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Update cycle_events.json

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@@ -1,96 +1,771 @@
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  [
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
  {
3
  "year": 1776,
4
  "events": [
5
  {
6
- "cycle": "K-Wave",
7
- "event_en": "James Watt perfects commercial steam engine.",
8
- "event_ko": "์ œ์ž„์Šค ์™€ํŠธ, ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์™„์„ฑ."
9
- },
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10
  {
11
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
12
- "event_en": "US declares independence, emerging power.",
13
- "event_ko": "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์–ธ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ๋ถ€์ƒ."
 
 
 
 
 
14
  }
15
  ]
16
  },
17
  {
18
- "year": 1815,
19
  "events": [
20
  {
21
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
22
- "event_en": "Congress of Vienna; British naval supremacy.",
23
- "event_ko": "๋นˆ ํšŒ์˜; ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด์ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ ํ™•๋ฆฝ."
24
  }
25
  ]
26
  },
27
  {
28
- "year": 1873,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29
  "events": [
30
  {
31
  "cycle": "Finance",
32
- "event_en": "Panic of 1873 triggers Long Depression.",
33
- "event_ko": "1873๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ ์‹œ์ž‘."
34
  }
35
  ]
36
  },
37
  {
38
- "year": 1879,
39
  "events": [
40
  {
41
- "cycle": "K-Wave",
42
- "event_en": "Edison practical incandescent bulb ushers Electric Age.",
43
- "event_ko": "์—๋””์Šจ ๋ฐฑ์—ด์ „๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰."
44
  }
45
  ]
46
  },
47
  {
48
- "year": 1893,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
49
  "events": [
50
  {
51
  "cycle": "Business",
52
- "event_en": "Panic of 1893 rail & bank failures.",
53
- "event_ko": "1893๋…„ ์ฒ ๋„ยท์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ๊ณตํ™ฉ."
54
  }
55
  ]
56
  },
57
  {
58
- "year": 1914,
59
  "events": [
60
  {
61
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
62
- "event_en": "World War I begins, upends balance of power.",
63
- "event_ko": "์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ถ•๊ดด."
64
  }
65
  ]
66
  },
67
  {
68
- "year": 1929,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
69
  "events": [
70
  {
71
  "cycle": "Finance",
72
- "event_en": "Wall Street crash, Great Depression.",
73
- "event_ko": "์›”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด, ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์‹œ์ž‘."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
74
  },
75
  {
76
  "cycle": "Business",
77
- "event_en": "Juglar bust within Great Depression.",
78
- "event_ko": "๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ๋‚ด ์ฅฌ๊ธ€๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฐ•."
79
  }
80
  ]
81
  },
82
  {
83
- "year": 1945,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
84
  "events": [
85
  {
86
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
87
- "event_en": "WWII ends; US global hegemony.",
88
- "event_ko": "2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „; ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŒจ๊ถŒ ํ™•๋ฆฝ."
89
  },
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
90
  {
91
  "cycle": "K-Wave",
92
- "event_en": "Postwar mass production boom starts.",
93
- "event_ko": "์ „ํ›„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ ์‹œ์ž‘."
 
 
 
 
 
94
  }
95
  ]
96
  },
@@ -98,79 +773,209 @@
98
  "year": 1973,
99
  "events": [
100
  {
101
- "cycle": "K-Wave",
102
- "event_en": "Oil shock peaks 4th K-wave.",
103
- "event_ko": "์˜ค์ผ์‡ผํฌ๋กœ 4์ฐจ KํŒŒ๋™ ์ •์ ."
104
  },
105
  {
106
  "cycle": "Business",
107
- "event_en": "1973-75 recession stagflation.",
108
- "event_ko": "1973-75 ๋ถˆํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์Šคํƒœ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜."
109
  }
110
  ]
111
  },
112
  {
113
- "year": 1982,
114
  "events": [
115
  {
116
- "cycle": "Business",
117
- "event_en": "Early 80s recession ends inflation.",
118
- "event_ko": "80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ข…์‹."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
119
  },
120
  {
121
  "cycle": "Finance",
122
- "event_en": "Latin American debt crisis.",
123
- "event_ko": "์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์™ธ์ฑ„ ์œ„๊ธฐ."
124
  }
125
  ]
126
  },
127
  {
128
- "year": 1991,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
129
  "events": [
130
  {
131
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
132
- "event_en": "Dissolution of Soviet Union.",
133
- "event_ko": "์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด์ฒด."
134
  }
135
  ]
136
  },
137
  {
138
- "year": 2000,
139
  "events": [
140
  {
141
- "cycle": "K-Wave",
142
- "event_en": "Dotโ€‘com bubble bursts.",
143
- "event_ko": "๋‹ท์ปด ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋ถ•๊ดด."
144
  },
145
  {
146
  "cycle": "Business",
147
- "event_en": "2001 recession.",
148
- "event_ko": "2001๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด."
149
  }
150
  ]
151
  },
152
  {
153
- "year": 2008,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
154
  "events": [
155
  {
156
  "cycle": "Finance",
157
- "event_en": "Global Financial Crisis.",
158
- "event_ko": "์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
159
  },
160
  {
161
  "cycle": "Business",
162
- "event_en": "Great Recession.",
163
- "event_ko": "๋Œ€๋ถˆํ™ฉ."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
164
  }
165
  ]
166
  },
167
  {
168
  "year": 2014,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
169
  "events": [
170
  {
171
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
172
- "event_en": "China tops US in PPP GDP.",
173
- "event_ko": "์ค‘๊ตญ PPP GDP 1์œ„."
174
  }
175
  ]
176
  },
@@ -179,14 +984,19 @@
179
  "events": [
180
  {
181
  "cycle": "Business",
182
- "event_en": "COVIDโ€‘19 recession.",
183
- "event_ko": "์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ถˆํ™ฉ."
184
- },
 
 
 
 
 
185
  {
186
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
187
- "event_en": "Multipolar shift intensifies.",
188
- "event_ko": "๋‹ค๊ทน ์ฒด์ œ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ฐ€์†."
189
  }
190
  ]
191
  }
192
- ]
 
1
  [
2
+ {
3
+ "year": 1492,
4
+ "events": [
5
+ {
6
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
7
+ "event_en": "Christopher Columbusโ€™s voyage to the Americas opens the way for European colonial empires and global trade expansion:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.",
8
+ "event_ko": "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ญํ•ด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
9
+ }
10
+ ]
11
+ },
12
+ {
13
+ "year": 1588,
14
+ "events": [
15
+ {
16
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
17
+ "event_en": "England defeats the Spanish Armada, marking the decline of Spainโ€™s dominance and the rise of British naval power:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.",
18
+ "event_ko": "1588๋…„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ๋ฌด์ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์™€ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค."
19
+ }
20
+ ]
21
+ },
22
+ {
23
+ "year": 1648,
24
+ "events": [
25
+ {
26
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
27
+ "event_en": "The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ends the Thirty Yearsโ€™ War, establishing the modern system of sovereign states and curtailing Habsburg hegemony in Europe.",
28
+ "event_ko": "1648๋…„ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 30๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
29
+ }
30
+ ]
31
+ },
32
+ {
33
+ "year": 1688,
34
+ "events": [
35
+ {
36
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
37
+ "event_en": "The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England ensures a constitutional monarchy and ushers in an era of political stability that allows Britainโ€™s rise as a global power.",
38
+ "event_ko": "1688๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ž…ํ—Œ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•  ์•ˆ์ •์  ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
39
+ }
40
+ ]
41
+ },
42
+ {
43
+ "year": 1707,
44
+ "events": [
45
+ {
46
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
47
+ "event_en": "The Acts of Union 1707 unite England and Scotland into Great Britain, laying the foundation for a unified British state that will dominate world affairs.",
48
+ "event_ko": "1707๋…„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠผ ์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์—ญํ• ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
49
+ }
50
+ ]
51
+ },
52
+ {
53
+ "year": 1720,
54
+ "events": [
55
+ {
56
+ "cycle": "Finance",
57
+ "event_en": "The South Sea Bubble bursts in Britain (alongside Franceโ€™s Mississippi Bubble), collapsing stock prices and ruining investors:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.",
58
+ "event_ko": "1720๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚จํ•ดํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
59
+ }
60
+ ]
61
+ },
62
+ {
63
+ "year": 1757,
64
+ "events": [
65
+ {
66
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
67
+ "event_en": "At the 1757 Battle of Plassey, Britain secures control over Bengal in India, a key step in establishing the British Raj and expanding its colonial hegemony.",
68
+ "event_ko": "1757๋…„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๋ น ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
69
+ }
70
+ ]
71
+ },
72
+ {
73
+ "year": 1763,
74
+ "events": [
75
+ {
76
+ "cycle": "Finance",
77
+ "event_en": "An Amsterdam banking crisis in 1763 follows the Seven Yearsโ€™ War, as major lenders collapse and panic spreads to Germany and Scandinavia:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.",
78
+ "event_ko": "1763๋…„ 7๋…„์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ๊ทธ ์—ฌํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
79
+ }
80
+ ]
81
+ },
82
+ {
83
+ "year": 1769,
84
+ "events": [
85
+ {
86
+ "cycle": "Finance",
87
+ "event_en": "A speculative frenzy in Indiaโ€™s Bengal region ends with a crash in 1769 (the Bengal Bubble), devastating local trade and credit:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.",
88
+ "event_ko": "1769๋…„ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์—ดํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ(๋ฒต๊ณจ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์œต์ด ํฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค."
89
+ }
90
+ ]
91
+ },
92
+ {
93
+ "year": 1771,
94
+ "events": [
95
+ {
96
+ "cycle": "K-Wave",
97
+ "event_en": "Richard Arkwright opens Cromford Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.",
98
+ "event_ko": "1771๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์•„ํฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ํฌ๋กฌํผ๋“œ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
99
+ }
100
+ ]
101
+ },
102
+ {
103
+ "year": 1772,
104
+ "events": [
105
+ {
106
+ "cycle": "Finance",
107
+ "event_en": "A British credit crisis begins with bank failures in London and Amsterdam, spreading panic across Europe:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.",
108
+ "event_ko": "1772๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊ณผ ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
109
+ }
110
+ ]
111
+ },
112
  {
113
  "year": 1776,
114
  "events": [
115
  {
116
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
117
+ "event_en": "American colonies declare independence from Britain, inspiring global movements for self-governance:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.",
118
+ "event_ko": "1776๋…„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ž์น˜์™€ ๊ณตํ™” ์ด๋…์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์  ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
119
+ },
120
+ {
121
+ "cycle": "Finance",
122
+ "event_en": "Financing the American Revolutionary War strains European powers; Franceโ€™s 1.3 billion livre support for the rebels helps push the French monarchy toward bankruptcy:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.",
123
+ "event_ko": "1776๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์Ÿ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ 13์–ต ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ฅด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋– ์•ˆ์•„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
124
+ }
125
+ ]
126
+ },
127
+ {
128
+ "year": 1785,
129
+ "events": [
130
+ {
131
+ "cycle": "Finance",
132
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1785 hits the early United States, as a post-war credit contraction leads to a sharp economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.",
133
+ "event_ko": "1785๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
134
+ }
135
+ ]
136
+ },
137
+ {
138
+ "year": 1789,
139
+ "events": [
140
+ {
141
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
142
+ "event_en": "The French Revolution erupts in 1789, overthrowing the monarchy and challenging the old aristocratic order across Europe.",
143
+ "event_ko": "1789๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ด‰ ์™•์ •์„ ์ „๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋…์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
144
+ }
145
+ ]
146
+ },
147
+ {
148
+ "year": 1792,
149
+ "events": [
150
+ {
151
+ "cycle": "Finance",
152
+ "event_en": "A financial panic strikes in 1792; U.S. Treasury Secretary Hamilton intervenes to stabilize credit in the young American economy:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.",
153
+ "event_ko": "1792๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์ด ์‹œ์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ฒซ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
154
+ }
155
+ ]
156
+ },
157
+ {
158
+ "year": 1797,
159
+ "events": [
160
+ {
161
+ "cycle": "Finance",
162
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1797 spreads in Britain and the U.S. amid war-driven debt and speculation, causing bank runs and a credit collapse:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.",
163
+ "event_ko": "1797๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด‘ํ’์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์— ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
164
+ }
165
+ ]
166
+ },
167
+ {
168
+ "year": 1805,
169
+ "events": [
170
+ {
171
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
172
+ "event_en": "Britainโ€™s decisive naval victory over France at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 secures British naval supremacy and frustrates Napoleonโ€™s plans to invade England.",
173
+ "event_ko": "1805๋…„ ํŠธ๋ผํŒ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์˜ ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ตณํžˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ์นจ๊ณต ์•ผ๋ง์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค."
174
+ }
175
+ ]
176
+ },
177
+ {
178
+ "year": 1807,
179
+ "events": [
180
+ {
181
+ "cycle": "Business",
182
+ "event_en": "U.S. President Thomas Jeffersonโ€™s Embargo Act of 1807 stops foreign trade, plunging the American economy, especially port cities, into a severe depression.",
183
+ "event_ko": "1807๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œํผ์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์˜๊ตญยทํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰(1807๋…„ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž… ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•)ํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
184
+ }
185
+ ]
186
+ },
187
+ {
188
+ "year": 1813,
189
+ "events": [
190
+ {
191
+ "cycle": "Finance",
192
+ "event_en": "Denmark declares state bankruptcy in 1813 after war expenses, illustrating the sovereign debt crises of the Napoleonic era:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.",
193
+ "event_ko": "1813๋…„ ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋นˆ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ฑ„๋ฌด ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค."
194
+ }
195
+ ]
196
+ },
197
+ {
198
+ "year": 1815,
199
+ "events": [
200
+ {
201
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
202
+ "event_en": "The Congress of Vienna reorganizes Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, establishing a balance of power that ushers in a century of relative peace:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.",
203
+ "event_ko": "1815๋…„ ๋นˆ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  1์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ํ‰ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
204
+ }
205
+ ]
206
+ },
207
+ {
208
+ "year": 1818,
209
+ "events": [
210
+ {
211
+ "cycle": "Business",
212
+ "event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ€“1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.",
213
+ "event_ko": "1918๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด 1921๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
214
+ }
215
+ ]
216
+ },
217
+ {
218
+ "year": 1819,
219
+ "events": [
220
+ {
221
+ "cycle": "Business",
222
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1819, the first major U.S. economic depression after the War of 1812, leads to bank failures and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.",
223
+ "event_ko": "1819๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1819๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค์—… ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
224
+ }
225
+ ]
226
+ },
227
+ {
228
+ "year": 1821,
229
+ "events": [
230
+ {
231
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
232
+ "event_en": "Spainโ€™s New World empire collapses as Mexico and others in Latin America gain independence, ending Spanish colonial hegemony in the Americas:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.",
233
+ "event_ko": "1821๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋“ฑ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ์˜ ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ํŒจ๊ถŒ์ด ์ข…์–ธ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
234
+ }
235
+ ]
236
+ },
237
+ {
238
+ "year": 1823,
239
+ "events": [
240
+ {
241
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
242
+ "event_en": "The United States proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization in the Americas and asserting a hemispheric influence.",
243
+ "event_ko": "1823๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋จผ๋กœ ๋…ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
244
+ }
245
+ ]
246
+ },
247
+ {
248
+ "year": 1825,
249
+ "events": [
250
+ {
251
+ "cycle": "Business",
252
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.",
253
+ "event_ko": "1825๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์  ๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ณผ์—ด ๋์— ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰๋„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ(1825๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
254
+ }
255
+ ]
256
+ },
257
+ {
258
+ "year": 1837,
259
+ "events": [
260
+ {
261
+ "cycle": "Business",
262
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1837 triggers a collapse in U.S. banks and a five-year depression in the American economy:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.",
263
+ "event_ko": "1837๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์€ํ–‰ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ(1837๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  5๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
264
+ }
265
+ ]
266
+ },
267
+ {
268
+ "year": 1847,
269
+ "events": [
270
+ {
271
+ "cycle": "Business",
272
+ "event_en": "A financial panic in 1847 follows the end of Britainโ€™s railway boom, causing a credit crunch and economic slump:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.",
273
+ "event_ko": "1847๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ(1847๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
274
+ }
275
+ ]
276
+ },
277
+ {
278
+ "year": 1848,
279
+ "events": [
280
+ {
281
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
282
+ "event_en": "Revolutionary uprisings across Europe in 1848 shake the continentโ€™s old regimes with demands for liberal reforms and national self-determination.",
283
+ "event_ko": "1848๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์  ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง„์••๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
284
+ }
285
+ ]
286
+ },
287
+ {
288
+ "year": 1854,
289
+ "events": [
290
+ {
291
+ "cycle": "Business",
292
+ "event_en": "A brief recession in 1854 interrupts the expansion of the 1850s, as declining international demand and monetary tightening slow the U.S. economy.",
293
+ "event_ko": "1854๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋‘”ํ™”์™€ ํ†ตํ™” ๊ธด์ถ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์‹œ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜์—ฌ 1850๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
294
+ }
295
+ ]
296
+ },
297
+ {
298
+ "year": 1857,
299
+ "events": [
300
+ {
301
+ "cycle": "Finance",
302
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1857, a global financial crash originating in the U.S., leads to widespread bank failures and an economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.",
303
+ "event_ko": "1857๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1857๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
304
+ },
305
+ {
306
+ "cycle": "Business",
307
+ "event_en": "Following a brief boom, the global Panic of 1857 ends years of expansion, with the failure of banks and collapse of grain prices affecting both the U.S. and Europe.",
308
+ "event_ko": "1857๋…„์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์ด ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ด๊ณ ์™€ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
309
+ }
310
+ ]
311
+ },
312
+ {
313
+ "year": 1865,
314
+ "events": [
315
+ {
316
+ "cycle": "Finance",
317
+ "event_en": "A crash in 1865 devastates the economy of colonial India following speculative excess during the American Civil War boom:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.",
318
+ "event_ko": "1865๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธ๋„ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ๊ณผ์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฉดํ™” ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์€ํ–‰์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
319
+ }
320
+ ]
321
+ },
322
+ {
323
+ "year": 1866,
324
+ "events": [
325
+ {
326
+ "cycle": "Business",
327
+ "event_en": "The collapse of Overend, Gurney & Co. in 1866 sparks an international financial panic, prompting lender-of-last-resort interventions:contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}.",
328
+ "event_ko": "1866๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธˆ์œต์‚ฌ ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋ Œ๋“œ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰์ด ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ž๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
329
+ }
330
+ ]
331
+ },
332
+ {
333
+ "year": 1868,
334
+ "events": [
335
+ {
336
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
337
+ "event_en": "Japanโ€™s Meiji Restoration in 1868 begins the rapid modernization and emergence of Japan as an industrial and military power in Asia.",
338
+ "event_ko": "1868๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœํ™ฉ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ†ต์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์‹ ํฅ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค."
339
+ }
340
+ ]
341
+ },
342
+ {
343
+ "year": 1869,
344
+ "events": [
345
+ {
346
+ "cycle": "Finance",
347
+ "event_en": "Speculators Jay Gould and James Fiskโ€™s attempt to corner the U.S. gold market ends in \"Black Friday\" panic when prices collapse.",
348
+ "event_ko": "1869๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ด ๊ตด๋“œ์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ํ”ผ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งค์ ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค \"๊ฒ€์€ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ\" ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธˆ๊ฐ’์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ํ„ฐ์กŒ๋‹ค."
349
+ }
350
+ ]
351
+ },
352
+ {
353
+ "year": 1871,
354
+ "events": [
355
+ {
356
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
357
+ "event_en": "Prussiaโ€™s victory in the Franco-Prussian War leads to the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, creating a new great power in Europe.",
358
+ "event_ko": "1871๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ-ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์„ ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
359
+ }
360
+ ]
361
+ },
362
+ {
363
+ "year": 1873,
364
+ "events": [
365
+ {
366
+ "cycle": "Finance",
367
+ "event_en": "A major stock market panic in 1873 triggers the Long Depression, a prolonged worldwide economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.",
368
+ "event_ko": "1873๋…„ ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ์ฆ์‹œ ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์‡„ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ ธ 1870๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ(์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ)์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
369
+ },
370
+ {
371
+ "cycle": "Business",
372
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1873 in the U.S. and Europe marks the start of a worldwide depression (โ€œLong Depressionโ€) lasting over two decades:contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.",
373
+ "event_ko": "1873๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋„์™€ ์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์˜ ๋Šช์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
374
+ }
375
+ ]
376
+ },
377
+ {
378
+ "year": 1875,
379
+ "events": [
380
+ {
381
+ "cycle": "K-Wave",
382
+ "event_en": "Andrew Carnegie opens the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, launching large-scale steel production and the age of heavy engineering:contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.",
383
+ "event_ko": "1875๋…„ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์— ์—๋“œ๊ฑฐ ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์ œ์ฒ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
384
+ }
385
+ ]
386
+ },
387
+ {
388
+ "year": 1882,
389
+ "events": [
390
+ {
391
+ "cycle": "Finance",
392
+ "event_en": "The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 triggers a French banking crisis after the collapse of an investment bank involved in speculative ventures.",
393
+ "event_ko": "1882๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํˆฌ์ž์€ํ–‰ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ(ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์Šค)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒจ ์—ํฌํฌ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
394
+ }
395
+ ]
396
+ },
397
+ {
398
+ "year": 1884,
399
+ "events": [
400
+ {
401
+ "cycle": "Business",
402
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1884 hits U.S. financial markets, temporarily halting the economic recovery during the Long Depression:contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.",
403
+ "event_ko": "1884๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ถŒํˆฌ์ž์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ง ํšŒ๋ณต ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ›„ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
404
+ }
405
+ ]
406
+ },
407
+ {
408
+ "year": 1885,
409
+ "events": [
410
+ {
411
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
412
+ "event_en": "European powers formalize the \"Scramble for Africa\" at the 1884โ€“85 Berlin Conference, establishing colonial spheres of influence across the continent.",
413
+ "event_ko": "1884-85๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์ด ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค."
414
+ }
415
+ ]
416
+ },
417
+ {
418
+ "year": 1890,
419
+ "events": [
420
+ {
421
+ "cycle": "Finance",
422
+ "event_en": "Londonโ€™s Baring Brothers bank nearly collapses in 1890 due to Argentine debt exposure, sparking an international financial crisis averted by Bank of England intervention.",
423
+ "event_ko": "1890๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง์Šค ์€ํ–‰์ด ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์‹ค๋กœ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์ž ์˜๋ž€์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ˜์Šต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
424
+ }
425
+ ]
426
+ },
427
+ {
428
+ "year": 1893,
429
+ "events": [
430
+ {
431
+ "cycle": "Business",
432
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1893 causes a severe recession in the United States, with the collapse of railroads and banks and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.",
433
+ "event_ko": "1893๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ณตํ™ฉ(1893๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹ค์—… ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋นš์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
434
+ }
435
+ ]
436
+ },
437
+ {
438
+ "year": 1899,
439
+ "events": [
440
+ {
441
+ "cycle": "Finance",
442
+ "event_en": "Europeโ€™s new common currency, the euro, debuts in 1999, uniting 11 nations under one monetary system and reshaping international finance.",
443
+ "event_ko": "1999๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ตํ™” ์œ ๋กœํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ™” ๋™๋งน์„ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์˜ ๊ธฐ์ถ•ํ†ตํ™” ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
444
+ }
445
+ ]
446
+ },
447
+ {
448
+ "year": 1901,
449
+ "events": [
450
+ {
451
+ "cycle": "Finance",
452
+ "event_en": "A stock frenzy surrounding the Northern Pacific Railway leads to the Panic of 1901 on Wall Street, one of the first 20th-century stock market crashes.",
453
+ "event_ko": "1901๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋˜ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ง€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ๋ฝํ•˜๋‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1901๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์›”๊ฐ€์— ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
454
+ }
455
+ ]
456
+ },
457
+ {
458
+ "year": 1905,
459
+ "events": [
460
+ {
461
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
462
+ "event_en": "Japanโ€™s victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War signals the rise of a non-Western power and the weakening of Czarist Russiaโ€™s influence in Asia.",
463
+ "event_ko": "1905๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์ผ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์—ด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ฅด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
464
+ }
465
+ ]
466
+ },
467
+ {
468
+ "year": 1907,
469
+ "events": [
470
+ {
471
+ "cycle": "Business",
472
+ "event_en": "The Panic of 1907 sees a run on banks in the U.S., leading to a stock market crash and the creation of the Federal Reserve System as a response:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.",
473
+ "event_ko": "1907๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์— ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ(1907๋…„ ๊ณตํ™ฉ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์—ฐ์ค€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
474
+ }
475
+ ]
476
+ },
477
+ {
478
+ "year": 1911,
479
+ "events": [
480
+ {
481
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
482
+ "event_en": "The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 topples Chinaโ€™s Qing Dynasty, ending thousands of years of imperial rule and leading to the founding of the Republic of China.",
483
+ "event_ko": "1911๋…„ ์‹ ํ•ดํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  2์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ†ต์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
484
+ }
485
+ ]
486
+ },
487
+ {
488
+ "year": 1913,
489
+ "events": [
490
+ {
491
+ "cycle": "Finance",
492
+ "event_en": "The U.S. Federal Reserve Act is signed, establishing a central bank (Federal Reserve) amid a financial recession to stabilize the economy:contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}.",
493
+ "event_ko": "1913๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค€๋น„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค€๋น„์ œ๋„(์—ฐ์ค€)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด ์†์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
494
+ }
495
+ ]
496
+ },
497
+ {
498
+ "year": 1914,
499
+ "events": [
500
  {
501
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
502
+ "event_en": "World War I erupts, shattering the century-long international order established after the Napoleonic Wars:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}.",
503
+ "event_ko": "1914๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
504
+ },
505
+ {
506
+ "cycle": "Finance",
507
+ "event_en": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 forces the closure of stock markets (Financial Crisis of 1914) as investors panic and gold hoarding ensues.",
508
+ "event_ko": "1914๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ์— ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ๋ณธ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
509
  }
510
  ]
511
  },
512
  {
513
+ "year": 1917,
514
  "events": [
515
  {
516
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
517
+ "event_en": "Russiaโ€™s Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 establishes the first communist state, withdrawing Russia from WWI and igniting a global ideological struggle.",
518
+ "event_ko": "1917๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ณผ์…ฐ๋น„ํ‚ค ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€(์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ)๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋…์  ๋„์ „์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
519
  }
520
  ]
521
  },
522
  {
523
+ "year": 1918,
524
+ "events": [
525
+ {
526
+ "cycle": "Business",
527
+ "event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ€“1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}.",
528
+ "event_ko": "1918๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด 1921๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
529
+ }
530
+ ]
531
+ },
532
+ {
533
+ "year": 1920,
534
+ "events": [
535
+ {
536
+ "cycle": "Business",
537
+ "event_en": "The 1920โ€“21 recession, triggered by tight monetary policy after World War I, causes sharp deflation and unemployment in the U.S.:contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}.",
538
+ "event_ko": "1920๋…„~21๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ธด์ถ• ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์—ด์ด ์ง„์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
539
+ }
540
+ ]
541
+ },
542
+ {
543
+ "year": 1923,
544
  "events": [
545
  {
546
  "cycle": "Finance",
547
+ "event_en": "Germany experiences hyperinflation in 1923, rendering its currency nearly worthless and destabilizing the post-WWI European economy.",
548
+ "event_ko": "1923๋…„ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํผ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”ํ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์–ด ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค."
549
  }
550
  ]
551
  },
552
  {
553
+ "year": 1929,
554
  "events": [
555
  {
556
+ "cycle": "Finance",
557
+ "event_en": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929 wipes out billions in wealth and sparks the Great Depression, a decade-long global economic collapse:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}.",
558
+ "event_ko": "1929๋…„ ์›”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด(๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘)๋กœ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
559
  }
560
  ]
561
  },
562
  {
563
+ "year": 1933,
564
+ "events": [
565
+ {
566
+ "cycle": "Finance",
567
+ "event_en": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt takes the U.S. off the gold standard in 1933 and declares a bank holiday to halt bank runs during the Great Depression.",
568
+ "event_ko": "1933๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ธˆ๋ณธ์œ„์ œ๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์€ํ–‰ ํœด์—…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ด์€ ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธˆ์œต ์•ˆ์ • ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
569
+ }
570
+ ]
571
+ },
572
+ {
573
+ "year": 1937,
574
  "events": [
575
  {
576
  "cycle": "Business",
577
+ "event_en": "The โ€œRoosevelt Recessionโ€ of 1937โ€“38 interrupts the New Deal recovery, with U.S. industrial output falling and unemployment rising again:contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}.",
578
+ "event_ko": "1937๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด๋”œ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์ถœ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ๊ธด์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฑ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊บพ์—ฌ 1937-38๋…„์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ(๋ฃจ์ฆˆ๋ฒจํŠธ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ)์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์—…์ด ์žฌ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
579
  }
580
  ]
581
  },
582
  {
583
+ "year": 1939,
584
  "events": [
585
  {
586
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
587
+ "event_en": "Nazi Germanyโ€™s invasion of Poland in 1939 sparks World War II as Britain and France declare war on Germany, marking the start of the deadliest conflict in history.",
588
+ "event_ko": "1939๋…„ ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์นจ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์ „๋˜์ž ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์— ์„ ์ „ํฌ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
589
  }
590
  ]
591
  },
592
  {
593
+ "year": 1941,
594
+ "events": [
595
+ {
596
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
597
+ "event_en": "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brings the United States into World War II, decisively turning the conflict into a truly global war.",
598
+ "event_ko": "1941๋…„ 12์›” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์Šต ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์Ÿ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค."
599
+ }
600
+ ]
601
+ },
602
+ {
603
+ "year": 1944,
604
  "events": [
605
  {
606
  "cycle": "Finance",
607
+ "event_en": "Allied nations sign the Bretton Woods Agreement, creating the IMF and World Bank and shaping a new international financial order:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}.",
608
+ "event_ko": "1944๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œํ†ตํ™”๊ธฐ๊ธˆ(IMF)๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜๊ณ  ์ „ํ›„ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
609
+ }
610
+ ]
611
+ },
612
+ {
613
+ "year": 1945,
614
+ "events": [
615
+ {
616
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
617
+ "event_en": "World War II ends with the United States emerging as a leading superpower, ushering in an American-led global order:contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}.",
618
+ "event_ko": "1945๋…„ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ข…์ „๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
619
  },
620
  {
621
  "cycle": "Business",
622
+ "event_en": "The end of World War II leads to demobilization and brief economic turmoil as millions of soldiers return to civilian life.",
623
+ "event_ko": "1945๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์‹œ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ์‹ค์—… ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
624
  }
625
  ]
626
  },
627
  {
628
+ "year": 1947,
629
+ "events": [
630
+ {
631
+ "cycle": "K-Wave",
632
+ "event_en": "Bell Labs invents the transistor, revolutionizing electronics and ushering in the modern Information Age:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}.",
633
+ "event_ko": "1947๋…„ ๋ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •๋ณดํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
634
+ },
635
+ {
636
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
637
+ "event_en": "The United States launches the Marshall Plan in 1947, pumping billions into Europeโ€™s reconstruction and solidifying U.S. economic leadership in the West.",
638
+ "event_ko": "1947๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋งˆ์…œ ํ”Œ๋žœ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์ง„์˜์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
639
+ }
640
+ ]
641
+ },
642
+ {
643
+ "year": 1948,
644
+ "events": [
645
+ {
646
+ "cycle": "Business",
647
+ "event_en": "A recession in 1948โ€“49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
648
+ "event_ko": "1948-49๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1950๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
649
+ }
650
+ ]
651
+ },
652
+ {
653
+ "year": 1949,
654
  "events": [
655
  {
656
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
657
+ "event_en": "Mao Zedong proclaims the Peopleโ€™s Republic of China, creating a socialist state that soon begins to emerge as a global power:contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}.",
658
+ "event_ko": "1949๋…„ ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
659
  },
660
+ {
661
+ "cycle": "Business",
662
+ "event_en": "A recession in 1948โ€“49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
663
+ "event_ko": "1948-49๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1950๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
664
+ }
665
+ ]
666
+ },
667
+ {
668
+ "year": 1950,
669
+ "events": [
670
+ {
671
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
672
+ "event_en": "The Korean War erupts in 1950 as North Korea invades South Korea, leading to a U.S.-led UN intervention and a proxy conflict of the Cold War.",
673
+ "event_ko": "1950๋…„ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‚จ์นจ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ‰์ „์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ „์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
674
+ }
675
+ ]
676
+ },
677
+ {
678
+ "year": 1953,
679
+ "events": [
680
+ {
681
+ "cycle": "Business",
682
+ "event_en": "A recession in 1953โ€“54 follows the Korean War, as U.S. defense spending drops and unemployment climbs.",
683
+ "event_ko": "1953๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ์ข…์ „ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 1953-54๋…„์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํ›„ํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
684
+ }
685
+ ]
686
+ },
687
+ {
688
+ "year": 1956,
689
+ "events": [
690
+ {
691
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
692
+ "event_en": "The 1956 Suez Crisis sees Britain and Franceโ€™s failed attempt to seize the Suez Canal, marking the end of Britainโ€™s role as a global imperial power.",
693
+ "event_ko": "1956๋…„ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์šดํ•˜ ๊ตญ์œ ํ™”์— ์˜๊ตญยทํ”„๋ž‘์Šคยท์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ตฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
694
+ }
695
+ ]
696
+ },
697
+ {
698
+ "year": 1957,
699
+ "events": [
700
+ {
701
+ "cycle": "Business",
702
+ "event_en": "The Treaty of Rome is signed in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community and marking a milestone in postwar economic integration.",
703
+ "event_ko": "1957๋…„ 3์›” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด(EEC)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
704
+ }
705
+ ]
706
+ },
707
+ {
708
+ "year": 1958,
709
+ "events": [
710
+ {
711
+ "cycle": "Business",
712
+ "event_en": "The 1958 recession hits the United States, marked by a sharp downturn in industrial production and the highest unemployment since the 1930s.",
713
+ "event_ko": "1958๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ  ๊ธ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
714
+ }
715
+ ]
716
+ },
717
+ {
718
+ "year": 1960,
719
+ "events": [
720
+ {
721
+ "cycle": "Business",
722
+ "event_en": "A brief recession in 1960โ€“61 slows growth in the U.S., contributing to John F. Kennedyโ€™s narrow election victory.",
723
+ "event_ko": "1960๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž ์œ„์ถ•๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ์กด F. ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค."
724
+ }
725
+ ]
726
+ },
727
+ {
728
+ "year": 1962,
729
+ "events": [
730
+ {
731
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
732
+ "event_en": "In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States and Soviet Union come perilously close to nuclear war, before a negotiated withdrawal defuses the situation.",
733
+ "event_ko": "1962๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๊ธด์žฅ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
734
+ }
735
+ ]
736
+ },
737
+ {
738
+ "year": 1969,
739
+ "events": [
740
+ {
741
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
742
+ "event_en": "The U.S. Apollo 11 mission lands the first humans on the Moon in 1969, showcasing American technological prowess at the height of the Cold War space race.",
743
+ "event_ko": "1969๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„ํด๋กœ 11ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ •์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ณผ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
744
+ }
745
+ ]
746
+ },
747
+ {
748
+ "year": 1970,
749
+ "events": [
750
+ {
751
+ "cycle": "Business",
752
+ "event_en": "A mild recession in 1969โ€“1970 hits the U.S. as the Vietnam War spending peaks and the Federal Reserve tightens credit to combat inflation.",
753
+ "event_ko": "1969-70๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „ ๋น„์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธด์ถ• ํ†ตํ™”์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
754
+ }
755
+ ]
756
+ },
757
+ {
758
+ "year": 1971,
759
+ "events": [
760
  {
761
  "cycle": "K-Wave",
762
+ "event_en": "Intel releases the 4004 microprocessor, integrating a computer CPU on one chip and launching the digital revolution:contentReference[oaicite:47]{index=47}.",
763
+ "event_ko": "1971๋…„ ์ธํ…”์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ 4004๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์นฉ์— ์ง‘์ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."
764
+ },
765
+ {
766
+ "cycle": "Finance",
767
+ "event_en": "U.S. President Nixon ends the dollarโ€™s convertibility to gold, effectively collapsing the Bretton Woods monetary system (\"Nixon Shock\"):contentReference[oaicite:48]{index=48}.",
768
+ "event_ko": "1971๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹‰์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ธˆ์˜ ํƒœํ™˜์„ ์ค‘์ง€(๋‹‰์Šจ ์‡ผํฌ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€๋™ํ™˜์œจ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
769
  }
770
  ]
771
  },
 
773
  "year": 1973,
774
  "events": [
775
  {
776
+ "cycle": "Finance",
777
+ "event_en": "OPECโ€™s oil embargo quadruples oil prices, igniting a global energy crisis and stagflation that end the postwar economic boom:contentReference[oaicite:49]{index=49}.",
778
+ "event_ko": "1973๋…„ ์•„๋ž์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ์˜ ์„์œ  ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 4๋ฐฐ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํƒœ๊ทธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ณ ๋„์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค."
779
  },
780
  {
781
  "cycle": "Business",
782
+ "event_en": "The 1973โ€“75 recession, triggered by the oil shock and end of Bretton Woods, causes stagflation in many Western economies:contentReference[oaicite:50]{index=50}.",
783
+ "event_ko": "1973๋…„ ์„์œ  ํŒŒ๋™๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ฒด์ œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ 1973-75๋…„์— ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์— ์Šคํƒœ๊ทธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค."
784
  }
785
  ]
786
  },
787
  {
788
+ "year": 1978,
789
  "events": [
790
  {
791
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
792
+ "event_en": "China (under Deng Xiaoping) begins โ€œreform and openingโ€ in 1978, transforming its economy and reshaping global trade dynamics:contentReference[oaicite:51]{index=51}.",
793
+ "event_ko": "1978๋…„ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ฒด์ œ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
794
+ }
795
+ ]
796
+ },
797
+ {
798
+ "year": 1979,
799
+ "events": [
800
+ {
801
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
802
+ "event_en": "The year 1979 sees a strategic upheaval: Iranโ€™s Islamic Revolution ousts a key U.S. ally in the Middle East, and the Soviet Unionโ€™s invasion of Afghanistan that year exacerbates Cold War tensions in Asia.",
803
+ "event_ko": "1979๋…„ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋™ ๋™๋งน ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์„ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
804
  },
805
  {
806
  "cycle": "Finance",
807
+ "event_en": "The 1979 Iranian Revolution triggers a second oil shock; oil prices double, contributing to global inflation and a new recession in the early 1980s.",
808
+ "event_ko": "1979๋…„ ์ด๋ž€ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์›์œ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฐจ์งˆ์„ ๋นš์ž ์ œ2์ฐจ ์˜ค์ผ ์‡ผํฌ๋กœ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ฐจ ํญ๋“ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ณ  1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค."
809
  }
810
  ]
811
  },
812
  {
813
+ "year": 1981,
814
+ "events": [
815
+ {
816
+ "cycle": "Business",
817
+ "event_en": "The early 1980s recession (1981โ€“82), induced by anti-inflation interest rate hikes, drives global unemployment to postwar highs.",
818
+ "event_ko": "1981-82๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ์ค€์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋œ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '๋ณผ์ปค ๋ถˆํ™ฉ'์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์ „ํ›„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
819
+ }
820
+ ]
821
+ },
822
+ {
823
+ "year": 1985,
824
+ "events": [
825
+ {
826
+ "cycle": "Finance",
827
+ "event_en": "Major economies sign the Plaza Accord in 1985 to depreciate the U.S. dollar and correct trade imbalances, marking a rare coordinated currency intervention.",
828
+ "event_ko": "1985๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š” 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ˆํ•˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ†ตํ™” ๊ฐœ์ž… ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค."
829
+ }
830
+ ]
831
+ },
832
+ {
833
+ "year": 1987,
834
+ "events": [
835
+ {
836
+ "cycle": "Finance",
837
+ "event_en": "โ€œBlack Mondayโ€ sees stock markets crash worldwide as the Dow Jones plunges 22% in a day, erasing trillions in market value:contentReference[oaicite:52]{index=52}.",
838
+ "event_ko": "1987๋…„ \"๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋จผ๋ฐ์ด\" ์ฃผ์‹ ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ๋‹ค์šฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 22% ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฆ์‹œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ด์•ก์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
839
+ }
840
+ ]
841
+ },
842
+ {
843
+ "year": 1989,
844
  "events": [
845
  {
846
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
847
+ "event_en": "The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolizes the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and accelerates the end of the Cold War division of Europe.",
848
+ "event_ko": "1989๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณต์‚ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ถ„๋‹จ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ข…์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
849
  }
850
  ]
851
  },
852
  {
853
+ "year": 1991,
854
  "events": [
855
  {
856
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
857
+ "event_en": "The Soviet Union dissolves, ending the Cold War and leaving the United States as the worldโ€™s sole superpower:contentReference[oaicite:53]{index=53}.",
858
+ "event_ko": "1991๋…„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ผ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
859
  },
860
  {
861
  "cycle": "Business",
862
+ "event_en": "A recession in 1990โ€“91 strikes the U.S. and other nations, ending the long 1980s boom amid high oil prices and credit constraints.",
863
+ "event_ko": "1990-91๋…„ ๊ฑธํ”„์ „๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋น ์ ธ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์ด ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค."
864
  }
865
  ]
866
  },
867
  {
868
+ "year": 1994,
869
+ "events": [
870
+ {
871
+ "cycle": "Finance",
872
+ "event_en": "Mexicoโ€™s Peso Crisis in 1994 sees a sudden devaluation of the peso, requiring a $50ย billion U.S.-IMF bailout to prevent global contagion.",
873
+ "event_ko": "1994๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜์†Œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํญ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ง€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ IMF๊ฐ€ 500์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์‹ ํฅ์‹œ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค."
874
+ }
875
+ ]
876
+ },
877
+ {
878
+ "year": 1997,
879
+ "events": [
880
+ {
881
+ "cycle": "Finance",
882
+ "event_en": "The Asian Financial Crisis erupts, causing currencies and markets across East Asia to collapse and requiring international bailouts:contentReference[oaicite:54]{index=54}.",
883
+ "event_ko": "1997๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋ฐ”ํŠธํ™” ํญ๋ฝ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ†ตํ™”ยท์ฆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  IMF ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
884
+ }
885
+ ]
886
+ },
887
+ {
888
+ "year": 1998,
889
  "events": [
890
  {
891
  "cycle": "Finance",
892
+ "event_en": "Russiaโ€™s government defaults in 1998 amid a ruble collapse and low oil prices, triggering global market panic and the collapse of hedge fund LTCM.",
893
+ "event_ko": "1998๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„(์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰)๊ณผ ๋ฃจ๋ธ”ํ™” ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆํ•˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์š”๋™์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—ค์ง€ํŽ€๋“œ LTCM์ด ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค."
894
+ }
895
+ ]
896
+ },
897
+ {
898
+ "year": 1999,
899
+ "events": [
900
+ {
901
+ "cycle": "Finance",
902
+ "event_en": "The Euro currency launches in 1999, uniting 11 European nations in a monetary union and creating the second-largest reserve currency globally.",
903
+ "event_ko": "1999๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ตํ™” ์œ ๋กœํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ™” ๋™๋งน์„ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์˜ ๊ธฐ์ถ•ํ†ตํ™” ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
904
+ }
905
+ ]
906
+ },
907
+ {
908
+ "year": 2001,
909
+ "events": [
910
+ {
911
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
912
+ "event_en": "Al-Qaedaโ€™s September 11 attacks on the U.S. kill nearly 3,000 people and prompt the U.S.-led global \"War on Terror\":contentReference[oaicite:55]{index=55}.",
913
+ "event_ko": "2001๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 3์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
914
  },
915
  {
916
  "cycle": "Business",
917
+ "event_en": "The Dot-com bubble bursts in 2000, leading to an early-2000s recession as technology stocks crash and investment dries up:contentReference[oaicite:56]{index=56}.",
918
+ "event_ko": "2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋‹ท์ปด ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฃผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—… ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์–ด 2001๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค."
919
+ }
920
+ ]
921
+ },
922
+ {
923
+ "year": 2008,
924
+ "events": [
925
+ {
926
+ "cycle": "Finance",
927
+ "event_en": "A U.S. subprime mortgage bubble bursts in 2008, triggering a global financial crisis and the deepest recession since the 1930s:contentReference[oaicite:57]{index=57}.",
928
+ "event_ko": "2008๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋ธŒํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค."
929
+ }
930
+ ]
931
+ },
932
+ {
933
+ "year": 2010,
934
+ "events": [
935
+ {
936
+ "cycle": "Finance",
937
+ "event_en": "The European sovereign debt crisis peaks around 2010 as Greece and other eurozone countries face debt defaults, testing the resilience of the euro:contentReference[oaicite:58]{index=58}.",
938
+ "event_ko": "2010๋…„๊ฒฝ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋“ฑ ๋‚จ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•ด EU์™€ IMF๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ์œ ๋กœ์กด ํ†ตํ™” ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค."
939
+ }
940
+ ]
941
+ },
942
+ {
943
+ "year": 2011,
944
+ "events": [
945
+ {
946
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
947
+ "event_en": "Arab Spring uprisings spread across the Middle East in 2011, toppling longtime rulers in countries like Egypt and Libya and destabilizing the regional order.",
948
+ "event_ko": "2011๋…„ ์ค‘๋™๊ณผ ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ '์•„๋ž์˜ ๋ด„' ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธยท๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋…์žฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค."
949
  }
950
  ]
951
  },
952
  {
953
  "year": 2014,
954
+ "events": [
955
+ {
956
+ "cycle": "Finance",
957
+ "event_en": "Global oil prices collapse in 2014 after a supply glut, causing financial stress in oil-exporting nations and a sharp investment downturn in the energy sector.",
958
+ "event_ko": "2014๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์›์œ  ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๊ธ‰ ๊ณผ์ž‰๊ณผ OPEC์˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฐ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์˜๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—…๊ณ„์— ๋„์‚ฐ์ด ์†์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
959
+ }
960
+ ]
961
+ },
962
+ {
963
+ "year": 2016,
964
+ "events": [
965
+ {
966
+ "cycle": "Hegemony",
967
+ "event_en": "The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union (Brexit) in 2016, reflecting rising nationalism and challenging the post-Cold War international order.",
968
+ "event_ko": "2016๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ(EU) ํƒˆํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •(๋ธŒ๋ ‰์‹œํŠธ)ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์งˆ์„œ์— ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
969
+ }
970
+ ]
971
+ },
972
+ {
973
+ "year": 2018,
974
  "events": [
975
  {
976
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
977
+ "event_en": "A U.S.โ€“China trade war erupts in 2018 as the worldโ€™s two largest economies impose tariffs on each other, indicating intensifying great-power economic rivalry.",
978
+ "event_ko": "2018๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–‘๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ๊ถŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค."
979
  }
980
  ]
981
  },
 
984
  "events": [
985
  {
986
  "cycle": "Business",
987
+ "event_en": "The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a sudden global recession in 2020, as lockdowns and supply shocks cause output to plunge:contentReference[oaicite:59]{index=59}.",
988
+ "event_ko": "2020๋…„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ด‰์‡„ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค."
989
+ }
990
+ ]
991
+ },
992
+ {
993
+ "year": 2022,
994
+ "events": [
995
  {
996
  "cycle": "Hegemony",
997
+ "event_en": "Russia invades Ukraine in 2022, leading to sweeping Western sanctions against Russia and a realignment of global geopolitical and energy relationships.",
998
+ "event_ko": "2022๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ง€ํ˜•์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค."
999
  }
1000
  ]
1001
  }
1002
+ ]