Create data/knowledge_base.json

data/knowledge_base.json

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+{
+  "faults": {
+    "symmetrical_faults": {
+      "description": "Three-phase faults where all phases are equally affected by the same impedance",
+      "characteristics": "Balanced conditions, phasor relationships maintained, easiest to analyze",
+      "analysis_method": "Single-phase equivalent circuit with positive sequence impedance",
+      "fault_current": "I_fault = V_pre_fault / Z_total",
+      "percentage": "5-10% of all power system faults"
+    },
+    "unsymmetrical_faults": {
+      "line_to_ground": {
+        "description": "Most common fault type in power systems",
+        "percentage": "70-80% of all faults",
+        "analysis": "Uses symmetrical components method",
+        "fault_current": "I_fault = 3 * V_a / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)",
+        "causes": "Insulation failure, lightning, tree contact"
+      },
+      "line_to_line": {
+        "description": "Fault between two phases without ground involvement",
+        "percentage": "15-20% of all faults",
+        "fault_current": "I_fault = sqrt(3) * V_pre_fault / (Z1 + Z2)",
+        "characteristics": "No zero sequence current"
+      },
+      "double_line_to_ground": {
+        "description": "Two phases faulted to ground",
+        "percentage": "Less than 5% but can be severe",
+        "analysis": "Complex symmetrical component analysis required"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "protection": {
+    "overcurrent_protection": {
+      "description": "Most basic form of protection based on current magnitude",
+      "types": ["Instantaneous", "Definite time", "Inverse time"],
+      "coordination": "Time-current characteristic curves must be coordinated",
+      "settings": {
+        "pickup_current": "1.25 to 1.5 times full load current",
+        "time_dial": "Adjusted for coordination"
+      }
+    },
+    "differential_protection": {
+      "description": "High-speed protection based on current difference",
+      "applications": ["Transformers", "Generators", "Motors", "Buses"],
+      "principle": "Kirchhoff's current law - sum of currents should be zero",
+      "advantages": ["Fast operation", "High selectivity", "Sensitive"]
+    },
+    "distance_protection": {
+      "description": "Impedance-based protection for transmission lines",
+      "zones": {
+        "zone_1": "80-90% of protected line, instantaneous",
+        "zone_2": "120% of line + 50% next line, time delayed",
+        "zone_3": "Backup protection, longer time delay"
+      },
+      "characteristics": ["Mho", "Impedance", "Reactance", "Quadrilateral"]
+    },
+    "pilot_protection": {
+      "description": "Communication-assisted protection schemes",
+      "types": ["Pilot wire", "Power line carrier", "Microwave", "Fiber optic"],
+      "schemes": ["Blocking", "Tripping", "Transfer tripping"]
+    }
+  },
+  "standards": {
+    "IEEE_standards": {
+      "IEEE_C37": {
+        "title": "Circuit Breakers and Switchgear Standards",
+        "subtopics": ["C37.2 - Device numbers", "C37.04 - Rating structure", "C37.010 - Application guide"]
+      },
+      "IEEE_1547": {
+        "title": "Standard for Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources",
+        "scope": "Grid interconnection requirements for DER"
+      },
+      "IEEE_519": {
+        "title": "Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems",
+        "focus": "Harmonic distortion limits and measurement"
+      },
+      "IEEE_242": {
+        "title": "Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems",
+        "nickname": "IEEE Buff Book"
+      }
+    },
+    "IEC_standards": {
+      "IEC_61850": {
+        "title": "Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations",
+        "importance": "Modern substation automation standard"
+      },
+      "IEC_60909": {
+        "title": "Short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems",
+        "scope": "Calculation methods for short-circuit analysis"
+      },
+      "IEC_60255": {
+        "title": "Measuring relays and protection equipment",
+        "coverage": "All aspects of protective relaying"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "power_flow": {
+    "description": "Steady-state analysis of power systems",
+    "methods": ["Gauss-Seidel", "Newton-Raphson", "Fast Decoupled Load Flow"],
+    "applications": ["System planning", "Operation", "Contingency analysis"],
+    "bus_types": {
+      "slack_bus": "Voltage magnitude and angle specified",
+      "PV_bus": "Real power and voltage magnitude specified",
+      "PQ_bus": "Real and reactive power specified"
+    }
+  },
+  "stability": {
+    "types": {
+      "steady_state": "Ability to maintain synchronism under gradual load changes",
+      "transient": "Response to large disturbances like faults",
+      "dynamic": "Response to small disturbances over longer periods"
+    },
+    "analysis_methods": ["Equal area criterion", "Time domain simulation", "Direct methods"],
+    "improvement_methods": ["Fast fault clearing", "Power system stabilizers", "FACTS devices"]
+  },
+  "transformers": {
+    "protection": {
+      "differential": "Primary protection method",
+      "overcurrent": "Backup protection",
+      "gas_protection": "Buchholz relay for internal faults",
+      "thermal_protection": "Winding and oil temperature monitoring"
+    },
+    "testing": {
+      "routine_tests": ["Turns ratio", "Polarity", "Insulation resistance"],
+      "type_tests": ["Temperature rise", "Impulse", "Short circuit"]
+    }
+  },
+  "transmission_lines": {
+    "parameters": {
+      "resistance": "Conductor material and cross-section dependent",
+      "inductance": "Magnetic field energy storage",
+      "capacitance": "Electric field energy storage",
+      "conductance": "Leakage current path"
+    },
+    "models": {
+      "short_line": "Less than 80 km, R and L only",
+      "medium_line": "80-250 km, nominal pi or T model",
+      "long_line": "Greater than 250 km, distributed parameter model"
+    }
+  },
+  "power_quality": {
+    "issues": {
+      "harmonics": "Non-linear loads cause harmonic distortion",
+      "voltage_sags": "Temporary voltage reductions",
+      "voltage_swells": "Temporary voltage increases",
+      "flicker": "Voltage fluctuations causing light flicker",
+      "interruptions": "Complete loss of supply voltage"
+    },
+    "standards": ["IEEE 519", "IEC 61000 series", "EN 50160"],
+    "mitigation": ["Filters", "UPS", "Voltage regulators", "FACTS devices"]
+  },
+  "renewable_integration": {
+    "challenges": {
+      "variability": "Wind and solar output varies with weather",
+      "grid_stability": "Reduced inertia from conventional generation",
+      "power_quality": "Harmonics from inverter-based resources"
+    },
+    "solutions": {
+      "energy_storage": "Battery systems for smoothing and backup",
+      "smart_inverters": "Grid support functions",
+      "forecasting": "Prediction of renewable output"
+    }
+  },
+  "formulas": {
+    "fault_analysis": {
+      "three_phase_fault": "I_fault = V_prefault / Z_total",
+      "line_to_ground": "I_fault = 3 * V_a / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)",
+      "line_to_line": "I_fault = sqrt(3) * V_prefault / (Z1 + Z2)"
+    },
+    "power_flow": {
+      "real_power": "P = |V1| * |V2| * sin(δ) / X",
+      "reactive_power": "Q = |V1| * (|V1| - |V2| * cos(δ)) / X"
+    },
+    "transmission_lines": {
+      "characteristic_impedance": "Zc = sqrt(Z/Y)",
+      "propagation_constant": "γ = sqrt(Z*Y)"
+    }
+  },
+  "exam_topics": {
+    "fundamental": ["Circuit analysis", "AC power", "Three-phase systems"],
+    "intermediate": ["Fault analysis", "Protection", "Power flow", "Stability"],
+    "advanced": ["FACTS", "Renewable integration", "Smart grid", "Power electronics"]
+  }
+}