), for installation on a motor vehicle, that is the subject of a decision under section 30118(b) or a notice required under section 30118(c) in a condition that it may be reasonably used for its original purpose unless-- - (1) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or - (2) notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b) but enforcement of the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) applies. ## § 30121. Provisional notification and civil actions to enforce - (a) Provisional notification.-(1) The Secretary of Transportation may order a manufacturer to issue a provisional notification if a civil action about an order issued under section 30118(b) of this title has been brought under section 30163 of this title. The provisional notification shall contain-- - (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court;', '## § 30102. Definitions - (a) General definitions. --In this chapter-- - (1) ""dealer"" means a person selling and distributing new motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment primarily to purchasers that in good faith purchase the vehicles or equipment other than for resale. - (2) ""defect"" includes any defect in performance, construction, a component, or material of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (3) ""distributor"" means a person primarily selling and distributing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (4) ""interstate commerce"" means commerce between a place in a State and a place in another State or between places in the same State through another State. - (5) ""manufacturer"" means a person-- - (A) manufacturing or assembling motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment; or - (B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale. - (6) ""motor vehicle"" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line. - (7) ""motor vehicle equipment"" means-- - (A) any system, part, or component of a motor vehicle as originally manufactured; - (B) any similar part or component manufactured or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a motor vehicle; or - (C) any device or an article or apparel (except medicine or eyeglasses prescribed by a licensed practitioner) that is not a system, part, or component of a motor vehicle and is manufactured, sold, delivered, offered, or intended to be used only to safeguard motor vehicles and highway users against risk of accident, injury, or death. - (8) ""motor vehicle safety"" means the performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in a way that protects the public against unreasonable risk of accidents occurring because of the design, construction, or performance of a motor vehicle, and against unreasonable risk of death or injury in an accident, and includes nonoperational safety of a motor vehicle. - (9) ""motor vehicle safety standard"" means a minimum standard for motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment performance.', '- (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle repair business"" means a person holding itself out to the public to repair for compensation a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment. - (b) Prohibition. --A manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business may not knowingly make inoperative any part of a device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter unless the manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business reasonably believes the vehicle or equipment will not be used (except for testing or a similar purpose during maintenance or repair) when the device or element is inoperative. - (c) Regulations. --The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations-- - (1) to exempt a person from this section if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title; and - (2) to define ""make inoperative"". - (d) Nonapplication. --This section does not apply to a safety belt interlock or buzzer designed to indicate a safety belt is not in use as described in section 30124 of this title. ## § 30123. Tires - (a) Regrooved tire limitations.-(1) In this subsection, ""regrooved tire"" means a tire with a new tread produced by cutting into the tread of a worn tire. - (2) The Secretary may authorize the sale, offer for sale, introduction for sale, or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce, of a regrooved tire or a motor vehicle equipped with regrooved tires if the Secretary decides the tires are designed and made in a way consistent with section 30101 of this title. A person may not sell, offer for sale, introduce for sale, or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, a regrooved tire or a vehicle equipped with regrooved tires unless authorized by the Secretary.', ""- (iii) the extent to which distributors and dealers have encouraged first purchasers of tires to register the tires. - (C) A manufacturer of tires shall reimburse distributors and dealers of that manufacturer's tires for all reasonable costs incurred by the distributors and dealers in complying with a requirement prescribed by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. - (D) After making a decision under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Secretary shall submit to each House of Congress a report containing a detailed statement of the decision and an explanation of the reasons for the decision. ## (c) Rollover tests.-- - (1) Development. --Not later than 2 years from the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall- - - (A)develop a dynamic test on rollovers by motor vehicles for the purposes of a consumer information program; and - (B)carry out a program of conducting such tests. - (2) Test results. --As the Secretary develops a test under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall conduct a rulemaking to determine how best to disseminate test results to the public. - (3) Motor vehicles covered. --This subsection applies to motor vehicles, including passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks, with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less. A motor vehicle designed to provide temporary residential accommodations is not covered. ## § 30118. Notification of defects and noncompliance""]",easy,answer,"Yes, the Secretary of Transportation can create exemptions to the rules about vehicle safety devices. According to the context, under § 30102, the Secretary may prescribe regulations to exempt a person from certain prohibitions if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title.",4,Vehicle safety regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30113. <span class=\""highlight\"">General exemptions</span> - (a) Definitions.--In this section-- (1) ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""(b) Authority to exempt and procedures.--(1) <span class=\""highlight\"">The Secretary of Transportation may exempt, on a temporary basis, motor vehicles from a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter</span> or passenger motor vehicles from a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title, on terms the Secretary considers appropriate.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">An exemption may be granted only if the Secretary finds that the exemption is consistent with the public interest and this chapter or chapter 325, as applicable, and either: (A) compliance would prevent the manufacturer from selling a motor vehicle with an overall safety level at least equal to the overall safety level of nonexempt vehicles; or (B) compliance would prevent a manufacturer from selling a low-emission motor vehicle</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A manufacturer granted an exemption under this subsection shall provide quarterly reports to the Secretary on the sale of exempted vehicles. If the Secretary determines the sale of exempted vehicles has increased beyond the original projections, the Secretary may end the exemption early.""}]",,40
 1335,What are the conditions under which the Secretary of Transportation can enter and inspect premises where a motor vehicle is manufactured?,"['## § 30118. Notification of defects and noncompliance - (a) Notification by Secretary. --The Secretary of Transportation shall notify the manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment immediately after making an initial decision (through testing, inspection, investigation, or research carried out under this chapter, examining communications under section 30166(f) of this title, or otherwise) that the vehicle or equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety or does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. The notification shall include the information on which the decision is based. The Secretary shall publish a notice of each decision under this subsection in the Federal Register. Subject to section 30167(a) of this title, the notification and information are available to any interested person. - (b) Defect and noncompliance proceedings and orders.-(1) The Secretary may make a final decision that a motor vehicle or replacement equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety or does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter only after giving the manufacturer an opportunity to present information, views, and arguments showing that there is no defect or noncompliance or that the defect does not affect motor vehicle safety. Any interested person also shall be given an opportunity to present information, views, and arguments. - (2) If the Secretary decides under paragraph (1) of this subsection that the vehicle or equipment contains the defect or does not comply, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to-- - (A) give notification under section 30119 of this title to the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the vehicle or equipment of the defect or noncompliance; and - (B) remedy the defect or noncompliance under section 30120 of this title. - (c) Notification by manufacturer. --A manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment shall notify the Secretary by certified mail, and the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the vehicle or equipment as provided in section 30119(d) of this section, if the manufacturer-- - (1) learns the vehicle or equipment contains a defect and decides in good faith that the defect is related to motor vehicle safety; or - (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '## § 30162. Petitions by interested persons for standards and enforcement - (a) Filing. --Any interested person may file a petition with the Secretary of Transportation requesting the Secretary to begin a proceeding-- - (1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or - (2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Statement of facts. --The petition must state facts that the person claims establish that a motor vehicle safety standard or order referred to in subsection (a) of this section is necessary and briefly describe the order the Secretary should issue. - (c) Proceedings. --The Secretary may hold a public hearing or conduct an investigation or proceeding to decide whether to grant the petition. - (d) Actions of Secretary. --The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition not later than 120 days after the petition is filed. If a petition is granted, the Secretary shall begin the proceeding promptly. If a petition is denied, the Secretary shall publish the reasons for the denial in the Federal Register. ## § 30163. Actions by the Attorney General - (a) Civil actions to enforce. --The Attorney General may bring a civil action in a United States district court to enjoin-- - (1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment-- - (A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or - (B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '- (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. - (d) Exemptions. --On application of a manufacturer, the Secretary shall exempt the manufacturer from this section if the Secretary decides a defect or noncompliance is inconsequential to motor vehicle safety. The Secretary may take action under this subsection only after notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for any interested person to present information, views, and arguments. - (e) Hearings about meeting notification requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on petition of any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements. If the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has not reasonably met the notification requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter. ## § 30119. Notification procedures - (a) Contents of notification. --Notification by a manufacturer required under section 30118 of this title of a defect or noncompliance shall contain-- - (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; - (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; - (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.', '## § 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. --In this section, ""motor vehicle accident"" means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage. - (b) Authority to inspect and investigate.--(1) The Secretary of Transportation may conduct an inspection or investigation-- - (A) that may be necessary to enforce this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; or - (B) related to a motor vehicle accident and designed to carry out this chapter. - (2) The Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate with State and local officials to the greatest extent possible in an inspection or investigation under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection. - (c) Matters that can be inspected and impoundment. --In carrying out this chapter, an officer or employee designated by the Secretary of Transportation-- - (1) at reasonable times, may inspect and copy any record related to this chapter; - (2) on request, may inspect records of a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer to decide whether the manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has complied or is complying with this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (3) at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on display of proper credentials and written notice to an owner, operator, or agent in charge, may-- - (A) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce; - (B) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises at which a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident is located; - (C) inspect with reasonable promptness that vehicle or equipment; and - (D) impound for not more than 72 hours a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident.', ""- (D) impound for not more than 72 hours a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident. - (d) Reasonable compensation. --When a motor vehicle (except a vehicle subject to subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title) or motor vehicle equipment is inspected or temporarily impounded under subsection (c)(3) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall pay reasonable compensation to the owner of the vehicle if the inspection or impoundment results in denial of use, or reduction in value, of the vehicle. - (e) Records and making reports. --The Secretary of Transportation reasonably may require a manufacturer of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment to keep records, and a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer to make reports, to enable the Secretary to decide whether the manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has complied or is complying with this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. This subsection does not impose a recordkeeping requirement on a distributor or dealer in addition to those imposed under subsection (f) of this section and section 30117(b) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under subsection (f) or section 30117(b). - (f)Providing copies of communications about defects and noncompliance. --A manufacturer shall give the Secretary of Transportation a true or representative copy of each communication to the manufacturer's dealers or to owners or purchasers of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment produced by the manufacturer about a defect or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter in a vehicle or equipment that is sold or serviced. - (g) Administrative authority on reports, answers, and hearings.--(1) In carrying out this chapter, the Secretary of Transportation may-- - (A) require, by general or special order, any person to file reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and - (B) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.""]",hard,answer,"According to § 30166(c)(3) of the provided context, the Secretary of Transportation can enter and inspect premises where a motor vehicle is manufactured under the following conditions:
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Unnamed: 0,question,contexts,difficulty,response_type,answer,num_contexts,proces
 
 Specifically, the Secretary or designated officer/employee may:
 - Enter and inspect premises where motor vehicles or equipment are manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after such introduction.
-- The inspection must be conducted with reasonable promptness.",5,Motor vehicle manufacturing inspection authority,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. In this section, 'motor vehicle accident' means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\"">Inspection and investigation. (1) The Secretary of Transportation may inspect and investigate, at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on reasonable notice</span>, a motor vehicle manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - [start_highlight] The Secretary of Transportation may enter any premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce and inspect the premises, vehicle, or equipment[[end_highlight]].""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - (3) The inspection or investigation shall be conducted <span class=\""highlight\"">at reasonable times, in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable promptness</span>. The Secretary must <span class=\""highlight\"">present credentials and written notice</span> to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises, vehicle, or equipment.""}]",,41
+- The inspection must be conducted with reasonable promptness.",5,Motor vehicle manufacturing inspection authority,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166. Inspections, investigations, and records - (a) Definition. In this section, 'motor vehicle accident' means an occurrence associated with the maintenance or operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment resulting in personal injury, death, or property damage.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\"">Inspection and investigation. (1) The Secretary of Transportation may inspect and investigate, at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on reasonable notice</span>, a motor vehicle manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or repair business.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - <span class=\""highlight\""> The Secretary of Transportation may enter any premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce and inspect the premises, vehicle, or equipment</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 30166(c) - (3) The inspection or investigation shall be conducted <span class=\""highlight\"">at reasonable times, in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable promptness</span>. The Secretary must <span class=\""highlight\"">present credentials and written notice</span> to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises, vehicle, or equipment.""}]",,41
 2409,"If my squishy human larva has a family history of allergies, what bizarre milk hack might (or might not) keep their skin from turning into a polka-dotted mess for the first year?","[""colors: by specific or abbreviated name such as 'FD&amp;C Red No. or 'Red 40.' Certified List 40' depends on whether the artificial color is a certified color: Answer: It colors: as 'artificial color,' 'artificial coloring,' or by their common or usual names such as 'caramel coloring' and 'colored with juice.' Non-certified List specific beet CFR 101.22(k)(1) and (2), 21 CFR 74 21 ## certified color additive lakes have to be declared separately from the color in the ingredient statement? C4. Do certified Certified color additives and their lakes are separate ingredients thus, must be declared separately in the ingredient statement. CFR (k)(1) Answer: Yes. and, 21 101.22 ## Allergen Labeling Food ## Information General ## is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of F1. What 2004? Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (or Title II of Public Law 108-282) is a law that was enacted in August Among other issues, FALCPA addresses the labeling of all packaged regulated by the FDA. We recommend that producers of meat products, products, and egg products, which are regulated by the U.S. Department Agriculture (USDA), contact appropriate USDA agency staff regarding the of such products. Also see Information about Food Allergens for more about the agency's food allergen activities and related guidance that address additional FALCPA questions and answers. Answer: The (FALCPA) 2004. foods poultry of labeling information documents http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/default.htm ## is a'major food allergen?' F2. What - milk a. Under FALCPA, a'major food allergen' is an ingredient that is one the following eight foods or food groups or an ingredient that contains derived from one of them: Answer: of protein egg b. fish c. - Crustacean shellfish d. - tree nuts e. - peanuts g. - wheat f. - soybeans h."", ""- 2. Place the word 'Contains,' followed by the name of the food source from which the major food allergen is derived, immediately after or adjacent to the list of ingredients, in a type size that is no smaller than that used for the ingredient list. ## single ingredient foods that are major food allergens required to with FALCPA? F14.Are comply Single ingredient foods must comply with the allergen requirements in Section 403(w)(1). A single ingredient food that or contains protein derived from milk, egg, fish, Crustacean shellfish, tree wheat, peanuts, or soybeans, may identify the food source in the name of food (e.g., 'all-purpose wheat flour') or use the 'Contains' statement FDA recommends that if a 'Contains' statement format is used, the be placed immediately above the manufacturer, packer, or statement. For single ingredient foods intended for further where the 'Contains' statement format is used, the statement be placed on the PDP of the food. Answer: Yes. declaration is, nuts, the format. statement distributor manufacturing should ## a 'Contains' statement on a food label provided in accordance with list only the names of the food sources of the major food that are not already identified in the ingredient list for a food? F15.May FALCPA allergens packaged If a 'Contains' statement is used on a food label, the statement include the names of the food sources of all major food allergens used as in the packaged food. For example, if'sodium caseinate,' 'whey,' yolks,' and 'natural peanut flavor' are declared in a product's ingredients any 'Contains' statement appearing on the label immediately after or to that statement is required to identify all three sources of the major allergens present (e.g., 'Contains milk, egg, peanuts') in the same type print or font) size as that used for the ingredient list. Answer: No. must ingredients 'egg list, adjacent food (i.e., ## there more than one way to word a 'Contains' statement used to the major food allergens in a packaged food? F16.Is declare"", 'discretion letter | Qualified Health Claims | Eligible | Factors for Exercising | Claim Statements | |----------------------------|------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Foods | Enforcement Discretion | (2) ""Little scientific evidence suggests that, for healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100 % Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life."" (3) ""For healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life and up to 3 years of age. FDA has concluded that the relationship between 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formulas and the reduced risk of atopic dermatitis is uncertain, because there is very little scientific evidence for the relationship."" (4) ""For healthy infants who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a family history of allergy, feeding a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow\'s milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the 1st year of life.']",hard,answer,"Based on the provided context, if your infant has a family history of allergies and is not exclusively breastfed, feeding them a 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formula from birth up to 4 months of age instead of a formula containing intact cow's milk proteins may reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis throughout the first year of life. However, the FDA notes that the scientific evidence for this relationship is limited and uncertain.",3,Infant formula allergy prevention,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For infants with a <span class=\""highlight\"">family history of allergies</span> who are not exclusively breastfed, using a <span class=\""highlight\"">100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed Formula (PHF)</span> might reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (eczema) compared to using intact cow milk protein formula.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">FDA-qualified health claims indicate that there is limited scientific evidence for a relationship between 100% Whey-Protein Partially Hydrolyzed infant formulas and a reduced risk of developing atopic dermatitis</span>. Based on FDA's review of the scientific evidence, some infants may have a reduced risk of developing atopic dermatitis if they are fed infant formulas with this specific formulation.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The evidence is strongest for infants with a <span class=\""highlight\"">family history of allergies</span> who are not exclusively breastfed. It's important to note that this specific type of formula <span class=\""highlight\"">may or may not reduce the risk of allergic manifestations</span>, and results may vary between individuals.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Breastfeeding is strongly recommended as the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Mothers should always consult with their healthcare providers about the most appropriate feeding options for their babies, especially in cases with family history of allergies.""}]",,42
 544,"If a vampire worked in a lab, what OSHA standard would protect them from their coworkers' blood?","[""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf"", '## Bloodborne Pathogens The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) is designed to protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Employers are subject to the BBP standard if they have workers whose jobs put them at reasonable risk of coming into contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Employers subject to this standard must develop a written Exposure Control Plan, provide training to exposed workers, and comply with other requirements of the standard, including use of Standard Precautions when dealing with blood and OPIM. In 2001, in response to the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, OSHA revised the Bloodborne Pathogens standard. The revised standard clarifies the need for employers to select safer needle devices and to involve workers in identifying and choosing these devices. The updated standard also requires employers to maintain a log of injuries from contaminated sharps. OSHA estimates that 5.6 million workers in the healthcare industry and related occupations are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including HIV, HBV, HCV, and others. All occupational exposure to blood or OPIM places workers at risk for infection with bloodborne pathogens. OSHA defines blood to mean human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. OPIM means: (1) The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids; (2) Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and (3) HIV- or HBV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBVcontaining culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.', ""| | Formaldehyde | Formaldehyde | Formaldehyde | |-------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | Exposure routes | Symptoms | Target Organs | | Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact. | Irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; Tearing; Coughing; Wheezing; Dermatitis; Potential occupational nasal carcin- ogen. | Eyes; Skin; Respiratory system. | ## Employers must provide the following to workers to prevent exposure: - · Appropriate PPE, 29 CFR 1910.132, 29 CFR 1910.133, and 29 CFR 1910.1048(h). - · Acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use, if there is any possibility that a worker's eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater formaldehyde, 29 CFR 1910.1048(i)(3). ## Latex One of the most common chemicals that laboratory workers are exposed to is latex, a plant protein. The most common cause of latex allergy is direct contact with latex, a natural plant derivative used in making certain disposable gloves and other products. Some healthcare workers have been determined to be latex sensitive, with reactions ranging from localized dermatitis (skin irritation) to immediate, possibly life-threatening reactions. Under OSHA's Personal Protective Equipment standard, 29 CFR 1910.132, the employer must ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is accessible at the worksite or issued to workers. Latex-free gloves, glove liners, powder-free gloves, or other similar alternatives are obtainable and must be readily accessible to those workers who are allergic to latex gloves or other latex-containing PPE, 29 CFR 1910.1030(c)(3)(iii). Latex allergy should be suspected in workers who develop certain symptoms after latex exposure, including:"", '- n Hazard Communication: Foundation of Workplace Chemical Safety Programs http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/MSDSenforcementInitiative.html - n Hazard Communication - HAZCOM Program http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/solutions.html - n Hazardous Drugs http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html ## The Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450), commonly referred to as the Laboratory standard, requires that the employer designate a Chemical Hygiene Officer and have a written Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and actively verify that it remains effective. In addition to the information provided at page 9 of this document, the following documents are available in either electronic or hard copy formats or both. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.1450 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10106 - · Fact Sheet - n Laboratory Safety - OSHA Laboratory Standard http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-osha-lab-standard.pdf - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Hygiene Plan http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-chemical-hygieneplan.pdf - · Hospital eTool http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html - n Laboratories - Common safety and health topics: - · Bloodborne Pathogens (BBPs) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#BloodbornePathogens - · Tuberculosis (TB) https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Tuberculosis - · OSHA Laboratory Standard', ""Latex allergy should be suspected in workers who develop certain symptoms after latex exposure, including: - · nasal, eye, or sinus irritation - · hives or rash - · difficulty breathing - · coughing - · wheezing - · nausea - · vomiting - · diarrhea An exposed worker who exhibits these symptoms should be evaluated by a physician or other licensed healthcare professional because further exposure could cause a serious allergic reaction. Once a worker becomes allergic to latex, special precautions are needed to prevent exposures. Certain medications may reduce the allergic symptoms, but complete latex avoidance is the most effective approach. Appropriate work practices should be used to reduce the chance of reactions to latex. If a worker must wear latex gloves, oil-based hand creams or lotions (which can cause glove deterioration) should not be used unless they have been shown to reduce latex-related problems and maintain glove barrier protection. After removing latex gloves, workers should wash their hands with a mild soap and dry them thoroughly. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety - Latex Allergy has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Specific Engineering Control Chemical Fume Hoods The fume hood is often the primary control device for protecting laboratory workers when working with flammable and/or toxic chemicals. OSHA's Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard, 29 CFR 1910.1450, requires that fume hoods be maintained and function properly when used, 29 CFR 1910.1450(e)(3)(iii). An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov. ## Biological Hazards ## Biological Agents (other than Bloodborne Pathogens) and Biological Toxins Many laboratory workers encounter daily exposure to biological hazards. These hazards are present in various sources throughout the laboratory such as blood and body fluids, culture specimens, body tissue and cadavers, and laboratory animals, as well as other workers.""]",medium,answer,"If a vampire worked in a lab, the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) would protect them from their coworkers' blood. This standard is designed to protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including human blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). The standard requires employers to develop a written Exposure Control Plan, provide training, and ensure the use of Standard Precautions when dealing with blood and OPIM.",5,Laboratory safety standards,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030)</span> is designed to <span class=\""highlight\"">protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)</span>, including those that can transmit bloodborne pathogens causing disease in humans.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The standard requires employers to implement an <span class=\""highlight\"">exposure control plan, offering appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)</span> such as gloves, gowns, eye protection, and masks. The standard also mandates <span class=\""highlight\"">training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, signs and labels</span>, and other provisions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""To prevent exposure to blood or OPIM, the BBP standard requires various <span class=\""highlight\"">engineering controls (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices)</span> and work practice controls (e.g., hand washing, prohibiting recapping of needles). These controls must be regularly examined and maintained to ensure their effectiveness.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The BBP standard applies to all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials, including in laboratory settings where blood samples may be handled for testing, research, or other purposes.""}]",,43
 1773,What is the principal display panel (PDP) on a food package?,"[""## other regulations about nutrition labeling of trans fatty acids is considering? L50.What FDA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advance notice proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) in the Federal Register (Food Labeling: Fatty acids in Nutrition Labeling; Consumer Research to Consider Content and Health Claims and Possible Footnote or Disclosure 68 FR 41507; July 11, 2003) to solicit information and data that could be used to establish new NCCs about trans fat, to establish criteria for trans fat in current NCCs for saturated fat and lean and extra lean claims, and health claims that contain a about cholesterol raising fats, and, in addition, as disclosure and criteria to help consumers make heart-healthy food choices. The also requested comments on whether to consider statements about fat, either alone or in combination with saturated fat and cholesterol, a footnote in the Nutrition Facts label or as a disclosure statement in with claims to enhance consumers' understanding about such lipids and how to use the information to make healthy food Information and data obtained from comments and from consumer conducted by FDA may be used to help draft a proposed rule that establish criteria for certain nutrient content or health claims or require use of a footnote, or other labeling approach, about one or more lipids in the Nutrition Facts label to assist consumers in healthy dietary practices. Answer: The of Trans Nutrient Statements; potentially qualifying cholesterol, message disqualifying agency trans as conjunction cholesterol-raising choices. studies would the cholesterol-raising maintaining ## Miscellaneous ## we nutrition label in good faith, will FDA take legal action involving mistakes? L51.If small Answer: FDA is unlikely to take regulatory action for minor errors. However, such errors should be corrected during the next printing of labels. ## are point-of-purchase materials considered labeling? L52.When Answer: ## Always. ## have tried all the available format options, but without some I can not make them work on my label, what can I do? L53.I modification"", ""## If a manufacturer chooses to do so, how may a food be labeled if the food is commonly combined with another food before eating? L23. labeled Nutrition Facts label must state the nutrients in the food 'as (i.e., before consumer preparation). However, manufacturers are to add a second column of nutrition information showing calories from fat and the % DV for the combination of foods eaten. amounts (i.e., g/mg) need only be given for the packaged food. as shown in this example, a footnote can be added to indicate the of nutrients in the added food. Alternatively, the quantitative of the prepared food may be included immediately adjacent to those the packaged food (e.g., 'Sodium 200 mg, 265 mg'). CFR 101.9(e) Answer: The packaged' encouraged calories, Quantitative However, amount amounts for 21 ## a second column of nutrient information is provided, is it to repeat the'serving size' and'servings per container'? L24.When necessary dual listing of serving size and servings per container is not when providing a second column of nutrient information. The only is to list the serving size and servings per container that are based the Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed (RACC) for the product. CFR 101.9(b)(9) and 21 CFR 101.9(e) Answer: The required requirement on 21 ## have a recipe on my package which calls for 250% of the RACC of my for each serving of the food created using the recipe. Must I use declaration for the nutrition label? L25.I product dual Section that if the product is promoted on label or labeling for a use that differs in quantity from the RACC by 200% greater, dual declaration would be required. FDA considers recipes on the as 'promoting' a use of the food. The regulations CFR101.9(b)(11)) exempt bulk products used primarily as ingredients (e.g., f lour, oils) or traditionally used for multi-purposes (e.g., eggs, butter) from declaration requirements. Answer: Yes. 101.9(b)(11) states the or label (21 specifically sugar, dual"", ""The importers summary these recommended the United Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for assuring that sold in the United States are safe, wholesome and properly labeled. This to foods produced domestically, as well as foods from foreign countries. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&amp;C Act) and the Fair and Labeling Act are the Federal laws governing food products FDA's jurisdiction. The foods applies The Packaging under Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), which amended the Act requires most foods to bear nutrition labeling and requires food that bear nutrient content claims and certain health messages to comply specific requirements. Although final regulations have been established are reflected in this guidance, regulations are frequently changed. It is the for the food industry to remain current with the legal for food labeling. All new regulations are published in the Register (FR) prior to their effective date and compiled annually in 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The FD&amp;C labels with and responsibility requirements Federal Title guidance has been prepared by the Office of Nutrition, Labeling, and Supplements in the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This Dietary the document supercedes the previous version issued in October 2009. This ## 3. GENERAL FOOD LABELING REQUIREMENTS ## should label statements be placed on containers and packages? 1. Where - all required label statements on the front label panel (the principal panel or PDP), or, a. Place display are two ways to label packages and containers: Answer: There certain specified label statements on the PDP and other labeling on information panel (the label panel immediately to the right of the PDP, as by the consumer facing the product). b. Place the seen CFR 101.1, 21 CFR 101.2, 21 CFR 101.3, 21 CFR 101.4, 21 CFR 21 CFR 101.9, and 21 CFR 101.105 21 101.5, ## are the PDP and the alternate PDP? 2. What PDP, is that portion of the package label that is most likely to be by the consumer at the time of purchase. Many containers are designed two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP. are alternate PDPs. CFR 101.1 Answer: The seen with These 21"", '## can I find out what letters FDA has issued for QHC? Q10.How Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion at you can go to Appendix D of this guidance for a listing of the available at the time this guidance was issued. Answer: See www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/QualifiedHealthClaims. Alternately, QHCs ## Claims Structure/Function ## are structure/function (S/F) claims? S1. What structure/function statements. supplement labels or labeling subject to the requirements in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section, statements that describe the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient to affect the structure or function in humans or that characterize the mechanism by which a nutrient or dietary ingredient acts to such structure or function, provided that such statements are not claims under paragraph (g) CFR 101.93). the label or labeling of product marketed as a dietary supplement bears a disease claim as defined in (g) of this section, the product will be subject to regulation as a drug the claim is an authorized health claim for which the product qualifies. (f) Permitted Dietary may, bear intended documented maintain disease (21 If a paragraph unless Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 added Section 403(r)(6) to the FD&amp;C Act. This section of the law that a dietary supplement may bear certain statements on its label or in labeling if the claim meets certain requirements. Section 101.93(f) simply part of the definition of the types of claims that may be made under the FD&amp;C Act. Section Answer: The (DSHEA) states its restates Section 403(r)(6) of 101.93(f) reads:', ""## is a Health Claim? H1. What health claims are limited to claims about disease risk reduction, and be claims about the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, or treatment of Health claims are required to be reviewed and evaluated by FDA prior use. An example of an authorized health claim, is: 'Three grams of soluble from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 grams per serving.' Further, cannot disease. to fiber reduce claim means any claim made on the label or in labeling of a including a dietary supplement, that expressly or by implication, 'third party' references, written statements (e.g., a brand name a term such as 'heart'), symbols (e.g., a heart symbol), or vignettes, the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related Implied health claims include those statements, symbols, vignettes, other forms of communication that suggest, within the context in which are presented, that a relationship exists between the presence or level of a in the food and a disease or health-related condition (see CFR Answer: Health food, including including characterizes condition. or they substance 21 101.14(a)(1)). ## health claims are permitted on food labels? H2. What a claim is provided for in a FDA regulation, then it may be used accordance with that regulation. A firm may also submit a health claim based on an authoritative statement by a U.S. government body under section the FD&amp;C Act. The criteria to use health claims provided for by FDA are summarized in C of this guidance. CFR 101.9(k)(1), 101.14(c)-(d) &amp; CFR 101.70 Answer: If in notification scientific 403(r)(3)(c) of necessary Appendix 21 21 ## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How""]",medium,answer,"The principal display panel (PDP) is that portion of the package label that is most likely to be seen by the consumer at the time of purchase. Many containers are designed with two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP, and these are alternate PDPs. This is defined under 21 CFR 101.1.",5,Food packaging labeling requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The <span class=\""highlight\"">principal display panel (PDP)</span> is <span class=\""highlight\"">that portion of the package label that is most likely to be seen by the consumer at the time of purchase</span>. Many containers are designed with two or more different surfaces that are suitable for display as the PDP.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Any panel that is designed to be displayed as the PDP during retail sale may be used as the PDP</span>. A food product label must include the following mandatory information on the PDP: Statement of Identity and Net Quantity of Contents.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For consumer packages, <span class=\""highlight\"">where a package bears multiple PDPs, the required label information must appear on each PDP</span>. The <span class=\""highlight\"">area of the PDP is measured as follows: (1) for a rectangular package, one entire side; (2) for a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical package, 40% of the product height \u00d7 the circumference; (3) for a circular or other non-rectangular package, 40% of the total surface area</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The information panel is considered to be the label panel immediately to the right of the PDP, as observed by an individual facing the PDP. If this panel is not usable, due to package design, the information panel is the next label panel immediately to the right.""}]",,44
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Specifically, the Secretary or designated officer/employee may:
    - Vessels on a published schedule and route.
    - Vessels operating within a radius of three nautical miles or less.
    - Vessels escorting or assisting another vessel in maneuvering procedures.
-   These exempt vessels must still provide a Sailing Plan 5-15 minutes before navigating within the VMRS area and report any deviations from their schedule or operating area (§ 161.23).",5,Vessel Movement Reporting System,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 161.16 Applicability - <span class=\""highlight\"">A vessel must adhere to the following requirements when operating within a VMRS area</span>: (a) <span class=\""highlight\"">Initial report (sailing plan)</span>. A vessel must report the following information upon entering the VMRS area.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The initial report must include: [start_highlight] The name of the vessel; (2) The vessel's position; (3) The time of arrival/departure at points designated in the VTS User's Manual; and (4) The destination and ETA[[end_highlight]].""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In addition to the initial report, a vessel must provide: [start_highlight] Position reports. A vessel must report its name and position: (1) Upon point of entry into a VMRS area; (2) At designated reporting points as set forth in the VTS User's Manual; or (3) When directed by the Center[[end_highlight]].""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Vessels must also submit [start_highlight] Sailing Plan Deviation/Amplification reports. A vessel must report: (1) Any intended deviation from its sailing plan or previously reported information; or (2) Any amendment to information previously reported[[end_highlight]].""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Finally, vessels must submit a [start_highlight] Final Report (FR). A vessel must report its name and position: (1) On arrival at its destination; or (2) When departing a VMRS area[[end_highlight]].""}]",,54
+   These exempt vessels must still provide a Sailing Plan 5-15 minutes before navigating within the VMRS area and report any deviations from their schedule or operating area (§ 161.23).",5,Vessel Movement Reporting System,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""\u00a7 161.16 Applicability - <span class=\""highlight\"">A vessel must adhere to the following requirements when operating within a VMRS area</span>: (a) <span class=\""highlight\"">Initial report (sailing plan)</span>. A vessel must report the following information upon entering the VMRS area.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The initial report must include: <span class=\""highlight\""> The name of the vessel; (2) The vessel's position; (3) The time of arrival/departure at points designated in the VTS User's Manual; and (4) The destination and ETA</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In addition to the initial report, a vessel must provide: <span class=\""highlight\""> Position reports. A vessel must report its name and position: (1) Upon point of entry into a VMRS area; (2) At designated reporting points as set forth in the VTS User's Manual; or (3) When directed by the Center</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Vessels must also submit <span class=\""highlight\""> Sailing Plan Deviation/Amplification reports. A vessel must report: (1) Any intended deviation from its sailing plan or previously reported information; or (2) Any amendment to information previously reported</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Finally, vessels must submit a <span class=\""highlight\""> Final Report (FR). A vessel must report its name and position: (1) On arrival at its destination; or (2) When departing a VMRS area</span>.""}]",,54
 1634,Why is screening for food insecurity important in clinical settings?,"['135 In general, fewer opportunities exist for engaging in health-promoting dietary and physical activity patterns among marginalized populations (e.g., people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ, people who have a disability or who live in a rural community, and others who have historically been excluded), thus further increasing health inequities. Strategies aimed at the general population are often less effective among racial/ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status. Initiatives must address the unique challenges and barriers that certain groups often face when attempting to modify lifestyle behaviors, with culturally appropriate tailoring and equitable support to promote healthy behaviors. Trends in excess body weight among youth are also a significant public health concern; children with obesity are more likely than normal-weight children to become adults with obesity, and their obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe. 136 Promoting obesity prevention and positive lifestyle behaviors during youth is more effective, and often more successful, than efforts to change unhealthy patterns of behavior in adult populations. 137 Therefore, creating health-promoting and antiobesogenic environments that make it easier for children to establish positive eating and physical activity behaviors early in life are critical. ## Improving Healthy Eating and Active Living-Related Environments Effective strategies are being tested to address healthy ating and active living by numerous organizations that have e reated c evidence-based recommendations, including the WHO, 138 the National Academy of Medicine, 139 the CDC, the WCRF/AICR, and the American Heart Association. 4 140 A consensus among these recommendations is a call for policy and systems change, the identification of key environments to promote change, and the need for multiple sectors to work collaboratively to reduce barriers to healthy eating and active living, particularly among lower income and racial/ethnic minority and rural communities. Thus, health promotion considerations should be incorporated into urban, rural, and regional planning and development. To reduce health-related inequities among specific population groups, communitybased approaches should be adapted to meet the needs of the target community. 139', 'theco mmuni tygui de.org/topic/ exces sive-alcoh ol-consu mptio n?field\\_recom menda tion\\_tid = All&amp;items\\_per\\_page = 5 - 146. Grant RW, Schmittdiel JA, Neugebauer RS, Uratsu CS, Sternfeld B. Exercise as a vital sign: a quasi-experimental analysis of a health system intervention to collect patient-reported exercise levels. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29:341-348. - 147. Golightly YM, Allen KD, Ambrose KR, et al. Physical activity as a vital sign: a systematic review. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E123. - 148. Nutrition &amp; Obesity Network (NOPREN). Clinical Linkages. Accessed July 31, 2019. nopren.org/worki ng\\_group s/foodsecur ity/clini cal-linka ges/ - 149. US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Behavioral weight loss interventions to prevent obesityrelated morbidity and mortality in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;320: 1163-1171. - 150. US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;320:1899-1909. - 151. Anderson CAM, Thorndike AN, Lichtenstein AH, et al. Innovation to create a healthy and sustainable food system: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139: e1025-e1032. - 152. Pate RR, Flynn JI, Dowda M. Policies for promotion of physical activity and prevention of obesity in adolescence. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2016;14:47-53.', '## Clinical Strategies to Promote Healthy Eating and Active Living and Limiting Alcohol Among the key partners to promote cancer preventive behaviors are the health care providers and the health care systems in which clinical services are provided. Although few programs have comprehensive uptake across systems, the Exercise Is Medicine (exerc iseis medic ine.org/) and Park Prescriptions America (parkr xamer ica.org) initiatives provide a prototype of how routine screening of physical activity behaviors and exercise prescriptions may support individual improvements in physical activity behaviors. Incorporation of questions about exercise as a vital sign-asked during routine visits just as blood pressure and weight are measured-has been associated with modest weight loss and lower hemoglobin A1c levels, 146 with growing evidence of these effects. 147 The Walk with a Doc program also promotes community-clinical linkages by encouraging providers to start doctor-led walking groups to promote walking as a health-enhancing behavior among their patients (walkw ithad oc.org). Screening for food insecurity is also an important factor to identify those individuals at risk of dietary patterns inconsistent with cancer prevention. Health care providers can be a valuable referral source to community efforts designed to support food insecure community members, such as food assistance programs, food banks, voucher programs to retail stores and farmers markets, and more. 148 Inclusion of questions related to food choices as a vital sign during routine clinical encounters may also promote healthful eating behaviors. Furthermore, health care insurance communities provide a resource to support new program initiatives with a focus not only on changes in diet and activity behaviors but also on cost incentives and savings that are critical to the sustainability of health promotion programs. These partnerships warrant further attention and evaluation to attain optimal health for all individuals.']",medium,answer,"Screening for food insecurity in clinical settings is important because it helps identify individuals at risk of dietary patterns inconsistent with cancer prevention. Health care providers can then refer these individuals to community efforts designed to support food-insecure community members, such as food assistance programs, food banks, voucher programs to retail stores and farmers markets, and more. This approach ensures that those in need receive the necessary support to maintain healthful eating behaviors.",3,Nutrition and healthcare screening,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Screening for food insecurity in clinical settings is important because <span class=\""highlight\"">it helps identify individuals at risk of dietary patterns inconsistent with cancer prevention dietary recommendations and assists healthcare providers in designing appropriate interventions</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Food insecurity is consistently associated with poorer diet quality, including lower intake of fruits, vegetables, and nutrients of concern</span>. Identifying these patients allows <span class=\""highlight\"">clinicians to make more appropriate dietary recommendations and connect patients with resources such as federal food assistance programs</span> (e.g., SNAP, WIC, etc.).""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Screening for food insecurity is also important because it's linked to <span class=\""highlight\"">health disparities and poorer health outcomes. Food insecurity affects 10.5% of U.S. households and is more prevalent among certain groups, including Black and Hispanic households, households with children, and those living in rural or marginal areas</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Food security is considered a social determinant of health, and its identification in clinical settings can help address the root causes of certain health conditions and prevent long-term health complications</span>. Screening in healthcare settings provides an opportunity for early intervention and coordination with social services.""}]",,55
 4789,How does the environment influence activity levels?,"['139,151,152 Various public policies designed to improve dietary patterns have demonstrated positive impacts. Initiatives in nutrition assistance programs, including the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which allow for and provide incentives for healthy food purchases such as vegetables and fruit, have resulted in healthier food purchases and dietary patterns 152 and could result in substantial health benefits. 153 Standards for foods and beverages served in schools and in early childcare and education settings help to ensure youth are exposed to nutrient-dense options and that energy-dense options are limited. 154 And, although research is mixed regarding the results of the overall impact of menu labeling legislation, it is possible that labeling is more effective in specific types of restaurants and that restaurants are reformulating menu items in part because of this legislation. 155 Numerous recommended policy approaches to promote more lifelong physical activity among Americans include a variety of policies designed to impact youth: comprehensive school physical activity programing, including high-quality physical education and daily recess; requirements for physical activity in afterschool and in early childcare programs; and active transport opportunities to school, among others, all have the potential to increase physical activity levels among youth. 152 Funding that continues to expand and support community design that facilitates active transport (eg, complete streets policies), that expands and improves zoning policies that encourage mixed-use development, and that invests in more public transportation options will also be important to facilitate more physically active lifestyles. 111 Finally, it is well established that raising excise taxes on tobacco products leads to higher prices, which, in turn, cause declines in consumption, and recent research suggests that raising excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol also can reduce consumption of these products. 156,157 Tax revenues, in turn, can be reallocated back to promote societal well-being. 158', ""Frequently, a plethora of 'fast-food' restaurants and convenience stores also is readily available in these communities. 125,126 Thus residents with limited access to neighborhood supermarkets often purchase foods at local convenience stores, where fewer perishables, such as fresh produce, and more highly processed convenience items are readily available. Even in neighborhoods where supermarkets are readily available, low-income residents may continue to purchase less expensive, energy-dense foods; studies have suggested that foods of lower diet quality make up a greater proportion of the dietary patterns of lower income individuals compared with individuals who have higher incomes. 127-129 The neighborhoods where people live can also affect their alcohol consumption. This is especially true in neighborhoods in which convenience and liquor stores are overconcentrated 128,129 and where alcohol is heavily promoted by commercial interests 130,131 Disparities in the built environment also affect physical activity patterns. Safe and inviting access to parks, playgrounds, schools, sidewalks and trails, bicycle paths, and workout facilities and gyms as well as the availability of public transit all provide additional opportunities for daily physical activity. Sidewalks and bicycle paths within close proximity and connected to residential areas with common or everyday destinations, retail stores, jobs, schools, childcare, and recreation centers also promote more physically active lifestyles 132-134 Yet significantly fewer sports areas, parks, greenways, well-maintained sidewalks, and bike paths are available in areas of poverty compared with more affluent areas. Even when these facilities are available, transportation and financial barriers often provide challenges to use for lower-income populations. Connecting public transportation systems to everyday destinations can promote active travel, 134 and connecting public transportation to jobs may help address, in part, economic disparities and poverty. Efforts to be inclusive of persons with disabilities will also require that built environment and programmatic opportunities to be physically active are both available and accessible to all people regardless of age and abilities. Campaigns and initiatives to promote walking and walkable communities should be inclusive of those who walk and those who rely on assistive equipment or wheelchairs for mobility. 135"", ""121 Therefore, the ability of an individual to avoid many unhealthy lifestyle factors, including those related to food and beverage intake and physical inactivity, is often influenced by factors outside of his or her direct control. The factors contributing to trends in excess body weight specifically are complex and multifaceted, and reversing these trends will require a broad range of innovative, coordinated, and multilevel strategies that engage a variety of stakeholders; involve multiple systems and sectors (food and agriculture, transportation, urban planning, childcare centers, schools, employers, health care, and more); and emphasize policy, system, and environmental changes. 113 Therefore this guideline addresses the importance of public, private, and community organizations working collaboratively at national, state, and local levels to develop, advocate for, and implement policy, system, and environmental changes to reduce obesogenic environments and promote access to affordable, nutritious foods and provide safe, enjoyable, and accessible opportunities for physical activity for all individuals. Although most Americans face obstacles to engaging in health-promoting behaviors, these challenges are often compounded for lower income individuals, racial and ethnic minority groups, persons with disabilities, and those residing in rural communities, who frequently face additional barriers to the adoption of cancer-preventive behaviors. 122 Importantly, these barriers contribute in part to the greater health disparities documented among certain populations. 123 For instance, access to supermarkets has been associated with improved diet quality, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and a lower prevalence of obesity. 124 Communities with a greater proportion of ethnic minorities and residents with low socioeconomic status are often also identified as low-income and lowaccess areas, characterized by fewer supermarkets with healthy, affordable, high-quality foods. In these areas, residents may not have the economic resources to purchase adequate and nutritious food to feed themselves and their families. Frequently, a plethora of 'fast-food' restaurants and convenience stores also is readily available in these communities.""]",hard,answer,"The environment significantly influences activity levels through various factors. Safe and inviting access to parks, playgrounds, schools, sidewalks, trails, bicycle paths, and workout facilities, as well as the availability of public transit, provides opportunities for daily physical activity. Sidewalks and bicycle paths connected to residential areas with common destinations like retail stores, jobs, schools, and recreation centers promote more physically active lifestyles. However, disparities exist, with fewer sports areas, parks, greenways, well-maintained sidewalks, and bike paths available in low-income areas compared to more affluent ones. Additionally, transportation and financial barriers can hinder the use of these facilities by lower-income populations. Connecting public transportation systems to everyday destinations can promote active travel and help address economic disparities. Efforts to include persons with disabilities in built environment and programmatic opportunities are also essential for promoting physical activity for all individuals.",3,Built environment and physical activity,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The environment significantly influences activity levels through <span class=\""highlight\"">safe and inviting access to parks, playgrounds, schools, sidewalks, walking paths, public transportation, and bicycle infrastructure</span>. This can affect a community's engagement in physical activity.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The existence of barriers in the built environment can prevent individuals and families from enjoying regular physical activity and healthy eating patterns</span>. These barriers are often more prevalent in lower income communities and communities of color, contributing to disparities in physical activity levels.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Disparities exist in access to safe and affordable places to be physically active, particularly in low-resourced rural, urban, and tribal communities, affecting schools, communities, worksites, and recreational spaces</span>. This creates substantial differences in the environmental supports available to different segments of the population.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Research shows that <span class=\""highlight\"">public policies and environmental designs can positively affect physical activity and dietary patterns in communities, including transportation and community design that supports walking, bicycling, and public transit, as well as parks and recreation facilities</span>.""}]",,56
 2579,How should a reviewer assess an applicant's single minor offense compared to multiple offenses?,"['## Recommended Best Practices for State Insurance Regulators - · Require CE providers to electronically report class attendance to the state insurance department or its designated vendor. - · Set a reasonable deadline for CE providers to deliver electronic reports. - · Require CE providers to promptly issue attendance certificates, or certificates of completion for self-study courses, and require producers to retain them. The certificates should be sent only to the state insurance department in the event of a dispute. - · Provide access for producers and insurers to department records to monitor CE credits on file. - · Implement an audit program to observe and evaluate CE providers and instructors. - · Participate in the NAIC Personalized Information Capture System (PICS) to receive alerts or monitor actions against existing licensees. 5 ## Chapter 15 ## Reporting of Actions and Compensation Disclosure ## Reporting of Actions Section 17 of the Producer Licensing Model Act (#218) requires a producer to report, to all states in which the producer is licensed, any administrative action taken against the producer in another jurisdiction or by another governmental agency in this state within 30 days of the final disposition of the matter. Producers are also required to report any criminal prosecution of the producer taken in any jurisdiction within 30 days of the initial pretrial hearing date. The challenge for producers is that it can be difficult to ensure that all relevant states received the report. The National Insurance Producer Registry (NIPR) has created an electronic solution, called Reporting of Actions (ROA), to facilitate the distribution of one report to multiple states. States should encourage the use of this electronic process to save time and create an electronic record of timely submission. State licensing directors should have a method to receive these reports and refer them for investigation. The director should consider giving staff limited authority to review and clear reports that include violations such as traffic citations or certain misdemeanors. ## Recommended Best Practices for State Insurance Regulators - · Use the Attachment Warehouse/ROA system to receive electronic notifications to alert a state when an individual or business entity producer has added information into the Attachment Warehouse since their initial entry regarding administrative, criminal or civil actions. ## Compensation Disclosure', ""- · Resident vs. Nonresident If the application is for a resident producer license, it is incumbent upon the resident state to scrutinize all 'yes' answers on the application and to request and obtain documentation and a detailed explanation for all criminal charges. Nonresident applicants' criminal histories should also be documented and explained with consideration given the fact that the resident state has already issued a license to the applicant. - · Severity and Nature of the Offense Felony convictions should always be considered in determining whether to issue a license to an individual and may require the applicant to apply for a 1033 consent waiver prior to application (see the section on 1033 consent waivers). A criminal conviction is only relevant to the licensing decision if the crime is related to the qualifications, functions or duties of an insurance producer. Examples include theft; burglary; robbery; dishonesty; fraud; breach of trust or breach of fiduciary duties; any conviction arising out of acts performed in the business of insurance; or any actions not consistent with public health, safety and welfare. Special scrutiny should be given to financial and violent crimes. - · Frequency of Offenses While a producer's past criminal history is a red flag and may be a predictor of future behavior, the frequency of offenses should be considered, with more weight given to a pattern of illegal behavior than to a one-time minor indiscretion. - · Date of the Offense The application form requires the applicant to disclose all criminal charges, except minor traffic offenses. A reviewer should consider when the offenses occurred and the age of the applicant at the time of the offense. - · Completion of Terms of Sentencing Applicants should provide evidence that they have completed all the terms of their sentences, including paying restitution or completing any probationary periods or community service. - · Evidence of Rehabilitation The applicant should be required to provide evidence of rehabilitation. Completion of the terms of sentencing alone does not demonstrate rehabilitation. A state may request a statement from the applicant's probation officer or other appropriate official. ## Statutory Obligations and Discretion"", ""When a producer's license has been suspended for a period of time that extends beyond the producer's license expiration date, reinstatement is not an option. The producer must request reissuance of a license and should not be allowed to merely apply for a new license by passing an examination and submitting a new application. The producer's request for reinstatement or reissuance must include sufficient information to allow the insurance department to determine whether the basis of the revocation, suspension or forfeiture of the applicant's license no longer exists and whether it will be in the public interest to grant the request for a new or reinstated license. The burden of proof to establish such facts is on the producer. In most states, the producer will have a right to an administrative hearing if the reinstatement request is denied. Some states allow a license to be voluntarily forfeited in lieu of compliance with an order of the insurance commissioner. In this scenario, a request for voluntary forfeiture of a license should be made in writing to the insurance commissioner. The written consent of the insurance commissioner is usually required. Forfeiture of a license is effective upon submission of the request, unless a contested case proceeding is pending at the time the request is submitted. If a contested case proceeding is pending at the time of the request, the forfeiture becomes effective when and upon such conditions as required by order of the insurance commissioner. A forfeiture made during the pendency of a contested case proceeding is usually considered a disciplinary action subject to reporting to the Regulatory Information Retrieval System (RIRS). ## Collaboration and Referrals Among State Insurance Regulators There are several NAIC tools to facilitate communication about enforcement actions among state insurance regulators. The NAIC's Market Actions (D) Working Group identifies and reviews insurance companies that are exhibiting or may exhibit characteristics indicating a current or potential market regulatory issue that may affect multiple jurisdictions. The Working Group determines if regulatory action should be taken and supports collaborative actions in addressing problems identified."", ""Model #218 contains two key sections that clarify when a license is not required. When considering whether to require a license, the states should carefully review Section 4 and Section 13 of Model #218. Section 4 of Model #218 contains a specific list of exceptions from the licensing requirement. The states should take special note of Section 4(B)(6), which provides an exception for producers placing commercial insurance for a multistate risk with an incidental exposure in several states. As the section provides, in this situation a license is only required in the state where the insured maintains its principal place of business and the contract of insurance insures risks located in that state. The following is a summary of types of persons and entities that are exempted from licensing: - 1. An officer, director or employee of an insurer or insurance producer, provided that the officer, director or employee does not receive any commission on policies written or sold to insure risks residing, located or to be performed in the state. - 2. A person who secures and furnishes information for, or enrolls individuals in, group life insurance, group property/casualty (P/C) insurance, group annuities, or group or blanket accident and health insurance. - 3. An employer or association; its officers, directors and employees; or the trustees of an employee trust plan. - 4. Employees of insurers or organizations employed by insurers who are engaging in the inspection, rating or classification of risks. - 5. A person whose activities in a state are limited to advertising without the intent to solicit insurance in that state. - 6. A person who is not a resident of a state who sells, solicits or negotiates a contract of insurance for commercial P/C risks to an insured with risks located in more than one state insured under that contract. - 7. A salaried, full-time employee who counsels or advises the employer relative to the insurance interests of the employer. ## Recommended Best Practice for State Insurance Regulators - · For uniformity purposes, states that still use a 'transaction-based licensure' approach should eliminate that standard and change to the Model #218 standard. ## Chapter 6 ## Prelicensing Education"", ""- · Defines the terms 'home state,' 'limited lines insurance,''sell,''solicit,' 'negotiate,' and other pertinent terms. ## Section 3: License Required ## Section 4: Exceptions to Licensing - · Lists the persons and entities that do not need licenses, even though they participate in the insurance industry. ## Section 5: Application for Examination - · Requires that producers must pass an examination in the LOAs for which applications are made. - · Allows the use of outside testing services to administer examinations. ## Section 6: Application for License - · Sets forth the qualifications for licensure as an individual or business entity. - · Provides that limited line credit insurers must provide instruction to individuals who will sell credit insurance. ## Section 7: License - · Sets forth the six major LOAs, the limited line of credit insurance, and any other line of insurance permitted under state laws or regulations. - · Provides guidelines for license continuation and reinstatement. - · Provides for hardship exemptions for failure to comply with renewal procedures. - · Lists the information the license should contain. - · Requires licensees to notify the insurance commissioner of a legal change of name or address within 30 days of the change. ## Section 8: Nonresident Licensing - · Requires states to grant nonresident licenses to persons from reciprocal states for all LOAs held, including limited lines and surplus lines insurance, if those persons are currently licensed and in good standing in their home states. - · Requires a nonresident licensee who moves from one state to another to file a change of address and certification from the new resident state within 30 days with no fee or application. ## Section 9: Exemption from Examination - · Exempts licensed individuals who change their home state from prelicensing and examination. - · Requires a licensed nonresident who becomes a resident to register in the new home state within 90 days of establishing legal residence, unless 'the commissioner determines otherwise by regulation.' ## Section 10: Assumed Names - · Requires a producer to notify the insurance commissioner prior to using an assumed name.""]",medium,answer,"According to the provided context, a reviewer should assess an applicant's single minor offense differently from multiple offenses. For a single minor offense, the reviewer should consider the nature and severity of the offense, the date it occurred, and the age of the applicant at the time. More weight should be given to a pattern of illegal behavior (multiple offenses) than to a one-time minor indiscretion (single minor offense). Additionally, the reviewer should evaluate whether the applicant has completed all terms of sentencing and provided evidence of rehabilitation.",5,Insurance licensing evaluation,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When assessing an applicant's background, <span class=\""highlight\"">a single minor offense should not result in a license denial, as most states realize that people make mistakes</span>. However, the reviewer should consider the facts and circumstances of the offense, including its severity, when reviewing a license application.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Multiple offenses, on the other hand, show a pattern of behavior that should be given greater weight than a single offense</span>. Multiple offenses demonstrate a habitual disregard for the law and should be evaluated more strictly than a single incident.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Most states have adopted review procedures for applicants with criminal histories, including aggravating and mitigating factors. These factors often include: time elapsed since the offense; age of the applicant at the time of the offense; the relationship of the crime to the insurance profession; and evidence of rehabilitation</span>.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""States generally pursue administrative action against a producer if the producer has been involved in or convicted of a crime involving fraud, dishonesty, breach of trust, or theft. States may use license revocation or suspension as tools to discourage unethical practices and maintain the integrity of the insurance profession.""}]",,57
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ These measures help maintain order and efficiency during the registration proces
 3. **General Requirements**:
    - For conventional foods other than fish, the total fat disqualifying level is 13.0 g per RACC and per 50 g if RACC is ≤ 30 g or ≤ 2 tbsp.
    - For meal products, the total fat disqualifying level is 26.0 g per label serving size, and for main dish products, it is 19.5 g per label serving size.
-   - Dietary supplements must meet the criterion for low saturated fat (≤ 1 g per RACC) but are exempt from the no more than 15 percent calories from saturated fat criterion if they weigh 5 g or less per RACC.",4,Nut product fat content regulation,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For products containing nuts, there are specific regulatory requirements related to fat content. [[start_highlight]]The bracketed fat content disclosure statement ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[[start_highlight]]Whole or chopped nuts do not need to meet the nutrient content claim requirements for ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""However, <span class=\""highlight\"">nut-containing products (as opposed to whole or chopped nuts themselves) must meet the standard requirements for nutrient content claims regarding fat levels</span>, including the criteria for ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When making qualified health claims about nuts, [[start_highlight]]the bracketed phrase naming a specific nut (e.g., ""}]",,62
+   - Dietary supplements must meet the criterion for low saturated fat (≤ 1 g per RACC) but are exempt from the no more than 15 percent calories from saturated fat criterion if they weigh 5 g or less per RACC.",4,Nut product fat content regulation,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For products containing nuts, there are specific regulatory requirements related to fat content. [<span class=\""highlight\"">]The bracketed fat content disclosure statement </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""[<span class=\""highlight\"">]Whole or chopped nuts do not need to meet the nutrient content claim requirements for </span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""However, <span class=\""highlight\"">nut-containing products (as opposed to whole or chopped nuts themselves) must meet the standard requirements for nutrient content claims regarding fat levels</span>, including the criteria for ""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When making qualified health claims about nuts, [<span class=\""highlight\"">]the bracketed phrase naming a specific nut (e.g., </span>""}]",,62
 3070,"If a vessel is towing an inconspicuous object, what light should it use and how far should it be visible?","['- (iii) a sternlight. Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongsidetowing vessel less than 50 meters in length. International only. - (d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(ii). Power-driven vessel towing astern-length of tow 200 meters or less. The after masthead light is optional for vessel less than 50 meters in length. Same for Inland. ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except as required by paragraphs (b) and (i) of this Rule, shall exhibit: - (i) Instead of the light prescribed either in Rule 23(a)(i) or 23(a)(ii) (§ 83.23)(a)(i) and (ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line; - (ii) Sidelights; and - (iii) Two towing lights in a vertical line. Power-driven vessel pushing ahead or towing alongside-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length. Inland only. - (d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraphs (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a)(i) and 23(a)(ii) (§ 83.23(a)(i) or (ii)). Power-driven vessel towing astern-length of tow 200 meters or less. When masthead lights for towing or pushing are exhibited aft, a forward masthead light is required. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24-CONTINUED - (e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall exhibit: - (i) sidelights; - (ii) a sternlight; - when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where - (iii) it can best be seen. Vessel or object being towed-length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland.', 'The lights prescribed in these Rules (Subpart C) shall have an intensity as specified in Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84), so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges: - (a) In a vessel of 50 meters or more in length: - (i) A masthead light, 6 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 3 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 3 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 3 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (b) In a vessel of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 2 miles; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (c) In a vessel of less than 12 meters in length: - (i) A masthead light, 2 miles; - (ii) A sidelight, 1 mile; - (iii) A sternlight, 2 miles; - (iv) A towing light, 2 miles; - (v) A white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles; and - (vi) A special flashing light, 2 miles. - (d) In an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed: - (i) A white all-round light, 3 miles. - (ii) [Reserved] ## -INTERNATIONAL- ## Lights and Shapes ## Rule 23 Power-driven Vessels Underway', 'Power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length. Same for International. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes [BLANK] ## Rule 23-CONTINUED (e) A power-driven vessel when operating on the Great Lakes may carry an allround white light in lieu of the second masthead light and sternlight prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule. The light shall be carried in the position of the second masthead light and be visible at the same minimum range. Power-driven vessel on Great Lakes. ## -INTERNATIONALLights and Shapes ## Rule 24 Towing and Pushing - (a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit: - (i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after end of the tow, exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line; - (ii) sidelights; - (iii) a sternlight; - (iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; and - (v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be seen. Power-driven vessel towing astern-towing vessel less than 50 meters in length; length of tow exceeds 200 meters. Same for Inland ## Rule 24 Towing and pushing ## § 83.24', 'In a vessel of less than 20 m in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. - (c) Sternlight means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135° and so fixed as to show the light 67.5° from right aft on each side of the vessel. - (d) Towing light means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the sternlight defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule. - (e) Allround light means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360°. - (f) Flashing light means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute. ## Rule 21 ## Definitions ## § 83.21 (a) Masthead light means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel. - (b) Sidelights mean a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. On a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the vessel.', 'The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 of Annex I to these Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges: - (a) In vessels of 50 meters or more in length: - -a masthead light, 6 miles; - -a sidelight, 3 miles; - -a sternlight, 3 miles; - -a towing light, 3 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles. - (b) In vessels of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length: - -a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters, 3 miles; - -a sidelight, 2 miles; - -a sternlight, 2 miles; - -a towing light, 2 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles. - (c) In vessels of less than 12 meters in length: - -a masthead light, 2 miles; - -a sidelight, 1 mile; - -a sternlight, 2 miles; - -a towing light, 2 miles; - -a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles. - (d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed: - -a white all-round light, 3 miles. ## Rule 22 Visibility of lights ## § 83.22 The lights prescribed in these Rules (Subpart C) shall have an intensity as specified in Annex I to these Rules (33 CFR part 84), so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:']",medium,answer,"According to the provided context, when a vessel is towing an inconspicuous, partly submerged object, the object being towed should exhibit a white all-round light. This light should be visible at a minimum range of 3 miles.",5,Maritime towing light requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If a vessel is towing an inconspicuous, partly submerged object, <span class=\""highlight\"">the object being towed should exhibit a white all-round light at or near the forward end</span> and one at or near the after end.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The white all-round light on an inconspicuous, partly submerged object being towed shall be visible at a minimum range of 3 miles</span>. This requirement ensures that other vessels can see the object from a safe distance to avoid collisions.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""When it is impracticable for the inconspicuous, partly submerged object to exhibit all the lights prescribed, <span class=\""highlight\"">the object shall be marked by a white all-round light at each end or as near to the extremities of the object as possible</span>, ensuring visibility from all possible angles.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In addition to the lights required on the towed object, the towing vessel itself must display the appropriate lights for its type and the nature of the tow, which typically includes sidelights, a sternlight, and towing lights as prescribed by the maritime rules.""}]",,63
 1539,What are the main sources of evidence we currently have about diet and cancer prevention?,"['these patterns are also lower in added sugar, saturated and/or trans fats, and excess calories. These healthy dietary pattern scores have also been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer 22,64 and total cancer incidence 65,66 in meta-analyses of observational studies. Two randomized clinical trials found lower overall cancer or breast cancer 8 risk among those randomized to follow the Mediterranean diet. Thus, these studies provide consistent and compelling evidence that healthy dietary patterns are associated with a decreased risk of cancer, all-cause mortality, and other chronic disease endpoints. These healthy dietary patterns are associated not only with improved health but also with a lower environmental impact, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy, land, and water use compared with the average US diet. 67 Environmentally sustainable diets emphasize fruits and vegetables, whole grains, plant-sourced protein foods, unsaturated plant oils, and more limited (optional) quantities of animal-based protein foods, dairy products, and sugar. 68 Attention to complex issues of food production practices and distribution will be needed to identify approaches to further reduce the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of dietary sources. Regardless, achieving recommended dietary patterns, such as those recommended herein, may lead to improved food security and environmental sustainability for future generations. Healthy dietary patterns may reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases through multiple mechanisms. For example, plant-based diets are associated with lower levels of inflammation, improved insulin response, and less oxidative DNA damage. 69 Plant-based diets are also associated with higher concentrations of beneficial gut bacteria compared with mostly animal-based diets high in saturated fat and sugar. 70,71 Additional research on the relationship of dietary factors with these metabolic and microbial biomarkers and with health outcomes will continue to help in elucidating the role that diet plays in carcinogenesis. ## Vegetables and fruit', 'The glycemic load gives a truer picture of how blood glucose is elevated in relation to the intake of a specific food item. Much research has been conducted examining the potential impact of the glycemic load of a diet on cancer risk. 170 Most recent comprehensive reports indicate that eating a dietary pattern high in glycemic load is associated with a higher risk of endometrial cancer. More research is needed to determine the impact on additional cancer sites. ## Inflammation and Anti-Inflammatory Strategies Do anti-inflammatory diets reduce cancer risk? Inflammation has long been recognized as a physiological response to tissue injury, and its relationship to microbial infection was recognized hundreds of years ago. However, the role of inflammation in carcinogenesis was recognized more recently, and the relationships of diet, inflammation, and risk of cancer (as well as cardiovascular disease and overall mortality) are still an evolving area of research. A combination of laboratory experimentation and epidemiological research has identified certain foods and their chemical components that promote systemic inflammation as well as chronic inflammation of certain tissues. 171,172 This information is the basis of anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, which share some characteristics with the recommendations in this guideline, such as high intake of vegetables and fruit and low intake of red and processed meat. ## Irradiated Foods ## Why are foods irradiated, and can these foods increase cancer risk? Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Similar to pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer. Irradiation does not make foods radioactive; compromise nutritional quality; or noticeably change the taste, texture, or appearance of food. In fact, changes made by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to tell if a food has been irradiated.', ""## Dietary patterns as a modern and more appropriate focus Because of accumulating evidence on healthy dietary patterns in relation to chronic disease risk reduction, an emphasis on dietary patterns is now highlighted in the 2015 to 2020 US DGA. 56 This is particularly relevant because, although the associations of individual nutrients and foods with cancer may be small, additive and interactive effects could be important. Several comprehensive 4 reviews support recommendations to follow healthy dietary patterns. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Scientific Report concluded that there is moderate evidence that dietary patterns rich in plant foods and lower in animal products and refined carbohydrates are associated with a lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, and plant-based patterns low in red and processed meat and added sugars are associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, 7 the WCRF/AICR concluded that a Mediterranean diet is 'convincingly' associated with a lower risk of weight gain, overweight, or obesity, whereas a 'Western'-type dietary pattern is 'probably' associated with an increased risk of these outcomes. The Diet Patterns Methods Project, 4 57 a multicenter study of dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality, reported an 8% to 17% lower risk of cancer mortality among women and a 17% to 24% lower risk among men whose diets were most (vs least) concordant with 4 healthy dietary pattern scores. The dietary patterns examined included the Mediterranean Diet, 58,59 the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, 60,61 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Healthy Eating Index, 62 and the Harvard Alternate Healthy Eating Index. 63 Although these and other healthful dietary patterns have unique features, they share a foundation of mostly plant foods (including nonstarchy vegetables, whole fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts/seeds) and healthy protein sources (higher in legumes and/or fish and/or poultry, and lower in processed meats and red meat), and include unsaturated fats (eg, monosaturated and/or polyunsaturated fat); these""]",hard,answer,"The main sources of evidence about diet and cancer prevention include:
 
@@ -394,9 +394,9 @@ These measures are implemented to enhance navigation safety, protect the marine
 1647,Identify the populations that require different efforts and resources to improve their health.,"['135 In general, fewer opportunities exist for engaging in health-promoting dietary and physical activity patterns among marginalized populations (e.g., people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ, people who have a disability or who live in a rural community, and others who have historically been excluded), thus further increasing health inequities. Strategies aimed at the general population are often less effective among racial/ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status. Initiatives must address the unique challenges and barriers that certain groups often face when attempting to modify lifestyle behaviors, with culturally appropriate tailoring and equitable support to promote healthy behaviors. Trends in excess body weight among youth are also a significant public health concern; children with obesity are more likely than normal-weight children to become adults with obesity, and their obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe. 136 Promoting obesity prevention and positive lifestyle behaviors during youth is more effective, and often more successful, than efforts to change unhealthy patterns of behavior in adult populations. 137 Therefore, creating health-promoting and antiobesogenic environments that make it easier for children to establish positive eating and physical activity behaviors early in life are critical. ## Improving Healthy Eating and Active Living-Related Environments Effective strategies are being tested to address healthy ating and active living by numerous organizations that have e reated c evidence-based recommendations, including the WHO, 138 the National Academy of Medicine, 139 the CDC, the WCRF/AICR, and the American Heart Association. 4 140 A consensus among these recommendations is a call for policy and systems change, the identification of key environments to promote change, and the need for multiple sectors to work collaboratively to reduce barriers to healthy eating and active living, particularly among lower income and racial/ethnic minority and rural communities. Thus, health promotion considerations should be incorporated into urban, rural, and regional planning and development. To reduce health-related inequities among specific population groups, communitybased approaches should be adapted to meet the needs of the target community. 139', '158 Ensuring that all individuals have access to affordable, healthy food choices and opportunities for safe physical activity will require multiple strategies and bold action, ranging from the implementation of community, worksite, school, childcare, and other health promotion programs to policies that affect community planning, architecture, transportation, school-based physical education, food advertising and marketing, and food services. Special attention must also be paid to recognizing that individuals and populations with the greatest needs, the least resources, and/or those facing increased and unique burdens and challenges require different, not equal, effort and resources to improve their health. Policies, programs, and services should be explicit about prioritizing these populations to achieve health equity. Public, private, and community organizations at local, state, and national levels should consider the implementation and testing of new policies and the reallocation or expansion of resources to weight management, greater physical activity, and healthful diet choices (including avoidance of alcohol) that will improve health. Health care professionals; school, business, faith group, and other community leaders; and elected officials and policy makers are in unique and critical positions to provide leadership and advocate for purposeful changes in public policy and in community environments that are necessary to help all individuals maintain a healthy body weight and remain physically active throughout life, and to engage community members in the design, implementation, and evaluation of these strategies within the aforementioned sectors. 111 ## Common Questions and Answers This section is intended to assist clinicians, public health professionals, and policymakers in addressing questions that commonly arise within the general public. ## Acrylamide ## What is acrylamide, and is it associated with an increased risk of cancer? Acrylamide is a chemical used in industrial processing and is also found in food and tobacco smoke. Acrylamide in food is formed as a by-product of the Maillard reaction, in which the amino acid asparagine reacts with certain sugars when heated to high temperatures. The major sources of acrylamide in our diets are French fries and potato chips; crackers, bread, and cookies; breakfast cereals; canned black olives; prune juice; and coffee.']",medium,answer,"The populations that require different efforts and resources to improve their health include marginalized groups such as people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ individuals, people with disabilities, those living in rural communities, and others who have historically been excluded. Additionally, racial/ethnic minority groups, individuals of low socioeconomic status, and children with obesity are highlighted as needing targeted strategies to address health inequities and promote healthy behaviors.",2,Health equity considerations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""In general, fewer opportunities exist for engaging in health-promoting dietary and physical activity patterns among <span class=\""highlight\"">marginalized populations (e.g., people living in poverty, people of color, LGBTQ, people who have a disability or who live in a rural community, and others who have historically been excluded)</span>, thus further increasing health inequities.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Strategies aimed at the general population are often less effective among <span class=\""highlight\"">racial/ethnic minority groups and those of low socioeconomic status</span>. Initiatives must address the unique challenges and barriers that certain groups often face when attempting to modify lifestyle behaviors, with culturally appropriate tailoring and equitable support to promote healthy behaviors.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Trends in excess body weight among youth are also a significant public health concern; <span class=\""highlight\"">children with obesity are more likely than normal-weight children to become adults with obesity</span>, and their obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Special attention must also be paid to recognizing that <span class=\""highlight\"">individuals and populations with the greatest needs, the least resources, and/or those facing increased and unique burdens and challenges require different, not equal, effort and resources to improve their health</span>.""}]",,116
 1129,List the two main objectives outlined in § 30101.,"[""| G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]......................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]................................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law......................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................ 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................................................... 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]................................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]................................................................... 47 | | Q. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]....................................................... 48 | | R. | Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007........................................................... 49 | ## SUBCHAPTER I. GENERAL ## § 30101. Purpose and policy The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary-- - (1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and - (2) to carry out needed safety research and development. ## § 30102. Definitions"", ""- (C) Effective date. --Subsection (a) shall not take effect before the final rule under subparagraph (B) takes effect. - (b) Coordination with department of justice. --The Attorney General may bring an action, or initiate grand jury proceedings, for a violation of subsection (a) only at the request of the Secretary of Transportation. ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS | A. | Improving air bag safety. [Sec. 7103 of TEA-21]........................................................................... 37 | |------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | B. | Insurance study. [Sec. 3 (d) of TREAD Act]................................................................................... 38 | | C. | Endurance and resistance standards for tires. [Sec. 10 of TREAD Act].......................................... 38 | | D. | Improved tire information. [Sec. 11 of TREAD Act]...................................................................... 39 | | E. | Tire pressure warning. [Sec. 13 of TREAD Act]............................................................................. 39 | | F. | Improving the safety of child restraints [Sec. 14 of TREAD Act]................................................... 40 | | G. | Improving criteria used in a recall. [Sec. 15 of TREAD Act].......................................................... 41 | | H. | Follow-up report [Sec. 16 of TREAD Act]..................................................................................... 42 | | I. | Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 17 of TREAD Act]............................................................. 42 | | J. | Anton's Law..................................................................................................................................... 42 | | K. | Side-impact crash protection rulemaking. [Sec. 10302 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................... 45 | | L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 |"", 'As used in this Act, the following definitions apply: - (1) Child restraint.--The term ""child restraint\'\' means any product designed to provide restraint to a child (including booster seats and other products used with a lap and shoulder belt assembly) that meets applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards prescribed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. - (2) Production year.--The term ""production year\'\' means the 12-month period between September 1 of a year and August 31 of the following year. - (3) Passenger motor vehicle.--The term ""passenger motor vehicle\'\' has the meaning given that term in section 405(f)(5) of title 23, United States Code. ## SEC. 8. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) In General.-There are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 to the Secretary of Transportation for-- - (1) the evaluation required by section 6 of this Act; and - (2) research of the nature and causes of injury to children involved in motor vehicle crashes. (b) Limitation.-Funds appropriated under subsection (a) shall not be available for the general administrative expenses of the Secretary. L. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10303. Tire research. Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce on research conducted to address tire aging. The report shall include a summary of any Federal agency findings, activities, conclusions, and recommendations concerning tire aging and recommendations for potential rulemaking regarding tire aging. (a) Conforming Amendment.-The chapter analysis for chapter 301 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 30127 the following: ""30128. Vehicle accident ejection protection.\'\'. M. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10304. Vehicle backover avoidance technology study.', '| L. | Tire research [Sec. 10303 of SAFETEA-LU].................................................................................. 46 | | M. | Vehicle backover avoidance technology study. [Sec. 10304 of SAFETEA-LU]............................ 46 | | N. | Nontraffic incident data collection. [Sec. 10305 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................... 47 | | O. | Study of safety belt use technologies. [Sec. 10306 of SAFETEA-LU]........................................... 47 | | P. | Power window switches. [Sec. 10308 of SAFETEA-LU]............................................................... 47 | | | Q. Authorization of appropriations. [Sec. 10310 of SAFETEA-LU]..................................................... 48 | ## RELATED UNCODIFIED PROVISIONS ## UNCODIFIED PROVISION: 49 USC 30127 note. ## TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ACT FOR 21 CENTURY (TEA-21) st June 9, 1998, Pub. L. 105-178, Title VII, Subtitle A, § 7103, 112 Stat. 465 ## ""SEC. 7103. Improving air bag safety. ## ""(a) Rulemaking to improve air bags. ""(1) Notice of proposed rulemaking. Not later than September 1, 1998, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking to improve occupant protection for occupants of different sizes, belted and unbelted, under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208, while minimizing the risk to infants, children, and other occupants from injuries and deaths caused by air bags, by means that include advanced air bags. ""(2) Final rule. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall complete the rulemaking required by this subsection by issuing, not later than September 1, 1999, a final rule with any provision the Secretary deems appropriate, consistent with paragraph (1) and the requirements of section 30111, title 49, United States Code. If the Secretary determines that the final rule cannot be completed by that date to meet the purposes of paragraph (1), the Secretary may extend the date for issuing the final rule to not later than March 1, 2000.', ""IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10306. Study of safety belt use technologies. The Secretary shall conduct a review of safety belt use technologies to consider possible revisions in strategies for achieving further gains in safety belt use. The Secretary shall complete the study by July 1, 2008. P. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10308. Power window switches. The Secretary shall upgrade Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 118 to require that power windows in motor vehicles not in excess of 10,000 pounds have switches that raise the window only when the switch is pulled up or out. The Secretary shall issue a final rule implementing this section by April 1, 2007. ## UNCODIFIED MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PROVISION ## IN SAFETEA-LU (Aug. 10, 2005; P.L. 109-59) ## Sec. 10310. Authorization of appropriations. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this subtitle, chapter 301 of title 49, and part C of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code-- - (1) $136,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; - (2) $142,800,000 for fiscal year 2007; - (3) $149,900,000 for fiscal year 2008; and - (4) $157,400,000 for fiscal year 2009. W ## CAMERON GULBRANSEN KIDS TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ACT OF 2007 [[Page 639 STAT. 122]] Public Law 110-189 110th Congress Approved February 28, 2008 ## An Act To direct the Secretary of Transportation to issue regulations to reduce the incidence of Feb. 28, 2008 child injury and death occurring inside or outside of light motor vehicles, and for other purposes. [H.R. 1216] | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of | Cameron | |---------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | the United States of America in Congress assembled, | Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007. | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. | | This Act may be cited as the ''Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation""]",medium,answer,"The two main objectives outlined in § 30101 are:
 1. To prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce.
-2. To carry out needed safety research and development.",5,Motor vehicle safety objectives,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary--\n[[start_highlight]](1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and\n(2) to carry out needed safety research and development.[[end_highlight]]""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""These objectives are part of \u00a7 30101, which is found in Subchapter I: General of the motor vehicle safety regulations.""}]",,117
+2. To carry out needed safety research and development.",5,Motor vehicle safety objectives,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary--\n<span class=\""highlight\"">(1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and\n(2) to carry out needed safety research and development.</span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""These objectives are part of \u00a7 30101, which is found in Subchapter I: General of the motor vehicle safety regulations.""}]",,117
 1183,How is the reimbursement amount calculated for the dealer's installation work?,"[""- (A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court; - (B) a clear description of the Secretary's stated basis for the decision; - (C) the Secretary's evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (D) measures the Secretary considers necessary to avoid an unreasonable risk to motor vehicle safety resulting from the defect or noncompliance; - (E) a statement that the manufacturer will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title, but that the requirement to remedy without charge is conditioned on the outcome of the civil action; and - (F) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation or includes in the order requiring the notice. - (2) A notification under this subsection does not relieve a manufacturer of liability for not giving notification required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Civil actions for not notifying.-(1) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers under section 30119(c) and (d) of this title is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty, unless the manufacturer prevails in a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section or the court in that action enjoins enforcement of the order. Enforcement may be enjoined only if the court decides that the failure to notify is reasonable and that the manufacturer has demonstrated the likelihood of prevailing on the merits. If enforcement is enjoined, the manufacturer is not liable during the time the order is stayed. - (2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title."", ""- (2) if a vehicle, the manufacturer or distributor immediately shall give to the distributor or dealer at the manufacturer's or distributor's own expense, the part or equipment needed to make the vehicle comply with the standards or correct the defect. - (b) Distributor or dealer installation. --The distributor or dealer shall install the part or equipment referred to in subsection (a)(2) of this section. If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer for the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected. - (c) Establishing amount due and civil actions. --The parties shall establish the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement under this section. If the parties do not agree, or if a manufacturer or distributor refuses to comply with subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the distributor or dealer purchasing the motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment may bring a civil action. The action may be brought in a United States district court for the judicial district in which the manufacturer or distributor resides, is found, or has an agent, to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee. An action under this section must be brought not later than 3 years after the claim accrues. ## § 30117. Providing information to, and maintaining records on, purchasers"", '## § 30162. Petitions by interested persons for standards and enforcement - (a) Filing. --Any interested person may file a petition with the Secretary of Transportation requesting the Secretary to begin a proceeding-- - (1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or - (2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title. - (b) Statement of facts. --The petition must state facts that the person claims establish that a motor vehicle safety standard or order referred to in subsection (a) of this section is necessary and briefly describe the order the Secretary should issue. - (c) Proceedings. --The Secretary may hold a public hearing or conduct an investigation or proceeding to decide whether to grant the petition. - (d) Actions of Secretary. --The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition not later than 120 days after the petition is filed. If a petition is granted, the Secretary shall begin the proceeding promptly. If a petition is denied, the Secretary shall publish the reasons for the denial in the Federal Register. ## § 30163. Actions by the Attorney General - (a) Civil actions to enforce. --The Attorney General may bring a civil action in a United States district court to enjoin-- - (1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and - (2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment-- - (A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or - (B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.', '- (2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter. - (d) Exemptions. --On application of a manufacturer, the Secretary shall exempt the manufacturer from this section if the Secretary decides a defect or noncompliance is inconsequential to motor vehicle safety. The Secretary may take action under this subsection only after notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for any interested person to present information, views, and arguments. - (e) Hearings about meeting notification requirements. --On the motion of the Secretary or on petition of any interested person, the Secretary may conduct a hearing to decide whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements under this section. Any interested person may make written and oral presentations of information, views, and arguments on whether the manufacturer has reasonably met the notification requirements. If the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has not reasonably met the notification requirements, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to take specified action to meet those requirements and may take any other action authorized under this chapter. ## § 30119. Notification procedures - (a) Contents of notification. --Notification by a manufacturer required under section 30118 of this title of a defect or noncompliance shall contain-- - (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; - (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; - (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; - (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; - (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and - (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.']",hard,answer,"The reimbursement amount for the dealer's installation work is calculated based on the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price. This amount is prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards or the defect is corrected. If the parties do not agree on the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement, the distributor or dealer may bring a civil action to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee.",4,Dealer reimbursement regulations,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer for <span class=\""highlight\"">the reasonable value of the installation and a reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the manufacturer's or distributor's selling price prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">The parties shall establish the value of installation and the amount of reimbursement under this section. If the parties do not agree, or if a manufacturer or distributor refuses to comply with subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the distributor or dealer purchasing the motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment may bring a civil action</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The action may be brought in a United States district court for the judicial district in which the manufacturer or distributor resides, is found, or has an agent, <span class=\""highlight\"">to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee</span>.""}]",,118
-555,What's the OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges?,"[""- · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods. OSHA Publication 3407 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-chemical-fume-hoods.pdf ## Personal Protective Equipment The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,' 29 CFR 1910.132(a). - · Complete standards - n 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10118 - · Fact Sheet - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data\\_General\\_Facts/ppe-factsheet.pdf - · Brochures/Booklets - n Personal Protective Equipment. OSHA Publication 3151 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html - · Safety and Health Topics Page - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/index.html The Eye and Face Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.133) requires that employers ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.133 - http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9778 - · eTool - n Eye and Face Protection"", ""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf""]",medium,answer,"The OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges would be the safety guidelines and warnings provided in the OSHA QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges (OSHA Publication 3406, 2011). This document outlines the necessary precautions and safety measures to be taken when operating centrifuges to prevent hazards. While OSHA does not use a specific sign like 'Beware of Dog,' they require proper labeling, training, and adherence to safety protocols to ensure safe operation of centrifuges.",2,Laboratory safety requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards\nCentrifuges\n[[start_highlight]]QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011).\nhttp://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf[[end_highlight]]""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers <span class=\""highlight\"">provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,'</span> 29 CFR 1910.132(a).""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""OSHA publishes various guidance documents and standards to ensure laboratory safety, including specific publications for different equipment types such as centrifuges, chemical fume hoods, and cryogens & dry ice.""}]",,119
+555,What's the OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges?,"[""- · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Chemical Fume Hoods. OSHA Publication 3407 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-chemical-fume-hoods.pdf ## Personal Protective Equipment The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,' 29 CFR 1910.132(a). - · Complete standards - n 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=10118 - · Fact Sheet - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data\\_General\\_Facts/ppe-factsheet.pdf - · Brochures/Booklets - n Personal Protective Equipment. OSHA Publication 3151 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html - · Safety and Health Topics Page - n Personal Protective Equipment http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/index.html The Eye and Face Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.133) requires that employers ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.133 - http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9778 - · eTool - n Eye and Face Protection"", ""## Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards ## Centrifuges - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf ## Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice - · QuickFacts - n Laboratory Safety - Cryogens &amp; Dry Ice. OSHA Publication 3408 (2011). - http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-cryogens-dryice.pdf ## Laser hazards - · Safety and Health Information Bulletin - n - Hazard of Laser Surgery Smoke (1988). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib\\_data/hib19880411.html - · Hospital eTool - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html - · Safety and Health Topics Pages - n Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html - n Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.html ## Safety Hazards The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the 'Lockout/Tagout' standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. - · Complete standard - n 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show\\_document?p\\_table=STANDARDS&amp;p\\_id=9804 - · Booklet - n Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf""]",medium,answer,"The OSHA equivalent of a 'Beware of Dog' sign for centrifuges would be the safety guidelines and warnings provided in the OSHA QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges (OSHA Publication 3406, 2011). This document outlines the necessary precautions and safety measures to be taken when operating centrifuges to prevent hazards. While OSHA does not use a specific sign like 'Beware of Dog,' they require proper labeling, training, and adherence to safety protocols to ensure safe operation of centrifuges.",2,Laboratory safety requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Additional OSHA Information on Physical Hazards\nCentrifuges\n<span class=\""highlight\"">QuickFacts - Laboratory Safety - Centrifuges. OSHA Publication 3406 (2011).\nhttp://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-centrifuges.pdf</span>""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers <span class=\""highlight\"">provide PPE and ensure that it is used wherever 'hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants [are] encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact,'</span> 29 CFR 1910.132(a).""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""OSHA publishes various guidance documents and standards to ensure laboratory safety, including specific publications for different equipment types such as centrifuges, chemical fume hoods, and cryogens & dry ice.""}]",,119
 1057,Why might command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use be ineffective in low-income countries?,"[""## Institutions and compliance Changes in institutions may be just as important as improved technology in controlling diseases. Brucellosis in cattle is an example. This zoonotic disease was eradicated in Sweden in the 1950s based on the robust diagnostics available at that time (Cerenius 2010). This was made possible because communal grazing and mixing of herds were limited, engagement in farmers' organizations was strong, and the veterinary authority and service interacted closely with the farmers. These institutional factors made compliance with external biosecurity measures effective. The opposite conditions still apply in many countries where brucellosis is an issue (Plumb et al. 2013). In such cases, where animal productivity is generally low and where the disease is endemic and symptoms vague, farmers may be reluctant to invest in control measures such as vaccination. A lack of compensation for culled animals further increases resistance to control measures. The development and strengthening of institutions, both state and non-state, in such areas are vital to improving control of livestock diseases. Stronger groups of livestock keepers make it easier for government organizations and veterinary services to interact with larger numbers of local people, learn about their opinions and needs, and provide them with the information and services they require. It also makes compliance with disease-control measures more possible (FAO, 2020). ## Monitoring and surveillance Advances in technology are making it possible to detect and respond to livestock diseases more quickly. Improved testing and control have made it possible to eradicate diseases such as bovine brucellosis and porcine pseudorabies in the United States (USDA 2019a, 2019b). For some diseases it is now possible to perform a rapid diagnosis on the farm itself. To be practicable, such tests must be cheap and quick. Currently, some 'pen-side' tests and several basic laboratory tests are in common use in HICs."", '## Use One Health to control zoonotic and food-borne diseases Zoonotic and food-borne diseases are best tackled using a One Health approach. Resources should be allocated where they most reduce the risk of zoonotic and foodborne diseases. Interventions must be based on knowledge of the socio-economic situations of farmers, food business operators and consumers. A combination of crosscompliance and soft law approaches may work best. Improving animal husbandry and welfare is important for reducing the risks of zoonotic and food-borne diseases. Data on the occurrence of food-borne diseases and the disease burden in the human population are crucial to assess the costs and benefits of diseasecontrol measures in the livestock production and processing systems. Postharvest interventions are also required to reduce the risk of the pathogens surviving, multiplying and contaminating food. In HICs, efficient control and monitoring of targeted diseases are needed by well-functioning regulatory bodies using command-and-control, crosscompliance and market approaches. In low-income countries, such approaches are less likely to be useful; there, soft laws in the form of recommendations and guidance will probably be more effective. ## Reduce use of antimicrobials Not all governments have the capacity to impose command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use, and overly harsh regulations could jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers. It also risks pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. The cross-compliance approach also requires the capacity to enforce regulations, and the market approach relies on consumers demanding food produced without excessive use of antimicrobials. Such approaches will probably work only in HICs. Soft law - guidelines and persuasion - along with education and information, also has a place in HICs, but may be the only realistic option in LMICs. ## Promote animal welfare']",hard,answer,"Command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use might be ineffective in low-income countries due to several reasons. Firstly, these countries often lack the capacity to enforce such regulations effectively. Overly harsh regulations could also jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers, making compliance difficult. Additionally, stringent measures risk pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately. In low-income countries, softer approaches like guidelines, persuasion, education, and information may be more realistic and effective.",2,Antimicrobial resistance management,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Not all governments have the capacity to impose command-and-control measures to restrict antimicrobial use, and <span class=\""highlight\"">overly harsh regulations could jeopardize the profitability and livelihoods of livestock producers</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""It also <span class=\""highlight\"">risks pushing antimicrobial use into a poorly regulated black market dominated by sub-standard products that are administered inappropriately</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The cross-compliance approach also <span class=\""highlight\"">requires the capacity to enforce regulations</span>, and the market approach relies on consumers demanding food produced without excessive use of antimicrobials. Such approaches will probably work only in HICs.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Soft law - guidelines and persuasion - along with education and information, also has a place in HICs, but may be the only realistic option in LMICs</span>.""}]",,120
 4398,What are the consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting?,"['- · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. See, 15 U.S.C. §2064(b) and 16 CFR part 1115. If a firm elects to conduct an investigation in order to evaluate the existence of reportable information, the 24-hour period begins when the firm has information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - · fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - · fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - · contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a firm could report to the Commission before the conclusion of a reasonably expeditious investigation and evaluation if the reportable information becomes known during the course of the investigation. In lieu of the investigation, the firm may report the information immediately. 13 ## REPORTING PROCEDURES The Commission considers a firm to have knowledge of product safety information when such information is received by an employee or official of the firm who may reasonably be expected to be capable of appreciating the significance of that information. Under ordinary circumstances, five days is the maximum reasonable time for that information to reach the chief executive officer or other official assigned responsibility for complying with the reporting requirements. Weekends and holidays are not counted in that timetable. 16 C.F.R. §§ 1115.11(a) and 1115.14(b). The Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported. This evaluation will be based, in part, on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Thus, a firm shall be deemed to know what it would have known if it had exercised due care in ascertaining the accuracy of complaints or other representations. 16 C.F.R. § 1115.11(b). ## PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT', ""Section 15(b) of the CPSA defines responsibilities of manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of consumer products. Each is required to notify the Commission immediately if it obtains information that reasonably supports the conclusion that a product: - 1. fails to comply with a consumer product safety rule or a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9 of the CPSA; - 2. fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other statute enforced by the Commission; - 3. contains a defect which could create a substantial product hazard described in section 15(a)(2) of the CPSA; or - 4. creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. The Commission's interpretative regulation (16 C.F.R. part 1115) explains the firm's obligations and those of the Commission. A copy of the regulation can be found at: http://www.cpsc.gov/BUSINFO/frnotices/fr06/E611758.pdf. ## Firms may report under section 15 online at: https://www.saferproducts.gov/CPSRMSpublic/Section15. ## REPORTING PRODUCTS INVOLVED IN LAWSUITS In addition to the reporting requirements at 15 U.S.C. § 2064(b), section 37 of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2084, requires manufacturers (including importers) of a consumer product to report to the Commission, if: - 1. a particular model of a consumer product is the subject of at least three civil actions that have been filed in federal or state court; - 2. each lawsuit alleges the involvement of that model in death or grievous bodily injury (as defined in § 37(e)(1)); - 3. at least three of the actions result in a final settlement involving the manufacturer or in a judgment for the plaintiff within any one of the two-year periods specified in section 37(b)."", ""attempt to prevent through its own efforts, such as information and education programs, safety labeling, and adoption of product safety standards. Although the CPSC relies on sources other than firm reports to identify substantial product hazards, reporting by companies under the reporting provisions is invaluable because firms often learn of product safety problems long before the Commission. For this reason, any firm involved in the manufacture, importation, distribution, or sale of consumer products should develop a system of reviewing and maintaining consumer complaints, inquiries, product liability suits, and comments on the products they handle. If a firm reports to the Commission under section 15 of the CPSA, it does not necessarily mean that a substantial product hazard exists. Section 15 requires firms to report whenever a product: (1) fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or with a voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; (2) fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA or any other Act enforced by the Commission; (3) contains a defect that could create a substantial product hazard; or (4) creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. Thus, a product need not actually create a substantial product hazard to trigger the reporting requirement. ## WHEN TO REPORT UNDER SECTION 15 OF THE CPSA It is the Commission's view that a firm should take the all-important first step of notifying the Commission when the information available to the firm reasonably indicates that a report is required. It is in the firm's best interest to assign the responsibility of reporting to someone in executive authority. A firm should report immediately (within 24 hours) after a firm has obtained information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product: - · fails to comply with an applicable consumer product safety rule or voluntary consumer product safety standard upon which the Commission has relied under section 9; - · fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard, or ban under the CPSA, or any other Act enforced by the Commission; - · contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury to the public; or, - · creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death."", ""§ 1015.18(c), the following information must be included with the request for exemption: - 2. state whether the information claimed to be confidential has ever been released in any manner to a person who was not an employee or in a confidential relationship with the firm; - 1. identify specifically the exact portion(s) of the document claimed to be confidential; - 3. state whether the information so specified is known commonly within the industry or is readily ascertainable by outside persons with a minimum of time and effort; - confidentiality on behalf of the person or organization concerned. - 4. state how release of the information so specified would be likely to cause substantial harm to the firm's competitive position; and 5. state whether the submitter is authorized to make claims of If the Commission determines that information marked as confidential may be disclosed because it is not confidential, the Commission must provide written notice that it intends to disclose this information, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(a)(5). This notice must be provided not less than 10 working days prior to disclosure. Any person receiving such notice may bring an action in an appropriate district court to prevent disclosure of the information, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(a)(6). The Commission's regulations under the Freedom of Information Act, 16 C.F.R. § 1015, govern confidential treatment of requests for exportation of violative products that have claimed trade secret or confidential commercial or financial information. In addition, section 6(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(b), also provides limitations on the Commission's disclosure of any information identifying manufacturers or private labelers, and further limits the Commission's disclosure of information received under section 15(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. § 2055(b)(5). ## CONFIDENTIALITY OF REPORTS UNDER SECTION 15(b) OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT (CPSA)""]",medium,answer,"The consequences of not adhering to the specified timeframes for reporting are not explicitly detailed in the provided context. However, the context does mention that the Commission will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported, based on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product. Additionally, there is a section titled 'PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT,' which implies that there are penalties for not complying with the reporting requirements, though the specific penalties are not described in the provided context.",4,Regulatory reporting requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""The Commission <span class=\""highlight\"">will evaluate whether and when a firm should have reported</span>. This evaluation will be based, in part, on what a reasonable person, acting under the circumstances, knows about the hazard posed by the product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Thus, a firm shall be deemed to know what it would have known if it had exercised due care in ascertaining the accuracy of complaints or other representations. <span class=\""highlight\"">16 C.F.R. \u00a7 1115.11(b)</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO REPORT</span>""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""A firm should report immediately (within 24 hours) after obtaining information which reasonably supports the conclusion that its consumer product fails to comply with safety rules, contains a defect which could create a substantial risk of injury, or creates an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death.""}]",,121
 2272,How much soluble fiber is needed daily to reduce the risk of CHD?,"[""| | Approved Claims | Requirements for the Food | Claim Requirements | Model Claim Statements | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | *Plant Sterol/ stanol esters and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.83) | At least 0.65 g plant sterol esters per RACC of spreads and salad dressings, or At least 1.7 g plant stanol esters per RACC of spreads, salad dressings, snack bars, and dietary supplements. Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, and Spreads and salad dressings that exceed 13 g fat per 50 g must bear the statement'see nutrition information for fat content' Salad dressings are exempted from the minimum 10% DV nutrient requirement | Required terms: 'May' or'might' reduce the risk of CHD 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease' 'Plant sterol esters' or 'plant stanol esters'; except'vegetable oil' may replace the term 'plant' if vegetable oil is the sole source of the sterol/ stanol ester Claim specifies plant stero/stanol esters are part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Claim does not attribute any degree of CHD risk reduction. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of plant sterol or stanol esters necessary to reduce CHD risk, and the amount provided per serving. Claim specifies that plant sterol or stanol esters should be consumed with two different meals each a day."", ""## are health claims different from structure/function claims? H3. How health claims that meet the Significant Scientific Agreement standard and Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) characterize the between a substance to a disease or health-related condition (see CFR 101.14). (S/F) claims describe the effect that a has on the structure or function of the body and do not make to a disease. Both S/F and health claims can be used on the label in the labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements. An of a S/F claim is 'Calcium builds strong bones.' S/F claims must be and not misleading and are not pre-reviewed or authorized by FDA. U.S.C. 343(r)(6) and 21 CFR 101.93 Answer: Both (SSA) relationship 21 Structure/function substance reference and example truthful 21 ## are health claims different from statements about dietary H4. How guidance? examples of an authorized health claim, which by definition must the elements of a substance and a disease or health-related condition, 'Three grams of soluble fiber from oatmeal daily in a diet low in saturated and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. This cereal has 2 per serving.' and 'Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart disease'. Two contain are: fat grams include health claims that meet the SSA standard and QHCs a relationship between a substance and a disease or health-related (see CFR 101.14). elements of 1) a substance and 2) a are present in a health claim. Dietary guidance does not contain both (and therefore does not constitute a health claim, but may contain element or another. Typically, dietary guidance statements make reference a category of foods (i.e., a grouping that is not readily characterized and not to a specific substance. The following illustrations be helpful: Answer: Both characterize condition 21 Both disease elements one to compositionally) may"", ""| | Fiber-Containing Grain Products, Fruits, and Vegetables and Cancer (21 CFR 101.76) | A grain product, fruit, or vegetable that contains dietary fiber; Low fat, and Good source of dietary fiber (without fortification) | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', or 'Total dietary fiber' 'Some types of cancer' or 'Some cancers' Does not specify types of dietary fiber that may be related to risk of cancer. | Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. | | Approved Claims | the Food Requirements for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Fruits, Vegetables and Grain Products that contain Fiber, particularly Soluble Fiber, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.77) | A fruit, vegetable, or grain product that contains fiber; Low saturated fat, Low cholesterol, Low fat, At least 0.6 grams of soluble fiber per RACC (without fortification), and, Soluble fiber content provided on label | Required terms: 'Fiber', 'Dietary fiber', 'Some types of dietary fiber', 'Some dietary fibers', or 'Some fibers' 'Saturated fat' and 'Cholesterol' 'Heart disease' or 'Coronary heart disease' | Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors. |"", ""--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (21 CFR 101.81) | Low saturated fat Low cholesterol Low fat, and The food product must include one or more of the following whole oat or barley foods: 1) oat bran, 2) rolled oats, 3) whole oat f lour, 4) whole grain barley or dry milled barley, and the whole oat or barley foods must contain at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC of the food product; or Oatrim that contains at least 0.75 g of beta--glucan soluble per RACC of the food product; or Psyllium husk that contains at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC of food product. Eligible Sources of Soluble Fiber Beta-glucan soluble fiber from the following whole oat and barley sources: 1) Oat bran 2) Rolled Oats 3) Whole Oat Flour 4) Oatrim 5) Whole Grain Barley and Dry Milled Barley 6) Barley Betafiber 7) Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95% The amount of soluble fiber per RACC must be declared in nutrition label. | Required terms: 'Heart disease' or 'coronary heart disease.' 'Saturated fat' and 'cholesterol.' In specifying the substance the claim uses the term'soluble fiber' qualified by the name of the eligible source of by the name of the eligible source of the soluble fiber, which is either whole oat or barley or psyllium seed husk. Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product."", ""Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product. Additional Required Label Statement Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of f luids; e.g., 'NOTICE: This food should be eaten with at least a full glass of liquid. Eating this product without enough liquid may cause choking. Do not eat this product if your have difficulty in swallowing. (21 CFR 101.17(f)) | Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies _ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect. protein. | | Approved Claims | Requirements the Food for | Claim Requirements | Claim Model Statements | |------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|""]",medium,answer,"According to the context, the daily dietary intake of soluble fiber necessary to reduce the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is specified as follows: For soluble fiber from certain foods like whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk, the claim specifies the necessary daily dietary intake. For example, foods containing psyllium husk must provide at least 1.7 grams of soluble fiber per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC) to qualify for the health claim. Additionally, the context mentions that the claim must specify the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD, but the exact daily amount may vary depending on the specific source of soluble fiber (e.g., whole oat, barley, or psyllium husk).",5,Heart disease prevention requirements,False,"[{""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""For soluble fiber from certain foods, the qualifying foods must contain minimum amounts per RACC: whole oat or barley foods must contain <span class=\""highlight\"">at least 0.75 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of the food product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Psyllium husk must contain at least 1.7 g of soluble fiber per RACC</span> of food product.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""<span class=\""highlight\"">Claim specifies the daily dietary intake of the soluble fiber source necessary to reduce the risk of CHD</span>.""}, {""type"": ""primary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Claim specifies the amount of soluble fiber in one serving of the product.""}, {""type"": ""secondary"", ""abbreviatedContent"": ""Foods bearing a psyllium seed husk health claim must also bear a label statement concerning the need to consume them with adequate amounts of fluids.""}]",,122