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knowledge/bartholomew_attachments_definitions.txt

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ Dismissive-Avoidant Attachment Style:
 Dismissing avoidant individuals are low in attachment-related anxiety but high in attachment-related avoidance. They perceive attachment figures as being generally unreliable, unavailable, and uncaring; however, they view themselves as being worthy and adequate individuals, and as being invulnerable to negative feelings. They maintain a positive self-image in spite of previous rejection from attachment figures by denying attachment needs, downplaying the importance of close relationships, placing much value on independence and self reliance, distancing themselves from others, and restricting expressions of emotionality. Therefore, dismissing avoidants tend to be compulsively self reliant, and their relationships tend to be characterized by low levels of commitment and interdependence. Although avoidant individuals report a high sense of self-worth, they lack clarity or credibility in discussing close relationships. The dialectic between intimacy and independence for both avoidant styles appears to be heavily pulled toward independence over intimacy, with the major difference being that dismissing avoidant individuals claim not to want or need intimacy, whereas fearful avoidant individuals admit that they want it but are concerned about rejection (see below). Consistent with this argument, Mashek and Sherman  found that the when adults were asked to rate their actual level of closeness and their desired level of closeness in their current relationship, individuals who were high in attachment-related avoidance but low in attachment related anxiety (the pattern associated with dismissing avoidance) wanted much less closeness than they currently had. In contrast, those who were high in avoidance and high in anxiety (the pattern associated with fearful avoidance) reported wanting much more closeness. Issues of closeness and distance (and struggles over this issue) are also salient for avoidant individuals who are characteristically uncomfortable with intimacy. Avoidant individuals discomfort with intimacy and closeness is apparent in their use of distancing strategies (as opposed to support-seeking strategies) when coping with stressful situations, their low levels of self-disclosure, their increases in negative emotion following the disclosure of others, and, compared to secure and preoccupied individuals, their lower likelihood of using touch to express affection or seek care from relationship partners, and their greater aversion to touch. Avoidant individuals also appear to be uncomfortable with intimate sexual contact as evidenced by their tendency to separate sex and love. Characteristic of avoidant individuals is their tendency to pull away from partners as their levels of distress increase. For example, that as the anxiety level of avoidant individuals rises, they show more resistance to touch from their partners. When in the caregiving role, they are generally unresponsive, controlling, insensitive, and unlikely to provide physical comfort. It is important to note, however, that these overt distancing strategies are characteristic of avoidant individuals primarily in situations in which the attachment system is activated (when the self or relationship partner is feeling alarmed or distressed). At lower levels of anxiety (when the attachment system is not activated), avoidant individuals do not distance themselves, and they do seek and provide support and establish intimacy with others. Thus, these individuals cannot be characterized as cold, distant, or aloof in general. It is distress or anxiety that appears to impede the establishment of proximity and intimacy in dyadic interactions involving avoidant individuals. It appears that distressed adult partners (similar to distressed infants in the developmental literature) present significant relationship problems for avoidant individuals. Because the proximity needs of avoidant individuals have been frequently frustrated and rarely satisfied, these individuals may overcompensate with proximity-seeking in nonthreatening circumstances. Although it may appear (on the basis of self reports and overt behaviors) that intimacy and closeness is not important to avoidant individuals, these individuals (similar to avoidant children in the strange situation) do exhibit physiological arousal when separated from their relationship partners in stressful situations, they are more likely than secure individuals to respond to physical separation from relationship partners with feelings of insecurity, and they appear to be somewhat more calmed than even secure individuals by supportive partner comments, which indicates that avoidant individuals do benefit from support and do have intimacy needs. that although dismissing adults attempt to avoid attachment-related emotions and are able to block emotional responses (or prevent them from surfacing) when asked to think about separation and loss, they show substantial arousal when made to focus on such thoughts. If dismissing-avoidant individuals are truly dismissing of attachment and intimacy, we would not expect them to react physiologically to the presence versus absence of a romantic partner or to be calmed by a partners conversational behavior when feeling stressed. With regard to cognitions about relationship events and behaviors that may have important implications for the closeness and intimacy experienced within the relationship, dismissing individuals are more optimistic than fearful or preoccupied individuals (but less optimistic than secure individuals) in their explanations for their partners transgressions—perhaps reflecting their positive views of themselves and their lack of dependence on relationship partners. However, relative to secure individuals, they are much more likely to draw negative inferences about their partners caring behavior (e.g., to believe that their partner was motivated by selfish rather than altruistic concerns; Collins et al., 2003) and to view their partners ambiguous support attempts as relatively unhelpful and unsupportive (Collins & Feeney, in press). Thus, dismissing individuals appear to draw inferences that protect them from the negative consequences of their partners transgressions, but may also undermine their ability to benefit from their partners kindness and goodwill. 
 
 Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style:
-fearful avoidant individuals are high in both attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. Like dismissing individuals, they perceive attachment figures as being generally unreliable, unavailable, and uncaring; however, they differ from dismissing individuals in their lower sense of self worth. Fearful individuals view themselves as being unlovable, emotionally distant, and mistrusting. They desire social contact and intimacy, but they avoid putting themselves in situations where they feel vulnerable to rejection. Thus, the approach-avoidance conflict they experience is typically resolved in favor of avoidance of close relationships. Fearful individuals tend to experience subjective distress and disturbed social relationships characterized by a hypersensitivity to social approval.	Because fearful individuals are high in both anxiety and avoidance, they have some characteristics in common with both preoccupied and dismissing individuals regarding their approach to intimacy. Their caregiving is characterized by low levels of physical contact, sensitivity, and responsiveness (similar to dismissing avoidants), but they also engage in relatively high levels of compulsive over-caregiving. The caregiving patterns of the two avoidant types (dismissing and fearful) support Bartholomew and Horowitzs (1991) hypothesis that the two styles are similar in their avoidance of intimacy, but differ in their need for others acceptance and approval and in their desire for intimate social contact. Fearful individuals are likely to be similar to dismissing avoidants in their use of distancing strategies when coping with stressful situations and in their low levels of self-disclosure. With regard to cognitions about relationship events and behaviors that may have important implications for the closeness and intimacy experienced within the relationship, fearful individuals (similar to preoccupied individuals) tend to make relationship-threatening attributions for their partners transgressions and (similar to dismissing individuals) tend to draw negative inferences about their partners caring behavior (Collins et al., 2003). In addition, when faced with a stressful laboratory task, fearful individuals are much more likely than secure individuals to view their partners support attempts as hurtful and unsupportive, especially when those attempts are somewhat ambiguous. Thus, fearful individuals tend to perceive their relationship experiences in ways that are likely to impede the continuance or establishment of intimacy.We suspect that fearful individuals cognitions about the hazards of relationships frequently override their emotional desires for intimate contact. However, in some situations in which they perceive rejection to be less likely (e.g., in situations in which the relationship partner is in need of support or care), their behavior is likely to be guided by their emotional desire for intimate contact. The compulsive caregiving they exhibit in some of these safer situations may reflect an overcompensation for their frequent lack of intimate contact with relationship partners.
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-Adult attachment researchers typically define four prototypic attachment styles derived from two underlying dimensions: anxiety and avoidance.
+fearful avoidant individuals are high in both attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. Like dismissing individuals, they perceive attachment figures as being generally unreliable, unavailable, and uncaring; however, they differ from dismissing individuals in their lower sense of self worth. Fearful individuals view themselves as being unlovable, emotionally distant, and mistrusting. They desire social contact and intimacy, but they avoid putting themselves in situations where they feel vulnerable to rejection. Thus, the approach-avoidance conflict they experience is typically resolved in favor of avoidance of close relationships. Fearful individuals tend to experience subjective distress and disturbed social relationships characterized by a hypersensitivity to social approval.	Because fearful individuals are high in both anxiety and avoidance, they have some characteristics in common with both preoccupied and dismissing individuals regarding their approach to intimacy. Their caregiving is characterized by low levels of physical contact, sensitivity, and responsiveness (similar to dismissing avoidants), but they also engage in relatively high levels of compulsive over-caregiving. The caregiving patterns of the two avoidant types (dismissing and fearful) support Bartholomew and Horowitzs (1991) hypothesis that the two styles are similar in their avoidance of intimacy, but differ in their need for others acceptance and approval and in their desire for intimate social contact. Fearful individuals are likely to be similar to dismissing avoidants in their use of distancing strategies when coping with stressful situations and in their low levels of self-disclosure. With regard to cognitions about relationship events and behaviors that may have important implications for the closeness and intimacy experienced within the relationship, fearful individuals (similar to preoccupied individuals) tend to make relationship-threatening attributions for their partners transgressions and (similar to dismissing individuals) tend to draw negative inferences about their partners caring behavior (Collins et al., 2003). In addition, when faced with a stressful laboratory task, fearful individuals are much more likely than secure individuals to view their partners support attempts as hurtful and unsupportive, especially when those attempts are somewhat ambiguous. Thus, fearful individuals tend to perceive their relationship experiences in ways that are likely to impede the continuance or establishment of intimacy.We suspect that fearful individuals cognitions about the hazards of relationships frequently override their emotional desires for intimate contact. However, in some situations in which they perceive rejection to be less likely (e.g., in situations in which the relationship partner is in need of support or care), their behavior is likely to be guided by their emotional desire for intimate contact. The compulsive caregiving they exhibit in some of these safer situations may reflect an overcompensation for their frequent lack of intimate contact with relationship partners.
+
+Adult attachment researchers typically define four prototypic attachment styles derived from two underlying dimensions: anxiety and avoidance.
 The anxiety dimension refers to one sense of self-worth and acceptance (versus rejection) by others, and this dimension appears to be closely linked to working models of the self. The avoidance dimension refers to the degree to which one approaches (versus avoids) intimacy and interdependence with others, and this dimension appears to be closely linked to working models of others. Secure adults are low in both attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, they are comfortable with intimacy, willing to rely on others for support, and confident that they are valued by others. Preoccupied adults are high in anxiety and low in avoidance, they have an exaggerated desire for closeness and dependence, coupled with a heightened concern about being rejected. Dismissing avoidant individuals are low in attachment-related anxiety but high in avoidance, they view close relationships as relatively and they value independence and self-reliance. Finally, fearful avoidant adults are high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance, although they desire close relationships and the approval of others, they avoid intimacy because they fear being rejected.
 
 In addition, these are the items from questionnaires used to measure or determine attachment styles. each item is congruent to one of the attachment styles. if someone agree or confirm one or several of the items it means he belong to the listed attachment style of that item or items. these are the items and their attachment styles (4 attachment styles and 68 items in total):
@@ -98,6 +98,3 @@ Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style:
 7. I am wary to get engaged in close relationships because I am afraid to get hurt. 
 8. I am nervous when anyone gets too close to me. 
 9. I worry about being abandoned by those I am close to.
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knowledge/personalities_definitions.txt

@@ -114,4 +114,103 @@ and sexual feelings toward the same person, tending to view others as either vir
 tend to be suggestible or easily influenced, and to idealize and identify with admired others to the point of taking on their attitudes
 or mannerisms. They fantasize about ideal, perfect love, yet tend to choose sexual or romantic partners who are emotionally unavailable, or
 who seem inappropriate (e.g., in terms of age or social or economic status). They may become attached quickly and intensely. Beneath the
-surface, they often fear being alone, rejected, or abandoned.
+surface, they often fear being alone, rejected, or abandoned.
+
+
+Items from SWAP-200 Questionnaire:
+
+Borderline Personality Disorder:
+1. Emotions tend to spiral out of control, leading to extremes of anxiety, sadness, rage, excitement, etc.
+2. Tends to become irrational when strong emotions are stirred up; may show a noticeable decline from customary level of functioning.
+3. Emotions tend to change rapidly and unpredictably.
+4. Tends to fear she/he will be rejected or abandoned by those who are emotionally significant.
+5. Tends to be overly needy or dependent; requires excessive reassurance or approval.
+6. Tends to feel unhappy, depressed, or despondent.
+7. Tends to feel she/he is inadequate, inferior, or a failure.
+8. Tends to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized.
+9. Tends to make repeated suicidal threats or gestures, either as a “cry for help” or as an effort to manipulate others.
+10. Tends to engage in self-mutilating behavior (e.g., self-cutting, self-burning, etc.).
+11. Lacks a stable image of who she/he is or would like to become (e.g., attitudes, values, goals, and feelings about self may be unstable and changing).
+12. Tends to see relationships as more intimate than they actually are.
+13. Tends to feel empty or bored.
+
+Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to be critical of others.
+2. Tends to be competitive with others (whether consciously or unconsciously).
+3. Tends to be arrogant, haughty, or dismissive.
+4. Tends to believe she/he can only be appreciated by, or should only associate with, people who are high-status, superior, or special.
+5. Tends to feel entitled; expects preferential treatment.
+6. Seeks to be the center of attention.
+7. Has fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, talent, brilliance, etc.
+8. Is envious of others; assumes that others are envious of her/him.
+9. Tends to think of herself/himself as special or unique.
+
+Antisocial Personality Disorder:
+1. Takes advantage of others; is out for number one; has minimal investment in moral values.
+2. Tends to act impulsively, without regard for consequences.
+3. Is deceitful; tends to lie or mislead.
+4. Lacks empathy; tends to be callous, cold, or uncaring.
+5. Tends to be unreliable and irresponsible (e.g., may fail to meet work obligations or honor financial commitments).
+6. Has little empathy; seems unable or unwilling to understand or respond to others' needs or feelings.
+7. Tends to break things or become physically assaultive when angry.
+8. Tends to manipulate others’ feelings in order to get what she/he wants.
+9. Lacks close friendships and relationships.
+10. Tends to feel like an outsider or alien, as if she/he doesn’t truly belong.
+
+Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to be perfectionistic.
+2. Tends to be overly concerned with rules, procedures, order, organization, schedules, etc.
+3. Tends to be preoccupied with details, rules, and making lists.
+4. Tends to be self-critical; sets unrealistically high standards for self and is intolerant of own human defects.
+5. Tends to be overly controlling of others.
+6. Tends to be conscientious and responsible.
+
+Dependent Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to be overly needy or dependent; requires excessive reassurance or approval.
+2. Tends to be ingratiating or submissive.
+3. Tends to feel helpless, powerless, or at the mercy of forces outside his/her control.
+4. Tends to fear she/he will be rejected or abandoned by those who are emotionally significant.
+5. Tends to be overly concerned with pleasing others; willing to compromise or sacrifice in order to avoid conflict.
+6. Tends to feel she/he is inadequate, inferior, or a failure.
+
+Avoidant Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to be shy or reserved in social situations.
+2. Tends to avoid social situations because of fear of embarrassment or humiliation.
+3. Tends to feel like an outsider or alien, as if she/he doesn’t truly belong.
+4. Tends to be inhibited or constricted; has difficulty allowing self to acknowledge or express wishes, impulses, or anger.
+5. Tends to feel she/he is inadequate, inferior, or a failure.
+
+Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to have odd or peculiar thoughts, perceptions, or behaviors.
+2. Appears to have peculiar mannerisms or behavior.
+3. Tends to see relationships as more intimate than they actually are.
+4. Tends to have fantasies that are bizarre or magical.
+5. Tends to feel like an outsider or alien, as if she/he doesn���t truly belong.
+6. Tends to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized.
+7. Has little empathy; seems unable or unwilling to understand or respond to others' needs or feelings.
+
+Histrionic Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to be self-dramatizing, theatrical, exaggerated, or overstated.
+2. Seeks to be the center of attention.
+3. Tends to see relationships as more intimate than they actually are.
+4. Emotions tend to change rapidly and unpredictably.
+5. Tends to become attached quickly or intensely; develops feelings, expectations, etc., that are not warranted by the history or context of the relationship.
+6. Tends to be overly suggestible or easily influenced.
+7. Tends to be overly concerned with her/his physical attractiveness.
+
+Paranoid Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to hold grudges; may dwell on insults or slights for long periods.
+2. Tends to be critical of others.
+3. Tends to be suspicious; tends to assume others will harm, deceive, conspire against, or betray her/him.
+4. Tends to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized.
+5. Tends to expect others to reject, criticize, or betray her/him.
+6. Tends to attribute her/his own unacceptable feelings or impulses to others (e.g., may assume that others are angry, envious, etc., when in fact she/he is).
+7. Tends to react to criticism with feelings of rage or humiliation.
+
+Schizoid Personality Disorder:
+1. Tends to avoid social situations because of fear of embarrassment or humiliation.
+2. Lacks close friendships and relationships.
+3. Appears to have little need for companionship, and is genuinely indifferent to the presence or absence of others.
+4. Tends to feel like an outsider or alien, as if she/he doesn’t truly belong.
+5. Appears to have little or no interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
+6. Tends to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized.