Update knowledge/personalities_definitions.txt

knowledge/personalities_definitions.txt

@@ -1,119 +1,117 @@
-According to Drew Westen and Jonathan Shedler in their article An Empirically Derived Taxonomy for Personality Diagnosis, these are the personality types or disorders:
-
-Anxious-Avoidant or Avoidant:
-Individuals who match this prototype are chronically anxious. They tend to ruminate, dwelling on problems or replaying conversations in
-their minds. They are more concerned with avoiding harm than pursuing desires, and their choices and actions are unduly influenced by
-efforts to avoid perceived dangers. They are prone to feelings of shame and embarrassment. Individuals who match this prototype tend to
-be shy and self-conscious in social situations and to feel like an outcast or outsider. They are often socially awkward and tend to avoid social
-situations because of fear of embarrassment or humiliation. They tend to be inhibited and constricted and to have difficulty acknowledging
-or expressing desires. They may adhere rigidly to daily routines, have trouble making decisions, or vacillate when faced with choices. Their
-anxiety may find expression through a variety of channels, including panic attacks, hypochondriacal concerns (e.g., excessive worry about
-normal aches and pains), or somatic symptoms in response to stress (e.g., headache, backache, abdominal pain, asthma).
-
-Dependent-Victimized or Dependent:
-Individuals who match this prototype tend to be needy and dependent, fear being alone, and fear rejection or abandonment. They tend
-to be ingratiating or submissive, often consenting to things they find objectionable in an effort to maintain support or approval. They tend
-to be passive and unassertive and to feel helpless and powerless. They tend to be indecisive, suggestible or easily influenced, and naïve or
-innocent, seeming to know less about the ways of the world than would be expected. They tend to become attached to people who are
-emotionally unavailable, and to create relationships in which they are in the role of caring for or rescuing the other person. Individuals
-who match this prototype tend to get drawn into or remain in relationships in which they are emotionally or physically abused, or needlessly
-put themselves in dangerous situations (e.g., walking alone or agreeing to meet strangers in unsafe places). They are insufficiently
-concerned with meeting their own needs and tend to feel unworthy or undeserving. Individuals who match this prototype have trouble
-acknowledging or expressing anger and instead become depressed, self-critical, or self-punitive. They tend to express anger in passive and
-indirect ways (e.g., making mistakes, procrastinating, forgetting) that may provoke or trigger anger or mistreatment from others.
-
-Schizoid-Schizotypal:
-Individuals who match this prototype lack close relationships and appear to have little need for human company or contact, often seeming
-detached or indifferent. They lack social skills and tend to be socially awkward or inappropriate. Their appearance or manner may be odd
-or peculiar (e.g., their grooming, posture, eye contact, or speech rhythms may seem strange or  off ), and their verbal statements may be
-incongruous with their accompanying emotion or non-verbal behavior. They have difficulty making sense of others’ behavior and appear
-unable to describe important others in a way that conveys a sense of who they are as people. They likewise have little insight into their own
-motives and behavior, and have difficulty giving a coherent account of their lives. Individuals who match this prototype appear to have a
-limited or constricted range of emotions and tend to think in concrete terms, showing limited ability to appreciate metaphor, analogy, or
-nuance. Consequently, they tend to elicit boredom in others. Despite their apparent emotional detachment, they often suffer emotionally:
-They find little satisfaction or enjoyment in life’s activities, tend to feel life has no meaning, and feel like outcasts or outsiders. A subset of
-individuals who match this prototype show substantial peculiarities in their thinking and perception. Their speech and thought processes
-may be circumstantial, rambling, or digressive, their reasoning processes or perceptual experiences may seem odd and idiosyncratic, and
-they may be suspicious of others, reading malevolent intent into others’ words and actions.
-
-Antisocial-Psychopathic or Antisocial:
-Individuals who match this prototype take advantage of others, tend to lie or deceive, and to be manipulative. They show a reckless
-disregard for the rights, property, or safety of others. They lack empathy for other people’s needs and feelings. Individuals who match this
-prototype experience little remorse for harm or injury they cause. They appear impervious to consequences and seem unable or unwilling
-to modify their behavior in response to threats or consequences. They generally lack psychological insight and blame their difficulties on
-other people or circumstances. They often appear to gain pleasure by being sadistic or aggressive toward others, and they may attempt to
-dominate significant others through intimidation or violence. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be impulsive, to seek thrills,
-novelty, and excitement, and to require high levels of stimulation. They tend to be unreliable and irresponsible and may fail to meet work
-obligations or honor financial commitments. They may engage in antisocial behavior, including unlawful activities, substance abuse, or
-interpersonal violence. They may repeatedly convince others of their commitment to change, leading others to think  this time is really different, 
-only to revert to their previous maladaptive behavior.
-
-Paranoid:
-Individuals who match this prototype are chronically suspicious, expecting that others will harm, deceive, conspire against, or betray them.
-They tend to blame their problems on other people or circumstances, and to attribute their difficulties to external factors. Rather than
-recognizing their own role in interpersonal conflicts, they tend to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized. Individuals who match this
-prototype tend to be angry or hostile and prone to rage episodes. They tend to see their own unacceptable impulses in other people instead
-of in themselves, and are therefore prone to misattribute hostility to other people. They tend to be controlling, to be oppositional, contrary,
-or quick to disagree, and to hold grudges. They tend to elicit dislike or animosity and to lack close friendships and relationships. Individuals
-who match this prototype tend to show disturbances in their thinking, above and beyond paranoid ideas. Their perceptions and reasoning
-can be odd and idiosyncratic, and they may become irrational when strong emotions are stirred up, to the point of seeming delusional.
-
-Narcissistic:
-Individuals who match this prototype have an exaggerated sense of self-importance. They feel privileged and entitled, expect preferential
-treatment, and seek to be the center of attention. They have fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, or talent, and tend to treat others
-primarily as an audience to witness their importance or brilliance. They tend to believe they can only be appreciated by, or should only
-associate with, people who are high-status, superior, or  special.  They have little empathy and seem unable to understand or respond to
-others’ needs and feelings unless they coincide with their own. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be dismissive, haughty, and
-arrogant. They tend to be critical, envious, competitive with others, and prone to get into power struggles. They attempt to avoid feeling
-helpless or depressed by becoming angry instead, and tend to react to perceived slights or criticism with rage and humiliation. Their overt
-grandiosity may mask underlying vulnerability: Individuals who match this prototype are invested in seeing and portraying themselves as
-emotionally strong, untroubled, and emotionally in control, often despite clear evidence of underlying insecurity or distress. A substantial
-subset of narcissistic individuals tend to feel inadequate or inferior, to feel that life has no meaning, and to be self-critical and intolerant of
-their own human defects, holding themselves to unrealistic standards of perfection.
-
-Borderline-Dysregulated or Borderline:
-Individuals who match this prototype have emotions that can change rapidly and spiral out of control, leading to extremes of sadness,
-anxiety, and rage. They tend to catastrophize, seeing problems as disastrous or unsolvable, and are often unable to soothe or comfort
-themselves without the help of another person. They tend to become irrational when strong emotions are stirred up, showing a significant
-decline from their usual level of functioning. Individuals who match this prototype lack a stable sense of self: Their attitudes, values, goals,
-and feelings about themselves may seem unstable or ever-changing, and they are prone to painful feelings of emptiness. They similarly
-have difficulty maintaining stable, balanced views of others: When upset, they have trouble perceiving positive and negative qualities in
-the same person at the same time, seeing others in extreme, black-or-white terms. Consequently, their relationships tend to be unstable,
-chaotic, and rapidly changing. They fear rejection and abandonment, fear being alone, and tend to become attached quickly and intensely.
-They are prone to feeling misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized. They often elicit intense emotions in other people and may draw them
-into roles or  scripts  that feel alien and unfamiliar (e.g., being uncharacteristically cruel, or making  heroic  efforts to rescue them). They
-may likewise stir up conflict or animosity between other people. Individuals who match this prototype tend to act impulsively. Their work
-life or living arrangements may be chaotic and unstable. They may act on self-destructive impulses, including self-mutilating behavior,
-suicidal threats or gestures, and genuine suicidality, especially when an attachment relationship is disrupted or threatened.
-
-Obsessional or Obsessive-Compulsive:
-Individuals who match this prototype tend to see themselves as logical and rational, uninfluenced by emotion. They tend to think in abstract
-and intellectualized terms, to become absorbed in details (often to the point of missing what is important), and prefer to operate as if
-emotions were irrelevant or inconsequential. They tend to be excessively devoted to work and productivity to the detriment of leisure and
-relationships. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be inhibited and constricted, and have difficulty acknowledging or expressing
-wishes, impulses, or anger. They are invested in seeing and portraying themselves as emotionally strong, untroubled, and in control, despite
-evidence of underlying insecurity, anxiety, or distress. They tend to deny or disavow their need for nurturance or comfort, often regarding
-such needs as weakness. They tend to adhere rigidly to daily routines, becoming anxious or uncomfortable when they are altered, and
-to be overly concerned with rules, procedures, order, organization, schedules, and so on. They may be preoccupied with concerns about
-dirt, cleanliness, or contamination. Rationality and regimentation generally mask underlying feelings of anxiety or anger. Individuals who
-match this prototype tend to be conflicted about anger, aggression, and authority. They tend to be self-critical, expecting themselves to be
- perfect,  and to be equally critical of others, whether overtly or covertly. They tend to be controlling, oppositional, and self-righteous or
-moralistic. They are prone to being stingy and withholding (e.g., of time, money, affection). They are often conflicted about authority, struggling
+According to Drew Westen and Jonathan Shedler in their article An Empirically Derived Taxonomy for Personality Diagnosis, these are the personality types or disorders:
+
+Anxious-Avoidant or Avoidant:
+Individuals who match this prototype are chronically anxious. They tend to ruminate, dwelling on problems or replaying conversations in
+their minds. They are more concerned with avoiding harm than pursuing desires, and their choices and actions are unduly influenced by
+efforts to avoid perceived dangers. They are prone to feelings of shame and embarrassment. Individuals who match this prototype tend to
+be shy and self-conscious in social situations and to feel like an outcast or outsider. They are often socially awkward and tend to avoid social
+situations because of fear of embarrassment or humiliation. They tend to be inhibited and constricted and to have difficulty acknowledging
+or expressing desires. They may adhere rigidly to daily routines, have trouble making decisions, or vacillate when faced with choices. Their
+anxiety may find expression through a variety of channels, including panic attacks, hypochondriacal concerns (e.g., excessive worry about
+normal aches and pains), or somatic symptoms in response to stress (e.g., headache, backache, abdominal pain, asthma).
+
+Dependent-Victimized or Dependent:
+Individuals who match this prototype tend to be needy and dependent, fear being alone, and fear rejection or abandonment. They tend
+to be ingratiating or submissive, often consenting to things they find objectionable in an effort to maintain support or approval. They tend
+to be passive and unassertive and to feel helpless and powerless. They tend to be indecisive, suggestible or easily influenced, and naïve or
+innocent, seeming to know less about the ways of the world than would be expected. They tend to become attached to people who are
+emotionally unavailable, and to create relationships in which they are in the role of caring for or rescuing the other person. Individuals
+who match this prototype tend to get drawn into or remain in relationships in which they are emotionally or physically abused, or needlessly
+put themselves in dangerous situations (e.g., walking alone or agreeing to meet strangers in unsafe places). They are insufficiently
+concerned with meeting their own needs and tend to feel unworthy or undeserving. Individuals who match this prototype have trouble
+acknowledging or expressing anger and instead become depressed, self-critical, or self-punitive. They tend to express anger in passive and
+indirect ways (e.g., making mistakes, procrastinating, forgetting) that may provoke or trigger anger or mistreatment from others.
+
+Schizoid-Schizotypal:
+Individuals who match this prototype lack close relationships and appear to have little need for human company or contact, often seeming
+detached or indifferent. They lack social skills and tend to be socially awkward or inappropriate. Their appearance or manner may be odd
+or peculiar (e.g., their grooming, posture, eye contact, or speech rhythms may seem strange or  off ), and their verbal statements may be
+incongruous with their accompanying emotion or non-verbal behavior. They have difficulty making sense of others’ behavior and appear
+unable to describe important others in a way that conveys a sense of who they are as people. They likewise have little insight into their own
+motives and behavior, and have difficulty giving a coherent account of their lives. Individuals who match this prototype appear to have a
+limited or constricted range of emotions and tend to think in concrete terms, showing limited ability to appreciate metaphor, analogy, or
+nuance. Consequently, they tend to elicit boredom in others. Despite their apparent emotional detachment, they often suffer emotionally:
+They find little satisfaction or enjoyment in life’s activities, tend to feel life has no meaning, and feel like outcasts or outsiders. A subset of
+individuals who match this prototype show substantial peculiarities in their thinking and perception. Their speech and thought processes
+may be circumstantial, rambling, or digressive, their reasoning processes or perceptual experiences may seem odd and idiosyncratic, and
+they may be suspicious of others, reading malevolent intent into others’ words and actions.
+
+Antisocial-Psychopathic or Antisocial:
+Individuals who match this prototype take advantage of others, tend to lie or deceive, and to be manipulative. They show a reckless
+disregard for the rights, property, or safety of others. They lack empathy for other people’s needs and feelings. Individuals who match this
+prototype experience little remorse for harm or injury they cause. They appear impervious to consequences and seem unable or unwilling
+to modify their behavior in response to threats or consequences. They generally lack psychological insight and blame their difficulties on
+other people or circumstances. They often appear to gain pleasure by being sadistic or aggressive toward others, and they may attempt to
+dominate significant others through intimidation or violence. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be impulsive, to seek thrills,
+novelty, and excitement, and to require high levels of stimulation. They tend to be unreliable and irresponsible and may fail to meet work
+obligations or honor financial commitments. They may engage in antisocial behavior, including unlawful activities, substance abuse, or
+interpersonal violence. They may repeatedly convince others of their commitment to change, leading others to think  this time is really different, 
+only to revert to their previous maladaptive behavior.
+
+Paranoid:
+Individuals who match this prototype are chronically suspicious, expecting that others will harm, deceive, conspire against, or betray them.
+They tend to blame their problems on other people or circumstances, and to attribute their difficulties to external factors. Rather than
+recognizing their own role in interpersonal conflicts, they tend to feel misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized. Individuals who match this
+prototype tend to be angry or hostile and prone to rage episodes. They tend to see their own unacceptable impulses in other people instead
+of in themselves, and are therefore prone to misattribute hostility to other people. They tend to be controlling, to be oppositional, contrary,
+or quick to disagree, and to hold grudges. They tend to elicit dislike or animosity and to lack close friendships and relationships. Individuals
+who match this prototype tend to show disturbances in their thinking, above and beyond paranoid ideas. Their perceptions and reasoning
+can be odd and idiosyncratic, and they may become irrational when strong emotions are stirred up, to the point of seeming delusional.
+
+Narcissistic:
+Individuals who match this prototype have an exaggerated sense of self-importance. They feel privileged and entitled, expect preferential
+treatment, and seek to be the center of attention. They have fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, or talent, and tend to treat others
+primarily as an audience to witness their importance or brilliance. They tend to believe they can only be appreciated by, or should only
+associate with, people who are high-status, superior, or  special.  They have little empathy and seem unable to understand or respond to
+others’ needs and feelings unless they coincide with their own. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be dismissive, haughty, and
+arrogant. They tend to be critical, envious, competitive with others, and prone to get into power struggles. They attempt to avoid feeling
+helpless or depressed by becoming angry instead, and tend to react to perceived slights or criticism with rage and humiliation. Their overt
+grandiosity may mask underlying vulnerability: Individuals who match this prototype are invested in seeing and portraying themselves as
+emotionally strong, untroubled, and emotionally in control, often despite clear evidence of underlying insecurity or distress. A substantial
+subset of narcissistic individuals tend to feel inadequate or inferior, to feel that life has no meaning, and to be self-critical and intolerant of
+their own human defects, holding themselves to unrealistic standards of perfection.
+
+Borderline-Dysregulated or Borderline:
+Individuals who match this prototype have emotions that can change rapidly and spiral out of control, leading to extremes of sadness,
+anxiety, and rage. They tend to catastrophize, seeing problems as disastrous or unsolvable, and are often unable to soothe or comfort
+themselves without the help of another person. They tend to become irrational when strong emotions are stirred up, showing a significant
+decline from their usual level of functioning. Individuals who match this prototype lack a stable sense of self: Their attitudes, values, goals,
+and feelings about themselves may seem unstable or ever-changing, and they are prone to painful feelings of emptiness. They similarly
+have difficulty maintaining stable, balanced views of others: When upset, they have trouble perceiving positive and negative qualities in
+the same person at the same time, seeing others in extreme, black-or-white terms. Consequently, their relationships tend to be unstable,
+chaotic, and rapidly changing. They fear rejection and abandonment, fear being alone, and tend to become attached quickly and intensely.
+They are prone to feeling misunderstood, mistreated, or victimized. They often elicit intense emotions in other people and may draw them
+into roles or  scripts  that feel alien and unfamiliar (e.g., being uncharacteristically cruel, or making  heroic  efforts to rescue them). They
+may likewise stir up conflict or animosity between other people. Individuals who match this prototype tend to act impulsively. Their work
+life or living arrangements may be chaotic and unstable. They may act on self-destructive impulses, including self-mutilating behavior,
+suicidal threats or gestures, and genuine suicidality, especially when an attachment relationship is disrupted or threatened.
+
+Obsessional or Obsessive-Compulsive:
+Individuals who match this prototype tend to see themselves as logical and rational, uninfluenced by emotion. They tend to think in abstract
+and intellectualized terms, to become absorbed in details (often to the point of missing what is important), and prefer to operate as if
+emotions were irrelevant or inconsequential. They tend to be excessively devoted to work and productivity to the detriment of leisure and
+relationships. Individuals who match this prototype tend to be inhibited and constricted, and have difficulty acknowledging or expressing
+wishes, impulses, or anger. They are invested in seeing and portraying themselves as emotionally strong, untroubled, and in control, despite
+evidence of underlying insecurity, anxiety, or distress. They tend to deny or disavow their need for nurturance or comfort, often regarding
+such needs as weakness. They tend to adhere rigidly to daily routines, becoming anxious or uncomfortable when they are altered, and
+to be overly concerned with rules, procedures, order, organization, schedules, and so on. They may be preoccupied with concerns about
+dirt, cleanliness, or contamination. Rationality and regimentation generally mask underlying feelings of anxiety or anger. Individuals who
+match this prototype tend to be conflicted about anger, aggression, and authority. They tend to be self-critical, expecting themselves to be
+ perfect,  and to be equally critical of others, whether overtly or covertly. They tend to be controlling, oppositional, and self-righteous or
+moralistic. They are prone to being stingy and withholding (e.g., of time, money, affection). They are often conflicted about authority, struggling
 with contradictory impulses to submit versus defy.
-
-Hysteric-Histrionic or Histrionic:
-Individuals who match this prototype are emotionally dramatic and prone to express emotion in exaggerated and theatrical ways. Their reactions
-tend to be based on emotion rather than reflection, and their cognitive style tends to be glib, global, and impressionistic (e.g., missing
-details, glossing over inconsistencies, mispronouncing names). Their beliefs and expectations seem cliché or stereotypical, as if taken
-from storybooks or movies, and they seem naïve or innocent, seeming to know less about the ways of the world than would be expected.
-Individuals who match this prototype tend to be sexually seductive or provocative. They use their physical attractiveness to an excessive
-degree to gain attention and notice, and they behave in ways that seem to epitomize gender stereotypes. They may be flirtatious, preoccupied
-with sexual conquest, prone to lead people on, or promiscuous. They tend to become involved in romantic or sexual  triangles  and
-may be drawn to people who are already attached or sought by someone else. They appear to have difficulty directing both tender feelings
-and sexual feelings toward the same person, tending to view others as either virtuous or sexy, but not both. Individuals who match this prototype
-tend to be suggestible or easily influenced, and to idealize and identify with admired others to the point of taking on their attitudes
-or mannerisms. They fantasize about ideal, perfect love, yet tend to choose sexual or romantic partners who are emotionally unavailable, or
-who seem inappropriate (e.g., in terms of age or social or economic status). They may become attached quickly and intensely. Beneath the
-surface, they often fear being alone, rejected, or abandoned.
 
-These personalities mentioned here are also congruent and appear in the PDM-2 and the DSM-5.
+Hysteric-Histrionic or Histrionic:
+Individuals who match this prototype are emotionally dramatic and prone to express emotion in exaggerated and theatrical ways. Their reactions
+tend to be based on emotion rather than reflection, and their cognitive style tends to be glib, global, and impressionistic (e.g., missing
+details, glossing over inconsistencies, mispronouncing names). Their beliefs and expectations seem cliché or stereotypical, as if taken
+from storybooks or movies, and they seem naïve or innocent, seeming to know less about the ways of the world than would be expected.
+Individuals who match this prototype tend to be sexually seductive or provocative. They use their physical attractiveness to an excessive
+degree to gain attention and notice, and they behave in ways that seem to epitomize gender stereotypes. They may be flirtatious, preoccupied
+with sexual conquest, prone to lead people on, or promiscuous. They tend to become involved in romantic or sexual  triangles  and
+may be drawn to people who are already attached or sought by someone else. They appear to have difficulty directing both tender feelings
+and sexual feelings toward the same person, tending to view others as either virtuous or sexy, but not both. Individuals who match this prototype
+tend to be suggestible or easily influenced, and to idealize and identify with admired others to the point of taking on their attitudes
+or mannerisms. They fantasize about ideal, perfect love, yet tend to choose sexual or romantic partners who are emotionally unavailable, or
+who seem inappropriate (e.g., in terms of age or social or economic status). They may become attached quickly and intensely. Beneath the
+surface, they often fear being alone, rejected, or abandoned.