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Q:
Touchpad makes mouse go in a "grid-like" pattern, External mouse doesn't
Some information about my issue
I just installed 17.10 on my laptop. the installation process went fine, and additionally I was running a live USB in order to test if everything functioned. One thing I noted myself, was that whilst moving the mouse, the mouse felt like taking steps in every direction - resulting in a laggy movement.
If you have a grid, it feels like the mouse is attaching itself to every cross in the grid, whilst moving. The effect is mostly noticeable in diagonal directions, but can also be noticed elsewhere. Doing smaller movements is challenging, as the mouse bumps.
I tried changing the available settings in the stock settings menu on the system, without any apparent luck.
I also tried searching for similar issues, but I am not sure if they describe my problem exactly.
For instance, lets have a look at: Jerky mouse movements
My Parameters:
xinput --list-props "SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad" gives:
`simen@Yoga-ubuntu:~$ xinput --list-props "SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad"
Device 'SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad':
Device Enabled (171): 1
Coordinate Transformation Matrix (173): 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 1.000000
libinput Tapping Enabled (311): 1
libinput Tapping Enabled Default (312): 0
libinput Tapping Drag Enabled (313): 1
libinput Tapping Drag Enabled Default (314): 1
libinput Tapping Drag Lock Enabled (315): 0
libinput Tapping Drag Lock Enabled Default (316): 0
libinput Tapping Button Mapping Enabled (317): 1, 0
libinput Tapping Button Mapping Default (318): 1, 0
libinput Accel Speed (319): -0.244604
libinput Accel Speed Default (320): 0.000000
libinput Natural Scrolling Enabled (321): 1
libinput Natural Scrolling Enabled Default (322): 0
libinput Send Events Modes Available (292): 1, 1
libinput Send Events Mode Enabled (293): 0, 0
libinput Send Events Mode Enabled Default (294): 0, 0
libinput Left Handed Enabled (323): 0
libinput Left Handed Enabled Default (324): 0
libinput Scroll Methods Available (325): 1, 1, 0
libinput Scroll Method Enabled (326): 1, 0, 0
libinput Scroll Method Enabled Default (327): 1, 0, 0
libinput Click Methods Available (328): 1, 1
libinput Click Method Enabled (329): 1, 0
libinput Click Method Enabled Default (330): 1, 0
libinput Middle Emulation Enabled (331): 0
libinput Middle Emulation Enabled Default (332): 0
libinput Disable While Typing Enabled (333): 1
libinput Disable While Typing Enabled Default (334): 1
Device Node (295): "/dev/input/event6"
Device Product ID (296): 2, 7
libinput Drag Lock Buttons (335): <no items>
libinput Horizontal Scroll Enabled (336): 1
I've tried changing a few values here, but had no luck as of yet getting rid of the "grid movement" of my track-pad.
Connecting an external mouse to the laptop seem to come around the issue, but I am still not satisfied with the performance of the track-pad. Moving the pointr with my track-pad is not going well.
If there is any other information that would be handy to have, just let me know and I'll provide it. It's an annoying issue as I can't use my external mouse at all times.
A:
I have experienced similar issue with my Lenovo X240, and judging by the system name 'Yoga', a very similar solution might apply.
I seemed to be able to minimize the effects to an acceptable level, although they seem not to be completely gone.
As it occurred both on Wayland and Xorg and the Elder Geek's fix did not help, I digged deeper.
Based on: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/199044/diagonal-touchpad-movement-results-in-wobbly-line and in turn:https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1264453 - comments 10 and 13.
Open /lib/udev/hwdb.d/90-libinput-model-quirks.hwdb in your favorite text editor, and check the LENOVO segment, as it will contain hints for a possible solution too.
This is what I did:
1) Identify hardware DMI and input location using evemu-describe [part of packageevemu-tools; [sudo apt install evemu-tools]
~$ sudo evemu-describe
Available devices:
/dev/input/event0: Lid Switch
...
/dev/input/event4: Video Bus
/dev/input/event5: SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad
/dev/input/event6: TPPS/2 IBM TrackPoint
...
/dev/input/event20: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=10
Select the device event number [0-20]:
So in my case, the touchpad is registered on /dev/input/event5 [5]. Find the DMI line, right at the start of the output and save it for later:
# DMI: dmi:bvnLENOVO:bvrGIET90WW(2.40):bd09/14/2017:svnLENOVO:pn20AMS2QD0C:pvrThinkPadX240:rvnLENOVO:rn20AMS2QD0C:rvr0B98401PRO:cvnLENOVO:ct10:cvrNotAvailable:
# Input device name: "SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad"
2) Going on a leap, guesstimating that your touchpad behaves similarly to a t450, we will now add a new file for our hwdb in /etc/hwdb/ using sudo nano /etc/hwdb/90-lenovo-touchpad-quirk.hwdb
In the file put something similar like this. Modify the DMI matching, I pasted it in there for future reference:
#Lenovo touchpad smoothing fix/workaround.
#evemu-describe DMI output for the touchpad:
# DMI: dmi:bvnLENOVO:bvrGIET90WW(2.40):bd09/14/2017:svnLENOVO:pn20AMS2QD0C:pvrThinkPadX240:rvnLENOVO:rn20AMS2QD0C:rvr0B98401PRO:cvnLENOVO:ct10:cvrNotAvailable:
#Modify the following line, namely the pvrThinkPadX240 bit, to match your DMI output.
libinput:name:SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad:dmi:*svnLENOVO:*:pvrThinkPadX240*
LIBINPUT_MODEL_LENOVO_T450_TOUCHPAD=1
Save the file (in Nano ctrl-X to exit, confirm with Y to save, VI has !wq)
3) Now rebuild the hardwaredatabase:
sudo udevadm hwdb --update
And 4) test if your new parameters are actually loaded (remember the input number from the first step):
~$ sudo udevadm test /sys/class/input/event5
calling: test
version 234
...
ID_INPUT_TOUCHPAD_INTEGRATION=internal
ID_INPUT_WIDTH_MM=109
LIBINPUT_DEVICE_GROUP=11/2/7/1b1:isa0060/serio1
LIBINPUT_MODEL_LENOVO_T450_TOUCHPAD=1
LIBINPUT_MODEL_SYNAPTICS_SERIAL_TOUCHPAD=1
...
It's there all right!
5) Reboot the system and fingers crossed...
I hope this results in you joining the dark Linux side!
In my case LIBINPUT_MODEL_LENOVO_X230=1 actually worked better, so you can play around -to some extent- with available fixes for Synaptics touchpads.
A:
The grid-like pattern of touchpad movement is caused by libinput's old rectangular hysteresis algorithm. It was fixed in libinput version 1.10.2 (including in Ubuntu 18.04) by switching to an elliptical (usually circular) approach instead:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/wayland-devel/2018-March/037317.html
|
Electrodermal dissociation of chronic fatigue and depression: evidence for distinct physiological mechanisms.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has an estimated prevalence between 0.5% and 3%, yet its diagnosis remains contentious. CFS is characterized by subjective symptoms that can be difficult to verify; moreover, depression is a commonly reported CFS complaint, whereas fatigue is a common symptom of depression. Our primary goal was dissociation of these disorders using psychophysiological methods. As previous research has implicated the autonomic nervous system in CFS, we conducted what we believe to be the first analysis of bilateral electrodermal and skin temperature responses of dextral females in a cross-modal orienting task, to investigate differences between these two patient groups and controls. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) examining three measures of electrodermal activity revealed prestimulus tonic skin conductance levels (SCLs) were markedly lower for the CFS group, with no difference between controls and depressives. Concurrent skin temperature levels were higher for the CFS group than the other two groups. These findings indicate that, despite overtly similar cognitive and symptom profiles, depression and CFS patients can be differentiated with psychophysiological measures. This study adds to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that CFS and depression have distinct neurobiological profiles, consistent with unique aetiologies. |
Q:
Spring Framework Unable to Resolve References in IntelliJ
I set up a application configuration file for spring, added it to the facets, and set it up according to another configuration file that works perfectly.
All of the references to the spring components are visible and seem to work, but all references to items within the xml file fail to be found.
An example is with the tasks:
<task:scheduler id="taskScheduler" />
<task:executor id="taskExecutor" pool-size="1" />
<task:annotation-driven executor="taskExecutor" scheduler="taskScheduler" />
Both taskScheduler and taskExecutor cannot be resolved. As a result, the task bean never gets set up so all of my @Scheduled annotations never work.
Setting up the factory provider for services works just fine (all @Service and @Autowired annotations work), so I am completely certain the issue is with some configuration issue in the project.
What else needs to be configured in IntelliJ for the beans to work? Why does spring not rescan the file to find references to beans?
Here is where all of the springframework beans are referenced:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:cache="http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.1.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.1.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache.xsd"
default-lazy-init="true">
A:
The issue is having multiple contexts for application configuration files. To fix it, go to the configuration file in IntelliJ, then there is a section at the top where you can select which application context you want to put the context file into (Reads something like "Spring Application Context in module [your module]. File is included in [n] contexts"). Try selecting each one until the references resolve; it will remove it from the other contexts. My particular issue was that it was in the MVC context and it needed to be in the Spring Application Context.
|
Q:
iOS Core Bluetooth - Can't discover the real device from scan
I am trying to discover a bluetooth device and connect to it through the use of CBCentralManager. The device is a headset. It can be discovered through bluetooth scan on the phone. The device name is "A1-25". When I connect "A1-25" directly from phone bluetooth settings, I can play songs with it, it's working fine.
However, when I started scanning peripherals using CBCentralManager. I can't see a peripheral named "A1-25". But rather, I saw a peripheral named "EQ_Test_llyan". But before, when I scan nearby devices from the bluetooth settings, "EQ_Test_llyan" did not come out.
2017-12-13 16:35:07.233021+0800 Test[1405:500801] started scanning
2017-12-13 16:35:17.469375+0800 Test[1405:500801] discovered peripheral with name EQ_Test_llyan advertisementData:{
kCBAdvDataIsConnectable = 1;
kCBAdvDataLocalName = "EQ_Test_llyan";
kCBAdvDataManufacturerData = <b0024551 5f544553 54>;
}
2017-12-13 16:35:17.470672+0800 Test[1405:500801] connecting with device!!!!!!!
2017-12-13 16:35:17.654884+0800 Test[1405:500801] connected to peripheral name:EQ_Test_llyan id:7326E741-BF68-D9E8-D7A6-5F27227685A7
2017-12-13 16:35:17.656526+0800 Test[1405:500801] discovering services for peripheral name:EQ_Test_llyan
2017-12-13 16:35:18.193311+0800 Test[1405:500801] discovered services:(
) for peripheral name:EQ_Test_llyan
The peripheral "EQ_Test_llyan" has no services (see above log), so I can't communicate with it. Now, when I went back to the bluetooth devices in the phone settings I am now connected to "EQ_Test_llyan", but not to "A1-25". Now, I try to play the music, the sound does not come out from the headset.
When I turned off the headset, I will be disconnected from "EQ_Test_llyan" and "A1-25" will be gone. Therefore I conclude that "EQ_Test_llyan" and "A1-25" comes from the same device.
Take note that I can connect to both at the same time. I will just connect to "EQ_Test_llyan" programmatically, then it will appear on the settings. Then I manually connect to "A1-25" from the phone settings. It will be like what it shows on the picture below. When I play the music, I can still hear sound coming out from headset. So, it's working fine as long as I am connected to "A1-25", but not to "EQ_Test_llyan" alone.
So my questions are:
Is CBPeripheral referring to the actual device? Because if it is,
why can't I scan "A1-25" but I can scan "EQ_Test_llyan"?
Take note that when the phone is connected to "A1-25", it has an "i"
beside it, this means that the connection can be terminated. But
when the phone is connected to "EQ_Test_llyan", there's no "i"
beside it. So, it can't be disconnected unless you turned off the
device. So, what's the difference between the two? Is "AI-25" the
real device, while "EQ_Test_llyan" is just a connection? I don't
understand.
A:
You can not discover "A1-25" from the CBCentralManager because it is a headset as you've mentioned. Headset uses Headset Profile (HSP), which is known as "Bluetooth Classic" profile, while Core Bluetooth is suitable only for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE, Bluetooth 4.0) General Attribute Profile (GATT). If you examine the CoreBluetooth API, you'll discover it's all about services and characteristics. It has no abstractions for sound-related profiles.
On the other hand, GATT is very general and abstract profile, and can be used by a device of any kind, each time for some very specific data — speed, temperature, heart rate, some device configuration, and virtually any other values. So you can pair to GATT devices only from an app that aware of that exact device. You just have nothing to do with such generic service from your phone settings screen.
|
Q:
Can I compress HTTP Requests using GZIP?
I am communicating to a Tomcat Server using a Java ME application on my mobile device.
I was wondering if I could compress my requests/responses using Gzip to reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.
A:
Modern phones have so much CPU power and the network is relatively slow so compression makes perfect sense. It's quite easy to do also.
On the J2ME side, you do something like this (assuming you use HttpConnection),
hc.setRequestProperty("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
if (hc.getResponseCode() == HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) {
InputStream in = hc.openInputStream();
if ("gzip".equals(hc.getEncoding()))
in = new GZIPInputStream(in);
...
We use GZIPInputStream from tinyline but I am sure there are others,
http://www.tinyline.com/utils/index.html
On the server side, it's all built-in. Just add following attributes to the Connector in server.xml on Tomcat,
<Connector
compression="on"
compressionMinSize="2048"
compressableMimeType="text/html,application/json"
... />
A:
You can compress the content of an HTTP request or response, but not the headers. See section 3.6 of the HTTP 1.1 spec, and the later section that describes the Content-Encoding header.
EDIT: The flip side of this is that there is no guarantee that an HTTP server side will accept any particular compression format. And depending on the quality of the server-side implementation of HTTP, it might not even recognize that the request content has been compressed. So you don't want to do this unless you know that the server-side supports compressed request content.
|
List of highways numbered 854
The following highways are numbered 854:
United States |
Who exactly are these middle class families? What are their interests? Will they constitute a new force for more and better spending on public goods like schools and roads that will lift all boats, or will they push for more government largesse and new entitlements directed to them?
Using the $10 to $50 per capita per day thresholds, the middle class in Latin America now constitutes 30 percent of the region’s population, and captures 50 percent of household income, making it a potential political force to be reckoned with. Adults in the typical middle class household have at least some secondary education and are likely to be employees in urban, formal jobs. In most countries they are not in the middle of the income distribution but are concentrated in the top quintile. Though they are “rich” (at median daily income per capita of about $15), they are in absolute money terms closer to their poorer counterparts (at about $5) than to their richer ones (at about $55).
But like richer households, middle class households rely heavily on private schooling for their children – and far more so than their poorer counterparts (see table below). (The low figure in Chile presumably excludes publicly-subsidized private schools. Because definitions may vary between countries the numbers should hence not be interpreted as definite enrollment rates, but rather as between-class comparisons in single countries.)
Percentage of students enrolled in private schools, by age and income group (2008/2009)
Latin America has a long history of relying on private institutions as providers of primary and secondary education. Beginning in the 1960s, when enrollment in primary schools increased dramatically to include many of poor children, many families, including the working poor, opted out of public schools where quality was probably declining and put their children into the expanding private schools.
Is that a problem? It depends on country and context. CGD Research Fellow Justin Sandefur just fought an impressive wonkwar on Duncan Green’s blog with former UNESCO staff member Kevin Watkins. Justin defended the possibility that private schools, despite their costs to poor families, can help increase access and improve quality of schooling for poor children where public systems are not doing the job, referring mostly to examples and data from Africa and South Asia. Perhaps in Latin America private schooling as an option is reaching its peak? The protests in Chile suggest a rising middle class will not indefinitely tolerate a situation in which they are stuck with a choice between public schools that are not good enough and private schools that are not cheap enough. Schooling may be the first stop for some sort of change in the social contract in countries where a new middle class is feeling its political oats. |
Carmel Maher
Carmel Anne Maher (born 5 April 1954) is an Australian politician. She was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1989 to 1991, serving one term. She represented the No Self-Government Party and later the Independents Group.
References
Category:Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:No Self-Government Party members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Category:Independents Group members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Category:Women members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly |
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 14-1833
___________________________
United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Christopher John Mayne
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa - Dubuque
____________
Submitted: February 12, 2015
Filed: April 14, 2015
____________
Before BYE, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
____________
BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Police searched Christopher John Mayne’s vehicle, seizing 180
pseudoephedrine pills, methamphetamine, and other items used to manufacture meth.
He pled guilty to possession of pseudoephedrine knowing it would be used to
manufacture meth, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(c)(2). Mayne had three prior
felonies. The district court1 determined he was a career offender under section 4B1.1
of the federal sentencing guidelines. Mayne appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.
This court reviews the “interpretation and application of the sentencing
guidelines de novo.” United States v. Mohr, 772 F.3d 1143, 1145 (8th Cir. 2014).
A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least
eighteen years old at the time the defendant committed the instant
offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony
that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and
(3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a
crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Mayne believes he is not a career offender because he interprets
“controlled substance offense” not to include his instant offense.
A “controlled substance offense” is a law “punishable by imprisonment for a
term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution,
or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession
of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture,
import, export, distribute, or dispense.” Id. § 4B1.2(b). Mayne relies on Application
Note 1 of section 4B1.2, which specifically lists § 841(c)(1) as a “controlled
substance offense,” but does not list § 841(c)(2).2 Id. § 4B1.2, cmt. n.1.
1
The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.
2
21 U.S.C. § 841(c) provides:
Any person who knowingly or intentionally—
(1) possesses a listed chemical with intent to manufacture a controlled
-2-
Mayne’s interpretation is not persuasive. In 28 U.S.C. § 994, Congress
directed the Sentencing Commission to promulgate the sentencing guidelines.
Subsection (h) provides:
(h) The Commission shall assure that the guidelines specify a sentence
to a term of imprisonment at or near the maximum term authorized for
categories of defendants in which the defendant is eighteen years old or
older and—
(1) has been convicted of a felony that is—
(A) a crime of violence; or
(B) an offense described in section 401 of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841), sections 1002(a), 1005,
and 1009 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export
Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 955, and 959), and chapter 705 of
title 46; and
(2) has previously been convicted of two or more prior felonies,
each of which is—
(A) a crime of violence; or
(B) an offense described in section 401 of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841), sections 1002(a), 1005,
and 1009 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export
Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 955, and 959), and chapter 705 of
title 46.
substance except as authorized by this subchapter;
(2) possesses or distributes a listed chemical knowing, or having reasonable
cause to believe, that the listed chemical will be used to manufacture a
controlled substance except as authorized by this subchapter; . . .
....
shall be fined in accordance with Title 18 or imprisoned not more than 20 years
in the case of a violation of paragraph (1) or (2) involving a list I chemical or
not more than 10 years in the case of a violation of this subsection other than
a violation of paragraph (1) or (2) involving a list I chemical, or both.
-3-
28 U.S.C. § 994(h) (emphases added). In response, the Commission created section
4B1.1, the Career Offender guideline. Section 994(h) includes any § 841 offense
(that is a felony conviction). Section 994(h) “does not define the only crimes for
which the Commission may specify a sentence at or near the maximum.” United
States v. Baker, 16 F.3d 854, 857 (8th Cir. 1994). But, § 994(h) “merely declares that
the enumerated crimes must be so treated.” Id.
Application Note 1 does not provide an exhaustive list of “controlled substance
offenses.” The Commission addressed § 841(c)(1) in response to a circuit conflict
about whether possession of a listed chemical with intent to manufacture a controlled
substance is a “controlled substance offense.” United States Sentencing
Commission, Guidelines Manual, app. C., amend. 568 (2003) (eff. Nov. 1, 1997).
The Commission did not address § 841(c)(2) in Application Note 1 because it was not
at issue in the circuit cases. Compare United States v. Calverley, 11 F.3d 505, 511-
12 (5th Cir. 1993) (holding that possession of listed chemical with intent to
manufacture controlled substance is “controlled substance offense”), aff’d en banc,
37 F.3d 160, 165 (5th Cir. 1994), with United States v. Wagner, 994 F.2d 1467, 1475
(10th Cir. 1993) (contra), superseded by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, cmt. n.1 (1997) as
recognized in United States v. Smith, 433 F.3d 714, 717 (10th Cir. 2006). The
Commission’s omission of § 841(c)(2) in Application Note 1 does not override the
directive of § 994(h). See United States v. Stoneking, 60 F.3d 399, 402 (8th Cir.
1995) (en banc) (explaining that Commission’s commentary is binding unless
trumped by a federal statute).
This court holds that a conviction under § 841(c)(2) is a “controlled substance
offense” for purposes of section 4B1.1, the Career Offender guideline.
*******
The judgment is affirmed.
______________________________
-4-
|
Q:
How can I use %SCAN within a macro variable name?
I'm trying to write robust code to assign values to macro variables. I want the names of the macro variables to depend on values coming from the variable 'subgroup'. So subgroup could equal 1, 2, or 45 etc. and thus have macro variable names trta_1, trta_2, trt_45 etc.
Where I am having difficulty is calling the macro variable name. So instead of calling e.g. &trta_1 I want to call &trta_%SCAN(&subgroups, &k), which resolves to trta_1 on the first iteration. I've used a %SCAN function in the macro variable name, which is throwing up a warning 'WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference TRTA_ not resolved.'. However, the macro variables have been created with values assigned.
How can I resolve the warning? Is there a function I could run with the %SCAN function to get this to work?
data data1 ;
input subgroup trta trtb ;
datalines ;
1 30 58
2 120 450
3 670 3
run;
%LET subgroups = 1 2 3 ;
%PUT &subgroups;
%MACRO test;
%DO k=1 %TO 3;
DATA test_&k;
SET data1;
WHERE subgroup = %SCAN(&subgroups, &k);
CALL SYMPUTX("TRTA_%SCAN(&subgroups, &k)", trta, 'G');
CALL SYMPUTX("TRTB_%SCAN(&subgroups, &k)", trtb, 'G');
RUN;
%PUT "&TRTA_%SCAN(&subgroups, &k)" "&TRTB_%SCAN(&subgroups, &k)";
%END;
%MEND test;
%test;
A:
Using the structure you've provided the following will achieve the result you're looking for.
data data1;
input subgroup trta trtb;
datalines;
1 30 58
2 120 450
3 670 3
;
run;
%LET SUBGROUPS = 1 2 3;
%PUT &SUBGROUPS;
%MACRO TEST;
%DO K=1 %TO 3;
%LET X = %SCAN(&SUBGROUPS, &K) ;
data test_&k;
set data1;
where subgroup = &X ;
call symputx(cats("TRTA_",&X), trta, 'g');
call symputx(cats("TRTB_",&X), trtb, 'g');
run;
%PUT "&&TRTA_&X" "&&TRTB_&X";
%END;
%MEND TEST;
%TEST;
However, I'm not sure this approach is particularly robust. If your list of subgroups changes you'd need to change the 'K' loop manually, you can determine the upper bound of the loop by dynamically counting the 'elements' in your subgroup list.
If you want to call the macro variables you've created later in your code, you could a similar method.
data data2;
input subgroup value;
datalines;
1 20
2 25
3 15
45 30
;
run ;
%MACRO TEST2;
%DO K=1 %TO 3;
%LET X = %SCAN(&SUBGROUPS, &K) ;
data data2 ;
set data2 ;
if subgroup = &X then percent = value/&&TRTB_&X ;
format percent percent9.2 ;
run ;
%END;
%MEND TEST2;
%TEST2 ;
Effectively, you're re-writing data2 on each iteration of the loop.
|
APRIL 15 REWIND: Tough words, sharp elbows mark first debate
The first debate between mayoral candidates Steve Bach and Richard Skorman on Friday evening was a bruising affair with Skorman repeatedly attacking his opponent for his ties to developers, his lack of government experience and even, by implication, his bedtime.
In Skorman's closing...
The first debate between mayoral candidates Steve Bach and Richard Skorman on Friday evening was a bruising affair with Skorman repeatedly attacking his opponent for his ties to developers, his lack of government experience and even, by implication, his bedtime.
In Skorman's closing statement, he blasted Colorado Springs' sprawl and lack of planning and tied both to Bach.
"This guy wants to give the keys to the developers," Skorman said, drawing gasps from the packed crowd of 400 at the El Pomar Foundation Penrose House.
While Bach was more reserved, even saying that he was sure he and Skorman would be friends after the election, he displayed some sharp elbows of his own, touting his lack of government experience as a positive and casting Skorman's past tenure on City Council as a failure.
+ captionMayoral candidate Richard Skorman (left) debated fellow mayoral candidate Steve Bach (right) at the Penrose House on Friday. The two men a vying to become Colorado Springs' first strong mayor in a May 17 runoff election. Photo by JERILEE BENNETT/The Gazette
"Richard said we didn't plan," Bach said. "He's right and he was there. With all due respect, Richard's had his chance to lead. He was on council for seven years and was vice-mayor until he quit."
The two men are vying to become Colorado Springs' first strong mayor in a May 17 runoff election. The first formal debate between the candidates was sponsored by The Gazette, News First 5, and El Pomar's Forum for Civic Advancement, among others.
The most pointed exchange of the night came in a back-and-forth over whether each man would sign a proclamation for a gay rights parade. Skorman said Colorado Springs' reputation for intolerance was a job-killer, scaring off large companies and making the city unattractive for young professionals.
"To be the anti-gay capital of the United States, it's not good for our image," Skorman said. "It's not good for jobs."
Bach said he didn't support any form of discrimination. Moderator Rob Quirk, news anchor at News First 5, questioned him on that, saying Bach had been criticized for stating he wouldn't sign a gay rights proclamation.
Bach said he never said that, but Quirk came back saying he wrote essentially that in a Focus on the Family survey. Bach then said he wouldn't sign a proclamation for either a gay rights parade or a Focus on the Family event.
"I don't think we should have a parade for people 6-feet-5," Bach said, who stands that tall.
Skorman responded, saying, "Steve, I think that's bad for business, what you just said. People that happen to be gay and lesbian live in this community, they pay taxes, they create jobs. If you're really interested in jobs, why shut the door?"
The role of government was also a point of contention. Chuck Fowler, chairman of The City Committee, one of the debate's co-sponsors and a group that advocates outsourcing government services, asked the candidates about the Stormwater Enterprise and Issue 300 that defunded it. The committee is non-partisan, but some of its members have donated to Bach's campaign.
Bach attacked Skorman for supporting the unpopular fees that funded the enterprise.
"Richard was on council when, by a 5-4 contentious vote, the stormwater fee was imposed on us without our approval," Bach said. "He did it then, he'll do it again."
Skorman came back later in the debate, saying that Bach was contradicting his own no-tax pledge on the issue and that the stormwater fee was crucial in winning approval from Pueblo officials for a needed SDS permit.
"Steve, you're on record for putting in front of the voters a Stormwater Enterprise tax, or did you sign the no-tax pledge?" Skorman said. "And you're in favor of SDS water, but you wouldn't have voted for it. Where's the no tax pledge?"
Both candidates said they support modifying pension plans for future city hires, but Bach went further than Skorman in advocating for outsourcing city services and freezing or cutting city staff.
"Should we replace or should we rehire the 350 vacant positions in the city today?" Bach said. "How about outsourcing? How about public-private partnerships?"
Skorman said he'd be open to some outsourcing, but said public safety personnel make up the majority of local government employees and that he didn't believe those services could be privatized.
"Do you want a rental cop showing up when your wife is being assaulted?" he asked. "Do you want a non-paramedic showing up when you're having a heart attack?"
And that bedtime jab? In talking about whether Colorado Springs is an attractive destination for young people, Bach repeated a line he's used before that he thinks the city is exciting, but he goes to bed early. Skorman's rebuttal? |
Q:
In LibreOffice, what is the shortcut for italics?
When typing some text in LibreOffice Writer, one can use following in-line shortcuts:
type *text* to write the word "text" in bold,
type _text_ to write the word "text" underlined.
What is the corresponding in-line shortcut for writing the word "text" in italics?
A:
There was none, but there is a shortcut for italic now.
To use the shortcut, user must have installed at least LibreOffice 5.4. The addition of markup italic and strikethrough is noted in LibreOffice 5.4 release note.
Type *bold* to make strong text i.e. bold
Type /italic/ to emphasize text i.e. italic
Type -strikethrough- to strike text i.e. strikethrough
Type _underline_ to underline text (not shown here due to limitation on SE)
Where to check
The shortcuts are handled by AutoCorrect in LibreOffice and AutoCorrect in OpenOffice. To see the option, go to Tools > AutoCorrect > AutoCorrect Options and select "Options" tab.
AutoCorrect has now improved options for bold, italic, strikethrough and underline. In LibreOffice 5.3 and older, the options were limited to bold and underline (bottom half).
The following limitation applies:
User can only enable or disable the shortcuts all together or none, but not individually.
User can not change the existing in-line shortcuts to something else.
What about MediaWiki syntax
Some users may think of text formatting markup by MediaWiki. LibreOffice does have an extension for MediaWiki, which is available in the repository or the local repository.
$ apt-cache search libreoffice wiki
libreoffice-wiki-publisher - LibreOffice extension for working with MediaWiki articles
libobasis5.3-extension-mediawiki-publisher - MediaWiki publisher extension for LibreOffice 5.3 .0.3
Unfortunately, MediaWiki extension is for publishing purpose.
The indended use is to export styles and formatting in LibreOffice to MediaWiki format and not the other way round. So users who expect ''italic'' to become italic or '''bold''' to become bold would be not possible in LibreOffice.
Using keyboard shortcut
Alternatively, LibreOffice Help explains that applying text formatting while you type for italic is possible using the keyboard shortcut.
To apply italic formatting
Select the text that you want to format.
Press Ctrl+I.
You can also press Ctrl+I, type the text that you want to format in italic, and then press Ctrl+I when you are finished.
Tested using LibreOffice 5.3 and LibreOffice 5.4 in Xubuntu 14.04.
A:
To the best of my knowledge there is no "in-line" shortcut in LibreOffice Writer for italics (if by in-line you mean the keystrokes appear before the style is converted. You can however toggle italics on and off with the CtrlI key combination. So for instance you can type CtrlI t e s t CtrlI to obtain test
Source: https://help.libreoffice.org/Common/General_Shortcut_Keys_in
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Induced abortion is described as surgical or medical termination of a live fetus before the time of fetus viability \[[@CR1]\]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), induced abortion can be safe or unsafe \[[@CR2]\]. Unsafe abortion causes a significant proportion of maternal deaths and morbidity each year, 22 million unsafe abortions are estimated to take place globally and it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many sub-Saharan African countries \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\].
Globally, from 2010 to 2014 25% of pregnancies ended in abortion and the global annual rates of abortion were estimated at 35 abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age. There has been a significant reduction of abortion rates in high-income countries, while the rates remain unchanged in low- and middle-income countries \[[@CR5]\]. The WHO reported that Africa accounts for 1.7 million of the estimated 5 million women of reproductive age hospitalized annually worldwide for treatment of abortion-related complications. Deaths from induced unsafe abortion are known to contribute to approximately 14% of all maternal deaths in Africa \[[@CR3]\].
The danger from unsafe abortion was recognized by the Ethiopian Parliament in 2005 when evidence indicated it contributed 32% of the burden of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. This prompted amendments to the penal code on abortion which allows safe abortion to be performed legally in cases of rape or incest, if the woman has physical or mental disabilities, if it is needed to preserve the woman's life or her physical health, or if she is a minor who is physically or mentally unprepared for childbirth. Prior to the 2005 reforms, abortion was only allowed to save the life of the pregnant woman. Since the enactment of the new law, the Ethiopian Ministry of Health has led the expansion of comprehensive abortion care in governmental and private health facilities \[[@CR6]\].
The legal abortion service provided in both governmental and private health facilities in Ethiopia is guided by the Technical and Procedural Guideline for Safe Abortion Service. This guideline has explained the termination of pregnancy by either medical or surgical abortion dependent on the gestational age since the last menstrual period (LMP), level of health care, and professional knowledge. At the primary health care level, there are two methods which allow for the provision of safe abortion depending on the gestational age. Medical termination of the pregnancy is used if the gestational age is less than 9 completed weeks since the LMP and vacuum aspiration is used up to 12 weeks from the LMP. The guideline explained the treatment of complicated cases of post-abortion in both general and referral hospitals \[[@CR7]\].
Based on a nationwide estimate of induced abortion in Ethiopia, most of the safe abortion services were provided by non-governmental health facilities, while the majority of post-abortion care was delivered by government hospitals and health centers in 2014. The annual average caseload of safe abortion cases was estimated 151 cases per facility. In Ethiopia, the safe induced abortion rate increased from 22 to 28 per 1000 women of reproductive age between 2008 and 2014. On the other hand, the number of women seeking treatment for post-abortion complications increased from 52,600 in 2008 to 103,600 cases in 2014. Although the proportion of abortions occurring in health facilities increased from 27% in 2008 to 53% in 2014, an estimated 294,127 abortions (47% of all abortions) still occurred outside of health facilities \[[@CR8]\]*.*
After the amendment of Ethiopia's abortion law in 2005, post-abortion complications from induced abortion continued as the significant health burden of women in the reproductive age group. A nationwide study on abortion related morbidity has shown that 58,000 women in reproductive age visited health facilities seeking post-abortion care in 2008 and more than 13,000 were admitted for the treatment of abortion complications \[[@CR9]\]. Research has shown that the high burden of post-abortion complications consumed a large portion of the reproductive health budget in Ethiopia \[[@CR10]\].
Addis Ababa has the highest contraceptive utilization rate and the lowest unmet need for family planning among the regions of Ethiopia \[[@CR11]\]; still, the highest prevalence of induced abortion occurred in Addis Ababa \[[@CR12]\]. Though abortion laws have been eased, they are still restrictive and in view of the morbidity and mortality associated with complications of unsafe induced abortion, it is important to identify abortion seekers so that it can be prevented. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with having induced abortion in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Study area {#Sec3}
----------
This study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the largest city and the capital of Ethiopia. According to the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia, the total inhabitants of Addis Ababa was estimated to be 4 million in 2016 \[[@CR13]\]. Administratively the city is divided into 10 sub-cities, 116 districts, and 203 kebeles (administrative unit). The city has 14 public hospitals, 37 private hospitals, 84 public health centers, and around 700 private clinics \[[@CR14]\].
Study design {#Sec4}
------------
The study design was an unmatched case-control study. The source populations for this study were women of reproductive age who were (at the age of 16--49 years) living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Study population {#Sec5}
----------------
The cases were women of reproductive age who underwent abortion in a health facility or presented with complications due to induced abortion conducted outside the health facility. The controls were women of reproductive age who presented to the health facility for antenatal care and who reported never having had induced abortion previously. We included women of reproductive age who could autonomously sign the informed consent, therefore, were in the age range between 16 and 49.
Sample size {#Sec6}
-----------
The sample size was determined using a formula for two population proportions and was calculated using Open Epi version 2.3 statistical software. The contraceptive utilization among currently married women in Addis Ababa is 56% \[[@CR11]\]*.* This figure, as a percent of controls exposed to contraception (main exposure variable), was considered to detect an odds ratio (OR) of 0.55 \[[@CR15]\] with a 95% confidence interval, 80% power of the study, and a case control ratio of 2:1. A 10% adjustment was made for non-response. Thus, a minimum sample size of 134 cases and 268 controls was calculated; finally, 147 and 295 questionnaires were collected for cases and controls respectively.
Sampling technique {#Sec7}
------------------
### Cases {#Sec8}
From the 10 sub-cities of Addis Ababa three sub-cities: Arada, Lideta, and Kirkos were selected by simple random sampling by balloting. The health facilities in each sub-city were stratified into two categories, governmental and non-governmental. From the list of all health facilities in each sub-city, two governmental (one hospital and one health center) and one non-governmental health facility which provides abortion services were selected randomly by balloting. The number of respondents interviewed was proportionally allocated between nine health facilities (six governmental and three non-governmental) using the average number of cases of induced abortion managed in the past 3 months as a guide. Respondents were selected by consecutive sampling.
### Controls {#Sec9}
The controls were selected from the same (three) health facilities used for selecting the cases. The number of respondents to be interviewed was proportionally allocated to the selected health facilities based on average attendance of antenatal care in the last 3 months. Systematic random sampling was used to select respondents at each of the health facilities. To identify the first respondent the lottery method was employed.
Data collection tools and methods {#Sec10}
---------------------------------
Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire from October to December 2017. The questionnaire had 20 items divided into three sections. It obtained information on respondent's socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health behaviours, and contraceptive use. The questionnaire was developed after extensive review of relevant studies which assess determinants of induced abortion in low- and middle-income countries, adjusted to the local context of the study \[[@CR15]--[@CR20]\]. The questionnaire was prepared in English and then translated into the local language (Amharic) for the data collection. The questionnaire was pretested in Adama town on 10% of the sample size (15) for cases and (30) for controls. The results of the pretest were not considered in the final analysis, but corrections were made accordingly to some of the questions to make it easy to understand.
Ten nurses working in the antenatal clinic and eight midwives from the abortion service were trained on data collection. The interviewers were trained on how to administer the questionnaire and on maintaining the confidentiality of respondents' information by the investigators over a period of 3 days. The interview took about 30 min and it was undertaken in a consulting room where privacy was secured. The data collection was supervised by three public health professionals, who checked the collected data daily for completeness and accuracy. Incomplete or unclear questionnaires were immediately returned to the interviewers for completion or correction. To minimize misclassification, a history of previous abortion was asked from the women who came for antenatal care and checked with their medical records to ensure they are true controls.
Study variables {#Sec11}
---------------
The outcome variable was the abortion status of women. The independent variables were their socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health behaviours, and contraceptive use. The rationale for variable inclusion was based on review of relevant literature on induced abortion \[[@CR15], [@CR16], [@CR19]--[@CR21]\].
Data analysis {#Sec12}
-------------
The data were checked and entered using Epi-data version 4.0.2.49 and imported to Stata version 13 for analysis. Descriptive statistics using the measure of central tendency and proportions were used to describe the characteristics of the study population. Chi-square tests were used to measure the association between the predictor variables and induced abortion. In unadjusted model, bivariate logistic regression was used to determine the crude odds ratio (COR) of induced abortion with each independent variable. The significant variables in bivariate logistic regression were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for the other potential confounders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to present the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of having an induced abortion with the independent variables. The odds ratio was determined at 95% confidence interval (CI) in the logistic regression analysis. A *p*-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results {#Sec13}
=======
Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents {#Sec14}
----------------------------------------------------
A total of 442 participants, 147 (33.3%) of cases and 295 (66.7%) controls completed the interview, resulting in a response rate of 98.9%. The main reason given for not completing the interview was related to the sensitive nature of the questions. The mean age of the respondents was 27.6 ± 4.1 years (26.6 ± 5.7 for cases and 28.1 ± 4.8 for controls). Ninety-two (62.6%) of cases and 279 (84.0%) controls were married. The predominant religion was Orthodox Christian for both cases and controls. About half of the cases and the controls had tertiary education. The majority of the cases and controls were employed, while 21.1% of the cases and 7.8% of controls were students. Ninety-three (63.3%) of the cases and about one-fourth (24.8%) of the controls earned less than 100 dollars (USD) per month (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Table 1Socio-demographic characteristics of women in the reproductive age attending selected health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017VariablesCasesControlschi^**2**^ ***p***-valueFrequencyPercentFrequencyPercent**Age group (years)** 16--19148.8155.40.017 20--243926.55318.0 25--295839.511438.6 30--342114.37926.8 ≥351610.93311.2**Marital status** Married9262.627994.6\< 0.001 Unmarried5537.4165.4**Ethnicity** Amhara5034.011639.30.190 Oromo5034.07324.8 Tigre1610.93913.2 Gurage2819.15318.0 Others^b^32.0144.7**Religion** Orthodox10772.818663.10.111 Muslim2214.96421.6 Protestant1510.23010.2 Catholic10.7155.1 Others^c^21.400.0**Educational status** No formal education74.83712.5\< 0.001 Primary3624.53311.2 Secondary education3221.78428.5 Tertiary7249.014147.8**Occupation** Employed6040.813244.8\< 0.001 Housewife3423.112141.0 Student3121.1237.8 Daily laborer2215.0196.4**Monthly income** \< 100 USD9363.27324.8\< 0.001 100--300 USD4228.616054.2 \>300 USD128.26221.0^b^Silte, Wolayita, Hadiya, and Sidama^c^Adventists, Jehovah Witness, and Wakeffata
Reproductive health behaviour of the respondents {#Sec15}
------------------------------------------------
About half of the cases (51.0%) and 38.3% of controls were between 15 and 19 years of age at first intercourse. Twenty-two (23.9%) of the cases and 21 (7.5%) controls were married before the age of 18. Fifty-nine (40.1%) of cases and 87 (29.5%) of controls had one pregnancy in their lifetime. Sixty-nine (46.9%) of cases and one-third (33.2%) of controls had not had any children. Sixty-one (41.5%) of the cases and 136 (46.1%) of controls had two or more sexual partners in a lifetime. About one-third, 47 cases and 91 controls had two or more sexual partners in the past 12 months (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Table 2Reproductive health behaviour of women in the reproductive age attending selected health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017VariablesCasesControlschi^**2**^ ***p***-valueFrequencyPercentFrequencyPercent**Age at first intercourse** 15--197551.011338.30.013 20--246342.914448.8 ≥ 2596.13812.9Total147100.0295100.0**Age at first marriage** \< 182223.9217.50.001 ≥ 187076.125892.5Total92100.0279100.0**Number of lifetime pregnancies** 15940.18729.50.081 24228.610033.9 ≥34631.310836.6Total147100.0295100.0**Number of children** 06946.99833.20.002 14228.611539.0 22617.73712.5 ≥ 3106.84515.3Total147100.0295100.0**Number of sexual partners in lifetime** 18658.515953.90.359 ≥ 26141.513646.1Total147100.0295100.0**Number of sexual partners in the past 12 months** 110068.020469.20.810 ≥ 24732.09130.8Total147100.0295100.0
Use of family planning method {#Sec16}
-----------------------------
About 95% of the cases and controls could name at least one family planning method. About three-fourth of the cases (76.2%) and controls (74.2%) had ever used a family planning method. The pill was used as their most recent family planning for both cases and controls (35.7 and 28.3%, respectively). Of the women who did not use family planning methods, 45.7% of cases reported because of partners' disapproval, while about half (52.0%) of the controls were not using family planning to become pregnant (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Table 3Family planning utilization of women in the reproductive age attending selected health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017VariablesCasesControlschi^**2**^ ***p***-valueFrequencyPercentFrequencyPercent**Knowledge of any family planning method** Yes14296.628295.60.614 No53.4134.4Total147100.0295100.0**Ever use of any family planning method** Yes11276.221974.20.656 No3523.87625.8Total147100.0295100.0**Family planning method last used** Condom2017.92310.50.112 Pill4035.76228.3 Intra uterine device108.93817.4 Injectable1513.44420.1 Implants1715.23616.4 Breast feeding21.841.8 Calendar method87.1125.5Total112100.0219100.0**Reason for not using family planning** Want to get pregnant514.34052.00.201 Fear family planning may affect health1440.01317.3 My partner does not allow me to use1645.72330.7Total35100.076100.0
Factors associated with induced abortion {#Sec17}
----------------------------------------
Bivariate analysis showed respondent's age, marital status, educational status, occupation, monthly income, age at first intercourse, age at first marriage, and number of children had significant associations with having an induced abortion.
Women between the ages of 30 and 34 were less likely to report having induced abortion than those who were aged 16--19 (COR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1--0.7). The odds of having an induced abortion was higher among unmarried women compared with those who were married (COR = 10.4; 95% CI: 5.7--19.1). Women who had primary and tertiary education were more likely to have an induced abortion compared with those who had no formal education (COR = 5.8; 95% CI: 2.3--14.7) and (COR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1--6.4) respectively. Women who were students and daily laborers were more likely to report having an induced abortion than employed women (COR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.6--5.5) and (COR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3--5.1) respectively. Women whose monthly income was from 100 to 300 USD and more than 300 USD were less likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who were less paid (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1--0.3) and (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1--0.3) respectively.
The odds of induced abortion among women who had first intercourse between the ages of 15 and 19 were 2.8 times higher than those who had first intercourse at age of 25 years or later (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3--6.1). Women who married before the age of 18 were 3.0 times more likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who married at the age of 18 or later (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5--5.9). The odds of having an induced abortion was less likely among women who had one child and those who had three or more children compared with those who had no child (COR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3--0.8) and (COR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5--0.9) respectively (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Table 4Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression of predictors of induced abortion among women in the reproductive age attending selected health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017VariablesCOR (95% CI)***P***- valueAOR (95% CI) ^**a**^***P***-value**Age group (Years)** 16--191.01.0 20--240.9 (0.4--2.1)0.8170.6 (0.1--2.8)0.510 25--290.6 (0.3--1.4)0.2501.3 (0.3--6.4)0.750 30--340.3 (0.1--0.7)0.0121.6 (0.3--8.3)0.603 ≥350.6 (0.2--1.5)0.2843.9 (0.6--23.1)0.137**Marital status** Married1.01.0 Unmarried10.4 (5.7--19.1)\< 0.0019.6 (1.5--61.7)0.017**Educational status** No formal education1.01.0 Primary5.8 (2.3--14.7)\< 0.0015.3 (1.5--18.3)0.008 Secondary2.0 (0.8--5.0)0.1292.3 (0.7--7.6)0.181 Tertiary2.7 (1.1--6.4)0.0235.7 (1.6--21.1)0.008**Occupation** Employed1.0 Housewife0.6 (0.4--1.0)0.0530.9 (0.4--2.0)0.885 Student3.0 (1.6--5.5)0.0012.3 (0.6--8.8)0.238 Daily laborer2.5 (1.3--5.1)0.0080.8 (0.3--2.5)0.664**Monthly income** \< 100 USD1.01.0 100--300 USD0.2 (0.1--0.3)\< 0.0010.2 (0.1--0.4)\< 0.001 ≥ 300 USD0.2 (0.1--0.3)\< 0.0010.1 (0.0--0.2)\< 0.001**Age at first intercourse** 15--192.8 (1.3--6.1)0.0104.7 (1.4--15.6)0.011 20--241.8 (0.8--4.1)0.1252.1 (0.7--6.6)0.190 ≥ 251.01.0**Age at first marriage** \< 183.0 (1.5--5.9)0.0012.9 (1.3--6.7)0.011 ≥ 181.01.0**Number of children** 01.01.0 10.5 (0.3--0.8)0.0061.9 (0.8--4.5)0.127 21.0 (0.6--1.8)0.9954.7 (1.8--12.7)0.002 ≥30.7 (0.5--0.9)0.0030.9 (0.3--3.0)0.883*Note*: *CI* confidence interval, *COR* crude odds ratio, *AOR* adjusted odds ratio^a^Final model adjusted for all variables shown in the table
In the multivariable analysis, marital status, educational status, monthly income, age at first intercourse, age at first marriage, and number of children remained statistically significant. The odds of having an induced abortion was higher among unmarried women compared with those who were married (AOR = 9.6; 95% CI: 1.5--61.7). Women who had primary and tertiary education were more likely to report having an induced abortion than those who had no formal education (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI: 1.5--18.3) and (AOR = 5.7; 95% CI: 1.6--21.1) respectively. Women whose monthly income was from 100 to 300 USD and more than 300 USD were less likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who were less paid (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1--0.4) and (AOR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0--0.2) respectively.
The odds of induced abortion among women who had first intercourse between the ages of 15 and 19 were 4.7 times higher than those who had first intercourse at the age of 25 or older (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.4--15.6). Women who married before the age of 18 were 2.9 times more likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who married at 18 years or later (AOR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.3--6.7). Women who had two children had 4.7 higher odds of induced abortion than those who had no child (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.8--12.7) (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}).
Discussion {#Sec18}
==========
This study is one of the first quantitative studies to compressively identify factors associated with induced abortion among women of reproductive age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In multivariable logistic regression model marital status, educational status, monthly income, age at first intercourse, age at first marriage, and women's number of children were independently strongly associated with having an induced abortion.
We found that unmarried women were more likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who were married. This is similar to findings from other studies in Ethiopia \[[@CR16], [@CR19], [@CR20], [@CR22]\], reporting that abortion seekers were more likely to be unmarried (single or divorced or widowed). This could be due to a tendency of delay in women's age at marriage in Addis Ababa \[[@CR23]--[@CR25]\] which have been suggested to result in an increased sexual activity among unmarried women and raising their risk of unintended pregnancy \[[@CR18], [@CR23], [@CR24], [@CR26]\]. These women also may obtain an induced abortion because they feel that having a child would interfere with future opportunities \[[@CR27]\]. Yet, fear of school dropout was mentioned as a primary reason for demanding an induced abortion service among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia \[[@CR20], [@CR28]\]. Similarly, studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries have consistently shown that unmarried women (single/separated/divorced/widowed) had higher odds of having an induced abortion compared with those who were married \[[@CR15], [@CR29], [@CR30]\]. Other reasons could be difficulty in accessing contraception, not having adequate financial and social support to provide for their unborn child, and stigma related to having a child outside of wedlock have been indicated for higher odds of induced abortion among unmarried women \[[@CR27], [@CR31], [@CR32]\].
Women with primary and tertiary education had higher odds of having an induced abortion compared with women without formal education. This finding is consistent with the results of other studies conducted in Addis Ababa \[[@CR33]\], East and Northwest Ethiopia \[[@CR16], [@CR34]\]. This could be due to better educated women may have improved access to health information \[[@CR35]\] and thus, better knowledge of the abortion law \[[@CR36]\]. Similarly, the evidence provided by other studies from Ghana \[[@CR29], [@CR36], [@CR37]\], Nigeria \[[@CR38]\], Kenya \[[@CR39]\], Iran \[[@CR40]\] have shown that better educated women had higher odds of having an induced abortion compared with less educated women. The other possible reasons for higher odds of induced abortion among more educated women may be attributed to their employment status and lack of time to care for children \[[@CR41]\], wanting to postpone/space childbirth \[[@CR27]\], and more tendency to plan their family size \[[@CR42]\]. However, our study contradicts the findings of other studies conducted in Ethiopia \[[@CR19], [@CR28]\] and elsewhere \[[@CR21], [@CR43], [@CR44]\] which have reported the higher the education of the women the lower was the rate of induced abortion. This dissimilarity may be attributed to the differences in socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and the setting from which the study respondents were selected.
Women with lower income had higher odds of having an induced abortion as compared to those with higher income, which is consistent with the evidence provided by other studies from Ethiopia \[[@CR20], [@CR33]\]. Finding from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey has indicated that use of modern contraception increases sharply with wealth, ranging from 20% for women in the lowest wealth quintile to 47% for women in the highest wealth quintile \[[@CR11]\]. Thus, the low contraceptive utilization among women with lower income may account for the higher odds of induced abortion in this study. In turn, studies have demonstrated that women who utilize contraceptives are less likely to have an induced abortion as compared to those who did not use \[[@CR16], [@CR45]--[@CR47]\]. The finding of this study is also in line with other studies conducted elsewhere \[[@CR27], [@CR48], [@CR49]\]. Conversely, studies have reported higher odds of having an induced abortion among women of high-income status \[[@CR18], [@CR21], [@CR29], [@CR37], [@CR50], [@CR51]\]. Another explanation for higher odds of having an induced abortion among lower income women could be that these women may not be financially prepared to raise their unborn child and it could affect their future opportunities \[[@CR27]\]. It has also been suggested that women with lower income might experience a higher number of unintended pregnancies compared with those with higher income counterparts \[[@CR49]\].
In this study, we found that women who had their first sexual experience between the ages 15 and 19 were more likely to report having an induced abortion compared with those who had their first intercourse at the age of 25 or later. Likewise, other studies from Ethiopia \[[@CR17]\] and elsewhere \[[@CR52]--[@CR54]\] have reported the higher likelihood of having an induced abortion among women who had their sexual debut at younger ages. This could be because these women have more years of exposure to the risk of experiencing an unintended pregnancy \[[@CR55], [@CR56]\]. Another possible explanation could be that women who initiated their first sexual intercourse at an early age may have limited awareness and financial access to use family planning. Thus, the government should work to help adolescents delay age at the first sexual experience and encourage family planning use hoping that it could reduce induced abortion.
Women who married before the age of 18 had higher odds of having an induced abortion than those who married at the age of 18 or later. This finding is also consistent with the evidence provided by other studies \[[@CR40], [@CR57]\]. A possible reason is that women who marry at earlier ages may complete their ideal family size earlier and could have a higher likelihood of unintended pregnancy in their lifetime \[[@CR34]\]. In turn, studies have consistently shown that unintended pregnancy increases the likelihood of induced abortion \[[@CR58], [@CR59]\]. Thus, the government should focus on the prevention of early marriage among adolescents.
In this study, women with two children were more likely to report having an induced abortion compared with women who had no child. Likewise, studies conducted in Ethiopia have shown that the likelihood of terminating a pregnancy was higher among women having multiple pregnancies \[[@CR16], [@CR19], [@CR28]\]. Women who have their ideal family size may choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy to restrict their family size \[[@CR28], [@CR40], [@CR42]\]. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey report has indicated that women of reproductive age in Addis Ababa had the lowest ideal family size (3.6 children) and fertility rate (1.8) in the country \[[@CR11]\]. In addition, studies have revealed that the fertility rate in Addis Ababa has been declined below replacement level which is attributed to economic, demographic, and social reasons \[[@CR23], [@CR25]\]. Therefore, women in Addis Ababa who desire to have a small family size may obtain an induced abortion in order to space birth intervals or limit births. Likewise, studies have reported a disproportionate share of induced abortions occurred among women who had several pregnancies suggesting that these women obtain abortions to space birth intervals or limit births as well \[[@CR18]\].
One of the strengths of this study is the very high response rate. Additionally, our sample size was informed by a sample size calculation and we were able to exceed the limit of the calculated sample size, which did not have any ethical implications since the study was observational only but increased the precision of our estimates. Another strength of our study is that the cases and controls were recruited randomly from the same health facilities; also, the health facilities were selected randomly.
The study, however, has some limitations. There is a concern for information bias as women's history of induced abortion was self-reported and therefore some controls may have actually had abortions in the past but wanted to give responses they felt were socially desirable. However, respondents were encouraged to tell the truth, and confidentiality was assured. The medical record of controls was then cross-checked to ensure they had not procured an abortion. Secondly, the study was health facility-based, therefore, the results may not be extrapolated to represent the general women population of Addis Ababa.
Thirdly, the analysis did not control for facility-level factors which could introduce some bias; however, the health facilities were selected randomly which most probably decreased potential confounding on a facility level. Fourthly, our cases might not completely represent all induced abortions. Many induced abortions happen outside the health facilities and the cases never get recognized. The characteristics of women who undergo abortion outside the facilities might differ from those who received induced abortion services at the facilities. However, we included women who underwent induced abortion outside the facilities but presented at the facilities for treatment related to the complications of induced abortion. With this approach, we could partially cover induced abortions that occurred outside the facilities.
Fifthly, the controls may not represent the same population from which the cases were recruited. The controls consisted of women who came for antenatal care at the facilities; population controls were not possible due to ethical issues and feasibility. And finally, the results might not be generalizable for women under the age of 16 since they were not included due to legal issues.
Conclusion {#Sec19}
==========
This study has identified characteristics of women who induce abortion which may reduce maternal morbidity, mortality, and the health care burden of post-abortion complications from unsafe abortion in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa). Sexual and reproductive health education, and family planning programs should target unmarried women, women with high educational status, low-income women, those who initiated sexual intercourse and married at a younger age, and those with a desire to limit childbearing considering it could reduce induced abortion.
AOR
: Adjusted Odds Ratio
COR
: Crude Odds Ratio
CI
: Confidence Interval
LMP
: Last Menstrual Period
USD
: United States Dollar
WHO
: World Health Organization
**Publisher's Note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
We are grateful to the Addis Ababa Regional Health Bureau for writing a supportive letter to the health facilities. We also thank the management unit of each selected health facilities for their support during the data collection period. Furthermore, we thank all study participants for devoting their time to take part in this study. Finally, we thank Kristin Kohlmann (KK) and Meghan Obermeyer (MO) for assisting us to edit the language.
BSM participated in the study design, data collection, entry, analysis, report writing, and interpretation. OAO participated in the study design, data interpretation, editing, and review of the manuscript. OIF participated in the study design, data interpretation, editing, and review of the manuscript. AD contributed in revising the statistics, interpreting the findings, writing, and editing the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This project was sponsored by the Pan African University, Life and Earth Sciences (including Agriculture and Health) PAU-PAULESI, Ibadan, Nigeria. The Pan African University has covered the costs required for the project design, data collection, entry, analysis, writing, and interpretation.
The data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality. However, someone who wants to have the data can access from the corresponding author.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Ibadan, University College Hospital Nigeria, Ethical Committee Registration Number: NHREC/050/01/2008a) and from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Institutional Review Board Approval Number: 613/759). A written information sheet was given to the participants to read about process of the study. In addition, the information sheet was explained verbally to make sure they have completely understood it. Information concerning the objectives of the study, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw from participation at any point of the study, handling of personalized data, possible risk and benefits of the participation in the study was given to the participants. After the participant's questions were addressed and they confirmed the information they received was clear, written consent was obtained from all the study participants.
Not applicable.
The authors declared that they have no competing interests.
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Q:
How to get screen size on Windows Phone 7 Series?
How do I programatically get the screen resolution on WP7? Here are a bunch of links that get the same job done in desktop WPF and Silverlight, but none of them are in the Phone SDK.
Any ideas?
http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/windowsphone7series/thread/f0639904-a368-44db-9ddd-efcaf8fc736e
http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/wpf/thread/6b6b832f-0dfd-428c-84cd-b1b9e7f236cf
How can I get the active screen dimensions?
http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/windowsphone7series/thread/f0639904-a368-44db-9ddd-efcaf8fc736e
A:
I use this:
this.ScreenWidth = System.Windows.Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualWidth;
this.ScreenHeight = System.Windows.Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualHeight;
Many ways to skin an app. If its for XAML, you could bind to the properties of the LayoutRoot.
Height="{Binding ElementName=LayoutRoot,Path=ActualHeight}"
A:
It looks like Application.Current.RootVisual.RenderSize will give you that information.
A:
I cannot down/upvote yet(actually, now I can and I did so), but I'd like to point out that "Luke Puplett"s answer including Application.Current.Host.Content is the correct one, not "Andréas Saudemont"s one that advises RenderSize.
I'll use names that are commonly used in tutorials or sample applications from MSDN.
I say that Host.Current is more adequate, because on the very very start of the application, especially on the WP7 (I dont know how it is on "regular" SL3/SL4 on PC) - that is, for example, in the very first page's constructor - the RenderSize property is NOT YET SET correctly, as the "RootVisual" of the application is being constructed and have not yet been assigned in the "App.xaml.cs". At least in that one point, the RenderSize=Size{0,0}
On the other hand, if only the App starts correctly, the Host.Content is set to some phoneframe, that is correctly full-screen-sized and rotated to the actual screen position. I'd guess that on the very start it is the starting splash screen (empty or static from JPG file)
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Essential Elements in a For Sale by Owner (FSBO) Contract in Abbeville, GA
Essential Elements in a For Sale by Owner (FSBO) Contract in Abbeville, GA
Owning a home is a keystone of wealth… both financial affluence and emotional security.
- Suze Orman
For Sale By Owner (FSBO) refers to putting one's house on the market for sale by the homeowner without assistance from a real estate agent. The most common reason for a FSBO transaction is to avoid paying a large real estate commission when selling the property. By not using a real estate agent, the seller assumes all the responsibilities of completing the transaction.
The FSBO contract contains the terms and detailed condition of the sale. It also describes the obligation of each of the parties. You can check out a free preview of a FSBO contract at 1-2-Law.
Elements of a FBSO Contract:
1. Name the parties in the contract. Names of the parties in the contract should be stated and designate them either as a buyer or seller.
2. Name the contract. A short name for the contract should be provided in order to have a reference for the document.
3. Describe the real estate. Provide the common address and the full legal description of the property. Full description is essential because it provides a way of describing the property in a permanent manner. You can get hold of a full description from the county recorder's office where the property is located.
4. Describe the payment terms. Describing the payment in one sentence can be a simple way to understand the document. An FBSO contract however, is usually more complex than just exchanging cash for an executed deed. Make sure to include the following in the payment terms:
• Full purchase price. Refers to the full amount of the accepted offer without subtracting the deposit or any earnest money paid.
• Earnest money and other deposit. This is the money paid to the seller to let him/her know that the buyer is serious about buying the property. This is done when the seller accepts the offer of the buyer. This deposit on the purchase is done right away. This amount and date of delivery should be included in the payment terms.
• Trust. The money paid by the buyer will be held in trust until the sale is completed. It is now the owned by both the buyer and the seller. The trust company should also be included in the contract. If the sale did not push through, the money may be returned to the buyer depending on the circumstances of the failed transaction.
• Property taxes. When the purchase of property does not coincide with the tax schedule, the taxes will be prorated between the buyer and seller.
5. Describe any easements or restrictions on the property. Easements may refer to the use of a portion of another person's property. Easement is one of the rights in a portion of a property. Restrictions may be based on the homeowners' association requirements or the city or municipality or utility company requirements to dig or do work on your property for sewers, cable lines, electricity, gas lines, etc.
6. Describe any property that will be included in the sale. This would normally include all fixtures on the house. In order to avoid confusion, including the complete description of the fixtures as well as any other property to be conveyed with the house should be included.
7. Describe any contingencies. These are events or conditions which have to occur before the completion of the purchase. These may include:
• Passing a home inspection
• Obtaining financing
• The seller being able to sell their current home
8. Provide all required disclosures. Disclosure of certain information to the potential buyer is required by the federal and state law. Before you disclose, check on your states statutes, on what disclosures to provide. The common disclosures to provide may be:
• Defects on the property that may affect its property value and desirability
• Lead-based paints hazards
9. Determine if your state has requirements any specific language in home sale contracts.Check on the requirement of your state on specific language clause or information that should be included in the sales contract.
10. Describe what will happen if any party defaults on the contract. This is a way to protect the seller in case in case the buyer defaults on the contract. The court can be made to intervene or forfeiture of the earnest money paid may compensate the seller if the buyer backs out.
11. Provide closing information. This refers to the final meeting where the deal is closed. The payment is made by the buyer to the seller and the seller in return will deliver the executed deed to the buyer. FBSO contracts usually end within 60 days of signing the contract.
12. Create a signature block. You should provide plenty of space for the part of the contract where signatures are signed. Provide the parties printed names and also provide space for the notary public to notarize the signatures. |
Members of the Managing Committee of Shri Una Taluka Sahakari Kharid Vechan Sangh Ltd. and ors.
Cases Referred
Collector of Customs v. Sampathu Chetty
Excerpt:.....forming part of the contract of service. it is clear from this decision that bye-laws of a co-operative society do not have force of a statute and like articles of association of a company they constitute a contract between the parties. 1969 supreme court 1396. if has been observed by the supreme court in that decision that it is well understood that a mandamus lies to secure the performance of a public duty or statutory duty in the performance of which the one who applies for it has a sufficient legal interest. mehta has taken the view that bye-laws of a co-operative society enjoy the statutory character. the comparison of sub-section (7) of section 28 of the gujarat co-operative societies act, 1961 with some of the provisions of section 25 of the andhra pradesh act which i have..........chillenged by the petitioners-in this petition.3. the sangh is governed, apart from the gujarat co-operative societies act, 1961 and the rules made thereunder, by its bye-laws. mr. vakharia has relied upon bye-law 35g of the sangh in order to contend that the impugned resolution is invalid and contrary to that bye-law. bye-law 35g reads as follows:the term of the member of the managing committee shall be considered as vacant prior to the expiry of that term on account of the following reasons:(k) by tendering resignation in writing(kh) removal by the general body on account of sufficient reasons and by majority,(g) if one remains absent in three consecutive meetings without taking the permission from the committee.it is not in dispute before me that the petitioners had remained absent.....
Judgment:
S.H. Sheth, J.
1. The petitioners were the members of the Managing Committee of Una Taluka Sahakari Kharid Vechan Sangh Ltd. At Una in Junagadh District (hereinafter referred to as 'the sangh' for the sake of brevity). Petitioners Nos. 2 and 3 were elected as members of the managing committee in September 1972. Petitioner No. 1 was elected as a member in September 1973. The term of office is three years from the date of election. On 24th August 1974 the managing committee of the sangh passed the impugned resolution resolving that the petitioners had remained absent from three consecutive meetings of the managing committee held on 18th July 1974, 23rd July, 1974 and 15th August 1974 and that therefore their offices had become vacant. The managing committee of the sangh thereafter co-opted three members in their places.
2. It is this resolution which is chillenged by the petitioners-in this petition.
3. The sangh is governed, apart from the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 and the rules made thereunder, by its bye-laws. Mr. Vakharia has relied upon bye-law 35G of the sangh in order to contend that the impugned resolution is invalid and contrary to that bye-law. Bye-law 35G reads as follows:
The term of the member of the managing committee shall be considered as vacant prior to the expiry of that term on account of the following reasons:
(k) by tendering resignation in writing
(kh) removal by the general body on account of sufficient reasons and by majority,
(g) if one remains absent in three consecutive meetings without taking the permission from the committee.
It is not in dispute before me that the petitioners had remained absent from the aforesaid three meetings without obtaining the permission of the committee. What Mr. Vakharia has contended before me is that the three meetings of the managing committee on the dates on which they were held were not independent meetings but were adjourned meetings. According to him, a meeting which is adjourned for want of quorum to some other day is no meeting at all because, according to him, a meeting is one which is duly and validly constituted. In other words, if a meeting is held on a particular day when there is no quorum and if it is adjourned to some other day they do not constitute two meetings.
4. Mr. Raval who appears on behalf of Respondent No. 2 has raised a preliminary objection to the maintainability of this petition. According to him, bye-laws of a co-operative society constitute contract between the parties and therefore, they cannot be enforced by a writ of this court. In other words, it is not open to this Court to issue a writ to enforce a contractual obligation. In support of his contention, he has invited my attention to the decision of the Supreme Court in Co-Operative Central Bank Ltd, and Ors. v. Additional Industrial Tribunal, Andhra Predesh. Hyderabad and Ors. : (1969)IILLJ698SC . It was a case in which an industrial dispute arose between 25 Co-operative Central Banks in the state of Andhra Pradesh and their workmen represented by the Andhra Pradesh Bank Employees Federation, Hyderabad. It was referred by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to the Industrial Tribunal, Hyderabad, under Section 10(1)(d) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The tribunal and the High Court rejected the plea taken on behalf of the banks and expressed the view that the disputes Actually referred to the tribunal were not capable of being decided by the registrar of the co-operative societies under Section 61 of the Andhra Pradesh Co-operative Societies Act, 1964 and that, therefore, the reference made to the industrial tribunal under the Industrial Disputes Act was competent. In order to appreciate this contention raised on behalf of the banks, the Supreme Court examined, the provisions of Sections 16, 61, 62 and 133 of the Andhra Pradesh Act. It was in that context that the bye-laws of the Co-operative Banks came up for consideration. A contention was raised challenging the jurisdiction of the industrial tribunal to decide the dispute relating to the conditions of service on the ground that the conditions of service where laid down by bye-laws and were therefore, statutory. Therefore, an industrial tribunal was not competent to alter them because it has no jurisdiction to make orders contrary to law. It was contended in that context on behalf of the banks that the bye-laws, which laid down the conditions service, were themselves law and that, therefore, no direction could be issued by the industrial tribunal, altering those conditions of service because such a direction would be contrary to law and, therefore, illegal. It is in that context that the Supreme Court examined the nature and character of the bye-laws of a co-operative society. This is what has been observed by the Supreme Court in that behalf.
We are unable to accept the submission that the bye-laws of a co-operative society framed in pursuance of the provisions of the Act can be held to be law or to have the force of law. It has no doubt been held that, if a statute gives power to a Government or other authority to make rules, the rules so framed have the force of statute and are to be deemed to be incorporated as a part of the statute. That principle, however, does not apply to bye-laws of the nature that a co-operative society is empowered by the Act to make. The bye-laws that are contemplated by the Act can be merely those which govern the internal management, business or administration of a society. They may be binding between the persons affected by them, but they do not have the force of a statute. In respect of bye-laws laying down conditions of service of the employees of a society, the bye-laws would be binding between the society and the employees just in the same manner as conditions of service laid down by contract between the parties. In fact, after such bye-laws laying down the conditions of service are made and any person enters the employment of a society those conditions of service will have to be treated as conditions accepted by the employee when entering the service and will thus bind him like conditions of service specifically forming part of the contract of service. The bye-laws that can be framed by a society under the Act are similar in nature to the articles of association of a company incorporated under the companies Act and such articles of association have never been held to have the force of law. In a number of cases, conditions of service for industries are laid down by standing orders certified under the industrial employment (standing orders) Act, 1946, and it has been held that, though such standing orders are binding between the employers and the employees of the industry governed by these standing orders, they not have such force of law as to be binding on industrial tribunal adjudicating an industrial dispute.
It is clear from this decision that bye-laws of a co-operative society do not have force of a statute and like articles of association of a company they constitute a contract between the parties.
5. The next decision to which Mr. Raval has invited my attention is in Praga Tools Corporation v. C. Imanual and Ors. A.I.R. 1969 Supreme Court 1396. If has been observed by the Supreme Court in that decision that it is well understood that a mandamus lies to secure the performance of a public duty or statutory duty in the performance of which the one who applies for it has a sufficient legal interest. In other words, the condition precedent for the issue of mandamus is that there is in one claiming it a legal right to the performance of a legal duty by one against whom it is sought. The Supreme Court has further observed in that decision that a company is a non-statutory body incorporated under the companies Act. There is neither a statutory nor a public duty imposed on it by a statute in respect of which enforcement can be sought by means of a mandamus nor is there in its workmen any corresponding legal right for enforcement of any such statutory or public duty. As a company incorporated under the Co-operative Societies Act both stand on the same footing if a company is not a statutory body against which a mandamus lies it also cannot lie against a co-operative society.
6. A similar question arose before Mr. Justice D.A. Desai in Special Civil Application No. 1636 of 1969 decided by him on August 5, 1970. Kalabhai Hamirbhai Solanki v. Umarkantha Sahkari Khana Udyog Ltd. and Ors. One of the contentions which was raised on behalf of the respondents in that case was that no mandamus could lie against a co-operative society because the bye-laws of a co-operative society constitute a contract between the members and the society and they have the same effect as articles of association of a company and have no force of law. In that case the petitioner had prayed for a writ of quo warranto or information in the nature of quo warranto calling upon respondents Nos. 2 to 19 to show cause how they hold office of the board of directors of the society, Respondent No. 1 to that case. It has been observed in that decision that a writ of quo warranto will lie if there is a public office of a substantive character and that the gist of the writ of quo warranto is that it can be directed against the usurper of a public office. It has been held in that case that the petitioner could not ask for a writ of quo warranto because respondents Nos. 2 to 19 to that petition were not holding any public office. It was urged in that context that the bye-laws of a co-operative society have no force of law and that they merely constitute a contract, any contravention or breach of which cannot be the subject matter of a petition under Article 226. It was next urged that a right arising purely out of a contract cannot be enforced against another party to the contract by a petition under Article 226 of the constitution. As against these arguments it was contended that the bye-laws of a co-operative society do not constitute a contract between the members but have a statutory force. Mr. Justice D.A. Desai examined in that decision the relevant provisions of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. He inter alia referred to Section 74 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. He also referred to the relevant rules made under the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. Having observed that the articles of association of a company have been held to be a contract between each member and the company he has stated that if there is no difference between the articles of association of a company and bye-laws of a society on a parity of reasoning the bye-laws of the society will also constitute a contract between the members and the society. He has relied in that context upon the decision of the Supreme Court in the Case of Co-operative Central Bank ltd. (supra) and reproduced therefrom the relevant passage. The final conclusion which he has recorded on the question is as follows:
Therefore, even after examining various provisions of the guajrat Co-operative Societies Act, the conclusion is inescapable that the bye-laws of a society registered under the Act are not statutory in character and have no force of law and they are on par with the articles of association and they constitute a contract between the members and the society.
Having taken that view he has further observed that if the bye-laws of a society do not have the force of a statute, any obligation arising therefrom cannot be enforced by a petition under Article 226.
7. The next decision to which my attention has been invited by Mr. Raval is in special civil applications No. 1005 to 1965 and 1531 of 1965 decided on April 24/25, 1972 by a division bench of this Court consisting of P.N. Bhagwati C.J. and D.A. Desai, J. The Gujarat State Co-Op. Bank Ltd. V. Ahmed. District Banks State Union and Ors. In that case, Gujarat State Cooperative Bank Ltd. and the Ahmedabad Peoples Co-operative Bank Ltd., challenged the validity of a reference made to the Industrial Court under Section 70B(a) of the Bombay industrial relations Act, 1947 for adjudication of certain demands set out in the reference. One of the contentions raised in that case was that on the repeal of the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act, 1925, by the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961, the bye-laws, especially those prescribing conditions of service framed by the petitioner society in that case under the repealed Act were deemed to be rules enacted under Section 76 read with Section 169 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act 1961 and since the rules have the force of law, industrial court will have no jurisdiction to Act contrary to law and therefore it cannot entertain the reference. The question which was examined in that case was whether the bye-laws of a co-operative society which prescribe conditions of service can be deemed to be rules enacted under the Act. Relevant sections of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 and to the Bombay Co-operative Societies Act, 1925 were examined by this Court in that decision. Having done so, this Court has expressed the view that it was not possible to accept the submission that bye-laws enacted under the repealed Bombay Act would be deemed to be continued as rules enacted under Section 76 of the Gujarat Act. The view which this Court has expressed in that decision on the nature and character of the bye-laws of a co-operative society is that they do not have the statutory force.
8. As against these decisions Mr. Vakharia has invited my attention to the decision of Mr. Justice J.B. Mehta in Lambha Vividh Karyakarl Seva Sahakari Mandli Ltd. Ahmedabad and Anr. v. District Registrar, Co-op. Societies (Rural). Ahmedabad and Ors. 14 Gujarat Law Reporter 786. A similar question arose in that decision. Mr. Justice J.B. Mehta has taken the view that bye-laws of a co-operative society enjoy the statutory character. The contention which was raised before him was that the bye-laws of a cooperative society including the election bye-laws have a contractual origin and are, therefore, binding on the members by reason of that contract and that, therefore, they have no binding effect as a law nor do they have the force of law. The decisions of the Supreme Court in The Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. (supra) and in Praga Tools Corporation (supra) were cited before him. Lie distinguished the aforesaid two Supreme Court decisions and it is from that distinguishment that the reasons which have led him to come to has contrary conclusion flow. The first reason which has weighed with him is that the Supreme Court has never held that even when these bye-laws are referred to in the statute so as to incorporate them in the statutory control laid down under the Act, they do not impose any statutory obligations. In other words, a bye-law which is referred to in a statute is, according to him, incorporated in the statutory control of the Act and therefore creates a statutory obligation and has a statutory force. He has then referred to Sub-section (7) of Section 28 and observed that it categorically enacts that the voting right of a member of a federal society shall be regulated by the rules and' by the bye-laws of the society. In that view of the matter, he has further observed that if the voting rights are sought to be interfered with otherwise than as prescribed by these regulatory measures, it is not that bye-law which is contravened but it will be an Action ultra vires Section 28(7). He has also relied upon Section 74 which provides that the management of every society shall vest in a committee, constituted in accordance with this Act the rules and bye-laws, and that it shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may be conferred or imposed on it respectively by the Act the rules and the bye-laws. It in terms lays down how the management of a co-operative society shall be carried on under the Act-management which is vested in a committee. It also provides how such committee shall be constituted in accordance with the Act, rules and the bye-laws. According to him, therefore, it is obvious that a committee which is not constituted in accordance with the Act, rules and bye-laws, or in accordance with the statutory mandate will not be the committee which can claim powers of management. According to him, Section 74 further provides that the committee which is so constituted for the management of a society shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may be conferred or imposed on it respectively by the Act, rules and the bye-laws. Therefore, in his view, Section 74 not only creates the committee of management under the Act but defines its powers and duties. Proceeding further with this line of reasoning he has made the following observation.
These powers and duties must be treated as statutory powers and statutory duties and a committee which exercises such statutory powers and statutory duties must fulfil the test of a statutory authority. It is true that the bye-laws had their origin in the contract and they had to be registered under Section 9(b) by the registrar if they are found in conformity with the Act and the rules. If they were not so found, the registrar shall have the power to direct the society to amend such bye-laws so as to bring them in conformity with the Acts and the rules.
He has then relied upon the definition of 'bye-laws' given in Sub-section (2) of Section 2 and observed that a bye-law includes registered amendments of such bye-laws including the compulsory amendment made under Section 14. The final conclusion which he has recorded, therefore, is that to the extent to which these bye-laws are in terms referred to in any provision of the Act, they are re-written in the section and section cannot be read without the language of the bye-laws being re-written therein. In that connection he has referred to the decision of the Supreme Court in Collector of Customs v. Sampathu Chetty : 1983ECR2198D(SC) in which Supreme Court has pointed out the distinction between a mere reference to or a citation of one statute in another and an incorporation which in effect means the bodily lifting of the provisions of one enactment and making it a part of another so much so that the repeal of the former leaves the letter wholly untouched. It is not necessary to make any detailed reference to the principle of incorporation which has been dealt with in that decision.
9. The two decisions of the Supreme Court referred to above have been distinguished by Mr. Justice J.B. Mehta on the ground that the bye-laws of a co-operative society governed by the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 have a statutory force by virtue of Sub-section (7) of Section 28 and Section 74 of the Act. The decision of the Supreme Court in Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. (supra) is based upon the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Co-operative Societies Act, 1964. It would have been appropriate for him if he had examined the scheme of the Andhra Pradesh Act and tried to find out whether the Andhra Pradesh Act contains provisions corresponding to Sub-section (7) of Section 28 and Section 74 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. If the Andhra Pradesh Act contains similar provisions and yet if the Supreme Court has recorded that decisions in Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. (supra), really there would have been no ground for distinguishing it in relation to the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. If the Andhra Pradesh Act does not contain similar provisions the distinction which Mr. Justice J.B mehta has made will assume much greater significance. Section 31 of the Andhra Pradesh Act correspondent to Section 74 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961. The material part of Section 31 of the Andhra Pradesh Act reads as follows:
(1) the general body of a society shall constitute a committee in accordance with the bye-laws and entrust the management of the affairs of the society to such committee.
(2)(a) the term of office of the committee shall be for such period, not exceeding two years, as may be specified in the bye-laws.
(b) notwithstanding anything in Clause (a), if for any reason the election of the members of the committee is not held by the time of the expiration of the term of the existing committee, the registrar may. For reasons to be recorded m writing direct that the term of office of that committee shall extend upto such time as such election is held, which extension shall not ordinarily exceed one year.
(3) the election of the members of the committee shall be in such manner as may be prescribed.
Analysing these provisions of Section 31 of the Andhra Pradesh Act it becomes hear that the constitution of a committee of management is directed to be done by Section 31. Section 31 further lays down that it shall be constituted in accordance with the bye-laws. It is not necessary to state that there cannot be a bye-law which is contrary to the Act or the rules. Sub-section 2(a) of Section 31 of the Andhra Pradesh Act prescribes by statute the maximum period of the term of office of the committee of management-1 tars leaving it to the bye-laws to specify a shorter term if it s so desired by a society. Sub-section 2(b) of Section 31 confers upon the registrar the statutory power of extending the term of a committee of management if he eke sons to it have not been held in time until such time when the elections are held. Sub-section (3) of Section 31 further provides that the elections of the members of the committee of management shall be m be manner prescribed, that is to say, in the manner prescribed by the rules trade under the Act. It is, therefore, quite clear that different provisions made uno impose statutory control of the rules on the committee of management of a co-operative society. Let me now compare Section 74 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 with it. It provides as under:
The management of every society shall vest in a committee, constituted in this Act the rules and by-laws, which shall exercise such powers or such duties as may be conferred or imposed on it respectively by this Act, the rules and the bye-laws.
Whereas Section 74 makes an express reference to the Act, the rules and the under Section 31 of the Andhra Pradesh Act makes a clear reference to the rule when it states in Sub-section (3) that the election of the members of he committee shall be held in such manner as may be prescribed and upon the committee or subjects it to the statutory control. It is, therefore, clear that so far as the constitution and working of a co-operative society is concerned, it is not only in Section 74 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 that we find statutory control but we also find a similar statutory control imposed upon a co-operative society governed by the Andhra Pradesh Co-operative Societies Act, 1964.
10. The next section which has been pressed into service by Mr. Mehta is Sub-section (7) of Section 28 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act 1961. It provides as under.
The voting rights of members of a federal society shall be regulated by the rule, and by the bye-laws of the society.
We have a corresponding provision in Section 25 of the Andhra Pradesh Act. Sub-section (1) thereof provides as follow:
Every member shall have one vote in the affairs of the society and shall exercise his vote in person and not by proxy.
Sub-section (3) of Section 25 provides as under:
In the case of equality of votes, the chairman of the meeting shall have a second or casting vote.
Sub-section (4) thereof appears to deal with the case of a federal society. It provides as follows:
Notwithstanding anything in Sub-section (1) a society which is a member of another society may, subject to any rules, appoint one of its members to vote on its behalf in the affairs of that other society.
The comparison of Sub-section (7) of Section 28 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 with some of the provisions of Section 25 of the Andhra Pradesh Act which I have quoted above clearly show that in matters of voting Section 25 of the Andhra Pradesh Act imposes greater statutory control than Sub-section (7) of Section 28 of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act 1961 imposes. Whereas Sub-section (7) of Section 28 merely states that the voting rights of members of a federal society shall be regulated by the rules and by the bye-laws of the society, Section 25 of the Andhra Pradesh Act itself provides for the manner of exercise of his vote by a member of the committee, for resolving a tie where it is created by equality of votes on both the sides and for the manner of voting by a society which is a member of a federal society. Inspite of these provisions which the Andhra Pradesh Act contains the Supreme Court has held that the bye-laws have their origin in a contract and do not partake of statutory element. It is therefore,, difficult for me to accept the proposition that the scheme of the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 is different from the scheme of the Andhra Pradesh Act and that therefore the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. (supra) does not apply to a co-operative society registered under the Gujarat co-operative societies Act, 1961. I am unable, therefore, with great respect, to accept the principle laid down by Mr. Justice J.B. Mehta in the case of Lambha Vividh Karyakari Seva Sahakari Mandli Ltd., Ahmedabad (supra).
11. In these circumstances, ordinarily I would have referred this case to a division bench. However, it is not necessary for me to do so because the view which I am taking is for tired by the decision of the division bench of this Court referred to above as against the decision of Mr. Justice J.B. Mehta in the case of Lambha Vividh Karyakari Seva Sahakari Mandli Ltd. Ahmedabad (supra). At the time when he decided the aforesaid case he did not have the benefit of the aforesaid decision of the. Division Bench because is was not cited before him.
12. Therefore, relying upon the principle laid down by the division bench of this court in special civil applications Nos. 1005 of 1965 and 1531 of 1955 decided on April 24/25, 1972 and also relying upon the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the case of Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. (supra) I am of the opinion that the bye-laws of a co-operative society governed by the Gujarat Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 have their origin in contract and, therefore, they cannot be enforced by a writ of this court. In that view of the matter the present petition which has been filed to enforce the bye-laws of Una Taluka Sahakari Kharid Vechan Sangh Ltd. Is not maintainable. I, therefore, uphold the preliminary objection raised by Mr. Raval and dismiss the petition. |
The U.S. News list is based on factors such as a school's academic reputation, retention and graduation rates, student-faculty ratios, class size, faculty resources and student test scores.
"The 2009 lists speak to Michigan's strength as a state," WMU President John Dunn said Friday in a press release. "Our higher education system has a significant presence on the list, with many of our sister schools receiving strong recommendations in their respective categories." |
/*****************************************************************************
Copyright (c) 2010, Intel Corp.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
******************************************************************************
* Contents: Native C interface to LAPACK
* Author: Intel Corporation
* Generated May, 2011
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef _LAPACKE_CONFIG_H_
#define _LAPACKE_CONFIG_H_
#ifdef __cplusplus
#if defined(LAPACK_COMPLEX_CPP)
#include <complex>
#endif
extern "C" {
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#include <stdlib.h>
#ifndef lapack_int
#if defined(LAPACK_ILP64)
#define lapack_int long
#else
#define lapack_int int
#endif
#endif
#ifndef lapack_logical
#define lapack_logical lapack_int
#endif
#ifndef LAPACK_COMPLEX_CUSTOM
#if defined(LAPACK_COMPLEX_STRUCTURE)
typedef struct { float real, imag; } _lapack_complex_float;
typedef struct { double real, imag; } _lapack_complex_double;
#define lapack_complex_float _lapack_complex_float
#define lapack_complex_double _lapack_complex_double
#define lapack_complex_float_real(z) ((z).real)
#define lapack_complex_float_imag(z) ((z).imag)
#define lapack_complex_double_real(z) ((z).real)
#define lapack_complex_double_imag(z) ((z).imag)
#elif defined(LAPACK_COMPLEX_C99)
#include <complex.h>
#define lapack_complex_float float _Complex
#define lapack_complex_double double _Complex
#define lapack_complex_float_real(z) (creal(z))
#define lapack_complex_float_imag(z) (cimag(z))
#define lapack_complex_double_real(z) (creal(z))
#define lapack_complex_double_imag(z) (cimag(z))
#elif defined(LAPACK_COMPLEX_CPP)
#define lapack_complex_float std::complex<float>
#define lapack_complex_double std::complex<double>
#define lapack_complex_float_real(z) ((z).real())
#define lapack_complex_float_imag(z) ((z).imag())
#define lapack_complex_double_real(z) ((z).real())
#define lapack_complex_double_imag(z) ((z).imag())
#else
#include <complex.h>
#define lapack_complex_float float _Complex
#define lapack_complex_double double _Complex
#define lapack_complex_float_real(z) (creal(z))
#define lapack_complex_float_imag(z) (cimag(z))
#define lapack_complex_double_real(z) (creal(z))
#define lapack_complex_double_imag(z) (cimag(z))
#endif
lapack_complex_float lapack_make_complex_float( float re, float im );
lapack_complex_double lapack_make_complex_double( double re, double im );
#endif
#ifndef LAPACK_malloc
#define LAPACK_malloc( size ) malloc( size )
#endif
#ifndef LAPACK_free
#define LAPACK_free( p ) free( p )
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#endif /* _LAPACKE_CONFIG_H_ */
|
require 'global_id'
require 'global_id/railtie'
|
3 comments:
I would LOVE to see a video on quilting this quilt. The ribbon candy looks phenomenal when paired with the continuous curve. Just lovely. As a relatively new longarmer I am constantly on the lookout to increase my go-to quilting motif repertoire.
I would LOVE to see a video on quilting this quilt. The ribbon candy looks phenomenal when paired with the continuous curve. Just lovely. As a relatively new longarmer I am constantly on the lookout to increase my go-to quilting motif repertoire. |
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "TLObject.h"
#import "TLMetaRpc.h"
@class TLContactLink;
@class TLUser;
@interface TLcontacts_Link : NSObject <TLObject>
@property (nonatomic, retain) TLContactLink *my_link;
@property (nonatomic, retain) TLContactLink *foreign_link;
@property (nonatomic, retain) TLUser *user;
@end
@interface TLcontacts_Link$contacts_link : TLcontacts_Link
@end
|
A 56-year-old Russian woman became a hero in her village this week after she used an axe to kill a wolf that had locked its deadly jaws around her arm.
Aishat Maksudova, from the village of Novo Biryuzak in Dagestan, told a photographer with Reuters that she “was not even frightened” when the beast attacked.
“The wolf clawed my leg, and I wanted to hit him with an axe,” she said. “When I raised my arm up like this, the wolf was just holding my hand. Trying to claw my hand. I wanted to open his mouth and put my fist all the way there, all the way to his throat. But I could not open his jaws.”
ADVERTISEMENT
Grabbing the wolf’s head, she couldn’t break free, so Aishat did the only other thing that seemed logical: she swung the axe until it fell to the ground, dead.
This video is from The Associated Press, published Tuesday, November 13, 2012. |
Best Places to Snap a Pic in Minneapolis
Minneapolis surprised me by being so photogenic! There are loads of great places to snap a cute pic! Here are the best places to snap a pic in Minneapolis, Minnesota! (You Are My Favorite Bucket Lists) |
EP 1 355 041 A2 has disclosed a turbine blade or vane of this type. The cast turbine blade has a cavity which extends from the blade root through the platform into the blade profile. The cross section of the cavity is substantially constant along its extent. The cavity is surrounded by an inner wall and has a cross section which is enlarged only in the region of the platform, by virtue of the inner wall being set back in the region of the platform. The material thickness in the transition region between blade profile and platform projecting transversely to it consequently remains constant, so that the transition between them can be cooled more successfully. |
The range of atoms which can be cooled by lasers is limited to those which have a closed two level structure. Several schemes have been proposed which aim to extend this range by using coherent control of the particle momenta, but none have yet been demonstrated. We hope to implement these and other coherent manipulation schemes, and we begin with a system which is well understood and over which we can exert precise control. This thesis covers the design and construction of an experiment to demonstrate coherent manipulation of cold rubidium atoms collected in a magneto-optical trap. The lower hyperfine levels of these cold atoms very closely mimic the ideal two-level atom, and we use carefully crafted laser pulses to prepare, manipulate, and read their quantum state. The hyperfine levels are coupled using two fields whose frequency difference is equal to the hyperfine splitting. The way in which these Raman coupled levels can be used to emulate a two-level atom is explored, and the experimental apparatus used to create and control the driving fields is described in detail. The amplitude, frequency and phase of these fields is programmable, and complex manipulation schemes can be implemented merely by programming a computer. We have observed Raman transitions in the cold rubidium atoms, and the experimental methods used to detect these features amidst large experimental noise are discussed. Although we have not yet seen Rabi oscillations, we are confident that we can now have sufficient control to begin to implement simple interferometric sequences. However, there remain significant challenges if we are to coherently manipulate the momentum, and the prospects for such manipulation are discussed. |
Financial troubles can affect any family, from the wealthy to the blue-collar middle class, to the young family just starting out. But so often these monetary issues can be solved with some expert guidance and some tough love. That's where Victor Antonio, a Fortune 500 financial strategist, comes in. |
Fifteen Years of Clinical Trials in Huntington's Disease: A Very Low Clinical Drug Development Success Rate.
Drug development in Huntington's disease (HD) is particularly challenging, and only two compounds are approved by the FDA. It is therefore essential to appraise drug development programs in order to understand the reasons for their failure during the early stages of development. To describe the landscape of HD therapeutic development and critically explore the causes of compound attrition in the different stages of drug development, from phase 1 to phase 4. All HD clinical trials registered in the WHO International Clinical Trials Search Portal, from inception to May 2017, were analyzed. Two independent authors selected and extracted data. Success rate in a trial phase was calculated as the number of compounds that progressed to the next trial phase divided by the number of compounds in that phase. The overall success rate was calculated as the ratio between the number of compounds that receive regulatory approval and the total number of compounds. Ninety-nine trials assessing 41 compounds and eleven non-pharmacological interventions (devices and cell therapies) were identified. Twenty-four (24.2%) were phase 1 trials, 46 (46.5%) phase 2, 20 (20.2%) phase 3, and two (2.0%) phase 4. Sixty trials (60.6%) received industry sponsorship. The most frequently studied compounds were creatine, latrepirdine and pridopidine. The mean number of participants enrolled was 92.0 and the length of treatment was 262.9 days, and both increased from phase 1 to phase 3 trials. The success rate was 25.0% from phase 1 to phase 2, 19.4% from phase 2 to phase 3, and 14.3% from phase 3 to approval. The overall success rate was 3.5%. Although HD is a rare condition, 99 HD trials were identified in a comprehensive clinical trial registry. We found a low success rate at earlier phases of drug-development and a very low trial success rate at later phases. There is a significant gap between drug discovery and development success rates that warrants careful appraisal and improvement. |
Hemoglobin enhances the production of tissue factor by endothelial cells in response to bacterial endotoxin.
Human endothelial cells respond to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) with changes that transform the endothelium into a surface with prominent procoagulant properties. Production of tissue factor (TF) in response to LPS is a major alteration that favors coagulation. Biologic activities of LPS have previously been shown to be enhanced by the presence of hemoglobin. Therefore, the ability of human hemoglobin (Hb) to modulate TF production by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. Cell-free Hb (10 mg/mL), either purified native (HbAo) or chemically cross-linked (alpha alpha Hb), was incubated with LPS (0.1 microgram/mL), and the mixtures then were added to HUVEC in culture. TF activity was quantified with a clotting assay and TF protein was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hb preparations greatly enhanced the production of TF activity (11- to 25-fold greater than TF produced by HUVEC alone) compared with minimal TF activity generated by LPS alone (only twofold greater than HUVEC alone). The enhancement of LPS-induced TF activity was Hb concentration-dependent over a range of 1 to 100 mg/mL. Cross-linked alpha alpha Hb also greatly enhanced the production of TF protein compared with TF protein generated by LPS alone (12-fold greater v 3.5-fold greater than HUVEC alone, respectively). The enhancement of LPS-induced TF protein was Hb concentration-dependent over a range of 0.1 to 2 mg/mL. Enhancement of TF activity by Hb required new protein synthesis. These results show that human Hb can augment the ability of LPS to induce endothelial cell TF and suggest that hemolysis associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis may further stimulate coagulation. In addition, these results suggest a potential mechanism for generalized thrombosis in animals that has been associated with the infusion of cell-free Hb for resuscitation. |
Contaminants in lesser and greater scaup staging on the lower Great Lakes.
The decrease and subsequent lack of recovery of the North American scaup population has increased concerns about contaminants acquired during migration. We collected 189 fall- and spring-migrant lesser (Aythya affinis) and greater scaup (A. marila) on the lower Great Lakes (LGL) to determine if organic contaminants and trace elements in scaup livers were increased and to evaluate sources of variation in selenium (Se) burdens. We found that all organic contaminants were below toxic levels. Of 18 trace elements, only Se was detected at increased (>10-ppm dry-mass) levels. Se in lesser scaup increased but remained constant in greater scaup throughout fall; levels were increased in 14% of lesser scaup and 46% of greater scaup. During spring, Se increased in lesser scaup but decreased slightly in greater scaup; levels were increased in 75% of lesser scaup and 93% of greater scaup. We suggest that Se may be problematic for some breeding female scaup after departing the LGL, but more research is needed to determine the extent to which it affects scaup demographics. |
Examples of occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields at 110-kV gas-insulated substations (GISs).
The objectives of the study were to present examples of occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields at gas-insulated substations (GISs) and to analyse the exposure according to the new European Directive 2013/35/EU. The aim was also to describe the details of the measurements of this study at GISs. Electric and magnetic fields were measured (45 measurements in total) at two GISs in the Tampere region of Finland. Inside the GISs, magnetic field values varied from 0.4 to 43.0 µT, and electric fields from 5 to 90 V m(-1). In the cable room of GIS B, the maximum value was 250 µT (very near the cables). The values did not exceed the low or high action levels of the new Directive 2013/35/EU. In conclusion, it can be stated that at 110-kV GISs, workers are not exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) higher than the new European Directive 2013/35/EU. |
Call of duty 1.5
This is for advanced users only! To , please Login. Dec 10th, Softonic review Call of Duty is a good, free Windows game, that is part of the category PC games with subcategory Various Utilities more specifically Updates and has been published by Callofduty. As I might upload my whole folder for you, just dont need ya running around with my CDKey.
Please consider deactivating it if you like what we do for Call of Duty 1.
Share this Knowledge with your friends! Also I made the mistake by buying this game on Steam and no servers on 1.
Created 5 years ago. Call of Duty is a good, free Windows game, that is part of the category PC games with subcategory Various Utilities more specifically Updates and has been published by Callofduty. Updated to support OS X This tutorial is made for people who got a newer version of Call of Duty installed but want to go dutt to CoD 1.
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caall First make sure the Call of Duty that you want to patch is located in c: Your review for Call of Duty. Toplease Login.
Now we will downgrade the other Call of Duty folder. As a consequence the 1. Without ads, we wouldn't even be here and might not be here any longer.
Call of Duty Latest Downloads
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Call of Duty 1. Softonic review Call of Duty is a good, free Windows game, that is part of the category PC games with subcategory Various Utilities more specifically Updates and has been published by Callofduty.
Do you have an original Dutt Key? Suggest other similar software suggested.
Follow This App Developer website: Tigertown is a small farm 15 located in Normandy, France which has been partially destroyed by a heavy artillery attack. Since the game was added to our catalog init has obtaineddownloads, and last week it achieved 1, downloads. Created 5 years ago. The game version is 1.
Call of Duty delivers the gritty realism and cinematic intensity of World War II's epic battlefield moments like never before - through the eyes of citizen soldiers and unsung heroes from an alliance of countries who together helped shape the course of modern history.
od
Call of Duty purchase for Mac | MacUpdate
Please consider deactivating it if you like what we do for Call of Duty 1. Possible errors and what to do: UpdatepatchCoDCall acll Duty1. Create Free Account Log In. Patch Call of Duty to version 1.
For the first time, Call of Duty captures the war from multiple perspectives, through the eyes duuty American, British and Russian soldiers. Discover New Mac Apps. Precision flanking from both sides is a key factor when taking over and controlling the town. No thanks Submit review. This key will have a string value named InstallPath with a data value of "c: |
Brilliant Chinese
Brilliant Chinese is the spin-off from the popular series Dragon TV's China's Got Talent. It premiered on 2 February 2014 on CCTV1 and it is hosted by Sa Beining and Shu Dong.
The judges of the series in season 1 were Li Lianjie, Zhou Libo (also a judge in season 2) and Cai Ming. The judges in season two were Chinese film director Chen Kaige, actress Fan Bingbing, Cai Guoqing and Zhou Libo. In the next season, season 3, the judges will be Zhu Dan, Sa Beining and Huang Doudou.
The winner in season 1 was Feng Mantian, who is a 50-year old lute player. Season two was won by a group called Huanghe Ernv, a Chinese dance group from the United States of America.
References
Category:Chinese television shows
Category:Chinese reality television series
Category:2014 Chinese television series debuts |
This package contains the Inter Client Exchange library for X11.
WWW: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xlibs/
|
Q:
Mongo pipeline aggregation for specific values in the same field
My data is of the form:
defect week Cost
aaaa 1 123123
bbbb 1 2132131
cccc 1 213213
erea 1 123
asdsad 1 12343
dddd 1 123214
sadsad 1 13123
eeee 1 1313
aaaa 2 141591.45
bbbb 2 2451950.65
cccc 2 245194.95
erea 2 141.45
asdsad 2 14194.45
dddd 2 141696.1
sadsad 2 15091.45
eeee 2 1509.95
aaaa 3 261944.1825
bbbb 3 4536108.703
cccc 3 453610.6575
erea 3 261.6825
asdsad 3 26259.7325
dddd 3 262137.785
sadsad 3 27919.1825
eeee 3 2793.4075
I need to perform an aggregation on the defects but I dont need the aggregated cost for all the defects(Just a few).I have got the list of defects
that I need to perform aggregation on.
Eg: The list of defects will be stored in a variable as shown below:
var specificdefects = [ aaaa, bbbb, cccc, dddd, eeee ]
My ultimate aim is to get the aggregated cost for the specific defects in each week(similar to below).
defect 1 2 3
aaaa 213213 123213 21313
bbbb 234534.3 135534.3 23444.3
cccc 257987.73 149087.73 25788.73
dddd 283786.503 163996.503 28367.603
eeee 312165.1533 180396.1533 31204.3633
I know that I can pass each defect to the $match clause and then perform the aggregation.But then each defect would require a seperate query(which is not desired).
Can we do this using a single query? If so, how?
A:
You can use mongo aggregation just like below:
db.someCollection.aggregate([
{
$match: {
defect: {
$in: ['aaaa', 'bbbb', 'cccc', 'dddd', 'eeee'] // Match given defects
}
}
},
{
$group: {
_id: {
defect: '$defect', // Group on defect
week: '$week' // Also, group on week
},
sumOfCost: {
$sum: '$cost' // Sum the cost for this unique group of defect and week
}
}
}
]);
Which should show result like below:
{
"_id": {
"defect": "aaaa",
"week: 1
},
"sumOfCost": 213213
}
{
"_id": {
"defect": 'aaaa',
"week": 2
},
"sumOfCost: 123213
}
...
|
---
abstract: 'We construct many examples of level one Siegel modular forms in the kernel of theta operators mod $p$ by using theta series attached to positive definite quadratic forms.'
author:
- 'Siegfried Böcherer, Hirotaka Kodama and Shoyu Nagaoka'
title: On the kernel of the theta operator mod $p$
---
Introduction {#intro}
============
Ramanujan’s $\theta$ operator is a familiar topic in the theory of elliptic modular forms, defined by $$f=\sum a(n)e^{2\pi i nz}\longmapsto \theta(f)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}
f'=\sum n a(n)e^{2\pi i nz}$$ For Siegel modular forms of degree $n$, the Fourier expansion runs over positive semidefinite half-integral matrices of size $n$ and we can define several analogues of the Ramanujan $\theta$ operator: For $1\leq r\leq n$ we may introduce $$\begin{aligned}
F=\sum_T a(T) e^{2\pi i \text{tr}(TZ)}\longmapsto
\Theta^{[r]}(F) &:=
\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^r}\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial_{ij}}\right)^{[r]}F\\
&=\sum_T T^{[r]}a(T)e^{2\pi i \text{tr}(TZ)},\end{aligned}$$ where, for a matrix $A$ of size $n$, we denote by $A^{[r]}$ the matrix of all the determinants of its submatrices of size $r$ and $\partial_{ij}:=\frac{1}{2}(1+\delta_{ij})\frac{\partial}{\partial z_{ij}}$.
In general, $\Theta^{[r]}(F)$ is no longer a modular form, but it is a modular form mod $p$ (even a $p$-adic modular form), vector-valued if $r<n$, see [@B-N3].\
Our aim in the present paper is to explore the existence and explicit construction of Siegel modular forms which are in the kernel of such $\Theta$-operators mod $p$. Obvious candidates for such modular forms are theta series $\vartheta_S^n$ $$\vartheta^n_S(Z)=\sum_{X\in {\mathbb Z}^{(n,n)}}e^{2\pi i \text{tr}({}^tXSXZ)},$$ attached to positive quadratic forms $S$ of rank $n$ and level being a positive power of $p$; we will also consider variants of this involving a harmonic polynomial. Looking at the Fourier expansion, evidently such theta series are in the kernel of $\Theta^{[n]}$ mod $p$. On the other hand, these theta series are not of level one and one has to do a level change to level one. This method only works for even degree $n$, because we otherwise enter into the realm of modular forms of half-integral weight, but we shall exhibit a somewhat weaker variant of our method also for the case of odd $n$. On the other hand, for even degree, our method provides plenty of examples for level one forms $F$ (of weight in an arbitrary congruence class modulo $p-1$) which satisfy $\Theta^{[j]}(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ and $\Theta^{[j-1]}(F)\not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$. Here $j$ is almost arbitrary, the only obstruction comes from the arithmetic of quadratic forms, which puts some constraint on $(n,j,p)$.\
We have to make an important comment on what we mean by “explicit construction” here: The kernel of $\Theta^{[j]}$ mod $p$ is a notion which depends only on modular forms mod $p$, therefore the weight of the constructed modular form is only of interest mod $(p-1)$. On the other hand, one is also interested in explicit small weights for which we can get modular forms in the kernel mod $p$. In this paper we address both versions of explicit construction, we will call them “weak construction” and “strong construction” respectively; in most cases our “strong construction” also gives the smallest possible weight, which is called “filtration” in the work of Serre and Swinnerton-Dyer, see [@B-K-T] for details. In the final section we also show that some of the known examples of congruences for degree two Siegel modular forms can be explained by our methods.\
Finally we remark that most of our results are formulated for odd primes only. The reader interested in $p=2$ may adjust some of our results and methods to $p=2$.
Preliminaries {#Prel}
=============
Siegel modular forms {#Siegel}
--------------------
For standard facts about Siegel modular forms we refer to [@A; @F; @Kl]. The group $Sp(n,\mathbb R)$ acts on the upper half space $\mathbb H_n$ in the usual way. For an integer $k$, a function $f:\mathbb H_n \longrightarrow \mathbb C$ and $M=\binom{AB}{CD}$ we define the slash operator by
$$(f\mid_k M)(Z):=\mathrm{det}(CZ+D)^{-k}f((AZ+B)(CZ+D)^{-1}).$$ For a congruence subgroup $\Gamma $ of $Sp(n,\mathbb Z)$ and a character $\chi $ of $\Gamma$ we denote by $M_k(\Gamma ,\chi)$ the space of Siegel modular forms for $\Gamma $ of weight $k$ and character $\chi $ and $S_k(\Gamma ,\chi)$ the subspace consisting of cusp forms. If $\chi $ is trivial, we just omit it. We will mainly be concerned with congruence subgroups of type $$\Gamma _0^n(N):=\left\{M=\binom{AB}{CD}\mid C\equiv 0\bmod{N}\right\}$$ and with groups arising from these by conjugation within $Sp(n,\mathbb Z)$. If $N=1$ we just write $\Gamma ^n$ instead of $\Gamma_0^n(1)$. The only characters of $\Gamma_0^n(N)$ occuring are those arising from Dirichlet characters mod $N$ in the usual way (i.e. $\chi (M)=\chi (\mathrm{det}D)$), the most important one will be the quadratic character $$\chi _p(*):=\left(\frac{(-1)^{\frac{p-1}{2}}p}{*}\right)$$ for an odd prime $p$. If $f$ is an element of $M_k(\Gamma)$ for an arbitrary $\Gamma$, then $f$ has a Fourier expansion $$f(Z)=\sum_Ta(T;f)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}$$ where $T$ runs over positive semidefinite rational symmetric matrices with bounded denominator. In particular, for $\Gamma =\Gamma _0^n(N)$, $T$ runs over positive semidefinite matrices in $$\Lambda _n:=\left\{T=(t_{ij})\in \mathrm{Sym}_n(\mathbb Q)\mid t_{ii},2t_{ij}\in \mathbb Z\right\}.$$
For a subring $R$ of $\mathbb C$ we denote by $M_k(\Gamma )(R)$ the set of $f\in M_k(\Gamma )$ whose Fourier coefficients lie in $R$.
Traces {#Traces}
------
We need the explicit form of the trace map $$\mathrm{Tr}:\begin{cases}M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p)) \longrightarrow M_k(\Gamma^n)\\
\ \ \ \ \ \ f \ \ \ \ \ \longmapsto \sum_\gamma f\mid _k\gamma \end{cases}$$ where $\gamma $ runs over $\Gamma_0^n(p)\setminus \Gamma ^n$, see also [@B-F-S]. To obtain an explicit set of representatives for these cosets we start from a Bruhat decomposition over the finite field $\mathbb F_p:$ $$Sp(n,\mathbb F_p)=\bigcup_{j=0}^nP(\mathbb F_p)\cdot \omega_j \cdot P(\mathbb F_p),$$ where $P\subset Sp(n,\mathbb F_p)$ denotes the Siegel parabolic defined by $C=0$ and for $0\leq j\leq n$ we put $$\omega _j=\begin{pmatrix}0_j&0&-1_j&0\\0&1_{n-j}&0&0_{n-j}\\1_j&0&0_j&0\\0&0_{n-j}&0&1_{n-j}\end{pmatrix}.$$ Using the Levi decomposition $P=MN$ with Levi factor $$M=M_n=\left\{m(A)=\begin{pmatrix}A&0\\0&{}^tA^{-1}\end{pmatrix}\mid A\in GL_n(\mathbb F_p)\right\}$$ and unipotent radical $$N=\left\{n(B)=\begin{pmatrix}1_n&B\\0&1_n\end{pmatrix}\mid B\in M_n(\mathbb F_p) \ \ \text{symmetric}\right\}$$ we easily see that $$\left\{\omega _j\cdot n(B_j)\cdot m(A)\mid B_j\in M_j(\mathbb F_p) \ \text{symmetric}, A\in P_{n,j}(\mathbb F_p)
\setminus GL_n(\mathbb F_p)\right\}$$ is a complete set of representatives for the cosets $P(\mathbb F_p)\setminus P(\mathbb F_p)\cdot \omega _j\cdot P(\mathbb F_p)$. Here $M_j$ is naturally embedded into $M_n$ by $B_j\longmapsto \begin{pmatrix}B_j&0\\0&0_{n-j}\end{pmatrix}$ and $P_{n,j}$ is a standard parabolic subgroup of $GL_n$ defined by $0^{(n-j,j)}$ being the lower left corner of $g$. We tacitly identify the matrices above with corresponding representatives with entries in $\mathbb Z$ and obtain sets of representatives for $\Gamma _0^n(N)\setminus \Gamma^n$.\
We analyse the contribution of fixed $j$ to the trace of a given $f\in M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p)):$\
The function $f\mid _k\omega _j$ is itself a modular form for the group conjugate to $\Gamma_0^n(p)$ by $\omega_j$, it has a Fourier expansion $$f\mid _k\omega _j(Z)=\sum_{T=(t_{lm})}a_{j}(T;f)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)},$$ where the $t_{lm}$ are integral or semi-integral except for the $t_{lm}$ in the upper left block of size $j$ in $T$, where $p$ may occur in the denominator. Then an elementary calculation using orthogonality of exponential sums shows that
$$\sum_{B_j}(f\mid_k\omega_j)\mid_k n(B_j)(Z)=p^{\frac{j(j+1)}{2}}\sum_{T\in \Lambda _n}a_{j}(T;f)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}.$$ The result of the action of the matrices $m(A)$ is $:$ $$\sum_{B_j,A}f\mid _k(\omega _j\cdot n(B_j)\cdot m(A))=p^{\frac{j(j+1)}{2}}
\sum_{T\in \Lambda _n}b_{j}(T;f)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}$$ with $$b_{j}(T;f)=\sum_{A}a_{j}\left(A^{-1}T\ ^tA^{-1};f\right).$$ We can therefore write the contribution of a fixed $j$ to the trace as $$p^{\frac{j(j+1)}{2}}f\mid_k\omega_j \mid \widetilde{U} _j(p),$$ where $\widetilde{U} _j(p)$ is an operator which maps a Fourier series to a new Fourier series, where the new coefficients are certain finite sums of the Fourier coefficients in the series we started from. Most of time the exact shape of this operator will not be important for us. At some point however we have to consider the actions of $n(B_j)$ and $m(A)$ separately and we split the operator accordingly into two pieces as $$\label{Up}
\widetilde{U}_j(p)= \widetilde{U}^0_j(p) \circ D_j(p).$$ We just mention the extreme cases$:$ For $j=0$ the operator $\widetilde{U}_0(p)$ is just the identity and $\widetilde{U} _n(p)$ is quite similar to the usual $U(p)$-operator$:$ $$\widetilde{U} _n(p): \sum_{T\in \frac{1}{p}\Lambda _n}a(T)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}\longmapsto
\sum_{T\in \Lambda _n}a(T)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}.$$ Using this terminology we decompose the trace into $n+1$ pieces:
For $f\in M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p))$ $$\mathrm{Tr}(f)=\sum_{j=0}^n Y_j$$ with $$Y_j:=p^{\frac{j(j+1)}{2}}(f\mid_k\omega_j)\mid \widetilde{U} _j(p).$$
It should be clear that this expression for the trace has an analogue for the more general case of taking the trace from $\Gamma _0^n(NR)$ to $\Gamma _0^n(N)$ if $N$ and $R$ are coprime and $R$ is squarefree (see e.g.[@B-F-S]).
Congruences {#Congruences}
-----------
For a prime number $p$ we denote by $\nu _p$ the normalized additive valuation on $\mathbb Q$ (i.e. $\nu_p(p)=1$). For a Siegel modular form $f\in M_k(\Gamma )(\mathbb Q)$ with Fourier expansion $f(Z)=\sum_Ta(T;f)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}$ we define $$\nu _p(f):=\mathrm{min}\left\{\nu _p(a(T;f))\mid T\geq 0\right\}.$$ Note that this minimum is well defined because the Fourier coefficients of $f$ have bounded denominators. We also remark that $\nu_p(f)$ makes sense not only for modular forms with rational Fourier coefficients but also for the general case $f\in M_k(\Gamma)({\mathbb C})$ by tacitly extending the valuation to the field generated by all Fourier coefficients. For two modular forms $f$ and $g$ we define $$f\equiv g \pmod{p}:\Longleftrightarrow \nu _p(f-g)\geq 1+\nu _p(f).$$ We finally remark that in this setting $\nu _p(f\mid _k\gamma )$ also makes sense for arbitrary $\gamma \in \Gamma^n$. In particular, for $f\in M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p),\chi )$ we may consider $\nu _p(f\mid _k \omega _j);$ the Fourier expansions of $f\mid _k \omega_j$ may be viewed as “ expansion of $f$ in the cusp $\omega _j$ ”. (Strictly speaking, we should consider the double coset $\Gamma_0^n(p)\cdot \omega _j\cdot P(\mathbb Z)$ as a cusp for $\Gamma_0^n(p);$ by abuse of language we will call the $\omega _j$ “ the cusps for $\Gamma _0^n(p)$” ). For basic results concerning fields generated by Fourier coefficients and boundedness of denominators we refer to [@Shi]. We will however use these notions in the sequel only for theta series, where such properties are accessible in a much more elementary way.
Lattices and theta series {#Lattices}
-------------------------
For an even integral positive definite matrix $S$ of size $m=2k$ we define the degree $n$ theta series in the usual way: $$\vartheta _S^n(Z):=\sum_{X\in \mathbb Z^{(m,n)}}e^{\pi i\mathrm{tr}(S[X]Z)} \ \ \ \ (Z\in \mathbb H_n).$$ where $S[X]=\ ^tXSX$. We will freely switch between the languages of matrices $S$ and corresponding lattices $L$ and we write sometimes $\vartheta^n(L)$ instead of $\vartheta ^n_S$. For the transformation properties of such theta series see e.g. [@A]. Following [@B-N2] a lattice $L$ will be called $p$-special, if it has an isometry of order $p$ with no fixed point in $L\setminus \{0\}$. The theta series of such a lattice automatically satisfies $$\vartheta ^n(L)\equiv 1 \pmod{p}.$$ There are many such lattices, see [@B-N1]:
Let $p$ be an odd prime, then there are $p$-special (positive definite, even) lattices of rank $p-1$, level $p$ and determinant $p^t$ for all $1\leq t\leq p-2$.
Linear combinations of theta series for such lattices provide modular forms with convenient congruence properties in [*all*]{} cusps, see Theorem 2 and Theorem 2’ in [@B-N1] (and also the erratum at the end of this paper).\
In the case $m=n$, we consider the series $$\vartheta_{S,\mathrm{det}}^{n}(Z):=\sum_{X\in \mathbb{Z}^{(n,n)}}\mathrm{det}X\cdot
e^{\pi i\text{tr}(S[X]Z)},\ \ (Z\in \mathbb H_n).$$ It is known that the series becomes a modular form of weight $1+\frac{n}{2}$ and vanishes identically if and only if there exists a matrix $U\in M_n(\mathbb Z)$ such that $$S[U]=S,\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \mathrm{det}\,U=-1,$$ (e.g. cf. [@F]).\
As in [@Ma], the theta series of this type allows us to construct cusp forms with accessible properties.
Theta series in the cusps $\omega_j$ {#ThetaSeries}
------------------------------------
We need precise information about theta series in the cusps $\omega_j$, in particular about the denominators, which occur in the Fourier expansions in the cusps. To quote the results from [@BS; @B-F-S], it is more convenient to use the geometric notation here: Let $(V,q)$ be a positive definite quadratic space over ${\mathbb Q}$ with attached bilinear form $B(x,y)=q(x+y)-q(x)-q(y)$ and let $L$ be an even lattice on $V$ (i.e. $q(L)\subseteq {\mathbb Z}$ of level $p$, which means $q(L^{\sharp})\cdot {\mathbb Z}=\frac{1}{p} {\mathbb Z}$, where $L^{\sharp}$ denotes the dual of $L$.) After fixing a basis of $V$ we may identify $V$ with ${\mathbb Q}^m$. The associated Gram matrix with respect to this basis will be denoted by $S$; for ${\bf x}=(x_1,\dots, x_n)\in V^n$ we then define the $n\times n$ matrix $q({\bf x})$ by $q({\bf x})_{ij}=\frac{1}{2} B(x_i,x_j)$. Let $P: {\mathbb C}^{(m,n)}\longrightarrow {\mathbb C}$ be a pluriharmonic polynomial with $P(XA)=\text{det}(A)^{\nu}P(X)$ for $A\in GL(n,{\mathbb C})$. In this language, with $$\vartheta^n(P,L,Z):=\sum_{{\bf x}\in L^n} P({\bf x}) e^{2\pi i\text{tr}(q({\bf x})\cdot Z)}.$$ and $$\vartheta^{(n-j,j)}(P,L,L^{\sharp},Z):=\sum_{{\bf x}\in L^{n-j}\times (L^{\sharp})^j}
P({\bf x})\, e^{ 2\pi i \text{tr}(q({\bf x})\cdot Z)}$$ we get for all $j$ $$\vartheta^n(P,L,Z)\mid_{\frac{m}{2}+\nu} \omega_j=
(\gamma_ps_p(V))^j \det(L)^{-\frac{j}{2}}\vartheta^{(n-j,j)}(P,L,L^{\sharp},Z).$$ Here $s_p(V)$ is the Hasse-Witt invariant at $p$ (as normalized in [@Sch]) and $\gamma_p$ depends only on $\det(L)\cdot ({\mathbb Q}_p^{\times})^2$, in particular it is one, if $\det(L)$ is a square. There are obvious generalizations of this, if $L$ is of more general level.
mod $\boldsymbol{p}$ kernel of theta operator {#Kernel}
=============================================
We are interested in constructing Siegel modular forms $F$ of level one, scalarvalued, such that $F\not\equiv 0\bmod p$ and $\Theta^{[j]}(F)\equiv 0\bmod p$ for some $j>0$. Thanks to the results on level changing in [@B-N3] it is sufficient to construct such modular forms for groups $ \Gamma_0^n(p^N)$, possibly with nebentypus character $\chi_p$.
Some generalities {#generalities}
-----------------
If $\Theta^{[r]}(F) \equiv 0 \pmod{p}$, then $\Theta^{[r']}(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ for all $r'\geq r$.
Suppose that $F=\sum a(T;F)e^{2\pi i\mathrm{tr}(TZ)}\in M_k(\Gamma^n)$ is mod $p$ singular of rank $l$, i.e. $a(T;F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ for all $T$ with $\text{rank}(T) >l$ and $a(T_0;F)\not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ for some $T_0$ of rank $l$, then $F$ automatically satisfies $\Theta^{[j]}(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ for all $j>l$. Such modular forms were investigated in [@B-K], they always satisfy $$2k-l\equiv 0 \pmod{p-1}.$$
Weak Constructions {#Weak}
------------------
Let $S$ be an even integral positive definite matrix of size $n$, with $n$ even. We assume that the rank of $S$ over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_p$ is $r<n$ and that the level of $S$ is a power of $p$, denoted by $p^l$. The determinant of $S$ can then be written as $p^d$. Then $\vartheta^n_S\in M_{\frac{n}{2}}(\Gamma_0^n(p^l),\chi_p^d)$ satisfies $$\begin{aligned}
\vartheta_S^n & \not\equiv & 0 \pmod{p},\\
\Theta^{[j]}(\vartheta^n_S) & \equiv & 0 \pmod{p} \qquad (j>r).\end{aligned}$$ If moreover the order of $\text{Aut}_{\mathbb Z}(S)$ is coprime to $p$, then we have the stronger property $$\Theta^{[r]}(\vartheta_S^n)\not\equiv 0 \pmod{p},$$ because the coefficient of this Fourier series at $S$ is just $\sharp \text{Aut}_{\mathbb Z}(S) \cdot S^{[r]}$.\
Now we assume in addition that $S$ has no automorphism of determinant $-1$ and that the order of $\text{Aut}_{\mathbb Z}(S)$ is coprime to $p$. Then $\vartheta_{S,\det}^n\in S_{\frac{n}{2}+1}(\Gamma^n_0(p^l),\chi_p^d)$ and it also satisfies the congruences above.\
[**Conclusion:**]{} [*Under the assumption, that quadratic forms $S$ with the properties above exist, we get Siegel modular forms [(]{}cusp forms respectively[)]{} $F$ of level one and with weight congruent to $\frac{n}{2}+d\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}$ $\pmod{(p-1)}$ [(]{} $\frac{n}{2}+1+d\cdot \frac{p-1}{2}$ respectively[) ]{} satisfying the congruences above.*]{}\
\
Note that in general the actual weight of the level one form (using [@B-N3] or similar techniques) will be much larger.
The arithmetic of quadratic forms tells us, under which conditions on $(n,p,r,d)$ such forms $S$ exist or not. We also note that an inspection of the Fourier expansion shows that a set of $h$ pairwise inequivalent quadratic forms $S_i$ with the properties above gives a set of $h$ pairwise linearly independent modular forms mod $p$ in the kernel of $\Theta^{[n]}$, provided that none of the $S_i$ has an integral automorphism of order $p$.
There is a simpler construction, which covers more weights modulo $p-1$ and produces modular forms in the simultaneous kernel mod $p$ for [*all*]{} $\Theta$-operators: Suppose that $f\in M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p^l))({\mathbb Z}_{(p)})$ satisfies $\nu_p(f)=0$. Then $f(pz)$ is congruent mod $p$ to a modular form $F$ of level one which satisfies $\Theta^{[j]}(F)\equiv 0\bmod p$ for all $j\geq 1$. An analogous statement holds true if $f$ has nontrivial nebentypus $\chi_p$.
The remark above is quite usefull: We recall from [@F] that $$\Theta^{[r]}(f\cdot g)= \Theta^{[r]}(f)\cdot g +\cdots \quad ,$$ where $\cdots$ is an integral linear combination of products of entries of $\Theta^{[i]}f$ and of entries of $\Theta^{[j]}g$ ($i+j=r$). Combining the conclusion above with the remark 3.3. and keeping in mind that there always exist (integral, cuspidal) modular forms of level one and sufficiently large weight $k$, provided that $kn$ is even, we obtain elements in the kernel of $\Theta^{[j]}$ for almost all weights, if $n$ is even:
Under the same assumption on the existence of quadratic form $S$ as above we obtain the existence of modular forms [(]{}resp. cusp forms[)]{} $F$ of level one and weight congruent mod $p-1$ to $$\frac{n}{2}+d\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}+k\qquad
\left(resp.\; \frac{n}{2}+1+d\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}+k\right),$$ which satisfy the congruence above. Here $k$ is now arbitrary mod $p-1$.
A variant, in particular for odd degree
----------------------------------------
For $n$ arbitrary we choose an even integer $m$ with $m>n$ and a positive definite even integral quadratic form of size $m$ with $\text{rank}_{{\mathbb F}_p}(S)=m'<n$ and level($S$) a power of $p$. Then $\vartheta^n_S$ is in the kernel of $ \Theta^{[n]}\bmod p$. This construction gives weaker results than before, because a lot of linear dependencies among the theta series may arise here (over ${\mathbb Q}$ or over ${\mathbb F}_p$).[^1]
Strong Constructions
====================
\[Theorem1\] For $n\equiv 0 \bmod 4$ and all primes $p\geq n+3$ there exists $F\in M_{\frac{n}{2}+p-1}(\Gamma^n)$, $F\not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ such that $ \Theta^{[n-1]}(F)\equiv \Theta^{[n]}(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}.$ If the prime $p$ satisfies $p\equiv 1 \pmod{4}$, the condition $p\geq n$ is sufficient.
\[Theorem2\] For $n\equiv 2 \pmod{4}$ [(]{}if $p\equiv 3 \pmod{4}$[)]{} or $4\mid n$ [(]{}if $p\equiv 1 \pmod{4}$ [)]{} and all primes $p\geq 2n+3$ there exists $F\in M_{\frac{n}{2}+\frac{p-1}{2}}(\Gamma^n)$, $F\not\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$ such that $ \Theta^{[n]}(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$.
A similar result, using Eisenstein series was shown by the third author [@Nag]. Our method of proof provides examples beyond Eisenstein series.
The proofs of these theorems are quite similar, they rely on results from [@B-N1]; we mainly have to assure the existence of appropriate even integral quadratic forms of rank $n$. In all cases, we have just to consider $n\bmod 8$, because we may add even unimodular quadratic forms as orthogonal summands if necessary.\
To prove Theorem \[Theorem1\], we first observe, that there exist even integral quadratic forms $S$ in dimension $n\equiv 0 \bmod 4$ with $\text{det}(S)=p^2$, level $p$ and with rank $n-2$ over ${\mathbb F}_p$: For $n=4$ we may choose a lattice corresponding to a maximal order in the definite rational quaternion algebra ramified only at $p$. For $n=8$ we recall that locally at $p$ the even unimodular lattice $E_8$ corresponds to an orthogonal sum of hyperbolic planes. The requested quadratic form is then shown to exist by scaling one of the hyperbolic planes by the factor $p$. The theta series attached to such $S$ satisfies $$\nu_p(\vartheta^n_S\mid_{\frac{n}{2}} \omega_j)= -j$$ for all $j$. Theorem 4 from [@B-N1] asserts the existence of $F\in M_{\frac{n}{2}+p-1}(\Gamma^n)$ with $\vartheta^n_S\equiv F \pmod{p}$.
Concerning the second theorem, even integral quadratic forms $S$ of level $p$ and determinant $p$ are known to exist in the dimensions mentioned in the theorem: For $p\equiv 3\bmod 4$ and $n=2$ we may chose the binary form $(x,y)\mapsto
x^2+xy+\frac{p+1}{4}y^2$. For $p\equiv 3\bmod 4$ and $n=6$ we consider the orthogonal sum of a binary form of determinant $p$ and a quaternary form of determinant $p^2$. A maximal overlattice then has the requested property (see the next section for the notion of maximality). For $p\equiv 1 \bmod 4$ and $n=4$ the existence is shown e.g. in [@Pet p.350]. For $n=8$ we may take the orthogonal sum of quaternary forms of determinant $p$ and $p^2$ and go to a maximal overlattice. For a local-global proof of existence in the case $p\equiv 1 \bmod 4$ see [@Wald lemme 19].\
We may then construct $F$ from $\vartheta^n_S$ by $$F:= \text{Tr}(\vartheta^n_S\cdot {\mathcal E}),$$ provided that we can find ${\mathcal E}\in M_{\frac{p-1}{2}}(\Gamma^n_0(p),\chi_p)({\mathbb Z})$ with ${\mathcal E}\equiv 1 \pmod{p}$ and $$\nu_p({\mathcal E}\mid\omega_j)\geq -\frac{j^2}{2}+1\qquad (j\geq 1).$$ Then all the $Y_j$ in the trace above are congruent zero mod $p$ except for $Y_0$. The existence of such $\mathcal E$ is asserted by (the corrected version of) Theorem 2, [@B-N1] (see, Erratum, Theorem 2’).
Unfortunately, the procedure above does not work for the theta series $\vartheta_{S,\det}^n$; it breaks down because we get an additional factor $p$ in the denominators of the $Y_j$. This is the main reason for a different approach in the next section .
Strong construction with harmonic polynomial
============================================
Motivation {#Motivation}
----------
We want to explain the numerical examples for degree 2 (see the last section) by a refined version of our construction, in particular, we aim at
\[binary\] Let $p$ be a prime congruent 3 mod 4, let $S$ be a binary quadratic form of discriminant $-p$ [(]{}without improper automorphism [)]{}. Then there exists $F\in S_{2+3\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}}(\Gamma^2)$ such that $$F\equiv \vartheta^2_{S,\det} \pmod{p}.$$
This will be proved in a more general framework, using a variant of the calculus of traces. Our method strongly relies on the arithmetic of maximal lattices; we recall that a lattice $L$ in a quadratic space $(V,q)$ with $q(L)\subset {\mathbb Z}$ is called maximal, iff the only overlattice $L'$ of $L$ with $q(L')\subset {\mathbb Z}$ is $L$ itself. For basic properties of maximal lattices we refer to [@B-Ne]. In particular, even integral positive definite matrices $S$ with squarefree determinant correspond to maximal lattices. The proposition from above is just a special case of the following general result
\[Theorem 3\] Let $n$ be an even positive integer and $p$ a prime with $p\equiv 3\bmod 4$ satisfying $n+p-1\equiv 0 \bmod 4$. Let $S$ be an even positive definite quadratic form of rank $n$ and with $\det(S)=p$. Then there exists $F\in S_{\frac{n}{2}+1+3\frac{p-1}{2}}(\Gamma^n)$ such that $$F\equiv \vartheta^n_{S,\det} \pmod{p}$$
A similar result should hold for primes $p\equiv 1\bmod 4$, but our method seems not to be applicable in this case.
The case $n+p-1\equiv 4\pmod{8}$, $p\equiv 3\bmod 4$
----------------------------------------------------
We start from the following situation (with $n$ and $p$ as above).
$S$ is a lattice of level and determinant $p$ with even rank $n$. The existence of such $S$ is guaranteed, because of $p\equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ and $n\equiv 2 \pmod{4}$.
Furthermore, let $L$ be a $p$-special lattice of rank $p-1$, level and determinant $p$, we may e.g. take the root lattice $A_{p-1}$, see [@B-N2].
We observe that $S\perp A_{p-1}$ is maximal (of determinant $p^2$) provided that $n+p-1\equiv 4 \pmod{8}$ (in this case there is no even unimodular lattice; we also note that for $n+p-1\equiv 0 \pmod{8}$ there is no maximal lattice of determinant $p^2$). Under these assumptions we consider $$p\cdot \text{Tr}\left( \vartheta^n_{S,\det}\cdot \vartheta^n(L)
\vartheta^n(L) \vartheta^n(L)\right)=\sum_{j=0}^n Y_j.$$ We can view this as the trace of a theta series attached to the quadratic form $$Q:=S\perp L\perp L\perp L$$ of rank $2k=n+3(p-1)$ and with determinant $p^4$. The transformation properties of such theta series give $$\begin{aligned}
& \vartheta^n(Q)\mid_k \omega_j\\
&= s_p(V) ^j p^{-2j}
\sum_{X,R_1,R_2,R_3}
\det((X^{(n-j)},
S^{-1}X^{(j)}))\text{exp}(2\pi i \text{tr}{\mathcal L}\cdot Z)\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal L}=S[X^{(n-j)},S^{-1}X^{(j)}]&+
L[R_1^{(n-j)},L^{-1}R_1^{(j)}]\\
& +L[R_2^{(n-j)},L^{-1}R_2^{(j)}]+
L[R_3^{(n-j)},L^{-1}R_3^{(j)}].\end{aligned}$$
Furthermore, $s_p(V)$ is the Witt-invariant of the quadratic space underlying the lattice $Q$ , and we decompose $X\in {\mathbb Z}^{(n,n)}$ and $R_i\in {\mathbb Z}^{(p-1,n)}$ into components with $n-j$ and $j$ columns.
Evidently we have $\nu_p(Y_0)=1$ and from the transformation formula above we obtain for $j\geq 1$ $$\nu_p(Y_j) \geq 1+ \frac{j(j+1)}{2}-2j -1$$
The last summand $-1$ comes from the harmonic polynomial.
For $j\geq 4$ this is strictly positive and only for $1\leq j\leq 3$ need further investigation. Actually, thanks to the arithmetic of maximal lattices, stronger integrality properties will be shown: All contributions $Y_j$ will be integral and only $j=1$ and $j=2$ may possibly be nonzero mod $p$
We analyse the contributions of $\vartheta^n(Q)\mid \omega_j \widetilde{U}_j(p)$ separately for fixed $j\geq 1$:
First we recall the decomposition of the Hecke operator $\widetilde{U}_j(p)$: $$\widetilde{U}_j(p)=\widetilde{U}_j^0(p)\circ D_j(p)$$ (cf. $\S$ \[Traces\], (\[Up\])).
Furthermore we recall that $L$ is $p$-special, therefore we can write $$\vartheta^n(L)\mid_{p-1} \omega_j\sim p^{-\frac{j}{2}} (1+\vartheta_j^n(L)^0),$$ where $\vartheta_j^n(L)^0$ is a Fourier series with $\vartheta_j^n(L)^0\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$. Therefore, $$\left(\vartheta^n(L)\mid \omega_j\right)^3\sim p^{-\frac{3j}{2}}
(1+3\vartheta_j^n(L)^0+p^2\cdot W_j)
\label{three}$$ where $W_j$ is a Fourier series with integral Fourier coefficients and $\sim$ means equality up to a $p$-adic unit as factor.
According to (\[three\]), $\left(\vartheta^n_{S,\det}\cdot \vartheta^n(L)^3\right)\mid_k{ \omega_j}\mid U_j^0(p)$ decomposes into 3 pieces:
To analyse them we recall a crucial property of maximal lattices of rank $l$: If $M$ denotes a Gram matrix corresponding to such a lattice, then\
For any ${\mathfrak x}\in M^{-1}{\mathbb Z}^l$ with $M[{\mathfrak x}]\in {\mathbb Z}$ there exists ${\mathfrak x}^0\in {\mathbb Z}^l$ with ${\mathfrak x}= M\cdot {\mathfrak x}^0$, i.e. $$M[{\mathfrak x}]= M[{\mathfrak x}^0],$$ see e.g. [@B-Ne].
The first piece is (up to a unit mod $p$) equal to $$\begin{aligned}
& p^{-2j} \vartheta_{S,\det}^n\mid \widetilde{U}_j^0(p)\\
& =p^{-2j}\sum_X\text{det}(X^{(n-j)}, S^{-1}X^{(j)})
\text{exp}(2\pi i \text{tr}(S[X^{(n-j)},S^{-1}X^{(j)}]Z))\mid \widetilde{U}_j^0(p).\end{aligned}$$ The maximality of $S$ implies that $X^{(j)}=S\cdot \widetilde{X}$ with $\widetilde{X}\in {\mathbb Z}^{(n,j)}$. Therefore this part just equals $$p^{-2j}\vartheta^n_{S,\det}.$$ The second part is $$\begin{aligned}
3p^{-2j}
\sum_{X, Y}
\det &(X^{(n-j)}, S^{-1}X^{(j)}) \\
& \cdot \text{exp}(2\pi i\text{tr}(
S[X^{(n-j)},S^{-1}X^{(j)}]Z+ L[Y^{(n-j)},L^{-1}Y^{(j)}]Z)).\end{aligned}$$ Here $Y\in {\mathbb Z}^{(p-1,n)}$ satisfies the additional condition $Y\ne 0$. We use that the lattice $S\perp L$ is maximal and we obtain by the same reasoning as before (keeping in mind that $L$ is $p$-special) that this contribution equals (up to a unit) $$p^{-2j} \vartheta^n_{S,\det} \cdot \sum_{Y\not=0} \text{exp}( 2\pi i \text{tr}(L[Y] Z))
= p^{-2j+1}W,$$ where $W$ is a Fourier series with integral Fourier coefficients.\
Finally the last contribution will have its Fourier coefficients in $$p^{-2j+1}\cdot {\mathbb Z}$$ because of the factor $p^2$ in front of $W_j$; note that the harmonic polynomial may bring in an additional $p$ in the denominator.
So far we have ignored the contribution of the operator $D_j(p)$; actually, in the first two contributions, thanks to the maximality of $S$ and $S\perp L$ the result after applying $\widetilde{U}_j^0(p)$ is already invariant under $GL(n,{\mathbb Z})\hookrightarrow Sp(n,{\mathbb Z})$ and only the number $d(j)$ of left cosets enters defining $D_j(p)$ really matters; this is a group index $$d(j)=[GL(n,{\mathbb F}_p): P_{n,j}({\mathbb F}_p)]=
\prod_{i=1}^j\frac{p^{j+i}-1}{p^i-1}$$ see e.g. [@Kr], p.73, in particular it is congruent 1 mod $p$.
Now we collect everything into a precise formula for $Y_j$ ($1\leq j\leq n$): $$Y_j= p^{1+\frac{j(j+1)}{2}-2j} s_p(V)^{j}\times
\left\{d(j)\cdot \vartheta^n_{S,\det} + 3(*) +(**)\right\}$$ where $(*)$ and $(**)$ are Fourier series with coefficients divisible by $p$.
The $p$-power in front of $Y_j$ is (for $0\leq j\leq n$) $$p^1,\quad p^{0},\quad p^{0}, \quad p^{1},\quad \cdots$$ where the $\cdots$ are divisible by $p$. Therefore only $j=1$ and $j=2$ is relevant.
We summarize our calculation in the formula $$p\cdot {\rm Tr}(\vartheta^n_{S,\det}\cdot\vartheta^n(L)^3)\equiv
\left(s_p(V)+s_p(V)^2\right)\vartheta_{S,\det}^n\pmod{p}.
\label{Witt}$$ Concerning $s_p(V)$, we remark that the dimension of $V$ is $n+3(p-1)$; then $s_p(V)=1$ iff $n+3(p-1)
\equiv 0 \pmod{8}$; this is assured for $p\equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ under the assumption $n+p-1\equiv 4 \pmod{8}$.\
This proves Theorem 3 for the case in question.
Variant: The case $n+p-1\equiv 0 \pmod{8}$ {#variant}
------------------------------------------
In this case, there are no maximal lattices of determinant $p^2$ of rank $n+p-1$; therefore we take an auxiliary prime $q$ different from $p$ and we consider $q\cdot S\perp L$. This quadratic form is of determinant $q^n\cdot p^2$ and of rank $n+p-1$. Its Witt invariant at $q$ can be computed as $$s_q(q\cdot S\perp L)=s_q(S)\cdot \left(\frac{-1}{q}\right)^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}\cdot \left(\frac{p}{q}\right)^{n-1}=
\left(\frac{-p}{q}\right)$$ We choose $q$ such that $$\left(\frac{-p }{ q}\right)=-1
\label{cong}$$ holds. In view of $s_{\infty}(q\cdot S\perp L)=1$ this implies that $s_p(q\cdot S\perp L)=-1$, in particular both $q\cdot S$ and $q\cdot S\perp L$ are maximal at $p$.
Then we can use essentially the calculation above to find a modular form $F$ of level $q$ and weight $\frac{n}{2}+1+3\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}$ such that $F\equiv \vartheta^n_{qS,\det}\pmod{p}$. We have to mention one subtle point here: The quadratic space $V'$ in question is now given by $qS\perp L\perp L\perp L$ with Witt invariant $$s_q(V')=-1 \quad, s_{\infty}(V')=-1$$ and therefore (by the product formula) $s_p(V')=1$. This is necessary for the nonvanishing mod $p$ of the analogue of (\[Witt\]). The lemma below then assures the existence of a modular form $\tilde{F}$ of level one and weight $\frac{n}{2}+1+3\cdot\frac{p-1}{2}$ such that $$\tilde{F}\equiv \vartheta^n_{S,\det}\pmod{p}.$$
\[Lem1\] Let $p$ and $q$ be different primes with $\prod_{i=1}^n(1+q^i)$ coprime to $p$. Let $f\in M_k(\Gamma_0^n(p),\chi_p)({\mathbb Z}_{(p)})$ be given and assume that there exists $G\in M_l(\Gamma_0^n(q))({\mathbb Z}_{(p)})$ for some weight $l$ such that $$g\equiv G \pmod{p} ,$$ where the modular form $g$ of level $pq$ is given by $g(Z):=f(qZ)$. Then there exists a level one form $F$ of weight l such that $$f\equiv F \pmod{p}.$$
We choose $E\in M_{l-k}(\Gamma_0^n(p),\chi_p)$ such that $E\equiv 1 \pmod{p}$.\
Then $$g\cdot E(qZ)- G= p\cdot H,$$ where $H\in M_l(\Gamma_0^n(pq))$ has $p$-integral coefficients. We apply the operator $U(q)$ to obtain $$f\cdot E=G\mid U(q) + p\cdot H\mid U(q)$$ Now we take the trace from $\Gamma_0^n(pq)$ to $\Gamma_0^n(p)$ on both sides. On the left side it just means that we multiply the function by the index $[\Gamma_0^n(p):\Gamma_0^n(pq)]=\prod_{i=1}^n(1+q^i)$, which is coprime to $p$; the formula for the index can be found e.g. in [@Kl0]. On the right side we observe that the trace does not affect the $p$-integrality, in particular, the $H$-part plays no role mod $p$. This follows from the $q$-expansion principle, see e.g. [@Ich Theorem 2]. Moreover, to compute the trace of $G\mid U(q)$, we observe that this trace has level one, because $G\mid U(q)$ has level $q$.\
At the end, $f$ is congruent mod $p$ to a level one form of weight $l$.
: Note that it is possible to choose the prime $q$ in such a way that both the condition of the lemma and (\[cong\]) are satisfied.
: It should be possible to prove the statement above concerning the $p$-integrality of a trace from $\Gamma_0^n(pq)$ to $\Gamma_0^n(p)$ by a more elementary method for our special case (using properties of theta series), avoiding the $q$-expansion principle.
Some special properties
-----------------------
We cannot expect that all elements in the kernel mod $p$ for the theta operator arise by theta series as in the sections above. In fact, our construction gives modular forms with amusing additional congruence properties:\
For a positive integer $d$ and a modular form $f\in M_k(\Gamma^n_0(N),\chi)$ with Fourier expansion $f(Z)=\sum_{T} a(T;f) e^{2\pi i tr(TZ)}$ we define $$a_d(f):=\sum_T \frac{1}{\epsilon^+(T)}a(T;f)$$ where $T$ runs over representatives of the $SL(n,{\mathbb Z})$-equivalence classes of elements $T$ in $\varLambda_n$ with $T>0$ and $\det(2T)=d$ and $$\epsilon^+(T):=\sharp\{U\in SL(n,\mathbb{Z})\,\mid\, T[U]=T\,\}.$$ These numbers appear naturally in the Koecher-Maa[ß]{} Dirichlet series attached to $f$, see [@Maass]: $$KM(f,s):=\sum_d a_d(f) d^{-s}$$ For $f=\vartheta_{2S}^n$ and $f=\vartheta_{2S,\det}^n$ with half integral $S$ of size $n$ the Koecher-Maa[ß]{} Dirichlet series are very special: $$KM(\vartheta^n_{2S},s)=\det(2S)^{-s}\sum_X \mid \det(X)\mid^{-2s}$$ $$KM(\vartheta^n_{2S,\det},s)=\det(2S)^{-2s} \sum_X \text{det}(X)\mid \det(X)\mid^{-2s}=0$$ Here $X$ runs over all non-degenerate integral matrices in ${\mathbb Z}^{(n,n)}$ modulo the action of $SL(n,{\mathbb Z})$.
\[average1\] Let $p$ be a prime, $n$ even, and $S_1,\dots S_h$ half integral positive definite matrices of size $n$ with $\det(2S_i)=p$ for all $i$; we consider the modular form $$f:=\sum a_i \vartheta^n_{2S_i}$$ with $a_i\in {\mathbb Z}_{(p)}$. Let $F$ be a modular form of level one with $F \equiv f \pmod{p}$. Then $$a_d(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$$ holds for all $d$ provided that $\sum_i a_i\equiv 0 \pmod{p}$.
\[average2\] Let $p$ be a prime, $n$ even, and $S$ a half integral positive definite matrix of size $n$ with $\det(2S)=p$; we consider the level one modular form $F$ with $F\equiv \vartheta^n_{2S,\det} \pmod{p}$. Then we have for all $d$ $$a_d(F)\equiv 0 \pmod{p}.$$
Degree 2 case
=============
Explicit examples of degree $2$ modular forms in the kernel of the theta operator mod $p$ were known before our construction:\
Let $\Delta _{12}$ denote the Ramanujan delta function and $[\Delta_{12}]$ the corresponding Klingen-type Eisenstein series of degree $2$. In [@B], the first author showed that $$\Theta ([\Delta _{12}])\equiv 0 \pmod{23}.$$ Then Mizumoto [@Mi] showed that the Klingen-type Eisenstein series $[\Delta_{16}]$ attached to a weight $16$ elliptic cusp form satisfies the congruence $$\varTheta ([\Delta_{16}])\equiv 0 \pmod{31}.$$ The second and the third author and Kikuta found the congruence $$\varTheta (X_{35}) \equiv 0 \pmod{23},$$ where $X_{35}$ is Igusa’s cusp form of weight 35 (cf. [@K-K-N]).\
They also predicted the existence of a form $X_{47}$ of odd weight $47$ satisfying $$\varTheta (X_{47}) \equiv 0 \pmod{31}.$$ In fact, such modular form was constructed in [@K-N] by using Igusa’s generators.\
In subsection 6.3 we will show that these examples can all be explained by our constructions, using appropriate binary quadratic forms.
Estimation of dimensions
------------------------
In this section, we consider the dimension of the kernel of theta operator over $\mathbb{F}_p$.
Let $B_D$ be the set of positive-definite, integral binary quadratic forms with discriminant $D$, i.e., $$B_D:=\left\{\, S=\begin{pmatrix} a & b/2 \\ b/2 & c \end{pmatrix}\;\Big{|}\;
a,\,b,\,c\in\mathbb{Z},\,S>0,\,b^2-4ac=D\,\right\}.$$ In the following, we mainly treat the case $D<0$. We denote the class number by $h(D):=\sharp (B_D/SL(2,\mathbb{Z}))$.
\[dim\] Let $p$ be a prime number with $p \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ and $p>3$. Then\
[(i)]{}${\rm dim}_{\mathbb{F}_p}\langle \widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S}\,\mid\,
S\in B_{-p}\rangle_{\mathbb{F}_p} =\frac{h(-p)+1}{2}$,\
[(ii)]{}${\rm dim}_{\mathbb{F}_p}\langle \widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S,{\rm det}}\,\mid\,
S\in B_{-p}\rangle_{\mathbb{F}_p} =\frac{h(-p)-1}{2}$,\
where $\widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S}$ [(]{}resp. $\widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S,{\rm det}}$[)]{} is the Fourier coefficientwise reduction modulo $p$ of $\vartheta^2_{2S}$ [(]{}resp. $\vartheta^2_{2S,{\rm det}}$[)]{}.
\[Fp\] For a modular form $F$, $\widetilde{F}$ is considered as a formal power series over $\mathbb{F}_p$ via Fourier expansion (see [@Nag2]).
\(i) Since the number of prime divisor dividing $D=-p$ is just one, $B_{-p}/SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ has a unique ambiguous class (cf. [@Z], p.112, Korollar). We fix a representative $S_{p,0}$ of the ambiguous class and take a set of representatives of $B_{-p}/SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ as $$\{\, S_{p,0},\;S_{p,i},\,\overline{S}_{p,i} \;\;(1\leq i\leq\tfrac{h(-p)-1}{2})\;\},$$ where $S_{p,i}$ and $\overline{S}_{p,i}$ are $GL(2,\mathbb{Z})$-equivalent.\
We consider the Fourier expansion of $\vartheta^2_{2S_{p,i}}$: $$\vartheta^2_{2S_{p,i}}(Z)=\sum a(T;\vartheta^2_{2S_{p,i}})e^{2\pi i\text{tr}(TZ)}.$$ Then we have $$\begin{aligned}
a(S_{p,j};\vartheta^2_{2S_{p,i}}) &= \sharp\{\,U\in GL(2,\mathbb{Z})\,\mid\, S_{p,i}[U]=S_{p,j}\,\}\\
&=
\begin{cases}
4 & \text{if $i=j=0$},\\
2 & \text{if $i=j>0$},\\
0 & \text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ This implies that $$\widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S_{p,i}}\qquad (1\leq i\leq\tfrac{h(-p)-1}{2})$$ are linearly independent over $\mathbb{F}_p$.\
(ii) It should be noted that $\vartheta^2_{2S,{\rm det}}$ is non-trivial if and only if $S$ has no proper automorphisms. A similar argument in (i) shows that $$\widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S_{p,i},{\rm det}}\qquad (1\leq i\leq\tfrac{h(-p)-1}{2})$$ are linearly independent over $\mathbb{F}_p$. This proves (ii).
For a prime number $p$, we define the following $\mathbb{F}_p$-vector spaces: $$\begin{aligned}
& \widetilde{V}_{k,p}:=\{\,\widetilde{f}\,|\, f\in M_k(\Gamma^2)(\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}),\,
\Theta (f) \equiv 0 \pmod{p}\,\},\\
& \widetilde{V}_{k,p}^{\text{cusp}}:=\{\,\widetilde{f}\,|\, f\in S_k(\Gamma^2)(\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}),\,
\Theta (f) \equiv 0 \pmod{p}\,\}.\end{aligned}$$
As we noted in Remark \[Fp\], these spaces are considered as subspaces of certain vector space consisting of formal power series over $\mathbb{F}_p$ (cf. [@Nag2]).
Considering Theorem \[Theorem 3\], we can get the following estimates:
Under the same assumption in Proposition \[dim\], we have\
[(i)]{}${\rm dim}_{\mathbb{F}_p}\widetilde{V}_{\frac{p+1}{2},p}\geq \frac{h(-p)+1}{2}$,\
[(ii)]{}${\rm dim}_{\mathbb{F}_p}\widetilde{V}_{\frac{3p+1}{2},p}^{\rm cusp}\geq \frac{h(-p)-1}{2}$.
We consider the case $p=23$. In this case we have $h(-23)=3$. Under the previous notation, we can take a set of representatives of $B_{-23}/SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ as $$\label{S}
\left\{
S_{23,0}=\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1/2 \\
1/2 & 6
\end{pmatrix},\;\;
S_{23,1}=\begin{pmatrix}
2 & 1/2 \\
1/2 & 3
\end{pmatrix},\;\;
\overline{S}_{23,1}=\begin{pmatrix}
2 & -1/2 \\
-1/2 & 3
\end{pmatrix}
\right\}.$$ In this case, we have $$\widetilde{V}_{12,23}=\langle \widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S_{23,0}},
\widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S_{23,1}}
\rangle_{\mathbb{F}_{23}},$$ namely we have $$\text{dim}_{\mathbb{F}_{23}}\widetilde{V}_{12,23}=2.$$ We also obtain $$\widetilde{V}_{12,23}^{\rm cusp}=
\langle \widetilde{\vartheta}^2_{2S_{23,1},{\rm det}}
\rangle_{\mathbb{F}_{23}}.$$
Average of Fourier coefficients
-------------------------------
The congruence $\varTheta ([\Delta_{12}]) \equiv 0 \pmod{23}$ was proved by the first author in [@B]. In this paper, he remarked that the “average” of the Fourier coefficients is divisible by $23$ as below. This phenomenon can be explained by the result obtained in Proposition \[average1\].\
\
The congruences given below are proved by checking them numerically for finitely many Fourier coefficients, using a “Sturm bound” from [@C-C-K].\
**The case** $\boldsymbol{p=23}:$\
We use the notation above. We have the congruence $$[\Delta_{12}] \equiv 12(\vartheta^2_{2S_{23,0}}-\vartheta^2_{2S_{23,1}})
\pmod{23}.$$ By Proposition \[average1\], we obtain $$a_d([\Delta_{12}]) \equiv 0 \pmod{23}.$$ In the case of cusp forms, the following congruence holds $$X_{35} \equiv 12\vartheta^2_{2S_{23,1},{\rm det}} \pmod{23},\quad\text{and}\quad
a_d(X_{35}) \equiv 0 \pmod{23},$$ (Proposition \[average2\]).\
\
**The case** $\boldsymbol{p=31}:$\
In this case, we have $h(-31)=3$. $$[\Delta_{16}] \equiv 16(\vartheta^2_{2S_{31,0}}-\vartheta^2_{2S_{31,1}})
\pmod{31}.$$ This implies $$a_d([\Delta_{16}]) \equiv 0 \pmod{31}.$$ In the case of cusp forms, we have $$X_{47} \equiv 16\vartheta^2_{2S_{31,1},{\rm det}} \pmod{31},\quad\text{and}\quad
a_d(X_{47}) \equiv 0 \pmod{31},$$ where $X_{47}$ is the cusp form introduced before.\
\
**The case** $\boldsymbol{p=47}:$\
This case is more interesting than the above two cases because $h(-47)=5$ and $\text{dim}_{\mathbb{C}}S_{24}(\Gamma^1)=2$. We consider a couple of Klingen Eisenstein series $$[E_4^3\Delta_{12}]\quad \text{and}\quad [\Delta_{12}^2],$$ where $E_4$ is the normalized degree one Eisenstein series of weight $4$. The following congruence relations hold: $$\begin{aligned}
& [E_4^3\Delta_{12}] \equiv
24(\vartheta^2_{2S_{47,0}}-9\vartheta^2_{2S_{47,1}}+8\vartheta^2_{2S_{47,2}})
\pmod{47},\\
& [\Delta_{12}^2] \equiv
24(\vartheta^2_{2S_{47,1}}-\vartheta^2_{2S_{47,2}})
\pmod{47}.\end{aligned}$$ Consequently $$a_d([E_4^3\Delta_{12}]) \equiv a_d([\Delta_{12}^2]) \equiv 0 \pmod{47}.$$\
[**Erratum**]{}\
to our paper [@B-N1]
The formula in theorem 2 is incorrect, here is a correct version (Theorem 5 should then also be modified accordingly).\
\
[**Theorem 2**]{}’ : [*Assume that $p\geq 2n+3$. Then there exists a modular form $h$ of weight $\frac{p-1}{2}$, level p and nebentypus $\chi_p$ such that $$h\equiv 1 \pmod{p},$$ $$\nu_p(h\mid \omega_j)\geq -\frac{j^2}{2}+1\qquad(1\leq j\leq n).$$* ]{}
We write down an explicit linear combination of theta series with the requested property: Let $L_j$ denote a $p$-special lattice of rank $p-1$ and discriminant $2j+1$ with $0\leq j\leq n$. We put $a_0=1$ and for $j\geq 1$:
$$a_j:=(-1)^j\cdot p^{\frac{j^2+j}{2}}$$
We define $$h:= \sum_{j=0}^n a_j \vartheta^n(L_j)$$
Evidently, we have $h\equiv 1 \pmod{p}$.\
We analyse the Fourier expansion of $h $ in all cusps $\omega_i$ with $1\leq i\leq n$: $$a_j\vartheta^n(L_j)\mid \omega_i=
(-1)^{i} p^{-\frac{i(2j+1)}{2}}(-1)^j\cdot p^{\frac{j^2+j}{2}}\left(1+\cdots\right).$$ We first check that for $j<i-1$ and for $j>i$ the value of $\nu_p(a_j\vartheta^n(L_j)\mid \omega_i)$ is larger or equal to $-\frac{i^2}{2}+1$:\
The case $j=0$, $i\geq 2$ is clear because $-\frac{i}{2}\geq -\frac{i^2}{2}+1$.\
For $j\geq 1$ our claim is equivalent to $$-i(2j+1)+j^2+j\geq -i^2+2$$ To consider the case $j<i-1$ we put $i=j+1+t$ with $t\geq 1$.\
We have to check that $$-2(j+1+t)-(j+1+t)+(j+1+t)^2+(j+1+t)-2\geq 0$$ This expression equals $t^2+t-2$.\
Now we consider the second case, i.e. $j=i+t$ with $t>0$: We have to check that $$-2(i+t)-i +(i+t)^2+i+t+i^2-2\geq 0$$ This expression equals $t^2+t-2$.\
It remains to consider the crucial cases $j=i-1$ and $j=i$. In both cases we seem to pick up a denominator $p^{-\frac{i^2}{2}}$ when applying $\omega_i$ to $a_{i-1}\vartheta^n(L_{i-1})$ and to $a_i\vartheta^n(L_i)$. The key point is to analyze the constant term of $$\left(a_{i-1}\vartheta^n(L_{i-1})+a_i\vartheta^n(L_i)\right)\mid \omega_i.
\label{constant}$$ This is equal to $$(-1)^{i+i-1}p^{\frac{-i(2i-1)+(i-1)^2+i-1}{2}}+p^{\frac{-i(2i+1)+i^2+i}{2}}=0$$ The nonconstant parts of the Fourier expansion of (\[constant\]) satisfy an additional congruence mod $p$ because the $L_i$ are special lattices.
Acknowledgement: We thank T. Ichikawa, T. Kikuta, R. Schulze-Pillot and S. Takemori for helpful discussions related to this work.
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S. Böcherer\
Kunzenhof 4B, 79117 Freiburg,\
Germany\
e-mail:[email protected]\
\
H. Kodama\
Academic Support Center, Kogakuin Univ.\
Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015\
Japan\
e-mail:[email protected]\
S. Nagaoka\
Dept. Mathematics, Kindai Univ.\
Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502\
Japan\
e-mail:[email protected]
[^1]: This case appeared in a discussion with S.Takemori.
|
Carcinoma of the cervix: analysis of bladder and rectal radiation dose and complications.
From April 1969 through December 1980, 527 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix received radical radiation therapy at North Carolina Memorial Hospital (NCMH). The treatment was designed to deliver a combined dose (external beam plus intracavitary) of 7000-8000 cGy to Point A and 5000-6500 cGy to the pelvic lymph nodes depending upon the stage of the disease. The maximum dose to the bladder and to the rectum were calculated from the orthogonal intracavitary placement films with contrast material in these organs. Thirty-three cases of cystitis and fifty-eight cases of proctitis were recorded. The mean bladder dose for the group of patients with cystitis was higher, 6661 +/- 1309 cGy, than that for the patients without cystitis, 6298 +/- 1305 cGy, p = .19. The risk of cystitis increased as a function of bladder dose ranging from 3% for patients receiving less than or equal to 5000 cGy to the bladder to 12% for patients receiving greater than or equal to 8001 cGy to the bladder. A similar correlation was also found for rectal dose and proctitis. The mean rectal dose for the group of patients with proctitis was higher, 6907 +/- 981 cGy, than that for the patients without proctitis, 6381 +/- 1290 cGy, p = .003. The risk of proctitis increased as a function of rectal dose ranging from 2% for patients receiving less than or equal to 5000 cGy to the rectum to 18% for patients receiving greater than or equal to 8001 cGy to the rectum. A study of the severity of the cystitis as a function of bladder dose revealed a relationship between bladder dose and the severity of the complication (Grade I cystitis = 6600 +/- 1318 cGy vs Grade III cystitis = 6856 +/- 853 cGy). A dose-response relationship was found between the rectal dose and the severity of the complication (Grade I proctitis = 6810 +/- 906 cGy vs Grade III proctitis = 6997 +/- 1137 cGy). This relationship was statistically significant, p = .003. While there was no difference in the frequency of cystitis as a function of dose to the whole pelvis, the risk of proctitis did increase with increasing doses of external beam to the whole pelvis. It ranged from 3% for patients who received 2000 cGy or less to the whole pelvis to 14% for patients who received greater than 4000 cGy to the whole pelvis, p = .02. |
---
author:
- 'François Arleo,'
- 'Florian Cougoulic,'
- Stéphane Peigné
title: Fully coherent energy loss effects on light hadron production in pA collisions
---
Introduction
============
The wealth of hadron production data in proton-nucleus () collisions at collider (RHIC, LHC) energies allows for a detailed study of parton dynamics in cold nuclear matter and of the various nuclear effects expected to occur in when compared to proton-proton () collisions. Several formalisms are currently used in phenomenological studies of hadron production in high-energy collisions.
In the collinear factorization approach [@Collins:1989gx], hadron production cross sections in collisions are evaluated assuming leading-twist QCD factorization and using the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) of the target nucleus. Collinear factorization is best justified for hadron production at large enough $\pt$, where higher-twist contributions can be neglected. The leading-twist nPDFs are obtained from global fits based on DGLAP evolution [@deFlorian:2011fp; @Kovarik:2015cma; @Eskola:2016oht; @AbdulKhalek:2019mzd]. They exhibit gluon [*shadowing*]{}, namely a depletion at small $\xtwo \lesssim 10^{-2}$ of the gluon PDF in the nucleus with respect to that in a proton (see Ref. [@Armesto:2006ph] for a review). Gluon shadowing leads to a corresponding depletion of hadron production in pA with respect to collisions, either at RHIC (at forward rapidity) or at LHC [@Helenius:2012wd; @QuirogaArias:2010wh]. Note, however, that each nPDF set comes as a collection of predictions (depending on the number of parameters used in each global fit) leading to a large theoretical uncertainty on the quantitative role of shadowing, as a direct consequence of the relative lack of small-$\xtwo$ data currently included in the global fit analyses.
In the saturation formalism (see [@Gelis:2010nm] a for review), hadron production cross sections in collisions depend on the target unintegrated (, $k_{_\perp}$-dependent) gluon distribution (UGD) [@Albacete:2012xq].[^1] This approach is in principle suitable for describing hadron production at small and moderate transverse momentum, $\pt \sim \morder{Q_s}$, with $Q_s$ the saturation scale in the target nucleus. The UGDs are related to the quark and gluon dipole scattering amplitudes. Starting from some initial conditions at $x_{_0} = 10^{-2}$ incorporating the (classical) effect of nuclear $\pt$-broadening,[^2] the dipole amplitudes are determined at lower $x$ from the JIMWLK equations [@JalilianMarian:1997dw; @JalilianMarian:1997gr; @Weigert:2000gi; @Iancu:2001ad; @Iancu:2000hn; @Ferreiro:2001qy] encoding small-$x$ quantum evolution. Although the saturation formalism allows one in principle to predict the $x$ and $k_{_\perp}$ dependence of UGDs, it is fair to say that the latter still contain some theoretical uncertainty, arising from the choice of initial conditions and from the approximations used to solve the small-$x$ evolution equations. While first calculations predicted a strong hadron suppression at the LHC [@Albacete:2010bs], later results pointing to lesser suppression proved to be in agreement, within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties, with LHC pPb measurements [@Tribedy:2011aa; @Albacete:2012xq; @Rezaeian:2012ye; @Lappi:2013zma].
In addition to these two approaches which aim at describing the gluon distributions in large nuclei, various models have included nuclear effects like $\pt$-broadening [@Kopeliovich:2005ym] or [*initial-state*]{} parton energy loss in the nuclear medium [@Frankfurt:2007rn; @Kang:2012kc], in order to compute hadron production in pA collisions at RHIC and LHC. To our knowledge, however, up to now no approach has addressed the role of [*fully coherent energy loss*]{} (FCEL) in cold nuclear matter discussed throughout this paper. FCEL is expected in all processes where the underlying partonic process consists in forward scattering (when viewed in the target nucleus rest frame) of an incoming high-energy parton to an outgoing color charge [@Arleo:2010rb; @Peigne:2014uha] or colourful system of partons [@Peigne:2014rka]. It arises from the induced radiation of gluons with formation time $\tf$ much larger than the medium length, $\tf \gg L$. In this regime, the average energy loss becomes proportional to the incoming parton energy $E$, $\Delta E_{_{\textnormal{FCEL}}} \propto E$ [@Arleo:2010rb], thus overwhelming the parton energy loss in the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal regime, $\Delta E_{_{\textnormal{LPM}}} \propto L^2$ [@Baier:1996sk; @Baier:1996kr; @Zakharov:1996fv; @Zakharov:1997uu]. FCEL is predicted from first principles in various formalisms [@Arleo:2010rb; @Armesto:2012qa; @Armesto:2013fca; @Peigne:2014uha; @Peigne:2014rka; @Liou:2014rha; @Munier:2016oih] (including the saturation formalism [@Liou:2014rha; @Munier:2016oih][^3]) and has been shown to be a key effect to understand quarkonium suppression in collisions [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua]. It is thus natural to investigate the effect of FCEL in other processes, such as open heavy flavour, light hadron, or jet production in collisions. In the present study, a fully detailed version of Ref. [@Arleo:2020eia], we focus on light hadron single inclusive production.
Our study has several motivations:
A primary goal is to set a baseline for the quantitative role of FCEL in light hadron nuclear suppression, by taking into account [*only*]{} this effect. We show that similarly to quarkonium, light hadron production in collisions is strongly affected by FCEL, yet with novel features that will be underlined. In particular, FCEL depends on the global color charge of the [*parton pair*]{} produced in the partonic subprocess. This is a richer situation compared to quarkonium production at low $\pt$ [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua], where only a [*color octet*]{} heavy-quark pair is produced in the subprocess. As an interesting consequence, the nuclear suppression of single hadron production is sensitive to the color states of a parton pair, and thus to unusual color factors.
It has been suggested to use present and future data on hadron production ($h^\pm$ [@Helenius:2012wd; @QuirogaArias:2010wh], $D$/$B$ mesons [@Kusina:2017gkz; @Eskola:2019bgf], quarkonia [@Kusina:2017gkz]) in pA collisions as a reliable probe of nPDFs (and of saturation [@Albacete:2012xq]), assuming other physical effects to be negligible. Our study shows that the latter assumption should be reconsidered, due to the presence of sizable FCEL effects. In particular, FCEL should be systematically included in nPDF global fit analyses that use hadron production pA data. In pA collisions, electroweak processes where FCEL is absent [@Arleo:2010rb] should be preferred for a direct extraction of nPDFs, as for instance weak boson [@Paukkunen:2010qg] and Drell-Yan [@Arleo:2015qiv] production. It should also be reminded that no FCEL is expected in deep inelastic scattering (except in the limit of resolved photoproduction [@Arleo:2010rb]), making a future electron-ion collider an ideal probe of nPDF and saturation effects only [@Accardi:2012qut; @EIC].
Isolating the FCEL effect is also interesting because this effect is associated, as we will see, with a quite small theoretical uncertainty. This results from FCEL being a [*medium-induced*]{} effect (depending on the difference between coherent radiation spectra in and collisions) fully determined within perturbative QCD.
The outline of the paper is as follows. In section \[sec:quarkonium\] we remind the basics of the FCEL model for quarkonium production, which is generalized to the case of light hadron production in section \[sec:LHP\]. Baseline calculations of FCEL effects on light hadron nuclear suppression, assuming $g\to gg$ forward scattering (which should be dominant at mid-rapidity at LHC), are discussed and compared to experimental data in section \[sec:predictions\]. Calculations are generalized in section \[app:other-processes\] to $q\to qg$ and $g\to q\bar{q}$ scattering processes. We draw conclusions and mention future studies in section \[sec:discussion\].
Model for quarkonium nuclear suppression: a brief reminder {#sec:quarkonium}
==========================================================
The effect of fully coherent energy loss on quarkonium suppression in collisions was studied previously in Refs. [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua]. (The effect was also extrapolated to heavy-ion collisions in [@Arleo:2014oha], in order to get a baseline for cold nuclear matter effects in those collisions.) For quarkonium production at moderate $\pt$ compared to the mass $M$ of the heavy $Q \bar{Q}$ pair, $\pt \lsim M$, and assuming the $Q \bar{Q}$ pair to be produced in a color octet state, the partonic subprocess is similar to $g \to g$ forward scattering (with a final ‘massive gluon’) when viewed in the target nucleus rest frame. The expression of the induced coherent radiation spectrum ${\dd I}/{\dd\omega}$ (with $\omega$ the radiated gluon energy) associated to $1 \to 1$ forward scattering [@Arleo:2010rb; @Arleo:2012rs; @Peigne:2014uha; @Munier:2016oih] is recalled in Appendix \[app:quenching\], see –.[^4] A crucial feature of FCEL is that the energy spectrum $\omega \, {\dd I}/{\dd\omega}$ scales in $\omega/E$, leading to an average energy loss proportional to the energy $E$ of the radiating color charge [@Arleo:2010rb], and thus to sizable effects in quarkonium and more generally in hadron production in collisions.
In order to account for FCEL, the quarkonium differential production cross sections in and collisions are related by a shift $\varepsilon$ in the quarkonium energy [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua], \[energy-shift\] (E, ) = \_0\^[\_[max]{}]{} [P]{}(, E) ( E+, ) , where ${\cal P}(\varepsilon, E)$ is the energy loss probability distribution or [*quenching weight*]{}, with the energy loss $\varepsilon$ and quarkonium energy $E$ defined in the nucleus rest frame. The upper bound on $\varepsilon$ is $\varepsilon_{\rm max} = {\rm min}(E_{\mathrm{p}} -E, E)$,[^5] where $E_\mathrm{p} \simeq s/(2 m_\mathrm{p})$ is the projectile proton energy in this frame, with $m_\mathrm{p}$ the proton mass and $\sqrt{s}$ the proton–nucleon collision energy.
The quenching weight is related to the spectrum ${\dd I}/{\dd \omega}$ as [@Arleo:2012rs] \[quenching-spectrum\] [P]{}(, E) = { - \_\^ } = { - \_\^ } ( ) , where $\hat{\cal P}$ is a scaling function of $x \equiv \varepsilon/E$ (a direct consequence of the scaling of $\omega \, {\dd I}/{\dd\omega}$ in $\omega/E$). It also depends on the quarkonium transverse mass $M_{_\perp} = (M^2 + \pt^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}$, and on the nuclear transverse momentum broadening $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ defined by –. The explicit expression of $\hat{\cal P}$ used in quarkonium production is obtained by setting $F_c = \Nc$ in .
In view of our discussion in section \[sec:LHP\], let us rewrite in two alternative ways. First, due to the scaling of $\hat{\cal P}$ in $x$, the ‘energy shift’ can be naturally expressed as a [*rescaling*]{} of the quarkonium energy by introducing the variable \[zprime-def\] z’ = . Changing variable from $\varepsilon$ to $z'$ in we obtain (the dependence on $\sqrt{s}$ being implicit in the following) \[energy-rescaling-psi\] = \^1\_[z’\_[min]{}]{} z’ [F]{}\_(z’) , where $z'_{\rm min} = {\rm max}(\textstyle{E/E_\mathrm{p}},\textstyle{1/2})$ and the rescaling probability distribution ${\cal F}_{\mathrm{loss}}(z')$ reads \[F-def\] [F]{}\_(z’) = ( ) . Second, in we can trade the quarkonium energy $E$ for the quarkonium rapidity \[quarkonium-rap\] y = , leading to \[rapidity-shift-jpsi\] = \_0\^[x\_[max]{}]{} .
The equations and , corresponding respectively to an energy rescaling ($E \to E/z'$) and a rapidity shift ($y \to y + \delta$), are equivalent ways to implement FCEL, which will be useful when discussing light hadron production in section \[sec:LHP\]. The rapidity shift $\delta$ is related to the rescaling variable $z'$ and fractional energy loss $x$ as \[delta-def-0\] = = . Since $\delta$ is invariant under longitudinal boosts,[^6] the form derived in the nucleus target rest frame can be directly transposed to the center-of-mass frame of an elementary proton–nucleon collision.
The master equation was applied to quarkonium production in collisions in Refs. [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua]. In those studies the cross section is taken as a parametrization fitting the data, and the cross section is obtained from by implementing the theoretical prediction for the quenching weight $\hat{\cal P}$. In other words, predicts the [*modification*]{} of the cross section, , the nuclear modification factor \[RpA-psi\] R\_\^(y,) = [ / ]{} expected from the sole effect of fully coherent energy loss.
As shown in [@Arleo:2012hn; @Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua], FCEL [*alone*]{} explains the $\jpsi$ nuclear suppression measured at fixed-target collision energies, $\sqrt{s} \lsim 40$ GeV [@Badier:1983dg; @Katsanevas:1987pt; @Leitch:1999ea; @Abt:2008ya; @Arnaldi:2010ky]. This is consistent with the fact that nPDF/saturation effects are expected to be mild/absent at such energies. At collider energies the central prediction of [@Arleo:2012rs] (with a narrow theoretical uncertainty band [@Andronic:2015wma]) agrees well with the $\jpsi$ suppression measured in dAu collisions at RHIC ($\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV) [@Adare:2010fn; @Adare:2012qf] and collisions at the LHC ($\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV) [@Abelev:2013yxa; @Adam:2015iga; @Aaij:2013zxa]. Although experimental uncertainties still leave room for shadowing or saturation in $\jpsi$ suppression at collider energies, the results of the pure FCEL scenario tend to favour minimal estimates of those effects (, nPDF sets with a moderate shadowing). Quite generally, for quarkonium but also for the production of [*any*]{} hadron species, the predictions with energy loss alone could be used to constrain the magnitude of other nuclear effects.
FCEL in light hadron nuclear suppression {#sec:LHP}
========================================
The goal of this section is to single out the FCEL effect in light hadron production in collisions. Since the FCEL quenching weight scales in $\varepsilon/E$ (independently of the process where FCEL occurs), the general procedure to implement this effect will be the same as for quarkonium production, using expressions analogous to or equivalently . However, in the case of light hadron production some new features emerge, and for clarity we present below the model in all its details.
Setup and assumptions {#sec:setup}
---------------------
We consider light hadron single inclusive production in and collisions at large enough $\pt$, namely $\pt \gg \ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ (with $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ the nuclear broadening defined by –), within a standard leading-order (LO) picture.
When viewed in the target rest frame, the process arises from $1 \to 2$ forward scattering, where an incoming parton of energy $E$ splits into an outgoing parton pair (also nicknamed ‘dijet’ in the following) being approximately back-to-back in the transverse plane. We will denote the transverse momenta of partons 1 and 2 of the pair as $\Kvec_1 \equiv \Kvec$ and $\Kvec_2 \simeq -\Kvec$, with $K_{_\perp} \equiv |\Kvec| \gg \ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$, and their energy fractions with respect to the incoming parton as $\xi$ and $1-\xi$. This $1 \to 2$ scattering is followed by the fragmentation of one parton of the pair into the tagged hadron, which thus inherits the transverse momentum $\pt = z K_{_\perp}$, where $z$ is the fragmentation variable, and the energy $E_h= z \xi E$ or $E_h= z (1-\xi) E$ depending on which parton fragments into the hadron. The process is illustrated in Fig. \[fig:typical-process\] in the generic case of $g \to gg$ forward scattering, on which we focus in sections \[sec:LHP\] and \[sec:predictions\]. Note that in the c.m. frame of an elementary proton-nucleon collision, the $g \to gg$ forward scattering is interpreted as the LO $gg \to gg$ partonic subprocess.
In the target rest frame where energies are very large (transverse momenta being fixed), the gluon energy fractions $\xi$ and $1-\xi$ in the dijet are equivalent to fractions of light-cone $p^+$-momentum (with $p^+ \equiv p^0 + p^z$). The latter fractions are invariant under longitudinal boosts and are related to the rapidity difference of the outgoing gluons, \[y2y1diff\] y\_1-y\_2 = . For further use we also quote the dijet invariant mass: \[dijet-mass\] M\_\^2 = 2 K\_[\_]{}\^2(1+(y\_1-y\_2)) = .
-12mm (120,-30,15)
Compared to quarkonium production, light hadron production brings two novelties: (i) the fragmentation variable $z$ between the parent parton and the tagged hadron, and (ii) the possibility to produce the dijet in different [*color states*]{} (${\rm SU}(\Nc)$ irreducible representations). As we will see in the next section, the former does not bring any complication, whereas the latter makes the FCEL effect richer in light hadron production. Indeed, for a given $1 \to 2$ forward scattering, FCEL depends on the color state of the produced parton pair [@Arleo:2010rb]. This feature requires separating explicitly the different dijet color states in the hadron production cross section, and affecting each of these color states with a different induced energy loss.
Implementing fully coherent energy loss {#sec:rescaling}
---------------------------------------
As recalled in the Introduction, fully coherent radiation is associated with gluon formation times $\tf \gg L$. In general, calculating the induced coherent radiation spectrum associated to the production of a dijet (or multi-parton system) may be complicated. There is however a simplifying limit of this problem, namely, when the induced radiation, in addition to having a formation time $\tf \gg L$, is such that it cannot probe the dijet which thus behaves as a [*pointlike*]{} color charge. For this ‘pointlike dijet approximation’ (PDA) to hold, two conditions are a priori necessary:
At the time $\tf \sim \omega/k_{_\perp}^2$ of its emission, the induced radiation of energy $\omega$ and transverse momentum $k_{_\perp}$ must not probe the transverse size of the parton pair. The pair having a transverse expansion velocity $\sim K_{_\perp}/E$, the latter condition reads K\_[\_]{} k\_[\_]{} . Since the induced radiation $k_{_\perp}$ must also be softer than the transverse ‘kick’ $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ suffered by the dijet,[^7] we have a fortiori \[condition-1\] 1 .
The induced radiation must not probe the color charges of the dijet constituents, but only see the dijet [*global*]{} color charge. This was shown in Ref. [@Peigne:2014rka] to hold within the logarithmic accuracy[^8] \[log-accuracy\] 1 . The condition is stronger than and thus defines the validity domain of the PDA.
The PDA brings major simplifications. First of all, in the PDA the induced spectrum $\omega \, {\dd{I}_{_\R}}/{\dd \omega}$ for a dijet in color state $\R$ is obviously the same as for a pointlike color charge $C_\R$ of mass given by the dijet mass . This spectrum and the associated quenching weight $\hat{\cal P}_{_\R}$ are thus obtained from – by replacing $M_{_\perp} \to M_{\xi}$.
Similarly to the case of quarkonium production reviewed in section \[sec:quarkonium\], the quenching weight can be traded for the rescaling probability distribution ${\cal F}_{_\R}(z')$ given by (see ) \[FR-def\] [F]{}\_[\_]{}(z’)= \_[\_]{} ( ) . Since $\F_{_\R}$ depends on $\R$, in the present case the rescaling induced by FCEL must be done for each dijet color state separately. This leads us to express the cross section as an incoherent sum over the accessible dijet color states $\R$, and to introduce the probability $\rho_{_\R}$ for the dijet to be in state $\R$. The $\rho_{_\R}$’s associated to $g \to gg$ are evaluated in Appendix \[app:color-proba\], and turn out to depend solely on the energy fraction $\xi$, $\rho_{_{\R}} = \rho_{_{\R}}(\xi)$. Using $1= \sum_{\R}\, \rho_{_{\R}}(\xi)$ we thus write the cross section as \[sig-pA-0\] = \_ , where the quantity in brackets is the cross section to find a hadron of energy $E_h$ in a dijet of color state $\R$ and with energy fractions $\xi$ and $1-\xi$. Note that the latter cross section is inclusive in which parton of the dijet fragments into the tagged hadron.
Another simplification of the PDA is that the energy rescaling (by a factor $z'$) [*conserves the dijet internal structure*]{}, and in particular the energy fractions $\xi$ and $1-\xi$. The two partons thus inherit the same rescaling, and in turn the tagged hadron too, independently of the additional rescaling (by a factor $z$) inherent to the fragmentation process.[^9] As a consequence, FCEL can be implemented by replacing in , for each color state $\R$, the quantity in brackets by the similar quantity in collisions (multiplied by the atomic mass number $A$), but with $E_h$ rescaled by $z'$ with probability $\F_{_\R}(z')$, \[sig-pA-E\] = \_ \_[\_]{}() \^1\_[z’\_[min]{}]{} \_[\_]{}(z’) . Eq. generalizes used in quarkonium production to the case of light hadron production. In the PDA the energy rescaling is equivalent to applying the same rapidity shift $\delta$ to the dijet, its constituent partons, and the tagged hadron. Trading the hadron energy $E_h$ for its rapidity $y$ and using , the expression becomes \[sig-pA-y\] = \_ \_[\_]{}() \_0\^[x\_[max]{}]{} \_[\_]{}(x, \_[\_[A]{}]{}, M\_) , where $\delta = \ln{(1+x)}$, $x_{\rm max} = {\rm min}(1, e^{y_{\rm max}-y}-1)$,[^10] and the dependence of the and cross sections on the hadron $\pt$ is now explicit, as well as that of $\Phat_{_\R}$ on the broadening $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ and dijet mass $M_{\xi}$. Note that the ‘hard scale’ $K_{_\perp}$ to be used in the expression of $M_{\xi}$ (see ) reads $K_{_\perp} = \pt/z$, to account for the rescaling of momenta in the fragmentation process. In our approach, the momentum fraction $z$ of the tagged hadron w.r.t. its parent parton is treated as a parameter, see section \[sec:procedure\]. Eq. generalizes to light hadron production, and will be used in the following to predict the effect of FCEL on the light hadron nuclear modification factor $R_{\pA}$. We have checked that the typical values of $x$ contributing to fulfill the condition , thus justifying the PDA and the above implementation of FCEL.
Let us note that the and cross sections appearing in are evaluated at the [*same*]{} $\pt$. There are two reasons for that. First, as explained in the Introduction, our goal is to single out FCEL, and in we thus neglect the shift in $\pt$ due to nuclear broadening in vs .[^11] Second, the FCEL effect itself can in principle affect the transverse momenta of the dijet constituents, and thus induce a difference between the hadron $\pt$ in the and cross sections. However, this effect should be neglected in the PDA, where in addition to the internal energy fraction $\xi$, the dijet invariant mass must be conserved. As a consequence, $K_{_\perp}$ and thus $\pt = z K_{_\perp}$ are conserved.
To conclude this section, let us stress that our implementation of FCEL consists in a different organization of the perturbative expansion as compared to next-to-leading order (NLO) approaches evaluating absolute cross sections (see Refs. [@Chirilli:2011km; @Kang:2014lha; @Ducloue:2016shw] for single inclusive hadron and Refs. [@Fujii:2013gxa; @Ducloue:2015gfa; @Ma:2015sia] for quarkonium production). These studies in principle account for the induced radiation of a single gluon, as part of all NLO corrections. In our approach, the induced radiation is resummed to all orders through the expression of the quenching weight. This should be meaningful when the spectrum cannot be viewed as a genuine NLO correction, , when $\alpha_s \ln{(E^2 \ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}^2 / \omega^2 K_{_\perp}^2)} \gsim \morder{1}$, consistently with the logarithmic accuracy used in our study.
Nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm pA}$ {#sec:RpA}
----------------------------------------
The nuclear suppression of a light hadron $h$, in minimum bias collisions as compared to collisions, is commonly represented by the ratio \[RpA-1\] R\_\^[h]{}(y,) = [ / ]{} , where $y$ is the hadron rapidity in the c.m. frame of an elementary proton–nucleon collision.
Using we obtain \[RpA-y\] R\_\^[h]{}(y,) = \_ \_0\^[x\_[max]{}]{} \_[\_[y+, ]{} ]{} , where $\ave{ \ }_{_{y, \, \pt}}$ denotes the $\xi$-average in dijet events where a hadron of rapidity $y$ and transverse momentum $\pt$ is produced, namely, \[ave-proba\] \_[\_[y, ]{}]{} f() g\_[\_[y, ]{}]{}() ; g\_[\_[y, ]{}]{}() = .
The functions $\Phat_{_\R}$ and $\rho_{_{\R}}$ being defined in Appendices \[app:quenching\] and \[app:color-proba\], the factor $\ave{\rho_{_{\R}} \Phat_{_\R}}$ in could in principle be evaluated knowing the triple ($y$, $\pt$, $\xi$) differential cross section, within collinear factorization once a given set of PDFs and fragmentation functions is chosen. In order to minimize the number of model assumptions, we will instead use the following procedure.
From the (generalized) mean value theorem, given some $\xi$-average $\ave{ \ }$ defined using a probability density $g(\xi)$, for any continuous function $f(\xi)$ there is a value $\bar{\xi}$ (belonging to the support of $g(\xi)$) such that $\ave{f(\xi)} = f(\bar{\xi})$. The nuclear modification factor can thus be written as \[RpA-y-master\] R\_\^[h]{}(y, , |) = \_ \_[\_]{}(|) R\_\^(y, , |) , 2.5cm &&\
\[RpA-yR\] R\_\^(y, ,|) = \_0\^[x\_[max]{}]{} \_[\_]{}(x, \_[\_[A]{}]{}, M\_[|]{}) . 0.5cm && Thus, $R_{\pA}^{h}$ is the color average (over the accessible dijet color states $\R$) of the modification factors $R_{\pA}^{\R}$, corresponding to a hadron produced from a dijet in state $\R$. The uncertainty associated to the choice of the parameter $\bar{\xi}$ will be estimated by varying $\bar{\xi}$ in the support interval of $g_{_{y, \pt}}(\xi)$ defined in . The latter will be chosen as the interval $[0.25,0.75]$, motivated by experimental measurements as discussed in section \[sec:procedure\]. The above procedure avoids the calculation of $\ave{\rho_{_{\R}} \Phat_{_\R}}$ appearing in at relatively low cost since the uncertainty band associated to the variation of $\bar{\xi}$ turns out to be quite narrow (see section \[sec:predictions\] and Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\]).
We conclude this section by noting that in some special cases of partonic processes, the FCEL spectrum is negative (namely, when $F_c < 0$, see –), corresponding to an induced energy [*gain*]{} in relative to collisions. Then should be replaced by . R\_\^(y, ,|) |\_[gain]{}= \_0\^[x\_[max]{}]{} (1+x) \_[\_]{}(x, \_[\_[A]{}]{}, M\_[|]{}) , \[RpA-yR-gain\] where $x_{\rm max} = {\rm min}(1, e^{y_{\rm max}+y}-1)$, and $\Phat_{_\R}$ is associated to the [*opposite*]{} of the radiation spectrum and understood as an energy gain probability density. Eq. is obtained as follows. In the case of energy gain, the sign of the energy shift (see ) is changed, $E+\varepsilon \to E-\varepsilon$, the rescaling variable $\frac{1}{z'} = \frac{E+\varepsilon}{E} = 1+x$ (see ) becomes $\frac{1}{z'} = 1-x \simeq \frac{1}{1+x}$, and the rapidity shift $\delta = \ln{\frac{1}{z'}} = \ln{(1+x)}$ in thus comes with a minus sign.
Eq. applies for instance to the case of the $q \to qg$ forward process (discussed in section \[sec:qg\]) when the final $qg$ pair is effectively pointlike and color triplet, $\R = {\bf 3}$. Indeed, the color factor then reads $F_c = 2 C_F - \Nc = -1/\Nc <0$. A physical interpretation of fully coherent energy [*gain*]{} for $q \to q$ scattering can be found in Ref. [@Peigne:2014uha].
FCEL baseline predictions {#sec:predictions}
=========================
We now evaluate the light hadron nuclear suppression due to the sole FCEL effect, based on Eqs. -. In the present section, we assume $g\to gg$ forward scattering to be dominant, which is a reasonable assumption at the LHC, as recalled in section \[sec:subprocesses\]. The procedure to compute $R_{\pA}^{\R}(y, \pt)$ (for each dijet color state $\R$) and the hadron nuclear modification factor $R_{\pA}^h(y, \pt)$, as well as their associated uncertainties, is presented in section \[sec:procedure\]. Results in collisions at the LHC will be shown in section \[sec:LHC-pheno\], and compared to available experimental data in section \[sec:predictions-vs-data\].
Partonic subprocess {#sec:subprocesses}
-------------------
Eqs. and have been derived in section \[sec:LHP\] assuming $g\to gg$ forward scattering, but obviously allow for computing the hadron nuclear modification factor $R_{\pA}^h(y, \pt)$ for any given underlying process (, $q\to qg$, $g\to q\bar{q}$, …). The [*observable*]{} modification factor could be then obtained by averaging the latter $R_{\pA}^h$’s, with weights given by the relative contributions of each subprocess to the inclusive hadron production cross section. Those weights could in principle be accessed through fixed-order perturbative QCD calculations, but may differ from one calculation to another depending on the choice of factorization scales, parton distributions and fragmentation functions. In practice, however, hadron production at the LHC is dominated by gluon-initiated processes at not too large $\pt$ ($\pt\lesssim50$ GeV) and not too large rapidity ($|y| \lesssim 2$ at $\pt=25$ GeV) [@Sassot:2010bh], thanks to the huge gluon flux in the projectile and target at small values of $x_{_1}$ and $x_{_2}$. In addition, light hadron production proceeds predominantly by gluon rather than quark fragmentation [@Sassot:2010bh].
For these reasons, the hadron nuclear modification factor in collisions at the LHC is determined in the present section assuming the sole $g\to gg$ partonic subprocess, which should be a solid assumption around mid-rapidity. Moreover, we expect the FCEL effect to be qualitatively similar for all partonic subprocesses. In order to illustrate this point, we will give in section \[app:other-processes\] our predictions assuming the $q\to qg$ and $g\to q\bar{q}$ channels. The $q\to qg$ channel is interesting in itself because it becomes important, or even dominant, at $y \gtrsim 3$–$4$, where the projectile hadron is probed at higher momentum fraction, $x_{_1} \propto e^y$, leading to a significant contribution of quark-induced processes.
It will be important for phenomenology to quantify the FCEL effect in the general case where several partonic processes are of comparable importance in a given rapidity region. This is briefly discussed in section \[sec:discussion\] and will be the subject of a future study.
Parameters and theoretical uncertainties {#sec:procedure}
----------------------------------------
The calculation of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ follows the procedure developed for quarkonium studies in Refs. [@Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua; @Arleo:2014oha]. The goal is to determine hadron suppression with the least number of assumptions and parameters, the latter being then varied for a proper determination of theoretical uncertainties.
In order to minimize the model dependence, the double differential cross section $\dd\sigma_{\pp}^{h}/\dd y \, \dd \pt$ entering is not taken from theory but determined from a fit to the data. A simple functional form using few parameters allows for an accurate description of the cross section, see Appendix \[app-ppfits\]. Since involves a cross section *ratio*, only one of these parameters, namely $n$ in Eq. , proves necessary for the calculation of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$. The value used here, $n=15\pm 5$, is determined from a fit to CMS pPb data at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV [@Khachatryan:2015xaa]. As the only theoretical input in is the quenching weight $\Phat_{_\R}$, our calculation of hadron suppression expected from FCEL is directly sensitive to the induced gluon spectrum – determined from first principles.
The average over the gluon pair (more generally, dijet) color states has a smooth dependence on the parameter $\bar{\xi}$. The default value chosen for $\bar{\xi}$ corresponds to the symmetric configuration of two jets of equal rapidity, leading to $\bar{\xi}=0.5$, which is most likely according to dihadron correlation measurements in collisions at the LHC [@Khachatryan:2016txc]. The uncertainty associated to the choice of $\bar{\xi}$ is estimated by varying $\bar{\xi}$ by half its default value, $\bar{\xi}=0.50\pm0.25$,[^12] which corresponds to a rapidity difference between the two back-to-back jets of approximately $\Delta y=\pm \ln(\bar{\xi}/(1-\bar{\xi}))\simeq \pm1$ unit.
The (average) momentum fraction $z$ of the fragmenting parton carried away by the measured hadron depends on the shape of fragmentation functions (and on the hadron species), which are still poorly known. Based on NLO calculations of hadron production at the LHC [@Sassot:2010bh], we use $z = 0.7 \pm 0.2$ in the calculations to come.
Finally, the central value of the transport coefficient $\hat{q}_{_0}$ is set to $\qhat_{_0} = 0.075$ GeV$^2$/fm (as in Refs. [@Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua; @Arleo:2014oha]), determined from a fit to E866 $\jpsi$ suppression data. The associated uncertainty is determined by varying $\hat{q}_{_0}$ in the range $0.07$–$0.09$ GeV$^2$/fm [@Arleo:2012rs].[^13]
In order to estimate the theoretical uncertainties, these quantities are varied around their central value, $S^0\equiv\{n, \bar{\xi}, z, \hat{q}_{_0}\}$. On top of the central prediction assuming $S^0$, predictions will be made with the sets of parameters $S_k^\pm \equiv \{p_k^\pm, p_{{i\neq k}}^{}\}$, where the $k^{\rm th}$ parameter is set to its minimal ($p_k^-$) or maximal ($p_k^+$) value, while the other parameters are fixed to their central values.
Assuming that the parameters are uncorrelated, the uncertainty band of our predictions is determined using the Hessian method [@Pumplin:2001ct] (as in [@Arleo:2014oha]) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:errors}
\left(\Delta R_{\pA}^+\right)^2 & = & \sum_k \left[ \max\left\{ R_{\pA}(S^+_k)-R_{\pA}(S^0), R_{\pA}(S^-_k)-R_{\pA}(S^0),0 \right\} \right]^2 \ , \nonumber\\
\left(\Delta R_{\pA}^-\right)^2 & = & \sum_k \left[ \max\left\{ R_{\pA}(S^0)-R_{\pA}(S^+_k), R_{\pA}(S^0)-R_{\pA}(S^-_k),0 \right\} \right]^2 \ ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\{n, n^-, n^+\}=\{15, 10, 20\}$, $\{\bar{\xi},\bar{\xi}^-,\bar{\xi}^+\}=\{0.50,0.25,0.75\}$, $\{z,z^-,z^+\}=\{0.7,0.5,0.9\}$, and (in unit GeV$^2$/fm) $\{\hat{q}_{_0}, \hat{q}_{_0}^-, \hat{q}_{_0}^+\}=\{0.075, 0.07, 0.09\}$. In the next section we will display (see Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\]) the individual contributions $R_{\pA}(S_k^\pm)$ to the total theoretical uncertainty defined in .
Finally, as in Ref. [@Arleo:2012rs] we will use $\alpha_s=0.5$ for the strong coupling constant,[^14] $L_{_\textnormal{Pb}}=10.11$ fm for the average path length in the lead nucleus (determined using realistic nuclear density profiles), and $L_{_\textnormal{p}}=1.5$ fm for that in a proton.
Results in pPb collisions at the LHC {#sec:LHC-pheno}
------------------------------------
Calculations of light hadron suppression in pPb collisions at current top LHC energy, $\sqrt{s}=8.16$ TeV, are shown here as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity. Although somewhat academic, it is instructive to first discuss the nuclear production ratio for a final gluon pair in a given color state ($R_{\pA}^{\R}$ given by ), and then obtain the ‘inclusive’ hadron suppression through the average over color states.
In Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (left) we show the rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ at fixed $\pt=2$ GeV, for the three color states $\R={\bf 1}, {\bf 8}, {\bf 27}$. (At leading-order, the probability for the $gg$ pair to be in the decuplet state $\R={\bf 10 \oplus \overline{10}}$ vanishes, see Appendix \[app-g2gg-case\].) When the $gg$ final state is color singlet, the fully coherent induced gluon spectrum vanishes, hence no FCEL effect is expected in this case, $R_{\pA}^{{\bf 1}}=1$. More interesting is the suppression of the octet $gg$ final state, $R_{\pA}^{\bf 8}<1$, which is predicted in the entire rapidity range considered here, $-6<y<6$. The shape is reminiscent of the suppression predicted for quarkonium in Ref. [@Arleo:2012rs]. At $y=0$, the nuclear production ratio is $R_{\pA}^{{\bf 8}}\simeq 0.9$, while the suppression is stronger at larger rapidity, $R_{\pA}^{\bf 8}\simeq 0.6$ at $y=6$, due to the cross section steeply falling at large $y$. Note that the steeply [*rising*]{} cross section at very backward rapidity leads to a slight enhancement $R_{\pA}^{\bf 8}>1$ below $y\simeq-6$. For the 27-plet $gg$ final state, the suppression expected from FCEL follows the same pattern, but is more pronounced than for the octet state, due to the larger Casimir, $C_{27}=2\,(\Nc+1)$, in the prefactor of the induced gluon spectrum. Shown as a dashed line is the color-averaged nuclear production ratio (obtained using the probabilities given in ),[^15] which we now discuss in more detail.
![Left: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$, Eq. , at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $g\to (gg)_{_\R}$ channel for $\R={\bf 1}$ (green line), $\R={\bf 8}$ (red line), and $\R={\bf 27}$ (blue line). The color-averaged nuclear modification factor $R_{\pA}^{h}$, Eq. , is shown for $\bar{\xi}=1/2$ (dashed black line). Right: $R_{\pA}^{h}$ as a function of $y$ and associated uncertainty band, for different values of $\pt$. Calculations are done at $\sqrt{s}=8.16$ TeV in the $g\to gg$ channel.[]{data-label="fig-RpA-gg"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gg_y_irrep "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Left: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$, Eq. , at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $g\to (gg)_{_\R}$ channel for $\R={\bf 1}$ (green line), $\R={\bf 8}$ (red line), and $\R={\bf 27}$ (blue line). The color-averaged nuclear modification factor $R_{\pA}^{h}$, Eq. , is shown for $\bar{\xi}=1/2$ (dashed black line). Right: $R_{\pA}^{h}$ as a function of $y$ and associated uncertainty band, for different values of $\pt$. Calculations are done at $\sqrt{s}=8.16$ TeV in the $g\to gg$ channel.[]{data-label="fig-RpA-gg"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gg_y_variouspt "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}
![Nuclear modification factor as a function of $\pt$ for different values of $y$. Calculations are done at $\sqrt{s}=8.16$ TeV in the $g\to gg$ channel.[]{data-label="fig-RPA-pt"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gg_pt_variousy){width="7.5cm"}
The light hadron suppression is shown in Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (right) as a function of $y$. The shape of $R_{\pA}^{h}$ at $\pt=2$ GeV is discussed above. Because of the specific dependence of the induced spectrum in $K_{_\perp} = \pt / z$ (recall that in the PDA we have $M_{_\perp} \to M_{\bar{\xi}} = K_{_\perp}/\sqrt{\bar{\xi}(1-\bar{\xi})}$ in –, see section \[sec:rescaling\]), FCEL effects weaken at larger $\pt$, as can be seen when comparing the predictions at $\pt=2$ GeV and $\pt=6$ GeV. In the latter case, the shape is similar and the suppression is more moderate, except at very large rapidity, $y \gtrsim 5$, where the effects of the slope of the cross section are larger at higher $\pt$ due to the more restricted phase space. Similarly, the enhancement already mentioned at very backward rapidity is now clearly visible below $y\simeq-5$. The $\pt$ dependence of the nuclear production ratio shown in Fig. \[fig-RPA-pt\] can be simply understood, as $R_{\pA}^{h}$ approaches unity at large $\pt$ due to the scale dependence of the induced gluon spectrum. At $y=5$ however, the suppression appears to flatten for $\pt > 5$ GeV, the effect of the scale dependence being compensated by the strong phase space restriction when the rapidity and transverse momentum are both large.
![Left: Individual contributions $R_{\pA}(S_k^{\pm})$ to the uncertainty of $R_{\pA}$ at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $g\to gg$ channel. Calculations are shown for maximal (dash-dotted lines) and minimal (dashed lines) values of $z$ (blue), $\bar{\xi}$ (green), $n$ (red), and $\hat{q}_{_0}$ (purple). The filled band corresponds to the total uncertainty defined by . Right: Relative uncertainty $R_{\pA}(S_k^{\pm})/R_{\pA}(S_{}^{0})$.[]{data-label="fig-uncertainties"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gg_pt200_curves "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Left: Individual contributions $R_{\pA}(S_k^{\pm})$ to the uncertainty of $R_{\pA}$ at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $g\to gg$ channel. Calculations are shown for maximal (dash-dotted lines) and minimal (dashed lines) values of $z$ (blue), $\bar{\xi}$ (green), $n$ (red), and $\hat{q}_{_0}$ (purple). The filled band corresponds to the total uncertainty defined by . Right: Relative uncertainty $R_{\pA}(S_k^{\pm})/R_{\pA}(S_{}^{0})$.[]{data-label="fig-uncertainties"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gg_pt200_reluncertainties "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}
We now discuss the theoretical uncertainties. As discussed in section \[sec:procedure\], the uncertainty of our predictions comes from the independent variations of $n$, $\bar{\xi}$, $z$ and $\hat{q}_{_0}$, resulting in the bands shown in Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (right) and Fig. \[fig-RPA-pt\]. In order to give a feeling on the contributions from each parameter variation to the total uncertainty, the curves for $R_{\pA}(S^+_k)$ (dash-dotted) and $R_{\pA}(S^-_k)$ (dashed) are shown individually in Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\] (left), as a function of rapidity at fixed $\pt=2$ GeV. In most of the rapidity range, the upper uncertainty on $R_{\pA}^h$ from the (lower) variation of $z$, $\bar{\xi}$ and $\hat{q}_{_0}$ has a similar magnitude, while the variation of $n$ only contributes to the total uncertainty at very forward/backward rapidities, $|y|\gtrsim5$. The lower uncertainty of $R_{\pA}^h$ is dominated by the (upper) variation of $z$, except again at large $|y|$ where the influence of $n$ becomes the largest. This can also be seen in Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\] (right) showing the individual ratios $R_{\pA}(S^\pm_k)/R_{\pA}(S^0)$ quantifying the relative uncertainty. Remarkably, the uncertainty remains very small, at the level of a few percent around mid-rapidity (and at most 15% at the largest rapidity considered, $y=6$).
We stress that the smallness of FCEL relative uncertainties is expected within our approach, since FCEL is fully determined within perturbative QCD. Moreover, the parameters $\bar{\xi}$, $z$, and $\hat{q}_{_0}$ enter the induced gluon spectrum only through the product $\hat{q}_{_0}\,z^2\,\bar{\xi} (1-\bar{\xi})$ in the argument of a logarithm. This logarithm turns out to be large, consistently with the accuracy of our approach. Varying the parameters by about $\pm 50\%$ therefore leads to variations which are formally beyond the leading logarithm, resulting in a narrow uncertainty band. As for the parameter $n$, its variation affects negligibly the predictions, except at very large $|y|$ where it dominates the total relative uncertainty (see Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\]), which however remains moderate.
Comparison to data {#sec:predictions-vs-data}
------------------
Let us now compare the FCEL expectations to the measurements of light hadron suppression in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV by the ALICE experiment [@Adam:2016dau; @Acharya:2018hzf].
The measured nuclear production ratio is shown in Fig. \[fig-RPA-data\] for $\pi^\pm$ (top left), $\pi^0$ (top right), $K^\pm$ (bottom left), and $p/\bar{p}$ (bottom right) production, as a function of $\pt$. In each panel of Fig. \[fig-RPA-data\], we superimpose our prediction for the nuclear production ratio expected from the sole FCEL effect.[^16] Let us note that in our approach, the suppression of different (light) hadron species is expected to be similar. Indeed, although some differences could arise from a significantly different shape of the pp cross section or a different fragmentation pattern, such differences should lie within the theoretical uncertainty band which includes the uncertainties associated with the variation of $n$ and $z$.
![Nuclear modification factor in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV (red band) in comparison to ALICE charged pion data (top left) [@Adam:2016dau], neutral pion data (top right) [@Acharya:2018hzf], charged kaon data (bottom left) [@Adam:2016dau], and proton/antiproton data (bottom right) [@Adam:2016dau]. The baseline calculation assuming FCEL effects only is done in the $g\to gg$ channel and at $y=0$.[]{data-label="fig-RPA-data"}](figs/h_ppb_5020_gg_alicepipmdata "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Nuclear modification factor in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV (red band) in comparison to ALICE charged pion data (top left) [@Adam:2016dau], neutral pion data (top right) [@Acharya:2018hzf], charged kaon data (bottom left) [@Adam:2016dau], and proton/antiproton data (bottom right) [@Adam:2016dau]. The baseline calculation assuming FCEL effects only is done in the $g\to gg$ channel and at $y=0$.[]{data-label="fig-RPA-data"}](figs/h_ppb_5020_gg_alicepi0data "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}\
![Nuclear modification factor in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV (red band) in comparison to ALICE charged pion data (top left) [@Adam:2016dau], neutral pion data (top right) [@Acharya:2018hzf], charged kaon data (bottom left) [@Adam:2016dau], and proton/antiproton data (bottom right) [@Adam:2016dau]. The baseline calculation assuming FCEL effects only is done in the $g\to gg$ channel and at $y=0$.[]{data-label="fig-RPA-data"}](figs/h_ppb_5020_gg_alicekapmdata "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Nuclear modification factor in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV (red band) in comparison to ALICE charged pion data (top left) [@Adam:2016dau], neutral pion data (top right) [@Acharya:2018hzf], charged kaon data (bottom left) [@Adam:2016dau], and proton/antiproton data (bottom right) [@Adam:2016dau]. The baseline calculation assuming FCEL effects only is done in the $g\to gg$ channel and at $y=0$.[]{data-label="fig-RPA-data"}](figs/h_ppb_5020_gg_aliceprotdata "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}
This [*baseline*]{} prediction – assuming only FCEL effects – proves to be in good agreement with ALICE measurements of pions and kaons.[^17] In particular, the data sometimes attributed to saturation [@Tribedy:2011aa; @Albacete:2012xq; @Rezaeian:2012ye; @Lappi:2013zma], nPDF effects [@Helenius:2012wd], and Cronin effect with initial-state energy loss [@Kang:2012kc], are well reproduced here by fully coherent energy loss alone. Since the uncertainties of the FCEL baseline prediction are small (as discussed in the end of section \[sec:LHC-pheno\]) and significantly smaller than those of the measurements, taking into account FCEL should therefore provide strict constraints on other physical processes. Unlike meson production, FCEL alone is clearly not sufficient to explain proton/antiproton data, which exhibit a significant enhancement reminiscent of the Cronin effect above $\pt\gtrsim2$ GeV.
It would be interesting to compare the present baseline predictions at large rapidity, where FCEL effects become the strongest (see Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\], right). Such measurements could be performed in the near future by the LHCb experiment in the rapidity region $2 < y < 4.5$ [@Aaij:2014pza]. Measurements at even larger rapidities by the LHCf experiment, $y > 8.8$, should also be sensitive to FCEL, although the $\pt$ coverage in the present data, $\pt\lesssim0.8$ GeV [@Adriani:2015iwv], is limited and barely perturbative.
Other partonic subprocesses {#app:other-processes}
===========================
The results discussed in section \[sec:predictions\] have been obtained assuming that hadron production in collisions at LHC is dominated by $g\to gg$ forward scattering (see Fig. \[fig:typical-process\]), which as mentioned in section \[sec:subprocesses\] is a sensible assumption at mid-rapidity. Here we present the FCEL baseline predictions obtained assuming $q \to qg$ (section \[sec:qg\]) and $g \to q \bar{q}$ (section \[sec:qqb\]). As we shall see, these predictions are qualitatively similar to those obtained for $g \to gg$.
{#sec:qg}
As for $g\to gg$, the light hadron suppression in the $q\to qg$ channel is computed from , but with now the accessible color states of the final $qg$ pair being $\R= {\bf 3}, {\bf \bar{6}}, {\bf 15}$. The corresponding probabilities $\rho_{_\R}(\xi)$ are given in of Appendix \[app:color-proba\].
The rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ is shown in Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] (left) at fixed $\pt=2$ GeV, for the three color states. The shape of $R_{\pA}^{\,{\bf \bar{6}}}$ and $R_{\pA}^{{\bf 15}}$ is similar to that of $R_{\pA}^{\,{\bf 8}}$ and $R_{\pA}^{{\bf 27}}$ in the $g\to gg$ channel, see Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (left). The suppression is however less pronounced due to smaller color prefactors in the induced gluon spectrum, $F_c^{{\bf \bar{6}}} /F_c^{{\bf 8}}= 5/9$ and $F_c^{{\bf 15}} /F_c^{{\bf 27}} = 11/24$.
![Left: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $q\to (qg)_{_\R}$ channel for $\R={\bf 3}$ (green line), $\R={\bf \bar{6}}$ (red line), $\R={\bf 15}$ (blue line). The color-averaged nuclear production ratio, $R_{\pA}^{h}$, is shown for $\bar{\xi}=1/2$ (dashed black line). Right: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{h}$ at $\pt=2$ GeV (blue band) and $\pt=6$ GeV (red band) in the $q\to qg$ channel.[]{data-label="fig-RpA-qg"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_qg_y_irrep "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Left: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ at $\pt = 2$ GeV, in the $q\to (qg)_{_\R}$ channel for $\R={\bf 3}$ (green line), $\R={\bf \bar{6}}$ (red line), $\R={\bf 15}$ (blue line). The color-averaged nuclear production ratio, $R_{\pA}^{h}$, is shown for $\bar{\xi}=1/2$ (dashed black line). Right: Rapidity dependence of $R_{\pA}^{h}$ at $\pt=2$ GeV (blue band) and $\pt=6$ GeV (red band) in the $q\to qg$ channel.[]{data-label="fig-RpA-qg"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_qg_y_variouspt "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}
As mentioned after Eq. , when the final $qg$ pair is a color triplet, $\R={\bf 3}$, lesser (fully coherent) radiation is expected in pA with respect to pp collisions, due to a negative color prefactor in this case. This induced [*energy gain*]{} leads to $R_{\pA}^{{\bf 3}}>1$, as can be seen in Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] (left, green solid line). This enhancement is, however, modest since the color prefactor is small, $F_c=-1/\Nc$. It becomes more pronounced at larger rapidity, due to the steepness of the pp cross section: even a small energy gain shifting the rapidity from $y$ to $y - \delta < y$ in Eq. can lead to a significant enhancement.
The uncertainty band for the ‘inclusive’ nuclear production ratio $R_{\pA}^h$, obtained using the procedure described in section \[sec:procedure\], is shown in Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] (right) for $\pt=2$ GeV and $\pt=6$ GeV. It is qualitatively similar to that in the $g\to gg$ channel, see Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (right).
{#sec:qqb}
In the $g\to q\bar{q}$ channel, the possible $q\bar{q}$ color states are $\R= {\bf 1}, {\bf 8}$. The probabilities $\rho_{_\R}(\xi)$ to be used in are given in Eq. .
The nuclear production ratios $R_{\pA}^{\R}$ for $\R= {\bf 1}, {\bf 8}$ are shown in Fig. \[fig-RpA-qqb\] (left). They obviously coincide with those obtained for the same final color states in the $g\to gg$ channel, see Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (left). The difference between the $g\to q\bar{q}$ and $g\to gg$ channels appears for the color-averaged nuclear production ratio $R_{\pA}^h$, see the dashed lines in Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (left) and Fig. \[fig-RpA-qqb\] (left), since $\R={\bf 27}$ is only accessible in the latter channel (and the probabilities $\rho_{_\R}(\xi)$ for $\R= {\bf 1}, {\bf 8}$ are also different in the two channels). As a consequence, the resulting hadron suppression is slightly less pronounced in the $g\to q\bar{q}$ channel.
![Same as Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] in the $g \to q\bar{q}$ channel ($\R={\bf 1}, {\bf 8}$).[]{data-label="fig-RpA-qqb"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gq_y_irrep "fig:"){width="7.5cm"} ![Same as Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] in the $g \to q\bar{q}$ channel ($\R={\bf 1}, {\bf 8}$).[]{data-label="fig-RpA-qqb"}](figs/h_ppb_8160_gq_y_variouspt "fig:"){width="7.5cm"}
In Fig. \[fig-RpA-qqb\] (right) we show $R_{\pA}^h$ as a function of $y$, for $\pt=2$ GeV and $\pt=6$ GeV, after taking into account theoretical uncertainties. We see that $R_{\pA}^h$ exhibits the same characteristic shape as in the $g\to gg$ and $q \to qg$ channels. Surprisingly, the uncertainty band in Fig. \[fig-RpA-qqb\] (right) proves narrower than in the other channels, which is due to a numerical coincidence. When $\bar{\xi}$ deviates from its central value $\bar{\xi} = 0.5$, both the $q\bar{q}$ invariant mass and effective color charge (see Fig. \[fig-probas\], right) increase, the former effect leading to lesser suppression, the latter to stronger suppression. It turns out that these two effects almost perfectly balance in the $g\to q\bar{q}$ channel, making $R_{\pA}^h$ almost independent of $\bar{\xi}$, resulting in a reduced overall theoretical uncertainty.
Discussion and outlook {#sec:discussion}
======================
The production of all hadron species in pA collisions is expected to be affected by FCEL [@Arleo:2010rb]. In this work, calculations of the light hadron nuclear production ratio are provided in pPb collisions at top LHC energy, $\sqrt{s}=8.16$ TeV, in order to provide FCEL baseline predictions taking only this effect into account. Interestingly, the predictions at $y=0$ (for $g \to gg$ forward scattering) agree well with the $\pt$ dependence of $R_{\pA}$ of mesons measured by ALICE at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV (while a significant deviation is observed in the case of $p/\bar{p}$ production).
The suppression due to FCEL alone appears to be of the same order of magnitude as nPDF [@Helenius:2012wd] or saturation [@Tribedy:2011aa; @Albacete:2012xq; @Rezaeian:2012ye; @Lappi:2013zma] effects at mid-rapidity. These observations indicate that FCEL should be taken into account in phenomenological interpretations of the pA data, and in particular in nPDF global fit analyses using hadron production data in pA collisions. All the more so as the uncertainties of the FCEL baseline predictions are very small, only 4% at mid-rapidity (see section \[sec:LHC-pheno\]), much smaller than the uncertainty of the predictions of nPDF or saturation effects. As an illustration, we have estimated the nPDF relative uncertainty at mid-rapidity, using nCTEQ15 [@Kovarik:2015cma] and EPPS16 [@Eskola:2016oht] nPDF sets, to be 25% and 40% at $\pt=2$ GeV, respectively. Note that the smallness of FCEL uncertainties is expected from the variation of parameters affecting the induced gluon spectrum beyond the leading logarithm.
In order to properly predict FCEL effects away from the mid-rapidity region, one would need to consider other partonic processes eventually overcoming the $g \to gg$ process considered in section \[sec:predictions\]. A first step in this direction has been made in section \[app:other-processes\], where we computed the nuclear production ratio from FCEL effects in the $g \to q \bar{q}$ and $q \to qg$ channels, the latter being particularly relevant for hadron production at large forward rapidity. Note that the $a \to bc$ forward scatterings considered in our study correspond to the $2 \to 2$ partonic processes $a + g_{_\textnormal{A}} \to bc$ when viewed in the proton-nucleon c.m. frame, $g_{_\textnormal{A}}$ denoting the gluon from the target nucleus. The three channels considered should thus be relevant when the nucleus content is dominated by gluons, , at small $\xtwo$, corresponding to the range of mid to large [*positive*]{} hadron rapidities. We have found qualitatively similar results in the three channels. Our results thus provide a conservative uncertainty band for FCEL effects in light hadron nuclear suppression at mid and positive rapidities at LHC.
The $g\to q\bar{q}$ channel can be directly generalized to the production of [*massive*]{} quarks, $g \to Q\bar{Q}$, relevant to open heavy flavour production in pPb collisions. The effects of FCEL in this process, recently measured at forward rapidity by LHCb [@Aaij:2019lkm; @LHCb:2019dpz], will be computed in a future study.
In order to eventually include FCEL in nPDF global fit analyses, we envisage computing systematically FCEL effects at all rapidities in a perturbative QCD calculation of hadron production in collisions. First, the FCEL calculation presented here should be extended to all possible LO processes (as for instance $g q_{_\textnormal{A}} \to q g$, with $q_{_\textnormal{A}}$ a quark from the target nucleus, a channel coming into play at sufficiently backward rapidities). FCEL could then be implemented in a leading-order QCD calculation yielding the relative weights of partonic channels. This program could be also achieved at NLO using FCEL associated to $1\to 3$ forward scattering [@Peigne:2014rka] and NLO calculations of hadron production.
This work is funded by “Agence Nationale de la Recherche”, grant ANR-COLDLOSS (ANR-18-CE31-0024-02).
Induced coherent radiation spectrum and quenching weight {#app:quenching}
========================================================
The induced coherent radiation spectrum ${\dd I}/{\dd\omega}$ (together with the associated FCEL quenching weight) is a central quantity in our study. The spectrum associated to $1 \to 1$ forward scattering was previously derived and discussed in Refs. [@Arleo:2010rb; @Arleo:2012rs; @Peigne:2014uha; @Munier:2016oih]. For a generic $1 \to 1$ forward scattering where the incoming parton, outgoing particle, and $t$-channel exchange carry the (Casimir) color charges $C_{\textnormal{in}}$, $C_\R$ and $C_t$ respectively, the coherent radiation spectrum is given by[^18] && -1cm = F\_c { - } , \[dIR\]\
\
&& F\_c = C\_[[in]{.nodecor}]{} + C\_- C\_t . \[color-rule\] The [*induced*]{} spectrum is defined for a target nucleus A with respect to a target proton p, and thus vanishes when A$=$p. In , $\omega$ and $E$ are the energies of the induced radiation and incoming parton, $M_{_\perp}$ is the transverse mass of the outgoing particle, and $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ (resp. $\ell_{_{\perp \rm p}}$) denotes the transverse momentum broadening (to be precisely defined below) across a target nucleus A (resp. target proton p).
The associated quenching weight as a function of the energy loss $\varepsilon$ reads [@Arleo:2012rs] \[qw-R\] [P]{}\_[\_]{}(, E) = { - \_\^ } = { - \_\^ } \_[\_]{} ( ) , where $\hat{\cal P}_{_\R}$ is a scaling function of the ratio $x \equiv \varepsilon/E$. Using this function can be expressed explicitly in terms of the dilogarithm ${\rm Li}_2(u) = - \int_0^u \frac{\dd v}{v} \ln(1-v)$, \[quenching-dilog\] \_[\_]{} (x, \_[\_[A]{}]{}, M\_[\_]{} ) = {F\_c } , where the dependence of $\Phat_{_\R}$ on $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ and $M_{_\perp}$ is now emphasized.
The nuclear broadening $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ is the broadening of the radiated gluon across the target (as can be inferred from Ref. [@Peigne:2014uha]). It is related to the average path length $L_{_{\rm A}}$ in the target nucleus, \[gluon-broad\] \_[\_[A]{}]{}\^2 = \_[\_[A]{.nodecor}]{} L\_[\_[A]{}]{} , where $\qhat_{_\textnormal{A}}$ is the transport coefficient in cold nuclear matter. Being proportional to the gluon distribution in the nuclear target [@Baier:1996sk], it can be parametrized as [@Arleo:2012rs] \[qhat-x\] \_[\_[A]{.nodecor}]{} \_[\_0]{} ( )\^[0.3]{} ; \_[\_2]{} = (x\_[\_0]{}, ) ; x\_[\_0]{} . In , the parameter $\hat{q}_{_0} \equiv \hat{q}_{_\textnormal{A}}(\tilde{x}_{_2}=10^{-2})$ is already known from $\jpsi$ nuclear suppression data at fixed-target collision energies (as recalled in section \[sec:procedure\]), and $\xtwo$ is the longitudinal momentum fraction of the target gluon (normalized by the nucleus mass number $A$) participating to the partonic subprocess as viewed in the c.m. frame. The variable $\tilde{x}_{_2} = \min(x_{_0}, \xtwo)$ occurs because $\hat{q}_{_\textnormal{A}}$ should be evaluated at $\tilde{x}_{_2} \sim \xtwo$ when the hard subprocess is coherent over the nucleus, but at $\tilde{x}_{_2} \sim x_{_0}$ when it is incoherent, and those regimes correspond respectively to $\xtwo < x_{_0}$ and $x_{_0} < \xtwo$ [@Arleo:2012rs].[^19]
Color state probabilities $\bm{\rho_{_{\rm R}}(\xi)}$ {#app:color-proba}
=====================================================
In this Appendix we derive the probabilities $\rho_{_\R}(\xi)$ for the parton pair produced in a $1 \to 2$ forward scattering (as viewed in the target nucleus rest frame) to be in color state $\R$ when the internal energy fractions or partons 1 and 2 are $\xi$ and $1-\xi$. We will consider $g \to gg$, $q \to qg$ and $g \to q \bar{q}$ forward scatterings. When viewed in the proton-nucleon c.m. frame, those correspond respectively to the $2 \to 2$ partonic processes $gg_{_\textnormal{A}} \to gg$, $qg_{_\textnormal{A}} \to qg$ and $gg_{_\textnormal{A}} \to q \bar{q}$, with $g_{_\textnormal{A}}$ denoting the incoming gluon from the target nucleus. The probabilities are calculated in the general case of the ${\rm SU}(\Nc)$ color group with $\Nc \geq 3$.
{#app-g2gg-case}
The $g \to gg$ forward scattering amplitude can be derived most conveniently using light-cone perturbation theory [@Lepage:1980fj] in light-cone $A^+ =0$ gauge. It reads (see also [@Gunion:1981qs] and the discussion in [@Peigne:2014rka]) \[GBgluon\] [M]{}\_[hard]{} (14,-45) + (14,-45) - (14,-41) , where $\qvec$ is the transverse momentum brought by the gluon $g_{_\textnormal{A}}$ from the target nucleus. The graphs in represent the color factors associated to each Feynman diagram contributing to the amplitude.[^20] From left to right, the graphs in thus read $T^aT^b$, $\com{T^b}{T^a}$ and $T^bT^a$, where $a$ and $b$ are respectively the color indices of $g_{_\textnormal{A}}$ and of the final gluon 1 (of transverse momentum $\Kvec$ and energy fraction $\xi$, see Fig. \[fig:typical-process\]), and $T^a$ the color generators of the ${\rm SU}(\Nc)$ adjoint representation. Note that specifying the overall factor in is irrelevant for our purpose, since this factor drops out in .
Using color conservation,[^21] \[color-cons\] (14,-45) = (14,-41) - (14,-45) , the expression can be rewritten as \[GB-g2gg\] [M]{}\_[hard]{} (14,-41) + (14,-45) . The probability $\rho_{_\R}$ for the produced gluon pair to be in color state $\R$ is defined by \[proba-def\] \_[\_]{} = , where $\mathds{P}_{_\R}$ is the hermitian projector on the ($s$-channel) color state $\R$.
We first evaluate the denominator of . By squaring and summing over initial and final color indices we obtain \[Mhard-squared\] |[M]{}\_[hard]{}|\^2 = C\_[[in]{.nodecor}]{} K\_[[in]{.nodecor}]{} { ( C\_[[in]{.nodecor}]{} - ) + } , where $C_{\textnormal{in}}$ and $K_{\textnormal{in}}$ denote the Casimir and dimension of the incoming parton color state, namely, $C_{\textnormal{in}} = \Nc$ and $K_{\textnormal{in}} = \Nc^2-1$ in the present case.
In order to calculate the numerator of , which depends on the $gg$ color state $\R$, we recall that for $\Nc > 3$, a $gg$ pair can be in six color representations (see [@Dokshitzer:2005ig]), \[glu-glu\] [**8 8 = 8\_a 10 1 8\_s 27 0**]{} , where ‘${\bf 10}$’ stands for ${\bf 10 \oplus \overline{10}}$, and the representations ordered according to their symmetry properties (${\bf 8_a}$ and ${\bf 10}$ are antisymmetric while ${\bf 1}$, ${\bf 8_s}$, ${\bf 27}$ and ${\bf 0}$ are symmetric) are labelled according to their dimensions when $\Nc =3$. (In particular, ${\bf 0}$ is a symmetric representation which is absent when $\Nc =3$.) For $\Nc >3$ the six color representations $\alpha$ ordered as in the r.h.s. of have the following dimensions and Casimirs, K\_ &=& { } ,\
C\_ &=& {,2,0,,2(+1), 2(-1)} .
The two color graphs appearing in project on the antisymmetric octet, but respectively in the $s$-channel and $u$-channel of the $2 \to 2$ process, (14,-41) = \_[**8\_a**]{} ; (14,-45) = - \_[**8\_a**]{}\^[(u)]{} = \_[**8\_a**]{} + 0 \_[**10**]{} - \_[**1**]{} - \_[**8\_s**]{} + \_[**27**]{} - \_[**0**]{} , \[gg-8a\] where the $u$-channel projector $\mathds{P}_{\bf 8_a}^{(u)}$ is written in terms of $s$-channel projectors $\mathds{P}_\alpha$ [@Dokshitzer:2005ig]. Inserting in , the numerator of (summed over initial and final color indices) is obtained using $\mathds{P}_{\alpha} \cdot \mathds{P}_{\beta}^{\dagger} = \mathds{P}_{\alpha} \cdot \mathds{P}_{\beta} = \delta_{\alpha \beta} \, \mathds{P}_{\alpha}$ and $\tr{\mathds{P}_{\alpha}} = K_{\alpha}$. Dividing by , and taking finally the limit $|\qvec| \ll |\Kvec|$ considered in the present study (see section \[sec:setup\]), we find the probabilities \[color-proba-gg\] && \_[\_[**8\_a**]{}]{} = ; \_[\_[**10**]{}]{} = 0 ; \_[\_[**8\_s**]{}]{} = ;\
&& \_[\_[**1**]{}]{} = \_[\_[**8\_s**]{}]{} ; \_[\_[**27**]{}]{} = \_[\_[**8\_s**]{}]{} ; \_[\_[**0**]{}]{} = \_[\_[**8\_s**]{}]{} .
For $\Nc=3$, the non-vanishing probabilities are given by \[color-proba-pheno-gg\] \_[\_[**27**]{}]{}() = ; \_[\_[**1**]{}]{}() = \_[\_[**27**]{}]{}() ; \_[\_[**8**]{}]{}() = 1 - \_[\_[**27**]{}]{}() , where we have combined the octet representations ${\bf 8_a}$ and ${\bf 8_s}$ which have the same dimension and Casimir. The probabilities are shown in Fig. \[fig-probas\] (left).
![Probabilities $\rho_{_{\R}}(\xi)$ for the parton pair produced in $g \to g g$ (left), $q \to q g$ (middle), and $g \to q \bar{q}$ (right) to be in color state $\R$, as a function of the relative energy fraction $\xi$ carried by parton 1 of the pair (chosen to be the gluon in the $q \to q g$ case).[]{data-label="fig-probas"}](figs/PRgg "fig:"){width="4.9cm"} ![Probabilities $\rho_{_{\R}}(\xi)$ for the parton pair produced in $g \to g g$ (left), $q \to q g$ (middle), and $g \to q \bar{q}$ (right) to be in color state $\R$, as a function of the relative energy fraction $\xi$ carried by parton 1 of the pair (chosen to be the gluon in the $q \to q g$ case).[]{data-label="fig-probas"}](figs/PRqg "fig:"){width="4.9cm"} ![Probabilities $\rho_{_{\R}}(\xi)$ for the parton pair produced in $g \to g g$ (left), $q \to q g$ (middle), and $g \to q \bar{q}$ (right) to be in color state $\R$, as a function of the relative energy fraction $\xi$ carried by parton 1 of the pair (chosen to be the gluon in the $q \to q g$ case).[]{data-label="fig-probas"}](figs/PRqqbar "fig:"){width="4.9cm"}
{#app-q2qg-case}
The probabilities $\rho_{_\R}(\xi)$ associated to $q \to qg$ can be derived analogously to the $g \to gg$ case considered previously. We recall that $\xi$ and $\Kvec$ denote the energy fraction and transverse momentum of parton 1 of the produced pair, which for $q \to qg$ is chosen to be the gluon.
The relations analogous to and relevant to $q \to qg$ are obtained by replacing the energetic gluon line by a quark line, leading to the analog of , \[GB-q2qg\] [M]{}\_[hard]{} (16,-45) + (16,-47) , where the graphs now involve the generators of the ${\rm SU}(\Nc)$ fundamental representation.
It is easy to check that for $q \to qg$ the denominator of is still given by , but with now $C_{\textnormal{in}}= C_F = \frac{\Nc^2-1}{2\Nc}$ and $K_{\textnormal{in}} = \Nc$. For $\Nc \geq 3$, the $qg$ pair can be in three different color states (labelled by their dimensions when $\Nc =3$), \[quark-glu\] [**3 8 = 3 |[6]{} 15**]{} , of dimensions and Casimirs K\_ &=& { } ,\
C\_ &=& { } , and associated projectors (satisfying the completeness relation $\sum_\R \mathds{P}_{_\R} = \unit \equiv \! \!$ (12,-20) ) \_[**3**]{} &=& (14,-45) ,\
\_[**|[6]{}**]{} &=& (14,-25) - (14,-45) - (14,-47) , \[quark-glu-proj\]\
\_[**15**]{} &=& (14,-25) - (14,-45) + (14,-47) . Using , each color graph of can be expressed as a linear combination of projectors, namely, (14,-45) = C\_F \_[**3**]{} ; (14,-47) = - \_[**3**]{} + ( \_[**15**]{} - \_[**|[6]{}**]{} ) . Inserting the latter in , the numerator of is obtained as in the previous section by using $\mathds{P}_{\alpha} \cdot \mathds{P}_{\beta} = \delta_{\alpha \beta} \, \mathds{P}_{\alpha}$ and $\tr{\mathds{P}_{\alpha}} = K_{\alpha}$. After taking the limit $|\qvec| \ll |\Kvec|$, the probabilities associated to $q \to qg$ read \[color-proba-qg\] \_[\_[**15**]{}]{} = ; \_[\_[**|[6]{}**]{}]{} = ; \_[\_[**3**]{}]{} = .
For $\Nc=3$, becomes \[color-proba-pheno-qg\] \_[\_[**15**]{}]{}() = ; \_[\_[**|[6]{}**]{}]{}() = \_[\_[**15**]{}]{}() ; \_[\_[**3**]{}]{}() = 1 - \_[\_[**15**]{}]{}() . Those probabilities are shown in Fig. \[fig-probas\] (middle).
{#app-g2qqbar-case}
As for $q \to qg$, the calculation of the $g \to q \bar{q}$ amplitude in light-cone perturbation theory [@Lepage:1980fj] leads to a result similar to , up to the appropriate replacement of the color graphs. After using color conservation, we obtain the analog of for the $g \to q \bar{q}$ case: \[GB-g2qqbar\] [M]{}\_[hard]{} (16,-45) + (16,-47) .
The final $q \bar{q}$ pair can be projected out on either a singlet or an octet (${\bf 3 \otimes \bar{3} = 1 \oplus 8}$) using the color projectors \_[**1**]{}\^[q |[q]{}]{} = (10,-20) ; \_[**8**]{}\^[q |[q]{}]{} = (9,-19) - (10,-20) .
Using the birdtrack pictorial technique [@Dokshitzer:1995fv; @Keppeler:2017kwt], the calculation of the probabilities associated to $g \to q \bar{q}$ is straightforward and yields (in the limit $|\qvec| \ll |\Kvec|$) \[color-proba-qqbar\] \_[\_[**1**]{}]{}\^[q |[q]{}]{}() = ; \_[\_[**8**]{}]{}\^[q |[q]{}]{}() = 1 - \_[\_[**1**]{}]{}() . The latter probabilities are represented in Fig. \[fig-probas\] (right) for $\Nc=3$.
Parametrization of light hadron cross section in collisions {#app-ppfits}
===========================================================
A main input of the model is the double differential light hadron production cross section in collisions, see . Following the same strategy as in earlier papers on quarkonium production [@Arleo:2012rs; @Arleo:2013zua], the production cross section is fitted by a simple analytic form, ()\^[m]{} (1- )\^[n]{} . \[eq:fit\] The parametrization is identical to that used in [@Arleo:2013zua], replacing the quarkonium transverse mass $M_{_\perp}$ in Eq. (2.11) of [@Arleo:2013zua] by $\pt$ for light hadron production.
The double differential measurement of the light hadron yields in collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV has been performed by CMS [@Khachatryan:2015xaa].[^22] The fits to CMS data, shown in Fig. \[fits-LHC\] for three intervals in $|y|$, lead to the value $n=15\pm5$. The values of the other parameters ($p_0$ and $m$ in Eq. ) are irrelevant when computing $R_{\pA}^{h}$, Eq. .
The use of pPb instead of pp data in order to parametrize the pp light hadron production rate might seem problematic as these include some nuclear effects. However, those effects have a smooth $y$ and $\pt$ dependence when compared to the absolute pp cross section, resulting in a relatively flat nuclear modification factor (particularly in the $y$ range of the fitted data, $0.3<|y|<1.8$, see for instance Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\], right) thus affecting the cross section normalization but leaving $n$ unchanged. We have checked that inferring the pp cross section from the pPb data and such a nuclear modification factor, and using the parametrization , provides a value of $n$ which proves fully consistent with the estimate $n=15\pm5$. We also remind that the uncertainty of $R_{\pA}^{h}$ associated to the variation of $n$ is subleading with respect to the other sources of uncertainty for rapidities $|y|\lesssim5$, see Fig. \[fig-uncertainties\], right.
![Charged hadron spectra measured by CMS in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV in the rapidity ranges $0.3 < |y| < 0.8$ (left), $0.8 < |y| < 1.3$ (center), $1.3 < |y| < 1.8$ (right) [@Khachatryan:2015xaa], compared to the parametrization .[]{data-label="fits-LHC"}](figs/cms_h_y0308 "fig:"){width="4.9cm"}.2cm ![Charged hadron spectra measured by CMS in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV in the rapidity ranges $0.3 < |y| < 0.8$ (left), $0.8 < |y| < 1.3$ (center), $1.3 < |y| < 1.8$ (right) [@Khachatryan:2015xaa], compared to the parametrization .[]{data-label="fits-LHC"}](figs/cms_h_y0813 "fig:"){width="4.9cm"}.2cm ![Charged hadron spectra measured by CMS in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV in the rapidity ranges $0.3 < |y| < 0.8$ (left), $0.8 < |y| < 1.3$ (center), $1.3 < |y| < 1.8$ (right) [@Khachatryan:2015xaa], compared to the parametrization .[]{data-label="fits-LHC"}](figs/cms_h_y1318 "fig:"){width="4.9cm"}
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[^1]: Depending on the value of $x_{_1}$ at which the projectile is probed, the partonic content of the projectile is described either by a UGD (at small enough $x_{_1}$), or by the standard PDF of collinear factorization (at large enough $x_1$) in the so-called hybrid formalism [@Dumitru:2005gt; @Altinoluk:2011qy].
[^2]: This holds independently of the precise choice for the initial conditions, and stresses that the saturation formalism incorporates additional effects when compared to the leading-twist gluon shadowing of collinear factorization. Note that the initial conditions for the dipole scattering amplitudes may be modelled (as in the MV model [@McLerran:1993ni; @McLerran:1993ka]) or determined from a global analysis (using a few model assumptions) of electron-proton collisions at HERA [@Albacete:2010sy].
[^3]: Let us stress that FCEL and saturation are different effects, FCEL plays a crucial role not only at collider but also at fixed-target energies, where $\xtwo$ is not small and saturation effects are absent or negligible.
[^4]: The spectrum associated to $g \to g$ scattering is obtained from by setting $F_c = \Nc$.
[^5]: The condition $\varepsilon \leq E_{\mathrm{p}} -E$ follows from energy conservation, and $\varepsilon \leq E$ is imposed for consistency with the soft radiation approximation.
[^6]: \[foot:deltamax\]This is also the case for the bound $x_{\rm max} = {\rm min}(1, \frac{E_{\mathrm{p}}}{E} -1)$ in , which can be expressed as a rapidity difference. Using , we get $\ln{(E_\mathrm{p}/E)} = y_{\mathrm{max}} - y$, with $y_{\mathrm{max}} \equiv \ln(2 E_\mathrm{p}/M_{_\perp})$ the maximal quarkonium rapidity (at fixed $\pt$). Hence, $x_{\rm max} = {\rm min}(1, e^{y_{\rm max}-y}-1)$ in .
[^7]: See the discussion in section 2.2 of Ref. [@Peigne:2014rka].
[^8]: It was shown in [@Peigne:2014rka] that is a [*sufficient*]{} condition for the induced radiation to depend only on the dijet global color state $\R$. It is not difficult to verify from Ref. [@Peigne:2014rka] that this property is spoiled beyond the logarithmic accuracy , so that is also a [*necessary*]{} condition.
[^9]: This holds because FCEL and fragmentation processes occur at different time scales [@Arleo:2012rs].
[^10]: This is the same as for quarkonium production (see footnote \[foot:deltamax\]), with $y_{\mathrm{max}}$ being now the maximal hadron rapidity. In the proton–nucleon collision c.m. frame, $y_{\mathrm{max}} = \ln(\sqrt{s}/\pt)$.
[^11]: It should be noted that there is no contradiction in isolating the FCEL effect while neglecting $\pt$-broadening, despite the fact that the former is induced by the latter, as illustrated by the vanishing of $\Phat_{_\R}$ when the nuclear broadening $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}^2 - \ell_{_{\perp \rm p}}^2$ vanishes, see . In our approach, the role of $\pt$-broadening is simply to specify the quantity $\ell_{_{\perp \rm A}}$ to be used in the FCEL quenching weight $\Phat_{_\R}$.
[^12]: Note that the dijet invariant mass $M_{\bar{\xi}}$ (entering the quenching weight in ) is symmetric in $\bar{\xi} \leftrightarrow 1-\bar{\xi}$, and so are the color probabilities $\rho_{_{\R}}$ for the $g\to gg$ channel considered here, leading to the same symmetry for $R_{\pA}^h$, $R_{\pA}^h(y, \pt, \bar{\xi})=R_{\pA}^h(y, \pt, 1-\bar{\xi})$.
[^13]: In addition to $\hat{q}_{_0}$, the transport coefficient depends on the momentum fraction $\xtwo$, given by $\xtwo = \frac{\pt}{z \sqrt s} \frac{e^{-y}}{1-\xi_f}$, where $\xi_f$ is defined as the dijet energy fraction carried by the fragmenting parton, either $\xi_f=\xi$ or $\xi_f=1-\xi$. In our procedure, the information about which parton actually fragments into the hadron is not retained (see the comment after ). We have checked, however, that the $\xi$ dependence of $\xtwo$ has a marginal effect on $R_{\pA}^{h}$. Discarding this dependence in the following, we set $\xi=0.5$ in the expression of $\xtwo$ and will thus use $\xtwo = \frac{2 \pt}{z\sqrt s} \, e^{-y}$.
[^14]: The value of $\alpha_s$ is frozen at the semi-hard scale $\qhat L \lesssim 1$ GeV$^2$ for cold nuclear matter at LHC energies.
[^15]: It turns out to be numerically very close to $R_{\pA}^{\bf 8}$, see Fig. \[fig-RpA-gg\] (left). An even more striking coincidence appears in the case of the $q \to qg$ underlying process, see section \[app:other-processes\], between the color-averaged modification factor and the color state $\R={\bf \bar{6}}$ of the final $qg$ pair, see Fig. \[fig-RpA-qg\] (left).
[^16]: This prediction is shown for $\pt>1$ GeV to ensure a perturbative picture ($K_{_\perp} = \pt / z \gg \Lambda_{_{\rm QCD}}$).
[^17]: A similar agreement appears between the ‘FCEL baseline’ and CMS charged hadron data [@Khachatryan:2015xaa].
[^18]: The parametric dependence of the spectrum was first derived in Ref. [@Arleo:2010rb] for the scattering of a fast color octet undergoing a single hard gluon exchange in the $t$-channel (in which case $F_c = \Nc+\Nc-\Nc = \Nc$). Eq. , together with the rule for the color factor, was shown to hold for any $1 \to 1$ scattering in Ref. [@Peigne:2014uha].
[^19]: In the present study where LHC energies and moderate values of $\pt$ are considered, $\xtwo$ turns out to be always smaller than $x_{_0}$. Thus, in the present study $\hat{q}_{_\textnormal{A}}$ does not depend on $L_{_\textnormal{A}}$ and is a function of $\xtwo$ only, $\hat{q}_{_\textnormal{A}}(\tilde{x}_2) \to \hat{q}(\xtwo)$. We however quote the more general parametrization , which holds at all collision energies (including fixed-target energies), see Ref. [@Arleo:2012rs].
[^20]: For the pictorial representation of color factors, see for instance Refs. [@Dokshitzer:1995fv; @Keppeler:2017kwt].
[^21]: Note that is often referred to as the Jacobi identity.
[^22]: Other measurements have been performed by ALICE [@Acharya:2018qsh] and ATLAS [@Aad:2016zif] which however lead to looser constraints due to the more restricted $\pt$ range.
|
Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex.
Binding of human growth hormone (hGH) to its receptor is required for regulation of normal human growth and development. Examination of the 2.8 angstrom crystal structure of the complex between the hormone and the extracellular domain of its receptor (hGHbp) showed that the complex consists of one molecule of growth hormone per two molecules of receptor. The hormone is a four-helix bundle with an unusual topology. The binding protein contains two distinct domains, similar in some respects to immunoglobulin domains. The relative orientation of these domains differs from that found between constant and variable domains in immunoglobulin Fab fragments. Both hGHbp domains contribute residues that participate in hGH binding. In the complex both receptors donate essentially the same residues to interact with the hormone, even though the two binding sites on hGH have no structural similarity. Generally, the hormone-receptor interfaces match those identified by previous mutational analyses. In addition to the hormone-receptor interfaces, there is also a substantial contact surface between the carboxyl-terminal domains of the receptors. The relative extents of the contact areas support a sequential mechanism for dimerization that may be crucial for signal transduction. |
CULTURAL COMPETENCY FOR ALLIED HEALTH
Overview
About Cultural Competency for Allied Health
If you're pursuing a career in healthcare, it's important to understand and be able to navigate cultural difference. Cultural competency is considered central to many advanced training programs, including medical school and Doctor of Nursing Practice programs.
This minor is for you if you're in the nursing, pre-health, or physician assistant programs. It provides the needed background in cultural material and theory, while also fulfilling many general education requirements.
Related Areas
“Anthropology is a holistic discipline. We study everything that has to do with human beings from a cultural perspective.”- Dr. Alexa Dietrich
CLASSES OF NOTE
Culture, Health, and the Body
Address the roles of disease in human evolution and history, sociocultural factors in contemporary world health problems, the comparative cultures of ethnomedicine and biomedicine, and ethnicity and health care.
Biological Anthropology and Human Evolution
Explore the role evolutionary processes that account for modern human biological variability and adaptation, including the concept of race. Students will examine the evolutionary history of the human species through the study of the fossil record, DNA, and comparative anatomy with our closest relatives, the primates.
Medical Ethics
An in-depth examination of major moral issues arising out of or associated with the practice of medicine, such as abortion, euthanasia, human experimentation, behavior control, the justice of the distribution of health care, among others. |
Friday, January 30, 2009
I have literally had no time to even blog in the last few weeks. I am happily toasting the end of January and welcoming in February! Some highlights to catch you up...
Week of Jan 5th - had lithotripsy for kidney stones. Started work on solution review and sales meeting. Of course, CCHIT had a lot of priority as well
Week of Jan 12th - sales team in Tampa all week getting trained on the software. Spent all weekend testing CCHIT and preparing sales certification materials. I had a blast training them on how to demo the software and socializing with them. Great team!!! I am so excited to finally have a sales team!
Week of Jan 19th - Hell week - Flew to Atlanta on Monday, Solution Review on Tuesday, landed at midnight on Tuesday, prepped for CCHIT on Wednesday (and all night), tested for CCHIT on Thursday, partied like it was 1999 on Thursday night (We passed!), and tried to catch up on Friday.
Weekend - got my hair cut, went shopping, and looked at houses.
Monday - flew to San Antonio (well, the remote area near there) but missed a flight and had to go standby 4 times in a row before getting on a plane. UGH....finally arrived...yippee!
Mon - Thurs - sales meeting was great. Very informative and fun as well! Sales people are always great. Of course, my liver is not happy, but I had fun!
Thursday night - got on an earlier flight home. Had to circle Tampa due to storms and low cloud cover. Finally landed (less than a minute after being able to see the ground - creepy!)
Friday - attempted to get caught up at work. Took Morgan's cut out body organs to school after she left them at home. Had lots of meetings. Crossed a LOT of items off of the to do list. Unfortunately, it keeps growing! :)
Friday night - watched Morgan throw her full at the gym. Went to dinner with Denise, Damian, Mara, Kraig, Mike, and ALL of the kids. Had GLASS in my Margarita...I was not a happy camper. ICK.
Tomorrow, the last day of Jan, we have a cheer competition. Of course, it is a two day one that ends on SUPER BOWL SUNDAY.
Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Today was a rough day. I think I should have just taken pain meds and tried to sleep through it!
First of all, these stone fragments and renal colic are not fun at all. I was all excited to get this stone business over with, and I am glad that I am on the road. However, I am just impatient and I want it to all be better right now. Not tomorrow or Friday, but NOW. :)
Secondly, I get up and try to really make a difference in my job today. I decided that I am going to make the day good regardless of pain or other people and their attitudes or challenges or whatever. I am going to move mountains no matter what anyone else says. :)
There are those people in life that make things work. They just always find a way to improve things, add to things, create things, add humor, and just generally get it done. These people don't make excuses. They just do their job and find a way to make it happen even if there are unforseen situations. There are the people who pretend to make things work by talking a lot of talk. These people can ALWAYS come up with a reason why what they were supposed to do isn't done. Then, there are the worst kind of all - those who prevent work from occurring either by poor leadership, negative actions, caring more about power or structure than the job and the client, etc. Unfortunately, every company has some. I wish that I could get rid of them at my workplace and have hardworking people who truly want to make a different in the clients' lives surround us all. Reality though indicates that we will have to continue to do more work and put more effort in to counteract those people. Too bad...
I did get a lot done regardless though, and I am happy about that. I had a meeting today that really started some good discussion and ideas and will hopefully improve the lives of employees and clients. :) So, my goal was met in the end. It was successful. Now, if I could just get these stones to cooperate. :)
Monday, January 5, 2009
Today, I had to be at the hospital at 5:30am (I will never know WHY this early morning stuff is required, but anyway, on with the story). Uncle Mark was kind enough to wake at 3 something to leave his house at 4:15 to get me by 4:45 to get me to the hospital by 5:30. I know he deserves a gold star sticker on his forehead, but I am not sure how to thank him enough. :)
Mark tried to flirt/joke with the first nurse by asking if they could remove some of my stubborness, quick wit, etc. The nurse said, "Let me check with the schedule. Oh, I have a 9:30 slot where you can get a lobotomy." Mark didn't try so many jokes after that one. :) Then, the next nurse, he tried to joke with about poor brothers, and she was the youngest of two older brothers so she didn't give him any slack. :) It was all going my way. She asked nine million questions, got me changed, gave the the lovely white stockings, and complained about the electronic medical record (the C company with the M product again - same one they complained about in pre-op). She also started my IV. She was a good nurse.
Mark left as they wheeled me to the pre-op holding area. There, I talked to the nurses, the anesthesiologist, the nurse anesthetist, and my urologist. I giggled as the anesthesiologist was needing a pen, and he had to beg for a pen from someone else. Apparently, this is a common problem as she gave him a hard time that the pen was to be BORROWED and not kept. :) The COW (computer on wheels) was "stolen" twice, and every single person complained about the computer. One nurse said that it had been "down" for an entire week and then it was down for four days last week. She said they had to go back to pulling out the machine that prints the names on the paper. Also, one nurse said that they had only eliminated a few pieces of paper and that it would take an hour to do a patient interview by the time they were done. Over and over they kept saying that the application was not designed by a nurse or designed for a nurse to use it. One of them was even on the committee to customize, and she was saying how few options there were to make it what you wanted. It is always hard to know what the situation is and what is the hospital making choices and what is the software, but I do know that anyone selling against the C company should just visit the surgical staff at St. Joseph's!!!!!
Then, they gave me Versed, and I don't remember anything else until I got to recovery. :) When I woke up, the alarm was going off and she was telling me to take a deep breath. I had to pee. I try to wait, and she gives me pain med as my back (left more than right) is really hurting. I finally convince her that I need to go to the bathroom. She keeps telling me that I will be wasting whatever I go as it won't count for my 150 ml that I have to go before I can go home. I keep telling her that I need to go. Finally, I go and it is 1000 ml. LOL...they were amazed and stopped bugging me then. :)
Mike and Morgan came to get me, and we dropped off my prescription and then went home. The puppy was sleeping like such a sweet baby, and then we realized that she was not feeling well at all. She had a bit of a cough yesterday, but she is worse today. Mike called the vet, but they said she would be fine until tomorrow when we have an appointment. Hope they give her something or that she peps up tomorrow. Man, sick puppies are PITIFUL. I could have held her for days. SOOOO cute.
I am not feeling so well at this point, but hopefully the procedure was successful. I will find out in a couple of weeks (well, and hopefully it will be getting better each day). I hadn't ever had it done on both sides before. I think one side at a time may be a better option. :)
Thanks for all the emails, text, and calls. I have the best friends and family you could ever ask for.
Sunday, January 4, 2009
Morgan got a pink harness and pink leash. Mike isn't so sure about that choice.
Morgan and her new Sophie baby.
FINALLY!
The cats say, "WHAT IS THAT???????????????"
Sophie says, "Oh, playmates!!!"
Mike says, "I finally am back in the dog business."For those of you who have known me for a while, I am a cat person. I am not a dog person. My daughter is an animal person (any animal) and has REALLy wanted a puppy since she was old enough to know what a puppy was. She has begged and begged and begged and begged. I have tried and tried and tried to satisfy the puppy itch with 3 cats, fish, hamsters, a guinea pig, and several toy dogs, online dogs, and pretty much anything that wasn't a dog. Today, I got a puppy for Morgan. I have gone to the other side because I have to say that this is the absolute cutest puppy EVER! She is a beagle, and she is just adorable. Her name is Sophie Nicole according to Morgan. :) I actually wanted a beagle when I was about Morgan's age, so maybe that is why I was softer on the beagle than any other. I have a picture of me with a beagle that I begged for when I was about her age. I guess I must have been a dog person back then. :) Anyway, this one is adorable, and I will let you know if I still think she is adorable after a week or so. Here are some pictures and a video of Sophie meeting Bugsy (our 17 year old cat).
Friday, January 2, 2009
So, I got an iPhone for work, and it stopped working after 2 days. I called the work wireless desk, and they had me walk through many steps. The phone said to connect to itunes. When I did, it said that it needed to be restored. Then, it kept giving an error saying that it couldn't restore (a 1604 error whatever that means). I tried to restore it, reinstalled itunes, tried a different computer, reset the iphone, etc, etc etc. None of it worked. The wireless desk then called Apple. They had me try the same things again and then determined that the phone was broken. So, they say they will send a new one. I wait the 3 - 4 days, and I haven't heard anything and no phone has arrived. So, I call again, and they say, "oh, we needed a credit card number in case you don't send the old one back." UGH...so, I give the number, and then phone comes two days later.
The lady on the phone had told me to ask the driver to wait, to open the box, to take out the phone and put the old phone in the box. She said there would be a new label under the label that would be for returning it. So, I open the box, I take out the new phone. I put in the old phone. I tape it up, and I give it back to the Fedex man. He leaves and I plug the new phone into itunes. It says, "No SIM card." I say, "SH*T." I immediately call Fedex and tell them that I need to get the package back that was just delevered and then picked up again. She says she needs the tracking number of the package. I tell her I have no idea but that i have the delivered package tracking number and they can find the driver that way. She insists on the new tracking number. So, I hang up. I am looking in my email while waiting on hold for Apple, and I see that it actually had the new number too! So, I call Fedex back, and of course I get a new person to tell the horribly confusing story to. Love it. I give the new number, and I ask if he wants the old number too since the driver could be found using it. He says, "no, we just need the new number." I ask how I will know if the find the driver (this is new year's eve so I don't know how long I should wait). He says the dispatch will call.
About an hour later, the phone rings, and the dispatch guy says that the new package hasn't been scanned in yet but that he has sent an all truck bulletin out mentioning our address and asking the driver to call in. I said, "can't you just find him using the original package tracking number?" and he says, "You HAVE the original number?" I tell him that I have been trying to give it but that nobody wanted it. So, he takes that number and the driver shows up in 5 minutes. WOO HOO! So, when I open the box again, I see that there were INSTRUCTIONS on the inside of the box. LOL. So, I removed the SIM card with the little tool they provided...:) I gave the driver and tip and resealed the box. Whew. The phone worked! I will give a review of the iphone compared to the instinct later, but the iphone does a lot of cool stuf. So far, I would have to say that the instinct is better overall, but it might just be because I am used to it. I will give a detailed review after a week or so. Hopefully, this one will work longer than 3 days. :)
The girls discovered that the toasting glasses (don't worry, sparking cider) work well with the chocolate fountain!The party girls
Abhi and Mike Hanging at the Margarita Machine (Thanks Grams and Papa!)
Michael - King of the Hot Tub
Michaela and Katie (don't you just love brothers and the rabbit fingers in pictures?)
Mike and Chris Bonding and creating nick names for all the virgin daiquiri cups
The girls loving the 85 degree pool
A sure sign the party is over when the balloon is even drooping :)
What a year 2008 has been. As I reflected on it, I had such a strange mixture of feelings on the year. My family has grown so much this year, and I am so thankful for Mike, Chris, Katie, Michael, and Morgan and how much they enhance my life. I got to spend Christmas with all of them PLUS my parents (who lost their names when they became grandparents and are now Grams and Papa forever), Mark (Uncle Mark), and Mike (Mikeo/Uncle Mike). I know this will sound hokey, but I truly could not have a better family. I might not have always appreciated my parents and brothers, but I certainly learned over the years how wonderful they are and how lucky I was to be born into our family. Even our cats (Bugys is 17 and is looking like he will make 18 this year!) who drive me crazy some days with their puking and meowing early in the morning are a wonderful part of our family. So, on the home front, most of all, I start 2009 thankful.
The next set of items involves "The Year of the Acquisition". Any time you go through two acquisitions in one year, it is going to be a whirlwind. While the end result has been for the best, it has been a very long year - at times joyful and at times painful. Now that some time has passed on both of the deals, I feel that we are starting to gel as one company instead of three. I know it will take time for all of the "gelling" to occur, and I am pleased that progress feels like it is happening regularly now. I am thankful to now work for such a fabulous company with such smart, friendly, and welcoming people. I have truly been amazed with the people. I look forward to much growth there! So, thanks to Bond for bring us all on board and keeping the lights on while we built an amazing product and culture, thanks to MediNotes for giving some gas behind the pedal, and thanks to Eclipsys for allowing our baby to grow up and go to the big leagues. On the work front, I start 2009 thankful that most of the team is still together and that the ones who aren't are still close by. I couldn't ask for a better dev team or implementation team in a million years. I am excited about what the new year will bring!
Last but not least, Friends. I have so many fantastic friends at work, in Florida, in North Carolina, in Tennessee, and otherwise scattered over the US. We rang in the new year like the best of them with our friends at the Marquith's house. They have a new pool and hot tub, so it was a Florida style New Year. We drank, ate, and were merry all night long. We had the kids in sparklers for quite a while, and they really enjoyed that. Fireworks were launched from behind the house until there was a slight mishap that caused a little panic. All was well though, and we decided that the fireworks would look nice over our conservation pond (although it is sadly almost out of water due to the drought). Mike had three margarita machines running at the same time, and he kept the party going with drinks. There were even strawberry daqauris for the kids. At midnight, we had a champagne toast (sparkling cidar for the kids), and everyone had hats and horns (the kids got them an hour before and were over them by midnight! lol). It was a great way to close out the year and to begin the new one! Thanks Denise and Damian for a great party! On the friend front, I couldn't ask for better friends.
Happy New Year!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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About Me
I have worked in healthcare technology since 1996 when it wasn't very widespread. We all thought that EMRs would be common by the year 2000. HA. I strongly believe in the power of patients, and I work to make life better for patients and their families every day. I am a proud supporter of Cure JM, a nonprofit searching for a cure for Juvenile Myositis. I love the University of Tennessee and SEC football. I believe in family and cherish every minute I get to spend with mind. |
According to this cleric, “western women wish they could live like Muslims.”
Saudi Cleric Muhammad Al-Shemali: Women in the West Suffer Humiliation and Degradation pic.twitter.com/V2zd9yDqg9 — MEMRI (@MEMRIReports) August 31, 2016 |
T.C. Memo. 2004-110
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
RIGGS NATIONAL CORPORATION & SUBSIDIARIES,
f.k.a. RIGGS NATIONAL BANK AND SUBSIDIARIES, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent*
Docket No. 24368-89. Filed May 3, 2004.
Joel V. Williamson, Thomas C. Durham, Gary S. Colton, Jr.,
Russell R. Young, Charles W. Hall, and Stephen M. Feldhaus, for
petitioner.
Theodore J. Kletnick and Courtney L. Shepardson, for
respondent.
*
This Supplemental Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion
supplements our Supplemental Memorandum Opinion in T.C. Memo.
2001-12, revd. and remanded 295 F.3d 16 (D.C. Cir. 2002), which
supplemented our Opinion in Riggs Natl. Corp. & Subs. v.
Commissioner, 107 T.C. 301 (1996), revd. and remanded 163 F.3d
1363 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
- 2 -
SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
JACOBS, Judge: This case is before the Court on remand from
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
for further consideration consistent with its opinion in Riggs
Natl. Corp. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 295 F.3d 16 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(Riggs IV), revg. and remanding T.C. Memo. 2001-12 (Riggs III).
The sole issue to be decided on remand is whether, in
computing petitioner’s foreign tax credits under section 9011 for
1984 and 1985, Brazilian income taxes withheld by Banco Central
do Brasil (the Central Bank) must be reduced by the pecuniary
benefit (equal to 40 percent of those withheld Brazilian income
taxes) that the Central Bank received from 1984 through June 28,
1985.2
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and
all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
2
We have previously held that, in computing a U.S. lender’s
foreign tax credit, Brazilian taxes withheld and paid on behalf
of the lender must be reduced by the pecuniary benefit received
by the Brazilian borrower. Nissho Iwai Am. Corp. v.
Commissioner, 89 T.C. 765 (1987); Norwest Corp. v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 1992-282, affd. 69 F.3d 1404 (8th Cir. 1995); First
Chicago Corp. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-44; Continental
Ill. Corp. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-318, affd. in part
and revd. in part 998 F.2d 513 (7th Cir. 1993), affd. per curiam
sub nom. Citizens & S. Corp. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 919 F.2d
1492 (11th Cir. 1990). In the cited cases, unlike here, the
withheld taxes were not paid, and the pecuniary benefit was not
received, by a tax-immune Brazilian governmental entity such as
the Central Bank.
- 3 -
FINDINGS OF FACT
We incorporate herein the findings of fact set forth in
Riggs Natl. Corp. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 107 T.C. 301 (1996)
(Riggs I), revd. and remanded 163 F.3d 1363 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
(Riggs II), and Riggs III by this reference. We also incorporate
herein the stipulations and exhibits in Riggs I and Riggs III by
this reference. For ease of understanding, we repeat those facts
set forth in Riggs I and Riggs III which we deem necessary to
clarify the supplemental findings set forth herein and the
ensuing opinion involving the issue for decision.
In Brazil, the Central Bank performed a number of
governmental functions in conjunction with Banco do Brazil,
including the unified management and operation of Brazil’s
monetary and financial system under what was known as the caixa
unico system.3 From 1965 through 1986, Banco do Brazil had four
primary functions: (1) A commercial bank, (2) a monetary
authority, (3) management control and distribution of currency,
and (4) responsibility for bank clearing. Further, like the
Central Bank, Banco do Brazil functioned as: (1) A lender of last
resort to public-sector entities, (2) a development bank
responsible for various subsidized credit programs of the
Brazilian Government, and (3) a fiscal authority that managed the
3
Until the Central Bank was formed in 1965, Banco do Brazil
served as the country’s sole monetary authority.
- 4 -
Brazilian Government’s budget. During the time relevant to this
case, Banco do Brazil was owned 51 percent by the Brazilian
Government and 49 percent by private shareholders.
During the years in issue, Banco do Brazil was the Brazilian
National Treasury’s agent for payment of taxes. The Central Bank
collected and paid over to Banco do Brazil, for the account of
the National Treasury, withholding taxes, export taxes, taxes on
financial operations, and social security taxes.
On its books, Banco do Brazil made entries reflecting the
following: (1) Transfers of Central Bank tax payments to Banco
do Brazil’s Banking Reserves Account at the Central Bank, (2)
collections of Federal Government tax receipts, and (3) deposits
of Federal Government revenues payable upon demand to the
National Treasury.
Brazil imposed restrictions on the receipt and exchange of
foreign currency. Law No. 4,131 (enacted on September 3, 1962,
and amended by Law No. 4,390 on August 29, 1964) established the
basic rules for foreign investments in Brazil and the remittances
of funds abroad with respect to such investments. Law No. 4,131
regulated and set conditions for loans made to a person or entity
residing or domiciled in Brazil by a person or entity residing or
domiciled abroad. By law, the Central Bank set the official
exchange rates and registered and approved all loans from foreign
lenders to Brazilian borrowers. Through the registration
- 5 -
process, the Central Bank set the range of acceptable interest
rates and periodically established the minimum repayment terms of
loans. Once the Central Bank approved a loan, the foreign lender
remitted the proceeds in foreign currency to the Brazilian
borrower via a commercial bank in Brazil (the exchange bank).
The exchange bank converted the foreign currency into Brazilian
currency by means of an exchange contract, whereby the borrower
sold the foreign currency to the exchange bank in exchange for
Brazilian currency at the official exchange rate.
The Brazilian borrower received a Certificate of
Registration that enabled the borrower to effect payment of
interest and principal in the foreign currency in which the loan
was made. Remittances abroad required the recording of each
payment on a Certificate of Registration. The Certificate of
Registration had to be presented to the Central Bank for
approval. Before approving the payment of interest, the Central
Bank would verify that the amount of the interest payment
corresponded to the amount indicated on the Certificate of
Registration for that loan and that all required tax payments had
been made.
Brazilian law imposed a withholding tax on interest paid to
foreign lenders and prohibited remittance of an interest payment
to a foreign lender without proof of payment of the withholding
tax. Certain Brazilian commercial banks were authorized to
- 6 -
collect the taxes so withheld (collecting banks). A collecting
bank was required to maintain an account for the Brazilian
Revenue Service (BRS). Taxes collected by the collecting bank
were deposited into the account of the BRS. Those amounts were
then transferred to Banco do Brazil.
Under Brazilian law, the borrower initiated payment of the
withholding tax by preparing four copies of a Documento de
Arrecadacao de Receitas Federais (DARF). The borrower submitted
the DARFs, along with the tax payment, to a collecting bank. The
collecting bank retained one copy of the DARF, returned to the
borrower two copies stamped to reflect the interest and tax
payments, and sent one copy to the BRS along with the taxes it
had collected.
The borrower paid the interest on the loans by purchasing
foreign currency at the official exchange rate, by means of an
exchange contract with the exchange bank handling the payment to
the lender. On each payment date, the borrower delivered a copy
of the DARF and the Certificate of Registration to the exchange
bank and instructed the bank to pay the interest. The exchange
bank then prepared an exchange contract that enabled the borrower
to purchase foreign currency to be paid to the foreign lender.
The exchange bank recorded the amount of interest and tax on the
Certificate of Registration and then submitted the certificate,
along with the exchange contract and the DARF, to the Central
- 7 -
Bank for approval. Upon approval by the Central Bank, the
exchange bank tendered the foreign currency to the foreign lender
and returned to the Brazilian borrower the Certificate of
Registration (stamped to reflect the interest and tax payment), a
stamped copy of the DARF, and a copy of the exchange contract.
Most often, the collecting bank and the exchange bank were
one and the same. In that situation, the collection of the
withholding tax and payment to the foreign lender were transacted
simultaneously.
Many of the Brazilian companies that needed working capital
were unable to provide foreign lenders with adequate financial
information or proper guaranties to obtain a loan. As a result,
the Central Bank issued Resolution 63, which permitted certain
Brazilian banks (borrowing banks) to borrow funds from abroad for
the specific purpose of re-lending (repassing) the corresponding
borrowed funds in Brazilian currency to Brazilian companies
(repass borrowers). The loan between the foreign lender and the
borrowing bank (repass loan) was independent of the loan between
the borrowing bank and the repass borrower. The foreign lender
had no legal relationship with the repass borrower and normally
did not know the repass borrower’s identity.
Except for the term of the repass loan, Resolution 63
required all financial conditions between the borrowing bank and
the repass borrower to be the same as those between the foreign
- 8 -
lender and the Brazilian bank. The charges paid by a repass
borrower to the borrowing bank were in the same proportion as the
charges paid by the borrowing bank to the foreign lender. If the
interest rate charged by the foreign lender to the Brazilian bank
was net of the Brazilian withholding tax, then the interest rate
payable by the repass borrower was net of the Brazilian
withholding tax.
Beginning in 1974, borrowing banks could deposit with the
Central Bank Resolution 63 funds not used in repass operations.
When such funds were so deposited, the Central Bank paid the
interest on the foreign loan; and if a net loan4 was involved, no
withholding tax was paid with respect to the Central Bank’s
interest payment.5
4
In a net loan, the borrower contractually agrees to pay
both the interest on the loan to the lender and any local (in
this case, Brazilian) tax that the lender incurs as a result of
the interest income. Under Brazilian law, when the Brazilian
borrower under a net loan assumes the burden of withholding tax,
the amount of interest remitted is considered net of tax and an
adjustment known as a "gross up" is required for purposes of
computing the withholding tax. This gross-up adjustment is
computed as follows:
grossed-up interest = net interest
1 - withholding tax rate
5
Art. 19 of the Brazilian Constitution prohibits the
Brazilian Government, States, and municipalities from taxing the
assets, income, and operations of public-sector entities,
including autarquias, like the Central Bank. The Brazilian
Supreme Court held that public-sector entities were not required
to pay withholding tax with respect to their net loan interest
remittances abroad, because they assumed the tax burden in such
(continued...)
- 9 -
As a result of the historically high inflation in Brazil and
the periodic currency devaluations, the National Monetary Council
issued Resolution 432, which authorized borrowers of registered
foreign currency loans to hedge cruzeiros (intended to be used
for payments on the loans) against currency devaluations by
depositing foreign funds at the borrower’s Brazilian bank.
Pursuant to Resolution 432, the borrower would purchase the funds
to be deposited at its Brazilian bank at the official exchange
rate. The foreign funds remained on deposit until such time as
the borrower was required to make payment to the lender. The
foreign currency deposited at the borrower’s bank was then
transferred to the Central Bank which paid (2 days before the
date the borrower was required to make payment to the lender)
interest on the deposited funds at a rate equal to that payable
by the Brazilian borrower to the foreign lender (as set forth in
the Certificate of Registration). To the extent that interest was
paid to the foreign lender with funds deposited in the Central
Bank, the Brazilian borrower had no obligation to withhold income
taxes thereon.
5
(...continued)
cases and they were immune from taxation under the Brazilian
Constitution. The Brazilian Revenue Service specifically
authorized the Central Bank to waive the withholding of tax on
remittances abroad made by the Central Bank and/or other
public-sector entities that had assumed the tax burden (i.e.,
interest due on net loans).
- 10 -
If the 432 program loan was a gross loan, the Central Bank
would pay the withholding tax due on the interest payable to the
foreign lender during the period the funds were deposited in the
Central Bank. If the 432 program loan was a net loan, the
Central Bank would pay no withholding tax with respect to the
interest payable to the foreign lender.
Some foreign lenders sought to have the Central Bank pay
withholding tax and issue them DARFs with respect to the Central
Bank’s 432 loan program net loan interest remittances, as this
would enable these foreign lenders to claim potential foreign tax
credits.6 Their efforts were unsuccessful, however, because the
Central Bank (a tax-immune governmental entity) was not required
to pay the withholding tax.
Decree-law 1,215, enacted May 4, 1972, gave the Brazilian
Minister of Finance discretion to grant a reimbursement or
reduction of, or exemption from, the withholding tax on interest.
Decree-law 1,351, enacted on October 24, 1974, as amended by
Decree-law 1,411, enacted July 31, 1975, authorized the National
Monetary Council to (1) reduce the income tax on interest,
commissions, and expenses remitted to persons resident or
6
Although, in the case of a net loan, the U.S. lender had to
pay U.S. income tax with respect to the additional interest
income resulting from the gross-up, the lender would receive a
foreign tax credit equal to the additional interest income that
would reduce the lender’s U.S. income tax liability dollar for
dollar.
- 11 -
domiciled abroad or (2) grant pecuniary benefits to Brazilian
borrowers receiving loans in foreign currency.
Pursuant to that authority, borrowers taking out foreign
loans duly registered with the Central Bank were granted a
pecuniary benefit equal to 85 percent of the tax paid on the
interest, commissions, and expenses due on those loans.
Circular 266, issued by the Central Bank, set forth the
regulations governing the procedure for payment of the pecuniary
benefit:
(1) A DARF was to be used for the payment of the income tax
on interest paid on foreign currency loans;
(2) on the date of payment of the tax, the collecting
banking receiving the tax payment would, by means of a credit to
the borrower’s account, pay to the borrower the equivalent of 85
percent of the income tax;
(3) in the case of a Resolution 63 repass loan, on the date
of payment the borrowing bank would be obligated to transfer the
total value of the pecuniary benefit to the repass borrowers; and
(4) the collecting bank would debit the amount of the
pecuniary benefit to an account of the collecting bank entitled
“Pecuniary Benefit -- D.L. 1,411” (the pecuniary benefit
account), and on the same day as the payment of the tax to Banco
do Brazil the collecting bank would charge the pecuniary benefit
account against Banco do Brazil.
- 12 -
The amount of the pecuniary benefit varied over the years.
From May 8, 1980, to July 27, 1985, the pecuniary benefit was 40
percent of the withheld tax. On June 28, 1985, it was reduced to
zero.
Brazil began experiencing problems in paying its foreign
debt in 1982. Petitioner was one of hundreds of banks involved
in the restructuring of Brazil’s foreign debt. As part of this
restructuring, the Central Bank served as the borrower under
certain restructuring debt loans it entered into with Brazil’s
foreign lenders. The Brazilian Government guaranteed the Central
Bank’s obligations to the foreign lenders under these
restructuring debt loans. All of these restructuring debt loans
were net loans (i.e, the Central Bank and the foreign lenders
agreed that all specified payments of principal and interest to
the foreign lenders, under the loan contracts, would be made net
of any applicable Brazilian taxes).
As relevant herein, the restructuring of Brazil’s foreign
debt was divided into three phases. The loans made to the
Central Bank under phase I and phase II were net loans that had
repayment terms of 7 to 9 years. In phase I and phase II,
certain funds lent to the Central Bank were to be re-lent by the
Central Bank to other Brazilian persons and companies. The phase
I and phase II loans provided that there would be an initial
- 13 -
period of about 16 or 18 months during which funds could be re-
lent to other Brazilian persons and companies (the re-lending
period). Originally, the re-lending period was to end on June
30, 1985, but it was extended to March or April 1986.
On or about December 28, 1982, the head of the Central
Bank’s Department of Foreign Capital Fiscalization and
Registration (FIRCE) submitted a “consulta” or ruling request to
the BRS. FIRCE sought a ruling regarding the Central Bank’s
obligation to pay withholding taxes on interest paid on the
restructuring loans and its right to the attendant
subsidy/pecuniary benefit. In reviewing the ruling request, the
BRS formulated a theory that the Central Bank was required to pay
withholding tax on its restructuring debt interest remittances
during the re-lending periods because, until the expiration of
the applicable re-lending period, the loan funds were not
irrevocably committed to the Central Bank, and it, therefore, had
to pay withholding tax on behalf of future, unidentified
“borrowers-to-be” (the borrowers-to-be theory). The BRS
incorporated this borrowers-to-be theory into its draft ruling,
which ultimately became the final version of the ruling the BRS
issued to the Central Bank in March 1984.
By letter dated March 14, 1984, the Brazilian Finance
Minister forwarded the ruling by the BRS and his decision on the
ruling to the Central Bank’s president.
- 14 -
The Finance Minister’s decision stated:
Case No.: Interested Party: CENTRAL BANK OF BRAZIL
DECISION: I agree fully with the conclusions of the
attached opinion of the * * * [BRS]. In view of item
13 of said opinion, I direct the Central Bank of Brazil
to implement the payment of income tax on or before the
last business day of the month following the month in
which the withholding is made.
Brasilia, March 14, 1984
/Ernane Galveas/ ERNANE GALVEAS Minister of Finance
The BRS ruling, which he enclosed to the Central Bank,
stated:
Federal Government Service Ministry of Finance * * *
[BRS]
OPINION
Income tax withheld on interest due to parties resident
or domiciled abroad * * * [FIRCE] of the Central Bank
of Brazil requests an opinion about the tax treatment
of Agreements * * * under which such government agency
(autarquia) is liable for the payments and remittances
pertaining to them, in the period of availability of
such funds for relending.
(2) By virtue of the special characteristics of these
transactions, the question arises as to whether there
is an incidence of income tax, in view of the
government agency’s (autarquia’s) assumption of the
burden, and if so whether,
(a) the DARFs may be issued in the name of the
agent bank centralizing each project, considering that
the large number of lenders makes it impractical to
complete one DARF for each of them;
(b) the tax rates established in the treaties
signed by Brazil to avoid double taxation may be
applied;
(c) the pecuniary benefit * * * applies;
- 15 -
(d) it is possible to establish another period for
the payment of the tax, as from the date of remittance
of the interest to the foreign lenders, because of the
complex calculation of the interest and consequently of
the tax itself;
(e) it is possible, in space 31 of the DARF, to
indicate “Brazilian Financing Plan” as a reference,
given the absence of a Certificate of Registration for
these transactions;
(f) in the event that the income tax is paid late:
(f)(1) whether the Bank will nevertheless be
entitled to the above-mentioned pecuniary benefit;
(f)(2) whether it would be possible to waive
the monetary correction, delinquent interest and
penalty.
(3) Interest received by individuals or legal entities,
resident or domiciled abroad, from individuals or
entities resident or domiciled in Brazil, or received
from a permanent establishment located in Brazil, owned
by individuals or legal entities resident or domiciled
abroad, is subject to withholding tax at the rate of
25%, as provided for * * * [by law]. The contributor *
* * of this tax is an individual or legal entity,
resident or domiciled abroad, which has the legal
availability of the interest. Said tax must be
withheld at the time of payment or credit by the
interest paying source bearing in mind that the
contributor * * * individual or legal entity, resident
or domiciled abroad--does not file an income tax return
in Brazil. Said tax must be withheld even if the
paying source is a legal entity of public law with tax
immunity, because this is not a tax on the entity of
public law that has immunity but rather on parties
resident or domiciled abroad.
(4) It is obvious that, if the party resident or
domiciled abroad, the interest creditor, is immune or
exempt from this tax, on account of international
treaty or domestic legislation, the tax should not be
withheld. In the case of the interest paid by the
Central Bank * * *, there is an atypical situation. *
* * [The Central Bank] is a federal government agency
(autarquia) responsible, among other duties, for
- 16 -
issuing currency, acting as depositary of the official
gold and foreign currency reserves, providing for the
placement of domestic and foreign loans, furthering the
normal function of the exchange market, acting as a
monetary policy instrument of the government and
exercising control over credit in all its forms.
(5) The financial transactions conducted by * * * [the
Central Bank] are, in general, conducted on behalf of
the Federal Union or in its interest. In loan
transactions, agreed upon with a net interest rate, the
financial burden of the tax is transferred to the
borrower. When the borrower assumes the tax burden,
what actually happens is a gross-up of the income of
the beneficiary lender. For this reason and in order
to calculate the gross income obtained, the law
determines that the basis of calculation of the
tax--the amount of interest--be grossed up. In this
way, the borrower pays the income tax to the Union on
behalf of the lender, ensuring the net rate promised to
the lender by means of the payment of a greater amount.
(6) Following the same reasoning, * * * it is possible
to deduct, as an expense of a legal entity, the amount
of tax incident on income tax paid to third parties,
when the legal entity contractually assumes the burden
as it is a supplemental expense and not a withholding
tax.
(7) Now, when * * * [the Central Bank] acts on behalf
of the interest of the Federal Union, in cases of
transactions agreed upon with net interest rates, it
could claim a reimbursement for the amount paid in the
form of income tax. In reality, * * * [the Central
Bank] would pay the tax to the Federal Union and the
Federal Union could return it to * * * [the Central
Bank]. Under this scenario, the payment of tax, as it
would be a simple accounting transaction, could be
waived.
(8) It should be noted that, as regards the possibility
mentioned-- loans of funds which must be relent to
borrowers in Brazil--said Bank must, in substitution of
the future not yet identified debtors of the tax, pay
the income tax on the interest paid during the period
in which the funds remained available for relending.
The fact is that, since the loan benefits persons which
have not yet been identified from whom the payment of
- 17 -
withholding tax is stipulated law, * * * [the Central
Bank] must in practice perform these acts on behalf of
such persons.
(9) Considering, therefore, the peculiarity of the
relationship * * * the Central Bank/Federal Union and
the Central Bank/Final borrowers of the relent funds, I
believe that, as regards the funds that must be
released to those as yet unidentified borrowers in
Brazil, * * * [the Central Bank] must as a substitute
for such borrowers pay the income tax incident on the
interest from January 1, 1984 to the end of the period
of availability for such funds to be relent.
(10) On account of the foregoing, there are the
following consequences to the transactions in question:
(a) payment of withholding tax is due and the
calculation base should be adjusted * * * [i.e.,
grossed up];
(b) as there are innumerable lenders and income is
received through an agent bank which will then
distribute it, the DARF may be issued in the name of
the agent to simplify the payment;
(c) if there is a Convention to avoid double
income taxation signed with countries in which
beneficiaries are domiciled, the rates established in
the conventions shall be applied to that portion of the
income corresponding to each;
(d) once the tax has been made, the pecuniary
benefit established in * * * Decree-law No. 1351/74 is
applicable, with the wording given by * * * Decree-law
No. 1411/75;
(e) in completing the DARF, the code to be used is
code 0393 and, as no Certificate of Registration is
issued in these transactions, “Brazilian Financing
Plan” may be indicated in the appropriate space, as the
reference to the certificate is merely a control
requirement.
(11) As regards the delay in paying the tax not
withheld, if the taxable event occurs while the inquiry
is pending, the tax must be paid with monetary
correction and without penalties * * *.
- 18 -
(12) As the term for payment of the tax is suspended,
as far as the taxable events occurring while the
inquiry is pending are concerned, as a consequence, the
pecuniary benefit will be applicable in relation to the
tax paid by the thirtieth day from the date of
knowledge of the decision.
(13) As far as the extension of the tax payment period
is concerned, this matter falls under the authority of
the Minister of Finance * * *.
For higher consideration.
Brasilia, /Eivany Antonio da Silva/ Assistant Secretary
of * * * [the BRS]
I agree with the above Opinion, which I approve. For
the consideration of the Minister of Finance. Brasilia,
/Luiz Romero Patury Accioly/ Acting Secretary of * * *
[the BRS]
The ruling issued to the Central Bank was a private ruling
that was given limited circulation.7
Beginning in 1984, the Central Bank issued DARFs to the
agent banks of the foreign lenders to whom it transmitted loan
payments, reflecting its withholding tax payments on
restructuring debt interest remittances during the re-lending
periods of the loans. From 1984 through 1988 the Central Bank
issued a total of 324 DARFs to these agent banks. The Central
Bank did not issue a separate DARF to each foreign lender
specifying the withholding tax that had been paid by the Central
Bank on each foreign lender’s behalf on the interest remittance.
Rather, each DARF covered the collective withholding tax the
7
The ruling was not made available to the public and was not
published in the Brazilian Government’s Official Gazette.
- 19 -
Central Bank had paid on behalf of an entire group of foreign
lenders subject to a particular withholding tax rate (i.e., a
12.5-percent withholding tax rate, a 15-percent withholding tax
rate, or a 25-percent withholding tax rate).
The Central Bank sent to Morgan Bank (which served as the
agent bank of foreign lenders that included petitioner) group
DARFs reporting the aggregate withholding tax the Central Bank
had paid on behalf of that group of lenders. The Central Bank
enclosed with the DARFs supporting schedules setting forth with
respect to each foreign lender: (1) The net interest remitted,
(2) the grossed-up interest; (3) the withholding tax imposed, (4)
the 40-percent pecuniary benefit the Central Bank received, and
(5) the “60-percent balance of actual withholding tax paid”.
Notwithstanding that on June 28, 1985, the pecuniary benefit had
been reduced to zero, the Central Bank continued to report to the
foreign lenders that it received a pecuniary benefit equal to 40
percent of the withholding tax imposed on its post-June 28, 1985,
interest remittances to them.
The supporting schedules reported that the Central Bank
withheld and paid Brazilian income taxes of $166,415 for 1984 and
$181,272 for 1985 in connection with debt interest remittances to
petitioner. The supporting schedules reported that the Central
Bank received pecuniary benefits of $66,566 for 1984 and $72,509
- 20 -
for 1985 before June 1985 with respect to those interest
remittances.
On its 1980 through 1986 income tax returns, petitioner
generally reported its interest income and withholding tax
payments with respect to its Brazilian loans on a cash basis.
Petitioner claimed a foreign tax credit and reported grossed-up
interest income. On its returns covering the period from 1980
through June 28, 1985, petitioner reduced the amount of foreign
tax credit it claimed in connection with its Brazilian loans by
an amount equal to the pecuniary benefit provided by the
Brazilian Government to Brazilian borrowers.
In its amended petition, petitioner asserted, among other
things, that the foreign tax credit for Brazilian taxes withheld
by the Central Bank otherwise allowable to it for 1980 through
1986 should not be reduced by the pecuniary benefit provided to
Brazilian borrowers.
OPINION
As relevant here, sections 901(b) and 903 permit a domestic
corporation to receive a tax credit in the amount of any income
tax, or any tax paid in lieu of a tax on income, that is paid or
accrued during the taxable year to a foreign country. A foreign
levy is a tax if it requires a compulsory payment pursuant to the
authority of a foreign country to levy taxes. Sec.
1.901-2(a)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs. Credit is not allowed,
- 21 -
however, for an amount of tax paid by a taxpayer to a foreign
country that is used, directly or indirectly, by the foreign
country to provide a subsidy by any means to the taxpayer. Sec.
1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs.8
The purpose of the foreign tax credit is to protect against
the double taxation of foreign income. United States v. Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co., 493 U.S. 132, 139 (1989); Am. Chicle Co. v.
United States, 316 U.S. 450, 451 (1942). As an exemption from
tax, the credit provisions of section 901 are to be strictly
construed. Inland Steel Co. v. United States, 230 Ct. Cl. 314,
677 F.2d 72, 79 (1982); Bank of Am. Natl. Trust & Sav.
Association v. United States, 61 T.C. 752, 762 (1974), affd.
without published opinion 538 F.2d 334 (9th Cir. 1976).
In Riggs I, we determined that the Central Bank was not
required, under Brazilian law, to pay withholding tax on its
interest remittances to petitioner and that the withholding tax
paid by the Central Bank was a noncompulsory payment, rather than
a tax. Thus, we concluded that petitioner was not “legally
liable” for the Central Bank’s withholding tax payments and held
8
The position set forth in the regulation regarding
subsidies has been codified in sec. 901(i), which is effective
for foreign taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning
after Dec. 31, 1986. Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514,
sec. 1204(a), 100 Stat. 2532; Nissho Iwai Am. Corp. v.
Commissioner, 89 T.C. at 777 n.17.
- 22 -
that the withholding tax payments were not creditable to
petitioner.
On appeal, in Riggs II, the U.S. Court of Appeals for
District of Columbia Circuit concluded that petitioner was
legally liable for the withholding tax payments made by the
Central Bank because the March 1984 ruling constituted an order
by the Finance Minister, treated as an act of state, that the
Central Bank pay the withholding taxes. Riggs II, 163 F.3d at
1365-1369. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to us to
determine, among other things: (1) Whether the Central Bank in
fact paid withholding taxes on petitioner’s behalf; and if so,
(2) whether, in determining petitioner’s creditable amount, the
Brazilian withholding tax paid by the Central Bank must be
reduced by the amount of any pecuniary benefit that the Central
Bank may have received. Id. at 1369.
In Riggs III, we determined that petitioner had failed to
establish that the withholding taxes were paid by the Central
Bank as required under section 905(b). We questioned the
reliability of the schedules accompanying the DARFs and found
inexplicable the Central Bank’s reporting that it had received a
pecuniary benefit after June 28, 1985, the date on which the
pecuniary benefit was eliminated. Consequently, we held that
petitioner was not entitled to any credit for taxes purportedly
withheld by the Central Bank.
- 23 -
On appeal, in Riggs IV, the Court of Appeals concluded that
the Brazilian taxes were withheld and paid by the Central Bank.
The Court of Appeals explained that the DARFs issued by the
Central Bank constituted official tax receipts of the Brazilian
Government and were entitled to a presumption of regularity. It
reasoned that respondent had failed to rely on clear and specific
evidence necessary to rebut this presumption of regularity
attaching to the DARFs. The Court of Appeals remanded the case
to us to decide whether, in determining petitioner’s creditable
amount under section 901, the withheld taxes paid by the Central
Bank should be reduced by any pecuniary benefit received by the
Central Bank. Riggs IV, 295 F.3d at 22.
We begin the task assigned to us in Riggs IV by reviewing
section 1.901-2, Income Tax Regs., which provides detailed
interpretations of the foreign tax credit provisions. Paragraphs
(a), (b), and (c) of section 1.901-2, Income Tax Regs., define an
income tax for purposes of section 901; paragraph (e) “contains
rules for determining the amount of tax paid by a person”; and
paragraph (f) “contains rules for determining by whom foreign tax
is paid.” Sec. 1.901-2(a)(1), Income Tax Regs.
- 24 -
As effective for, and applicable to, 1984 and 1985, section
1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs.,9 provides the following rules
for determining the amount of tax paid by a person:
(e) Amount of income tax that is creditable.--
* * * * * * *
(3) Subsidies.--(i) General rule. An amount is
not an amount of income tax paid by a taxpayer to a
foreign country to the extent that–
(A) The amount is used, directly or indirectly, by
the country to provide a subsidy by any means (such as
through a refund or credit) to the taxpayer; and
(B) The subsidy is determined, directly or
indirectly, by reference to the amount of income tax,
or the base used to compute the income tax, imposed by
the country on the taxpayer;
(ii) Indirect subsidies. A foreign country is
considered to provide a subsidy to a taxpayer if the
country provides a subsidy to another person that–
(A) Owns or controls, directly or indirectly, the
taxpayer or is owned or controlled, directly or
indirectly, by the taxpayer or by the same persons that
own or control, directly or indirectly, the taxpayer,
or
(B) Engages in a transaction with the taxpayer,
but only if the subsidy received by such other person
is determined, directly or indirectly, by reference to
the amount of income tax, or the base used to compute
the income tax, imposed by the country on the taxpayer
with respect to such transaction.
9
For earlier years an identical provision was found in sec.
4.901-2(f)(3)(ii)(B), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 45 Fed. Reg.
75647 (Nov. 17, 1980). Although amended regulations under sec.
901(i) were issued in 1991, those regulations are not effective
for, or applicable to, petitioner’s 1984 and 1985 taxable years.
- 25 -
(iii) Example. The provisions of this paragraph
(e)(3) may be illustrated by the following example:
Example. Country X imposes a 30-percent tax on
interest received by non-resident lenders from
borrowers who are residents of country X, and it is
established that this tax is a tax in lieu of an income
tax within the meaning of § 1.903-1(a). Country X
remits to resident borrowers an incentive payment for
engaging in foreign loans, which payment is an amount
equal to 20 percent of the interest paid to non-
resident lenders. Because the incentive payment is
based on such interest, it is determined by reference
to the base used to compute the tax in lieu of an
income tax that is imposed on the nonresident lender.
Under paragraph (e)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, the
incentive payment is considered a subsidy provided
indirectly to the nonresident lender since it is
provided to a person (the borrower) that engaged in a
business transaction with the lender and is based on
the amount of tax in lieu of an income tax that is
imposed on the lender with respect to the transaction.
Therefore, two-thirds (20 percent/30 percent) of the
amount withheld by a resident borrower from interest
payments to a non-resident lender is not tax in lieu of
an income tax that is paid by the lender under
paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section and § 1.903-1(a).
The regulation deems the taxpayer to have been subsidized if
the country provides a subsidy to a person with whom the taxpayer
engages in a business transaction, provided the subsidy is
determined directly or indirectly by reference to the amount of
income tax, or to the base used to compute the income tax,
imposed by the country on the taxpayer with respect to the
transaction. The existence of an indirect subsidy does not
depend upon a finding that the U.S. taxpayer derived an actual
economic benefit; it is sufficient that another person who
engages in a transaction with the U.S. taxpayer has received a
- 26 -
subsidy that was based on the amount of tax paid. Norwest Corp.
v. Commissioner, 69 F.3d 1404, 1409-1410 (8th Cir. 1995), affg.
T.C. Memo. 1992-282; Continental Ill. Corp. v. Commissioner, 998
F.2d 513, 519-520 (7th Cir. 1993), affg. in part and revg. in
part on another ground T.C. Memo. 1988-318; Riggs I, 107 T.C. at
362. This Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
have held that the regulation is valid and applies to the
Brazilian subsidy at issue here. Norwest Corp. v. Commissioner,
supra at 1408-1410; Continental Ill. Corp. v. Commissioner, supra
at 519-520; Nissho Iwai Am. Corp. v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 765,
775-777 (1987). Brazil provides the subsidy to a Brazilian
borrower who engages in a business transaction (the loan) with
the U.S. taxpayer lender. The subsidy provided to the Brazilian
borrower is 40 percent of the tax imposed by Brazil on the U.S.
lender’s Brazilian income (the interest paid on the loan), and
thus, the subsidy is measured by that tax.
In Nissho Iwai Am. Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 777, we
stated:
payment of the tax and receipt of the subsidy are in
lockstep. Commonsense dictates that payment of the tax
and receipt of the subsidy be viewed together in
determining the amount of foreign taxes creditable for
purposes of section 901. If we accept payment of the
Brazilian tax as one transaction and receipt of the
subsidy as another, we would ignore the true unity of
the transaction and elevate form over substance; this
we shall not do.
- 27 -
In Riggs IV, 295 F.3d at 22, the Court of Appeals stated:
“As we understand the Brazilian tax system, a borrower paid the
entire amount of interest owed on a foreign debt and then later
received a credit equal to the amount of the pecuniary benefit.
Such a system necessitates two separate and independent
transactions.”
With due respect, we wish to clarify that the Brazilian
borrower paid the withholding tax and simultaneously received the
pecuniary benefit before paying the interest to the foreign
lender. The Brazilian borrower paid the interest by purchasing
foreign currency at the official exchange rate by means of an
exchange contract with the exchange bank handling the payment of
the interest to the lender. The borrower could not pay the
interest without a copy of the DARF evidencing the payment of
withheld tax. On each payment date, the borrower delivered a
copy of the DARF and the Certificate of Registration to the
exchange bank. The exchange bank then prepared an exchange
contract that enabled the borrower to purchase foreign currency
to be paid to the foreign lender. The exchange bank recorded the
amount of interest and tax on the Certificate of Registration and
submitted the certificate, along with the exchange contract and
DARF, to the Central Bank for approval. Before approving the
payment of interest, the Central Bank would verify that the
amount of the interest payment corresponded to the amount
- 28 -
indicated on the Certificate of Registration for that loan and
verify that any required tax payments had been made. Upon
approval by the Central Bank, the exchange bank tendered the
foreign currency to the foreign lender and returned to the
Brazilian borrower the Certificate of Registration (stamped to
reflect the interest and tax payments), a stamped copy of the
DARF, and a copy of the exchange contract. Thus, the borrower
was required to pay the withholding tax before the interest owed
on a foreign debt could be paid.
At the time of payment of the withholding tax, the Brazilian
borrower automatically and immediately received a credit from the
tax collecting bank in the amount of the subsidy.
Mechanically, the tax-collecting bank credited the
account of the National Treasury for the entire tax due
and simultaneously debited (reduced) the account of the
National Treasury for the amount of the subsidy. The
effect of this accounting procedure was that the
National Treasury was credited only with the amount by
which the withholding tax exceeded the subsidy.
Nissho Iwai Am. Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 770.
As explained by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit in Norwest Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 1409-1410:
The regulation reasonably views the payment of the
local tax and the receipt of the pecuniary benefit or
subsidy together in order to determine the amount of
foreign taxes creditable for purposes of 26 U.S.C. §
901. See Nissho, 89 T.C. at 777, (viewing payment of
tax and receipt of subsidy as “in lockstep”). This
interpretation is also consistent with the intent of
Congress to reduce international double taxation. * *
* [The taxpayer] can claim a foreign tax credit for the
amount of Brazilian taxes it paid, that is * * * the
- 29 -
amount of the local tax reduced by the pecuniary
benefit or subsidy. * * * [The taxpayer] is not
subject to double taxation because the pecuniary
benefit or subsidy was not paid to the Brazilian
government. This is because the pecuniary benefit or
subsidy operated as a rebate * * * of the local tax, in
effect reducing the tax rate * * *. See Continental,
998 F.2d at 519.
* * * * * * *
The reduction in the local tax rate constituted an
indirect subsidy within the plain language of the
regulation: it is provided to the Brazilian borrower
that engaged in a business transaction with the
taxpayer and is calculated as a specific percentage of
the tax imposed on the payment to the taxpayer.
In Riggs I, we held that (1) the withholding taxes that non-
tax-immune Brazilian borrowers had paid from 1980 through 1986 on
their net loan interest remittances to petitioner were creditable
to petitioner, Riggs I, 107 T.C. at 338-340, and (2) in
determining petitioner’s creditable taxes, the withholding taxes
had to be reduced by the pecuniary benefit that the non-tax-
immune Brazilian borrowers received, id. at 361-363; see also
Norwest Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 1407-1410; Continental
Ill. Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 519-520; Nissho Iwai Am.
Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 775-777. Petitioner did not
appeal the latter holding.
The courts have applied the subsidy provisions of section
1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs., to repass loans. In such cases,
“when the primary borrower made the interest payment to the
foreign lender, it received the subsidy which it was required to
- 30 -
pass along to the repass borrowers by Brazilian law.” Norwest
Corp. v. Commissioner, 69 F.3d at 1410. Those repass loans “fell
within the letter as well as the spirit of the subsidy
regulation.” Continental Illinois Corp. v. Commissioner, 998
F.2d at 520; see also Norwest Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at
1410.
As a threshold matter, petitioner maintains that this Court
should find that the Central Bank did not receive any pecuniary
benefit from 1984 through September 28, 1985. According to
petitioner, in Riggs I, this Court found that the record does not
contain any evidence that the Central Bank received a pecuniary
benefit with respect to the tax that it withheld for interest
remittance to Riggs. Petitioner further argues that: (1) There
has been no new evidence submitted that would contradict this
Court’s prior finding, (2) the Court of Appeals did not reach,
and thus did not reverse, this Court’s factual finding that the
pecuniary benefit had not been paid, (3) the Court of Appeals
made no finding as to whether the pecuniary benefit actually had
been paid to the Central Bank, and (4) if there was no pecuniary
benefit paid to the Central Bank, there can be no subsidy.
Petitioner concludes that, unless this Court decides to reverse
its prior finding, petitioner is entitled to the full amount of
the foreign tax credit claimed.
- 31 -
Petitioner points to Riggs I, 107 T.C. at 335, where we
said: “We are unable to ascertain * * * whether the Central Bank
received the pecuniary benefit based on those withholding tax
payments.” This sentence, however, is taken out of context; it
does not represent a prior factual finding of this Court that the
Central Bank from 1984 through September 28, 1985, received no
pecuniary benefit. The paragraph in our Riggs I findings
containing this sentence reads:
On the record presented in this case it is
impossible to determine what entries were made on the
respective books of the Central Bank and the National
Treasury to reflect the Central Bank’s payment of
withholding tax on the restructuring debt interest
remittances. We are unable to ascertain what, if any,
entries were made to determine: (1) Whether the
Central Bank was reimbursed by the National Treasury
for its withholding tax payments; or (2) whether the
Central Bank received the pecuniary benefit based on
those withholding tax payments. The Central Bank’s
ruling request raised these two matters, and the March
1984 Brazilian IRS ruling discussed the two
possibilities. [Id.; fn. ref. omitted.]
See also id. at 323 n.13, 361 n.47, 363. A virtually identical
paragraph appears in our Riggs III findings.
Contrary to petitioner’s argument, in Riggs I and Riggs III
we did not expressly find that the Central Bank did not receive a
pecuniary benefit with respect to those Brazilian taxes it
withheld and paid from 1984 through June 28, 1985. In Riggs I
and Riggs III, we did not reach, and did not have to decide, the
issue of whether the pecuniary benefit the Central Bank
reportedly received with respect to those Brazilian taxes must
- 32 -
reduce petitioner’s foreign tax credits for those Brazilian
taxes. Indeed, in Riggs I, 107 T.C. at 363, we stated: “we need
not reach the issue of whether any pecuniary benefit the Central
Bank received represents an indirect subsidy for purposes of
section 1.901-2(e)(3)(ii), Income Tax Regs.”; we made a similar
statement in Riggs III.
Petitioner bears the burden of proof. On the basis of the
record herein, we conclude that petitioner has failed to
establish that the Central Bank during 1984 and 1985 did not in
fact receive a pecuniary benefit.
Until June 28, 1985, the pecuniary benefit provided to
Brazilian borrowers with foreign loans had been equal to 40
percent of the withheld Brazilian tax on their foreign loan
interest remittances. The March 1984 ruling specifically
provided that the pecuniary benefit applied to taxes withheld by
the Central Bank on behalf of the borrowers-to-be, and the
schedules attached to the DARFs issued by the Central Bank
reported that the Central Bank received a 40-percent pecuniary
benefit with respect to those Brazilian taxes withheld and paid
by the Central Bank from 1984 through June 28, 1985.10 Since the
10
In Riggs III, we gave no weight to the schedules because
they reported that the Central Bank continued to receive a
pecuniary benefit equal to 40 percent of the withholding tax
imposed on post-June 28, 1985, interest remittances. In Riggs
IV, 295 F.3d at 20-22, the Court of Appeals opined that, at best,
the schedules reflected clerical errors; at worst, they reflected
(continued...)
- 33 -
DARFs, the official tax receipts, report only the aggregate
amount of tax paid for all lenders, it is the schedules
accompanying the DARFs upon which petitioner relies to establish
its portion of the withheld taxes, i.e., the amount of
withholding tax the Central Bank paid on interest remitted to
petitioner, $166,415 for 1984 and $181,272 for 1985, for which it
is seeking the foreign tax credit. The schedules established,
and consequently we find, that the Central Bank received
pecuniary benefits of $66,566 for 1984 and $72,509 for 1985.
Petitioner alternatively maintains that Amoco Corp. v.
Commissioner, 138 F.3d 1139 (7th Cir. 1998), affg. T.C. Memo.
1996-159, controls and is dispositive of the issue to be herein
resolved. Petitioner contends that the Central Bank is to be
considered part of the Brazilian Government. Petitioner asserts
that the transaction between petitioner and the Central Bank
complies with section 1.901-2(f)(2)(ii), Example (3), Income Tax
Regs., and is specifically exempted from the subsidy rules of
section 1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs. Accordingly, petitioner
posits that its 1984 and 1985 foreign tax credits for the
10
(...continued)
the receipt of an erroneous pecuniary benefit after June 28,
1985. Since the parties have reached an agreement as to
petitioner’s foreign tax credit for amounts withheld after June
28, 1985, we need not decide whether the Central Bank made a
clerical error or received an erroneous pecuniary benefit for
that period. We have no reason to question the accuracy of the
schedules with respect to the amount of the pecuniary benefit
received by the Central Bank on or before June 28, 1984.
- 34 -
withholding taxes paid by the Central Bank should not be reduced
by the pecuniary benefit received by the Central Bank.
Respondent on the other hand contends that Amoco was wrongly
decided and should not be followed in this case. Specifically,
respondent argues that in Amoco this Court and the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit misapplied section 1.901-
2(f)(2)(ii), Example (3), Income Tax Regs., to exempt the
transaction involving a corporation owned by the Egyptian
Government and the U.S. taxpayer from the subsidy rules of
section 1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs.
Alternatively, respondent argues that this case is
distinguishable from Amoco. Respondent suggests that, consistent
with the borrowers-to-be theory used in the Brazilian Finance
Minister’s March 1984 ruling, the borrowers-to-be (on whose
behalf the ruling concluded the Central Bank must act in paying
the withholding tax), and not the Central Bank, were the
recipients of the pecuniary benefit the Central Bank received.
And respondent concludes such borrowers-to-be are private parties
who cannot be considered part of the Brazilian Government.
Because we agree that the facts in this case are
distinguishable from those in Amoco, it is not necessary for us
to reconsider the holding in that case.
Petitioner argues that the pecuniary benefit at issue here
was provided by the Brazilian Government to its own
- 35 -
instrumentality, the Central Bank, and, thus, in accordance with
Amoco and section 1.901-2(f)(2)(ii), Example (3), Income Tax
Regs., the foreign tax credit should not be reduced.
Paragraph (f) of section 1.901-2, Income Tax Regs.,
“contains rules for determining by whom foreign tax is paid.”
Sec. 1.901-2(a)(1), Income Tax Regs. Section 1.901-2(f), Income
Tax Regs., provides in pertinent part:
(f) Taxpayer--(1) In general. The person by whom
tax is considered paid for purposes of sections 901 and
903 is the person on whom foreign law imposes legal
liability for such tax, even if another person (e.g., a
withholding agent) remits such tax. * * *
(2) Party undertaking tax obligation as part of
transaction--(i) In general. Tax is considered paid by
the taxpayer even if another party to a direct or
indirect transaction with the taxpayer agrees, as a
part of the transaction, to assume the taxpayer’s
foreign tax liability. The rules of the foregoing
sentence apply notwithstanding anything to the contrary
in paragraph (e)(3) of this section. See § 1.901-2A
for additional rules regarding dual capacity
taxpayers.[11]
(ii) Examples. The provisions of paragraphs
(f)(1) and (f)(2)(i) of this section may be illustrated
by the following examples:
Example (1). Under a loan agreement between A, a
resident of country X, and B, a United States person, A
11
A “dual capacity taxpayer” is a person who is subject to a
levy of a foreign state and who also, directly or indirectly,
receives a specific economic benefit from the state or an
instrumentality of the state. Sec. 1.901-2(a)(2)(ii)(A), Income
Tax Regs. Specific economic benefits are economic benefits that
foreign governments do not make available on substantially the
same terms to substantially all persons subject to the generally
imposed income tax, e.g., a concession to extract government-
owned petroleum. Sec. 1.901-2(a)(2)(ii)(B), Income Tax Regs.
- 36 -
agrees to pay B a certain amount of interest net of any
tax that country X may impose on B with respect to its
interest income. Country X imposes a 10 percent tax on
the gross amount of interest income received by
nonresidents of country X from sources in country X,
and it is established that this tax is a tax in lieu of
an income tax within the meaning of § 1.903-1(a).
Under the law of country X this tax is imposed on the
nonresident recipient, and any resident of country X
that pays such interest to a nonresident is required to
withhold and pay over to country X 10 percent of the
amount of such interest, which is applied to offset the
recipient’s liability for the tax. Because legal
liability for the tax is imposed on the recipient of
such interest income, B is the taxpayer with respect to
the country X tax imposed on B’s interest income from
B’s loan to A. Accordingly, B’s interest income for
federal income tax purposes includes the amount of
country X tax that is imposed on B with respect to such
interest income and that is paid on B’s behalf by A
pursuant to the loan agreement, and, under paragraph
(f)(2)(i) of this section, such tax is considered for
purposes of section 903 to be paid by B.
Example (2). The facts are the same as in example
(1), except that in collecting and receiving the
interest B is acting as a nominee for, or agent of, C,
who is a United States person. Because C (not B) is
the beneficial owner of the interest, legal liability
for the tax is imposed on C, not B (C’s nominee or
agent). Thus, C is the taxpayer with respect to the
country X tax imposed on C’s interest income from C’s
loan to A. Accordingly, C’s interest income for
federal income tax purposes includes the amount of
country X tax that is imposed on C with respect to such
interest income and that is paid on C’s behalf by A
pursuant to the loan agreement. Under paragraph
(f)(2)(i) of this section, such tax is considered for
purposes of section 903 to be paid by C. No such tax
is considered paid by B.
Example (3). Country X imposes a tax called the
“country X income tax.” A, a United States person
engaged in construction activities in country X, is
subject to that tax. Country X has contracted with A
for A to construct a naval base. A is a dual capacity
taxpayer (as defined in paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section) and, in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1) and
- 37 -
(c)(1) of § 1.901-2A, A has established that the
country X income tax as applied to dual capacity
persons and the country X income tax as applied to
persons other than dual capacity persons together
constitute a single levy. A has also established that
that levy is an income tax within the meaning of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Pursuant to the
terms of the contract, country X has agreed to assume
any country X tax liability that A may incur with
respect to A’s income from that contract. For federal
income tax purposes, A’s income from that contract
includes the amount of tax liability that is imposed by
country X on A with respect to its income from the
contract and that is assumed by country X; and for
purposes of section 901 the amount of such tax
liability assumed by country X is considered to be paid
by A. By reason of paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this
section, country X is not considered to provide a
subsidy, within the meaning of paragraph (e)(3) of this
section, to A.
Section 1.901-2(g)(2), Income Tax Regs., defines the term
“foreign country” as “any foreign state, any possession of the
United States, and any political subdivision of any foreign state
or of any possession of the United States.”
In Amoco Corp. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-159, an
affiliate of Amoco Corp. (Amoco Egypt) entered into an
arrangement with the Egyptian General Petroleum Corp. (EGPC).
Under the agreement, EGPC assumed and paid tax Amoco owed to the
Egyptian Government on its income. EGPC erroneously claimed a
credit against its Egyptian income taxes for the tax paid on
Amoco Egypt’s behalf. The expiration of the limitations period
barred the Egyptian Government from recovering the tax
erroneously claimed as a credit by EGPC. The Commissioner
asserted that the tax credit claimed by EGPC was an indirect
- 38 -
subsidy to Amoco Egypt that reduced the amount of Amoco Egypt’s
creditable foreign tax payments.
This Court held, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Seventh Circuit agreed, that Amoco Egypt’s foreign tax credit was
not to be reduced by EGPC’s tax credit, because the transaction
between Amoco Egypt and EGPC complied with the terms of section
1.901-2(f)(2)(ii), Example (3), Income Tax Regs., and, thus, was
specifically exempted from the subsidy rules of section 1.901-
2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs. In reaching this holding, we concluded
that, for purposes of applying section 1.901-2(f)(2)(ii), Example
(3), and (g)(2), Income Tax Regs., EGPC was to be considered part
of the Egyptian Government, notwithstanding that EGPC was a
separate legal entity under Egyptian law.12
The fact that a governmental instrumentality may be treated
as part of the government with respect to certain matters does
not necessarily mean that the instrumentality will be treated as
such in all circumstances. Compare Lebron v. Natl. R.R.
Passenger Corp., 513 U.S. 374 (1995), where the Supreme Court
held that the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, commonly
12
In affirming our decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Seventh Circuit specifically focused on “the twin facts that
EGPC is an instrumentality of the Egyptian government (though not
"the country" itself) and that it was the sole entity that
received the benefit of the (erroneous) tax credit.” Amoco v.
Commissioner, 138 F.3d 1139, 1148 (7th Cir. 1998), affg. T.C.
Memo. 1996-159. The Court of Appeals found it “clear that any
benefit to EGPC is a benefit to the government of Egypt, and vice
versa”. Id.
- 39 -
known as Amtrak, was part of the Government for purposes of the
First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, with Hrubec v. Natl.
R.R. Passenger Corp., 49 F.3d 1269 (7th Cir. 1995), where the
Court of Appeals held that employees of Amtrak are not “employees
of the United States” for purposes of punishing unauthorized
disclosures of an individual’s income tax return under section
7431. Generally, an instrumentality may be treated as part of
the government in circumstances where the instrumentality acts as
an agent on behalf of the sovereign. Transamerica Leasing, Inc.
v. La Republica de Venezuela, 200 F.3d 843, 847 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
In this case, although the Central Bank frequently acts on
behalf of the Brazilian Government, the Finance Minister’s ruling
indicates that, with respect to withholding taxes, there is “an
atypical situation” when interest is paid by the Central Bank
because the Central Bank is:
a federal government agency (autarquia) responsible,
among other duties, for issuing currency, acting as
depositary of the official gold and foreign currency
reserves, providing for the placement of domestic and
foreign loans, furthering the normal function of the
exchange market, acting as a monetary policy instrument
of the government and exercising control over credit in
all its forms.
The ruling recognizes that, although financial transactions
conducted by the Central Bank generally are conducted on behalf
of the Brazilian Government or in its interest, some transactions
are conducted by the Central Bank on behalf of private
individuals. Furthermore, the ruling makes clear that the
- 40 -
Central Bank’s obligation to withhold taxes is determined by the
person upon whose behalf the Central Bank is conducting the
transaction. Specifically, when the Central Bank acts on behalf
of the interest of the Brazilian Government, it could claim a
reimbursement for the amount paid. In reality, the Central Bank
would pay the tax to the Brazilian Government and the Brazilian
Government could return it to the Central Bank. The ruling
concludes that, under that scenario, the payment of tax would be
a simple accounting transaction and could be waived. The ruling
notes, however, that, with respect to loans of funds that were to
be re-lent, the Central Bank was required to:
in substitution of the future not yet identified
debtors of the tax, pay the income tax on the interest
paid during the period in which the funds remained
available for relending. The fact is that, since the
loan benefits persons which have not yet been
identified from whom the payment of withholding tax is
stipulated law, * * * [the Central Bank] must in
practice perform these acts on behalf of such persons.
(9) Considering, therefore, the peculiarity of the
relationship * * * the Central Bank/Federal Union and
the Central Bank/Final borrowers of the relent funds, I
believe that, as regards the funds that must be
released to those as yet unidentified borrowers in
Brazil, * * * [the Central Bank] must as a substitute
for such borrowers pay the income tax incident on the
interest from January 1, 1984 to the end of the period
of availability for such funds to be relent. [Emphasis
supplied.]
The Finance Minister’s ruling makes clear that when the
Central Bank paid the withholding taxes, it was not acting on
- 41 -
behalf of the Brazilian Government, but rather it was acting on
behalf of the borrowers-to-be.
As pointed out by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia Circuit in Riggs II, 163 F.3d at 1366:
The Minister deemed it appropriate to “look through”
the Central Bank to those ultimate private
borrowers--so-called “borrowers-to-be”-- for purposes
of deciding the proper tax treatment of the loans. * *
* The Minister concluded that the “borrowers-to-be”
aspect of the loans compelled an analogy to the garden
variety private borrower situation * * *. [Emphasis
supplied.]
The Court of Appeals further stated: “The Minister’s order to the
Central Bank to withhold and pay the income tax on the interest
paid to the Bank goes beyond a mere interpretation of law. * * *
Such an order has been treated as an act of state.” Id. at 1367.
With respect to the pecuniary benefit, the Finance
Minister’s ruling holds that once the tax has been paid, the
pecuniary benefit is applicable in accordance with Brazilian law.
Under Brazilian law, borrowers were granted a pecuniary benefit
equal to a percentage of the withholding tax paid on the interest
due on net loans. In the case of repass loans, where the
borrower is a bank but the funds are re-lent to Brazilian
persons, the borrowing bank collects the tax from the repass
borrowers and is obligated to transfer the total value of the
pecuniary benefit to those repass borrowers. The Finance
Minister’s ruling treats the Central Bank as a borrowing bank in
a repass loan transaction. The Central Bank must pay the
- 42 -
withholding tax on behalf of the borrowers-to-be, and we believe
it receives the pecuniary benefit on behalf of the borrowers-to-
be. Otherwise, if the receipt of the pecuniary benefit is
separated from the payment of tax, and the Central Bank is
entitled to receive the pecuniary benefit from the Brazilian
Government on behalf of the Brazilian Government, the Central
Bank could return it to the Brazilian Government. Thus, under
the rationale of the Finance Minister’s ruling, the payment of
the pecuniary benefit would be “a simple accounting transaction”
and “could be waived.”
Having concluded that the Central Bank did not receive the
pecuniary benefit as an agent of the Brazilian Government, but
rather on behalf of the borrowers-to-be, a finding of a subsidy
would not mean that the Brazil was subsidizing itself. Under the
facts of this case, we believe that it is proper to treat the
Central Bank as separate from the Brazilian Government and
therefore as “another person” for purposes of determining the
existence of a subsidy.
Since the Central Bank was acting on behalf of the
borrowers-to-be, rather than the Brazilian Government, the
instant case is closer to Example (1), than to Example (3), of
section 1.901-2(f)(2)(ii), Income Tax Regs. Both the payment of
the withholding tax and the Central Bank’s receipt of the subsidy
were inextricably linked to the transaction between petitioner
- 43 -
and the Central Bank. Hence, the provisions of section
1.901-2(e)(3), Income Tax Regs., are applicable to the loans, and
the subsidies paid to the Central Bank on behalf of the
borrowers-to-be reduce petitioner’s foreign tax credit. To
conclude, we hold that petitioner’s potential foreign tax credits
for 1984 and 1985 for Brazilian taxes withheld by the Central
Bank are to be reduced by the pecuniary benefit the Central Bank
received with respect to those Brazilian taxes; i.e., petitioner
is entitled to a foreign tax credit of $99,849 ($166,415 -
$66,566) for 1984 and $108,763 ($181,272 - $72,509) for 1985 with
respect to the Brazilian withholding taxes.
To reflect the foregoing and concessions by the parties,
Decision will be entered
under Rule 155.
|
If you don't mind a little extra maintenance you can start them at
about 8cm. You'll have to tighten them by back combing and wax
them pretty regularly. Rubber bands will help keep them together until
they start to lock up. Starting dreadlocks short takes a bit longer but when
they grow out they will be super nice and very smooth. Top
2. How much shorter will my hair be when I dread it?
Usually the hair is about 20% shorter after its dreaded.
So if your hair is 15cm long before you dread it, it will be about
12cm after you dread it. Thinner hair shortens more, thick hair shortens less...
also the fatter you make the dreads the more it shortens the hair. Top
3. How long will it take for my dreads to dread "all the way"?
The following are modest averages. This will vary from person to person depending on
your hair type and your daily routine. If you follow the instructions on
this page, chances are your dreads will tighten faster.
Ok, enough of the disclaimer, here is an approximate time line:
Day one - Happy birthday dreadies! They look like.....well pretty much like
dreads! Depending on the length your hair was when you started some of
them may be standing straight up. Don't worry, wearing a nylon over them
when you sleep will train them to stay down.
Week 1 - They look about the same. They might not be standing up as much.
If the excess wax wasn't worked in at first it probably has by now or
it's been rubbed off by all that palm rolling you've been doing. You
may notice
them looking flat or squished where you sleep on them. This is not a problem,
you can palm roll them to make them round. Being flat doesn't hurt them.
Keep the rubber bands on the roots and tips as long as possible. They will
make the first few washings a lot easier on your dreads.
Week 2 - They are looking a bit ruff, a bit frazzled. Some hairs that
seemed tight initially are now obviously looser. This is normal and shouldn't
worry you. Dread ball these loose hairs and find homes for them. Wash the
hair, spray it with the accelerator, dry it, and then dread ball for the
best results. A small amount of wax smoothes frizz out.
Week 3 - The bodies or middles of the dread are tightening ever so gradually
but it's hard to tell. Keep palm rolling them, it will pay off. Seems
like every loose hair that could pop out is popping out. Just dread ball
them
and work them into the nearest dread. Wash the hair, spray it with the
accelerator, dry it, and then dread ball for the best results.
Week 4 - Your dreads have good days and bad days but they are noticeably
tighter. The roots are looking long, clockwise rubbing will help. Stay
on top of loose hairs.
Week 6 - The bodies of the dreads are starting to smooth out and if you've
had the rubberbands on the tips they are getting tighter too. Looking good.
Week 8 - As the dreads tighten they shrink a lot. They might get lumpy
and crooked if one side shrinks faster than they other. That's ok, they
will even out, have faith. Your dreads are going through dread puberty.
3 Months - They are smoothing out and feel tighter everyday. Even Mom
thinks they look pretty cool. Less wax is needed. Using clockwise rubbing
and
keeping them clean and free of residues will help the roots dread themselves
instead of growing out straight.
6 Months - Yea, you know they look phat. The shrinking is over, now
you'll start to get some length. They feel tight, like little ropes, but
they
are still tightening and smoothing out. They can hold a lot of water, make
sure you squeeze them dry.
1 Year - After a year the only thing that isn't tight is the new growth
that's always growing. You may have a retarded tip or two but other than
that it's all good. You'll want to continue your washing routine and
stay away from other soaps with residues. If it has residues it can kill
your
dreads by loosening them from the inside and preventing them from drying
properly thus beginning to grow mildew. Keep rubbing the roots clockwise
to help the new growth dread and wax them once in a while to prevent drying
and breaking. Top
4. A note to parents.
So your son/daughter wants dreads and you don't feel it's in their best
interest. Well dreads, contrary to the beliefs of some, are not an inherently
unclean or unsanitary hair style. They are washed and cared for in much
the same way that braids are. They will not make your child smelly or dirty
and won't damage their scalp or the roots of their hair. Unlike tattoos
dreads can be removed quickly and inexpensively by cutting them when your
child grows tired of them. Most workplaces accept well maintained dreadlocks
and those that don't are usually content with an all black dread tam (hat
for holding dreads). Dreads are not associated with any cults or illicit
behaviors, however they are associated with vegetarianism, veganism and
other natural and heath conscious life styles. Dreading forces one to
look inward for strength and assurance and promotes spiritual growth as
well as pig headedness....I mean determination. Dreads are very inexpensive
to maintain compared to normal hairstyles which require maintenance by
a salon. Pomade, mousses, gels and expensive conditioners are replaced
by a highly biodegradable, environmentally friendly wax.
So they are sanitary, actually healthy for the hair and scalp. They are
socially liberal rather than conservative, but not offensive in any way.
They build self confidence and promote spiritual growth. And they allow
your child to express themselves in a natural and non-permanent way.
Yes, blonde dreads look amazing! Dying or bleaching the hair is easier
before its dreaded and the dying and bleaching process will leave the
hair a bit dryer and more fried which will make it dread faster. So if
at all possible bleach or dye before you dread. If you dye or bleach
it after its dreaded wait till the hair is good and locked, about 10
to 12 weeks. Wash out all the wax with hot water so the color will stick.
After you bleach or dye, do not use the conditioner that comes with the
kit as it will ruin your dreads. Don't over bleach it because the dreads
can get dry and brittle and possibly break off. After you bleach your
dreads they will feel dry and tight, use a little Dreadheadhq or Knotty
Boy wax to smooth them down and replace the nutrients. Top
6. What about swimming with dreads?
You can swim with dreads. Chlorine won't hurt them and salt water helps
the hair dread faster. New knattys that haven't tightened up yet will probably
loosen up a bit every time they get wet. Its ok, doesn't mean your doing
anything wrong or that they are never going to lock up, it just means they
are not real tight yet. If you are going to be doing a lot of swimming
with new dreads you should really put rubberbands on the roots and tips
of the dreads. This will prevent a lot of loose hairs from slipping out.
Always squeeze your dreads and
get them as dry as possible. Don't let them sit with water in them or
they will smell like a wet towel. I thought I'd mention this here cause
if you swim a lot your dreads will be wet a lot : ) Top
7. Can I dread my hair by myself?
Yes you can! It's a little difficult, well I'd say it's more than a little
difficult, but it's been done and you can do it to. If you're having trouble
finding someone to dread your hair, you can go ahead a dread 3/4 of your
hair and beg someone to just finished the back. If 3/4 of your hair is already
dreaded the back really doesn't seem like much. Top
8. Will sports or sweating effect my dreadlocks?
The sweat won't hurt your dreads at all, it's just salt water really. Lots
of sweating though means lots of showers and those can loosen new dreads. Running
water over dreads to rinse them won't loosen them much but repeated scrubbing
and pulling while they are soapy will usually loosen more than a few hairs. This
is natural and usually isn't much of a problem unless your shampoo has conditioners,
moisturisers, or scented residues. If your hair is very short wearing rubber
bands at the root and tip of the dread will hold the hair secure giving it time
to dread and tighten. Also not to beat the nylon thing to death but wearing a
nylon (panty hose) stretched over your dreads while in the shower and washing
the dreads through the nylon will usually prevent a lot of hair from coming loose
from the dreads. Top
9. How long will my order take to arrive?
Orders are dispatched within 24hrs of receiving payment, Monday through Saturday.
1. Regular Shipping - Parcel Post ($5 flat rate for any size order)
Orders are shipped via Australia Post and typically arrive within 3 to 5 working days from the date the payment is received.
2. Express Shipping - Express Post ($10 flat rate for any size order)
Orders are shipped via Australia Post and typically arrive within 1 to 2 working days from the date the payment is received.
Dreads are not a hairstyle that you undo every night before bed, once they
lock up there pretty tricky to undo. This doesn't mean your going
to have them for the rest of your life. DreadheadHQ have introducted the 'Zasta Dreadlock Removal
cream' with deep penetrating shampoos and conditioniers
that attacks the Dread Wax and loosen your dreads. There is also the option
to cut your hair short, not shaved, but short, probably around 6cm or 8cm when you want
them out.
Now let's say you dread up your hair and neglect to tell your parents. (I'm
not saying this is a good thing to do or trying to give you ideas, if your
parents are against it have them read the "note for parents".) When they
arrive home from their vacation in NZ they freak and want it gone.
Well if it's only been dreaded for around a week, you could undread it. A hot shower
to melt out all the wax and a lot of conditioner would get it undreaded unless
it's really long and fine, then it may take a little more work. Top
After importing and supplying DreadheadHQ and Knotty Boy to the dread heads of Oz for some years,
we started on a quest to find the ultimate in dread products. That led us to designing our
very own dreadlock product range, Dread Empire. Not only is Dread Empire made in Australia,
but it embodies the awesome characteristics from both the DreadheadHQ and Knotty Boy products.
But which one should I chose? DreadheadHQ represents great value for money with serving sizes being
a little more generous. Everything from the Knotty Boy is packed with all natural ingredients and sweet
smelling essential oils ranging from peppermint to hemp to name but a few. And finally, Dread Empire strives
to capture the best qualities of both. Free from Lauryl Sulphates and packed with nutrient goodies and essential
oils, these products also smell delish!
In a nusthell, you can't go wrong with any of the products. We've tried to expand the line up to simply give you
more choice and it's all up to personal preference. We are committed to selling only premium products designed
especially for dreads. Top
12. To wax or not to wax?
Google this topic and it won't take long before you'll see that the dreadie community is really divided when it comes to using wax. Some say the neglect method is the only way. We recommend the use of wax if you want healthy, well groomed dreadlocks. Wax will nourish the hair, bind and tighten the dreads and keep them smooth. We always advise that a little goes a long way and if you are concerned about waxy build up then a good soak in hot water every 6 months or so to melt the wax will do the trick nicely.
So, if you prefer the messy look and don't mind how long it takes for the dreads to tighten and mature then perhaps wax is not for you and that's ok too. Products such as the Tightening Gel and Dread Balm offer a lighter, wash out alternative to wax. Most importantly though is that you use a Dreadlock Shampoo which is free from conditioning residues which normal shampoos leave behind. This will keep your dreads clean and won't inhibit the locking process. Top |
95 Ga. App. 229 (1957)
97 S.E.2d 558
SCHULTE et al.
v.
PYLE.
36503.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Decided February 26, 1957.
*230 Alexander, Vann & Lilly, for plaintiffs in error.
Forester & Calhoun, contra.
FELTON, C. J.
1. The evidence was undisputed that the defendants Trulock owned the bottling business and that the defendant Schulte was their agent in charge of its operation. Schulte's duties were that of executive and administrative head of the bottling company and he did the hiring and firing in connection therewith. The negligence of an under-servant in respect to the inspection of bottles and the soft drink was not attributable to the defendant Schulte. Code § 4-409. The only negligence of which the defendant Schulte could have been guilty under the circumstances would have been an original act of negligence in selecting or retaining an incompetent employee. See Henderson v. Nolting First Mortgage Corp., 184 Ga. 724 (193 S. E. 347, 114 A. L. R. 1022). The evidence disclosed that the empty drink bottles were visually inspected under strong light *231 after their cleaning and before filling and were again visually inspected after filling. The defendant Schulte testified that he did not send his employees "off to school" for any training but that he trained his employees on the premises. There was nothing in the evidence which required a finding that the employees had to be especially trained at a school. The evidence did not authorize a finding that Schulte was negligent in the selection or the retention of an incompetent employee or employees. This ruling on the general grounds of Schulte's amended motion for new trial also covers the exceptions made in the special grounds of that motion.
It is not necessary to rule on the special demurrers filed by the defendant Schulte. Even if the allegations attacked by such special demurrers alleged a duty on the part of Schulte toward the plaintiff and a violation thereof by Schulte, the evidence failed to authorize a finding that Schulte was so negligent.
2. The evidence authorized a verdict against the defendants Trulock. Atlanta Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Holbrook, 40 Ga. App. 269 (149 S. E. 316); Claxton Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Coleman, 68 Ga. App. 302 (22 S. E. 2d 768). This is so even though the defendant's evidence might have shown that it employed modern methods and machinery in sterilizing the bottles and in bottling the drink. Watkins v. Dalton Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 66 Ga. App. 848 (19 S. E. 2d 316).
The court erred in denying the amended motion for new trial as to the defendant Schulte. The court did not err in denying the amended motion as to the defendants Trulock.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. Quillian and Nichols, JJ., concur.
|
<?php
/**
* Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
?>
<?php
/**
* @var $block \Magento\Backend\Block\Widget\Form\Container
*/
?>
<?= /* @noEscape */ $block->getFormInitScripts() ?>
<div data-mage-init='{"floatingHeader": {}}' class="page-actions attribute-popup-actions" <?= /* @noEscape */ $block->getUiId('content-header') ?>>
<?= $block->getButtonsHtml('header') ?>
</div>
<form id="edit_form" class="admin__scope-old edit-form" action="<?= $block->escapeHtml($block->getSaveUrl()) ?>" method="post">
<input name="form_key" type="hidden" value="<?= $block->escapeHtml($block->getFormKey()) ?>" />
<?= $block->getChildHtml('form') ?>
</form>
<script type="text/x-magento-init">
{
"#edit_form": {
"Magento_Catalog/catalog/product/edit/attribute": {
"validationUrl": "<?= $block->escapeJs($block->escapeUrl($block->getValidationUrl())) ?>"
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<?= /* @noEscape */ $block->getFormScripts() ?>
|
# Translation template for Pyrogenesis - Mod Selector.
# Copyright (C) 2020 Wildfire Games
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Pyrogenesis - Mod Selector project.
#
# Translators:
# LeviTaule <[email protected]>, 2014
# 2001c3bfc7421750b343e20d6f8feae5_62d342a <746da4594d700c1e2023e1839e1e5d4f_309682>, 2015
# Miroslav Kadlec <[email protected]>, 2018
# MiroslavR <[email protected]>, 2014
# Angen <[email protected]>, 2018
# Tom Hanax, 2019
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: 0 A.D.\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-07-13 07:19+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-07-13 13:20+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Transifex Bot <>\n"
"Language-Team: Slovak (http://www.transifex.com/wildfire-games/0ad/language/sk/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: sk\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n % 1 == 0 && n == 1 ? 0 : n % 1 == 0 && n >= 2 && n <= 4 ? 1 : n % 1 != 0 ? 2: 3);\n"
#: gui/common/functions_msgbox.js:25
#, javascript-format
msgid ""
"Opening %(url)s\n"
" in default web browser. Please wait…"
msgstr "Otvára sa %(url)s\n v predvolenom prehliadači. Počkajte, prosím..."
#: gui/common/functions_msgbox.js:28
msgid "Opening page"
msgstr "Otvára sa stránka"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:9
msgctxt "filesize unit"
msgid "B"
msgstr "B"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:10
msgctxt "filesize unit"
msgid "KiB"
msgstr "KiB"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:11
msgctxt "filesize unit"
msgid "MiB"
msgstr "MiB"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:12
msgctxt "filesize unit"
msgid "GiB"
msgstr "GiB"
#. Translation: For example: 123.4 KiB
#: gui/common/l10n.js:33
#, javascript-format
msgid "%(filesize)s %(unit)s"
msgstr "%(filesize)s %(unit)s"
#. Translation: Time-format string. See http://userguide.icu-
#. project.org/formatparse/datetime for a guide to the meaning of the letters.
#: gui/common/l10n.js:46
msgid "mm:ss"
msgstr "mm:ss"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:46
msgid "HH:mm:ss"
msgstr "HH:mm:ss"
#: gui/common/l10n.js:143
msgctxt "enumeration"
msgid ", "
msgstr ", "
#: gui/common/mod.js:17
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "Mod comparison"
msgid "%(mod)s (%(version)s)"
msgstr "%(mod)s (%(version)s)"
#: gui/common/mod.js:20
msgid ", "
msgstr ", "
#: gui/common/mod.js:28
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "Mod comparison"
msgid "Required: %(mods)s"
msgstr "Požadované: %(mods)s"
#: gui/common/mod.js:30
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "Mod comparison"
msgid "Active: %(mods)s"
msgstr "Aktívne: %(mods)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:80
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid ""
"Game ID could not be retrieved.\n"
"\n"
"%(technicalDetails)s"
msgstr "ID hry nemohlo byť získané\n\n%(technicalDetails)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:83
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid "Initialization Error"
msgstr "Chyba inicializácie"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:84 gui/modio/modio.js:95 gui/modio/modio.js:106
#: gui/modio/modio.js:117
msgid "Abort"
msgstr "Zrušiť"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:84 gui/modio/modio.js:95 gui/modio/modio.js:106
msgid "Retry"
msgstr "Znovu"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:91
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid ""
"Mod List could not be retrieved.\n"
"\n"
"%(technicalDetails)s"
msgstr "Zoznam módov nemohol byť získaný.\n\n%(technicalDetails)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:94
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid "Fetch Error"
msgstr "Načítavanie zlyhalo "
#: gui/modio/modio.js:102
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid ""
"File download failed.\n"
"\n"
"%(technicalDetails)s"
msgstr "Nepodarilo sa stiahnuť súbor.\n\n%(technicalDetails)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:105
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid "Download Error"
msgstr "Chyba sťahovania"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:113
#, javascript-format
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid ""
"File verification error.\n"
"\n"
"%(technicalDetails)s"
msgstr "Nepodarilo sa overiť súbor.\n\n%(technicalDetails)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:116
msgctxt "mod.io error message"
msgid "Verification Error"
msgstr "Chyba overenia"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:133
msgid "Initializing mod.io interface."
msgstr "Inicializácia mod.io rozhrania."
#: gui/modio/modio.js:134
msgid "Initializing"
msgstr "Inicializácia"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:136 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):181
msgid "Cancel"
msgstr "Zrušiť"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:219
#, javascript-format
msgid "Invalid mod: %(error)s"
msgstr ""
#: gui/modio/modio.js:242
msgid "Fetching and updating list of available mods."
msgstr "Načítavanie a aktualizovanie listu dostupných módov. "
#: gui/modio/modio.js:243
msgid "Updating"
msgstr "Aktualizovanie"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:245
msgid "Cancel Update"
msgstr "Zruš aktualizáciu"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:261
#, javascript-format
msgid "Downloading “%(modname)s”"
msgstr "Sťahovanie \"%(modname)s\""
#: gui/modio/modio.js:264
msgid "Downloading"
msgstr "Sťahovanie"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:266
msgid "Cancel Download"
msgstr "Zrušiť sťahovanie"
#. Translation: Mod file download indicator. Current size over expected final
#. size, with percentage complete.
#: gui/modio/modio.js:333
#, javascript-format
msgid "%(current)s / %(total)s (%(percent)s%%)"
msgstr "%(current)s / %(total)s (%(percent)s %%)"
#. Translation: Mod file download status message.
#: gui/modio/modio.js:343
#, javascript-format
msgid ""
"Time Elapsed: %(elapsed)s\n"
"Estimated Time Remaining: %(remaining)s\n"
"Average Speed: %(avgSpeed)s"
msgstr "Uplynutý čas: %(elapsed)s\nPredpokladaný čas do ukončenia: %(remaining)s\nPriemerná rýchlosť: %(avgSpeed)s"
#: gui/modio/modio.js:345
msgid "∞"
msgstr "∞"
#. Translation: Average download speed, used to give the user a very rough and
#. naive idea of the download time. For example: 123.4 KiB/s
#: gui/modio/modio.js:347
#, javascript-format
msgid "%(number)s %(unit)s/s"
msgstr "%(number)s %(unit)s/s"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:107 gui/modmod/modmod.js:254 gui/modmod/modmod.js:275
msgid "Filter"
msgstr "Filter"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:118 gui/modmod/modmod.js:407
msgctxt "mod activation"
msgid "Enable"
msgstr "Povoliť"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:317
#, javascript-format
msgid "Dependency not met: %(dep)s"
msgstr "Požiadavky nesplnené: %(dep)s"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:323
msgid "All dependencies met"
msgstr "Všetky závislosti splnené"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:408
msgctxt "mod activation"
msgid "Disable"
msgstr "Znemožni"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.js:416
msgid "No mod has been selected."
msgstr "Nie je vybratý žiaden mod."
#: gui/modmod/modmodio.js:5
msgid "Disclaimer"
msgstr "Zrieknutie sa zodpovednosti"
#: gui/modmod/modmodio.js:12
msgid "mod.io Terms"
msgstr "mod.io Podmienky"
#: gui/modmod/modmodio.js:16
msgid "mod.io Privacy Policy"
msgstr "mod.io Ochrana osobných údajov"
#: gui/msgbox/msgbox.js:25
msgid "OK"
msgstr "OK"
#. Translation: Label of a button that when pressed opens the Terms and
#. Conditions in the default webbrowser.
#: gui/termsdialog/termsdialog.js:30
msgid "View online"
msgstr "Pozrieť online"
#: gui/termsdialog/termsdialog.js:38
#, javascript-format
msgid "Open %(url)s in the browser."
msgstr "Otvor %(url)sv prehliadači."
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):18
msgid "mod.io Mods"
msgstr "mod.io módy"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):25 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):55
msgid "Available Mods"
msgstr "Dostupné mody"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):81
msgid "Filter valid mods"
msgstr ""
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):87
msgid "Back"
msgstr "Späť"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):92
msgid "Refresh List"
msgstr "Znovu načítaj zoznam"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(caption):97
msgid "Download"
msgstr "Stiahnuť"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(heading):53 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):75
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):115
msgid "Name"
msgstr "Názov"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(heading):56 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):78
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):118
msgid "Version"
msgstr "Verzia"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(heading):59 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):84
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):124
msgid "Mod Label"
msgstr "Označenie módu"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(heading):62
msgid "File Size"
msgstr "Veľkosť súboru"
#: gui/modio/modio.xml:(heading):65 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):87
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):127
msgid "Dependencies"
msgstr "Závislosti"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):12
msgid "Modifications"
msgstr "Modifikácie"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):36
msgid "Negate"
msgstr "Negovať"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):48
msgid "Description"
msgstr "Popis"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):99
msgid "Enabled Mods"
msgstr "Povolené módy"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):167
msgid "Visit Website"
msgstr "Navštív Web"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):176
msgid "Quit"
msgstr "Ukončiť"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):186
msgid "Help"
msgstr "Pomoc"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):191
msgid "Download Mods"
msgstr "Stiahnuť módy"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):196
msgid "Save Configuration"
msgstr "Uložiť konfiguráciu"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(caption):201
msgid "Start Mods"
msgstr "Spustiť módy"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):81 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):121
msgid "(Folder)"
msgstr "(Priečinok)"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):90 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(heading):130
msgid "Website"
msgstr "Webová stránka"
#: gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(tooltip):145 gui/modmod/modmod.xml:(tooltip):159
msgid ""
"Change the order in which mods are launched. This should match the mods "
"dependencies."
msgstr "Zmeň poradie spustenia módov. To by malo zodpovedať závislostiam modov."
#: gui/modmod/help/help.xml:(caption):13
msgid "Pyrogenesis Mod Selector"
msgstr "Výber módu Pyrogenesis"
#: gui/modmod/help/help.xml:(caption):21
msgid "Close"
msgstr "Zavrieť"
#: gui/modmod/help/help.xml:(caption):25
msgid "Modding Guide"
msgstr "Sprievodca módovania "
#: gui/modmod/help/help.xml:(caption):29
msgid "Visit mod.io"
msgstr "Navštív mod.io"
#: gui/termsdialog/termsdialog.xml:(caption):15
msgid "Language"
msgstr "Jazyk"
#: gui/termsdialog/termsdialog.xml:(caption):33
msgid "Decline"
msgstr "Odmietnuť"
#: gui/termsdialog/termsdialog.xml:(caption):38
msgid "Accept"
msgstr "Prijať"
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:1
msgid "0 A.D. Empires Ascendant mod.io Disclaimer"
msgstr ""
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:3
msgid "Document Date: 2018-10-12"
msgstr "Dátum modifikácie: 2018-10-12"
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:5
msgid "You are about to connect to the mod.io online service."
msgstr "Chystáš sa pripojiť na online službu mod.io."
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:6
msgid ""
"This service provides an easy way to download and install community-made "
"mods and is provided by DBolical Pty Ltd, the company behind IndieDB and "
"ModDB."
msgstr "Táto služba poskytuje ľahký spôsob stiahnutia a nainštalovania módov, ktoré boli vytvorené komunitov, a je poskytovaná DBolical Pty Ltd, spločnosťou, ktorá prevádzkuje IndieDB a ModDB."
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:7
msgid "The service is for users age 13 and over."
msgstr "Služba je len pre užívateľov starších ako 13 rokov."
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:9
msgid ""
"Wildfire Games has taken care to make this connection secure and reviewed "
"the mods for security flaws, but cannot guarantee that this does not pose "
"any risks."
msgstr "Wildfire Games sa postarala o bezpečné spojenie a preskúmala módy kvôli bezpečnostným chybám, ale nedokáže zaručiť, že je to bez rizika."
#: gui/modio/Disclaimer.txt:11
msgid ""
"By using the service, you understand that mod.io's Terms of Use and Privacy "
"Policy apply and that Wildfire Games is not liable for any damages resulting"
" from this service."
msgstr "Používaním tejto služby rozumiete, že platia mod.io Podmienky používania a ochrany súkromia a Wildfire Games nie je zodpovedná za žiadnu škodu, ktorá vyplýva z používania tejto služby."
#: gui/modmod/help/help.txt:1
msgid ""
"0 A.D. is designed to be easily modded. Mods are distributed in the form of "
".pyromod files, which can be opened like .zip files."
msgstr "0 A.D. je dizajnované na ľahké módovanie. Módy sú distribuované vo forme .pyromod priečinky, ktoré môžu byť otvorené ako .zip priečinky. "
#: gui/modmod/help/help.txt:3
msgid ""
"In order to install a mod, just open the file with 0 A.D. (either double-"
"click on the file and choose to open it with the game, or run \"pyrogenesis "
"file.pyromod\" in a terminal). The mod will then be available in the mod "
"selector. You can enable it and disable it at will. You can delete the mod "
"manually using your file browser if needed (see "
"https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/GameDataPaths)."
msgstr "Za účelom nainštalovania módu, otvorte priečinok s 0 A.D .(buď dvojklikom na priečinok a otvorte ho s hrou , alebo zapni \"pyrogenesis file.pyromod\" v terminálu). Mód bude dostupný vo výbere módov. Môžeš ho povoliť alebo zakázať podľa vlastného uváženia. Ak je možné, môžeš mód vymazať manuálne pomocou internetového prehliadača (see https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/GameDataPaths)."
#: gui/modmod/help/help.txt:5
msgid ""
"For more information about modding the game, see the Modding Guide online "
"(click the Modding Guide button below)."
msgstr "Pre viac informácií o módovaní hry, pozri Sprievodcu Módovania online (klikni nižšie na tlačítko Sprievodca Módovania)"
#: gui/modmod/help/help.txt:7
msgid ""
"The mod.io service is developed by DBolical, the company behind IndieDB and "
"ModDB. Those websites have spread the word about 0 A.D. and other indie "
"projects for a long time! Today, mod.io allows us to list and download all "
"the mods that were verified by the team. Click \"Download Mods\" to try it "
"out and install some!"
msgstr "Servis mod.io je vyvinutý spoločnosťou DBolical, spoločnosť ktorá stojí za IndieDB a ModDB. Tieto stránke rozšírili slovo o 0 A.D. a ďalších indie projektov po dlhý čas! Dnes, mod.io nám umožňuje zobrazovať a sťahovať všetky módy ktoré boli overené týmom. Klikni na \"Stiahnuť Mód\" pre vyskúšanie a nejaké stiahni! "
|
Different turning and milling processes are generally used for the profile machining of rod-like workpieces. During the turning process the cutting is generally carried out by a cutting edge. On account of its limited loading capacity only low productivity figures can be achieved. During profiling, diagonally arranged profiling cutters are used in accordance with the number of threads of the profile. In the case of multiple-threaded profiles, however, the possibilities of use for the machining of the complete profile which is carried out simultaneously is limited by considerations of space and by the complexity of the plant required. On the basis of the state of the art it can be seen that the formation of profiles is possible using rod-like workpieces only with time-consuming technological procedures, such as turning or milling. |
Q:
R: pointer to c function
How to pass a pointer to a function from C code to R (using External R) and after call that function from R??
Something like:
C:
typedef void (* FunctionPtr)();
SEXP ans;
PROTECT(ans = /* ?some code? */);
R_tryEval(ans, R_GlobalEnv, NULL);
UNPROTECT(1);
R:
callback_function()
EDIT:
@Romain Francois's post was very helpful.
myapp code:
namespace
{
void callback()
{
std::cout << "callback\n" << std::flush;
}
}
class Worker
{
public:
/*...*/
void initialize(argc, argv)
{
Rf_initEmbeddedR(argc, argv);
SEXP ans, val;
typedef void (* FunctionPtr)();
PROTECT(ans = Rf_lang2(Rf_install("source"), Rf_mkString("script.R")));
R_tryEval(ans, R_GlobalEnv, NULL);
UNPROTECT(1);
PROTECT(val = Rf_ScalarInteger((int)(&callback)));
/* pass the address of the pointer to a function */
PROTECT(ans = Rf_lang2(Rf_install("setCallback"), val));
R_tryEval(ans, R_GlobalEnv, NULL);
UNPROTECT(2);
}
void uninitialize()
{
Rf_endEmbeddedR(0);
}
};
R and Rcpp
script.R
###################
sourceCpp("utils.cpp")
###################
callback <- function()
{
callCallback()
}
utils.cpp
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp;
typedef void (* Callback)();
static Callback spCallback = 0;
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void callCallback()
{
if (spCallback) {
spCallback();
} else {
Rprintf("ERROR: callback is not set");
}
}
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void setCallback(const int address)
{
spPlaceOrder = (Callback)address;
}
A:
External pointers are what you are looking for. They ley you encapsulate pointers to arbitrary data strucures. The word data is important here and function pointers are a different beast. If you want to use C++ and Rcpp, what I would suggest is to create a small class that encapsulates the function pointer:
typedef void (* FunctionPtr)();
class FunctionPointer {
FunctionPtr ptr;
public:
FunctionPointer( FunctionPtr ptr_) : ptr(ptr_){}
} ;
and then create an XPtr<FunctionPointer>:
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp ;
// your callback function
void callback(){
Rprintf( "hello from callback\n" ) ;
}
// The function that creates an external pointer to your
// callback
// [[Rcpp::export]]
XPtr<FunctionPointer> create_ptr(){
return XPtr<FunctionPointer>( new FunctionPointer(callback) );
}
// The function that invokes the callback
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void invokeCallback( XPtr<FunctionPointer> callback){
callback->ptr() ;
}
On the R side, you can use lexical scoping for example to wrap the external pointer into an R function:
callback <- local( {
ptr <- create_ptr()
function(){
invokeCallback( ptr )
invisible(NULL)
}
} )
callback()
A:
Another way is to use the InternalFunction class in Rcpp:
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp ;
void callback(){
Rprintf( "hello from calback\n" ) ;
}
// [[Rcpp::export]]
InternalFunction get_callback(){
return InternalFunction(callback) ;
}
The implementation is similar to what I described in the other answer. Things on the R side are taken care of by Rcpp:
callback <- get_callback()
callback()
|
The Truth About the 2008 Financial Meltdown and How it Contributed to Trump’s Rise (Pt 2/2)
What is the truth behind the 2008 Financial Collapse, why was no one prosecuted and how did Obama’s not prosecuting the “banksters” and strengthening Glass Steagal lead to Trump in the White House? Economist Bill Black joins us bring clarity to this mystery
1 866 396 4231
Story Transcript
MARC STEINER:I’m Marc Steiner here with The Real News and we’re about to continue our conversation with Bill Black where we left off, talking about 2018. Bill, I’m glad you could stay with us for a few more minutes. I want to bring this forward to 2018. And when we look at what happened in 2008 and the debacle that took place both politically and financially for this country, what does it say about where we are in 2018 and how to create what we’re facing now and what do you see unfolding?
BILL BLACK:Because of the failure to prosecute, the failure to perceive the elite bankers as the problem, not the solution, they became extraordinarily influential in the Obama administration on financial advice. Timothy Geithner, Ben Bernanke, two of the worst regulators in financial history- of course, Geithner gets promoted to Treasury Secretary, president reappoints Bernanke, even though he’s quite a partisan Republican, to head the Federal Reserve. Jacob Lew and Bill Daley- this is all Robert Rubin protegees running.
They quickly closed down the vital fiscal stimulus. This makes the economic recovery weaker and take much longer to work and allows all these Trumpian claims that he inherited a terrible economy when he did no such thing. But he could have inherited an economy every bit as robust as today if the key financial folks had been discredited. This is the old struggle between the so-called New Democrats who are the Wall Street wing of the Democratic Party and the progressive wing of the Democrats. And Obama, of course, famously went in front of the caucus of the Democrats and said, “I am a New Democrat,” and such.
So, the new Democrats won that war. And part of that was this absolutely economically illiterate phobia about deficits. So, everybody knew the Republicans, it was always you know complete farce that they supposedly hated deficits, except of course whenever they were in power. But for some reason, the Democrats pretended to virtue when they did stupid things like austerity. They call it “tightening our belt” in response to a recession, which is the worst possible thing that you can do. So, even now, this is the struggle coming in to the midterms in this election with substantial parts of the New Democrats again saying, “Well, what we should be doing is bashing Trump because he’s running deficits,” regardless of whether those deficits are actually terribly harmful.
And even though this would provide the logic for why the Democrats can indeed have very large social program expansion. Instead, they want to cut back on precisely what the Democrats are strong on, the vital social programs that are so popular with the public and would make America and other countries a much greater place. And instead, that we should be guided by these failures. The whole Rubin Wall Street wing of the Democratic Party that have brought us the success of financial crises and these electoral disasters. So, that’s what’s present in 2018, this siren song that Democrats should be in hysteria about budget deficits and that their brilliant political move should be, “Hey, elect us, we’ll raise your taxes.”.
MARC STEINER:Bill Black, it’s always a pleasure for us at Real News to have your wisdom on the air with us. And I look forward to expanding this conversation about deficits in the coming weeks from you. And thank you so much for joining us, it’s always great to have you.
BILL BLACK:Thank you.
We were talking with Bill Black. I’m Marc Steiner for The Real News Network, see you soon.
Related Bios
William K. Black, author of The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One, teaches economics and law at the University of Missouri Kansas City (UMKC). He was the Executive Director of the Institute for Fraud Prevention from 2005-2007. He has taught previously at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University…
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Karadut
İlkbahar aylarının sonlarından neredeyse sonbahar aylarının sonlarına kadar pazarlarda, manavlarda ve marketlerde taze olarak bulabileceğiniz karadut, ormanlık alanlarda yetişen bir meyve olarak bilinmektedir. Tüketimi ve talebi her geçen gün artan karadut, kırmızıya çalan mor rengi, yumuşak ve hassas yapısı ve yüzlerce faydalarıyla günümüzün vazgeçilmez ürünlerinden biridir.
Karadut içerisinde B grubu, A, C, E ve K vitaminleri bol bol yer almaktadır. Antioksidan açısından zengin olan karadut, bağışıklık sisteminizi güçlendirebilecek özelliklere de sahiptir. Karadut faydaları söz konusu olduğu zaman içerisinde yer alan tiamin, niasin, sodyum, potasyum, lutein, zeaksantin gibi vücut sağlığı açısından gerekli olan şeyler de söz konusudur.
Karadut özü bakır, demir magnezyum, selenyum, çinko ve beta karoten açısından da son derece zengindir. Bütün bunları hesaba katarak; mevsiminde karadutu bol bol tüketmeniz, kış için ise alıp dondurucuda saklamanız doğru bir yaklaşım olur. Düzenli karadut meyvesini tüketerek dizanteri, hemoroit, anemi ve pek çok farklı kanser türü gibi hastalıklardan korunmak da mümkündür. Karemiş’in özel ürünleri arasında her mevsim sağlıklı bir şekilde tüketebileceğiniz doğal ve organik, birbirinden özel karadut ürünleri bulabilirsiniz.
,
Karadut Faydaları
Popüler ürünler günümüzde kısa süreli etkiler gösterse de; karadut meyvesi bağışıklığı güçlendirme, hastalıklardan koruma gibi faydalarıyla yüzyıllar boyunca kişilerin vazgeçilmez besin kaynaklarından biri haline gelmiştir.
Karadut Diyabeti Önler
Diyabetin bir numaralı düşmanı potasyum olarak bilinir. Potasyum açısından zengin olan karadut ise kan şekerinin düşürülmesi ve dengede tutulabilmesi için hayati bir önem taşır. Günde bir yemek kaşığı kadar karadut yediğiniz zaman insülin salgılanmasını dengede tutabilir ve ani kan şekerinin ani olarak dalgalanmasını da önleyebilirsiniz.
Diş ve Diş Etlerini Korur
Karadutun ve karadut yapraklarının ağız ve diş sağlığına iyi geldiği bilimsel olarak açıklanan bir gerçektir. Karadutu ya da yapraklarını bir miktar sıcak su ile demleyerek tüketime hazır hale getirdiğiniz zaman bu ürünü gargara yaparak ya da ağzınızda çalkalayarak iltihap ve diş eti kanamalarını önleyebilirsiniz. Karadut özü faydaları arasında dikkat çeken bu özellik diş sağlığı ile ilgili sıkıntı yaşayanların tercih ettiği bir tüketim şeklidir.
Adet Döngüsünü Daha Rahat Geçirmenize Yardımcı Olur
Adet döneminde aşırı kanama oluyorsa ya da karın ve kasık bölgesinde aşırı ağrı hissediyorsanız karadut, karadut yaprağı ya da karadut şurubu tüketebilirsiniz. Karemiş olarak sizlere sunduğumuz karadut şurubu Polatlı’nın köylerinde yetiştirilen taze karadutların yeterli olgunluğa ulaşmasından sonra dalından toplanması ve Karemiş Atölyesine getirilmesiyle doğal yollarla hazırlanır. Ürünlerimiz; vakum altında karadutların koyulaştırılması ile elde edilir ve kesinlikle katkı maddesi ya da kıvam artırıcı gibi yapay ürünler kullanmadan sizlere sunulur. Peki karadut şurubu nasıl kullanılır ve nelere dikkat edilmelidir?
Cildinize de iyi gelecek olan karadut şurubunu ister gargara yaparak kullanabilir isterseniz cildinize de sürebilirsiniz. Sabah aç karnına alabileceğiniz karadut şurubu mide ve bağırsak rahatsızlıklarına karşı da iyileştirici bir etki gösterir. Ancak karadut şurubunun kullanımı kişinin sağlığına ve ihtiyaçlarına göre değişiklik de gösterebilmektedir. Karadut şurubu faydaları ile ön plana çıkan karadut seçenekleri arasındadır.
Kemikleri Güçlendirir
Karadut suyu ve karadut kalsiyum açısından son derece zengindir. Özellikle büyüme çağında ya da kemik erimesi rahatsızlığı olan yetişkinlerde kas ve kemiklerin güçlenmesi için mutlaka doğal karadut ürünlerinin tüketilmesi önerilir. Otantik tadı ve doyumsuz lezzeti ile ön plana çıkan Karemiş karadut suyunu tüketerek sizler de kemik sağlığınıza büyük bir katkı sağlayabilirsiniz. Karadut suyu faydaları arasında kemikleri güçlendirebilme özelliğinin yanı sıra daha sağlıklı bir kemik yapısına sahip olabilmenizi sağlaması da bulunur.
Kan Hücrelerini Korur
Potasyum, demir ve bakır açısından son derece zengin olan karadut, yeni kan hücrelerinin üretimini ve hasarlı olan kan hücrelerinin yenilenmesini sağlar. Bünyenize bu konularda da yardımcı olan karadutu isterseniz; karadut bozası olarak da tüketmeniz mümkündür. Karemiş olarak bizler en lezzetli ve damak tadınıza en uygun olan doğal karadut bozalarını sizlere sunuyoruz.
Kanserle Savaşır
Karadut meyvesinin içeriğinde ellagic adı verilen özel bir madde bulunur. Bu madde hem yaşlanma karşıtı hem de olası kanser türleri için en güçlü ve doğal olan maddelerdendir. Antioksidan türü olan bu madde farklı kanser türlerinin vücutta oluşabilme riskine karşı engel olur.
Cilt Dostudur
Cilt bakımı ve temizliği ürünlerine dikkatli bir şekilde göz attığınız zaman karadut ile karşılaşabilirsiniz. Karadut, antioksidanlar açısından zengin olduğu gibi aynı zamanda ciltteki serbest radikallerin oluşumunu ve zararlı maddelerin gelişmesini de önleyebilir. Böylelikle cildin erken yaşlanması, cilt hastalıklarının meydana gelmesi gibi riskler de azalır.
Metabolizmanın direncini artırabilen ve hücre yenilenmesini de sağlayan karadut, cildinizin ve saçlarınızın da dostudur. Cildin doğal renk, canlılık ve parlaklık seviyelerini koruyabilmesi için kolajen maddesi son derece önemlidir. A ve C vitaminleri de bu tür kolajen üretimini artırır. Karadut, A ve C vitaminleri açısından zengindir. Bu sebeple, cildin kolajen üretimini hızlandırır. Cilt uzun süre boyunca sağlığını ve canlılığını korur. Karadut reçeli ve karadut pekmezi gibi karadut türlerini de bol bol tüketerek cildinizin daha sağlıklı kalabilmesini sağlayabilirsiniz.
Yaraları İyileştirebilir
Açık ve kanayan bir yaranın iz kalmasını önlemenin en doğal yöntemi karadut yaprağında saklı olabilir. Pürüzlü ya da parlak karadut yaprakları açık yaralara ve deri üzerindeki çiziklere uygulandığı zaman ya da kompres yapıldığı zaman kanamayı durdurabilir. Yaranın kolay bir şekilde kapanması karadutlar sayesinde mümkündür.
Sedef Hastalığını Tedavi Edici Etkiye Sahiptir
Ufak bir tutam karadut yaprağını bir bardak sıcak su içerisine attıktan sonra demlenmesini bekleyin ve sedef ve egzama gibi cilt sorunlarınızın olduğu bölgeye uygulayın. Bu uygulamayı düzenli bir şekilde yaptığınız zaman sedef ve egzama gibi hastalıkların etkisinin yatışmaya başladığını tecrübe etmeye başlayabilirsiniz.
Saçları Besler
Cilde sağlık veren ve cilde iyi gelen çoğu bitkiler saç sağlığınızı da desteklemektedir. Cilde olan faydaları anlatmak ile bitmeyecek olan karadut, saçlarınız için de yararlıdır. Saçlarınızı koruyan ve nemlendirerek canlandırabilen karadut, kaliteli antioksidanlar, vitaminler ve mineraller açısından son derece zengindir. Saç derinizi korumak, saçlarınızı gürleştirmek ve dökülmesine sebep olan faktörleri ortadan kaldırmak isterseniz 2-3 yemek kaşığı karadutu 1 su bardağı ile sıcak su içerisinde demleyebilir ve elde ettiğiniz karadut çayını saç derinize ve tellerinize uygulayabilirsiniz.
Karadut Ürünleri
Karemiş ürünleri arasında karadut ile hazırlanan pek çok farklı doğal lezzeti bir arada bulmanız mümkün. Vücudunuzu temizleyen ve sos olarak pastalarınızda kullanabileceğiniz karadut özü ve şurubu, kahvaltılarda kullanabileceğiniz ve geleneksel yöntemler ile doğal olarak ev yapımı tarzında meyvesi bol olan karadut reçeli ve Karemiş’in en özel lezzetleri arasında bulunan şifa ballı karadut özü ile birlikte karadutlu bozayı da tercih edebilirsiniz.
Sizlere özel sunduğumuz karadut ürünlerini dilerseniz toplu olarak sipariş ederek ücretsiz kargo ve özel fiyatlandırma seçeneklerinden de yararlanabilirsiniz. Daha sağlıklı bir şekilde beslenmenize katkı sağlayabilecek olan lezzetli Karemiş imzalı karadut ürünleriyle kendinizi pek çok farklı hastalığa karşı da koruma altına alabilirsiniz. |
Author
Topic: Spencer Duhm (Read 15748 times)
Age:19College SophomoreLakeland, FLTribe: JalapaoSoon to see his teenage years in the rear-view mirror, Spencer Duhm is ready to look forward to the journey ahead of him. A fan of SURVIVOR since day one, which began when he was still in grade school, Spencer can practically do a Castaway roll-call all the way from SURVIVOR: Borneo. His fanaticism will give him a built-in edge that can make a direct contribution to how far he goes in this game.
Born and raised in Lakeland, Florida and currently a student at the University of Florida, Spencer majors in telecommunications and minors in business and European union studies. Aside from being the recruitment chair for his UF crew team, where he also rows competitively, Spencer is a huge sports fan. Involved in myriad athletic activities since age 7, Spencer has developed a strong competitive streak and determination to achieve success. Rooting for his college Gators or beloved Cubs familiarized him with all of the peaks and valleys associated with being a contender, which may help him navigate the ups and downs associated with castaway life.
With a resume like his, it’s no surprise that this self-professed lover of "water cooler gossip" can't stand slow-talkers or laziness and is very ambitious and very outgoing. He is even willing to face his fear of heights for one million dollars but there is one fear that he refuses to face. When asked what he would not do for a million dollars he responded, "Snakes in general, I just don’t do snakes." This young, goal-oriented man has been presented with his childhood dream of competing on his favorite reality show and truly feels that he has what it takes to become the next sole SURVIVOR .
Spencer is a gay, single man and currently resides in Gainesville, Fla. His birthday is December 20.
"Our fans are pretty good. They don't give away too much. Sometimes people love dropping spoilers, but our fans are good. They tend to do it in such a way that doesn't ruin it for fans who don't want to know."--Phil Keoghan
"Our fans are pretty good. They don't give away too much. Sometimes people love dropping spoilers, but our fans are good. They tend to do it in such a way that doesn't ruin it for fans who don't want to know."--Phil Keoghan
Survivor China winner Todd Herzog and the youngest Survivor cast member ever, Spencer Duhm, are dating.Todd confirmed the relationship in an e.mail to After Elton, saying he met the Survivor Tocantins cast member “about a month before his season began” last fall and said, “I was attracted to him the moment I saw him, mainly because he’s got this confidence that pours out of him and a piercing stare that you can’t help but notice so I went ‘fishing’!”During our conversation in Brazil, which happened after they initially met, Spencer talked about Todd and praised his game play but dissed him when he was talking about not wanting to appear like previous gay cast members (“I won’t be Todd”).Although Todd told After Elton that they are “doing the ‘take it slow’ thing which I find to be really nice,” he also said “we are planning a huge trip this summer.” Spencer is spending spring break with Todd: “he’s coming to stay with me all next week, and I with him next month,” Todd said, and it’s UF’s spring break this week.The reality TV world is ridiculously incestuous so Todd and Spencer are are far from the first Survivor couple—there’s Ethan and Jenna, Rob and Amber—and Jeff Probst also dated a cast member, Julie Berry. Nor are they the first gay couple, as Brad and JP dated during Cook Islands. The CBS show has a much better track record with creating lasting relationships
Exclusive Interview: Spencer Duhm, from 'Survivor: Tocantins'Friday, March 13, 2009 It's hard to believe that Spencer Duhm didn't kind of get screwed last night on Survivor: Tocantins. Is one sub-par challenge performance enough reason to vote a person out of your tribe? If your tribe is Jalapao, then this appeared to be the case. However, as is constantly the case with Survivor, last night's episode didn't tell the whole story. According to Spencer, who we had the chance to speak with this morning, there was a lot more going on behind the scenes than the viewing audience was privy to. That's fine - CBS is working with time constraints and have to tell the best narrative available. However, Jalapao has been portrayed as a go-with-the-flow tribe, filled with likable characters lacking in strategery. Spencer claims this is absolutely not the case. Read/listen to the below interview to find out why.
Remember the first time you saw “Survivor?” Odds are it involved Richard Hatch running around in the buff, Sue Hawk cursing, or Greg Buis talking into a coconut. The latest “Survivor” castaway remembers this…but he was only ten years old when it happened…
We sat down with 19-year-old Spencer Duhm the day after he was voted out of “Survivor: Tocantins.” We had a chance to discuss JT’s tooth, Jeff Probst’s evil prank, and the truth behind the all-male alliance that we never saw.
Gordon Holmes: So, what happened last night?Spencer Duhm: I embarrassed myself on national TV! I’m kidding, they voted me off for strictly challenge reasons. When I went down to the water to talk to JT, they were still really upset about the challenge. But, we moved on. We had a guy alliance from day two, and when I tried to make an alliance with Joe and Sydney they thought I was being sneaky.Gordon: That does sound sneaky.Spencer: Well, we re-upped the guy alliance as the priority alliance in the tribe, and we were getting ready to get rid of the girls. Joe went and told Sydney it was going to be either me or her, so they should turn on me. They made it look like it was because I was bad at the challenges, but there was a lot they didn’t show.
Gordon: Maybe if you had lost a tooth in the challenge they’d think you were trying hard.Spencer: Yeah, maybe if they thought I was caring at all. Because I must’ve not been concerned at all. I wasn’t trying, I gave no effort…C’mon. I’m a terrible outfielder.
Gordon: When Sydney asked if there were any girls you liked, was she fishing or was she completely oblivious to your homosexuality?Spencer: She was definitely fishing. She was the only one who suspected anything on my tribe. Cause at night I’d sleep on one side of her and Joe would sleep on the other side, and Joe would always cuddle. And I like to be by myself when I sleep, so she looked at that as not responding to her. At one point she asked the other guys on the tribe if they thought I was gay. And they said, “Oh no, give him a break. He’s young.”Gordon: Oh, so if someone doesn’t want to cuddle with Sydney then they’re automatically gay?Spencer: I think she was going off of how receptive JT and Joe were to her flirting and I really wasn’t. She’s great, and there’s nothing arrogant about her.
Gordon: Did JT ever give you any reason to believe that your homosexuality would be a problem?Spencer: Oh, none whatsoever. I didn’t bring it up because I know there is no upside. It can be a subconscious thing. And some Southerners can be homophobic, I’m not generalizing, I’m Southern myself. Some people thought it came across like I was ashamed of it, but that was not the case at all.
Gordon: Now I understand that you weren’t originally cast, you were an alternate. And, when someone had to leave before the show, Jeff Probst had some fun at your expense.Spencer: He played a little joke on me. He and one of the other producers came down and they were like, “Yeah, it doesn’t look like it’s going to work out for next season.” Because I was holding out hope that if I didn’t make this season I’d make 19 or the next one. But then they were like, “Because you’re going to be on this season!” I lost it. I couldn’t utter any sound. I was at Ponderosa (where the players are gathered before the game starts) so I couldn’t say anything. But it was very last minute.Gordon: So the lesson here is: never trust Jeff Probst.Spencer: (Laughs)
Gordon: Does anyone on Jalapao know about the cross-tribe alliance that Brendan and Taj have been cobbling together at Exile (not an) Island?Spencer: I don’t think anyone else in my tribe knows, besides obviously Stephen, it was never brought up to me. We wanted to keep Brendan going every time so we would know where the idol is on their tribe.
Gordon: Help us to get to know your tribemates a little better. When I say their name, give me the first thing that pops into your head. Let’s start with JT.Spencer: Leader, helpful, very outdoorsy.Gordon: Sandy?Spencer: Psycho Sandy, she’s crazy! But, she’s super fun to have around.Gordon: Stephen?Spencer: Huge vocabulary.Gordon: Joe?Spencer: Good old boy.Gordon: Sydney?Spencer: Gorgeous.Gordon: Taj?Spencer: Genuine.
Gordon: What can you tell us about Coach from your vantage point at Jalapao?Spencer: From what I saw out there, we thought he was a bit of a wimp. During the challenges, even the weight-holding challenges we were like, “Really? You’re going to put Debbie up there? And you’re going to put Tyson up there?” I mean, Tyson is a strong guy and a great athlete but for holding weight he’s very skinny. Coach would be much better, but Coach kept backing down from challenges. All these things added up, and I kicked his butt in the basketball challenge.
Gordon: So, what’s it like for someone who’s been watching “Survivor” since he was 10 years old to get the call to come on the show?Spencer: You have no idea what the adrenaline was like when they handed me my buff. I was freaking out. It was so cool. And the whole experience was unbelievable. The first three days we didn’t have any water or food, but I was like, “Yeah! The first days of ‘Survivor’ everybody starves! Yeah!” I really enjoyed it. I was disappointed that I only lasted fifteen days. But, I had a really good experience.
Gordon: What can you tell us about Coach from your vantage point at Jalapao?Spencer: From what I saw out there, we thought he was a bit of a wimp. During the challenges, even the weight-holding challenges we were like, “Really? You’re going to put Debbie up there? And you’re going to put Tyson up there?” I mean, Tyson is a strong guy and a great athlete but for holding weight he’s very skinny. Coach would be much better, but Coach kept backing down from challenges. All these things added up, and I kicked his butt in the basketball challenge.
It was the second week that the Jalapao Tribe lost the Immunity Challenge on "Survivor: Tocantins -- The Brazilian Highlands" and had to face host Jeff Probst at Tribal Council. There was a lot of plotting and scheming behind the scenes as to who would go home. When the vote was tallied, 19-year-old Spencer Duhm from Lakeland, Fla., was cast out of the Highlands.
ET: Why did you want to be on "Survivor" in the first place?
Spencer Duhm: Apparently, I am strange. I love the show. I am obsessed with it. I am not normally an outdoor person, but I am an adventurous person, so, because I am a fan of the show and I wanted to see how well I could do, I wanted to be a part of it. Even though I am not an outdoor person, I loved starving and I loved being dirty, because it was such a part of the show.
ET: You didn't look that hungry to me yet this season.
Spencer Duhm: Trust me. We were very, very hungry. About day eight or nine, we ran out of the squash we had been supplementing our meals with, so all we had left was our rice. We maybe had four little scoops of rice per person and we would eat twice a day. I lost 18 pounds in 15 days, so we were really, really, really hungry.
ET: Was being hungry the hardest part, or was there something harder?
Spencer Duhm: Hunger is never easy, because you are not used to it, but I was prepared for it, so I didn't have a problem with it. The boredom, because -- they don't show them on TV -- but there were so many days you try to occupy yourself. It is a nice balancing act between trying to rest and trying to keep your sanity. There were some days out there we didn't have anything to do all day long. We played Charades one time.
ET: What about hunting or fishing?
Spencer Duhm: We couldn't kill anything, so we couldn't hunt. But we could go fishing. The best time of day to fish was at dusk just before the sun went down, so we would normally wait all day to go fishing and then we would catch four or five fish and have a good little meal just before bed.
ET: Is not killing anything one of the rules?
Spencer Duhm: That was a rule in the area we were in, so aside from catching fish … I ate a grub worm, but if we found an animal, we couldn't kill it.
ET: If you had a do-over, would you change anything? You were talking about whether or not you should come out to your tribe on the show. Do you think that would have made a difference? Or is there something else that you think you should have done differently?
Spencer Duhm: Knowing the people and having learned more about them, I don't think they would have had a problem. I was just concerned that they could and it was high stakes. I didn't want to risk it. There was no real upside, there was only a downside, so why even bother? That was my whole thing with that. JT -- and I mentioned him in the episode -- I don't think he would have had a problem at all. As far as my strategy goes, I would have picked different people to be in an alliance with, because, obviously, the ones I was with didn't work out. But, I am glad I did what I did because I felt it would be successful. I would also learn how to catch balls in nets [Spencer's last challenge on the show]. That would have helped.
ET: I know Coach was on the other tribe, but he seems to be the controversial character this season. Did you get to know him at all?
Spencer Duhm: I did not. The only time I talked to him was at a challenge and he was on the post opposite me and we would have very short exchanges there. But aside from that, we didn't know him. All we knew was that it seemed at challenges that he would never take the first step up, so we thought he was weak. We actually discussed that at our camp. We thought it was odd that he never stepped up for challenges, because he looked like a strong guy.
ET: What's it like to watch it on TV?
Spencer Duhm: It is actually very normal. I thought it would be weird to see myself on TV. I thought it would be creepy and I would hate seeing myself, but it has been great. On TV, I see my camp and I am thinking, "That is not what it looked like." I saw it from a different angle. It is kind of weird, but it is cool.
ET: Now that you are watching, you know there was a secret alliance between Taj and members of the other tribe. Did you have an inkling of that when you were there?
Spencer Duhm: Her alliance didn't cross my mind. Her having the Immunity Idol did. We all wondered about that. We knew she might be creating friendships because we kept sending the same person -- Brendan -- to Exile Island because we wanted to know who on their tribe had the idol if we merged. We wanted to know, "Hey, he is the only one who had a chance to get it." Also, we wanted to send somebody strong, so it would weaken their tribe.
ET: What was the hardest part of readjusting to being home?
Spencer Duhm: Having my stomach readjust to normal food. That took about six days. I won't get into details because it probably isn't good for press, but my stomach would not take food very well. I would shove food down my throat, then I would take a breather for five minutes, because my stomach was really small, and I would think, "I can eat a little more" to the point where I would get sick. I would do it at breakfast, lunch and dinner. I didn't learn.
ET: You were the youngest player. What advice would you give to next season's youngest player?
Spencer Duhm: I don't think the age thing was so much a factor. I would not be so inclined to trust everybody at face value. I tended to trust them more than other people did. For instance, Taj was very genuine and she came back from Exile Island and she had a bad reaction to some bugs out there, so she was eaten up and looked uncomfortable, and she was, "Exile is not that bad." Don't be as trusting as you would be inclined because, obviously, we have less life experience, but overall I don't think age was an issue other than they thought I was devious because I was a big fan and that put a target on my back.
"Survivor: Tocantins -- The Brazilian Highlands" returns on Wednesday, March 25 at 8 p.m. on CBS.
For the first four episodes of Survivor: Tocantins, Spencer Duhm, at nineteen-years-old the youngest Survivor competitor ever, mostly flew under the radar as his team did fairly well in the challenges. Spencer worked hard, didn’t make any enemies, and also kept the fact he was a gay man from his teammates. Therefore it was rather surprising when he was voted off his tribe on Thursday’s episode. Indeed, given his age, fitness, and devotion to the game, many had pegged him to go much further.
AfterElton.com caught up with him the day after his elimination to discuss his strategy, his relationship with previous Survivor winner Todd Herzog, as well as his controversial statements about what kind of gay guy he considers himself.
AfterElton.com: Hi Spencer, thanks so much for talking to us.Spencer Duhm: Thank you.
AE: Let's talk about some remarks you made to RealityBlurred.com before you went on the show. You said things like, "I don’t come across like most of the gay guys...I won’t be Todd, I surely won’t be Coby. I won’t be Charlie." And "I talked to my parents and I was like, ‘Mom, do I sound like that?’ she was like, ‘Sweetheart, no, I would never let you go out in public if you sounded like that.’ Thank God." These comments really offended many of our readers. They felt as if there were examples of internalized homophobia. How would you respond to that and do you still feel that way?
SD: Well, okay, first of all, let me talk about my mom. She got a lot of flak for that. The way I said it and the way it actually happened were different. All the things I had her say when I quoted her, she didn't actually say. I jokingly said, "Mom, you wouldn't let me go out in public, right?" And she said, "No, Sweetheart." It was all me there. I didn't know it was going to be printed, so I wasn't being factual, but she got a lot of flak for saying nothing, just agreeing with what I said. I felt horrible for that. She's my mom! She's not like that.
Obviously, though, when I read that, especially the stuff about Charlie, I was mortified. My jaw dropped and I was yelling at my computer, screaming, "Shut up, Spencer! Shut up! Why are you saying that?" I've apologized. It's just one of those things where it happens and you learn from it. You realize the press always has that tape recorder going.
I'd never want to offend people like that, it was never my goal, and I obviously wish I'd never said that stuff, but it just sort of comes out. I don't have any homophobia. I've just had experiences in my life where people have judged me because I'm gay and they immediately assume I'm a fairy or something. And I'm like, "No, we have gay people who aren't..." Again, not to use a word that might offend people or get me in trouble again, but you know... fruity, or whatever, but there are some of us who aren't. I feel like every time people find out you're gay they just assume you're going to be a drag queen or something. That irritates me because I don't stereotype other people and I don't want to be stereotyped myself. That's where that all came from. I honestly didn't mean to offend anyone but I can understand why it did. I wish I hadn't said those things. I don't like to be mean to people I've never even met, like Charlie, but there's nothing else I can do about it now.
AE: You never came out to your tribe, which you discussed in interviews on the last episode. You said, "In the culture that we live in, there's not much to gain from people finding out you're gay." Obviously you're out in your real life, since you spoke so openly about being gay in the interviews, so were you referring specifically to the culture in the context of the game, or do you feel that way in general?
SD: I feel like there's still some prejudice out there. I've experienced and I know others have, too. I mean, we've come a long way, but this is a social game and you don't want to give anyone even a subconscious reason to want to get rid of you or have something against you. You don't want to give them that. That's why I didn't tell anybody, it wasn't because I was ashamed of it or because I thought there would be prejudice, I just didn't know.
Until you tell them, you don't know. It's out of your control. They didn't give me any reason to think they'd be prejudiced. I feel like in some of the interviews they've done, they've gotten flak. 'Oh, were they homophobes?' No, they weren't. I just didn't know, so there was no reason to tell them.
AE: You mentioned specifically that you were worried that JT might be homophobic because he was Southern. Have you had any personal experiences that have led you to believe that Southerners are less tolerant than people from other areas?
SD: Oh, yeah! I mean, I can't tie anything specifically. I don't have one thing in my life that I always refer back to, but definitely I hear comments and slurs all the time. You keep your mouth shut for the most part, there's no reason to create a big scene or anything, but yeah.
I grew up in areas where we have a lot of Southern people. I have nothing against them at all, I don't mean to generalize, but they as a society I think they tend to be less accepting of gay people. That's just the way they are. That's the only reason when we first got on the trek and everything and I see JT's a Southern guy. And I thought, "Okay, maybe I can't tell him." He was honestly great, a great kid. I loved hanging around him, but I just thought he might not be the most tolerant person, just based on my personal experiences.
AE: Did you get the sense that anyone suspected? Sydney almost seemed to be fishing for information in the scene they showed.
SD: Yeah, Sydney definitely did suspect that I was gay because JT and Joe were very receptive to her flirting and I wasn't. I didn't realize it was that obvious that I wasn't. I had a great relationship with her, but I just wasn't flirting with her. At night, Joe would sleep on one side of her and I'd sleep on the other side, and Joe and Sydney would usually cuddle and I wouldn't. She took that as me being gay. She even asked the other guys, and they were like, "No, he's just really young. He doesn't want to flirt. He's not comfortable with it." So she was like, "Oh, OK." But she definitely suspected that I was. She was the only one.
AE: If you had it to do over again, would you do anything differently? Do you think you'd come out to your tribe?
SD: Honestly, I don't think that would have changed a thing. I don't think, knowing the people the way I do now, I don't think it would have mattered to them one bit, but not knowing, and not wanting to trip up the one chance I get to be on the show, I didn't want to have something like that change people's perspective of me. I don't think I'd change anything as far as that goes, or my strategy. They didn't show the alliances that I made, but I was comfortable with them. It just happened that they turned on me before I could turn on them. It's just part of the game. It happens. I wouldn't do a single thing differently except maybe figure out a way to make it last 39 days. [Laughs]
AE: Okay, on to happier topics! We heard from Todd [Herzog] this week and he let us know the two of you are dating. Congratulations!
SD: Thanks, but I know where you're going with this so I'll just go ahead and tell you I'd rather not talk about my personal life.
AE: Okay, then back to the show, I was shocked that you were voted off so early. I thought for sure you'd make it at least to the jury.
SD: Hey, me too! [Laughs]
AE: What happened with that final challenge? It seemed like you guys had it in the bag and then it all fell apart.
SD: Well, like I said last night, it was pathetic how I performed. I had played baseball when I was younger, but I was not the best baseball player. I couldn't catch fly balls. I would say I didn't perform well, and I'm not laying blame, but the other people on my tribe didn't perform well either. JT was the only who scored any points. It was just that I got scored on by Tyson, who is tall and very athletic. He was great in all the challenges.
Taj got scored on just as many times by Brendan, but because I lost the last couple points it made it look like it was my fault we lost, and that's where the frustration came from. I can understand that, but it came across like they laid it all on me. Stephen and Sydney could have nothing against them because they were shooting the balls, and Joe and Taj were playing and Taj got scored on. I knew they were laying it all on me, but I couldn't be defensive and say "Blame it on so-and-so," because that's going to piss them off even more. I just figured I'd have to take my lumps there and be apologetic, and I was. I was very disappointed in myself. I'm super competitive, and not doing well, not helping my tribe win was a real shock to me.
AE: Why wasn't Sydney considered? Do you think the male-dominated team kept her because she's pretty?
SD: Sydney was considered. When I went down to the water, we got the guy's alliance, and she was going to be targeted either last night or the next time. It was kind of like, "Who’s going first?" I was thinking Taj which is why I voted for Taj, but Sydney and Joe were really tight. I guess you can blame it on that. He went to Sydney and said, "It either you or Spencer. If you don't turn on him, it could be you." That's when they went to JT and Stephen, and that's what it was about. It wasn't about the game.
They were frustrated with me but after talking it out we'd totally gotten over the whole challenge thing and were ready to move on. I think they were aware that, looking at the other challenges, I performed really well. I helped the tribe. So going on just one, they were so, I'm not going to say stupid, but they weren't that naďve. They understand the in the context of the game, a challenge like that can happen, but was overall beneficial to the tribe.
AE: What did you think of the new twists this year: two people going to Exile Island each time and two immunity idols floating around?
SD: I think it's a great twist. I'm not a huge fan of having two idols in the game. I'm really not a huge fan of the hidden immunity idol anyway, that's just me coming from a fan perspective. It changes the game too much from where it started. Taj told us there was only one idol and it was on Exile Island and she thinks Brendan found it and all that stuff. We didn't know whether to believe her or not, but I think she's done a great job as far as creating a cross-tribal alliance. Although, it's really annoying that the alliance has gotten so much airtime. It's left nothing else to show from either camp after challenges and Tribal [council], but I do think it's great and added quite a bit.
AE: You mentioned earlier the alliances you made on the show? We never saw any of that, so tell us about them. What were they?
SD: Yeah, the didn't really show anything from Jalapao, which was really, really frustrating. Quite a bit went on. On Day Two, the guys were building the shelter and the guys made an informal alliance there, which later, the next day, we all agreed to have a formal alliance. In doing so, I was aware that I could be the first guy out if the four guys made it to the last four on the tribe or in the game, whatever. I knew I could perceived as the weakest guy. So when I was aware of that, I went to Sydney and Joe who I'd bonded with on the trek, and said, "Hey, you want to create a three-person alliance?"
At that point I was thinking that Sydney was our strongest girl, even though Taj proved later that she was by far the strongest in the challenges. I thought she'd be the last girl standing, so I figured okay, when we get down to five, I'll secure myself down to three because I'll have Joe and Sydney already in my back pocket and we'll surprise the other two guys. I was just trying to save myself, I wasn't trying to be sneaky. I was just concerned I'd be the first guy. So yeah, there were alliances.
Later on, I guess it was obvious that Sydney, Joe, and I had an alliance, because we hung out, apparently, quite a bit. So JT found out about it, he told Stephen, Stephen went to Taj, and that's why the last episode with Sandy, in the water when they were trying to target Sydney, they said Joe and Spencer might be really upset. Not because we were so attached to her, but because we had an alliance and they knew about it. They were trying to get us before we could get them. That's what went down at Jalapao. They didn't show a whole bunch of it.
AE: What are you doing now? What's next for you?
SD: I'm in school. I'm just going back to my regular life. I have no interest in benefiting from this or exploiting it in any way. I'm back in school now, in spring semester. I'm going to make up classes over the summer that I missed when I had to leave for the show. Just working on my degree and grad school and all that stuff.
AE: Well, good luck with all that, and thanks so much for talking to us.
Although we haven't seen any of the tribe members on Survivor Tocantins resort to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in any of the challenges thus far, the competition is heating both mentally and physically for the Timbira and Jalapao tribes. In recent weeks much of the Survivor focus has been on the simmering Tocantins dissension within the Timbira tribe while the seemingly less cutthroat Jalapao members have been enjoying a more peaceful time as a collective. Now, however, the Jalapao tribe is beginning to crack, as secrets are beginning to surface, the grip of the game is staring to tighten, and some tribe members getting more paranoid about their fate in Brazil.
With Survivor Tocantins shifting gears to a higher level of play, 19-year old Lakeland, Florida student Spencer Duhm found himself increasingly becoming a target after getting dizzy in the reward challenge and then falling victim to his inability to master catching slingshot balls with a net on a stick. Although Spencer thought he made amends with his fellow tribe mates, also forming an all-guy alliance, the youngest Jalapao couldn't change his fate when the votes were counted at Tribal Council and Jeff Probst extinguished his torch.
The next morning we tracked down with the now ex - Survivor Tocantins competitor to find out why he didn't do more to plead his case, what went wrong in the net challenge, and what he thinks of his former Jalapao mate Taj and Coach of the Timbira tribe.
THE DEADBOLT: Why didn’t you reveal that you were gay?
SPENCER DUHM: Because in a social game like that I felt like everyone looks for a silly reason, or any little reason, to separate you from the group for whatever they want in their head. Sometimes people can have a prejudice against different types of minorities. So I thought, I'm not even going to bring it up. I’m not going to make it an issue. If they ask me, I’ll totally tell them. But if not, I’m not even going to worry about it. And I wasn't, honestly, because it never became an issue. I was surprised that they even showed that interview where I talked about it.
THE DEADBOLT: Did you ever think that it could’ve went the other way and they wouldn’t have voted you off because of that? Say, where they thought it would make them look bad for voting you off because of that?
SPENCER: Oh, no. I never thought that. It was just like the other tribe. They voted off the two African Americans and I’m sure they never thought, ‘Oh, man, we’re going to look like racists.' So, yeah, I don’t think that was a problem at all.
THE DEADBOLT: So what happened in the challenge with the nets and the balls?
SPENCER: I just couldn’t get the hang of it. It’s like when I played baseball as a kid. I was a terrible outfielder. I don’t judge fly balls very well. So, yeah, it was just very bad. And the weird thing is, J.T. scored all of our points, and Brendan scored just as many points on Taj as Tyson scored on me, and Joe didn’t score any points either. So I thought it was a little unfair that I was targeted just because of the challenge. I was the only one held responsible. But people - like I said - look for anything, for whatever reason, to vote you out or to target you. And for some reason I was more responsible than everybody else. So I just couldn’t get the hang of it. I was terrible, and I knew I was, and I felt bad that that was why they were targeting me.
THE DEADBOLT: I wasn’t thinking about Joe. You’re right, everybody else wasn’t doing very much either.
SPENCER: On, no. J.T. scored every point for us and none of the other people on the tribe did anything. But again, I was the one singled out and blamed, which I thought was unfair. Again, I like everybody on my tribe, I’m not trying to throw them under the bus, they were launching the balls so they were not at risk at all for performing poorly. It seemed a little unfair. But that’s okay.
THE DEADBOLT: Do you have any regrets at not trying to work it or plead your case?
SPENCER: [laughs] They didn’t show any of it. It makes it look like I’m just, ‘Oh, you’re going to vote me out? I really hope you don’t.’ And it looks really horrible. But I had an alliance with Joe and Sydney and I had an all-guys alliance. Once I went down to the water and I talked to J.T. and we got over the whole challenge thing, all four guys talked about keeping all of the guys and voting off Taj or Sydney.
Taj was mainly the one we were talking about because she had been the plan after Sandy. So that’s why I ended up voting for her but Sydney’s name was brought up. Joe went to Sydney and said, ‘Hey, it could either be you or Spencer tonight. So if you don’t turn on ...’ - because he was really close to Sydney - and he said, ‘You don’t turn on Spencer then it could be you.’ So that’s why they turned on me.
They went back to JT and Stephen and they were like, ‘Okay, fine, we can switch it back to Spencer.’ And Stephen had always been planting information in Sydney’s head for about a week, saying that I was really devious and I was going to manipulate her and vote her out and switch, all of this stuff, and I couldn’t be trusted. So I guess all of that whispering stuff. And he finally planted the seed in her head and got her to turn on me. So what they showed me getting voted out because of the challenge was not the case at all. It looks like I’m like, ‘Man, I really hope you don’t vote me out. I’m an asset ...’ And there was so much more that went on and it makes me look like a lazy super-fan or a pathetic super-fan.
THE DEADBOLT: We didn’t see any of the Stephen and Sydney stuff.
SPENCER: I know, and they didn’t show any of the alliances on our tribe, because alliances were formed on day two. They act like our tribe was happy go lucky and we just like to go fishing all of the time, we like to eat grubworms, and we have no problems. We didn’t really have any problems but there were alliances going on the entire time, and they didn’t show any of it, which is fine because it wasn’t a bad edit. But it was just the happy 19-year-old who’s just very thrilled to be there when there was so much more going on.
THE DEADBOLT: How tough was the spinning challenge?
SPENCER: [laughs] It was like wearing beer goggles. I obviously handled it a little better than some people. I had better balance I guess. But no, it was really really difficult. I had heard that when you get spun around, apparently, if you look at a point, the same point every time you make a rotation, you can keep from getting dizzy. So I tried to do that for the first three rotations. But I was going too fast that I just gave up and I got up very dizzy. But once I put my foot on the log and kind of shook it out I was fine, and it took me two times to get across. But, yeah, it was pretty difficult. It was fun to watch, though.
THE DEADBOLT: After Taj revealed that her husband was Eddie George and everyone got excited, I remember J.T. saying that she was already a millionaire and didn’t need the money. Did the tribe ever discuss that as a reason for voting her off?
SPENCER: The plan was, because I was obviously with the four guys and that whole Sydney and Joe thing was an overlapping person with me as far as the alliances go, obviously that was the final five people I expected to have in our tribe. So Sandy was obviously supposed to go first, and then Sydney was going next, and then Taj was supposed to go next. So that’s why when Taj blew up. I thought, ‘Okay, she was supposed to go. Maybe this will still help usher her out the door and I will be safe.’
But the reason it was never brought up again about her having the million dollars, or her being married to a former NFL player, was just because - J.T. obviously mentioned it, and it was discussed a little bit, but personally I don’t find something like that a reason to target somebody. I can find reasons within the game to target somebody. Say she was in the final two with somebody I found equally deserving and I was about to flip a coin, that is maybe when I would say, ‘Okay, well, she already has this lifestyle that makes her comfortable. I rather help change this person’s life instead of just adding to her life.’ Maybe in that situation I would use it against her. But aside from that, I don’t see why it would be something you’d hold against somebody.
THE DEADBOLT: Even though he wasn’t on your tribe, what are your thoughts of Coach?
SPENCER: Again, I’m just going to talk just what I did out there because we had another opinion about him. We learned after a few challenges that he must be really weak, because he would make comments when Jeff would ask him a question. You know, before the challenges or after? And he made the comment about how they had this eye communication and how he was guiding everybody and all of that B.S. So we were like, ‘He’s full of himself,’ which we could pick up from a distance. So that’s pretty bad. In challenges he wouldn’t hold the weight, he let Tyson, who’s obviously skinnier, very athletic, but not really built to hold a lot of weight. He just seemed to be really weak in a bunch of challenges and wanted to take a back seat. That’s where I was just like, ‘Man, he seems so big. He must be trying to hide himself or have some sort of confidence issues or something.’ We were really perplexed by that.
THE DEADBOLT: I noticed that Sierra had tons of bug bites on her. What were the insects like?
SPENCER: I was fortunate. But because I didn’t have pants, my legs would get pretty torn up. But as far as holding up, I was luckier. Usually I would wear my shirt at night and use my buff and other things to try and keep bugs off of me, especially when we got the blanket. That really helped because we were able to cover up. Taj was really torn up because of Exile. Joe had it really bad on his back. Stephen’s legs were really torn up. But Sydney was okay, I was okay, and J.T. wasn’t too bad. I think some people just had a worse reaction than other people and I think Exile definitely took a toll on the people that went out there.
We attended a Party with the Survivors at Celebration FL and I think he hardly left the dance floor the whole night (including dancing with "Sarge" and "Big Tom", which was a hoot). He and Todd are a sweet couple. |
Queen Wonchang
Queen Wonchang () was the grandmother of Taejo of Goryeo. After foundation of Goeyo, Taejo of Goryeo gave her a posthumous name as Queen Wonchang.
Family
Father: Tou En Dian Jiao Gan from Ping
Husband: Uijo of Goryeo ()
Son: Sejo of Goryeo ()
Grandson: Taejo of Goryeo ()
References
See also
Founding legends of the Goryeo royal family
Category:Royal consorts of the Goryeo Dynasty |
Putin's United Russia Party Wins Big In Election; Some Ballot-Stuffing Seen
Enlarge this image toggle caption Alexei Druzhinin /AFP/Getty Images Alexei Druzhinin /AFP/Getty Images
Russia's parliamentary elections brought a landslide win for President Vladimir Putin's United Russia and its allies, in a vote that gives Putin a free hand in the country he first led in 2000. At least one incident of ballot-stuffing was caught on camera; officials say results from that station won't be counted.
"Amid low voter turnout, Putin's United Russia party carried over 53 percent of the vote, but single candidate districts means United will have a supermajority," Charles Maynes reports from Moscow, for our Newscast unit. "Not that they need it: The three other parties elected on Sunday support the president as well. Opposition parties attracted minimal support."
With the results near final, the Central Election Commission said that United Russia will receive a total of 343 mandates (76.22 percent of the seats in parliament), reports state-run TASS news agency.
The results from several ballot stations may be thrown out, CEC leader Ella Pamfilova said Monday, after surveillance video showed voting irregularities — including at least one case in which an election worker is seen taking a small stack of ballots and jamming them into the box.
"An investigation is underway," Pamfilova said of that incident.
The elections come more than a year after key opposition figure Boris Nemtsov was murdered; he was gunned down in February of 2015. During this campaign, Nemstov ally Mikhail Kasyanov, who leads the PARNAS opposition party, was undermined by a lurid, secretly filmed video that showed him sharing a bed — and thoughts about Russian politics — with a female associate.
Opposition parties also had trouble online: This past spring, the Democratic Coalition, an umbrella group that included PARNAS, saw its website hacked and personal data of thousands of opposition voters was revealed online, as The Moscow Times reported. |
Thanks Buckaroo for that Connie Imboden linkage. i would like to pick up a book of her's. these images are worth keeping for years. Also a book might share some insight as to how she created such amazing shots with straight photography.
plus i like this thread and it's cool to hear the stories behind the nyms. who's next?
Not too much story around mine. I didn't actually choose it, it was pretty much given to me by my best friend in college. She took my name and started sounding it out like the cough drop commercial Riiiicooola. We were probably drunk when she came up with it. Only girl I know that loves drinking Guinness as much as I do. After college we had both moved to different areas and don't talk as much like we did before although we do keep in touch. I started using the nickname as a tribute to her. The year is my year of birth and was only added because in many cases the name was already taken.
As for my avatar, I just liked the picture and chose it for the moment so I would have one.
I chose mine because of the movie "Real Genius". There's a dude that lives in the basement of Cal Tech that's kinda sneaky and is sort of a legend. Students see him from time to time, but he kinda has a "bigfoot" type of legend to him. His name was Lazlo Hollyfeld in the movie. I just liked the name Lazlo for some damn reason.
I use to be a pro pool shooter (aka hustler). in the circles i travelled they knew when i blew a couple of lines before a match it wasnt going to be a long night. I use to run tables very fast...... So rocketman stuck....thats what they called me anyway.
later in life i got a job working with rockets and rocket engines, so it came back again. i figured id use it here.
my moniker was given to me when i was tis just a young lad...........
my friends started calling me wooden boots just mesing with me; i.e make me mad and piss me off. well it worked, so the name stuck. over the years it has been shortened to just boots. i blaze........ a lot. thus the reason for the 420. so now we all know the reason behind boots420.
great thread btw.
mine is obvious for starters i am a huge floyd fan, and as most of you can tell im a huge myco porn freak too. my name was originaly darksideofthemoon, than during a bad ass trip on alot of gulf coast we came up with darksideoftheshroom and ive used it ever since.
I haven't read this thread in a while so i missed a lot of your responses until now Buck. I've long been a fan of King, but I dont think I've read any of the other authors you and jammer mentioned.
I've heard many of the names you two mentioned and would be really interested in reading some of their work. Could you recommend one in particular to start with? I've read a little dickens and twain ( a real little) but most of the names you mentioned I've only heard of here n there as some pretty classic authors. I'm intrigued now.
I've always loved writing, but other then Hagakure, its only been in recent years that i had any interest at all in anything that wasn't written in my generation :p)
It's about time i broadened my literary horizons i think :)
Any suggestions on where to start would be much appreciated buck if you could?
Egg: The Arts Show did a profile on Ms. Imboden not that long ago (pretty cool as she despises press and doesn't do very many interviews, let alone "inside looks" at her process). The video isn't really that long, but it will give you some insight into her techniques. Cool stuff.
Fingers - So, you've never read any Lovecraft? If you dig horror, especially horror of the gothic sort, you need not look farther than him. He all but perfected the genre. I would suggest one of the collections of short stories before wading into one of his novel/novella pieces. BE FORWARNED: Lovecraft is very verbose and freakin' loves those 50 cent words (he also loves making up words and names). I would suggest "At The Mountains Of Madness." Couple of real shorties and a novella, as well.
Also on the poetry front is Pablo Neruda, the greatest romantic poet who has ever lived (IMHO). "I do not love you..." is the greatest ode to/expression of true love I have ever read (and chicks DIG IT). Check it:
I do not love you as if you were salt-rose, or topaz,or the arrow of carnations the fire shoots off.I love you as certain dark things are to be loved,in secret, between the shadow and the soul.
I love you as the plant that never bloomsbut carries in itself the light of hidden flowers;thanks to your love a certain solid fragrance,risen from the earth, lives darkly in my body.
I love you without knowing how, or when, or from where.I love you straightforwardly, without complexities or pride;so I love you because I know no other waythat this: where I does not exist, nor you,so close that your hand on my chest is my hand,so close that your eyes close as I fall asleep.
I mean dude, how beautiful is that? "I love you as certain dark things are to be loved, in secret, between the shadow and the soul." Great line.
One of my earliest memories was lying in bed when I was about three and a half. I heard my parents watching TV and something about it was so fascinating that I had to see what it was. So I snuck out of my room and lay down in the hall where I could see the TV but my parents couldn't see me and watched a Gamera movie until I fell asleep. I remember my parents picking me up and putting me back in bed confused and asking why I was asleep in the hall. I have loved all those giant Japanese monster movies ever since. I have a particular fondness for Gamera not just because of that memory but also because in contrast to a lot of the giant monsters Gamera is unreservedly a protector and friend of children and the movies have a much lighter almost wholesome quality. That night many, many years ago really made me realize just how much cool stuff there was in the world, just waiting to be discovered.
Loved Buckaroo Banzai too by the way, thats one of my favorite movies. Love H.P. Lovecraft too. Saw my first dead show in 1986 as a pseudo punk (got curious about "psychedelic" bands the more I turned on to the Butthole Surfers) and about 30 more shows after that. |
You don’t need to read demographic statistics or employment data or even the business page or tech blogs to know what’s happening in Seattle. Just look around at the bumper crop of construction cranes rising all over the city.
Seattle is growing, at an unprecedented rate. And all of this growth is inducing enormous change on the city—and triggering strong feelings and polarized opinions among its citizens.
How did we get here? And where are we going? Jeff Shulman, an associate professor of marketing at the UW Foster School of business, decided to take these questions to the people. And from his in-depth conversations with 100 Seattleites, he has produced the “Seattle Growth Podcast.”
In his 13-episode journey Shulman explores the many facets of Seattle’s on-going transformation through the eyes of renters, home owners and tent city residents, educators, nurses and fire fighters, leaders of city government, businesses and arts and cultural organizations.
The first episode, available today for free on iTunes, examines the topic of “Growth and Seattle’s Tech Scene.”
Why is Seattle’s tech sector booming? What challenges does Seattle’s growth create for business leaders? The first episode explores these questions and more in Shulman’s conversations with:
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Subscribe with iTunes
A new episode of the weekly Seattle Growth podcast will premiere each Tuesday on iTunes throughout the summer and fall.
Upcoming episodes in the series will address a wide range of additional issues arising around Seattle’s transformation, including home buying, homelessness, renting, density, preserving the city’s character, emergency services, health care, public utilities, schools, transportation, city budget and visions for the future.
Top row from left to right: Mike Gibbons and Stu Tanquist at Tent City 7. Chief Operating Officer of SPD Brian Maxey, CEO of Experience Hendrix Janie Hendrix.
Second row: Sounders FC VP of Business Operations Taylor Graham, Associate Superintendent of Seattle Public Schools Flip Herndon, Fire Chief Harold Scoggins.
Third row: Director of Seattle City Budget Office Ben Noble, City Council Member Kshama Sawant, Artist-developer Sam Farrazaino. |
Are you sure with the tin?
Tin has a relatively low melting temperature compared to other metals.
I guess the problem here might also occur in the relatively unprecise use of the word "tin" in the english language. Often materials are labelled as tin and are in fact something else.
never thought of that. I might look into this ceramic blanket stuff. Though clay and rocks are free, just more work. I'll see what I come up with. I think the tin might be more effective than you guys think. I know a guy that melts metal in a furnace of essentially nested trash cans.
Yes, but they won't last long. Steel easily oxidizes with strong heat, and these "tins" are not very thick. After just a few heatings they will become quite brittle due to oxidation and will start falling to pieces. Also, steel is a better conductor of heat than refractory ceramic materials. The ideal material here would be an insulating refractory. Those "blankets" are perfect for this kind of applications. They can take the strong heats and on top of that they are poor conductors, so they "contain" the heat much better.
Are you sure with the tin?
Tin has a relatively low melting temperature compared to other metals.
I guess the problem here might also occur in the relatively unprecise use of the word "tin" in the english language. Often materials are labelled as tin and are in fact something else.
"For here I'm floating in a tin can" - David Bowie
In this case, "tin" means steel sheet that has been coated with tin or zinc to avoid oxidation.
JDP is right. ceramic blanket is the No 1 choice for insulation. if you buy a big roll of it then the rest may be handy for your kiln. i think mine was about $180 but you yankies always get shit cheaper than us dumbass skippies.
Nice set-up by the way. You may not realise it, but you could dry distill potassium & sodium acetate and begin work in the mineral realm with that equipment.
In an ideal situation with a kettle the size you have filled to the barrel pipe would require constant firing at full throttle with the propane for over 24 hours at or above 750F to get the tars to distill over. I don't think that burner you have will get hot enough to pyrolize the contents of a kettle that big even it is well insulated. The one in the video held 3 pounds volume and reached a max high temp of 750F at the exit pipe as it left the housing for the retort. That required constant tending for more than 18 hours straight.
You could as an experiment pour hot distilled water into your tars then separate the water and see what is in it by distillation in BM.
Thanks guys. Money is a bit tight at the moment, but I have some time tomorrow to let stuff burn. Propane is running short though, so I need to fill up before I start. Not sure if I will really be able to do anything or not, and maybe best to wait until I have the ingredients that I really want, but who knows, I might get bit by a firebug in the morning.
I'll ask about the ceramic insulation next time I'm at the hardware store. I have lots of things to do, so it may come in handy for other things as well.
Any thoughts on my idea about purifying with charcoal? I have some spagyric experiments running finally for this year, and I'm going to give the method a shot with those. I've had another revelation about making my tinctures more alchemical in nature by "opening" the material before maceration, and the operation translates directly to the dry distilling stuff. I'll post separately about that later, but at the very least, I'll decant and filter my mercurial water tomorrow and see what it looks like by itself after soaking in charcoals for a week.
I attempted to use charcoal to remove feces however i bumped into some unwanted effects. It seems that due to the conplex nature of plants the charcoal seems to "React" with the (in my case coriander elixir). It was regrettable and damaged the final product and i wouldnt attempt it again.
Hollandus mentioned egg whites for purifying his sulfurs. I interpreted him to be tricking people and thought he might have been talking about charcoal (basically the dead opposite to egg whites)
It seems i was most likely wrong and maybe he was truely using egg whites. Im not sure i never attempted it.
You have inspired me. I have never considered building a dry distillation vessel out of metal. I think its something i should do. Id like to have large quantities of the "Oils of" series.
Thankyou for the inspiration.
Could you please explain DT; if you want to; how you are going to make your elixir. Ive never made a pyrodistillation medicne because of how messy the work is but im very interested to know how it goes and what the steps your going to take are. Peace
I attempted to use charcoal to remove feces however i bumped into some unwanted effects. It seems that due to the conplex nature of plants the charcoal seems to "React" with the (in my case coriander elixir). It was regrettable and damaged the final product and i wouldnt attempt it again.
Hollandus mentioned egg whites for purifying his sulfurs. I interpreted him to be tricking people and thought he might have been talking about charcoal (basically the dead opposite to egg whites)
It seems i was most likely wrong and maybe he was truely using egg whites. Im not sure i never attempted it.
You have inspired me. I have never considered building a dry distillation vessel out of metal. I think its something i should do. Id like to have large quantities of the "Oils of" series.
Thankyou for the inspiration.
Could you please explain DT; if you want to; how you are going to make your elixir. Ive never made a pyrodistillation medicne because of how messy the work is but im very interested to know how it goes and what the steps your going to take are. Peace
Good time to note that I have no idea at all what I'm doing. hehe. Zero talks about making a matrix quite often, which I assume is one of the two mercuries and the salt. TBH I don't even have an herb yet, but mullein is growing on my path again an I may use that. Plan is to mix one of the products with the salt and set the other attached to it in a double flask like Z's videos and see what happens.
TBH, this new spagyric thing has me preoccupied, so not too much worried about the dry distillation. I think I'm onto the first gate that Z mentions sometimes. Ever had a tincture separate into 3 distinct parts?
I didn't get to spend the time that I wanted out there today, but I did discover that I have a steel (galvanized) trash can that otherwise isn't being used for anything. There was a yellow cress growing in it. It will fit perfectly over the setup, so perhaps I can insulate the outside of that and use it to turn this humble burner into a light-duty kiln for plant work. I also need to pick up a shorter length of pipe.
I don't want to run the can to forging temps, because I know that galvanized steel releases some nasty crap if you get it hot enough. Hopefully it will work for this though until I build something more permanent. If it turns green then we have problems, I learned a thing or two from an old blacksmith down south. We used to run that kind of steel until all the fumes came off while working away from the shop area, but that was near burning temp for thin steel.
I brought back some of the "white wine" in a flask. Is it supposed to be a reddish color? The red oil leftover was too thick and not enough to bother collecting, so I left it in the pickle jar. I might try some solvent tests to see what the white wine will effect on chert. When I decanted it from the charcoal feces it came over as one substance, without any settling out or layering, but it is quite dark. |
Getting Out of Bed
After Abdominal or Chest Surgery
This information is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor.
MedSelfEd, Inc. disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
This program provides you with tips to help you get out of bed after abdominal or chest surgery.
For the first few days when you come home after surgery, it is always best to have a family member or friend help you to get out of bed.
Do not get out of bed directly from lying flat. Always sit up in bed for a few minutes.
Move the bedcovers well out of the way. Move nearer to the side of the bed. Pivot your body and legs so that you are sitting with your legs dangling over the side of the bed. Hold the mattress with your hands for support and keep your back straight.
Gently swing your legs back and forth, bend and stretch your ankles and twiddle your toes. If you feel faint or weak, go back to bed.
Have your helper put on your socks, and shoes or sturdy slippers with low heels and non-slip soles.
Use a footstool if the bed is too high for your feet to reach the floor without sliding off the bed.
Stand still on the floor with your feet slightly apart for a few seconds.
Have your helper put on and fasten your robe.
For the first few times out of bed, when you feel strong enough, walk a few steps to a bedside chair with arms.
When you reach the chair, turn round so that your calves are touching the front of the chair.
Bend your knees, grasp both arms of the chair firmly and lower yourself backward into the chair. Reverse the process to get out of the chair.
At any time,
if you feel weak
or dizzy
or have chest pain,
let your helper get you back to bed
and inform your doctor.
Some additional tips for the helper to follow.
Make sure your own footwear has non-slip soles.
Remove any hazards from the floor, such as slip rugs, frayed carpet or linoleum, or electric cords.
Stand at the side of your patient, not directly in front
Avoid lifting your patient under the arms. This can cause pain or dislocation of the shoulder joint. |
+ k - 10. Let z be l(h). What is the tens digit of 0 + (-29)/(-1) + z?
2
Let b = -10 - -26. Suppose b = -q + 3*q. What is the tens digit of q/(-6)*261/(-6)?
5
Let n(j) = 3*j**2 - 8*j - 1. Let b be n(7). Let m be 3/2*b/27. Suppose -5*w - m*l = -w - 63, 4*w + 3*l - 65 = 0. What is the tens digit of w?
1
Let z(k) = -5*k**3 + 11*k**2 - 3*k + 6. Let o(n) = -9*n**3 + 21*n**2 - 6*n + 11. Let s = 13 + -7. Let d(j) = s*o(j) - 11*z(j). What is the units digit of d(-4)?
8
Suppose 4*g = 2*m - 5*m + 8, 0 = -g + 4*m + 2. Suppose -g*s = -12 + 2. Suppose s*t - 28 = -5*h - 3, 3*h = -5*t + 25. What is the units digit of t?
5
Let k = -32 - -28. What is the tens digit of k/(84/(-497))*(4 - 1)?
7
Suppose -3*z - 21 = -12. Let v = -3 + 18. Let k = z + v. What is the tens digit of k?
1
Let d(k) = -11*k + 29. Let i be d(9). Let a = -22 - i. What is the units digit of a?
8
Let b(h) = -h + 2. Let p be b(0). Suppose 3*d - 6 = p*r - r, -2*d = 4*r - 46. Let u(c) = c**3 - 10*c**2 + 10*c + 13. What is the units digit of u(r)?
2
Suppose -t - c - 866 = -2*t, -3476 = -4*t - 2*c. What is the tens digit of t?
6
Suppose -42544 = 241*r - 257*r. What is the units digit of r?
9
Let u be 16/10*(-30)/(-12). Suppose u*r = x - 238 + 85, -r + 578 = 4*x. What is the units digit of x?
5
Suppose 4*c = 4*a - 7*a + 1891, 0 = -2*c + 3*a + 923. What is the tens digit of c?
6
Suppose -5*w - 642 = -2322. What is the tens digit of w?
3
Let k(h) = -h**2 + 8*h + 12. Let a be k(9). Suppose q + 5*v - a = 0, -4*q + 0*v + 84 = 2*v. Let u = q + -9. What is the tens digit of u?
1
Let w = -159 + 1037. What is the hundreds digit of w?
8
Suppose 2*v = -w - 4*w + 3744, 3*w + 5*v - 2235 = 0. What is the hundreds digit of w?
7
Suppose 61 = 4*h + 45. Suppose 3*p = 3*g, h*g + 20 = 2*p + 6*g. What is the units digit of p?
5
Suppose 4*k + 5*f - 23 = 0, -17 = -k - 0*k - 5*f. Suppose -k*j = 0, 2*j + 34 = s - 3*j. What is the units digit of s?
4
Let p(g) be the third derivative of g**4/24 - g**3/6 + 6*g**2. Let v be p(3). Suppose -3 = v*u - 7, 1 = z - 5*u. What is the units digit of z?
1
Suppose -235*x + 1728 = -231*x. What is the units digit of x?
2
Suppose -2*u + 4*u + 3*n = 2000, -4*u - 3*n + 3988 = 0. Suppose t = -5*y + u, 5*t = -y - 0*t + 194. What is the tens digit of y?
9
Let v(t) = 6*t**2 + t + 14. Let h be v(-8). Suppose -19*p + h = -16*p. What is the units digit of p?
0
Let o be (-114)/(-8) - 10/40. Let v = 17 - o. Suppose 2*z = -5*l + 177, v*l + 47 = -2*z + 150. What is the tens digit of l?
3
Let x = -113 + 114. What is the units digit of x - (5 + -290) - -1?
7
Suppose 34 = -3*v + 2*v. What is the units digit of 2*(-2)/4*v?
4
Let m(j) = j**3 - 3*j + 1. Suppose -5*q = 4*v + 11, -4*q + 0*v = 2*v + 4. Let k be 2/2 + (2 - q). What is the units digit of m(k)?
3
Let x be (18/(-27))/(1/3). Let m be -1 - (-3 - x - 91). Suppose m = 5*n + 11. What is the tens digit of n?
1
Let b = 122 + 15. Let g = b - 75. What is the units digit of g?
2
Suppose 0 = -20*i + 1552 + 648. What is the units digit of i?
0
Let o be (-6)/(-4)*(0 + 2). Suppose -3*j + 6 = 0, 3*j = o*v - 0*v - 312. What is the hundreds digit of v?
1
What is the tens digit of -179*(-20 + (15 - 6))?
6
Suppose -5*c + 95 = -5*y, c = -2*y - 10 + 32. Suppose -18*l = -c*l + 418. What is the units digit of l?
9
Suppose -10*c = -893 - 4057. Suppose 0 = -4*v + 429 + c. What is the units digit of v?
1
Let f(v) be the first derivative of -23*v**2/2 - 72*v - 4. What is the tens digit of f(-7)?
8
Suppose 6*l - 2*l - 4508 = 0. Suppose -l = -5*d + 2043. What is the units digit of (-6)/(-33) - d/(-22)?
9
Let a(g) = 9*g**2 + 6*g + 2. What is the hundreds digit of a(-7)?
4
Let k(h) = -24*h - 180. What is the tens digit of k(-11)?
8
Let y = -894 - -1973. Suppose 6*x + 209 - y = 0. What is the tens digit of x?
4
Suppose 0 = 2*i - 4, 39*i = 2*c + 41*i - 1238. What is the units digit of c?
7
Suppose d + 2*i - 3 - 9 = 0, -3*i = 2*d - 20. Suppose -5*q = -d*v + 3*v - 222, -2*q = -v - 90. What is the tens digit of q?
4
Suppose 0 = -5*t + 25 - 300. Suppose 273 = -2*c + 5*c. Let o = c + t. What is the units digit of o?
6
Suppose j + 3*x = -1 - 4, -4*j = -5*x - 14. Let r be 2*j*(-51)/6. Let v = r - -34. What is the units digit of v?
7
Let a(s) = -168*s - 26. What is the hundreds digit of a(-3)?
4
Let j(k) = 2*k**3 - k**2 + 2*k - 1. Let r(v) = -v + 4. Let i be r(3). Let c be j(i). Suppose c = 5*l - 63. What is the tens digit of l?
1
Suppose -g + 2 + 88 = 0. Let o = 46 + -41. Suppose -g = -o*z - 0*z. What is the units digit of z?
8
Let i(x) be the second derivative of -x**4/12 + 13*x**3/6 + x**2 + 6*x. Let b be 1 + 1 - -5*2. What is the units digit of i(b)?
4
Let n(o) = -34*o**3 + o**2 + 2*o + 1. Suppose 6 - 11 = 5*y. What is the units digit of n(y)?
4
Let p(l) = -l**2 + 10*l - 15. Let j be p(5). Suppose 2*u + 2*d - j - 58 = 0, -162 = -5*u + 3*d. What is the units digit of u?
3
Suppose 5*k - 21 = 14. Suppose -1 - k = -g. What is the tens digit of (32/(-6))/(g/(-48))?
3
Suppose 199 + 2476 = 5*a. What is the hundreds digit of a?
5
Let r(d) = -448*d + 12. What is the hundreds digit of r(-1)?
4
What is the units digit of ((-12)/8)/(410/(-404) - -1)?
1
Suppose 5*i - 10*i - 1250 = -5*j, 2*i = j - 247. What is the hundreds digit of j?
2
Let w = 449 - 252. What is the hundreds digit of w?
1
Let f = 227 + 1523. What is the thousands digit of f?
1
Let w(t) = -17*t + 221. What is the tens digit of w(-24)?
2
What is the units digit of ((-10332)/11)/(-7) - 2/11?
4
Let d(m) = 10*m**2 + 13*m + 1. What is the hundreds digit of d(-16)?
3
Let n = 3249 + -1609. What is the units digit of n?
0
What is the tens digit of 2944 + -6*8/48?
4
Let f = 2230 + -1349. What is the units digit of f?
1
Suppose -4*l - 8*z + 1646 = -10*z, -3*l - z + 1247 = 0. What is the units digit of l?
4
Suppose -3*x - 1705 = -5*f - 6*x, 0 = -5*f + 3*x + 1705. Suppose 2*d - f = 43. What is the units digit of (18/24)/(4/d)?
6
Let b = 6 - 6. Suppose b*i - 4*k + 328 = 4*i, -i - 5*k = -82. What is the units digit of i?
2
Let c(v) be the first derivative of 27*v**2/2 + 5*v + 15. What is the units digit of c(2)?
9
Suppose -3*s = -5*b - 8, 3*b = -5*s + s + 30. What is the hundreds digit of (-170)/(-1) + -5 + s?
1
Let x be (24/10)/(4/20). Suppose 0 = -5*y + 2*h + x, -h + 3 + 1 = 0. Suppose 0 = -n - y*n + 85. What is the tens digit of n?
1
Let k(t) = 2*t**2 - 3*t**2 + 9*t + 13*t - 24 - 5. What is the tens digit of k(20)?
1
Let n = -20 + 23. Let a be (n/(-6))/((-3)/(-18)). What is the units digit of (-258)/(-18) + 1/a?
4
Suppose -177 = 7*h - 10*h. What is the units digit of h?
9
Let w = 26 + -21. Suppose -2*l - 15 = -2*u - 43, w*u = 15. What is the units digit of l?
7
Let t(p) be the third derivative of -p**5/30 + p**4/24 + p**3/3 - p**2. Let q(u) be the first derivative of t(u). What is the units digit of q(-3)?
3
Let s(r) = r**2 - 7*r - 9*r**2 + 9*r**2. Let t be s(7). Suppose d + t*j - 36 = -3*j, 2*d + j - 52 = 0. What is the units digit of d?
4
What is the units digit of -1 + 12/(-6) + 5793 - -2?
2
Suppose -9*d = 4*o - 11*d - 8, 2*o - 28 = -5*d. What is the units digit of o?
4
Suppose -10*u = -y - 5*u + 100, 0 = -3*y - 5*u + 240. What is the tens digit of y?
8
Suppose q - 4*z = -z - 15, 10 = 4*q + 2*z. What is the units digit of 2 + q + 4/4?
3
Suppose -2*u = 4, -1 = 5*x - 4*u - 4. What is the units digit of (3 - -9)*x*(-15)/2?
0
Let s = -1907 + 2004. What is the tens digit of s?
9
What is the units digit of (-34 - -33)/(0 - 2/2880)?
0
Let p(g) = g**2 - 6*g - 2. Let o(u) = u**2 - 12*u + 12. Let a be o(11). Let x be 1*((10 - a) + 0). What is the units digit of p(x)?
5
Let c(g) = -g**3 + 2*g**2 + 2*g. Let o be c(3). What is the units digit of -2*(63/(-2) - o)?
7
Let v(l) = 5*l**3 + l**2 - 17. What is the units digit of v(4)?
9
Let m(j) = -6*j**3 - 5*j**2 - 4*j + 1. Let t be m(-2). Let q = t + -36. What is the units digit of q?
1
Suppose -251 + 1313 = 9*m. Let l = 198 - m. What is the units digit of l?
0
Suppose 0 = -5*p - 20, -d + 44*p - 48*p + 5795 = 0. What is the thousands digit of d?
5
Let v be 12/(-4)*(0 + 3). Let a be (26/3)/((-2)/v). Let l = a - 28. What is the tens digit of l?
1
Let z(q) = 3*q**3 - 6*q**2 - 22*q - 1. Let j be z(9). Suppose -j + 543 = -7*b. What is the hundreds digit of b?
1
Let c be ((-21)/14)/(2/4). Let n be -3*7/c*-5. |
An update on the bleeding risks associated with DOACs.
The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), also referred to as novel (or non-vitamin K antagonist) oral anticoagulants (NOACs), represent a major development in anticoagulation therapy due to their rapid onset of action, predictable dose-response with fixed doses and limited interactions with food and drugs.1,2 However, these agents have been in widespread clinical use for less than a decade and, compared with extensive experience with warfarin, there is uncertainty relating to optimal laboratory monitoring of anticoagulation, perioperative management and treatment of bleeding.3 In addition, there is currently only one drug licensed in the UK for rapid reversal of the anticoagulant effect of a DOAC. Here, we review DOAC-related bleeding and the role of drugs to reverse the anticoagulant action of DOACs. |
Q:
How to access the PC's resources through a batch file?
Is there a way to access the computer's physical resources like its Memory, Processor Speed and System type through batch programming (DOS)?
A:
The wmic command might get you what you need.
Here are a couple of examples:
C:\> wmic computersystem get TotalPhysicalMemory
TotalPhysicalMemory
259497984
C:\> wmic cpu get name,MaxClockSpeed
MaxClockSpeed Name
2393 Intel Celeron processor
2393 Intel Celeron processor
C:\> wmic os get Name
Microsoft Windows XP Professional|C:\WINDOWS|\Device\Harddisk0\Partition1
More Examples:
http://people.virginia.edu/~rtg2t/winadmin/wmic.html
http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/using_wmic.mspx?mfr=true
http://blog.commandlinekungfu.com/2009/09/episode-61-just-sit-right-back-youll.html
|
Afflicted with kidney failure for 20 years, Mr More, from Wadala, failed to retain his kidney functions after both his organs stopped working. (Representational image)
Mumbai: It has been 14 years since Prakash More (59), has been carrying out his own dialysis at home without assistance from medicos, becoming a role model for those who cannot afford the cost of the treatment.
Afflicted with kidney failure for 20 years, Mr More, from Wadala, failed to retain his kidney functions after both his organs stopped working. He then opted for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). When asked if an individual is permitted to do dialysis on his or her own, the head of the department of nephrology at the civic-run KEM Hospital, Dr Nivruti Hase, said, “It is completely safe. But one needs to be extra cautious since he or she can contract an infection, as a tube has to be inserted inside one’s abdominal cavity.” Dr Hase added,
Mr More says it is a difficult daily procedure that lasts for 15-20 minutes and has to be done thrice in 24 hours. “I have to create an ‘operation theatre’ at home. I clean the table more than six times each day and maintain sterilisation for the procedure,” Mr More said.
Dr Hase said that both the dialysis methods (see box) are effective, but these methods can be cost-effective and the patient saves time. Mr More has set an example for various kidney patients,” Dr Hase said. |
Saudi Arabia for the first time allowed a mixed gendered concert to take place, performed by an Egyptian singer on Wednesday.
Egypt’s National Arab Music Ensemble of the Egyptian Opera House marked its first performance in the kingdom, debuting with singer Nihad Fathy, making her the first female singer to perform to a mixed crowd.
The Egyptian Opera House comprised of 45 male and female musicians and singers, including the star singers Ahmed Effat and Mai Farouq. They performed in front of an audience of 2,500 people.
Long known for its ultra-conservative mores, the kingdom has embarked on a wide-ranging programme of social reforms that includes boosting sports and entertainment and allowing women to drive from June.
Since the appointment of 32-year-old Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as heir to the throne in June, Saudi Arabia has launched an image overhaul, lifting bans on cinemas, public music festivals and scaling back restrictions on women.
But the reforms still come with many restrictions as the kingdom and companies expanding their platform to Saudi Arabia sideline women.
Wrestling giant WWE was slammed by fans for excluding women wrestlers from its landmark show in Saudi Arabia.
Saudi authorities last week shut down a female fitness centre in Riyadh over a promotional video deemed to be contentious for appearing to show a woman in figure-hugging workout attire.
"We are not going to tolerate this," Saudi sports authority chief Turki al-Sheikh tweeted as he ordered that the centre's license be withdrawn. |
from timeit import default_timer as timer
import numpy as np
def timeit(func, args=(), num_round=100, iter_per_round=10):
x = [None] * num_round
y = [iter_per_round * _ for _ in range(num_round)]
for i in range(num_round):
start = timer()
for j in range(iter_per_round * i):
func(*args)
end = timer()
x[i] = (end - start) * 1e9 # nanoseconds
return np.polyfit(x, y, 1)
|
<?php
namespace MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations;
use Mockery;
use MyBB\Core\Test\ClassAssertionsTrait;
use stdClass;
class CloseTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
use ClassAssertionsTrait;
public function testCanBeConstructed()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertInstanceOf('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\Close', $close);
}
public function testCanCloseClosableInterface()
{
$closeable = Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface');
$closeable->shouldReceive('close')
->withNoArgs()
->once();
$close = new Close();
$close->close($closeable);
}
public function testCanOpenClosableInterface()
{
$closeable = Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface');
$closeable->shouldReceive('open')
->withNoArgs()
->once();
$close = new Close();
$close->open($closeable);
}
public function testHasKeyThatIsAString()
{
$close = new Close();
$key = $close->getKey();
static::assertInternalType('string', $key);
}
public function testSupportsCloseableContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertTrue($close->supports(Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface')));
}
public function testDoesNotSupportInvalidContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertFalse($close->supports(1));
static::assertFalse($close->supports('1'));
static::assertFalse($close->supports('foo'));
static::assertFalse($close->supports(new stdClass()));
}
public function testCanBeAppliedToSupportedContent()
{
$closeable = Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface');
$closeable->shouldReceive('close')
->withNoArgs()
->once()
->andReturn(true);
$close = new Close();
static::assertNotNull($close->apply($closeable));
}
public function testDoesNotApplyToUnsupportedContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertNull($close->apply(1));
static::assertNull($close->apply('1'));
static::assertNull($close->apply('foo'));
static::assertNull($close->apply(new stdClass()));
}
public function testCanBeReversedForSupportedContent()
{
$closeable = Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface');
$closeable->shouldReceive('open')
->withNoArgs()
->once()
->andReturn(true);
$close = new Close();
static::assertNotNull($close->reverse($closeable));
}
public function testDoesNotReverseForUnsupportedContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertNull($close->reverse(1));
static::assertNull($close->reverse('1'));
static::assertNull($close->reverse('foo'));
static::assertNull($close->reverse(new stdClass()));
}
public function testIsVisibleForValidContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertTrue($close->visible(Mockery::mock('MyBB\Core\Moderation\Moderations\CloseableInterface')));
}
public function testIsNotVisibleForInvalidContent()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertFalse($close->supports(1));
static::assertFalse($close->supports('1'));
static::assertFalse($close->supports('foo'));
static::assertFalse($close->supports(new stdClass()));
}
public function testCanGetNameAsString()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertInternalType('string', $close->getName());
}
public function testCanGetReverseNameAsString()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertInternalType('string', $close->getReverseName());
}
public function testCanGetPresenterClassAsString()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertInternalType('string', $close->getPresenterClass());
}
public function testCanGetValidPresenterClassName()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertClassExtends($close->getPresenterClass(), 'McCool\LaravelAutoPresenter\BasePresenter');
}
public function testCanGetPermissionNameAsString()
{
$close = new Close();
static::assertInternalType('string', $close->getPermissionName());
}
}
|
At the start of her teaching career, Khalique explains that her school enrolled 1,000 students, of which 300 were females. While poverty and conflict contribute to low enrollment for female students, Khalique believes that many girls in her community do not attend school for cultural reasons. Khalique further explains that many families believe that a female’s place is in the home and as a result, girls do not have equal access to education.
Despite these cultural challenges, Mariam Khalique is working to change perspectives and practices in her community, stating, “These are crimes against humanity, that I have no choice but to decry.” Khalique approaches education as an innate human right. Education transforms lives and by providing all children with equal education, they will be able to develop the necessary skills and knowledge to improve their lives. By giving individuals the ability to make changes, society will experience greater long-term benefits.
While education typically refers to improving reading, writing, and mathematics, we must expand upon this tradition definition to make education more practical and valuable to communities. Education programs can also target issues such as citizenship, maternal and child health, nutrition, and sanitation.
The Global Monitoring Report states that “Education’s unique power to act as a catalyst for wider development goals can only be fully realized, however, if it is equitable…Education empowers girls and young women, in particular, by increasing their chances of getting jobs, staying healthy and participating fully in society – and it boosts their children’s chances of leading healthy lives.”
As we approach the 2015 deadline for the Millennium Development Goals, it is important for us to consider the positive impacts that girls’ education can have on societies across the globe, but we must keep several points in mind: Are we creating educational programs that are culturally relevant to the specific communities they target? While Mariam Khalique explains that cultural perspectives in her community need to change, it is imperative that educational reforms and programs respect and reflect the wants and needs of a community. In order for education to have meaning and value to people, it must provide them with relevant skills and knowledge that will enable them to improve their lives. Whether it is health, nutrition or sanitation information, more job specific training, or literacy programs, we must move beyond the idea that one model of education will work across the globe and move towards increasing a community’s participation in the reform process.
Pakistan’s first locally created animation has been raising debate all over the world. The cartoon titled “Burka Avenger” was created by one of Pakistan’s biggest male pop stars, Aaron Haroon Rashid. The main character is a young, female teacher disguised in a black burqa who fights to protect the girl’s school, where she works, from the Talibani men who threaten to shut it down. The first episode portrays the Taliban and others opposed to girls’ education as evil, ignorant thugs. It is full of comments about the importance of girl’s education for themselves and future generations. Western news sources harold the cartoon for tackling real issues in girls’ education and the Taliban’s blame for shutting down schools.
Still, local critics have focused in on the burka the character wears, and have steered conversation towards that issue rather than girls’ education.
Novelist Bina Shah, blogged: ‘Is it right to take the burka and make it look “cool” for children, to brainwash girls into thinking that a burka gives you power instead of taking it away from you?’ She fears little girls will start wearing burkas to imitate the character (2013).
Fakhar Uhar-Rehman fears the show may do more harm than good and it may be seen as a “mockery of the culture” (Aljazeera, 2013).
Haroon, the creater, told CNN that he chose the burka because he wanted to uplift the good things of Islam by showing the character is a Muslim woman AND a superhero. When speaking about the general purpose of the show Haroon has taken on a fairly neutral stance and states that he simply wanted to promote positive social messages to the children of Pakistan. Haroon never comes out and says he is specifically trying to promote girls’ education. Given what happened to Malala Yousafzai and the threats of publicly promoting girls’ education in Pakistan, it’s little surprise Haroon shows caution and reserve.
Aside from the ongoing battle for girls’ education, episodes of the Burka Avenger cover other issues affecting Pakistan, including discrimination, child labor, sectarian violence, electricity shortages and protecting the environment. Haroon reminds viewers that the Burka Avenger fights with a pen and not a sword: implying the value of education over violence. Unfortunately, the local fixation on the burka seems to have blanketed the show with controversy rather than applauding it for the positive messages it gives. Perhaps this was the precise motivation of those who in today’s society cannot publicly claim their opposition of girls’ education. The Burka Avenger, and the media coverage on the show, further exemplify the political pressure and danger sometimes coupled with girls’ education around the globe. I think the show proposes a creative way to advocate for girls in a country with such strong opposition. |
Q:
UITableViewCell being reused while still on-screen?
I have what probably seems like a really weird problem (it does to me!)
I am using a UITableView to display cells which each contain a UIWebView. I realise that this is a bad idea on the face of it, but I can't really do this any other way.
I am caching the heights of each cell when the UIWebView finishes loading, and then calling:
[self.tableView beginUpdates];
[self.tableView reloadRowsAtIndexPaths:@[cellIndexPath]
withRowAnimation:UITableViewRowAnimationNone];
[self.tableView endUpdates];
All of the germane code is in a Gist here.
I also have the UIWebViews cached in a dictionary on the data source, so it can be reused when the cell is reloaded.
This seems to sort of work, but I am encountering a lot of issues whereby the cells' contents will randomly disappear. I have added some logging into determine what's going on, and in what order, and it seems like some of the cells are being reused while they're still on-screen.
I see this in my logs while scrolling down:
2014-02-11 13:45:49.091 EApp[45936:70b] Generating cell for 1: Panning
2014-02-11 13:45:49.245 EApp[45936:70b] Generating cell for 2: Calibration
2014-02-11 13:45:50.063 EApp[45936:70b] Generating cell for 3: Aperture Priority
2014-02-11 13:45:50.063 EApp[45936:70b] Reusing cell: Stopping down
"Stopping down" in this case is a cell that is still on-screen. The "generating cell" items are logged inside the data source's cellForRowAtIndexPath and the "reusing" messages inside the cells' prepareForReuse.
Does anyone know what could be happening here? I know this seems complex.
A:
The following line in your prepareForReuse is probably the culprit:
if ([self.contentWebView isDescendantOfView:self.contentWebView]) {
[self.contentWebView removeFromSuperview];
}
As the contentWebView is never a descendant of itself, it will not be removed from the cell, and the contentView will contain two webviews after the cellForRowAtIndexPath:
You probably meant to say:
if ([self.contentWebView isDescendantOfView:self.contentView]) {
[self.contentWebView removeFromSuperview];
}
Or simply:
[self.contentWebView removeFromSuperview];
|
Q:
CQRS - What is the Command Dispatcher?
To learn CQRS I'm putting together a really simple command/command handler implementation. In a lot of examples, I'm seeing the concept of a "Command Dispatcher". I'm not seeing a lot of literature on it.
I'm wondering what a Command Dispatcher is and why is it necessary? Is the Command Dispatcher and the Command Bus the same thing?
A:
The Command Dispatcher is not specifically part of CQRS; it's just an implementation detail of the Command Pattern, and an optional one at that.
A Command Dispatcher is an object that links the Action-Request with the appropriate Action-Handler. It's purpose is to decouple the command operation from the sending and receiving objects so that neither has knowledge of the other.
A RoutedCommand object in WPF is a good example of a Command Dispatcher.
CQRS is a concept, not a design or implementation. It says "Separate the responsibilities of Command from those of Querying." Martin Fowler goes over this concept in some detail in his CQRS article; he never mentions a Command Dispatcher.
Further Reading
P of EAA: CQRS
Command Query Separation on Wikipedia
Command Dispatcher
|
NEW YORK (AP) — Harvey Weinstein was sentenced Wednesday to 23 years in prison for rape and sexual assault, a sight the Hollywood mogul’s multitude of accusers thought they would never see.
Weinstein, who has been accused of violating scores of women, was convicted last month of raping a woman in a New York City hotel room in 2013 and forcibly performing oral sex on another woman at his apartment in 2006. He faced a maximum of 29 years in prison.
Both women that Weinstein was convicted of assaulting — a once-aspiring actress and a former TV and film production assistant — spoke in court Wednesday before Judge James Burke announced the sentence, confronting Weinstein again after their testimony helped seal his conviction at the landmark #MeToo trial.
The once-aspiring actress that Weinstein was convicted of raping in 2013 recalled the moment during the trial when she left the witness stand in tears and then could be heard screaming from an adjacent room.
“The day my screams were heard from the witness room was the day my voice came back to its full power,” she said.
“Rape is not just one moment of penetration. It is forever.”
The Associated Press has a policy of not naming people who have been sexually assaulted without their consent. It is withholding the rape accuser’s name because it is not clear whether she wishes to be identified.
Weinstein, who has maintained that any sexual any sexual activity was consensual, also spoke in court, saying he had fond memories of his accusers.
Looking back during the trial at emails they exchanged, he said, he thought they had a good friendship: “I’m not going to say these aren’t great people. I had wonderful times with these people. I’m just genuinely confused. Men are confused about this issue.”
Burke also heard from Weinstein’s lawyers, who pleaded for leniency because of his age and frail health, and prosecutors, who said the man once celebrated as a titan of Hollywood deserved a harsh sentence that would account for allegations of wrongdoing dating to the 1970s.
Under state law, Burke was able to consider evidence outside the scope of the trial in forming his sentence.
In their sentencing letter, prosecutors outlined 16 examples they said showed Weinstein “trapped women into his exclusive control” so he could sexually assault them, starting when he was working as a music producer in Buffalo in 1978.
Weinstein was sentenced a week shy of his 68th birthday, and his lawyers argued that a lengthy prison term would, in effect, be a life sentence. They sought a five-year sentence, the mandatory minimum on the more serious of the two charges that jurors found him guilty of.
Weinstein used a walker throughout the trial and arrived at the courthouse Wednesday in wheelchair because of back problems from a car crash last summer, has a condition that requires shots in his eyes and last week had a stent placed to unblock an artery.
The agency that runs New York’s state prisons said every inmate is evaluated to determine which facility meets his or her security, medical, mental health and other needs.
The New York case was the first criminal matter to arise from accusations of more than 90 women, including actresses Gwyneth Paltrow, Salma Hayek and Uma Thurman.
Weinstein was convicted on two counts: criminal sex act for the 2006 assault on the production assistant and rape in the third degree for a 2013 attack on another woman.
On the criminal sex act count, he faced a minimum of five years in prison and a maximum of 25 years in prison, while the third-degree rape count carried a maximum penalty of four years in prison.
He was acquitted of the more serious charges against him of first-degree rape and two counts of predatory sexual assault.
Weinstein contends that any sexual activity was consensual. After he was convicted he proclaimed, “I’m innocent. I’m innocent. I’m innocent. How could this happen in America?” according to his lawyer, Arthur Aidala.
Now that Weinstein has been sentenced, his lawyers can move forward with a promised appeal.
His legal team was upset with Burke’s handling of the case, from his inclusion of a juror who’d written a novel involving predatory older men to his rulings on evidence, witnesses and objections.
Just as jury selection was about to get under way in January, authorities in Los Angeles announced new, similar charges stemming from allegations against Weinstein there.
His lawyers questioned the timing, suggesting it was meant to influence the New York jury pool, and asked Burke to delay the start of jury selection for a “cooling off” period, which he denied.
Weinstein was charged in California with raping a woman at a Los Angeles hotel on Feb. 18, 2013, after pushing his way inside her room, and sexually assaulting a woman in a Beverly Hills hotel suite the next night.
Weinstein could get up to 28 years in prison on charges of forcible rape, forcible oral copulation, sexual penetration by use of force and sexual battery in the California case. Authorities have not said when he would go there to face those charges.
Three more sexual assault cases under investigation by the Los Angeles Police Department and Beverly Hills’ police could mean that he’ll face additional charges. No details have been provided on these cases. |
#ifndef Define_ParamXMLNew0
#define Define_ParamXMLNew0
#include "StdAfx.h"
// NOMORE ...
typedef enum
{
eTestDump_0,
eTestDump_1,
eTestDump_3
} eTestDump;
void xml_init(eTestDump & aVal,cElXMLTree * aTree);
std::string eToString(const eTestDump & aVal);
eTestDump Str2eTestDump(const std::string & aName);
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const std::string & aNameTag,const eTestDump & anObj);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const eTestDump &);
std::string Mangling( eTestDump *);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(eTestDump &,ELISE_fp &);
class cTD2REF
{
public:
cGlobXmlGen mGXml;
friend void xml_init(cTD2REF & anObj,cElXMLTree * aTree);
std::string & K();
const std::string & K()const ;
std::list< int > & V();
const std::list< int > & V()const ;
private:
std::string mK;
std::list< int > mV;
};
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const cTD2REF &);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const cTD2REF &);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(cTD2REF &,ELISE_fp &);
std::string Mangling( cTD2REF *);
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
class cCompos
{
public:
cGlobXmlGen mGXml;
friend void xml_init(cCompos & anObj,cElXMLTree * aTree);
double & A();
const double & A()const ;
Pt2dr & B();
const Pt2dr & B()const ;
private:
double mA;
Pt2dr mB;
};
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const cCompos &);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const cCompos &);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(cCompos &,ELISE_fp &);
std::string Mangling( cCompos *);
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
class cTestDump
{
public:
cGlobXmlGen mGXml;
friend void xml_init(cTestDump & anObj,cElXMLTree * aTree);
cTplValGesInit< int > & I();
const cTplValGesInit< int > & I()const ;
cTplValGesInit< Pt2dr > & D();
const cTplValGesInit< Pt2dr > & D()const ;
eTestDump & E();
const eTestDump & E()const ;
std::list< eTestDump > & V();
const std::list< eTestDump > & V()const ;
cTD2REF & R1();
const cTD2REF & R1()const ;
cTplValGesInit< cTD2REF > & R2();
const cTplValGesInit< cTD2REF > & R2()const ;
std::list< cTD2REF > & R3();
const std::list< cTD2REF > & R3()const ;
std::vector< cTD2REF > & R4();
const std::vector< cTD2REF > & R4()const ;
double & A();
const double & A()const ;
Pt2dr & B();
const Pt2dr & B()const ;
cCompos & Compos();
const cCompos & Compos()const ;
private:
cTplValGesInit< int > mI;
cTplValGesInit< Pt2dr > mD;
eTestDump mE;
std::list< eTestDump > mV;
cTD2REF mR1;
cTplValGesInit< cTD2REF > mR2;
std::list< cTD2REF > mR3;
std::vector< cTD2REF > mR4;
cCompos mCompos;
};
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const cTestDump &);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const cTestDump &);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(cTestDump &,ELISE_fp &);
std::string Mangling( cTestDump *);
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
class cR5
{
public:
cGlobXmlGen mGXml;
friend void xml_init(cR5 & anObj,cElXMLTree * aTree);
std::string & IdImage();
const std::string & IdImage()const ;
private:
std::string mIdImage;
};
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const cR5 &);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const cR5 &);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(cR5 &,ELISE_fp &);
std::string Mangling( cR5 *);
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
class cTestNoDump
{
public:
cGlobXmlGen mGXml;
friend void xml_init(cTestNoDump & anObj,cElXMLTree * aTree);
std::map< std::string,cR5 > & R5();
const std::map< std::string,cR5 > & R5()const ;
int & AA();
const int & AA()const ;
std::vector<int> & vvAA();
const std::vector<int> & vvAA()const ;
private:
std::map< std::string,cR5 > mR5;
int mAA;
std::vector<int> mvvAA;
};
cElXMLTree * ToXMLTree(const cTestNoDump &);
void BinaryDumpInFile(ELISE_fp &,const cTestNoDump &);
void BinaryUnDumpFromFile(cTestNoDump &,ELISE_fp &);
std::string Mangling( cTestNoDump *);
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
/******************************************************/
// };
#endif // Define_ParamXMLNew0
|
Q:
Betti numbers as characteristic numbers?
Let $X$ be a compact differentiable manifold of dimension $m$ or, if you prefer, a smooth complex projective manifold of complex dimension $n=m/2$.
The Euler characteristic $\chi(X):=\Sigma_{i=0}^{m}(-1)^ib_i(X)$ -the alternating sum of Betti numbers of $X$- is related to the Euler class $e(T_X)$ of the tangent bundle $T_X$ by
$$\chi(X)=\int_Xe(T_X)$$
where $\int_X$ denotes contraction against the fundamental class $[X]$.
Is it possible to write each Betti number $b_i(X)$ as a "characteristic number", i.e. as an integral
$$b_i(X)\stackrel{\text{?}}{=}\int_X\gamma_i(T_X)$$
of some "characteristic class" $\gamma_i$ of vector bundles? If not, why not?
This question is possibly related.
A:
No. The Stiefel-Whitney and Pontryagin numbers of a closed oriented manifold are cobordism invariants, but the Betti numbers are not.
More explicitly, all closed oriented $3$-manifolds are frameable (and null cobordant), so all of their characteristic numbers vanish, but e.g. the $3$-torus and $3$-sphere have different Betti numbers.
|
We study the mechanism and regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Of special interest are the regulation of protein synthesis by GTP-binding (G) proteins and protein phosphorylation. In addition, we are studying unusual post-translational modifications of the factors that assist the ribosome in synthesizing proteins. The first step of protein synthesis is binding the initiator Met-tRNA to the small ribosomal subunit by the factor eIF2. The eIF2 is composed of three subunits including the G protein eIF2gamma. During translation initiation, the GTP bound to eIF2gamma is hydrolyzed to GDP, and the factor eIF2B recycles eIF2-GDP to eIF2-GTP. Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha on serine 51, by a family of stress-responsive protein kinases, coverts eIF2 into an inhibitor of eIF2B. Our structure-function studies on eIF2 have provided insights into human disease. Protein synthesis plays a critical role in learning and memory in model systems, and our studies have linked a human X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) syndrome to altered function of eIF2. In previous studies, with collaborators in Israel, Germany, Slovakia, and at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, we showed that MEHMO syndrome, a human XLID syndrome with additional symptoms including epilepsy, hypogonadism and hypogenitalism, microcephaly, and obesity is caused by mutations in the EIF2S3 gene encoding the gamma subunit of eIF2. Over the past year we have generated yeast models of two additional EIF2S3 mutations linked to MEHMO syndrome. One of the mutations impaired methionyl-tRNA binding to eIF2, and both mutations impaired eIF2 function, altered translational control of specific mRNAs, and reduced stringency of translation start site selection. Our collaborators in London linked EIF2S3 mutations with hypopituitarism and glucose dysregulation, potentially expanding the clinical symptoms of MEHMO syndrome. More recently, we studied induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from a patient with MEHMO syndrome. We observed a general reduction in protein synthesis, constitutive induction of the integrated stress response, and heightened expression of ATF4, CHOP and GADD34 under stress conditions in the cells. Moreover, upon differentiation into neurons, the mutant cells exhibited reduced dendritic arborization. Based on our studies we propose that the mutations in eIF2gamma impair the efficiency and fidelity of protein synthesis, and that this altered control of protein synthesis underlies MEHMO syndrome. A second major research focus involves the translation factor eIF5A, the sole cellular protein containing the unusual amino acid hypusine. Using molecular genetic and biochemical studies, we showed that eIF5A promotes translation elongation, and that this activity is dependent on the hypusine modification. We also showed that eIF5A from yeast, like its bacterial ortholog EF-P, stimulates the synthesis of proteins containing runs of consecutive proline residues. Consistent with these in vivo findings, we showed that eIF5A was critical for the synthesis of polyproline peptides in reconstituted yeast in vitro translation assays. In collaboration with researchers at Johns Hopkins University, we reported that, in addition to its critical requirement for polyproline synthesis, eIF5A functions globally to promote both translation elongation and termination. Working with x-ray crystallographers in France, we obtained the crystal structure of eIF5A bound to the yeast 80S ribosome. eIF5A occupies the E site of the ribosome with the hypusine residue projecting toward the acceptor stem of the P-site tRNA. Our studies support a model in which eIF5A and its hypusine residue function to reposition the acceptor arm of the P site to enhance reactivity towards either an aminoacyl-tRNA, for peptide bond formation, or a release factor, for translation termination. Over the past year, we have further investigated the hypusine modification on eIF5A. The modification is formed in two steps: first, transfer of an n-butyl amine moiety from spermidine to a specific Lys side chain on eIF5A, and then second, hydroxylation of the modified residue. Whereas the LIA1 gene encoding the hydroxylase is non-essential in yeast, we identified mutations in eIF5A that caused synthetic phenotypes in the absence of the hydroxylation. Our results are consistent with the notion that the hydroxyl modification helps to bind and position eIF5A and its hypusine residue to effectively promote the reactivity of the peptidyl-tRNA. Recently, we linked eIF5A to the regulation of polyamine metabolism in mammalian cells. The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes the first step in polyamine synthesis. ODC is regulated by a protein called antizyme, which, in turn, is regulated by another protein called antizyme inhibitor (AZIN1). The synthesis of AZIN1 is inhibited by polyamines and this regulation is dependent on a conserved upstream open reading frame-line (uORF-like) element in the leader of the AZIN1 mRNA. We refer to element as a uCC - for upstream conserved coding region because it lacks at AUG start codon and initiates at a near cognate codon instead. We found that high polyamines enhance translation initiation from the near-cognate start site of the uCC and that this regulation is dependent on the sequence of encoded polypeptide including a highly conserved Pro-Pro-Trp (PPW) motif. We proposed that scanning ribosomes typically bypass the near-cognate start codon of the uCC without initiating and then translate AZIN1. However, occasionally a ribosome will initiate translation at the uCC start codon. Under conditions of high polyamines, these elongating ribosomes pause on the PPW motif. The paused ribosome serves as a roadblock to subsequent scanning ribosomes that bypass the near-cognate start codon. The resultant queue of scanning ribosomes behind the paused elongating ribosome positions a ribosome near the start site of the uCC providing greater opportunity for initiation at the weak start site. Consistent with this queuing model, we found that impairing ribosome loading and thus queue formation reduced uCC translation and derepressed AZIN1 synthesis. In further studies on the AZIN1 regulatory mechanism, we identified eIF5A as a sensor and effector for polyamine control of uCC translation. Using reconstituted in vitro translation assays, we found that synthesis of a PPW peptide, like translation of polyproline sequences, requires eIF5A. Moreover, the ability of eIF5A to stimulate PPW synthesis was inhibited by polyamines and could be rescued by increasing eIF5A levels. We propose that polyamines interfere with eIF5A binding on the ribosome and that inhibition of eIF5A serves as the trigger to cause the ribosome pause that governs uCC translation. We are now exploring the possibility that polyamine regulation of eIF5A underlies translational control of mRNAs encoding other enzymes and regulators of polyamine biosynthesis. In recent studies, we have searched for additional mRNAs containing potential uCCs. Reporter assays in mammalian cells and in vitro revealed that a uORF-like element in the mRNA encoding plant GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), a control enzyme in the vitamin C biosynthetic pathway, is a UCC. We propose that interaction of vitamin C with the GGP uCC nascent peptide in the ribosome exit tunnel causes the ribosome to pause and that queuing of subsequent scanning ribosomes results in increased initiation on the uCC and prevents ribosome access to the GGP ORF. We believe that this mechanism of a paused elongating ribosome promoting initiation at an upstream weak start site via ribosome queuing may underlie the control of translation of other mRNAs, especially those whose translation is derepressed by conditions that impair ribosome loading. |
Q:
How to exit the "Main" status after Prelude(Haskell) loaded a module?
In Haskell, after using Prelude to load some files
Prelude> :l xxxFileName
The prompt beomes
*Main> xxxx
I don't know where the "Main" function come from, as I didn't define any function called "Main". Is this a special status of Haskell's command line environment? How can I exit the "*Main" prompt context and come back to "Prelude>"?
Thanks.
A:
That's a GHCi convention. By default, GHCi will show the name of the module you've loaded. An asterisk (*) indicates that you have access on all top-level bindings (definitions that aren't inside of other ones), and not the ones that are exported.
If you didn't specify a module name in the file, GHCi will assume its name is Main:
-- Example.hs
add x y = x + y
Prelude> :l Example.hs
*Main>
However, if you do specify a module name, GHCi will display that one instead:
-- ProperModule.hs
module ProperModule where
add x y = x + y
Prelude> :l ProperModule.hs
*ProperModule>
To unload any additional modules, use :m, but keep in mind that you cannot use functions from xxxFileName.hs anymore. Note that Prelude is always loaded, unless you've started GHCi with -XNoImplicitPrelude.
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Recent advances in pain management.
Over the last 20 years there has been an upsurge of interest in the basic mechanisms of pain. The findings that have arisen as a result of this interest have flowed through to the clinical area and have seen applications in a variety of settings. Identification of receptors and processes that are involved in the transmission of pain has led to the use of new agents in pain management. New techniques have provided new and more effective approaches in managing pain. These include the use of pre-emptive analgesia, postoperative pain management with patient controlled analgesia and use of techniques such as intrathecal drug administration and epidural spinal cord stimulation. This review presents some of the findings from basic research which have led to these developments, in particular those that relate to the changes that occur following inflammation and nerve injury, and the implications that these findings have had on pain management. |
Posts Tagged as "government budgets"
Over the last 25 years California has continued to face an education crisis, and more recently, schools have not only seen continuous hikes in tuition rates, but drastic cuts in classes and teachers...
Central Long Beach has the lowest number of park space for the highest percentage of families in unemployment and with children in poverty as compared to the other parts of the city, according to Best Start L.A...
In the middle of discussing the use of one-time funds to patch-up the budget last week, Long Beach Mayor Bob Foster complained it was “giving him heartburn.”
After a long debate on controversial and drastic cuts that proposed to close down 14 of Long Beach’s 26 parks, the city rearranged its revenue last week when it passed its 2013 budget, restoring the all park programs and nearly a quarter of the police department’s proposed cuts...
SAN FRANCISCO–Women are recovering from the recession at a slower rate than men according to a new report by the California Budget Project (CBP) published in partnership with the Women’s Foundation of California...
“The message we are sending is ‘America to seniors: drop dead because we don’t want to provide healthcare, social security, or employment.’” Anthony Sarmiento, executive director of Senior Service America, Inc., told the Gerontological Society of America’s 2011 conference that’s the message older workers are hearing, as they face increased hardships because of budget cuts that affect employment opportunities for older workers, and the debates over Medicare and social security... |
#ifndef CVVISUAL_KEY_POINT_SELECTOR
#define CVVISUAL_KEY_POINT_SELECTOR
#include <QFrame>
#include "opencv2/features2d.hpp"
namespace cvv{ namespace qtutil{
/**
* @brief this class select keypoints from a given selection
*/
class KeyPointSelection:public QFrame{
Q_OBJECT
public:
/**
* @brief the constructor
*/
KeyPointSelection(QWidget * parent =nullptr):QFrame{parent}{}
virtual std::vector<cv::KeyPoint> select(const std::vector<cv::KeyPoint>& selection) = 0;
signals:
void settingsChanged();
};
}}
#endif
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Poland Says EU Going Soft On Gazprom Market Abuse
By Damir Kaletovic Poland is threatening to use all legal means possible to block the settlement, without fines, of an antitrust investigation targeting Russian Gazprom, which it feels the European Union is going soft on. On Wednesday, Polish Foreign Minister Witold Waszczykowski said the country would use “all legal means” to block the EU’s terms for closing an anti-trust investigation into Gazprom. The Polish foreign minister’s statements are in direct response to comments from EU competition regulators the day before, saying that because… |
Definition of a 'standard joint equivalent': Comment on "Who consumes most of the cannabis in Canada? Profiles of cannabis consumption by quantity".
Using Canadian survey data, Callaghan and colleagues examined the distribution of cannabis quantities after converting reported quantities of different cannabis products into standard joint equivalents. We argue that the assumed amount of 0.5 g dried cannabis flowers unlikely represents a usual dose in average consumers. Moreover, some conversion factors are implausible with regard to the THC concentration levels in select products. As with standard drinks, standard joint equivalents should be consistent with potency, i.e. THC concentration, and should be lower than suggested by the authors. |
Q:
How to remove the Time part of a Date in a Linq Query
I tried to remove the Time part of a Date from a Linq query to no avail. I used the DbFunctions.TruncateTime but it didn't work. Here is the my code
var Cycle1 =
((from sbm in context.SBMs
where sbm.CrewSite.SiteID == site.SiteID
select new Cycle { Date = DbFunctions.TruncateTime(sbm.CrewSite.Crew.TodayDate) }
).OrderBy(x => x.Date).Skip(1).FirstOrDefault()).Equals(null)
? (DateTime?)null
: ((from sbm in context.SBMs
where sbm.CrewSite.SiteID == site.SiteID
select new Cycle { Date = DbFunctions.TruncateTime(sbm.CrewSite.Crew.TodayDate) }
).OrderBy(x => x.Date).Skip(1).FirstOrDefault()).Date
Can someone help me see what i did wrong ?
A:
As i can see, your value has been removed time part.
All you need to do is format the Date in ListView
Your case looks like this
<asp:Label Text='<%# Eval("Cycle1", "{0:yyyy-MM-dd}") %>' runat="server" ID="Cycle1Label" /></td>
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Bitcoin TSYS Puts Bitcoin In Perspective By
Bitcoin’s reputation needs a makeover. Russell Moore, Director of Innovation at TSYS, sat down with PYMNTS to offer new thinking on the dark reputation that’s attached itself to the bitcoin name.
Russell Moore, Director of Innovation at TSYS, agrees that it’s been misused in a myriad of ways, but feels that bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies offer merchants the chance to view payment processing in a new way. He gives PYMNTS a different take on the use of cryptocurrencies in payments.
PYMNTS: What is the biggest misconception about bitcoin and digital currencies in terms of the payments processing perspective?
RM: That bitcoin is a dark currency that it is only used for elicit purchases. Thousands of merchants accept bitcoin payments every day for ordinary purchases such as a monthly satellite TV subscription or home goods. There is also a misconception that bitcoin is too volatile to accept as a form of payment when, in reality, price volatility is easy to avoid.
PYMNTS: What should merchants that are considering accepting bitcoin/cryptocurrencies know about the potential benefits?
RM: As the world's first borderless payment network, bitcoin allows merchants to receive payment in any amount, from anywhere in the world, from any computer or mobile device. The user base for bitcoin is growing steadily and is a loyal group that is drawn to businesses that accept bitcoin as a payment method. Accepting bitcoin can be less expensive for the merchant than other forms of payment, with the added benefit of reducing chargeback risks and identity fraud.
PYMNTS: How can merchants safeguard themselves from any potential risk that may be associated with accepting bitcoin/cryptocurrencies?
RM: Accepting bitcoin through a payment processor eliminates the volatility risk of bitcoin's fluctuating price relative to the dollar. Merchants can receive the dollar equivalent while still enjoying the benefits of the bitcoin payment network.
PYMNTS: What are the best solutions in market that merchants can use in order to accept bitcoin payments?
RM: Merchants have a bevy of options. BitPay, Coinbase and Coinify are trusted bitcoin payment processors that have services for online and in-person payments.
PYMNTS: How is TSYS examining the use of bitcoin/cryptocurrency in the payments processing ecosystem?
RM: TSYS is closely following blockchain developments and exploring the technology and its potential. TSYS sits on the advisory board for the world’s leading blockchain information product, The Distributed Ledger. In its board role, TSYS has a first look at innovative enterprise-level blockchain applications and the companies building them. We also maintain an active dialogue with our client base on the role that blockchain and cryptocurrencies could play in the payments industry.
PYMNTS: Does bitcoin/cryptocurrencies have the ability to innovate how payments are transacted/processed?
RM: Yes, the potential for a blockchain decentralized cryptocurrency is there. At a high level, bitcoin introduces a borderless and near-instant payment network. The technology behind bitcoin also introduces the capability for micro-transactions and payments based on smart contracts. We are looking at ways to leverage both, or to see what role it has in the current ecosystem or in the future of payments.
PYMNTS: Because of the fluctuating price of bitcoin, how can merchants ensure the bitcoin/cryptocurrency payments they accept are protected and processed at the accurate value?
RM: Trusted bitcoin payment processors like BitPay fix the flat amount to be paid to the merchant during any bitcoin purchase at the exact market rate at the time of purchase. |
Knut Reinhardt
Knut Reinhardt (born 27 April 1968) is a German retired footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Born in Hilden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Reinhardt played 14 consecutive seasons in the Bundesliga, starting in 1985–86 with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. He made his debut in the competition on 19 April 1986 by playing 17 minutes in a 0–0 away draw against FC Bayern Munich, and scored his first goal on 13 June of the following year in a 1–1 draw at Bayer 05 Uerdingen where he was also sent off.
Reinhardt appeared in 32 official games in the 1987–88 campaign, including eight in the team's victorious run in the UEFA Cup. In the 1991 summer he moved to Borussia Dortmund, where he remained for the next eight years.
Reinhardt contributed with 47 matches to Borussia's back-to-back national championship conquests of 1995 and 1996. He left in January 1999 to 1. FC Nürnberg, featuring sparingly for his new club as it eventually suffered relegation as third from bottom and retiring altogether at the end of the following season, aged 32.
International career
Reinhardt won seven caps for Germany, during four years. He made his debut on 21 September 1988 in a friendly with the Soviet Union, coming on as a 46th-minute substitute for Hans Pflügler in the 1–0 win in Düsseldorf.
Personal life
Reinhardt and his wife, Conny, fathered a boy named Lasse. After the divorce the son was adopted by her new husband, fellow footballer Jens Lehmann.
After his football career, Reinhardt started working as an elementary school teacher.
Honours
Club
Bayer Leverkusen
UEFA Cup: 1987–88
Borussia Dortmund
Bundesliga: 1994–95, 1995–96
UEFA Champions League: 1996–97
Intercontinental Cup: 1997
UEFA Cup: Runner-up 1992–93
UEFA Super Cup: Runner-up 1997
International
FIFA U-20 World Cup: Runner-up 1987
References
External links
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Hilden
Category:German footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Category:Borussia Dortmund players
Category:1. FC Nürnberg players
Category:Germany youth international footballers
Category:Germany under-21 international footballers
Category:Germany international footballers
Category:UEFA Cup winning players
Category:Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia |
In North America, the Canadians have long had to play country mouse to the flashier city mouse of the U.S. It's the latter that gets all the attention, while the former sits quietly in a corner.
But recent stories have shown just how big a player the Canadians are becoming—at least in the surveillance realm.
On Monday, a new report was released, based on leaked documents from Edward Snowden, showing that Canadian intelligence agencies—part of the Five Eyes spying conglomerate that includes the US, the UK, Australia and New Zealand—partnered with UK spies to siphon sensitive data from thousands of smartphones by sniffing traffic between applications on the phones and the servers owned by the companies that made the applications. The so-called Badass program is designed to sniff the normal unencrypted communication traffic of certain smartphone apps to glean location information, the unique identifier of the phone and other data that can help spies learn the identity of phone users, among other things. It can also be used to uncover vulnerabilities in a phone to help spies hack it.
Now today, another report by The Intercept, based on Snowden documents, indicates that Canada's Communications Security Establishment spy agency has also been spying on the download streams from popular content-sharing sites for video, photos and music. According to the program, dubbed Levitation, the spies have tapped internet cables to filter and analyzes up to 15 million downloads daily in several countries across Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and North America.
The program is aimed at identifying individuals or groups who are uploading and downloading content potentially related to terrorism—for example, tutorial videos about making bombs—but in casting a wide net on all content, the spies would also be able to monitor the sharing activity of millions of other users not connected to any terrorist activity.
According to a 2012 PowerPoint presentation, the Communications Security Establishment agency finds about 350 “interesting” downloads each month, a minute fraction (less than 0.0001 percent) of the massive amount of data collected. The agency stores details about downloads and uploads for more than 100 popular file-sharing sites such as RapidShare, SendSpace, and the former MegaUpload of Kim Dotcom.
The spy agency siphons the data directly from tapped internet cables and identifies the unique IP address for each computer that downloads files from the sites. Analysts can then use the IP addresses to search through other surveillance databases—including ones shared with other spy agencies like the NSA—to find matching information and expand their knowledge of the computer/person behind the download, such as other sites they visited. This can also help identify social networking accounts belonging to the person, like Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter accounts as well as email accounts.
Presumably in both spy operations—the mobile phone and file-sharing operations—the agency's activity is thwarted by traffic that is encrypted. Of course, not all applications or file-sharing sites encrypt the traffic between users and their servers.
The leaked documents cite only two cases where the content-sharing operation uncovered relevant terrorist-related content: a hostage video that was uncovered in connection to a previously unknown target, and an uploaded document that contained the hostage strategy of a terrorist organization. The Intercept reports that the hostage who appears in the cited video was ultimately killed. |
Eleanor Ward Bridge
The Eleanor Ward Bridge is a four-lane road bridge in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It spans the Coquitlam River, connecting the Coquitlam Town Centre area with the Burke Mountain area of northeast Coquitlam. The $25 million bridge, with a span of 127 m (417 ft.), opened on August 26, 2006.
The bridge construction was part of the David Avenue Connector project, officially launched on March 1, 2004, and included a second smaller bridge over Hyde Creek and two kilometres of new road between Pipeline Road in the west to Coast Meridian Road in the east. The roadway featured two travel lanes in each direction, four new traffic signals, on-street bicycle lanes, a new sidewalk, a mixed use path and improved street lighting. At the time, it was the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken by the City of Coquitlam.
The bridge was dedicated to the memory of Eleanor Ward, a longtime Coquitlam community volunteer.
References
External links
Bird's Eye view of the Eleanor Ward Bridge on Bing Maps
Category:Buildings and structures in Coquitlam
Category:Transport in Coquitlam
Category:Bridges in Greater Vancouver
Category:Bridges completed in 2006
Category:Road bridges in British Columbia |
Q:
Defer loading and parsing of PrimeFaces JavaScript files
While analyzing the performance of a JSF 2.1 + PrimeFaces 4.0 webapp with Google PageSpeed, it recommends among others to defer parsing of JavaScript files. On a test page with a <p:layout> and a form with <p:watermark> and <p:fileUpload> which looks like follows ...
<p:layout>
<p:layoutUnit position="west" size="100">Test</p:layoutUnit>
<p:layoutUnit position="center">
<h:form enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p:inputText id="input" />
<p:watermark for="input" value="watermark" />
<p:focus for="input" />
<p:fileUpload/>
<p:commandButton value="submit" />
</h:form>
</p:layoutUnit>
</p:layout>
... it lists the following JavaScript files which could be deferred:
primefaces.js (219.5KiB)
jquery-plugins.js (191.8KiB)
jquery.js (95.3KiB)
layout.js (76.4KiB)
fileupload.js (23.8KiB)
watermark.js (4.7KiB)
It links to this Google Developers article wherein deferred loading is explained as well as how to achieve it. You basically need to dynamically create the desired <script> during the onload event of the window. At its simplest form whereby old and buggy browsers are completely ignored, it looks like this:
<script>
window.addEventListener("load", function() {
var script = document.createElement("script");
script.src = "filename.js";
document.head.appendChild(script);
}, false);
</script>
Okay, this is doable if you have control over those scripts, but the listed scripts are all forcibly auto-included by JSF. Also, PrimeFaces renders a bunch of inline scripts to HTML output which are directly calling $(xxx) from jquery.js and PrimeFaces.xxx() from primefaces.js. This would mean that it would not easily be possible to really defer them to onload event as you would only end up with errors like $ is undefined and PrimeFaces is undefined.
But, it should be technically possible. Given that only jQuery doesn't need to be deferred as many of the site's custom scripts also rely on it, how could I block JSF from forcibly auto-including the PrimeFaces scripts so that I can defer them, and how could I deal with those inline PrimeFaces.xxx() calls?
A:
Use <o:deferredScript>
Yes, it is possible with the <o:deferredScript> component which is new since OmniFaces 1.8.1. For the technically interested, here's the involved source code:
The UI component: DeferredScript
The HTML renderer: DeferredScriptRenderer
The JS helper: deferred.unminified.js
Basically, the component will during the postAddToView event (thus, during the view build time) via UIViewRoot#addComponentResource() add itself as a new script resource in end of <body> and via Hacks#setScriptResourceRendered() notify JSF that the script resource is already rendered (using Hacks class as there's no standard JSF API approach for that (yet?)), so that JSF won't forcibly auto-include/render the script resource anymore. In case of Mojarra and PrimeFaces, a context attribute with key of name+library and a value of true has to be set in order to disable auto-inclusion of the resource.
The renderer will write a <script> element with OmniFaces.DeferredScript.add() whereby the JSF-generated resource URL is passed. This JS helper will in turn collect the resource URLs and dynamically create new <script> elements for each of them during the onload event.
The usage is fairly simple, just use <o:deferredScript> the same way as <h:outputScript>, with a library and name. It doesn't matter where you place the component, but most self-documenting would be in the end of the <h:head> like this:
<h:head>
...
<o:deferredScript library="libraryname" name="resourcename.js" />
</h:head>
You can have multiple of them and they will ultimately be loaded in the same order as they're declared.
How to use <o:deferredScript> with PrimeFaces?
This is a little tricky, indeed because of all those inline scripts generated by PrimeFaces, but still doable with a helper script and accepting that jquery.js won't be deferred (it can however be served via a CDN, see later). In order to cover those inline PrimeFaces.xxx() calls to primefaces.js file which is almost 220KiB large, a helper script needs to be created which is less than 0.5KiB minified:
DeferredPrimeFaces = function() {
var deferredPrimeFaces = {};
var calls = [];
var settings = {};
var primeFacesLoaded = !!window.PrimeFaces;
function defer(name, args) {
calls.push({ name: name, args: args });
}
deferredPrimeFaces.begin = function() {
if (!primeFacesLoaded) {
settings = window.PrimeFaces.settings;
delete window.PrimeFaces;
}
};
deferredPrimeFaces.apply = function() {
if (window.PrimeFaces) {
for (var i = 0; i < calls.length; i++) {
window.PrimeFaces[calls[i].name].apply(window.PrimeFaces, calls[i].args);
}
window.PrimeFaces.settings = settings;
}
delete window.DeferredPrimeFaces;
};
if (!primeFacesLoaded) {
window.PrimeFaces = {
ab: function() { defer("ab", arguments); },
cw: function() { defer("cw", arguments); },
focus: function() { defer("focus", arguments); },
settings: {}
};
}
return deferredPrimeFaces;
}();
Save it as /resources/yourapp/scripts/primefaces.deferred.js. Basically, all what it does is capturing the PrimeFaces.ab(), cw() and focus() calls (as you can find in the bottom of the script) and deferring them to the DeferredPrimeFaces.apply() call (as you can find halfway the script). Note that there are possibly more PrimeFaces.xxx() functions which need to be deferred, if that is the case in your app, then you can add them yourself inside window.PrimeFaces = {} (no, it's in JavaScript not possible to have a "catch-all" method to cover the undetermined functions).
Before using this script and <o:deferredScript>, we first need to determine the auto-included scripts in the generated HTML output. For the test page as shown in the question, the following scripts are auto-included in generated HTML <head> (you can find this by rightclicking the page in webbrowser and choosing View Source):
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/jquery/jquery.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/jquery/jquery-plugins.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/primefaces.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/layout/layout.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/watermark/watermark.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/playground/javax.faces.resource/fileupload/fileupload.js.xhtml?ln=primefaces&v=4.0"></script>
You need to skip the jquery.js file and create <o:deferredScripts> in exactly the same order for the remaining scripts. The resource name is the part after /javax.faces.resource/ excluding the JSF mapping (.xhtml in my case). The library name is represented by ln request parameter.
Thus, this should do:
<h:head>
...
<h:outputScript library="yourapp" name="scripts/primefaces.deferred.js" target="head" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="jquery/jquery-plugins.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="primefaces.js" onbegin="DeferredPrimeFaces.begin()" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="layout/layout.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="watermark/watermark.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="fileupload/fileupload.js" onsuccess="DeferredPrimeFaces.apply()" />
</h:head>
Now all those scripts with a total size of about 516KiB are deferred to onload event. Note that DeferredPrimeFaces.begin() must be called in onbegin of <o:deferredScript name="primefaces.js"> and that DeferredPrimeFaces.apply() must be called in onsuccess of the last <o:deferredScript library="primefaces">.
In case you're using PrimeFaces 6.0 or newer, where the primefaces.js has been replaced by core.js and components.js, use the below instead:
<h:head>
...
<h:outputScript library="yourapp" name="scripts/primefaces.deferred.js" target="head" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="jquery/jquery-plugins.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="core.js" onbegin="DeferredPrimeFaces.begin()" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="components.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="layout/layout.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="watermark/watermark.js" />
<o:deferredScript library="primefaces" name="fileupload/fileupload.js" onsuccess="DeferredPrimeFaces.apply()" />
</h:head>
As to performance improvement, important measuring point is the DOMContentLoaded time as you can find in bottom of Network tab of Chrome's developer tools. With the test page as shown in the question served by Tomcat on a 3 year old laptop, it decreased from ~500ms to ~270ms. This is relatively huge (almost the half!) and makes the most difference on mobiles/tablets as they render HTML relatively slow and touch events are fully blocked until the DOM content is loaded.
Noted should be that you're in case of (custom) component libraries dependent on whether they obey the JSF resource management rules/guidelines or not. RichFaces for example didn't and homebrewed another custom layer over it, making it impossible to use <o:deferredScript> on it. See also what is the resource library and how should it be used?
Warning: if you're adding new PrimeFaces components on the same view afterwards and are facing JavaScript undefined errors, then the chance is big that the new component also comes with its own JS file which should also be deferred, because it's depending on primefaces.js. A quick way to figure the right script would be to check the generated HTML <head> for the new script and then add another <o:deferredScript> for it based on the above instructions.
Bonus: CombinedResourceHandler recognizes <o:deferredScript>
If you happen to use OmniFaces CombinedResourceHandler, then it's good to know that it transparently recognizes <o:deferredScript> and combines all deferred scripts with the same group attribute into a single deferred resource. E.g. this ...
<o:deferredScript group="essential" ... />
<o:deferredScript group="essential" ... />
<o:deferredScript group="essential" ... />
...
<o:deferredScript group="non-essential" ... />
<o:deferredScript group="non-essential" ... />
... will end up in two combined deferred scripts which are loaded synchronously after each other. Note: the group attribute is optional. If you don't have any, then they will just all be combined into a single deferred resource.
As a live example, check the bottom of <body> of the ZEEF site. All essential PrimeFaces-related scripts and some site-specific scripts are combined in the first deferred script and all non-essential social media related scripts are combined in the second deferred script. As to performance improvement of ZEEF, on a test JBoss EAP server on modern hardware, the time to DOMContentLoaded went from ~3s to ~1s.
Bonus #2: delegate PrimeFaces jQuery to CDN
In any case, if you're already using OmniFaces, then you can always use CDNResourceHandler to delegate the PrimeFaces jQuery resource to a true CDN by the following context param in web.xml:
<context-param>
<param-name>org.omnifaces.CDN_RESOURCE_HANDLER_URLS</param-name>
<param-value>primefaces:jquery/jquery.js=http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.11.0.min.js</param-value>
</context-param>
Note that jQuery 1.11 has some major performance improvements over 1.10 as internally used by PrimeFaces 4.0 and that it's fully backwards compatible. It saved a couple of hundred milliseconds when initializing drag'n'drop on ZEEF.
A:
Initially posted as an answer to Defer primefaces.js loading
Adding another solution to this question for anyone else that encounters the same.
You will need to customize the primefaces HeadRenderer to achieve the ordering pagespeed recommends. While this is something that could have been implemented by PrimeFaces, I do not see it in v5.2.RC2. These are the lines in encodeBegin that need change:
96 //Registered Resources
97 UIViewRoot viewRoot = context.getViewRoot();
98 for (UIComponent resource : viewRoot.getComponentResources(context, "head")) {
99 resource.encodeAll(context);
100 }
Simply write a custom component for the head tag, then bind it to a renderer that overrides above behavior.
Now you wouldn't want to duplicate the entire method just for this change, it may be cleaner to add a facet called "last" and move script resources to its beginning in your renderer as new deferredScript components. Let me know if there's interest, and I'll create a fork to demonstrate how.
This approach is "future proof" in the sense that it doesn't break as new resource dependencies are added to components, or as new components are added to the view.
|
var $util = {};
$util.cleanInfo = function(tree) {
var r = [];
tree = tree.slice(1);
tree.forEach(function(e) {
r.push(Array.isArray(e) ? $util.cleanInfo(e) : e);
});
return r;
};
$util.treeToString = function(tree, level) {
var spaces = $util.dummySpaces(level),
level = level ? level : 0,
s = (level ? '\n' + spaces : '') + '[';
tree.forEach(function(e) {
s += (Array.isArray(e) ? $util.treeToString(e, level + 1) : e.f !== undefined ? $util.ircToString(e) : ('\'' + e.toString() + '\'')) + ', ';
});
return s.substr(0, s.length - 2) + ']';
};
$util.ircToString = function(o) {
return '{' + o.f + ',' + o.l + '}';
};
$util.dummySpaces = function(num) {
return ' '.substr(0, num * 2);
};
$util.printTree = function(tree) {
require('sys').print($util.treeToString(tree));
};
exports.cleanInfo = $util.cleanInfo;
exports.treeToString = $util.treeToString;
exports.printTree = $util.printTree;
|
PSA: You Can Change htoL#NiQ’s Controls, No More Touch-Only Crap
February 20, 2015
Written by Heath Hindman
There’s some good news for those curious about Nippon Ichi’s upcoming Vita exclusive htoL#NiQ (Hotaru no Nikki) The Firefly Diary. The domestic version of the game comes complete with an update that allows the player to change up the control scheme. The version I got stuck with only came with touchscreen and back touchpad-based controls which didn’t serve well at all.
The alternative allows fireflies to be controlled with an analog stick instead of touches, and swapping views to be done with face buttons.
Sadly, it doesn’t make Mion any more responsive or…shall we say…smart. Nonetheless, I imagine this change would definitely relieve some of the frustration I had with that game. |
Pro Basketball History 1976-79 (part 2)
Bored Historian
By regular season record, the worst NBA champion in history was the 1977-78 Washington Bullets, who went 44-38, (.537). The record, bad as it was, was not atypical of the period: The 1974-75 Warriors were 48-34 (.585). The 1976-77 Blazers were 49-33 (.598). We’re used to NBA champions having dominant regular season, winning 60-70 games. The late 70’s were an era of relatively mediocre teams winning titles.
But that’s not entirely fair to the Bullets, who had been waiting a decade for this title, the only one they have ever won. They’d first gotten good in the 1968-69 season when their 57-25 record was the best in the NBA. It was the first of 12 consecutive playoff appearances. They made it to the finals in 1971 and 9175, when they tied for the NBA’s best record at 60-22. Expecting to win, they got swept instead by the red hot Warriors. After winning the 1978 title, they returned to the finals in 1979 with still another “best in show” record of 54-28 but lost. During this period, some great and near-great players playing for them: Wes Unseld, Gus Johnson, Jack Marin, Earl Monroe, Elvin Hayes, Phil Chenier and Bobby Dandridge. They even had Dave Bing for a while, although not in their championship year. it was a case of winning a title by building a team and franchise that would be good every until finally things fell into place for them. 1977-78 was that year. The article on that year in “The Sports Encyclopedia: Pro Basketball” is entitled “The Fat Lady Finally Sings”, after a favorite phrase of Coach Dick Motta. I decided to use the same title.
The season is probably more noted for two ugly on-court incidents. On opening night, October 18, rookie Kent Benson, playing in his first NBA game, elbowed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who doubled over in pain, then punched Benson, breaking his hand, causing him to miss 20 games. The Lakers fell from first in the West to fourth and lost in the first round of the playoffs to Seattle.
A far worse tragedy almost occurred on December 9th when Houston’s Rudy Tomjanovich, running down court to be a peacemaker in a fight, was punched by the Laker’s Kermit Washington with a blow that “smashed Tomjanovich’s face and nearly killed him…the near-tragedy left a cloud over the rest of the season.” Kermit Washington vs Rudy Tomjanovich (26 Games Suspended)
The Lakers may not have been the best team in the league that year but they sure could punch.
It seemed like the team with the most punch was the defending champion Trailblazers, who had a 50-10 record at one point. Then Bill Walton injured his foot and injuries to Maurice Lucas, Bob Gross, Lloyd Neal, Larry Steele and Dave Twardzik. The result was an 8-14 finish and a first round loss in the playoffs. The Philadelphia 76ers got off to a bad start and fired Coach Gene Shue, replacing him with Billy Cunningham. They then rallied to finish 55-27, the second best record in the league. Two former ABA teams won the Central and Midwestern divisions: the San Antonio Spurs, (52-30) and the Denver Nuggets (48-34).
The most exciting aspect of the regular season, besides the fights, was the battle for the scoring title between the Spur’s George Gervin and the Nugget’s David Thompson. It came down to the final day of the regular season. Gervin was ahead and the Nuggets fed Thompson to try and catch him. David wound up with 73 points, to finish with 2,172 points in 80 games, a 27.15 average. That was in the afternoon. The Spurs played that night. Gervin came in with 2,169 points in 81 games, an average of 26.78. When Dave Bing won the scoring title in 1967-68, he won it based on total points, (Oscar Robertson actually had the highest scoring average). But the rules were changed to base it on scoring average after that so 4 points would not have given Gervin the title. He had to get to 2,227 points for 82 games, a 27.16 average. That would mean that Gervin needed 58 points. His teammates fed him, as Thompson’s had fed him and Gervin scored 63 points to wind up with a 27.22 average.
The Bullets suffered injuries to star guard Phil Chenier and top reserve Mitch Kupchak. They also had to overcome a conflict between star forward Elvin Hayes and Coach Dick Motta, who had come over from the Chicago Bulls. From “The NBA Finals”: “There was Dick Motta, a little guy with a lot of intensity, perhaps too much, some said. Then there was Elvin Hayes, the 6-9 power forward who did what he wanted, when he wanted. When Motta was named the Bullet’s coach before the 1976-77 season, Hayes announced he’d rather give up the game than play for such a man. But when training camp opened up, Hayes was there and he immediately encountered the raging Motta, true to reputation. Do it my way or get out, the new coach told his players. The ‘Big E’ was known for his special spot to the left of the key. He wanted the ball there and that was where he’d wait until he got it. Usually, when he got it, if the defense wasn’t too strong, he could find a way to score. But, whatever happened, Elvin Hayes wanted to call the shots. “
“Motta had been a fine college coach at Weber State in Idaho. His ideas about the game were chiseled in marble. His teams played spirit-breaking defense and at the other end of the floor, they took their time moving through Motta’s patterns until a score was the logical conclusion. For a while, it looked as if neither side would budge in this test of wills. But eventually both men gave in a bit and did something neither had done very often in their careers. They compromised. The results were back-to-back trips to the NBA Finals in 1978 and 1979 and sweet memories for years to come. Hayes smiled broadly in 1990 when asked to reminisce about Motta. “Dick demanded a lot of his players. He demanded a lot of himself. He gave us a direction and we followed it.’
Kevin Grevey came from the bench to replace Chenier and did a good job with 15.5ppg. Hayes and Dandridge were superb in the playoffs, Hayes averaging 21.8p/13.3r and Dandridge scored 21.2. Dandridge had been on the 1971 Bucks team that swept the Bullets in the finals. Washington also picked up guard Charles Johnson, who had been a key player for the Warriors team that swept them in the 1975 finals. Johnson averaged 10 points off the bench and Kupchak came back to do the same. The Bullets were six games over .500 in the regular season, (44-38), and seven over in the playoffs, (14-7). They swept a best of 3 series over Atlanta, then beat the Spurs and Sixers and six games each.
The Spurs won the opener, 114-103, behind 35 points from Gervin. The Bullets won the first quarter, 29-25 but lost the remaining three. But then they won the next three games to take command of the series. They won the first three quarters of game two to take a 100-83 lead and held off a late rally to win 121-117. Grevey scored 31 and Hayes 28 to overcome a 46 point explosion by Gervin. Game three was a carbon copy with the Bullets winning the first three quarters for a 93-74 lead and winning 118-105. Larry Kenon scored 37 for the Spurs and Gervin had 33 but nobody else was in double figures, as four Bullets were, including Dandridge (28), Hayes (27) and Johnson (22). For a change, the Spurs won the first quarter of game 4 – and then the Bullets won the last three, grabbing a narrow 98-95 win. Both teams had four guys in double figures. Gervin had 35 but Dandridge had 24 and Hayes 23.
The Spurs stayed alive with a 116-105 win in game 5 in San Antonio. Gervin was held to 27 but both teams had five double figure scorers and nobody scored more than Johnson’s 21 for the Bullets. Hayes had only 17 on 7 for 16 shooting, although he did have 13 rebounds. A 26-19 third quarter was decisive. The Bullets then closed it out in Washington with a 103-100 squeaker. A 33-23 second period game the home team a six point lead that was cut in half in the third quarter but held up in the end. Gervin was held to 23 points. Mark Olberding, who had averaged 8.2ppg on the season, kept it close with 24 points. But Hayes had 25p/15R and Wes Unseld, while scoring only 5 points, added 16 rebs. Johnson had 20 and Dandridge 18 and the Bullets moved on.
Waiting for them was the 76ers, once again the most talented team in the sport and thus the heavy favorite. But the Bullets beat them in overtime in Philadelphia 122-117, falling behind 19-26 after the first quarter, tying it up by halftime, taking a four point lead after three and then losing it before winning the OT13-8. Hayes had 28 points with 18 rebounds. Grevey scored 26 and Dandridge 22. Dr. J had 25 points and 12 boards. Lloyd, now World B. Free had 21 points. George McGinnis was held to 13 points on 5 for 16 field goals but had 15 rebounds.
The Sixers won the second game 110-104 thanks to a 32-22 third quarter. Doug Collins led the way with 28 points. Erving and Steve Mix had 22 points each. Hayes had another big game with 26/15 and Dandridge had 18. But someone named Larry Wright kept the Bullets in the game with 22 points and 8 assists. He’d averaged 9.2/3.7 on the season.
But now the Bullets took control of the series with two decisive wins in Washington by almost the same score: 123-108 and 121-105. A 34-19 second period triggered the first win. The Sixers had 7 guys in double figures but nobody scored more than McGinnis’ 16. The Bullets also had seven but Dandridge scored 30 and Grevey 21. A 31-20 second period and a 40-31 fourth produced the second victory. This time Erving had 24p/9r and McGinnis 22/10 but the Sixers had only 4 double figure scorers. Hayes had a monster game with 35/19 and Dandridge scored 27. Grevey had 18 and Kupchak 19 off the bench.
Like the Spurs, the Sixers rallied to extend the series at home with a 107-94 win that wasn’t that close, ben 82-62 after three. This time the Bulls didn’t have anyone with a big game, Larry Wright leading with 18 points. Erving and Collins both had 24 for Philly. But once again the Bullets closed it out back home and moved on with a classic 101-99 win. They were down 3 after one, up 1 at halftime, built an 8 point third quarter lead and held on to win. Dandridge had 28, Hayes 21/14 and Unseld had 15 rebounds. Wright was the only other double figure scorer with 17 but four other guys scored between 7-9 points. They out-rebounded the Sixers by 47-37. Collins scored 33 and Erving 22 but they didn’t get enough help.
Now the Bullets were in the Finals, where they’d been swept in twice in recent memory. Their opponents were the Seattle Supersonics, who had disposed of the Waltonless Trail Blazers and the Denver Nuggets in six games each. The Bullets had been 44-38 during the regular season, the Sonics 47-35. It was not a battle of all-time great teams but one of them would be an NBA champion. The Sonics lost 17 of their first 22 games under coach Bob Hopkins. Then Lenny Wilkins took over and they went 42-18 and 10-5 in the playoffs going in the finals. Dennis Johnson and Gus Williams were a solid backcourt with “Downtown” Freddie Brown, (greatest nickname ever) coming off the bench to toss in 30 footers. 7-1 Marvin “The Human Eraser” was at center. Paul Silas was a late acquisition at one forward and “a fresh-faced blonde giant” named Jack Sikma was the other forward. “It was a series that seemed to offer little to fans across the country but in the respective cities, the enthusiasm was tremendous. Seattle embraced the Sonics as their first winning big-league team. And even stately Washington came alive from Georgetown and the neighborhoods of the northwest to Capitol Hill and the suburbs in Virginia. The city hadn’t had a championship team since the Redskins won the NFL title way back in 1942. As the politicians took turns pointing out, the place needed something positive.” (“The NBA Finals”) It was Washington D.C against the state of Washington. Would one of them have to change their name if they lost?
The series opened in Seattle since they had the superior record and the Sonics took a 1-0 lead with a 106-102 win. They fell behind by 19 at one point. Then Wilkens sent in “Downtown” Brown who scored 16 points in the last 9 minutes of the game for a total of 30 as a 33-18 final quarter wiped out what was then an 11 point deficit. The series then returned to Washington due to scheduling conflicts for the Seattle Center Coliseum. The papers there wondered if the Bullets were headed for another sweep.
They weren’t. “Unseld did his best blue collar bit with 15 rebounds, 5 assists and extra body work on Marvin Webster. His bone-shattering picks in the lane on Silas freed Hayes and Dandridge for open shots on offense. They opened hot and moved the Bullets out to a 16 point lead.” The Sonics came back to cut it to 4 at the half and Hayes was in foul trouble. “But Unseld just kept setting those wall-sized picks…Dandridge got loose for 34 points and Hayes for 25. Henderson added 20, mostly on drives”. Dick Motta: “That’s our game. Hayes and Dandridge going off tackle.”
The Sonics responded in game 3 with increased intensity. “Dennis Johnson and Silas led the Seattle charge. Silas closed down the holes in the Bullets offensive line. Dandridge and Hayes still had decent games, but they weren’t able to break loose down the stretch with the game on the line. Meanwhile the 23 year old Johnson was a force on the perimeter. He blocked 7 shots and had Grevey talking to himself with a 1 for 14 shooting day.“ Still the Sonics almost blew it, throwing away and inbounds pass and then stepping on the line after the Bulls scored a lay-up off the steal. The Seattle defense forced Dandridge to try to win it with a long shot at the buzzer which missed, clinching a 93-92 victory and a 2-1 lead.
Game 4 was held in the Kingdome because the Seattle Coliseum was still not available. It was the beginning of a new era for the NBA: 39,457 fans were there to cheer their Sonics on. This time it was their team that opened up a 15 point lead in the third quarter only to have the Bullets come back. “The Soncis’ problems began when Dennis Johnson took an elbow to the ribs that sent him to the bench for nearly six minutes”. The Bullets took a 103-101 lead with 3 ½ minutes left. Then Johnson “went crazy…scoring first to tie the game, then picking up some loose balls, blocking a Dandridge shot, getting an offensive rebound and pushing the Sonics to a 104-103 lead with a final shot. Dandridge answered this outburst with a 3 point play that returned the lead to Washington, 106-104. Seattle got it back and tied it with one of Brown’s custom-made downtowners, (there was no three point line in the NBA until the 1979-80 season). With two seconds left, Dandridge got a good shot in the lane, only to have Dennis Johnson block it, thus treating the record crowd to an extra period. But the Bullets won in OT 120-116, thanks to Charles Johnson’s three quick shots to give the visitors a lead they didn’t lose. Johnson wo0udn up with 33 points 7 rebounds, 3 assists and the same number of blocks.
Game 5 was played in the Seattle Coliseum and the Sonics won it 98-94. Brown and Johnson combined for 50 points and the Bullets missed 11 of 20 free throws. Continuing the series’ trend, Seattle had an 11 point lead melt to 2 but held on to win due to Sikma’s three free throws in the last two minutes. Seattle had a 3-2 lead and needed only one more win to bring their city its first ever championship. But they never got it.
Back in Washington, the Bullets blew the Sonics out of the building, 111-82. Grevey was injured and Motta switched Dandridge to guard, putting Greg Ballard at forward. The Bullets built a 12 point halftime lead and then scored 70 in the second half. The Sonics “couldn’t keep up that pace…it was something to see these old men of basketball doing repeated weave drills down the floor.” Johnson: “I saw a lot of smiling and laughing over there. But we’ve got the seventh game at home.”
Unfortunately they didn’t take their shots with them. Dennis Johnson went 0 for 14 and Gus Williams 4 for 12. But the big men came up big, Webster scoring 27 points and Sikma 21 and Downtown came off the bench to score 21. With 90 seconds left, Seattle had cut an 11 point lead to 4. Kupchak scored a three point play. Brown hit a short jumper and Silas got a tip-in and it was 101-99, Bullets. “Silas then fouled Unseld, a 55% free-throw shooter during the playoffs. He hit two and moments later, Washington sealed it, winning 105-99. Nobody on the winning team reached 20 points but six Bullets scored between 13-19 points, led by Dandridge and Johnson with 19. Elvin Hayes fouled out with only 12 points but said “They can say whatever they want but they gotta say one thing- E’s a world champion. He wears the ring.” Wes Unseld was voted MVP, “a vote for the work ethic if there ever was one.” He averaged 9.0 points and 11.7 rebounds a game, compared to Hayes’ 20.7/11.9.
Elvin Hayes later described his feelings flying to Seattle: “I remember...thinking about all the things that had gone through all the years I had played in the NBA. All of that was coming down to one game, a championship game and after that game, I remember a feeling of joy over the next 48 hours, just a spring of joy, a feeling of great accomplishment. Out of my 16 years of playing, I waited for that moment and that moment came and it was just tremendous.” |
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Discount codes are usually only available for a short period of time so act fast if you don't want to miss out. T&Cs apply.---
20th Jul 2017
fanpages
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thank's fans pages
22nd Jul 2017
you_gotta_be_kidding
Terrible company, I spent £1500 there and needed replacement parts due to … Terrible company, I spent £1500 there and needed replacement parts due to poor build but got terrible support from them.
Can't go wrong with cast iron and a bar can you? Really?
22nd Jul 2017
Terrible company, placed an order for £200 worth of barbell plates and sent out incorrect items 2 weeks after order was placed, had to constantly chase, phone call after phone call after phone call......Took weeks before actual order was delivered.
Two of my plates had cracks in, they replaced them but only after a lot of complaining, initially they also point blank refused a return and refund despite me having the right to return as bought online.
I had problems with other items too, I ended up selling the lot on eBay and spending double from rogue eu
22nd Jul 2017
Sounds like a lot of problems with this company - think I'll avoid.
22nd Jul 2017
Avoid this company like the plague!
22nd Jul 2017
I bought this exact kit a while ago for £135 from them, was delivered in time and no problems. Try putting stuff in your basket then closing the window, pretty sure they give discount codes sometimes when you do this.
23rd Jul 2017
hotukdealls
Terrible company, placed an order for £200 worth of barbell plates and … Terrible company, placed an order for £200 worth of barbell plates and sent out incorrect items 2 weeks after order was placed, had to constantly chase, phone call after phone call after phone call......Took weeks before actual order was delivered.Avoid this company at all cost!COLD COLD COLD!
How is this a cold deal just because you had an issue with one of your orders??? Ridiculous.
23rd Jul 2017
It's cold because you'll end up regretting buying from the company, not exactly rocket science is it? Ridiculous
23rd Jul 2017
hotukdealls
It's cold because you'll end up regretting buying from the company, not … It's cold because you'll end up regretting buying from the company, not exactly rocket science is it? Ridiculous
Ah I get it now. Because YOU had a bad experience that means that everybody will. On every order. Ever. Clearly that is why they have gone out of business. Oh yeah, they haven't. Is that also the reason you have gone on to troll my other comment in a completely different deal? Grow up child.
23rd Jul 2017
hotukdealls
Grow up you muppet, so immature. Big words for a little man child behind … Grow up you muppet, so immature. Big words for a little man child behind a keyboard
Sure but they should be relevant. You voted a deal as cold just because you had one bad order. That doesn't make this a bad deal nor does it mean everyone else will have a bad experience. Based on that logic no deal would be voted hot because there is a chance something could go wrong. This is a good deal regardless of your one single bad purchase. Oh and well done for liking your own comments. Superb.
23rd Jul 2017
Actually I've given the company a chance and ordered multiple times from there, and each time a bad experience from it being very late, or customer service being non existent, with actual issues with the weights being warped, cracked and incorrectly drilled "2 inch holes".Pointing out a company bad points is a valid point, to inform other's of potential problems.
Just because you think giving out advice to other people is irrelavent, doesn't make it correct. "Superb"
Edited by: "hotukdealls" 23rd Jul 2017
24th Jul 2017
I ordered £2k's worth of stuff (power rack, plates, dumbbells, etc) about 2 years ago and then some more plates a months back and both times they were fine - everything delivered on time and in good condition. |
...menustart
- [Markov Decision Processes](#1ccc83e0a393554a640bc1e194680b67)
- [Example : Grid World](#92a5227a1ada900fd758bfb60872e6a2)
- [Grid World Actions](#7b549072ca47e93fb374c9eb1a430bca)
- [Markov Decision Processes](#1ccc83e0a393554a640bc1e194680b67)
- [What is Markov about MDPs ?](#1713fea7ca38d867ec082e94dcc902e8)
- [Policies](#9e476387322a5c250893cf9c5c4ce78c)
- [Optimal Policies](#d115341e528ef1f1b013adbf6f075f21)
- [Example: Racing](#b2f5ac1e017207a93a053f4d77b1c9b3)
- [Racing Search Tree](#91f1e32998454ca46d598646f7260d3c)
- [MDP Search Trees](#b92430f9047d02bbe1a11b4118967089)
- [Utilities of Sequences](#e25373331ca3b1a3b334be0d44204fd0)
- [Discounting](#339bfa7ae181495413ac7e41d61c714c)
- [Stationary Preferences](#945d15839357ecf3965c8cfb2f679995)
- [Infinite Utilities ?!](#1148a36cad988c80eafafde4e7a9daf0)
- [Recap: Defining MDPs](#37aad9792c79680719c1e086fd0c815a)
- [Solving MDPs](#b2bfba9db087cb6ccda7abec663dd720)
- [Optimal Quantities](#60dc1ec3b23db40849df64de46bcd91a)
- [Values of States](#80597d513b9a36fc1e61e869000ff30f)
- [Racing Search Tree](#91f1e32998454ca46d598646f7260d3c)
- [Time-Limited Values](#50ca9febbd3c1377d708c024f60310fc)
- [Computing Time-Limited Values](#24539dd5879397f8300a78d2bebba208)
- [Value Iteration](#4b0084dc52868eb35410667a6679229a)
- [Example: Value Iteration](#d5cac644e6c3bb194c235c0b55977d1d)
- [Recap 2](#c344ffd5b55d45fffa8bd1cb0a4edab1)
- [Convergence](#8645457c64703c956325a6f44824acdb)
- [Value Iteration Convergence](#9223390b107c103d49be9c7fbe9cc601)
- [Recap: MDPs](#61640a53698e261681c172ef08db4f13)
- [Policy Methods](#0d2fefe88e5d008dbb325c962c5b6f0e)
- [Policy Evaluation](#abdad08f23e1ad71d82cbdd56cfcdd30)
- [Fixed Policies](#30112022d9cb040ec9e1b2b577503981)
- [Utilities for a Fixed Policy](#bfb9b9e2f445011c32315f61f81634c5)
- [Example : Policy Evaluation](#1a1b5dffe87b8d0f61d62897935810f1)
- [Policy Evaluation](#abdad08f23e1ad71d82cbdd56cfcdd30)
- [Policy Extraction](#51f9aace37db4e0d0e8573fee03ea997)
- [Computing Actions from Values](#34833eb820b21cf1bc001e77769ade32)
- [Computing Actions from Q-Values](#6fcb06d49e1d3878ae11e06deb275042)
- [Policy Iteration](#93eb2ac210d009dea486d01934ca6116)
- [Problems with value iteration](#d9622bd26a30e7e2d9272dc2488415cd)
- [policy iteration](#adafb823f7939e061bf30caad4dddbae)
- [Comparison](#f6c0e3a1c3cfabd32ae8d3ae741fcf0a)
- [Summary: MDP Algorithms](#ae6ed616074a489e9415c789beb2b2b2)
- [Double Bandits](#c4f36742c324ffd3a65b06a71c7ae8cd)
- [Offline Planning](#0dc48d869913049d654fb802ff0093d2)
- [Lets play](#ffd944085fd77275ec8af19385faca8c)
- [Online Planning](#483c9ce5abb394a43a9e0c0077dde7f8)
- [What Just Happened?](#7553726584ed6f80e379b6e8190ec1bc)
- [Asynchronous Value Iteration \*](#8343234e23eeed284d9f9c00356c8219)
...menuend
<h2 id="1ccc83e0a393554a640bc1e194680b67"></h2>
# Markov Decision Processes
MDP : the way of formalizing the idea of non-deterministic search which is search when your actions outcomes are uncertain.
why would we be unsure what the outcomes of our actions is going to be ? Well, maybe we've got a robot on a ledge and we take the action across the ledge, what's gonna happen ? Maybe we'll cross the ledge ,maybe we will fall into the fire pit. We're not sure we can commit to the action. But of course the outcome is entirely under our control.
maybe you're a can opener robot and you take the can and you open it , and what's underneath ? More can!
<h2 id="92a5227a1ada900fd758bfb60872e6a2"></h2>
## Example : Grid World
- Noisy movement: actions do not always go as planned
- 80% of the time, the action North takes the agent North ( if there is no wall there)
- 10% of the time, North takes the agent West; 10% East
- If there is a wall in the direction the agent would have been taken, the agent stays put
- similar rules for the other 3 directions
- The agent receives rewards each time step
- Small “living” reward each step (can be negative)
- this is sometimes called a living reward or a living penalty based on whether it's positive or negative.
- Big rewards come at the end (good or bad)
- terminal utilities, shown as the plus 1 and minus 1(also the exit to game end).
- Goal: maximize sum of rewards
- in general the agent is going to involve getting to a big reward and taking it.
<h2 id="7b549072ca47e93fb374c9eb1a430bca"></h2>
## Grid World Actions
you're not sure what the results gonna be.
if you take north , you may move left, and it's bad. So when you plan you're gonna have to take these outcomes into account.
<h2 id="1ccc83e0a393554a640bc1e194680b67"></h2>
## Markov Decision Processes
- An MDP is defined by:
- A set of states s ∈ S
- A set of actions a ∈ A
- A transition function T(s, a, s’)
- Probability that *a* from *s* leads to *s’*, i.e., P(s’| s, a)
- Also called the model or the dynamics
- A reward function R(s, a, s’)
- Sometimes just R(s) or R(s’)
- A start state
- Maybe a terminal state
- MDPs are non-deterministic search problems
- One way to solve them is with expectimax search
- We’ll have a new tool soon
MDP is a lot like a search problem.
**UNLIKE** :
- successor function (unlike)
- unlike in search , we're going to take the successor function and break it into a few pieces.
- We're going to have an idea of actions which are the actions you take like north ,south, east, west. We're then gonna have a transition function .
- T(s,a,s') : in some state *s* , you take some action *a* , *s'* is a ***possible*** result. The function T(s,a,s') tells you how likely that result is and in that sense it's a conditional probability.
- The transition function is basically the successor function. The differences is now there are lots of differents s's that can happen and they all have various probabilities t associated with them.
- Reward function (unlike)
- R(s,a,s') means you get a reward that depends on the state you are in , the action you took, and the outcome.
- You might not know your actual reward until you see whether or not you fell into the pit.
- In some formulations R will only depend on s and s'. What is this ? This is basically the cost function from search. In seach the cost would be small and in the case of MDPs in general we want the rewards to be big.
- Terminal state (unlike)
- another import difference between MDPs and search problems is MDP's very ofren go on forever .
MDP is basically taking search that we know and love , and adding the necessary machinery to support the idea that actions can have multiple outcomes.
<h2 id="1713fea7ca38d867ec082e94dcc902e8"></h2>
## What is Markov about MDPs ?
- “Markov” generally means that given the present state, the future and the past are independent
- For Markov decision processes, “Markov” means action outcomes depend only on the current state
- P(S<sub>t+1</sub> = s' | S<sub>t</sub>=s<sub>t</sub>,A<sub>t</sub>=a<sub>t</sub>,S<sub>t-1</sub>=s<sub>t-1</sub>,A<sub>t-1</sub>=a<sub>t-1</sub>,..., S₀=s₀) = P(S<sub>t+1</sub> = s' | S<sub>t</sub>=s<sub>t</sub>,A<sub>t</sub>=a<sub>t</sub>)
- This is just like search,the probability distribution over your outcomes depends only on the current state and action , not on the whole histroy of how you got there.
So this is important property in MDP is to make sure that you define your transition function and your state in such a way that the transition probabilities depend only on the current state and action.
<h2 id="9e476387322a5c250893cf9c5c4ce78c"></h2>
## Policies
- In deterministic single-agent search problems, we wanted an optimal plan, or sequence of actions, from start to a goal
- but it does not work for MDPs. because we don't know what actions are gonna to do.
- The relevant idea is not a plan now but a policy. Policy is a mapping from states to actions and tells in each state what action to take.
- For MDPs, we want an optimal policy π<sup>\*</sup> : S → A
- A policy π gives an action for each state, like a recommendation action
- An optimal policy is one that maximizes expected utility if followed
- An explicit policy defines a reflex agent
- Expectimax didn’t compute entire policies
- It computed the action for a single state only
Expectimax didn't really compute an explicit policy in this sense. What expectimax did for these kinds of problems is from a given state it did a forward-thinking computation that produced one entry of the policy which you then took and wherever you land and you run expectimax again.
So on one hand expectimax is a way of solving these problems and on the other hand it doesn't compute an explicit policy. That chould be a good thing or bad thing. It can be bad because you might redo a lot of work if you keep in the same state. It could be good because there are so many states you coundn't write down an explicit policy anyway.
<h2 id="d115341e528ef1f1b013adbf6f075f21"></h2>
## Optimal Policies
See the pic where R(s) = -0.01:
The funny thing is the square left to "-1" squre. It's going into the wall. Why is it going into the wall? This is an example of we feed the rules of the game in , we compute the optimal behavior , sometimes the behavior is not what we expected but it's still optimal. In this example, if you did anything else you would risk the pit. The agaent is pressing its check against the wall and justing waiting waiting waiting until it gets out of this scary situation safely. So this agent is very very conservative because each time step cost very little.
What happens if we make this living penalty more severe ? check those rest 3 cases!
<h2 id="b2f5ac1e017207a93a053f4d77b1c9b3"></h2>
## Example: Racing
- A robot car wants to travel far, quickly
- Three states: Cool, Warm, Overheated
- Two actions: Slow, Fast
- Going faster gets double reward
<h2 id="91f1e32998454ca46d598646f7260d3c"></h2>
### Racing Search Tree
Any MDP is defining a search tree. So if you're in some particular state , for example if you're in the state where the car is cool, you have 2 actions: slow or fast.
It's very like an expectimax tree but we'll see very shortly why we might not want to use expectimax to solve it. You can already see hints of it : it's a big tree but it's kinds of same blue and red stuff over and over again. There's just not that many states. This is the case where expectimax will do a lot of work.
<h2 id="b92430f9047d02bbe1a11b4118967089"></h2>
## MDP Search Trees
- Each MDP state projects an expectimax-like search tree
- That is kind of expectimax tree except ...
1. the probabilities are given to you by the transition function and
2. the rewards instead of *being at the bottom* are smeared throughout the tree, they **come to you step-by-step**.
- Queue State:
- when I'm in a state and I take an action I end up in a queue state (green circle) , which you can think of as kind of the pair of the state and the action where I've committed to the action but I haven't done it yet.
<h2 id="e25373331ca3b1a3b334be0d44204fd0"></h2>
## Utilities of Sequences
In a MDP the rewards come to you step-by-step , we need to figure out what our utility function acutally is. In the simplest case you just add up the rewards but it can be little more subtle than that.
For example shown here
you might care whether or not you get these 4 gems step-by-step or all at the end in one big prize. This raises a general question for MDPs: what preferences or utilities should an agent have for rewards sequences.
- What preferences should an agent have over reward sequences?
- More or less? [1,2,2] or [2,3,4]
- Now or later? [0,0,1] or [1,0,0]
<h2 id="339bfa7ae181495413ac7e41d61c714c"></h2>
## Discounting
- It’s reasonable to maximize the sum of rewards
- It’s also reasonable to prefer rewards now to rewards later
- One solution: values of rewards decay exponentially
- worth now: 1
- worth next step : γ
- worth in two steps : γ²
---
- How to discount?
- Each time we descend a level, we multiply in the discount once
- Why discount?
- Sooner rewards probably do have higher utility than later rewards
- Also helps our algorithms converge
- Example: discount of 0.5
- U([1,2,3]) = 1\*1 + 0.5\*2 + 0.25\*3
- `U([1,2,3]) < U([3,2,1])`
不合理的 discount 可能会阻止你找到optimal solution. 过小的 discount 会更倾向于 short-term rewards. Iff the MDP's transition model is deterministic and the MDP has zero rewards everywhere, except for a single transition at the goal with a positive reward, optimal policy will still be found regardless discount value .
<h2 id="945d15839357ecf3965c8cfb2f679995"></h2>
## Stationary Preferences
What we want from an agent that looks at sequences of rewards in order to consider it kind of reasonable.
stick the same reward in front of both
if I liked A better than B now I should like it better shifted into the future as well and vice versa.
- Theorem: if we assume **stationary preferences**:
- [a₁,a₂,...] ≻ [b₁,b₂,...] `<=>` [r, a₁,a₂,...] ≻ [r, b₁,b₂,...]
- Then: there are only two ways to define utilities
- Additive utility: U( [r₀,r₁,r₂,...] ) = r₀ + r₁ + r₂ + ...
- Discounted utility: U( [r₀,r₁,r₂,...] ) = r₀ + γ·r₁ + γ²·r₂ + ...
<h2 id="1148a36cad988c80eafafde4e7a9daf0"></h2>
## Infinite Utilities ?!
- Problem: What if the game lasts forever? Do we get infinite rewards?
- Solutions:
- Finite horizon: (similar to depth-limited search)
- Terminate episodes after a fixed T steps (e.g. life)
- Gives nonstationary policies ( π depends on time left)
- Discounting: use 0 < γ < 1
- U( [r₀,r₁,r₂,...] ) = r₀ + γ·r₁ + γ²·r₂ + ... <= R<sub>max</sub>/(1-γ)
- Smaller γ means smaller “horizon” – shorter term focus
- Absorbing state: guarantee that for every policy, a terminal state will eventually be reached (like “overheated” for racing)
Here are multiple possible solutions, in general we're gonna have discounts that usually saves us.
<h2 id="37aad9792c79680719c1e086fd0c815a"></h2>
## Recap: Defining MDPs
- Markov decision processes:
- Set of states S
- Start state s₀
- Set of actions A
- Transitions P(s’|s,a) (or T(s,a,s’))
- Rewards R(s,a,s’) (and discount γ )
- MDP quantities so far:
- Policy = Choice of action for each state
- Utility = sum of (discounted) rewards
<h2 id="b2bfba9db087cb6ccda7abec663dd720"></h2>
## Solving MDPs
<h2 id="60dc1ec3b23db40849df64de46bcd91a"></h2>
### Optimal Quantities
![][1]
- The value (utility) of a state s:
- V<sup>\*</sup>(s) = expected utility starting in s and acting optimally
- what the star means is this is the value under optimal action.
- ***The value (utility) of a q-state (s,a):***
- Q<sup>\*</sup>(s,a) = expected utility starting out having taken action a from state s and (thereafter) acting optimally
- Each action do have a Q-value
- The optimal policy:
- π<sup>\*</sup>(s) = optimal action from state s
---
Look at the left-bottom square with 0.49. The arrow is the policy. What's that 0.49? That is if you started in this square and you ran this game over and over again and sometimes you slipped, and sometimes you didn't , and you added up all of those utilities on average you would get 0.49, and you will achieve it by trying to go north whenever you're in the square.
You can see it's better to be at 0.85 square by the exit than it is to be over here 0.49 square. Why ? Because if you're over here you have to pay that living reward and some discount to even get to the exit. The best thing is to actually be in the exit.
Similarly you can see if you're essentially 2 steps from the exit, it's better to be at 0.74 square than at 0.57 next to the pit , because when something goes wrong , .74 is not a big deal, while .57 you fall into the pit and lose.
---
This shows the Q values. From each state , except for the exit state , you got 4 choices of actions . If you are in the 0.57 state next to the pit, and the action you've committed to is north , then you get that same .57.
---
<h2 id="80597d513b9a36fc1e61e869000ff30f"></h2>
## Values of States
So we want to be able to compute these values. We'd like to be able to take an MDP and compute these expectimax values for a state and actully we usually do with these algorithms we compute the values for all of the states. We'll see that there are ways to save time by doing all the states at once provided your MDP is small enough that you can actually go through all the states.
- Fundamental operation: compute the (expectimax) value of a state
- Expected utility under optimal action
- Average sum of (discounted) rewards
- This is just what expectimax computed!
- Recursive definition of value:
- 
- Q 可以分解为两部分
1. reward的期望值 R(s,a), 加上
2. γ·V(s') 的期望值
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### Racing Search Tree
- We’re doing way too much work with expectimax!
- Problem: States are repeated
- Idea: Only compute needed quantities once
- Problem: Tree goes on forever
- Idea: Do a depth-limited computation, but with increasing depths until change is small
- Note: deep parts of the tree eventually don’t matter if γ < 1
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## Time-Limited Values
- Key idea: time-limited values
- Define V<sub>k</sub>(s) to be the optimal value of *s* if the game ends in *k* more time steps
- Equivalently, it’s what a depth-k expectimax would give from s
- 
What's a time step ? It's a reward.
Example:
- PS: when you achieve the exit, you must take extra "exit" action to end game and get the reward.
---
- iteraction 0:
- 
- zeroes everywhere , because exit action need 1 step
- iteraction 1:
- 
- iteration 2:
- 
- from the squre between wall and pit, I have time to do very stupid things -- going to the pit and receive a negative -- but that's not the optimal. The optimal thing is kind of anything else. So I have zero. But if it allowed 3 steps I can get some rewards even from there.
- iteration 3:
- 
- iteraction 5:
- 
- iteration 6:
- 
- from left-bottom square , I am now possible to get to a positive reward.
- iteration 7:
- 
- from left-bottom square , I can not only get there in the lucky way where nothing goes wrong I can also get there in various ways where something goes wrong once.
- iteration 100:
- 
- most of the states are pretty good.
- In right-top square (1.0) , where the only action available is to exit. Upon which you immediately receive a reward of +1, you value is +1.
- In left-bottom square (0.49) , you're not usually gonna get 0.49. Sometimes you get more, sometimes you get less. This is the long-term average you're going to get. That average bakes in a lot of things. It bakes in the fact that you're going to get a small penelty each step until you get to the exit and if your actions mess up you might get that penalty more. It bakes in the fact that the +1 is far away and by the time you get there it will be discounted. It bakes in all of the probabilities in the transition function. If you act optimally you'll get .49 as your ***average*** score.
**Very important points** about there values and rewards:
- rewards are for one time step
- value are from that point forward to the end of the game or forever if the game doesn't end.
- reward are instantaneous , values are cumulative.
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## Computing Time-Limited Values
assuming it's a whole tree.
in the bottom , there's a lot of repeat status. It's terminal state, nothing else happens. So no more rewards. That means I got lots of copies of V₀ -- lots of depth-0 expectimax , and in fact we know it be 0, 0 for any state.
Now what's in this layer upon the bottom ? Each one of these computations is a depth-1 expectimax computation. Which means in fact all we have is a whole bunch of copies of V₁ in this layer.
Then at the very top where only computing one value but conceptually this top layer is well represented by the collection of V₄ .
So you see at the bottom even though the tree has grown immensely it's still only 3 values, and each layer is V<sub>k</sub> for K . So this actually gives us an idea of how we can compute these values in an efficient way where we don't get the explosion in depth because you can see at the bottom it's no worse than at the top. That's now going called value iteration.
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## Value Iteration
---
- Start with V₀(s) = 0: no time steps left means an expected reward sum of zero
- Given vector of V<sub>k</sub>(s) values, do one ply of expectimax from each state:
- ![][2]
- Repeat until convergence
- Complexity of each iteration: O(S²A)
- the number of states is the key of computation
- Theorem: will converge to unique optimal values
- Basic idea: approximations get refined towards optimal values
- Policy may converge long before values do
---
You can think of this as basically building your computation from bottom up all the way up to the top where you will receive the computation that expectimax would have done but with a whole lot less work assuming we have a small number of states.
V₀(s) what's this actually look like in code ? It's a vector. There is 0 for every state in this vector. This is different than expectimax which you think about is computing for one state -- this is all states , the vector of zeroes.
To compute V<sub>k+1</sub> , we will recurse into a expectimax tree V<sub>k</sub> that we've already computed, We already have that entire vector for every state.
( 每个 iteraton 计算所有state 的 V<sub>k</sub> , 这样下次迭代 V<sub>k+1</sub> 就不需要再计算任何 V<sub>k</sub> 了 )
So what does this actually do ? It goes from 0 to 1 , to 2 , and we keep going until we decide to stop. When are we gonna stop ? What is that magic value K ? Because we're going bottom-up we can keep doing this until it converges.
Complexity of each iteration: O(S²A). It's good in that it doesn't grow with the number of iterations like expectimax grows with the depth. It's bad in that expectimax doesn't have to touch every state if it doesn't go to deep, this always touches every state. So it's all about the trade-off of how many states you have and how connected they are and how deep you need to into the tree.
Actually , Value iteration will converge to the same vector of values (V<sup>\*</sup>) no matter what values we use to initialize V.
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### Example: Value Iteration
Assume no discount!
So what we see ?
1. As I go further up the numbers are increasing and that make sense becaues as I have more time steps in this MDP I can get more rewards
2. I also see that every layer it's better to be in the cool state than to be in the warm state.
- of course it's better because you can then safely go fast.
Now you can look at this, you can probably figure out the optimal policy.
The optimal policy is if you're cool go fast and once you warm up you go slow and you never risk overheating. Now that optimal policy is actually already found at V₁ . These number 2,1,0 already reflect it. But it takes longer for the values to actually figure out how good that is . In general , V₁ is not enough to find the vest policy and in particular in this MDP because there's no discount the V<sub>s</sub> aren't going to converge.
---
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## Recap 2
- Bellman equations **characterize** the optimal value
- 
- Bellman equation is NOT the algorithm to computer it!
- Value iteration **computes** them
- ![][2]
- I don't know how to solve that system of equations directly
- but if I imagine I had an approximation of all the status V<sub>k</sub> , maybe it's a bad approximation, maybe it's 0 (V₀),
- I could get a better approximation, or at least a new approximation to the values of all the status V<sub>k+1</sub> , by running from each state, a one step, one ply expectimax seach, plugging in my old approximatin as the future cost.
- Value iteration is just a fixed point solution method
- ... though the V<sub>k</sub> vectors are also interpretable as time-limited values.
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## Convergence
How do we know ?
- How do we know the V<sub>k</sub> vectors are going to converge?
- First of all we don't. Because if there's no discount and the rewards are all positive and the game never going to end like for racing the values are infinite and you're never going to get there.
But there are cases where we can show that it will converge.
- Case 1: If the tree has maximum depth M, then V<sub>M</sub> holds the actual untruncated values
- Case 2: If the discount is less than 1
- as k increases, the values converge
- Proof: pass
---
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### Value Iteration Convergence
- 1 action: go
- transitioning to each of the next states is equally likely
- once you are in state with no outgoing arrows , you stay in them for all future times.
- reward: 1 for each transition
- staying in state with no outgoing arrows gets a reward of zero
- discount factor = 0.5
- initialize the value of each state to 0.
- After how many iterations of value iteration will the value for state F have become exactly equal to the true optimum? (Enter inf if the values will never become equal to the true optimal but only converge to the true optimal.)
- 0
- After how many iterations of value iteration will the value for state A have become exactly equal to the true optimum? (Enter inf if the values will never become equal to the true optimal but only converge to the true optimal.)
- 4
- How many iterations of value iteration will it take for the values of all states to converge to the true optimal values? (Enter inf if the values will never become equal to the true optimal but only converge to the true optimal.)
- 4
- After how many iterations of value iteration will the value for state B have become exactly equal to the true optimum? (Enter inf if the values will never become equal to the true optimal but only converge to the true optimal.)
- inf
- After how many iterations of value iteration will the value function have become exactly equal to the true optimal values? (Enter inf if the values will never become equal to the true optimal but only converge to the true optimal)
- inf
---
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## Recap: MDPs
Values: the value of a state is what you expect your future utility to be under optimal action. So remember that when we talk about the value of state it's not the next reward you're gonna receive. It's not a certain number -- I know I'm going to get 10 points -- because you don't know what your actions will do. This is an average outcome under optimal action.
What you often think about is for any given state *s* what is this notion of value. It's not what I'm definitely going to achieve, It can't be that because I don't control my actions perfectly.
For MDP, sometimes we were interested in the values, but usually were interested in policies.
---
Value iteration is just a fixed point method of solving this system of equations. This system of equations is hard to solve because it's got averages and also max's. So it's not a linear thing. And we have to solve it somehow. Value iteration is one way to do it. Expected max is really another way to do it. And they have trade offs to which one is actually more efficient.
Now in value iteration the vectors V<sub>k</sub> themselves were interpretable as time-limited values.
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## Policy Methods
Value iteration can be pretty slow. So we're going to talk about better methods to do that.
So we're going to talk about methods that look at policies, evaluating policies, improving policies, and extracting polices.
finding optimal policies that work over the policies themselves and make the policies better rather than simply working over the values trying to make the values better.
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## Policy Evaluation
You got a policy in your hand, maybe it's good meybe it's bad . What you want to know is for this policy ,which is presumably suboptimal , how good is it ? How will I perform if I follow it. For each state what will the value be not under optimal action but under this specific policy.
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### Fixed Policies
If I have a policy π which tells me what action to take , I no longer have all of these choices a , the tree looks like the right picture.
Right now I'm only doing what π tells me -- not the optimal thing. That means the *max* node just got a whole lot simpler rather than having a whole set of actions that they have to consider. There's only one action permitted that whatever π says to do and so the tree doesn't branch at the *max* node. Of course it's still branches of the chance node because we don't know what's gonna happen when we execute the action. But from state *s* there's only one action allowed, it's π(s). That makes the tree simpler and it means the computing are going to be simpler and faster.
Of course the value at the root is presumably going to be worse unless the π(s) is in fact the optimal policy.
- Expectimax trees max over all actions to compute the optimal values
- If we fixed some policy π(s), then the tree would be simpler – only one action per state
- … though the tree’s value would depend on which policy we fixed
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### Utilities for a Fixed Policy
- Another basic operation: compute the utility of a state s under a fixed (generally non-optimal) policy
- To compute the utility for a fixed policy is easy.
So we imagine we've got some policy π , it presumably bad but we're stuck with it. We're trying to do is compute for every state *s* what score I will get on average if I follow π.
- Define the utility of a state s, under a fixed policy π:
- V<sup>π</sup>(s) : = expected total discounted rewards ***starting in s and following π***
- the π indicates that we're following π , it used to be a star which meant we were acting optimally.
- Recursive relation (one-step look-ahead / Bellman equation):
- 
- **PS**: it's the same kind of bellman equation but the "maximum" is gone, and the action *a* replace by π(s)
- This is now a linear system of equations. I can always just solve linear equations by sticking them in MATLAB or something.
π : the function π is a policy. it takes a state and returns an action. It has no information about past or future . So far it is a function from states to actions. What is actually living inside the implementation of π ? It could be a lookup table, or it could be a snippet of code which executes expectimax. Now π is implemented by on-demand expectimax computations which is not what value iteration does.
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### Example : Policy Evaluation
2 policies:
In fact go-forward policy is probably the optimal policy but when you have this policy in front you don't actually know that right now. All you know is you've got some policy and you're supposed to evaluate it.
So you look in your head and you think what will happen if i use this policy? And presumably the outcomes will be better and therefore the values will be higher. So here are 2 policies and I can compare them. For example if one had higher values I can choose it if this were a choice I had to make.
So what are the actual values under these policies ?
These are all the states on a grid world where basically the kind of center corridor is a bridge where you can move safely , there's a reward at the end of the top. If you fall to the left or the right then you receive a negative 10 when you fall into the fire pit.
You can see the policy "always go right" , it's not so bad if you're on the exit where you have no choice but to exit. But anywhere else is pretty bad. It's not a very good policy. But it has values.
It's super-important : states have optimal values and they also have values -- just higher or low for any specific policy.
Why do we evaluate policies ?
Sometimes we actually have a policy we just want to know how good it is but we're going to see important algorithms that let us come up with better policies by starting with one , evaluating it , and looking for ways to improve it.
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### Policy Evaluation
- How do we calculate the V’s for a fixed policy π
- Idea 1: Turn recursive Bellman equations into updates (like value iteration)
- 
- Efficiency: O(S²) per iteration
- Idea 2: Without the maxes, the Bellman equations are just a linear system
- Solve with Matlab (or your favorite linear system solver)
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## Policy Extraction
Policy evaluation was about taking a policy and figuring out for each state how good it was.
Now we're going to look at the opposite direction : what happens if I give you the values and I asked you the question what policy should I use if these values are correct.
So how are we going to turn scores of states into moves ? And so you think, well that's maybe not too hard. I'll do a look ahead, I'll see what I can do, and then look at the values. That's basically the idea, but let's dig in a little more, and we'll see something that's actually very deep that will show up next week as well with reinforcement learning.
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### Computing Actions from Values
- Let's imagine we have the optimal values V<sup>*</sup>(s).
How are you going to extract a policy for them ? Or equivalently what policy do these values imply ?
see that pic , there are the optimal values. Then we can ask questions like how should I act ?
for example , let's look at the 0.89 square. What should I do ? Should I take the action north ? Should I choose the action west ?
The values let you figure out that the square to the north of you is better than you but they don't tell you how to get there.
So it's actually not obvious at all. How would you figure out from optimal values how to act ?
**The answer is basically you've got to do expectimax. I need basically unroll and expertimax one layer and do a one-step lookahead.**
So what I'll do is to consider every action *a* from state *s* and figure out which is the good one. So I need to consider every action *a* , and then for each action I need to consider all of the results s' that action could have. Now for each action *a*, we know the score is gonna be an average over the s's.
- How should we act?
- It’s not obvious!
- We need to do a mini-expectimax (one step)
- 
- *argmax* means consider all the values , rather than taking the maximum , give me the action *a* which achieved the maximum.
- Luckily the discounted future I've assumed I actually have already (V<sup>\*</sup>(s)). So this is all the expectimax I need to do.
- 对每个action， 计算 K+1 的q-value
- This is called **policy extraction** , since it gets the policy implied by the values
- Action selection from values is kind of a pain. This process by which I take values which maybe optimal or may not and I computer a one-step lookahead policy according to them is called **policy extraction**. Because what is does is it digs out the policy that those values imply. It requires a one-step expectimax from every state to reconstruct.
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### Computing Actions from Q-Values
On the other hand, Q-Values is kind of weird, they are really nice for this purpose. Because if instead of giving you the values, somebody gave you the optimal Q values, it would be really, really easy to select actions.
- Let’s imagine we have the optimal q-values:
- How should we act ?
- The Q-values make it super easy to decide actions.
- Completely trivial to decide !
- **π<sup>\*</sup>(s) = argmaxₐ Q<sup>\*</sup>(s,a)**
- Important lesson: actions are easier to select from q-values than values!
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## Policy Iteration
***Policy Iteration*** combines the idea of evaluating one policy , with the idea of improving that policy on the basis of those values.
You can think of policy iteration as you've got a policy in front of you and you're constantly trying to make it better.
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### Problems with value iteration
Just think about why value iteration is not always the the best solution.
What value iteration does is essentially mimics 模仿 the bellman updates. You have iteractions where K gets larger and larger starting at 0. For each iteration you visit each state and for each state you look at each action and for each action you look at each outcome.
- Problem 1: It’s slow – O(S²A) per iteration
- The reason it's slow is each iteration not only looks at every kind of source and target state , so is s² , but also it has to consider each action each time and there're often may actions.
- Problem 2: The “max” at each state rarely changes
- Although you've considered all of these actions the maximum often doesn't change.
- So for every action other than the one that we had already landed on, that computations was wasted.
- Problem 3: The policy often converges long before the values
- once the policy converges, every branch of that expectimax tree that doesn't correspond to an optimal action is wasted computation.
Example (TODO):
1. arrows eventually stop changing after 8-9 iteractions.
2. the number of lower-left changes , but it takes a while before the changes become large enough that they impact one of the arrows.
The maximum -- the best action you got -- usually doesn't change. So you wasted all that time if you have a hundred actions checking the other 99 that weren't very good. Last round they're still not good but you still check them all.
Policy tends to finish long before the values converge.
So what can we do? The idea herer is an algorithm called **policy iteration**.
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## policy iteration
Policy iteration is an alternative approach and the basic sketch is we're going to have 2 steps that we alternate.
- Alternative approach for optimal values:
- **Step 1: Policy evaluation**: calculate utilities for some fixed policy (not optimal utilities!) until convergence
- It's generally not going to be an optimal policy , but we're going to figure out it's values using policy evaluation.
- **Step 2: Policy improvement**: update policy using one-step look-ahead with resulting converged (but not optimal!) utilities as future values
- Then we take those values and we extract a better policy from them. That called policy improvement.
- **3: Repeat steps until policy converges**
- This is policy iteration
- It’s still optimal!
- Can converge (much) faster under some conditions
---
- Evaluation: For fixed current policy π, find values with policy evaluation:
- Iterate until values converge:
- 
- you might do this 100 times so as to make value converge
- **when you do this in practice, you don't start the evaluation over at 0, you start it at your old values**.
- Improvement: For fixed values, get a better policy using policy extraction
- One-step look-ahead:
- 
- you only do this once
Step 1 is evaluation. So I fix some policy π and I'm going to compute V<sup>π</sup>. So I do this simplified update where I don't maximum over the actions. I assume that my policy π is fixed, and I only do the averaging of the chance nodes. So this thing is fast because I don't consider all the actions.
Once the thing converges or gets close enough I then stopped and I say let's give the actions a chance to change because we've done enough of this evaluation that maybe by now some of the actions need to change. So again we're going to do a one-step look ahead and just unroll that expected max one layer and say the new policy is the action that I would get if I did a one-step expectimax , and then plugged in the values -- not optimal values but the values computed -- against my old policy.
That's a little weird. We do one stop of actual expectimax and our truncation function is our old policy. Now why should that be better ? Maybe the old policy was good or maybe the old policy was bad. But whatever it was good or bad we just pushed it one step into the future and that step where we did that one-layer expectimax -- that layer in so far as a layer can be optimal -- did the optimal computation. We've got one layer of real optimal expectimax and then the truncation function is the old values.
Every time we do this we push the old stuff farther and father into the future and thereby make progress.
If you think about this it actually turns out the improvement step is just like value iteraction we loop over all the actions and for each action we loop over all of the results of s'.
So the improvement step isn't going to be particularly fast. It's essentially the evaluation step where we get a big speed up over value iteration. Because the evaluation step happends many times before we allow an improvement step we got a big speed up.
Another way of looking at this algorithm is thinking that we're doing value iteration but on most rounds we just go with the last action that optimized for this state rather than considering them all.
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## Comparison
- Both value iteration and policy iteration compute the same thing (all optimal values)
- In value iteration:
- Every iteration updates both the values and (implicitly) the policy
- We don’t track the policy, but taking the max over actions implicitly recomputes it
- In policy iteration:
- We do several passes that update utilities with fixed policy (each pass is fast because we consider only one action, not all of them)
- After the policy is evaluated, a new policy is chosen (slow like a value iteration pass)
- The new policy will be better (or we’re done)
- Both are dynamic programs for solving MDPs
- Why would you ever do value iteration ?
- It's simpler and in cases where there are a small number of actions you might do it.
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## Summary: MDP Algorithms
- So you want to….
- Compute optimal values: use value iteration or policy iteration
- Compute values for a particular policy: use policy evaluation
- Turn your values into a policy: use policy extraction (one-step lookahead)
- These all look the same!
- They basically are – they are all variations of Bellman updates
- They all use one-step lookahead expectimax fragments
- They differ only in whether we plug in a fixed policy or max over actions
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## Double Bandits
Blue: a good machine, when you pull the handle you get 1$.
Red: you pull the handle and you're either gonna get 2$(P=75%) or 0$(P=25%).
You can think this is a MDP. It's actually a super boring won the state structure isn't very interesting. The interesting thing is the actions.
- Actions: Blue, Red
- States: Win, Lose
- No discount
-100 time steps
- Both states have the same value
There's 2 states in this. But there really shouldn't be. In essence you're always in the same state which is what should I do. The reason why we have 2 states in this formalization is because in order to actually make this idea workout that you might get 0$ or 2$. It's a little tricky because the rewards so far haven't been non-deterministic.
So in order to have different rewards for winning and losing I need different states for winning.
So here's one way to formalize this MDP: the actions are blue and red, the states are I just won or I just lost the last pull.
Let's first look at the blue action. Blue slot machine always wins with probability 1 you get a dollar and transition to the WON state.
The red-bandit wins 75% and give you 2$ and losses 25% and give 0$. So this transition structure relfects that. It's a little redundant because the reaction does the same thing whether you just one or just lost. That's the kind of independence that you can't see from the diagram here.
Which state to start ?
It doesn't matter which state you're at because the actions do the same thing from the states.
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## Offline Planning
- Solving MDPs is offline planning
- You determine all quantities through computation
- You need to know the details of the MDP
- You do not actually play the game!
We're gonna solve this MDP in head.
what's the value for playing blue? You always get 1$ and if you only play blue -- that's a policy -- and play 100 times you get 100$. So assuming dollars here are the utilities for this agent, the value of the play blue policy is 100. The value of the play red policy is a 150.
Yet I know the values I know the optimal policy : always play red.
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### Lets play
We played 10 times. $2, $2, $0, $2, $2, $2, $2, $0, $0, $0.
So we just played our policy how did we do ?
Looks like we got 12$. What the values suggest we would get ? One average we should have gotten 15 so we're a little bit unlucky but not ridiculously unlucky. Here it's very important we solved it offline in our heads we actually played in the real world using the policy that we determined to be optimal in our heads.
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## Online Planning
Let's change the rules. We don't know the probabilities of red machine. What's the optimal policy ? What should I do ?
I don't know. We don't know the MDP and if you don't know the MDP you can't figure out the values in your head , and you can't figure out whether playing red or playing blue is the better policy.
This is a different setting where there is an MDP that you know red has a payoff but you don't know what it is. So in essence there's an MDP but you don't know its parameters. how are you going to figure out what to do ?
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### What Just Happened?
- That wasn’t planning, it was learning!
- Specifically, reinforcement learning
- There was an MDP, but you couldn’t solve it with just computation
- You needed to actually act to figure it out
- Important ideas in reinforcement learning that came up
- Exploration: you have to try unknown actions to get information
- Exploitation: eventually, you have to use what you know
- Regret: even if you learn intelligently, you make mistakes
- Sampling: because of chance, you have to try things repeatedly
- Difficulty: learning can be much harder than solving a known MDP
<h2 id="8343234e23eeed284d9f9c00356c8219"></h2>
## Asynchronous Value Iteration \*
- In value iteration, we update every state in each iteration
- Actually, *any* sequences of Bellman updates will converge if every state is visited infinitely often
- In fact, we can update the policy as seldom or often as we like, and we will still converge
- Idea: Update states whose value we expect to change:
- if | Vᵢ₊₁(s) - Vᵢ(s) | is large then update predecessors of s
---
[1]: ../imgs/cs188_mdp_recap.png
[2]: ../imgs/cs188_mdp_calc_formular.png
|
Mumbai: The Bombay High Court on Monday asked the union government whether it is possible to make eye-donation mandatory whenever a body is sent for post mortem.
The division bench of Chief Justice Mohit Shah and Justice RV More was hearing a public interest litigation filed by Sampat Shetty, which claims that only 14 percent of the donated corneas are actually utilised by the eye banks, the rest become useless.
Dr Jaswant Mehta, an intervener in the case, today told the court that under the `Central Transplantation of Human Organs Act`, whenever a body is sent for post-mortem (after accidental death, for instance), the cornea of the deceased
can be used for transplantation.
The bench then directed the union government to make a submission on this at the next hearing on March 2.
According to the PIL, cornea of a dead person (donor) is often recovered in haste, and necessary tests are not performed, which leads to they becoming useless.
The High Court had earlier suggested the Maharashtra government to set up a district-wise centralised database of available corneas.
Presently, a person seeking eye-transplant has to make application to individual eye banks. If the High Court`s suggestion is implemented, a single application would reach every eye-bank. |
Greenstuff™ 6000 series is regarded as a first level brake improvement over stock and can deliver up to 15% improvement in stopping power. However Greenstuff™ 6000 is not a hard and long lasting pad and drivers may find Greenstuff™ last less miles on light Trucks and SUV than stock units which in our opinion are designed primarily to pass the warranty period but 6000 are a good quality pad replacement with medium dusting and good brake effect.
Greenstuff™ 7000 series are a slightly harder pad than its 6000 series stable mate and designed to Reduce Dust and last slightly longer than the 6000 series. Again a great pad and a quality pad replacement for Truck and SUV (4 x 4).
When replacing brakes of any kind please remember how important brake safety is to your own well being and either have a professional mechanic install your new brakes or if you are a qualified mechanic use the EBC installation DVD as a guide in support of your vehicle owner’s manual.
The entire green range is approved to ECE R90 for highway use. For more details on ECE R90 (Regulation 90 brake safety standard) click here.
Greenstuff™ Series
Greenstuff - 2000 Series
Greenstuff - 6000 Series
Greenstuff - 7000 Series - 4x4
Greenstuff™ – 2000 Series Brake Pads
EBC Greenstuff™ has a high initial brake effect and gives drivers confidence from first application of the brake pedal. There is no such thing as a no dust pad. The very nature of how a brake works requires that some dust be generated to avoid rotor vibration (shimmying). The EBC pad creates less dust and dust is more easily washed off than most. All pads create more dust as they are bedding in especially if rotors are worn. Nominal friction coefficient 0.55. For heavier faster cars we strongly recommend Redstuff which does offer much less dust. Greenstuff™ – 6000 Series – 4×4 (SUV and Light Truck) Brake Pad Upgrade pad for Light Truck and SUV improves brake effect 10-20%.
Medium dusting factor makes these cleaner pads than stock.
Capable of repeated heavy brake use without brake “Fall-Off”.
Very minimal disc/rotor damage characteristics.
Suitable for all light trucks, Jeep and SUV in highway use.
Superb brake control and pedal response full grade better than stock.
Minimal dusting features makes this a clean pad compound.
Features red “brake in’ surface coating for instant safe braking after install. An excellent solution for 4×4 use, this heavy duty Greenstuff™ formulation has slightly lower friction than its 2000 series counterpart (average friction coefficient 0.45mm) but has the benefit of longer life and better resistance to offroad conditions of dust and sand etc. It has an extremely low rotor wear factor and medium-to-good lifetime. Greenstuff™ – 7000 Series – 4×4 / SUV Supreme Brake Pad For a small price premium over the 6000 series, these pads are the ultimate SUV / 4×4 front end pad. They will stop faster and last longer with almost zero brake dust and are EBC’s premium offering for heavy 4x4s. These pads are guaranteed noise free. Average friction coefficient 0.45mm. Features and benefits include chamfers and slots, shimmed, and coated with EBC’s own Brake-In friction accelerator for fast bed-in.
HOW TO BED IN YOUR NEW BRAKES FOR STREET/URBAN DRIVING |
shmenguin wrote:After seeing the isles series and the fast pace of all these western series's, I'm beginning to see why Murray was available at the trade deadline.
Hence why he's the Pens' 3rd pairing PK guy and not in the top 4.
One of the talking heads on TSN referred to the 'soft underbelly' of the Pens. Specifically, Fleury, but even more critical in his opinion (which the others agreed with) was that the Pens had no D better than a 4-'if that'- other than Letang.
shmenguin wrote:After seeing the isles series and the fast pace of all these western series's, I'm beginning to see why Murray was available at the trade deadline.
Hence why he's the Pens' 3rd pairing PK guy and not in the top 4.
One of the talking heads on TSN referred to the 'soft underbelly' of the Pens. Specifically, Fleury, but even more critical in his opinion (which the others agreed with) was that the Pens had no D better than a 4-'if that'- other than Letang.
I'm sure Jack Edwards will use this as an excuse when they lose tomorrow.
Statement from Bruins General Manager Peter Chiarelli:
"Late during tonight's game we were made aware that there was a m̶a̶l̶f̶u̶n̶c̶t̶i̶o̶n̶ with our airplane. As a result we are staying in Toronto on Sunday night and the team will travel to Boston on Monday morning."
Jack Edwards added: No word on Matt Cooke's whereabouts at the time of the malfunction. |
The present invention relates to methods of detecting carcinomas by measuring the level of a glycero compound, such as glycerol-3-phosphate, in a plasma, serum, or urine specimen from a patient. The method is particularly useful as a screening test for ovarian and breast carcinomas.
Carcinomas such as ovarian carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and breast carcinoma are among the most frequent causes of cancer death in the United States and Europe. Despite decades of cancer research, mortality rates among persons who contract cancer remain high. This dismal outcome is due, at least in part, to an inability to detect the carcinoma at an early stage of tumor development. When a carcinoma is detected at an early stage, survivability increases dramatically. For example, when ovarian carcinoma is diagnosed at an early stage, the cure rate approaches 90%. In contrast, the 5 year outlook for women with advanced disease remains poor with no more than a 15% survival rate. Thus, early diagnosis is one of the most effective means of improving the prognosis for carcinomas.
Frequently, however, detection of carcinomas depends upon the detection and inspection of a tumor mass which has reached sufficient size to be detected by physical examination. For instance, transvaginal sonography is the most sensitive of the currently available techniques used for detecting ovarian tumors. However, transvaginal sonography is non-specific, i.e. it will detect benign as well as malignant tumors. Accordingly, detection of an ovarian tumor by transvaginal sonography must be followed by a second diagnostic procedure which is able to distinguish benign tumors from malignant tumors. Moreover, transvaginal sonography is very expensive and, therefore, not useful as a screening procedure for large numbers of patients.
Typically, benign ovarian tumors are distinguished from malignant ovarian tumors by surgical procedures such as biopsy of the mass or aspiration of the mass and cytological examination of the cells that are surgically removed from the patient. However, these techniques are highly invasive, expensive, and in the case of aspiration can lead to release of cancerous cells into the peritoneum.
As can be seen from this example for ovarian cancer, several factors prevent the early detection and treatment of carcinomas. First, the carcinoma may be too small to be felt or seen on an x-ray or sonogram. Second, once the carcinoma is located, it may be mischaracterized as benign by the histologist examining a biopsy from the tumor. Third, the intensely invasive nature of these procedures prevents their use by patients and prohibits their use as regular screening techniques.
The detection of molecular markers of carcinogenesis and tumor growth can solve many of the problems which the physical examination of tumors have encountered. Samples taken from the patient for screening by molecular techniques are typically blood or urine, and thus require minimally invasive techniques. Thus, they can be used on a regular basis to screen for carcinomas. In addition, because molecular markers often appear before the tumor is of a detectable size, it is possible to detect carcinomas at very early stages in the progression of the disease. However, special processing of the samples is often required, and the molecular marker used is often of limited specificity and diagnostic value.
For instance, the antigenic determinant CA 125, which is a high molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein, is the current serum biomarker of choice for screening for ovarian carcinomas. However, CA 125 testing suffers from two main limitations. First of all, it is not very sensitive. For example, elevated serum CA 125 levels, i.e. levels above the cut-off point of 35 U/ml, are present in fewer than 50% of the patients with Stage I ovarian carcinoma. Taylor, K. J. W. and Schwartz, P. E., xe2x80x9cScreening for Early Ovarian Cancer,xe2x80x9d Radiology, 192:1-10, 1994. In addition, CA 125 testing is not very specific. For example, approximately 25% of patients with benign gynecological diseases also have elevated serum levels of CA 125. Moreover, liver disease such as cirrhosis, even without ascites, elevates serum CA 125 levels above 35 U/ml. Taylor, K. J. W. and Schwartz, P. E., xe2x80x9cScreening for Early Ovarian Cancer,xe2x80x9d Radiology, 192:1-10, 1994.
Additionally, the level of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the blood of patients has been used as an indicator of ovarian cancer and other gynecological carcinomas. For example, see the method disclosed in Xu, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,555, and 5,994,141. In this method, the plasma sample is first prepared from the blood of the patient. The sample may then be enriched by extracting lipids from the plasma sample with organic solvents in order to separate the LPA from other lipid components of blood. An LPA level of 0.1 xcexcM or greater is then assayed in the sample in order to diagnose the patient as having an ovarian carcinoma. Although LPA concentration is conventionally determined by gas chromatography, LPA may also be measured by enzymatically converting LPA to glycerol-3-phosphate, and then determining the level of glycerol-3-phosphate produced from LPA by an enzymatic cycling assay, see WO 00/23612. Although levels of LPA and other lysophospholipids in the blood have been shown in the blood of patients with carcinomas, see WO 98/43093, no similar instance has been shown for the endogenous levels of glycero compounds such as glycerol-3-phosphate.
The present invention provides a new, simple method for detecting the presence of carcinomas in a patient. The method comprises detecting the presence of an endogenous glycero compound such as glycerol-3-phospate (G3P) or a glycero compound derivative thereof (GPX) in a plasma, serum, or urine sample of the patient at levels which correlate with the presence of a carcinoma.
An embodiment of the method comprises: collecting a serum, plasma, or urine specimen from the patient, assaying for the presence of G3P, GPX, or a combination of glycero compounds in the specimen, and correlating the presence of the glycero compound at levels indicative of a carcinoma with the presence of the carcinoma in the patient. Glycero compounds suitable for assaying in the present invention include glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), glycerophosphoinositol (GPI), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoserine (GPS), glycerophosphoglycerol (GPG), and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE). In preferred embodiments of the invention, the xe2x80x9cglycero compoundxe2x80x9d assayed is a combination of these glycero compounds. A preferred embodiment of the method assays for the presence of the glycero compounds by an enzymatic cycling reaction utilizing glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycero-3-phosphate oxidase. If non-G3P glycero compounds are assayed in the invention, it is preferred that the enzymatic cycling reaction step be proceeded by an enzymatic step which cleaves non-G3P glycero compounds in the specimen to produce G3P.
The method of the present invention can be used to detect a broad range of carcinomas at an early stage, including breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, uterine carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, peritoneal carcinoma, and fallopian tube carcinoma. Because the method is sufficiently sensitive to detect ovarian carcinoma in patients with early stage ovarian carcinoma and marginally invasive, the method is especially useful for screening patients for ovarian carcinomas. For the same reasons, the method is especially useful for screening patients for breast carcinomas, as current screening techniques (such as mammograms) are relatively expensive and uncomfortable for the patient. |
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About Lisa Sexton
About Lisa Sexton
Lisa has been passionate about her education and helping people on their journey toward reclaiming their health for over 30 years; as a consultant, therapist, trainer, and coach. She believes in the body’s ability to heal, and never underestimates that. Nor does she put limits on anyone’s potential to succeed. Lisa enjoys partnering with you to reach your goal, whatever that looks like for your health. When it comes to getting better, her thinking is: “Why not you?”
Like many, her own personal journey with health issues and victory over them has been the catalyst and that lead to her passion for her career. Poor health, allergies, and digestive issues were considered normal for her as a child. Though she was active in sports and school she had to put a great deal of effort in behind the scenes to function. Gluten intolerance and food sensitivities were never brought up, nor were they thought of as being part of the cause. Her family tree is full of Crohn’s disease, IBS, chronic digestive issues, lung and heart issues, cancer on both sides, eye diseases, and blindness…Quite frankly she was dealt a genetic mess!
Poor life habits, and an absolute detachment to the cause and effect of her choices coupled with her genetics finally came to a head at age 20. Life as she knew it was forever changed. She was on 2 competitive fast pitch softball teams, power lifting, working full time, and going to New Mexico State University when a series of injuries and her first hospitalization for an acute digestive tract attack occurred. During the course of that year she lost about 30 pounds due to her bodies inability to keep up or process foods as it should, and she was hospitalized a second time. She was left with no clear answers and a hospital bill of over $30,000 that she was personally responsible for. To put that into perspective, that is the equivalent to over $80,000 today. She was broke and sick. She was no longer able to compete, work out, or function like a 20 year old should. She felt like she was trapped in an 85 year old body. Depression, chronic abdominal discomfort, chemical sensitivities, allergies, muscle weakness, pain, and extreme fatigue were her lot in life at age 20 she thought.
People have a moment in life that puts them at a crossroads, this was hers. On one side of the path was her family genetics with all her relatives that had chronic conditions as her guide. They were following the traditional medicine approach, taking medications and not really doing anything in an effort to change. On the other side was the “What if” path, as she saw it. This moment in time was her fork in the road. She could continue on and go down the same path as her family, OR, do the complete opposite and see what happens. As an “experiment” at first, she chose to do the opposite. This experiment proved to change the course of her health and life. Thus began the journey of trial and error and a relentless pursuit to put the pieces of her puzzle together. No matter the barrier, and there were many (financial, lack of knowledge, lack of information, lack of expertise, lack of support). She never let those things be her “excuse” for not getting healthy. She always found a way and took personal responsibility for her life. She pushed through and her tenacity paid off, she turned her health and her life around. It did not happen overnight. It was a long process, but the results were nothing less than amazing.
Lisa’s ability to draw on personal experience to help guide patients is invaluable. She has dedicated her adult life to helping people achieve their goals in health and life. Who better to coach you than one who has been there?
Relentless in her thirst for knowledge she is continually learning and adding to her skill set to help others. She has had the opportunity to work with thousands of clients and patients over the years guiding them with nutrition, life style choices, and mindset. Lisa welcomes the opportunity to help you on your journey and seeks to have success with everyone she works with. Her success starts with her knack of meeting you where you are at, speaking your language, and creating a road map that works for you as an individual. This is a partnership and she loves being part of your team! |
Amanda Dobbs withdraws from US Nationals
I am sad to announce that I have had to withdraw from the 2011 US National Championships in Greensboro, NC. I took a weird fall on a jump last week and hurt my ankle...and while it will heal up just fine...it will not do so in time for me to be ready to compete next week =(
I don't always understand why at the time, but I believe things happen for a reason! My training has been going very well and I'm looking forward to getting back onto the ice and working towards a great new year!
Thanks for all of the kind words and support I have already received from so many of you!
That's too bad, I first recall seeing her skate at one of the GPs this past season, and never having seen her before, let alone skate, I was honestly blown away (verified by my old postings somewhere). Seriously, she stood out amongst the rest not only in her Audrey Hepburn elegance & charm, but also her jumps were pretty darn good as well. Therefore, you can imagine my surprise when I found out later she's also a pairs skater! WOW! It seems like those that can do both are exceptional & rare (ala Kristi Yamaguchi).
On a good note, she's only 17 yrs. old, so she still has plenty of time (can't wait to see what she's like in pairs). (:^)
Well I'm sad to hear that news, but I think maybe it will be good for her to have some more time to work on the tougher jumps. I don't think she managed to land one flip clean in her competition. And I don't see any sign of a Lutz yet. She's really going to have to have those jumps if she wants to be competitively internationally. Great basics will only take you so far...
p.s. I'm hoping if she has to pick between pairs or singles, she picks pairs, please! She reminds me of Tiffany Stiegler (http://www.cs.kent.edu/~walker/photo...s/photo226.jpg) so much, it would be a joy to see her do something positive with American Pairs skating. That's where her talent lies imho. Either way I wish her luck.
p.s. I'm hoping if she has to pick between pairs or singles, she picks pairs, please! She reminds me of Tiffany Stiegler (http://www.cs.kent.edu/~walker/photo...s/photo226.jpg) so much, it would be a joy to see her do something positive with American Pairs skating. That's where her talent lies imho. Either way I wish her luck.
Didn't she and her pairs partner split? I think it was some time after they competed at a competition this summer. All I know is that I heard somewhere on FSU (I believe) that she no longer skated pairs anymore.
But can't she get a new one? I admit I looked her up last night to find out more about her, and was totally shocked to find out she finished 6th at last year's nationals in singles! (8^O I honest to God never even noticed her before this past season's GPs.
She's such a lovely young skater with beauty & charm to boot in the same vein as Tiffany Stiegler, and even though she didn't land the hardest triples at her most recent GP, the ones she did do had nice height & flow on them. Therefore, I think she would add soooo very much to the USA's pairs program. At least it's a start, and she has so much to give! |
For Sarai, the video became like a home movie forever on repeat. “My mom was always checking it,” Sarai said. “My dad was playing it when he was washing clothes.”
It all came together through a mix of accident and authenticity.
Sarai’s father, Juan Carlos Gonzalez, is from Costa Rica. Her mother, Diana Gonzalez, is from Peru. They came to the United States when they were about Sarai’s age. Devout Catholics, they met in church. Mrs. Gonzalez is a computer analyst at a Newark hospital and Mr. Gonzalez left his job as a construction engineer to be a stay-at-home father. Sarai is the oldest of their three daughters, and as a child, “she would sing everywhere. ‘Mother Goose,’ ” Mrs. Gonzalez said. “The microphone, that was her best friend.” And she was always self-assured. In her mostly pink bedroom, a hand-painted sign says, “I am awesome!”
Last year, recognizing her charisma, Sarai’s parents enrolled her in a program run by Actors, Models and Talent for Christ, or A.M.T.C., a Christian talent and modeling ministry. She traveled to Orlando, Fla., and was picked up by an agent in New York. But it was her father who saw the casting call for the video on an actors database.
The director, Torben Kjelstrup, also entered the picture almost by chance. Mr. Kjelstrup, who lives in Copenhagen, won a contest to make the video for “Soy Yo,” which is off Bomba Estéreo’s 2015 Grammy-nominated album, “Amanecer.”
He didn’t intend to make a political statement. He was inspired by the message of the song — “about being yourself,” he said — and by a photo of his girlfriend from high school. “She had braces, red hair, this incredibly ugly track suit,” he said. “She just had something.” |
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