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Q:
How can one experimentally measure the velocity of water flowing through a pipe?
I am planning to investigate the effect of bend curvature of a pipe on velocity of water. For this, I will need to find the velocity of water through various pipe bends. Would placing an object in the water such that the objects velocity can be measured and equated to the waters velocity do the trick?
A:
I assume you want to see the velocity profile and not just the average velocity?
If so a common method (used for all the photos in Tritton) is to introduce a small particle/dye into the fluid. If you have see-through pipes you can quite easily caluclate the velcity of the particle/dye. You can then change the radius at whoch it gets introduced to see the velocity profile.
In order to stop turbulance I would recommend a slow or viscous fluid (low reynolds number), do you know about dynamical similarity?
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The mediating effect of severity of client aggression on burnout between hospital inpatient and community residential staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities.
To compare exposure to client aggressive behaviour, perceived self-efficacy in managing this behaviour and burnout between community residential group home and specialised hospital inpatient staff who provide care for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). To assess the mediating role of aggression exposure on burnout in these two staff groups. Aggressive behaviour is a common indication for admission to hospital so these staff typically experience more frequent and severe forms compared to staff working in the community. There have been mixed results in few studies examining burnout and perceived self-efficacy between these two groups. This study used a demographically matched sample of cross-sectional survey data from community residential group home and hospital staff who care for adults with ID in Ontario, Canada. Exposure to aggression, perceived self-efficacy and burnout were compared for 42 matched pairs using descriptive statistics. A mediation analysis was used to examine the role of aggression severity in the relationship between care setting and burnout. Hospital staff were exposed to more severe client aggression and scored higher in emotional exhaustion (EE). There were no differences in perceived self-efficacy. Severity of aggression was a partial mediator of the higher EE among hospital staff. Exposure to more severe forms of client aggression among hospital staff contributes, at least in part, to them feeling more emotionally exhausted. This study contributes to further understanding exposure to aggression in these different settings and the impact it can have on emotional outcomes. There may be a role for policy and resource development aimed at reducing aggression and preventing or managing the associated emotional consequences. This is particularly true in hospitals, where aggression is most severe.
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856 F.2d 192
Unpublished DispositionNOTICE: Sixth Circuit Rule 24(c) states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Sixth Circuit.Donald BENNAFIELD, Plaintiff-Appellant, Cross-Appellee,v.CITY OF CANTON POLICE DEPARTMENT; Chief of Police ThomasWyatt, in his Official Capacity,Defendants-Appellees, Cross-Appellants.
Nos. 87-3919, 87-3959.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Sept. 1, 1988.
Before KENNEDY and WELLFORD, Circuit Judges, and CELEBREZZE, Senior Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM.
1
Plaintiff-appellant/cross-appellee, Mr. Donald Bennafield, appeals from the District Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants, the City of Canton, Ohio and the Canton Police Department, et. al. in his section 1983 claim arising out of defendants' release of a victim incident report accusing plaintiff of rape to the Cable News Network (CNN) which CNN subsequently aired on national cable television. Plaintiff argues that the impact of this release and broadcast upon his right to employment and penumbral First Amendment right of association were property and liberty interests sufficient to satisfy the "stigma-plus" test of Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976), and thus rose to the level of a constitutional violation cognizable under section 1983. Defendants, in their cross-appeal, argue inter alia that the District Court erred in its finding that the victim incident report was a non-public document under Ohio law. Defendants argue that under an Ohio statute they were required to disclose the incident report and thus their actions in making this public document available could not have violated plaintiff's constitutional rights. For the reasons stated below we affirm the judgment of the District Court because the plaintiff has not stated a cognizable claim under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.
2
Plaintiff was president and founder of Cobra Connection of America, Inc., an organization whose alleged goal was to locate missing children. In the summer of 1985 CNN was doing an expose of organizations throughout the country that purported to locate missing children. CNN's reporters, after receiving a tip, investigated Cobra Connection. In the course of their investigation CNN reporters travelled to Canton, Ohio and requested from the defendant, Canton Police Department, copies of all "incident reports" which listed plaintiff as a suspect.1 A clerk at the police department, pursuant to a city policy of releasing public records, provided the CNN reporters with an incident report filed by Ms. Cynthia M. Curry accusing plaintiff of the crime of rape. After receiving the report and interviewing plaintiff, CNN broadcasted a program three separate times on August 15, 1985 in which the Curry incident report was displayed and it was mentioned that plaintiff had been accused of, but not charged with, rape.
3
Plaintiff brought a 1983 action against defendants and CNN (CNN was later dismissed) alleging that defendants' actions in disclosing the Curry incident report to CNN caused plaintiff to be stigmatized and resulted in a chilling of his First Amendment right of association thus stating a claim under section 1983. In its sua sponte grant of summary judgment for defendants, the District Court initially determined that the Curry incident report released to CNN was not a public record as that term is defined under Ohio law. Joint Appendix (JA) at 161-63. The City cross-appeals this finding. The District Court further found that plaintiff did not meet the "stigma-plus" test of Paul. JA at 165-68.
4
Defendants argue as a preliminary matter that the District Court should have abstained from deciding the threshold state law issue in this case--whether the police incident report was a public record or confidential law enforcement investigatory record under the pertinent Ohio statutory provision. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. Sec. 149.43 (Page 1984). The District Court held as a matter of law that the victim incident report was not a "public record," relying upon a state mandamus case currently pending before the Ohio Supreme Court. See Ohio ex. rel. Outlet Communications, Inc. v. Lancaster Police Dep't, No. 23-CA-86 (Ohio Ct.App. August 10, 1987) (appeal pending before Ohio Supreme Court).2 Defendants argue, citing Railroad Commissioner v. Pullman Co, 312 U.S. 496 (1941) and Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315 (1943), that the District Court should have abstained in this instance either because the District Court could thereby have avoided rendering an unnecessary constitutional decision or because this case involves a complex question of state law. We disagree.
5
Commentators have identified at least four "types" of abstention doctrines: (1) Pullman -type abstention, used to avoid decision of federal constitutional questions when the case hinges upon unresolved questions of state law; (2) Buford -type abstention, used to avoid needless federal entanglement in a state's administration of its own affairs; (3) abstention used to allow the states to resolve unsettled questions of state law; and (4) Colorado-River -type abstention, used to avoid duplicative litigation in complex cases. See 17A C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 4241 at 28-29 (1988). Notwithstanding the burgeoning caselaw concerning abstention, federal courts have long recognized that "[t]he abstention doctrine is not an automatic rule applied whenever a federal court is faced with a doubtful issue of state law; it rather involves a discretionary exercise of a court's equity powers." Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360, 375 (1964). We refuse to turn a narrowly tailored exception to this court's jurisdiction into a broadly applicable rule which the parties may invoke willy-nilly in every federal suit that involves one or more questions of state law. We feel that the mere difficulty of ascertaining or anticipating how state courts may rule on an issue is in and of itself an insufficient basis for a federal court to decline jurisdiction. See In re Mohammed, 327 F.2d 616, 617 (6th Cir.1964). See also Ann Arbor Trust Co. v. North Am. Co. for Life & Health Ins., 527 F.2d 526, 527-28 (6th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 993 (1976). Furthermore, we note that regardless of the result reached by the Ohio Supreme Court in the state litigation now pending we would still reach the same conclusion as to the federal constitutional issue presented here.
6
To establish a cause of action under section 1983 plaintiff must show that action taken under color of state law denied him either a constitutionally recognized liberty or property interest. See, e.g., Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91 (1978).3 The District Court held on the basis of Paul that plaintiff's alleged injury amounted to nothing more than the injury associated with every defamation claim. JA at 168. Although the Supreme Court has not clearly delineated the extent of protected liberty interests, the Court did outline in Paul a situation where a liberty interest will not arise. In Paul, the Supreme Court held that reputation alone without some "more tangible interests" is not by itself a sufficient liberty or property interest under the Fourteenth Amendment to support a claim under section 1983. The plaintiff must demonstrate the deprivation of an interest "initially recognized and protected by state law." Paul, 424 U.S. at 710. The Court's apparent concern in Paul was that every defamation case against state entities would become a cognizable claim under section 1983 simply because the state action had "stigmatized" the plaintiff. The Court addressed this concern by requiring plaintiffs to prove under section 1983 not only that the state's actions stigmatized the plaintiff but also that this injury was coupled with the alteration of a recognized interest or status created by the state. Id. at 710-11.
7
This Circuit has adopted a "strict" view of Paul, requiring the deprivation of a tangible state created right or interest before plaintiff's liberty rights have been infringed. See Naegele Outdoor Advertising Co. v. Moulton, 773 F.2d 692, 701 (6th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1121 (1986). The Naegele Court recognized this "plus" factor in Paul when it characterized the cognizable losses in a number of Supreme Court opinions as not simply defamation alone but the additional loss of government employment in Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886 (1961) and the right to purchase or obtain liquor in Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433 (1971). Naegele, 773 F.2d at 701-02.
8
In the case at bar plaintiff argues that his inability to obtain employment and the impingement upon his right of association under the First Amendment satisfy the Paul test. We disagree. Plaintiff has not suffered the extinction or alteration of any right or status previously recognized by state law. Plaintiff has suffered no loss of employment as a result of the release of the incident report. As the District Court noted, at the time of the CNN report plaintiff was unemployed and had been for two years--"[w]hile [plaintiff] may have been deprived of future employment, there is no recognized right to future employment under Ohio law." JA at 167 (emphasis in original).
9
Plaintiff also argues that his penumbral First Amendment right of association was infringed by the defendants' actions. Plaintiff demonstrated that two volunteers who formerly worked for plaintiff's Cobra organization discontinued their association with plaintiff because of the rape allegations made public by defendants. We agree with the District Court that recognition of plaintiff's First Amendment claim here "would literally turn on its head the holding in Paul v. Davis, supra, for it would create a federal cause of action for every state action defamation claim." JA at 168.
10
For the foregoing reasons we AFFIRM the District Court's judgment based upon federal constitutional grounds.
1
In their brief defendants describe an incident report as a "routine factual chronolog[y] of events." They assert that the desk officer on duty at the time of the report merely records the alleged victim's statements and, as such, these reports are not the product of any investigatory police function. Defendant's Brief at 13
2
Although we address defendants' abstention argument we express no opinion on the proper construction of the state statute itself. Even assuming the incident report to be a non-public document, plaintiff's section 1983 claim fails under Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976). Because defendants' "cross-appeal" essentially presents an alternative ground to support the decision below, in light of our affirmance we find it unnecessary to review the District Court's interpretation of the Ohio statute. Cf. United States v. American Ry. Express Co., 265 U.S. 425, 435-36 (1924)
3
Neither party disputes that the actions taken here were pursuant to city policy. See Plaintiff's Brief at 4
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New Cross double murder
The New Cross double murder occurred on 29 June 2008, when two French research students, Laurent Bonomo and Gabriel Ferez, were murdered in Sterling Gardens, New Cross, London Borough of Lewisham in South East London, United Kingdom.
The murders
The victims were bound, gagged, and tortured over several hours, and finally died after being stabbed 196 and 47 times, respectively. The bodies were discovered by firefighters in an apartment, rented by Laurent Bonomo, at Sterling Gardens, New Cross on 29 June 2008. Greenwich mortuary post mortem showed both died from wounds to the head, neck and chest before the fire took hold. A petrol-like accelerant was poured upon their bodies.
Victims
Both victims were biochemistry students and in their third year of a master's degree at Polytech Clermont-Ferrand university in France, on a three-month DNA research project exchange programme at Imperial College London. Bonomo was from Velaux, Bouches-du-Rhône, southern France; Ferez from Prouzel, Picardy, northern France.
Investigation
It was established that the victims' bank cards and two Sony PSP handheld game consoles were missing, and it was believed they were taken during the incident. Prior to the events, on 23 June 2008, the same flat in Sterling Gardens, which Bonomo was renting, was burgled and a laptop was stolen.
The Metropolitan Police announced on 5 July 2008, the arrest of a 21-year-old man, who was released on the afternoon of 6 July without further action.
E-fit
On 6 July 2008, police issued an image of the murders' main suspect, based on the descriptions of witnesses who had seen him running away from Sterling Gardens just after 22:00 BST. He was described as "white, 30 to 40 years of age, of slight or slim build and wearing light coloured baseball cap, a dark top with the word "Junfan" on, blue jeans and white trainers".
Ferez's parents Françoise and Olivier, of Prouzel, appealed: "Please help us to reveal the truth. Help us to know, to understand and to come to terms with our loss." They also stated: "Rest assured that we will not leave you in peace; and you will not be able to live in hiding forever." DCI Mick Duthie stated: "I also want to reiterate an appeal for anyone who saw or heard anything suspicious throughout that day, last Sunday, June 29. Just to repeat what we know: Laurent spoke to his fiancee around 01:00 BST on the Sunday morning. After that, no-one heard from Laurent or Gabriel or saw them. It is important to stress that the attack could have taken place at any time during Sunday."
Second arrest and charge
Police held in custody 33-year-old Nigel Edward Farmer who handed himself in to police at Lewisham police station. He was later taken to hospital for treatment of injuries.
The thin 33-year-old man whose face and hands were badly burned had walked into Lewisham police station, apparently to confess as the killer. But he was told to wait in line at the reception by a civilian worker for 5 minutes. He said: "I've got third degree f***ing burns and they are not doing anything about it." He was released from hospital and interviewed in custody by the police. Meanwhile, 600 students, on 7 July demonstrated against their murders in Clermont-Ferrand, France. The group led by Mayor Serge Godart, included teachers, local residents and children that carried a huge banner "Pour Lolo et Gab" ("For Lolo and Gab"), "From all the corners of the world, the second-year biological students think of you and those close to you."
Inquest
A Greenwich Magistrates' Court's judge, on the afternoon of 8 July, granted London's Metropolitan Police's request for extension of investigation, by issuing a 36 hours "warrant of further detention." Accordingly, Southwark Coroner's Court's Doreen Lawrence adjourned the coroner's inquest for 28 days pending police inquiries.
Court appearance and other arrests
On 10 July, Nigel Edward Farmer, 33, unemployed and without fixed address, was charged with double murder, arson and attempting to pervert the course of justice when he appeared before Greenwich Magistrates' Court. Bench chairman Phil Rogers ordered his remand in custody until 16 October for his appearance at the Old Bailey. Wearing a white sweatshirt, a tracksuit top with rolled up sleeves and white tracksuit bottoms, and his head shaved, he stood in the dock with 2 security guards. No application for bail was filed.
On 11 July 2008, it was reported by ITN that another man had been arrested in connection with the murders. Armed police arrested 6 feet 3 inches Daniel "Dano" Sonnex, 23, in Peckham, south-east London, after Scotland Yard issued an alert to trace him. Described as "extremely dangerous" he was detained and investigated after his brother, Bernard, 35 and a woman, 25, handed themselves to the police. Sonnex had been previously detained regarding serious, violent incidents. His parents, Kathleen and Bernard, both 55, live in a terraced house in New Cross. Armed officers raided the brothers' council house in Deptford, South East London.
Sonnex, 23, from Peckham, on 12 July 2008, was charged with murder and perverting the course of justice. He appeared at Wimbledon Magistrates' Court on 14 July. Sonnex's brother, Bernard, 35, and a woman, aged 25, had been released on bail, to return on July and August, respectively, pending further investigation. Police were also granted more time to question a man of 23 on the murders. Dano Sonnex appeared before Wimbledon magistrates and was back in custody until October 20 to appear at the Old Bailey.
The trial of Daniel Sonnex and Nigel Farmer began on 24 April 2009 at the Old Bailey.
The jury began to consider their verdict on 29 May 2009. Moving impact statements were given by the prosecutor.
On 4 June 2009, Sonnex and Farmer were found guilty of murder, Sonnex was sentenced to serve a minimum of 40 years in prison, and Farmer was ordered to stay behind bars for at least 35 years. Sonnex should have been in prison at the time of the murders but had been set free due to an administrative error. David Scott, the chief officer of London Probation, resigned in March 2009 after an investigation began into why Sonnex had not been recalled to prison. While the UK Justice Secretary Jack Straw has apologised to the families over the blunders which left Sonnex free to commit the crime, the families announced their intentions to commence legal proceedings against the authorities.
References
Category:2008 murders in the United Kingdom
Category:2008 in London
Category:Deaths by stabbing in England
Category:Murder in London
Category:New Cross
Category:History of the London Borough of Lewisham
Category:June 2008 crimes
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Diagnosis of recessive X-linked ichthyosis: quantitative HPLC/mass spectrometric analysis of plasma for cholesterol sulfate.
A specific, accurate liquid-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric (HPLC/MS) method for measurement of cholesterol sulfate in plasma from normal individuals and patients with recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI) is described. The method is superior to previously described techniques because it measures the analyte intact rather than after hydrolysis. Traces of free cholesterol in the sample analyzed do not add to the measured result. We used either [13C2]cholesterol sulfate or [2H6]cholesterol sulfate as internal standards, which we add to plasma before extraction. Use of such standards makes quantitative extraction unimportant. We use a single solid-phase extraction (SPE) C18 cartridge for plasma extraction. After the cartridge is washed with methanol/ammonium acetate solutions, the fraction containing the steroid sulfates is eluted with methanol, evaporated, and subjected to HPLC/MS analysis, wherein the molecular anions of analyte and internal standards are monitored. The peak ratio gives the cholesterol sulfate concentration directly. Using this method, we have diagnosed 24 patients with RXLI. Their concentration of cholesterol sulfate ranged between 41.7 and 185.3 mumol/L (mean 93.85, SD 31.2 mumol/L). In normal individuals (n = 9) the mean cholesterol sulfate concentration was 2.77 mumol/L (SD 0.62, range 2.05-3.95 mumol/L). The instrumentation required is complex, but the assay is simple: sample preparation takes about 30 min; mass spectrometry, 10 min. About 0.1 mL of plasma is required for cholesterol sulfate measurement in RXLI patients and 0.5-1 mL in normal individuals.
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Bondsville, Massachusetts
Bondsville is a village and former census-designated place (CDP) located primarily in the town of Palmer in Hampden County in the western part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The CDP boundaries extend slightly into the adjacent town of Belchertown in Hampshire County. The population of the CDP was 1,876 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Bondsville is located at (42.2089, -72.3439).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.6 km² (3.7 mi²), of which 9.5 km² (3.7 mi²) is land and 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) (1.35%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,876 people, 734 households, and 515 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 197.9/km² (512.1/mi²). There were 787 housing units at an average density of 83.0/km² (214.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.03% White, 0.21% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.48% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.
There were 734 households out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,875, and the median income for a family was $54,125. Males had a median income of $40,490 versus $29,856 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,097. About 3.2% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
Category:Populated places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Category:Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Category:Palmer, Massachusetts
The Village- novel by Joshua Gibbs
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You didn't see any large celebration after Sadam's government was toppled. It's also a fact, the video of Sadam's statue being pulled
down kicked and spat on was staged for the media.
Actually, there were celebrations in the early days. I not only recall it from live TV, covering the events...but I've heard it first hand from men
who were there and watching it personally. It didn't last, as it never does. The West does manage to wear out it's welcome and that happened in flat
record time in Iraq. However, to deny the celebrations happened is simply dishonest or unaware of the events as seen at the time. \
I'm curious for more information on how the statue was staged? I recall the investigation run on that because Bush and others were horrified at the
symbolism of the US flag in the face of such P.C. priorities that it seemed to matter more than securing the Baghdad Museums or other locations of
true treasure being looted at that very moment.
And remember the videos of the first elections where people with the purple ink on their thumb were openly weeping because of their ability to finally
vote.
Of course the euphoria has worn off and reality has sunk in but there's no doubt that many of their population were glad to see Saddam go. Of course
you cannot erase all of the hurt brought on by the unnecessary lives lost, especially the children.
Their claims should have at least been considered since even the CIA and MI6 believed these claims to be true and even went out of their way to point
this out.
It also shows how claims by Iraqis were treated seriously by elements in MI6 and the CIA even after they were exposed as fabricated including
claims, notably about alleged mobile biological warfare containers, made by Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, a German source codenamed Curveball. He
admitted to the Guardian in 2011 that all the information he gave to the west was fabricated.
Panorama says it asked for an interview with Blair but he said he was "too busy".
I have a question for you...why should they have believed Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, AKA curveball, especially since he has even admitted that his
testimony was a hoax and the "intelligence" he provided was a lie.
Where do you think Saddam got the chemical weapons. Don't you think our intel knew exactly what he was going to use them for? We were supporting
Saddam at this time and could have stopped the Kurd massacre but chose not to.
I think it's you that doesn't know how international alliances and politics works but chose the official story over the truth. Epic
fail!!!
The WMD fiasco started with the Clinton administration and Democrats were pushing it before Bush took office. Sure, Democrats got amnesia after the
fact but it was THEIR agenda. Had a Democrat won POTUS there would have been an invasion of Iraq regardless.
Democrat Quotes on Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction
"One way or the other, we are determined to deny Iraq the capacity to develop weapons of mass destruction and the missiles to deliver them. That is
our bottom line."
--President Bill Clinton, Feb. 4, 1998
"If Saddam rejects peace and we have to use force, our purpose is clear. We want to seriously diminish the threat posed by Iraq's weapons of mass
destruction program."
--President Bill Clinton, Feb. 17, 1998
"Iraq is a long way from [here], but what happens there matters a great deal here. For the risks that the leaders of a rogue state will use nuclear,
chemical or biological weapons against us or our allies is the greatest security threat we face."
--Madeline Albright, Feb 18, 1998
"He will use those weapons of mass destruction again, as he has ten times since 1983."
--Sandy Berger, Clinton National Security Adviser, Feb, 18, 1998
"[W]e urge you, after consulting with Congress, and consistent with the U.S. Constitution and laws, to take necessary actions (including, if
appropriate, air and missile strikes on suspect Iraqi sites) to respond effectively to the threat posed by Iraq's refusal to end its weapons of mass
destruction programs."
Letter to President Clinton, signed by:
-- Democratic Senators Carl Levin, Tom Daschle, John Kerry, and others, Oct. 9, 1998
"Saddam Hussein has been engaged in the development of weapons of mass destruction technology which is a threat to countries in the region and he has
made a mockery of the weapons inspection process."
-Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D, CA), Dec. 16, 1998
"Hussein has ... chosen to spend his money on building weapons of mass destruction and palaces for his cronies."
-- Madeline Albright, Clinton Secretary of State, Nov. 10, 1999
"There is no doubt that ... Saddam Hussein has reinvigorated his weapons programs. Reports indicate that biological, chemical and nuclear programs
continue apace and may be back to pre-Gulf War status. In addition, Saddam continues to redefine delivery systems and is doubtless using the cover of
a licit missile program to develop longer-range missiles that will threaten the United States and our allies."
Letter to President Bush, Signed by:
-- Sen. Bob Graham (D, FL), and others, Dec 5, 2001
"We begin with the common belief that Saddam Hussein is a tyrant and a threat to the peace and stability of the region. He has ignored the mandate of
the United Nations and is building weapons of mass destruction and th! e means of delivering them."
-- Sen. Carl Levin (D, MI), Sept. 19, 2002
"We know that he has stored secret supplies of biological and chemical weapons throughout his country."
-- Al Gore, Sept. 23, 2002
"Iraq's search for weapons of mass destruction has proven impossible to deter and we should assume that it will continue for as long as Saddam is in
power."
-- Al Gore, Sept. 23, 2002
I remember Halliburton seemingly getting a Military escort into Iraq!!
Here's a question, do you recall the catalyst that lead to the "West" going to war against Iraq?
Oh, that's right - Colin Powell at the UN showing us (The world) unequivocal evidence that Saddam had WMD's stashed in mobile vehicles and was about
to unleash........evidence provided by the intelligence community - apparently!!!
If you believe these "secret channels" linked directly to Saddam then you should also believe Saddam's second in command of the Air Force who revealed
in 2006 that these WMD's were sent to Syria.
In 2006, former Iraqi general Georges Sada, second in command of the Iraqi Air Force who served under Saddam Hussein before he defected, wrote a
comprehensive book, “Saddam’s Secrets.”
It details how the Iraqi Revolutionary Guard moved weapons of mass destruction into Syria in advance of the U.S.-led action to eliminate Hussein’s
WMD threat.
As Sada told the New York Sun, two Iraqi Airways Boeings were converted to cargo planes by removing the seats, and special Republican Guard units
loaded the planes with chemical weapons materials.
There were 56 flights disguised as a relief effort after a 2002 Syrian dam collapse.
There were also truck convoys into Syria. Sada’s comments came more than a month after Israel’s top general during Operation Iraqi Freedom, Moshe
Yaalon, told the Sun that Saddam “transferred the chemical agents from Iraq to Syria.”
I guess it just depends on which Iraqi "Insider" you want to believe. I guess we need to get our hands on Assad's weapons to establish their true
origin. I'll bet that someone will eventually find a Saddam ownership stamp somewhere on those WMD's.
So I guess, if the general's statement is correct than the OP assertion is also correct. There were no active WMD prior to the invasion because they
were moved out of the country prior to putting US boots on the ground...
rom among the most outspoken of critics of the 2003 U.S.-led invasion to topple Saddam Hussein, China has emerged as one of the biggest
economic beneficiaries of the war, snagging five lucrative deals. While Western firms were largely subdued in their interest in Iraq's recent oil
auctions, China snapped up three contracts, shrugging off the security risks and the country's political instability for the promise of oil.
I certainly remember Powell's "presentation" at the UN which tricked the world into giving into the Iraq lie, I am not trying to defend him as he was
definitely complicit in this fiasco but I do recall him showing remorse in an interview after the fact. Whether or not his remorse was genuine or not
I will never know but he sure did pull a sneaky one on the world that day at the UN...his "presentation" was the final nail in the coffin to get the
go ahead for the invasion of Iraq.
In my opinion, remorseful or not, there is no excuse for lying to the world with unproven claims especially when these claims lead to the death of
thousands if not hundreds of thousands of people. And let's not forget how much these wars cost the citizens of the nations who participated. It made
us broke, but made the elite more wealthy at the same time which pisses me off even more.
Please point out where the words "evil Amerika" were used...looks like we might be waiting a while.
As for the off topic content you contributed...
"BLAME CHINA!"
That was rich man, really, no joke
Wasn't China against the war?
That being said, I have no doubt China, among many other nations would try to take advantage of the lucrative oil trade in Iraq once NATO rolled in
and turned the place into a giant waste land covered in depleted uranium.
Are you going to blame China for that too?
ETA:
Honest question...who do you think made more money off the rebuilding and plundering of Iraq?
A little more regarding how the Iraqis moved their WMD as indicated by an Iraqi Air Force General.
BAGHDAD, June 9 (AFP) - Iraq said Sunday it has sent 20 planeloads of humanitarian assistance to Syria to help victims of Tuesday's Zeyzoun dam
collapse in the north of the neighbouring country.
"Iraqi Airways planes have made 20 flights to Damascus until today to take foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products to the victims," Transport
Minister Ahmad Murtada Ahmad told the official INA news agency.
Planes continued to take off from Baghdad's international airport on Sunday in the airlift put in place on Thursday at the request of President
Saddam Hussein, Ahmad said.
Iraq's Health Minister Omid Medhat Mubarak added that the sanctions-hit country would also send teams of specialised doctors, surgeons and chemists
to Syria.
Iraq and Syria, governed by rival wings of the Baath party, froze diplomatic relations in 1980 over Syrian support for Iran in the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq
war, but have been forging closer ties since 1997.
Please point out where the words "evil Amerika" were used...looks like we might be waiting a while
Any criticism of the United States is intolerable to Neo96 and many others who view themselves and their country as one and the same and view any
criticism as a personal attack on themselves.
We're not discussing China and although they may have profited from it, they didn't take part in the invasion. You're telling me the United States
hasn't profited or has never profited from a war before or that they'd just sit on the sidelines if it was China launching an invasion?
There were attempts in another thread to claim that the discovery of a couple of rusty old mustard shells in Iraq somehow justified the entire
wrecking of a country and the deaths of thousands of people. It goes to show the desperate lengths that people will go to in an attempt to justify the
invasion.
This content community relies on user-generated content from our member contributors. The opinions of our members are not those of site ownership who maintains strict editorial agnosticism and simply provides a collaborative venue for free expression.
|
---
title: Data Processing
slug: only-in-english
excerpt: Disponibile solo in inglese
section: Concepts
---
## Disponibile solo in inglese
Al momento le guide relative al servizio Data Processing non sono disponibili nella tua lingua, ma è possibile consultarle [in inglese](https://docs.ovh.com/gb/en/data-processing).
Per consultare la documentazione relativa a Data Processing clicca [qui](https://docs.ovh.com/gb/en/data-processing).
|
May 6, 2018
Saudi Arabia has detained thousands of people for up to a decade without trial, Human Rights Watch said Sunday, slamming the country's powerful crown prince for the "arbitrary detentions".
Official data from the interior ministry, analysed by HRW, showed that authorities had detained 2,305 people for more than six months -- some for over a decade -- without referring them to court.
The ultraconservative kingdom, an absolute monarchy, has introduced a string of reform in past months, spearheaded by the country's unchallenged Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, dubbed "MBS", who was appointed heir to the throne in Ju
ne 2017.
Yet arbitrary detention appears to have "increased dramatically in recent years", according to HRW. The group urged authorities to "stop holding people arbitrarily".
|
Rome - Roma legend Francesco Totti has dropped out of the coaching course he was due to start, the Italian Coaches Association (AIAC) confirmed on Tuesday.
Totti retired after 24 years with Roma at the end of last season, moving into a director's role with the club and signing up for a UEFA B License coaching course.
However, the AIAC said that the 41-year-old has had a change of heart and decided to put his plans on hold.
"Francesco Totti has shown he is a great champion off the pitch as well as on it," an AIAC statement read.
"Unable to commit to attending the course regularly and out of respect to his colleagues and course organisers, he has withdrawn from the chance to become a boss.
"We hope that this is just temporary. Despite being disappointed with Totti's decision, we hope to see him again in the future."
Totti's place on the course will be taken by another member of Italy's 2006 World Cup winning squad -- Simone Perrotta.
The former Roma captain wants to dedicate himself to the club and his family.
"Our life has not changed apart from before he was in shorts, now in a jacket and tie," his former showgirl wife Ilary told Corriere della Sera.
|
Harper staying involved at Alvernia College
Photos
Jennifer Harper
VERNON — Before graduting Vernon Township High School and captain of the Lady Vikings girls lacross team, Jenna Harper advised her younger to get involved and participation will only make their high school experience better.
Now, she is following her words as a sophomore defender for the Alvernia University Lady Crusaders lacrosse team.
Staying involved has never been a problem for Harper. At Vernon Township High School, she served her alma mater and classmates as class president and Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA) treasurer. Now, the three-sport — lacrosse, volleyball, and soccer — high school stand-out, the occupational therapy major serves on Alvernia’s Student Activities Board.
“Jenna’s best qualities are that she is a very caring person and she knows how to manage her time,” said Colleen Swezy, assistant to the Vernon High School athletic director. “She could play sports, she could be involved in extra-curricular activities, and she could still do well in school. Even now when she visits from college, she always works at the snack bar during games to support the athletic department.”
Sussex County is still home to Harper's family. While her brother, Matt Harper is a senior and a varsity cross-country runner at Vernon Township High School, her older sister, Marissa Harper, is a senior athletic trainer for Quinnipiac University’s varsity men’s hockey team.
A lacrosse player starting in middle school, Harper was a part of the formula that made the Vernon Lady Vikings lacrosse team a New Jersey “Top 20” program by her junior year.
She credits her coach, Steve Carlson, for some of her personal and athletic success both at the high school and college levels,
“He was a tough coach, but a player will only be as good as she can be if a coach pushes," Harper said. "He and I had a similar philosophy: if you work hard, good things will happen.”
|
It’s one BIG mesh of state: Identity => Blockchain =>Browser =>DApp
In other words, when an identity (dapp user) authenticates (sends private data) to a decentralized application, that information is temporarily stored in the Browser. It’s only temporary. A page refresh clears the authentication information only stored in the Browsers DOM.
To persist an authenticated decentralized session you might use LocalStorage or a storage library like RxJS (with 🤗 streams)to manage data.
By persisting state within the Browser’s LocalStorage and/or using ServiceWorkers to fetch data the decentralized authentication verification information can still be accessed even after a page refresh.
For example if you have a website, which is NOT a single page application you probably fetch pages from a backend server one at a time (or maybe with async magic) and need to maintain the ability to pass DOM state from one HTML Document to the next.
LocalStorage is your friend.
Smart Contracts — Just An Option
W don’t use Truffle’s ability to easily compile and deploy smart contracts, but the folder structure is in place. In other words, if you want to experiment with uPort and also smart contract deployment, you totally can!
However, for this project we won’t have to worry about the contracts and migrations folder, because it’s not in the scope of the current project.
We don’t recommend deleting the files (for future reference) but if you feel the need to keep folder structure as minimal as possible, we understand completely.
/src/contracts <= Solidity ready to be compiled
/src/migrations <= Smart Contract deployment settings
The truffle.js and truffle-config.js files control the build and deployment process of Ethereum Smart Contracts. However, since we’re not reviewing smart contract development in this tutorial, these files can be left unaltered (or deleted for the sake of being meticulous).
The Webpack Configuration
Finally, the config folder contains the Webpack configuration files. The config folder contains both the development and production Webpack configuration files.
If you ever want extend the boilerplate (or update to Webpack 4 for extra fast compiling times) starting by reviewing the existing Webpack configuration files.
/src/config/webpack.config.dev.js <= Webpack Development Server
/src/config/webpack.config.prod.js <= Webpack Build Process
The Package.json Settings
The standard package.json file contains both the production/development dependencies, plus the script commands (in case you forget ‘npm run start’).
It’s Time To Celebrate!
You just launched a decentralized application — Congratulations!
give yourself a high five — you deserve it!
It wasn’t easy (ok…it kind’of was, but that’s the point) but we learned a lot!
We learned how to utilize Truffle Boxes, register a new ÐApp with uPort’s AppManager and also consume verified attestations directly from a smartphone — without every having to query a “centralized” database.
Together we’ve successfully transferred “state” across a variety of technology stacks, pieces of hardware and global networks…
Tight!
The best part was the ability to include decentralized technology solutions using the public Ethereum Blockchain and emerging solutions like the interplanetary file system (IPFS).
|
Q:
Get contents of json file not working
I want to get a json object from a json file using angular 2 http.get. What I end up getting from the file is this:
t_isScalar: falseoperator: tsource: t__proto__: Object
Here is my code
@Injectable()
export class ValidateJSONSchemaService {
constructor(private http: Http) { }
getSchema(fileName): any {
return(this.http.get(fileName)
.map(this.extractData)
);
}
private extractData(res: Response) {
let body = res.json();
return body.data || {};
}
}
How do I fix getSchema to make it return the json object rather than this: t_isScalar: falseoperator: tsource: t__proto__: Object. Note that when I change the file name it returns the same thing. I would have expected an informational error (I did do error handling but the code never errors out).
A:
You need to subscribe to observable:
@Injectable()
export class ValidateJSONSchemaService {
constructor(private http: Http) { }
getSchema(fileName): any {
return(this.http.get(fileName)
.map(this.extractData).subscribe(data => console.log(data));
);
}
private extractData(res: Response) {
let body = res.json();
return body.data || {};
}
}
|
Doctor insights on:
Why Do People Most Commonly Have Rectal Bleeding
1
Anatomy & physiology:
Lower part of rectum had communication between portal systems of GI tract that drains though liver & systemic system by normal venous return goes directly to heart , any increase of pressure in portal sys backs up , as in cirrhosis hemorriods etc and bleeds other reason to bleed, with each defecation due to streaching any ulcer like fissure, haemorroids , tumors, polyps infections all bleed.
...Read more
Rectal bleeding is a symptom in which a person has blood coming out of his anus, either during bowel movements (when he poops) and/or at other times. The bleeding can be from hemorrhoids, cancer, ulcers, etc.
...Read more
2
Rectal bleeding:
Rectal bleeding is often due to hemorrhoids. However, there are other causes that are very serious including cancer. In general, rectal bleeding should be discussed with your doctor and perhaps be consulted for a colonoscopy, especially if you are near the age of 50. http://www.laendo.net/english/gastrointestinal-bleeding.
...Read more
3
Depends:
If you are having persistent bleeding from your rectum, you need to get it checked. While hemorrhoids are a common cause of rectal bleeding, your physician may decide to pursue other diagnoses. Getting a full history and physical exam will guide the decision. Are you having symptoms like dizziness or passing out? Is the blood bright red or dark? These are questions that need to be answered.
...Read more
8
See your doctor.:
The most common cause of rectal bleeding in an 18 yo would be hemorrhoids but there can be other causes such as anal fissures or anal fistula. There are even rarer causes and sometimes the bleeding may be coming from other areas such as the colon or stomach. You should be evaluated by a surgeon.
...Read more
9
Not likely:
A particular food does not cause rectal bleeding. Hemorrhoids are the most common cause. Other causes are infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcer or cancers. Rectal bleeding should not be ignored. It is important to see a physician and have it evaluated.
...Read more
Bleeding is a term describing the loss of blood. It can occur inside the body due to damage to blood vessels or organs or outside the body during menstruation or when there is a break in the skin.
...Read more
|
1984 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament
The 1984 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament was the fourth year of the NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship. It began with 28 teams and ended on December 16 when UCLA defeated Stanford 3 games to 2 in the NCAA championship match.
UCLA claimed the program's first NCAA national title after two previous runner-up finishes. In the deciding fifth game against Stanford, UCLA was down 12-4, but with heroics from Liz Masakayan, the Bruins scored 11 straight points and eventually won the game 15-13.
In the consolation match, Pacific defeated San Jose State to claim third place.
Brackets
West regional
Mideast regional
South regional
Northwest regional
Final Four - Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California
See also
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship
References
Category:NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship
NCAA
Category:Sports competitions in Los Angeles
Category:1984 in sports in California
Category:Volleyball in California
|
Concrete structures such as columns in salt water tend to corrode at the location just above the salt water in the inter-tidal and splash zones where the column is subject to wetting and drying.
One solution to this problem is to surround the column with a jacket containing a layer of grout within which is buried or located a sacrificial anode as a mesh or layer surrounding the column. This anode is electrically connected to the steel in the column to set up an electric current through the connection and an ionic current through the electrolyte and the concrete from the anode to the steel to tend to inhibit the corrosion of steel in favour of the corrosion of the sacrificial anode.
An example of an arrangement of this type is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,045 (Lasa) assigned to Alltrista Corporation and issued. Another example is shown in published PCT Application WO 2005/035831 of the present applicant published 21 Apr. 2005. Yet another example is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,066 (Clear) issued Sep. 8, 1987. The disclosures of each of the above three documents is incorporated herein by reference.
It is also known to simply clamp an anode onto the column below water level to protect the portion of the column within the water. As the salt water is highly conductive, most of the current generated is transferred to steel in the wet portion of the column and little of the current generated in the galvanic action is transferred to the area of most corrosion which is the area at and above the water line which is wetted and dried. This problem is discussed in the above patent of Clear.
In some cases, as shown for example in Lasa above, the above jacket and anode arrangement is used with a below water additional anode, commonly known as a bulk anode, so as to avoid the lower part of the mesh anode in the jacket which is mostly or wholly below water from being rapidly corroded and lost.
In other cases, for a simple inexpensive repair with no cathodic protection, a simple wrapping is applied around the column at the water line so as to cover up and hide the worst of the damage. This arrangement may provide a physical barrier but of course does not provide any cathodic protection by galvanic action so that the underlying corrosion continues. As discussed in Lasa above, this type of repair is considered to be merely cosmetic, merely acting to cover up the worst of the cracking and exposed steel. However this can provide a cheap fix with short life span of protection. The wrapping can surround a layer of grout which covers the worst of the cracking and repairs any holes or the wrapping can be applied directly to the column. In some cases the wrapping is filled with a non-cementitious material such as epoxy.
|
Posts
When Jenny Dankelman read an article on women in Africa who were abandoned by their communities, she was shocked. “As a complication from childbirth, they had become incontinent, and they did not have access to any kind of surgery,” she said, just like 2 billion people around the world. In fact, out of 7.5 billion people, only 2.5 billion have access to safe surgery, like we have here. “Breaking your leg could mean staying handicapped for the rest of your life.”
Jenny Dankelman is Professor of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Intervention Techniques at TU Delft. She has been designing novel medical instruments since the 1990s, including training and simulation systems to teach doctors how to use them, and systems to optimize patient safety in operating theaters.
While infectious diseases have decreased, each year 17 million people die as a result of unsafe surgery, the same number of people living in the Netherlands. “I had been working for 20 years with doctors, and I did not know this. Doctors go to developing countries to help, but where are the engineers coming up with the solutions for countries without operating rooms?” Dankelman suggests that breweries may help: they are everywhere in the world, have access to clean water, and work with educated staff. They also have access to distribution networks that can serve to transport equipment and medication.
But Dankelman wants to go a step further and make keyhole operations available in developing countries too. She calls on engineers to come up with smart affordable devices that can deliver high-quality surgery around the world. “Let’s make safe surgery available for everyone,” she said.
“There are currently gross disparities in access to safe, essential surgical care worldwide, and an alarming lack of global focus on widespread provision of quality surgical services,” says Jenny Dankelman, professor. “I was astonished that after developing surgical tools for years, I did not know about the size of this problem.”
The emergence of minimally invasive surgery, also known as keyhole surgery, marked a revolution in the operating theater. Dankelman, Professor of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Intervention Techniques at TU Delft, was at the forefront of it. She has been designing novel medical instruments since the 1990s, including training and simulation systems to teach doctors how to use these, and systems to optimize patient safety in operating theaters. With such a background, it is not surprising that Dankelman’s favorite TED talk is on a medical subject. It is by Dr. Jill Taylor, a neuroanatomist, who describes her personal experience of a left hemisphere stroke.
Dankelman first became interested in global access to surgery, when she read a few articles which medical journal The Lancet published last year on the subject. “Injuries alone cause 5.7 million deaths yearly, much more than the 3.8 million deaths caused by malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis taken together,” she explains. “It is estimated that 11{95388bbb2e9df0f2b3d26445fc24fe82185b1b567dbb094bc3a45074083d0a2b} of the global burden of disease can be treated with surgery. For example, in Africa, 85{95388bbb2e9df0f2b3d26445fc24fe82185b1b567dbb094bc3a45074083d0a2b} of pediatric patients have a surgically treatable disorder by the age of 15 years. Despite this, approximately five billion people do not have access to safe surgery, and two billion people still have no access to any form of surgery.”
Dankelman has always believed in building bridges between the medical world and the world of technology. She is now calling on engineers and clinicians to jointly tackle the global problem of lack of access to surgical care and its safe delivery. “The world urgently needs affordable devices for safe and high-quality surgery care worldwide, as well as new methods to rapidly train medical staff. So far, there has been little effort from engineers in this field. Engineers and clinicians should now join hands and remedy the situation.”
Want to hear Jenny Dankelman’s plea for better access to safe surgical care? Then buy your tickets now, join us on Friday 15 April 2016 and celebrate the universal genius.
|
Q:
Unexpected End of File - Android Layout
I cannot seem to figure out what I left out in my xml, but I am getting "unexpected end of file" on the last line.
<android.support.v7.widget.CardView
xmlns:card_view="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/card_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
card_view:cardCornerRadius="4dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp">
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="horizontal" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="48dp" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/listText"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="8dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="72dp"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
android:text="Dummy Text"/>
</LinearLayout>
A:
You have not closed your <android.support.v7.widget.CardView> element. Add a </android.support.v7.widget.CardView> at the end.
|
Mexico’s youth protests cramp suave candidate’s style
A Mexican university student wears an iconic Guy Fawkes mask at a march of the #YoSoy132 student movement.
Enrique Peña Nieto seemed all but unstoppable in the race to become Mexico's president. But the politician representing the big old Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) may have finally hit a snag: youth.
Last week, students turned out by the thousands for repeated “I am 132” protests against the media's flattering coverage of the telegenic presidential hopeful.
Now, the once lockstep support in the polls for Peña Nieto appears to have loosened ever so slightly, and a rival leftist candidate is gaining adherents, a new survey suggests.
This week, pollster Consulta Mitofsky put Peña Nieto's backing at 35.6 percent. That’s just 2.3 percentage points down from last week's survey but it represents the sharpest drop since campaigning began in late March, Reuters reports.
Left-winger Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador — who lost the 2006 election but held his own inauguration as Mexico's "legitimate president" — garnered 21.7 percent on Mitofsky and commands second place. He nabbed that spot from Josefina Vazquez Mota, a lawmaker with the governing party who seeks to be Mexico's first female president.
Peña Nieto’s lead is still overwhelming. So, no big shakeup, but a dent.
The protesters rally under the Twitter-friendly moniker #YoSoy132 — each demonstrator symbolically claiming "I am the 132nd" protester to join an original group of 131 students who shouted at Peña Nieto during a May 11 talk at a university in Mexico City.
Some media have not resisted deeming this the "Mexican spring" — but the demonstrators hardly seem bent on upending Mexico's political establishment. They want a more democratic electoral process free of media bias.
And they're still hammering out the details of the rest of their goals. Students from 10 universities are organizing an assembly to better articulate their proposals, reports French news agency AFP.
The front-runner's dip in the polls, hower slight, could be the first small victory in this blossoming movement.
|
Distribution and metabolism of maternal progesterone in the uterus, placenta, and fetus during rat pregnancy.
This study examined the in vivo distribution and metabolism of maternal progesterone (P4) in the rat uterus at Day 16 of pregnancy, i.e., the time of maximal P4 secretion, and at Day 22, one day prior to parturition. Arterial and uterine venous blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals from rats (n = 5 per group) infused with [3H]-P4 for 2 h. Placentas, fetuses, and uterine tissue (myometrium and decidua) were obtained just prior to the end of the infusion; and total tritium, [3H]-P4, and lipid-soluble and water-soluble metabolite concentrations were determined in all blood and tissue samples. Irreversible extraction of P4 by the uterus and its contents was 54.2 +/- 6.0% (mean +/- SEM) on Day 16, and this was at least maintained to Day 22 (64.7 +/- 7.4%). Because uterine blood flow increases dramatically over this period, the maintenance of high uterine P4 extraction is likely to have contributed partly to the 41% rise in the metabolic clearance rate of P4 between Day 16 (147 +/- 16 ml/min per kg) and Day 22 (207 +/- 13 ml/min per kg). Uterine tissue levels of [3H]-P4 exceeded (1.6-fold) those in arterial blood on Day 16, but this difference was not evident at Day 22. In contrast, the concentration of [3H]-P4 in the placenta was lower than that in arterial blood at Day 16 (66% lower) and Day 22 (25% lower), even though total tritium concentrations were similar at these sites. [3H]-P4 was also lower in fetal tissue compared with maternal arterial blood on both days of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
Impact of worksite health promotion on health care costs and utilization. Evaluation of Johnson & Johnson's Live for Life program.
This study explores the relationship between exposure to a comprehensive worksite health promotion program and health care costs and utilization. The experience of two groups of Johnson & Johnson employees (N = 5192 and N = 3259) exposed to Live for Life, a comprehensive program of health screens, life-style improvement programs, and worksite changes to support healthier life-styles, was compared with that of a control group (N = 2955) over a five-year period. To account for baseline differences, analyses of covariance produced adjusted means for inpatient hospital costs, admissions, hospital days, outpatient costs, and other health costs. Mean annual inpatient cost increases were $43 and $42 for two Live for Life groups vs $76 for the non-Live for Life group. Live for Life groups also had lower rates of increase in hospital days and admissions. No significant differences were found for outpatient or other health care costs.
|
[Intracranial cavernous angiomas].
Clinico-anatomical characteristics of 9 intracranial cavernous haemangiomas (CH) are given, 7 of them being found in the brain and 2 in the arachnoid membrane. The average age of patients with clinical manifestations of CH was 23.5 years. The emphasis is made on the appearance of the first CH symptoms in the females during the gestation, delivery or on the oestrogen treatment. The blood supply of CH is shown to be brought about from the small vessels on their periphery. The role of concomitant intracerebral cysts as an additional symptom is underlined. 6 clinical variants and 2 histologic types (typical and atypical) are distinguished. The suggestion about general embryogenetic roots of all intracranial angiomatous vascular malformations is put forward. CH, in spite of difficulties in their clinical diagnosis, are, as distinct from other vascular malformations, favourable object for the radical surgical treatment.
|
Over forty years since the declaration of the War on Cancer, malignancy remains a scourge on human health. Not long after that declaration, the three genes that encode RAS proteins were discovered to be among the most prominent molecular players in cancer. RAS functions as a molecular switch, existing in either an on or off state. When on, RAS instigates a wide variety of signaling cascades that control survival, proliferation, and many other cellular processes. In healthy cells, RAS integrates signals coming from outside the cell to determine cellular response. In approximately 20% of human tumors, however, mutations in RAS cause it to become stuck in the on position. This constitutively active RAS leads to aberrant downstream signaling and malignant transformation of the cell. Together, the three RAS isoforms constitute the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers. Notably, RAS mutations are especially prevalent in some of the most intractable malignancies, e.g. pancreatic, lung, and colon cancers. Yet, after nearly four decades of research, no targeted therapy for mutant RAS tumors has been discovered. In large part, this is a result of RAS being undruggable: it is notoriously difficult to directly inhibit with a drug-lie small molecule. The obstinance of RAS means that it's signaling must be dissected with uncompromising depth to identify alternate strategies for targeting these tumors. Despite extensive study, it is still unclear how such a simple on/off switch can govern so many cellular responses of such complexity, or why in some circumstances, activated RAS causes a cell to proliferate, but in others, it causes the cell to senesce. To address these long-standing questions in RAS and cancer biology, we have engineered a chemically-induced activator of RAS (CIAR). With this construct, we are able to activate RAS signaling with a small molecule in a rapid and dose-dependent fashion. This control will permit previously inaccessible studies of the effects of the magnitude and duration of RAS signaling on the phosphoproteome, transcriptome, and malignant phenotype. Furthermore, by localizing CIAR to different subcellular compartments, we will address how spatiotemporal compartmentalization of RAS signaling and effects signaling and trancriptional networks as well as phenotype. The information gleaned from these studies may then guide the identification of novel strategies for targeting tumors bearing RAS mutations.
|
Q:
Why doesn't gtkwave accept my verilog code?
I want to display the waveforms of my code on gtkwave, but after I enter these statements in the CMI:
iverilog -o task_compiled task.v
vvp task_compiled
=> VCD info: dumpfile main.vcd opened for output
gtkwave task.vcd
=> GTKwave Analyzer ...
error opening .vcd file `task.vcd`
I apologize in advance if this comes as a stupid question but i'm seriously tired of
wasting my time with this thing. I just want to do my homework
timescale 1ns/10ps
module main(A_i, B_i, C_i, Y_o);
input A_i, B_i, C_i;
output Y_o;
wire w1, w2, w3, w4;
assign Y_o = w4 ~& w2;
assign w1 = B_i & C_i;
assign w2 = w1 | w3;
assign w3 = w4 | A_i;
assign w4 = A_i ~| w1;
endmodule
module main_tb;
reg a1, b1, c1;
wire y1;
initial begin
$dumpfile("main.vcd");
$dumpvars(0,a1,b1,c1,y1);
a1 = 0;
b1 = 0;
# 10 a1 = 1;
# 10 b1 = 1;
# 10 a1 = 0;
# 10 $finish;
end
main m1 (a1, b1, c1, y1);
endmodule
A:
$dumpfile("main.vcd");
versus
gtkwave task.vcd
...it helps if the correct filename is used. I just added perror() as an error message to give more information when the VCD loaders fail. (SVN commit #954) Thanks.
|
The reelin pathway modulates the structure and function of retinal synaptic circuitry.
The formation of synaptic connections requires the coordination of specific guidance molecules and spontaneous neuronal activity. The visual system has provided a useful model for understanding the role of these cues in shaping the precise connections from the neural retina to the brain. Here, we demonstrate that two essential genes in the Reelin signaling pathway function during the patterning of synaptic connectivity in the retina. Physiological studies of mice deficient in either reelin or disabled-1 reveal an attenuation of rod-driven retinal responses. This defect is associated with a decrease in rod bipolar cell density and an abnormal distribution of processes in the inner plexiform layer. These results imply that, in addition to its essential role during neuronal migration, the Reelin pathway contributes to the formation of neuronal circuits in the central nervous system.
|
Author
Topic: rooster soup (Read 3459 times)
I had african geese, they were soooo funny! I could hold the girl & pet her, she loved it...the whole time the gander would stomp around, visibly shaking & hissing doing that snake deal with his neck, never getting his beak closer than an inch to any part of my body. He would tear up a glove or baggie when I dropped it. I would turn my back on him then turn around really fast to see how quickly he could stop! :evil: He would however wing slap & bite others. When he first started thinking he was a tough guy I would hold him, talking in a high syrupy voice & kiss him on his beak bump! Of course this was done in front of the goose he was trying to show off for. He was mortified & soon learned not to mess with me. It is also fun to catch the ones at the park when they think they are tough..the look on their little faces when they realize I'm not scared is priceless!! My Daughter does the same thing & the geese remember you! :-D J
Butchered one of my home grown turkeys for Thankgiving today. Due to family obligations we couldn't get all the kids and grandkids together until Tomorrow (Sunday). Size wise the turkey is the same volume as the one we had on thursdays for those who live here, but weight wize it was 5 lbs heavier. The breast is bulging and hard from flying around the pen and up and down from the roof.
My 2 daugthers are doing most of the cooking and are taking the time to fix the pumpkin pie using Cocnut milk so I can have some. They are using CM in other things as well due to my food allergies.
Logged
Life is a school. What have you learned? :brian: The greatest danger to our society is apathy, vote in every election!
Butchered one of my home grown turkeys for Thankgiving today. Due to family obligations we couldn't get all the kids and grandkids together until Tomorrow (Sunday). Size wise the turkey is the same volume as the one we had on thursdays for those who live here, but weight wize it was 5 lbs heavier. The breast is bulging and hard from flying around the pen and up and down from the roof.
My 2 daugthers are doing most of the cooking and are taking the time to fix the pumpkin pie using Cocnut milk so I can have some. They are using CM in other things as well due to my food allergies.
Oh Brian, that goes to show you how much your Daughters love you, taking that extra effort and time to get that coconut milk to put as an ingredient so you can have some of that yummy stuff too. That is going an extra mile, and I take my hat off to these gals. What more could you ask for, not much I would say, the love of family.....say no more, it makes my heart swell....
Now, you must tell a little bit about these turkeys. I know that when we were down for the bee barbeque at the end of August, I saw these two birds. At that time they looked the same size. How on earth could one of them have gotten so ding dang much bigger than the other one. Like five pounds is a lot of weight.....They were really big birds. Do you have any idea what their finished weight was, I am curious, you know me, hee, hee.... I think back and compare these two hens to my bronze heritage tom, Richard, I think even when I was at your place they may have surpassed him in size, but that is kind of hard to tell exactly, from how my memory serves me.
What I am wondering here is: were those two bronzes that you had there the ones that they call "double breasted"? That makes for much more breast meat than a regular heritage bird. Do you know this answer? Mine is not that "double breasted" one, maybe that is why mine looked to be a little bit smaller, in my mind's eye. My Richard doesn't fly up onto the roofs or anything really high. He did fly to the chickenhouse roof a couple of times when we first got him last December, but he was only 9 months old then. Now he is one and one half years old, he was born June of 2007. I think he is too big to fly up high. He can fly up on his roost inside his house, and onto the fences, but he doesn't even bother much with flying up on things, think he knows his limits. Now the girls, they are always flying up onto high things. Have a great and most wonderful day, Cindi
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There are strange things done in the midnight sun by the men who moil for gold. The Arctic trails have their secret tales that would make your blood run cold. The Northern Lights have seen queer sights, but the queerest they ever did see, what the night on the marge of Lake Lebarge, I cremated Sam McGee. Robert Service
Some 271 million turkeys will be raised in the United States this year, according to the National Turkey Federation, and a good number of them will be consumed on Thanksgiving, after which many Americans will loll about, overstuffed, sleepy and in many cases intoxicated.
This is not what the Pilgrims had in mind.
The first Thanksgiving was a moment for the Pilgrims to thank God for allowing them to kill enough game and grow sufficient crops to get through the winter, says Anne Blue Wills, assistant professor of religion at Davidson College. Those Pilgrims would have spent much of their day in church contemplating the mercies of God's covenantal love, Wills argues.
Not until Sarah Hale, editor of Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine promoted for 50 years the idea of a regular Thanksgiving holiday did President Abraham Lincoln make it one in 1863. In the years since, the turkeys we eat have changed dramatically, and so has scientific knowledge of them. Among the things you might not know:
1. Turkeys Can FlyWild turkeys feed on the ground, which might explain the myth of their flightlessness. They can in fact soar for short bursts at up to 55 mph. But their tendency to stay on or near the ground contributed to successful hunting that brought the wild population of turkeys down to about 30,000 in the 1930s. There are now 7 million of them.
2. Dark Meat is Rare Because ...Meat is muscle. And muscle is fed by blood. In the blood is myoglobin, which binds with oxygen and stores it in muscles for when it's needed. Myoglobin also makes meat dark. Muscles that are used most, like those in drumsticks (legs), have more myoglobin. Domestic turkeys are too fat to fly, so they don't use their breast muscles much, which is why breast meat is white. The breast of a wild turkey is entirely different, darker (and far tastier for those who are game).
3. Turkey Eggs Wouldn't SellChickens are champion egg-producers. Turkeys, not so good. Turkey eggs are bigger, so their nests tie up coop space. And farmers have learned that they make more raising turkeys for meat rather than eggs. Oh, and some turkeys are protective of their eggs, making the gathering more challenging.
4. It's Not the Turkey That Makes You SleepyTurkey contains a natural chemical called tryptophan, which we need to build proteins for our bodies. Indeed, tryptophan is also related to the production of serotonin, which helps us sleep. But all meat has about the same amount of tryptophan. Cheddar cheese has a lot more. What really makes you sleepier after a Thanksgiving meal compared to other meals is eating too many carbohydrates, from potatoes to pies. Alcohol can contribute, too.
5. Dinosaurs Had Wishbones, TooThe wishbone, called a furcula, is the fusion of two collarbones at the sternum. It's where a bird's flying muscles hook up. It's elastic and great for flapping. Turns out T. Rex and the Velociraptor had wishbones, too. While they didn't fly, this fairly recent discovery is one of the many bits of evidence that shows birds evolved from dinosaurs.
Sarah Hale probably never thought about any of this back in the mid-1800s. She just wanted the nation to celebrate a pious, patriotic holiday, said Wills, the Davidson College researcher. Hale used columns and stories in her magazine to portray Thanksgiving as a triumph of domesticity and rural simplicity over urban sophistication. She urged President Lincoln to create a single day on which all states would mark the holiday as a national event.
"The message is that the simple, pure, honest rural life, away from the temptations of the city, puts you in touch with true values," Wills said. "If we can just travel back to the old home place once a year we'll be protected from temptations and evil."
While some of that spirit might remain in the holiday, much indeed has changed about American culture in general and in how people view and partake in the holiday.
"For instance," Wills said, "I don't think football games and making the day after Thanksgiving the biggest shopping day of the year ever crossed her mind."
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:rainbowflower: Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak. :rainbowflower:
Jerry, well done, thank you for bringing that in here, that was a VERY interesting read, beautiful day in this great life, Cindi
Logged
There are strange things done in the midnight sun by the men who moil for gold. The Arctic trails have their secret tales that would make your blood run cold. The Northern Lights have seen queer sights, but the queerest they ever did see, what the night on the marge of Lake Lebarge, I cremated Sam McGee. Robert Service
Dark Meat is Rare Because ...Meat is muscle. And muscle is fed by blood. In the blood is myoglobin, which binds with oxygen and stores it in muscles for when it's needed. Myoglobin also makes meat dark. Muscles that are used most, like those in drumsticks (legs), have more myoglobin. Domestic turkeys are too fat to fly, so they don't use their breast muscles much, which is why breast meat is white. The breast of a wild turkey is entirely different, darker (and far tastier for those who are game).
Since the bird I butched liked to roost atop the chicken house and had been known to fly the coop now and then the white meat was actually light brown. The breast meat was also much denser due to the flight habits of the bird. Pigeons, whose wishbone is fused with the keel bone, are nothing but red meat. The breast muscles are used in flight. My pigeons have larger hearts than either the chickens or the rabbits I butcher.
Quote
It's Not the Turkey That Makes You SleepyTurkey contains a natural chemical called tryptophan, which we need to build proteins for our bodies. Indeed, tryptophan is also related to the production of serotonin, which helps us sleep. But all meat has about the same amount of tryptophan. Cheddar cheese has a lot more. What really makes you sleepier after a Thanksgiving meal compared to other meals is eating too many carbohydrates, from potatoes to pies. Alcohol can contribute, too.
I'm usually alseep by the time the desert is served. I don't drink alcoholic beverages and I'm allergic to most cheeses so it has to be the Turkey and the Potatoes.
Logged
Life is a school. What have you learned? :brian: The greatest danger to our society is apathy, vote in every election!
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Q:
Stop pending async function in JavaScript
Here I have two JS async functions running simultaneously.
When one has ended (callback has been run), I would like to stop other one to go ahead. However (that's my issue) I cannot use global vars.
Then, I would like to know if it is possible to stop a pending function in JS or any way to solve my problem.
I will appreciate any answers :)
EDIT:
Some clarifications:
I am here using pure JS. No HTML provided.
When I am talking about asynchronous, it could be every async function, not only ajax (database, timeout etc.).
We do not know their runtime.
About code, here is a sample of what I would like to produce:
asyncFirst(
// ... args
function() { // callback
console.log('foo');
stopOther();
}
);
asyncSecond(
// ... args
function() { // callback
console.log('bar');
stopOther();
}
);
asyncFirst(...);
asyncSecond(...);
What algorithm for stopOther() without using 'state' vars?
A:
If these functions run in the same scope you can simply set a flag variable and use that as a guard at the end of each callback:
var flag = false;
function async1() {
//check if other function is done
if (!flag) {
//do stuff
}
flag = true;
}
function async2() {
//same structure as the first
}
If these are running in the global scope you will need to use Paul S.'s suggestion of an IIFE
(function() {
var flag = false;
function async1() {
//check if other function is done, if it is don't bother
if (!flag) {
//do stuff
}
flag = true;
}
function async2() {
//ditto
}
})();
This will prevent pollution of the global namespace. Note that javascript being single threaded HELPS you here, because the two functions can't hit flag at the exact same time, only one of them will actually make changes. Note also that async1 && 2 do not need to be defined in the same scope, but flag will have to exist in the scope that they are called from.
A:
Unfortunately, there is no way to stop an asynchronous running method without using 'state' var. Once called, method cannot be stopped, even using very 'low-level' JS methods.
For 'state' var, please check Jared Smith's answer.
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Minnesota State Highway 277
Minnesota State Highway 277 (MN 277) was a highway in west-central Minnesota. It ran from its intersection with State Highway 7 in Stoneham Township near Clara City and Maynard; and continued to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 40 in Louriston Township, 20 miles west of Willmar.
In 2019, the route was marked as Chippewa County State-Aid Highway 4.
Route description
Highway 277 served as a north–south connector route in west-central Minnesota between State Highways 7 and 40. It passed through the unincorporated town of Gluek.
The roadway followed 60th Avenue SE and 60th Avenue NE in Chippewa County.
The route was legally defined as Route 277 in the Minnesota Statutes.
History
Highway 277 was authorized on July 1, 1949.
The route was paved in 1956.
On September 16, 2019, the state transferred ownership to Chippewa County and the road is no longer part of the state highway system.
Major intersections
References
External links
Highway 277 at the Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page
277
Category:Transportation in Chippewa County, Minnesota
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Utah Jazz: Basketball legends, coaches speak out about Jerry Sloan
Deseret News
Published: Thursday, Feb. 10 2011 10:52 p.m. MST
Utah Jazz's John Stockton, right, walks off the court with teammate Karl Malone, center, and coach Jerry Sloan after beating the Houston Rockets 103-100 in Game 6 of the Western Conference Finals Thursday, May 29, 1997, in Houston. Stockton hit a three-point shot at the buzzer to win the game and advance his team to The NBA Finals to meet the Chicago Bulls. (Pat Sullivan, Associated Press)
"Few people have epitomized all the positives of team sports more than Jerry Sloan. A basketball lifer, Jerry was as relentless in his will to win on the sidelines for the Utah Jazz as he was as an All-Star guard for the Chicago Bulls. In over two decades as a coach, he taught his players that nothing was more important than the team. His most impressive qualities were his leadership and his extraordinary ability to encourage his players to subjugate their individual games for the benefit of the whole. Two trips to The Finals and over 1,200 regular-season victories more than validate his philosophy. Jerry moves on having established himself as one of the greatest and most respected coaches in NBA history. I and the rest of the NBA family wish him great success and happiness as he moves to the next chapter of his life" — NBA Commissioner David Stern
"He's a guy I admire and looked up to. I don't know if it's some sort of big brother, father deal, but he's good representation in both those areas. That's the type of esteem I hold him and still do. He was as prepared a guy as you would want to be in a fox hole with. He was a loyal teammate, as well as a coach and friend, and you just can't replace guys like that. Guys you can count on in any weather." — Former Jazz guard John Stockton
"I have enjoyed watching his teams over the years. It doesn't matter who he has got, they always seem to play the same way. ... I just hope he feels good about what he's done, because he has been great for the Jazz, the state of Utah and the city of Salt Lake. I, for one, am sad to see him go." — BYU men's basketball coach Dave Rose
"For me, he's an idol. I think he set the standard of what coaching's all about and that is believing in your system and sticking to it and doing what you need to. I know for me, I would have loved to had played for him because you knew where he stood. There was never any gray areas. It's a sad day because I think he was one of the top coaches ever and he's done so much for not just the Utah Jazz but for all the coaches that are in the state to really watch what he does. He's the nicest guy in the world, too. I remember many times just asking him questions and with his busy schedule just being willing to do it." — BYU women's hoops coach Jeff Judkins
"Not having him on the sidelines is going to be very weird. I can go back and get a scouting report from 1990 and it's pretty much the same for Utah ... all the same plays, all called the same when (Jeff) Hornacek, John Stockton and (Karl) Malone were there and before they were there. He's coached longer there than anyone in anything — baseball, NFL, hockey, soccer, the National Goat Throwing Contest — that's just incredible." — Suns coach Alvin Gentry to NBA.com
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Homegrown forward expected to play in two USL matches this week
FRISCO – FC Dallas has loaned Homegrown forward Jesus Ferreira to USL side Tulsa Roughnecks FC.
Ferreira is eligible to be recalled by FC Dallas at any point this season. Tulsa is currently 15th in the USL table with a record of 0-3-4. Roughnecks FC host Reno 1868 FC tomorrow at ONEOK Field (7PM CT). Ferreira will remain with the club for its match this Saturday, May 12 vs. Phoenix Rising FC. That match is also set to kick off at 7PM CT.
Ferreira, 17, made MLS debut on June 3, 2017 vs. Real Salt Lake. After coming on for Roland Lamah in the 71st minute, Ferreira became the second-youngest player in MLS history to score a goal when he brought down a pass from Michael Barrios and slid a shot past the goalkeeper. The son of former MLS MVP, David Ferreira was also part of the teams that won the 2017 Dallas Cup Super Group and the 2015-16 U.S. Soccer Development Academy Championship.
Ferreira underwent a procedure to repair a sports hernia injury on March 20.
|
/* Software floating-point emulation.
Return a - b
Copyright (C) 1997-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
Contributed by Richard Henderson ([email protected]) and
Jakub Jelinek ([email protected]).
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
In addition to the permissions in the GNU Lesser General Public
License, the Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited
permission to link the compiled version of this file into
combinations with other programs, and to distribute those
combinations without any restriction coming from the use of this
file. (The Lesser General Public License restrictions do apply in
other respects; for example, they cover modification of the file,
and distribution when not linked into a combine executable.)
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
#include "soft-fp.h"
#include "quad.h"
TFtype
__subtf3 (TFtype a, TFtype b)
{
FP_DECL_EX;
FP_DECL_Q (A);
FP_DECL_Q (B);
FP_DECL_Q (R);
TFtype r;
FP_INIT_ROUNDMODE;
FP_UNPACK_SEMIRAW_Q (A, a);
FP_UNPACK_SEMIRAW_Q (B, b);
FP_SUB_Q (R, A, B);
FP_PACK_SEMIRAW_Q (r, R);
FP_HANDLE_EXCEPTIONS;
return r;
}
|
[email protected] (Carlos E. Galarce)Mon, 9 May 88 10:45:50 EDT
Hello,
I am looking for a computer readable cobol grammar. It would
be nice if there is lex and/or yacc code to handle the grammar.
Any help or pointers on the subject would be most appreciated.
Thank you...
Carlos E. Galarce - Electronic Data Systems - (313)-696-5446
USENET: ... {rutgers!umix,uunet!edsews}!rel!edsdrd!ceg
SNAIL: 2107 Crooks Rd.
Troy, Mi 48007-7019
[Is cobol amenable to lex scanning? Seems to me that with some hackery for
the indentation rules, it should be. Yacc parsing should be straightforward,
though the grammar with all of the different keywords and reserved words
would be enormous. -John]
--
|
Doctor Who (series 1)
The first series of the 2005 revival of the British science fiction programme Doctor Who began on 26 March 2005 with the episode "Rose". This marked the end of the programme's 16-year absence from episodic television following its cancellation in 1989, and was the first new televised Doctor Who story since the broadcast of the television movie starring Paul McGann in 1996. The finale episode, "The Parting of the Ways", was broadcast on 18 June 2005. The show was revived by longtime Doctor Who fan Russell T Davies, who had been lobbying the BBC since the late 1990s to bring the show back. The first series comprised 13 episodes, eight of which Davies wrote. Davies, Julie Gardner and Mal Young served as executive producers, Phil Collinson as producer.
The show depicts the adventures of a mysterious and eccentric Time Lord known as the Doctor, who travels through time and space in his time machine, the TARDIS, which normally appears from the exterior to be a blue 1950s British police box. With his companions, he explores time and space, faces a variety of foes and saves civilizations, helping people and righting wrongs.
The first series features Christopher Eccleston as the ninth incarnation of the Doctor, his only series in the role, accompanied by Billie Piper, as his first and main companion Rose Tyler, whom he plucks from obscurity on planet Earth, and to whom he grows increasingly attached. He also travels briefly with unruly boy-genius Adam Mitchell, played by Bruno Langley, and with 51st-century con man and former "Time Agent" Captain Jack Harkness, portrayed by John Barrowman. Episodes in the series form a loose story arc, based upon the recurring phrase "Bad Wolf", the significance of which goes unexplained until the two-part series finale. Alongside the "Bad Wolf" arc, the revived era re-introduces the Doctor as the sole survivor of an event known as the Time War, which the Doctor claims wiped out all of the Time Lords and the Daleks.
The series premiere was watched by 10.81 million viewers, and four days after the premiere episode was broadcast, Doctor Who was renewed for a Christmas special as well as a second series. The series was well received by both critics and fans, winning for the first time in Doctor Whos history a prestigious BAFTA Award. Most surprising was the approval from Michael Grade, who had previously forced an 18-month hiatus on the show in 1985, and had postponed Doctor Who out of personal dislike on several occasions. The show's popularity ultimately led to a resurgence in family-oriented Saturday night drama.
Episodes
Unlike the classic era of the series that ended in 1989, the plan with the new series was to have each episode as a standalone story, with no serials. Of the thirteen episodes in the series, seven of them followed this format; the remaining six were grouped together into three two-part stories. Also, for the first time since The Gunfighters in the third season, each episode was given an individual title, which was the case with the standalone and two-part stories.
Cast
Main cast
The production team was tasked with finding a suitable actor for the role of the Doctor. Most notably, they approached film stars Hugh Grant and Rowan Atkinson for the role. By the time Mal Young had suggested actor Christopher Eccleston to Davies, Eccleston was one of only three left in the running for the role: the other two candidates are rumoured in the industry to have been Alan Davies and Bill Nighy. His involvement in the programme was announced on 20 March 2004 following months of speculation. In the April 2004 issue of Doctor Who Magazine, Davies announced that Eccleston's Doctor would indeed be the Ninth Doctor, relegating Richard E. Grant's Shalka Doctor to non-official status. Russell T Davies revealed that Eccleston asked for the role in an e-mail.
After the announcement that the show would be returning, Davies revealed that the new companion would "probably" be called Rose Tyler in an edition of Doctor Who Magazine published in November 2003. This name was confirmed in March 2004, and it was announced at the same time that former pop star Billie Piper was being considered for the role. Piper was announced as portraying Rose Tyler on 24 May, a character which fulfilled the role of permanent companion during the series, and was welcomed by fans of the show. Actress Georgia Moffett, daughter of Fifth Doctor actor Peter Davison and who would later appear as the title role in the fourth series episode "The Doctor's Daughter", also auditioned for the role. The original conception of Tyler was slightly different. Paul Abbott was scheduled to write an episode for the series which would have revealed that Rose's entire life had been manipulated by the Doctor in order to mould her into an ideal companion. Davies eventually wrote "Boom Town" to replace it when Abbott, after months of development, realised he was too busy to work on the script.
The first series was Christopher Eccleston's only series in the role of the Doctor. Eccleston's contract was for a single year because at the time it was uncertain whether the show would continue beyond a single revival series. Eccleston's intent to leave was revealed on 30 March 2005, shortly after the broadcast of the first episode. The BBC released a statement, attributed to Eccleston, saying that he had decided to leave because he feared becoming typecast. On 4 April, the BBC revealed that Eccleston's "statement" was falsely attributed and released without his consent. The BBC admitted that they had broken an agreement made in January not to disclose publicly that he only intended to do one season. In a 2010 interview, Eccleston revealed that he left the show because he "didn't enjoy the environment and the culture that [they], the cast and crew, had to work in", but that he was proud of having played the role.
Recurring and guest cast
The character of Adam Mitchell was first conceived, along with Henry van Statten, during Davies' pitch to the BBC, in a story heavily based on Robert Shearman's audio play Jubilee called "Return of the Daleks". The production team had always intended for Adam to join the TARDIS after Rose developed a liking for him. To play this role, Bruno Langley was chosen, previously known for his role on Coronation Street as Todd Grimshaw. It was never intended for Adam to be a long-term companion, Davies wanted to show that not everyone is suitable to join the TARDIS crew and dubbed him "The Companion That Couldn't", he "always wanted to do a show with someone who was a rubbish companion".
John Barrowman appears as Captain Jack Harkness, a character introduced in "The Empty Child", where he joined the TARDIS crew for the final five episodes of the series. In naming the character, Davies drew inspiration from the Marvel Comics character Agatha Harkness. Jack's appearances were conceived with the intention of forming a character arc in which Jack is transformed from a coward to a hero, and Barrowman consciously minded this in his portrayal of the character. Following on that arc, the character's debut episode would leave his morality as ambiguous, publicity materials asking, "is he a force for good or ill?" Barrowman himself was a key factor in the conception of Captain Jack. Barrowman says that at the time of his initial casting, Davies and co-executive producer, Julie Gardner had explained to him that they "basically wrote the character around [John]". On meeting him, Barrowman tried out the character using his native Scottish accent, his normal American accent, and an English accent; Davies decided it "made it bigger if it was an American accent". Barrowman recounts Davies as having been searching for an actor with a "matinée idol [quality]", telling him that "the only one in the whole of Britain who could do it was you".
David Tennant had been offered the role of the Doctor when he was watching a pre-transmission copy of Casanova with Davies and Gardner. Tennant initially believed the offer was a joke, but after he realised they were serious, he accepted the role and first appeared in the series finale "The Parting of the Ways". Tennant was announced as Eccleston's replacement on 16 April 2005. Other recurring characters for the series included Camille Coduri as Rose's mother Jackie Tyler, and Noel Clarke as Rose's boyfriend Mickey Smith. Other actors and television presenters who appeared in the series included Mark Benton, Zoë Wanamaker, Simon Callow, Eve Myles, Penelope Wilton, Annette Badland, David Verrey, Matt Baker, Andrew Marr, Corey Johnson, Simon Pegg, Anna Maxwell-Martin, Tamsin Greig, Shaun Dingwall, Florence Hoath, Richard Wilson, Jo Joyner, Davina McCall, Paterson Joseph, Anne Robinson, Trinny Woodall, and Susannah Constantine.
Production
Development
During the late-90s, Davies, a lifelong Doctor Who fan, lobbied the BBC to revive the show from its hiatus and reached the discussion stages in late 1998 and early 2002. His proposals would update the show to be better suited for a 21st-century audience, including the transition from videotape to film, doubling the length of each episode from twenty-five minutes to fifty, keeping the Doctor primarily on Earth in the style of the Third Doctor UNIT episodes, and removing "excess baggage" such as Gallifrey and the Time Lords. His pitch competed against three others: Dan Freedman's fantasy retelling, Matthew Graham's Gothic-styled pitch, and Mark Gatiss, Clayton Hickman and Gareth Roberts' reboot, which would make the Doctor the audience surrogate character, instead of his companions.
In August 2003, the BBC had resolved the issues regarding production rights that had surfaced as a result of the jointly produced Universal Studios–BBC–Fox 1996 Doctor Who film, leading the Controller of BBC One Lorraine Heggessey and Controller of Drama Commissioning Jane Tranter to approach Gardner and Davies to create a revival of the series to air in a primetime slot on Saturday nights, as part of the BBC's plan to devolve production to its regional bases. By mid-September, they accepted the deal to produce the series alongside Casanova.
Following Scream of the Shalka, an animated episode which was shown on the Doctor Who website, the 'real' return of Doctor Who was announced on 26 September 2003 in a press release from the BBC.
Davies voluntarily wrote a pitch for the series, the first time he had done so; he previously chose to jump straight to writing pilot episodes because he felt that a pitch would "feel like [he's] killing the work". The fifteen-page pitch outlined a Doctor who was "your best friend; someone you want to be with all the time"; the eighteen-year-old Rose Tyler as a "perfect match" for the new Doctor; avoidance of the forty-year back story "except for the good bits"; the retention of the TARDIS, sonic screwdriver, and Daleks; removal of the Time Lords; and also a greater focus on humanity. His pitch was submitted for the first production meeting in December 2003, with a series of thirteen episodes obtained by pressure from BBC Worldwide and a workable budget from Julie Gardner.
By early 2004, the show had settled into a regular production cycle. Davies, Gardner, and BBC Controller of Drama Mal Young took posts as executive producers, although Young vacated the role at the end of the series. Phil Collinson, an old colleague from Granada, took the role of producer. Keith Boak, Euros Lyn, Joe Ahearne, Brian Grant and James Hawes directed the series. Davies' official role as head writer and executive producer, or "showrunner", consisted of laying a skeletal plot for the entire series, holding "tone meetings" to correctly identify the tone of an episode, often being described in one word—for example, the "tone word" for Moffat's "The Empty Child" was "romantic"—and overseeing all aspects of production. During early production the word "Torchwood", an anagram of "Doctor Who", was used as a title ruse for the series while filming its first few episodes and on the daily rushes to ensure they were not intercepted. The word "Torchwood" was later seeded in Doctor Who and became the name of the spin-off series Torchwood.
Davies was interested in making an episode that would serve as a crossover with Star Trek: Enterprise, and involve the TARDIS landing on board the NX-01. The idea was officially discussed, but the plans were abandoned following the cancellation of Enterprise in February 2005.
Writing
The first series of Doctor Who featured eight scripts by Davies, the remainder being allocated to experienced drama writers and previous writers for the show's ancillary releases: Steven Moffat penned a two-episode story, while Mark Gatiss, Robert Shearman, and Paul Cornell each wrote one script. Davies also approached his friend Paul Abbott and Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling to write for the series, but both declined due to existing commitments. Shortly after securing writers for the show, Davies stated that he had no intention to approach writers for the old series; the only writer he would have wished to work with was Robert Holmes, who died in May 1986, halfway through writing his contribution to The Trial of a Time Lord.
Elwen Rowlands and Helen Raynor served as script editors for the series. They were hired simultaneous, marking the first time Doctor Who had female script editors. Rowlands left after the first series for Life on Mars. Compared to the original series the role of the script editors was significantly diminished, with the head writer taking most of those responsibilities. Unlike the original series they do not have the power to commission scripts. Instead, they act as liaisons between the production staff and the screenwriter, before passing their joint work to the head writer for a "final polish". Raynor said that the job is not a creative one, "you are a part of it, but you aren't driving it."
Under producer Davies, the new series had a faster pace than those of the classic series. Rather than four to six-part serials of 25-minute episodes, most of the Ninth Doctor's stories consisted of individual 45-minute episodes, with only three stories out of ten being two-parters. The thirteen episodes were, however, loosely connected in a series-long story arc which brought their disparate threads together in the series finale. Davies took cues from American fantasy television series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Smallville, most notably Buffys concepts of series-long story arcs and the "Big Bad". Also, like the original series, stories often flowed directly into one another or were linked together in some way. Notably, in common only with the seventh and twenty-sixth seasons of the original series, every story of the season takes place on or near Earth. This fact is directly addressed in the original novel The Monsters Inside, in which Rose and the Doctor joke about the fact that all their adventures to date have taken place on Earth or on neighbouring space stations.
The stories of the series varied quite significantly in tone, with the production team showcasing the various genres inhabited by Doctor Who over the years. Examples include the "pseudo-historical" story "The Unquiet Dead"; the far-future whodunnit of "The End of the World"; Earthbound alien invasion stories in "Rose" and "Aliens of London"/"World War Three"; "base under siege" in "Dalek"; and horror in "The Empty Child". Even the spin-off media were represented, with "Dalek" taking elements from writer Rob Shearman's own audio play Jubilee and the emotional content of Paul Cornell's "Father's Day" drawing on the tone of Cornell's novels in the Virgin New Adventures line. Davies had asked both Shearman and Cornell to write their scripts with those respective styles in mind. The episode "Boom Town" included a reference to the novel The Monsters Inside, becoming the first episode to acknowledge (albeit in a subtle way) spin-off fiction.
Filming
Principal photography for the series began on 18 July 2004 on location in Cardiff for "Rose". The series was filmed across South East Wales, mostly in or around Cardiff. Each episode took about two weeks to film. The start of filming created stress among the production team because of unseen circumstances: several scenes from the first block had to be re-shot because the original footage was unusable; the Slitheen prosthetics for "Aliens of London", "World War Three", and "Boom Town" were noticeably different from their computer-generated counterparts; and, most notably, the BBC came to a gridlock with the Terry Nation estate to secure the Daleks for the sixth episode of the series, to be written by Rob Shearman. After the first production block, which Davies described as "hitting a brick wall", the show's production was markedly eased as the crew familiarised themselves. Filming concluded on 23 March 2005. David Tennant, who was cast as Eccleston's replacement, recorded his appearance at the end of "The Parting of the Ways" on 21 April 2005 with a skeleton crew. Production blocks were arranged as follows:
Release
Promotion
The new logo was revealed on the BBC website on 18 October 2004. The first official trailer was released as part of BBC One's Winter Highlights presentation on 2 December 2004 and subsequently posted on the Internet by the BBC. A media blitz including billboards and posters across the UK started early March 2005. Television trailers started showing up on 5 March and radio advertisements started two weeks before the series premier and ran till the second episode aired. The official Doctor Who website was launched with exclusive content such as games and new Ninth Doctor information.
Leak
A rough cut of the premiere was leaked onto the Internet three weeks before the scheduled series premiere. This attracted much media attention and discussion amongst fans, and caused interest in the show to skyrocket. The BBC released a statement that the source of the leak appears to be connected to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which responded by stating that they "are looking into it. That's all I can say at this point because we don't know exactly what happened. It certainly wasn't done intentionally." Asa Bailey, founder of the Viral Advertising Association, said that the BBC hired them for viral marketing strategies, and that he told them "they should release things before their time", to create a "cool factor". Both the BBC and CBC denied any involvement, but Bailey believes that to be disingenuous, saying that it is "the best viral advert they could have done". The leak was ultimately traced to a third party company in Canada which had a legitimate preview copy. The employee responsible was fired by the company.
Broadcast
"Rose" finally saw transmission on schedule on 26 March 2005 at 7 pm on BBC One, the first regular episode of Doctor Who since Part Three of Survival on 6 December 1989. To complement the series, BBC Wales also produced Doctor Who Confidential, a 13-part documentary series with each episode broadcast on BBC Three immediately after the end of the weekly instalment on BBC One. Both the series and documentary aired for 13 consecutive weeks, with the finale episode, "The Parting of the Ways", airing on 18 June 2005 along with its documentary counterpart. Davies had requested that the two first episodes were broadcast back-to-back, but the request was given to the BBC just two weeks before transmission, at which point everything was already set. In some regions, the first few minutes of the original BBC broadcast of "Rose" on 26 March were marred by the accidental mixing of a few seconds of sound from Graham Norton hosting Strictly Dance Fever.
In the United States, the Sci Fi Channel originally passed on the new series as it found it lacking and believed it did not fit in its schedule, but the network later changed its mind. After it was announced that the first series would start in March 2006, Sci Fi Channel Executive Vice President Thomas Vitale called Doctor Who "a true sci-fi classic", with creative storytelling and colorful history, and was excited to add it to its line up. The network also took an option on the second series. Candace Carlisle from BBC Worldwide found The Sci Fi Channel the perfect home for Doctor Who. Doctor Who finally debuted in the U.S. on the Sci Fi Channel on 17 March 2006 with the first two episodes airing back-to-back, one year after the Canadian and UK showings. The series concluded its initial U.S. broadcast on 9 June 2006.
Home media
The series was first released in volumes; the first volume, containing the first three episodes, was released in Region 2 on 16 May 2005. The second, with "Aliens of London", "World War Three", and "Dalek", followed on 13 June 2005. "The Long Game", "Father's Day", "The Empty Child", and "The Doctor Dances" were released in the third volume on 1 August 2005 and the final three episodes were released in the fourth volume on 5 September 2005.
The entire series was then released in a boxset on 21 November 2005 in Region 2. Aside from the 13 episodes it included commentaries on every episode, a video diary from Davies during the first week of filming, as well as other featurettes. The boxset was released in Region 1 on 4 July 2006.
In print
Reception
Ratings
"Rose" received average overnight ratings of 9.9 million viewers, peaking at 10.5 million, respectively 43.2% and 44.3% of all viewers at that time. The final figure for the episode, including video recordings watched within a week of transmission, was 10.81 million, making it the third highest for BBC One that week and seventh across all channels. The opening episode was the highest rated episode of the first series. The penultimate episode, "Bad Wolf", received the lowest viewers of the series with just 6.81 million viewers. The series also garners the highest audience Appreciation Index of any non-soap drama on television. Besides the second episode, "The End of the World", which garnered a 79% rating, the lowest of the series, all episodes received an AI above 80%. The series finale "The Parting of the Ways" was the highest rated episode with an AI of 89%. The success of the launch saw the BBC's Head of Drama Jane Tranter confirming on 30 March that the series would return both for a Christmas Special in December 2005 and a full second series in 2006.
The initial Sci Fi Channel broadcasts of the series attained an average Nielsen Rating of 1.3, representing 1.5 million viewers in total. Although these ratings were less than those reached by Sci Fi's original series Battlestar Galactica, Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis, they reflect a 44% increase in ratings and a 56% increase in viewership over the same timeslot in the second quarter of 2005, as well as increases of 56% and 57% in two key demographics.
Critical reception and response
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers an 83% approval from 12 critic reviews, and an average rating of 8.58/10.
In April 2004, Michael Grade returned to the BBC, this time as the Chairman of the Board of Governors, although this position does not involve any commissioning or editorial responsibilities. Although he had previously disliked the show and imposed an eighteen-month hiatus on it during the Sixth Doctor era, he eventually wrote an e-mail to the Director-General of the BBC Mark Thompson in June 2005, after the successful new first series, voicing approval for its popularity. He also declared, "[I] never dreamed I would ever write this. I must be going soft!" The revival also impressed former Doctor Sylvester McCoy, who praised Eccleston and Piper as well as their characters, and the pacing of the first episode. His only criticism was about the new TARDIS interior, though he did comment that he was "also a bit dismayed that more wasn't made of the show's incidental music, which seemed fairly anonymous in the background".
Robin Oliver of The Sydney Morning Herald praised Davies for taking "an adult approach to one of television's most famous characters" that children would appreciate, and that he reinvented it in a way that would be "competitive in a high-tech market". Oliver also wrote that older viewers would find Eccleston "easily the best time lord since Tom Baker". Reviewing the first episode, The Stages Harry Venning hailed it as a "fabulous, imaginative, funny and sometimes frightening reinvention" and particularly praised Rose for being an improvement upon previous female companions who were "fit only to scream or be captured". However, he found Eccleston to be "the show's biggest disappointment" as he looked "uncomfortable playing fantasy". Digital Spy's Dek Hogan found the final episode anticlimactic, but overall said that the series was "excellent Saturday night telly of the kind that many of us thought the BBC had forgotten how to make". He praised Eccleston's performance and named "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" as the best episodes. Arnold T Blumburg of Now Playing gave the series a grade of A-, praising its variety. However, he was critical of Davies' "annoying tendency to play to the lowest common denominator with toilet humor", but felt that from "Dalek" on the series was more dramatic and sophisticated.
DVD Talk's John Sinnott rated the first series four and a half out of five stars, writing that it "keeps a lot of the charm and excitement of the original (as well as the premise), while making the series easily accessible for new viewers". Sinnott praised the faster pace and the design changes that made it feel "fresh", as well as Eccleston's Doctor. However, he felt that Piper only did a "credible" job as Eccleston eclipsed her, and said that the writing was "uneven" with many of the episodes "just slightly flawed". Looking back on the series in 2011, Stephen Kelly of The Guardian wrote, "Eccleston's Doctor may have had many faults – looking like an EastEnders extra and bellowing "FANTASTIC!" at every opportunity being two of them – but he was merely a reflection of a show that, at the time, still didn't know what it wanted to be. The first series of the revived Doctor Who – which featured farting aliens – was a world away from the intelligent, populist science-fiction we know it as now. But then, it is thanks to Eccleston that it got this far at all – a big, respectable name who laid the foundations for Tennant to swag away with the show."
However, not everyone was pleased with the new production. Some fans criticised the new logo and perceived changes to the TARDIS model. According to various news sources, members of the production team even received hate mail and death threats. "The Unquiet Dead" was criticised by parents, who felt that the episode was "too scary" for their young children; the BBC dismissed the complaints, saying that it had never been intended for the youngest of children.
Awards and nominations
Soundtrack
Selected pieces of score from this series, alongside material from the second series and "The Runaway Bride", as composed by Murray Gold, were released on 4 December 2006 by Silva Screen Records.
Murray Gold's arrangement of the main theme featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added: an orchestral sound of low horns, strings and percussion and part of the Dalek ray-gun and TARDIS materialisation sound effects. Included on the album are two versions of the theme: the 44-second opening version, as arranged by Gold, and a longer arrangement that includes the middle eight, after Gold omitted the "middle eight" from both the opening and closing credits. Gold has said that his interpretation was driven by the title visual sequence he was given to work around. Often erroneously cited as being the same as the end credits version, this second version is in fact a new arrangement and recording.
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:2005 British television seasons
Series 01
Series 01
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Hufnagel procedure reconverted by endovascular leaflet dislocation and extirpation.
Before the development of standard aortic valve replacement, Hufnagel treated aortic insufficiency by implanting a ball-valve prosthesis in the descending thoracic aorta. In a patient who, after four major thoracic procedures, ultimately received two mechanical bileaflet valves in series (one in the ascending and one in the descending aorta), the downstream prosthesis became progressively immobilized, with total blockage of the leaflets in the open position due to insufficient transvalvular negative pressure gradient. After evaluation of this particular situation in an experimental model, we predicted blockage of the downstream prosthesis, once the ascending valve had regained normal function, and easily cleared the blockage of the distal valve by removing the two leaflets using balloon inflation. Normal circulation was clinically restored in three separate steps. (a) Normal function was re-established surgically in the ascending aorta position. (b) A second thoracotomy was avoided by endovascular dislocation of both blocked descending thoracic leaflets through endovascular balloon inflation. (c) Both leaflets embolized to the level of the left common iliac artery, where the nearly intact leaflets were removed surgically, finally creating a near-normal circulatory situation.
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Mammalian Polycomb group genes are categorized as a new type of early response gene induced by B-cell receptor cross-linking.
Polycomb group (PcG) genes were initially described in Drosophila melanogaster as regulators of the homeobox gene. Four mammalian homologues, mel-18, bmi-1, M33 and rae-28, are analyzed in this study. They not only regulate mammalian homeotic genes by analogy with their Drosophila counterparts, but also have some influence on the growth and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Here we report that these four mammalian PcG genes are rapidly induced after antigen-receptor cross-linking in B cells. Thus we would like to propose that mammalian PcG genes can be categorized as a new type of immediate early gene.
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Drain (surgery)
A surgical drain is a tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound. They are commonly placed by surgeons or interventional radiologists.
Use
The routine use of drains for surgical procedures is diminishing as better radiological investigation and confidence in surgical technique have reduced their necessity. It is felt now that drains may hinder recovery by acting as an 'anchor' limiting mobility post surgery and the drain itself may allow infection into the wound. In certain situations their use is unavoidable.
Drains may be hooked to wall suction, a portable suction device, or they may be left to drain naturally. Accurate recording of the volume of drainage as well as the contents is vital to ensure proper healing and monitor for excessive bleeding. Depending on the amount of drainage, a patient may have the drain in place one day to weeks. Drains will have protective dressings that will need to be changed daily/as needed.
Complications
Drains have a tendency to become occluded or clogged, resulting in retained fluid that can contribute to infection or other complications. Thus efforts must be made to maintain and assess patency when they are in use. Once a drain becomes clogged or occluded, it is usually removed, as it is no longer providing any benefit.
Types of drains
Surgical drains can be broadly classified into:
Jackson-Pratt drain - consists of a perforated round or flat tube connected to a negative pressure collection device. The collection device is typically a bulb with a drainage port which can be opened to remove fluid or air. After compressing the bulb to remove fluid or air, negative pressure is created as the bulb returns to its normal shape.
Blake drain - a round silicone tube with channels that carry fluid to a negative pressure collection device. Drainage is thought to be achieved by capillary action, allowing fluid to travel through the open grooves into a closed cross section, which contains the fluid and allows it to be suctioned through the tube.
Penrose drain - a soft rubber tube
Negative pressure wound therapy - Involves the use of enclosed foam and a suction device attached; this is one of the newer types of wound healing/drain devices which promotes faster tissue granulation, often used for large surgical/trauma/non-healing wounds.
Redivac drain - a high negative pressure drain. Suction is applied through the drain to generate a vacuum and draw fluids into a bottle.
Pigtail drain - has an exterior screw to release the internal "pigtail" before it can be removed
Davol
Chest tube - is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or mediastinum
Wound manager
See also
Wound healing
Incision and drainage
Instruments used in general surgery
References
External links
Category:Surgical instruments
Category:Interventional radiology
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One of the problems encountered in the production of crude petroleum is the accumulation and deposition of asphaltenes in the wellbore and production lines. Asphaltenes may deposit in the wellbore and the production lines in the form of a solid deposit or a sludge. Solid deposits of asphaltenes may be a result of growth of asphaltene aggregates on formation surfaces, while sludges may form as large aggregates suspended in crude petroleum that settle out of the suspension.
The asphaltic materials which compose the deposits may originally be in solution in the crude oil as it exists in the reservoir. Often times in the production or transporting of crude petroleums, the equilibrium of the solution is altered or destroyed and these asphaltic materials, being the least soluble constituents, separate and accumulate in the wellbore and in production equipment at locations where the flow velocity is less than that required to maintain the asphaltene aggregates in suspension. Formation of asphaltenes deposits may also be exacerbated by interruptions in formation fluid flow through wellbores and production lines, such as the interruptions caused by routine maintenance and/or preparations for extreme weather such as hurricanes. The accumulation of these asphaltic materials progressively decreases the rate of movement of the petroleum and must therefore be periodically removed.
Various solvents have been utilized to solubilize asphaltenes that have deposited in oil-bearing formations. U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,422 discloses injecting deasphalted oil into an oil-bearing formation to solvate asphaltene deposits near a wellbore in the formation and thereby improving production of oil from the formation. The injected oil may be produced from the formation and deasphalted prior to being injected into the formation. The use of aromatic solvents such as o-xylene and toluene to dissolve asphaltene-based deposits in a formation near a wellbore is also known.
Disulfide solvents have also been used to dissolve asphaltene-based deposits in a formation for near-wellbore formation remediation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,490 discloses the use of an amine activated disulfide oil for treating and removing unwanted asphaltene deposits from the pore spaces of oil-bearing formations. U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,490 further discloses that carbon disulfide is one of the most effective asphaltene solvents known, and that it has been utilized for the removal of asphaltene-based deposits from oil-bearing formations.
Such solvents, however, have certain disadvantages attached to them. Injection of aromatics such as toluene and o-xylene may be subject to regulatory limitation, and is economically inefficient since such aromatics are even more highly processed and valuable than deasphalted oil. Disulfide solvents may be subject to hydrolysis within the formation, and, in the case of carbon disulfide, may result in souring the formation. Carbon disulfide is also highly toxic.
It is desirable to develop an improved method of remediating asphaltene deposits in wellbores and production lines.
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The role of podiatric medicine in the health-care team. A paradigm shift.
As physicians, podiatric medical doctors should not define themselves as medical professionals who treat the foot and ankle but rather as medical professionals who prevent, diagnose, and treat people who have foot and ankle problems. Patients who come to see podiatric physicians often have other health-care issues, and because of the education and training that doctors of podiatric medicine receive, they are uniquely qualified to identify and respond to findings not only related to the pedal extremity but also that may affect overall health, have a major effect on quality of life, and even help reduce overall health-care costs. The role of podiatric medicine as a truly integrated branch of medical care needs to be reassessed.
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Q:
Mysql how to filter trough field that name is mysql keyword?
I have a mysql table where one of column has name "from" the same as mysql keyword.
How do I apply such query:
select * from some_table where from = 12;
A:
You have to use backticks on mysql keyword like tableName, fieldName etc.
SELECT * FROM `some_table` WHERE `from` = 12;
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Virtual reality brings refugee crisis home
Every year, Canada welcomes thousands of refugees who, after fleeing their home countries, may have languished for years in overcrowded camps or faced harrowing journeys. The Balukhali refugee camp (above) in Bangladesh is home to thousands of Rohingya refugees fleeing from Myanmar, where they are being killed by the military because of their ethnicity and religion. (Wong Maye-E / The Assocaited Press)
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 28/6/2018 (330 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Want to feel extra lucky to be a Canadian this Canada Day? Visit the Refugee Tent in Osborne Village on Sunday.
The digital simulation, hosted by non-profit groups, lets visitors experience some of the challenges refugees face on their journey to Canada. Participants put on virtual reality goggles for an interactive experience simulating the global displacement crisis.
The multi-media Refugee Tent was developed for the Canadian Labour Congress to help the public gain a better understanding of why Canada is being asked to welcome desperate people seeking refuge.
"For a lot of us, we learn by experiencing something," said Louise Simbandumwe, an Amnesty International Winnipeg volunteer who arrived in Canada as a refugee in 1979.
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Hey there, time traveller! This article was published 28/6/2018 (330 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Want to feel extra lucky to be a Canadian this Canada Day? Visit the Refugee Tent in Osborne Village on Sunday.
The digital simulation, hosted by non-profit groups, lets visitors experience some of the challenges refugees face on their journey to Canada. Participants put on virtual reality goggles for an interactive experience simulating the global displacement crisis.
The multi-media Refugee Tent was developed for the Canadian Labour Congress to help the public gain a better understanding of why Canada is being asked to welcome desperate people seeking refuge.
"For a lot of us, we learn by experiencing something," said Louise Simbandumwe, an Amnesty International Winnipeg volunteer who arrived in Canada as a refugee in 1979.
Every year, Canada welcomes thousands of refugees who, after fleeing their home countries, may have languished for years in overcrowded camps or faced harrowing journeys most Canadians cannot imagine. They endure these hardships to escape violence, death, imprisonment or starvation for themselves and their families. The Refugee Tent allows participants see what they experience, through their eyes.
"Building that sense of empathy and how important it is to be part of building a safe haven for refugees — that's something we can celebrate, especially when you look at what's happening south of the border," said Simbandumwe.
The Refugee Tent will be open in the outdoor plaza of the Gas Station Arts Centre, Sunday from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. It's sponsored by Amnesty International Winnipeg, Canadian Labour Congress, Migrante Manitoba, Migrant Worker Solidarity Network, and Reaching Out Winnipeg.
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Amnesty International members will be on site, circulating petitions urging the Canadian government to rescind the Safe Third Country Agreement concerning refugees who come to Canada via the United States, and urging U.S. authorities to re-unify migrant families that have been separated by American officials.
"We need to rescind that agreement," said Simbandumwe. Without it, "people could go to a port of entry and they could claim asylum in Canada and have a refugee hearing.
"It would prevent people from taking a very dangerous journey and crossing the border in other ways," she said, pointing to asylum-seekers who have risked life and limb crossing into Canada near Emerson, and lost both.
"It's not safe for many refugees," said the resettled woman from Burundi who was awarded a prestigious Rhodes Scholarship, studied at the University of Oxford, and chose to work at SEED Winnipeg in the North End, providing employment and economic development services to low-income families.
"From a personal perspective, I am incredibly grateful we were able to come to Canada and rebuild our lives and contribute in a positive way — creating a country that's more accepting and compassionate."
[email protected]
Carol SandersReporter
Carol Sanders’ reporting on newcomers to Canada has made international headlines, earned national recognition but most importantly it’s shared the local stories of the growing diversity of people calling Manitoba home.
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# Support of Multiple Compose File under Docker 18.03 CE Release
Under Docker 18.03 Release, there is a support for multiple composefile when deploying.
## Why Multiple Compose File?
Using multiple Compose files enables you to customize a Compose application for different environments or different workflows.
## Understanding multiple Compose files
By default, Compose reads two files, a docker-compose.yml and an optional docker-compose.override.yml file. By convention, the docker-compose.yml contains your base configuration. The override file, as its name implies, can contain configuration overrides for existing services or entirely new services.
If a service is defined in both files, Compose merges the configurations using the rules described in Adding and overriding configuration.
To use multiple override files, or an override file with a different name, you can use the -f option to specify the list of files. Compose merges files in the order they’re specified on the command line.
When you use multiple configuration files, you must make sure all paths in the files are relative to the base Compose file (the first Compose file specified with -f). This is required because override files need not be valid Compose files. Override files can contain small fragments of configuration. Tracking which fragment of a service is relative to which path is difficult and confusing, so to keep paths easier to understand, all paths must be defined relative to the base file.
## Example use case
In this section are two common use cases for multiple compose files: changing a Compose app for different environments, and running administrative tasks against a Compose app.
## DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
A common use case for multiple files is changing a development Compose app for a production-like environment (which may be production, staging or CI). To support these differences, you can split your Compose configuration into a few different files:
Start with a base file that defines the canonical configuration for the services.
## Cloning this Repository:
```
$git clone https://github.com/ajeetraina/docker101
cd docker101/play-with-docker/dockercompose/multiple-dc
```
## Run the below command for Production Environment
```
$ docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
Starting multipledc_cache_1 ...
Starting multipledc_db_1 ... done
Starting multipledc_web_1 ... done
```
## Run the below command for Dev Environment
```
$ docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.override.yml up -d
Starting multipledc_cache_1 ...
Starting multipledc_db_1 ... done
Starting multipledc_web_1 ... done
```
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With the 117th overall pick (4th-round), the Los Angeles Rams selected Texas A&M WR Josh Reynolds. Reynolds is a 22-year old, who measures in at 6’3” and 195 lbs. Reynolds offers great size, though his lack of weight is concerning. His combine numbers were pretty average across the board: 4.52 forty, 37” vertical, 6.83 3-cone, though they are all pretty good numbers for a guy of his size. None of his numbers measured up with the top performers at the combine for WR’s, though there are not many 6’3 guys walking around either.
Reynolds has also had good production in college, here’s his stats and scouting report which I wrote earlier in the off-season:
Now, he’s not a perfect prospect, far from it, but he’s got a lot of strengths to like, and some weaknesses that he can hopefully clean up. Firstly, genetically he’s a long and frail guy. Bulking up a bit would definitely help him get stronger and probably would help with avoiding injuries. He’s not a YAC WR, and his route tree was pretty limited at Texas A&M, so that’ll have to be developed. Also, he played almost all of his snaps at right WR - he doesn’t offer much positional versatility in that regard.
With his weaknesses out of the way, let’s jump into the positives and strengths he brings to a WR core that sorely needs it:
The CB over-top of Reynolds is called in for a blitz leaving a free release for the WR. He eats up space between him and the defender, and makes a beautiful contested catch. Not only that, it looked insanely simple for him to bring that ball in.
Same game, same team, and look at the size and skill Reynolds offers in the red-zone. Runs a nice fade, high points the ball with ease, and rips down the ball for a gorgeous touchdown.
Once again a free release for Reynolds, he runs a hitch-and-go, the DB bites, and Reynolds gets over the top of the defender to make another tough contested catch for his second TD.
Reynolds uses a nice release to the outside of the DB here. He’s smart enough to set the DB up to think he’s going vertical, and he plants his outside foot to make a great cut across the face of the CB, which makes for an easy slant across the middle of the field for a 1st down.
With his QB in trouble and scrambling on this play, Reynolds is smart enough to keep his head turned back, push-off subtly on the DB, and work his way back to his QB. He makes the catch and also has field awareness getting his foot in-bounds prior to going out.
Here is Reynolds’ bread and butter. Stutter step off the LOS, takes outside release on the CB, and uses his long strides and underrated speed to get over-top of the DB and make an easy catch for a super long TD.
Reynolds is a vertical WR with great size and an amazing ability to make contested catches. His entire game stems off his ability to go deep and strike fear into DB’s getting over the top. Reynolds needs to develop his route running (not that he isn’t good at it, but wasn’t asked to run many), continue to work at high-pointing footballs, and potentially even bulk up a bit to be able to handle the rigors of the NFL. Reynolds also needs more work against the jam as CB’s in the league will make a lot more contact.
He offers something completely foreign to the Rams WR core. Size, contested catch ability, and a red-zone threat. Reynolds may not be a day 1 starter catching 80 passes in his rookie season, but he’s got a role carved out and hopefully can continue to expand his game to become the WR the Rams have been lacking for years.
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Pen Museum
The Pen Museum is a museum in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom dedicated to educating visitors about the history of Birmingham's steel pen trade. The only museum in the United Kingdom devoted to the history of the pen making industry, the Pen Museum explains how Birmingham became the centre of the world pen trade.
The museum is run by the Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association, which was established in 1996 as a registered charity and became a charitable incorporated organisation in 2018.
The museum is located in Birmingham’s Jewellery Quarter, at the Argent Centre. The Argent Centre itself used to house a pen factory and is a Grade II* listed building.
The museum was opened in April 2001, and in June 2002 the adjoining Philp Poole Room gallery opened. The new exhibition and shop area with new entrance to the Museum opened in November 2016.
In the 19th century, around 100 companies distributed steel pens in Birmingham. The pen nibs produced were distributed worldwide, until the trade was overtaken by fountain pens and the ballpoint pen. The museum looks into the lives of the employers and workers involved in the business, as well as providing information on the pen companies. It also has information on how steel pen nibs were made and has pen nibs on display. Beyond the steel pen, the museum also aims to educate on other forms of writing equipment and on writing in general.
Information at the museum is given through displays and tours by volunteer guides, as well as through demonstrations and ‘hands on’ activities, such as writing with different kinds of pen, early typewriters and Braille machines, and making a pen nib using original factory presses. Entry to the museum is by admission, additional donations are appreciated.
The Museum also hosts workshops for family and community groups on various themes, talks on pen trade history and provides for research into genealogy. The Museum has a shop which sells books, pens and writing-related gifts and souvenirs.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Museums in Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the West Midlands
Category:Pens
Category:Museums established in 2001
Category:Industry museums in England
Category:Literary museums in England
Category:Industrial archaeological sites in England
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"""Test that all docs are there."""
from os import path
from unittest import TestCase
def parse_code_headers(md_file_path):
"""Parse all settings names from the markdown."""
import re
all_settings_headers_regex = re.compile(r"###\s\*\*`(\w+)`\*\*.*")
with open(md_file_path) as f:
contents = f.read()
matches = all_settings_headers_regex.findall(contents)
return matches
def parse_settings(json_file_path):
"""Parse all settings names from the json file."""
import re
all_settings_regex = re.compile(r'^ "(\w+)"\s*:.+$', flags=re.MULTILINE)
with open(json_file_path) as f:
contents = f.read()
matches = all_settings_regex.findall(contents)
return matches
class TestSomething(TestCase):
"""Test that the settings have descriptions in the docs."""
def test_all_settings(self):
"""Test that all settings have docs."""
project_folder = path.dirname(path.dirname(__file__))
md_file = path.join(project_folder, 'docs', 'settings.md')
settings_file = path.join(
project_folder, 'EasyClangComplete.sublime-settings')
self.assertEqual(set(parse_code_headers(md_file)),
set(parse_settings(settings_file)))
|
// Copyright (C) Pash Contributors. License GPL/BSD. See https://github.com/Pash-Project/Pash/
using System;
using System.Management;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace TestHost.FileSystemTests
{
[TestFixture]
public class FileSystemTestBaseTests : FileSystemTestBase
{
[Test]
public void HelperCanCreateDirectory()
{
Path rootPath = base.SetupFileSystemWithStructure(new[] { "/foo/" });
string path = rootPath.Combine("/foo");
System.IO.Directory.Exists(path).ShouldBeTrue("Directory not found: " + path);
}
[Test]
public void HelperCanCreateFileInDirectory()
{
Path rootPath = base.SetupFileSystemWithStructure(new[] { "/foo/bar" });
string path = rootPath.Combine("/foo/bar");
System.IO.File.Exists(path).ShouldBeTrue("File not found: " + path);
}
[Test]
public void HelperCanCreateFileInSubSubSubDirectory()
{
Path rootPath = base.SetupFileSystemWithStructure(new[]{
"/foo/",
"/foo/bar/",
"/foo/bar/baz/",
"/foo/bar/baz/boo",
});
string path = rootPath.Combine("/foo/bar/baz/boo");
System.IO.File.Exists(path).ShouldBeTrue("File not found: " + path);
}
}
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitter, and more particularly, a light emitter with a voltage dependent resistor layer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Light emitters are widely used in optical displays, laser diodes, traffic lights, data storage devices, communications devices, ruminating equipments, and medical equipments.
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a related art packaged light emitter 100. As shown in FIG. 1, a light emitter 102 is packaged with a set of zener diodes 104 for releasing static electricity so as to avoid damaging the light emitter 102. However, the zener diodes 104 are connected when packaging the light emitter 102. Therefore no element is provided to discharge static electrically before packaging the light emitter 102. And the light emitter 102 may be damaged by static electricity before it is packaged. Further, the introduction of the zener diodes 104 will complicate the packaging process thereby incurring extra cost.
Please refer to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a light emitting diode 150 bonded with a silicon doped diode 152 disclosed in a published U.S. patent application 2002/0179914. The silicon doped diode 152 is connected to the light emitting diode 150 with a covalent bond. The silicon doped diode 152 is used to release static electricity accumulated on the light emitting diode 150 to avoid damaging the light emitting diode 150. However, the covalent bond between the silicon doped diode 152 and the light emitting diode 150 is formed after the light emitting diode 150 is formed. Therefore the light emitting diode 150 may be damaged before the covalent bond is formed. And the covalent bond also incur additional expense to the structure.
|
Effect of dose, time, and pretreatment on the biliary excretion and tissue distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat.
Previous studies of the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) pretreatment on the biliary excretion and hepatic disposition indicated that TCDD did not induce its own metabolic elimination. Pretreatment with TCDD did enhance its hepatic uptake. The present work was designed to further examine the effects of dose, time, and pretreatment on the tissue distribution and biliary elimination of [3H]TCDD. Adult male F-344 rats were administered 0 or 100 nmol [14C]TCDD or [3H]-TCDD/kg body weight po 3 days prior to bile duct cannulation and iv injection of 0 or 1 nmol [3H]TCDD or 1, 10, or 100 nmol [14C]TCDD/kg. Bile was collected for up to 8 hr while rats were maintained under pentobarbital anesthesia. Biliary TCDD and TCDD metabolites were quantified by liquid scintillation spectrometry. In naive animals which received no pretreatment, similar rates of excretion (% dose) were observed following iv administration of 1 nmol [3H]TCDD/kg or 10 or 100 nmol [14C]-TCDD/kg. Metabolic elimination of highly purified [3H]TCDD (> 99%) appeared to be linear with respect to time with approximately 0.8% of the dose being excreted in the bile over a 5- to 8-hr collection period 0 or 24 hr after iv dosing (1, 10, or 100 nmol/kg) and 72 hr after oral dosing (100 nmol/kg). In all groups, higher concentrations of TCDD were found in liver versus fat, and perirenal fat concentrations were elevated relative to epididymal fat concentrations, probably reflective of the enhanced blood perfusion of the former tissue. Pretreatment enhanced hepatic concentrations and decreased fat concentrations of the challenge dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
|
---
abstract: 'We consider charge relaxation in the mesoscopic equivalent of an RC circuit. For a single-channel, spin-polarized contact, self-consistent scattering theory predicts a universal charge relaxation resistance equal to half a resistance quantum independent of the transmission properties of the contact. This prediction is in good agreement with recent experimental results. We use a tunneling Hamiltonian formalism and show in Hartree-Fock approximation, that at zero temperature the charge relaxation resistance is universal even in the presence of Coulomb blockade effects. We explore departures from universality as a function of temperature and magnetic field.'
author:
- 'Simon E. Nigg$^1$, Rosa López$^2$ and Markus Büttiker$^1$'
title: Mesoscopic Charge Relaxation
---
There is increasing interest in the dynamics of mesoscopic structures motivated by the desire to manipulate and measure quantum phenomena as rapidly as possible. It is thus of great importance to characterize the time scales governing the electron dynamics in simple mesoscopic structures. An elementary but fundamental building block is the quantum coherent capacitor [@Buettiker:93a]. As in the classical case, the low frequency dynamics of a mesoscopic capacitor is determined by a charge relaxation time $\tau_{RC}$. For a quantum coherent capacitor the RC time can still be written as the product of a resistance and a capacitance, i.e. $\tau_{RC}=R_qC_{\mu}$. However, due to the coherent nature of electron transport through mesoscopic structures, both the electrochemical capacitance $C_{\mu}$, which determines the charge on the capacitor and the charge relaxation resistance $R_q$, which governs the charge fluctuations, now crucially depend on coherence properties of the system. The capacitance $C_{\mu}$ is related to the imaginary part of the AC conductance but it can also be obtained by the differentiation of a thermodynamic (grand-canonical) potential [@Flensberg:93a; @Matveev:95a; @Buettiker:96b; @Aleiner:02a; @DutySillanpaa:05a]. The charge relaxation resistance $R_q$ is related to the real part of the AC conductance and therefore requires a dynamic theory. In analogy to the classical RC circuit depicted in the upper left corner of Fig. \[fig:dot\], one has for the mesoscopic system $$\label{eq:1}
G(\omega) = -i\omega C_{\mu}+\omega^2 C_{\mu}^2R_q+O(\omega^3).$$ This equation will be taken as a definition of $C_{\mu}$ and $R_q$. If the cavity-reservoir connection permits the transmission of only a single spin polarized channel, a self-consistent scattering matrix approach, gives at zero temperature a resistance equal to half a resistance quantum [@Buettiker:93a] $$\label{eq:2}
R_q = \frac{h}{2e^2}.$$ We emphasize that the factor of 2 is not connected to spin but is rather due to the fact that the cavity connects to only one electron reservoir. More astonishing, even counter-intuitive, is the fact that Eq. (2) is independent of the transmission properties of the channel.
In a seminal experiment, J. Gabelli et al. [@Gabelli] have recently measured both the in and out of phase parts of the AC conductance of a mesoscopic RC circuit. In their experiment one “plate” of the capacitor consists of a sub-micrometer quantum dot (QD) and the other is formed by a macroscopic top gate. The role of the resistor is played by a tunable quantum point contact (QPC) connecting the QD to an electron reservoir. The results of this experiment are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of [@Buettiker:93a], in particular they confirm the universality of the single channel charge relaxation resistance by using a strong magnetic field to spin polarize the electrons. However, it is a priori unclear whether the results derived in Ref. [@Buettiker:93a] still hold in the presence of single charge effects [@Flensberg:93a; @Matveev:95a; @Aleiner:02a] which must become important if the transmission through the QPC becomes small. Indeed the experiment observes Coulomb blockade oscillations of the capacitance as a function of the gate voltage. It is the aim of the present work to present a theoretical description for the charge relaxation resistance in the
![\[fig:dot\] Schematics of the mesoscopic capacitor. A cavity is connected via one lead to an electron reservoir at voltage $V(t)$ and capacitively coupled to a backgate with voltage $V_g$. The coupling matrix elements $\Gamma_{mn}$ are defined in the text. The inset shows the corresponding classical RC circuit.](dot2.eps){width="45.00000%"}
presence of Coulomb blockade effects.
The mesoscopic RC circuit along with the principal model parameters is shown in Fig. \[fig:dot\]. $V(t)=V_{\text{ac}}\cos(\omega t)$ is the time dependent voltage applied to the electron reservoir while $V_g$ is the voltage applied to the gate and $C$ is the geometrical capacitance between the QD and the gate. The matrix elements $\Gamma_{mn}$, to be defined below, describe the indirect coupling between the dot states $m$ and $n$ via the reservoir.
Our first goal is to show that in the single channel case $R_q$ is universal also in the Coulomb blockade regime. For that purpose we treat the cavity at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level [@Brouwer:05a; @Hackenbroich:01a]. The starting point of our calculation is the relation $$\label{eq:17}
I(t) = -e\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Im\{{\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[G^<(t,t)]\},$$ which expresses the tunneling current through the QPC as a function of the lesser (matrix) Green function (GF) $G^<(t,t')$ of the dot. We are interested in the regime where the modulation energy is small compared to the level spacing in the dot. Treating the dot as zero dimensional, the Hamiltonian of this system is [@Platero:03] $$\label{eq:3}
H= H_L + H_D + \sum_{k\sigma,n}(t^{\sigma}_{k,n}c^{\dagger}_{k\sigma}d_{n\sigma} + h.c.),$$ where $H_L=\sum_{k\sigma}E_{k\sigma}(t)c_{k\sigma}^{\dagger}c_{k\sigma}$, with $E_{k\sigma}(t)=E_{k\sigma}^0+eV(t)$, describes the (non-interacting) electrons in the isolated lead and $t^{\sigma}_{k,n}$ is the tunneling matrix element between a reservoir momentum state $k$ and the $n$-th single particle dot state, both with spin $\sigma$. A change in the gate voltage is modeled as a shift of the Fermi energy $E_F$ in the reservoir and we set $V_g=0$. The Hamiltonian of the dot reads $H_D
=\sum_{n\sigma}\epsilon_{n\sigma}d^{\dagger}_{n\sigma}d_{n\sigma}+E_c(\hat
N_{dot}+\mathcal
N(t))^2$. Here $E_c=e^2/2C$ is the electrostatic charging energy, $\hat N_{dot}=\sum_{m\sigma}d_{m\sigma}^{\dagger}d_{m\sigma}$ is the particle number in the dot and $e\mathcal N(t)=C U(t)$ gives the polarization charges between dot and gate produced by the time dependent voltage at the reservoir [@Brune:97a]. This polarization charge in turn, leads to a time-dependent (Hartree) potential $U(t)$ inside the dot and we may write $H_D=\sum_{n\sigma}\tilde\epsilon_{n\sigma}(t)d^{\dagger}_{n\sigma}d_{n\sigma}+E_c{\hat
N_{dot}}^2$, with $\tilde\epsilon_{m\sigma}(t)=\epsilon_{m\sigma}+eU(t)$. In HF approximation, the retarded (advanced) GF of the dot takes the form [@Jauho:94; @Rosa:01a] $$G^{R(A)}(t,t') = {\ensuremath{\text{e}}}^{i\phi_U(t,t')}G_{eq}^{R(A)}(t-t'),$$ where $G_{eq}^{R(A)}(t-t')=G^{R(A)}(t,t')\rvert_{V_{\text{ac}}=0}$ is the equilibrium retarded (advanced) HF Green function and $\phi_U(t,t') =
\int_t^{t'}d\tau U(\tau)$. The equal time lesser GF is obtained via the Keldysh equation [@Jauho:94; @Wang:99a] $$\label{eq:15}
G^<(t,t) = \int dt_1\int dt_2 G^R(t,t_1)\Gamma^<(t_1,t_2)G^A(t_2,t).$$ Here $\Gamma^<(t,t')=i\Gamma{\ensuremath{\text{e}}}^{i\phi_V(t,t')}\hat f(t-t')$ with $\phi_V(t,t') = \int_t^{t'}d\tau V(\tau)$ is the lesser coupling self-energy and $\hat f(t-t')$ $=$ $(1/2\pi)\int dE{\ensuremath{\text{e}}}^{-iE(t-t')}f(E)$, is the Fourier transform of the Fermi function. $\Gamma^{\sigma}_{mn} = 2\pi\rho_L
{t^{\sigma }_{m}}^*t^{\sigma}_{n}$ are the coupling matrix elements in the wide band limit [@Jauho:94]. Here and in the following, we use the matrix notation $A_{m\sigma,n\sigma'}\equiv
A^{\sigma}_{mn}\delta_{\sigma\sigma'}$, which takes advantage of the fact that spin is conserved in (\[eq:3\]). An important property of the coupling matrix elements is that $\Gamma^{\sigma}_{mn}\Gamma^{\sigma}_{kl}=\Gamma^{\sigma}_{ml}\Gamma^{\sigma}_{kn}$, from which it immediately follows that for arbitrary matrices $A$ and $B$ $$\label{eq:7}
{\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[\Gamma^{\sigma} A\Gamma^{\sigma}
B]={\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[\Gamma^{\sigma} A]{\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[\Gamma^{\sigma} B],$$ where the trace is over a basis of dot states with spin $\sigma$. Since we are interested in the linear conductance, we expand (\[eq:15\]) to linear order in $V$ and $U$ and find after double Fourier transformation $$\label{eq:16}
G^<(E,E') = G_{eq}^R(E)\Gamma_1^<(E,E')G_{eq}^A(E') + O(U^2,V^2),$$ where $\Gamma_1^<(E,E')$ is the double Fourier transform of $\Gamma_1^<(t,t') = i\Gamma(1+i\phi(t,t'))\hat f(t-t')$ with $\phi(t,t') \equiv \phi_V(t,t')-\phi_U(t,t')$. With (\[eq:17\]) and (\[eq:16\]) the linear response tunneling current at frequency $\omega$ becomes $I(\omega) = g(\omega) [V(\omega)-U(\omega)]$, with $$\label{eq:5}
g(\omega)=-i\frac{e\omega}{2\pi}\int dE F(E,\omega)
{\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[G_{eq}^R(E)\Gamma G_{eq}^A(E-\omega)],$$ where $F(E,\omega) = [f(E+\omega)-f(E)]/\omega$ and we have set $\hbar=1$. To obtain the AC conductance $G(\omega) = I(\omega)/V(\omega)$, we need the internal potential $U(\omega)$. For this we note that in the present single lead system, the displacement current $-i\omega e\mathcal N(\omega)$ is equal to the tunneling current so that $g(\omega)[V(\omega)-U(\omega)] =-i\omega C U(\omega)$ and consequently [@Buettiker:96a] $U(\omega) = g(\omega)V(\omega)/[-i\omega
C+g(\omega)]$. Expanding the conductance to second order in frequency, we then obtain after restoring the units $$\label{eq:6}
R_q=-\frac{h}{2e^2}\frac{\int dE\,f'(E){\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[D(E)^2]}{\left(\int dE\, f'(E){\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[D(E)]\right)^2},$$ where $f'= df/dE$ and $D(E)\equiv G_{eq}^R(E)\Gamma G_{eq}^A(E)$. Using (\[eq:7\]), we have ${\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[D^{\sigma}(E)^2]={\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[D^{\sigma}(E)]^2$ and hence at zero temperature $$\label{eq:4}
R_q = \frac{h}{2e^2}\frac{\sum_{\sigma}\nu_{\sigma}(E_F)^2}{\left(\sum_{\sigma}\nu_{\sigma}(E_F)\right)^2},$$ where $\nu_{\sigma}(E)\equiv{\ensuremath{{\rm tr}}}[D^{\sigma}(E)]/2\pi$ is the density of spin $\sigma$ states in the dot. Eqs. (\[eq:5\],\[eq:4\]) are central results of this work. In particular, Eq. (\[eq:4\]) demonstrates that for a single (spin polarized) channel $R_q$ is still given by Eq. (\[eq:2\]). In the following, we use Eq. (\[eq:4\]) to investigate the magnetic field dependence of $R_q$. We consider here a dot with two spin degenerate levels with bare energies $\epsilon_{1\sigma}$ and $\epsilon_{2\sigma}=\epsilon_{1\sigma}+\Delta$ respectively. In the numerical calculations, we set $E_c/\Delta=2.5$. We are interested in the regime of low magnetic field, where the Zeeman splitting $\Delta_B=\mu_BgB\leq\Delta$. For simplicity, we further assume that $\Gamma^{\uparrow}_{mn}=\Gamma^{\downarrow}_{mn}\equiv\gamma$, for $m,n\in\{1,2\}$. The equilibrium HF retarded GF of the dot may be written as $G_{eq}^R(E) = [G_0^R(E)^{-1}-\Sigma_{HF}^{R}+i\Gamma/2]^{-1}$, with the non-interacting equilibrium GF of the isolated dot $({G_0^R(E)})_{mn}=\delta_{mn}(E-\epsilon_{m}+i0^+)^{-1}$ and the HF self-energy $$\label{eq:9}
(\Sigma_{HF}^{R})^{\sigma}_{mn}=E_c\Big[\delta_{mn}{\sum_{l\sigma'}}\braket{n_{l\sigma'}}-\braket{d_{m\sigma}^{\dagger}d_{n\sigma}}\Big].$$ The most important feature of this self-energy is that it correctly excludes the unphysical self-interaction terms ($m=n=l$ and $\sigma=\sigma'$) of the Hartree approximation and consequently leads to the appearance of the Coulomb gap across $E_F$, which is the essential spectral signature of the Coulomb blockade effect. The “mean fields” $\braket{d^{\dagger}_{m\sigma}d_{n\sigma}}$ are determined self-consistently [@Golosov:06] by solving the set of equations $$\label{eq:10}
\braket{d^{\dagger}_{m\sigma} d_{n\sigma}}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dE
f(E)[G_{eq}^R(E)\Gamma G_{eq}^A(E)]^{\sigma}_{mn}.$$ Because of the interaction, $\nu_{\sigma}(E)$ depends on the level occupancies and we must distinguish two cases.
![\[fig:Rqspin\] Magnetic field dependence of the charge relaxation resistance $R_q$. The upper panels show $R_q$ as a function of the Zeeman splitting $\Delta_B$ and the Fermi energy $E_F$ for weak $\pi\gamma/E_c=0.13$ and strong $\pi\gamma/E_c=1.4$ coupling. All energies are given in units of the bare level spacing $\Delta$. The lower panels show the corresponding total dot charge.](Rqspin4b.eps){width="50.00000%"}
Solving Eq. (\[eq:10\]) numerically in the strongly blockaded regime $\pi\gamma/E_c\ll 1$, we find that $R_q$ is non-universal even as $B\rightarrow 0$ (upper left panel of Fig. \[fig:Rqspin\]). This is due to the fact that the dot charge is strongly quantized in this regime, as shown in the lower left panel of Fig. \[fig:Rqspin\], which leads to a gap of order $E_c+\Delta\delta_{\sigma\sigma'}+(1-\delta_{\sigma\sigma'})\Delta_B$ between the highest occupied state with spin $\sigma$ and the lowest unoccupied state with spin $\sigma'$. There are thus four well separated (separation $\sim E_c$), narrow (width $\sim\gamma$) resonances in the total density of states $\sum_{\sigma}\nu_{\sigma}$ as a function of $E_F$. We can understand the particular behavior of $R_q$ shown in the upper left panel of Fig. \[fig:Rqspin\] at specific values of the Fermi energy. If $E_F$ is on a resonance with spin $\sigma$, then $\nu_{\sigma'}(E_F)\cong\nu_{\sigma}(E_F)\delta_{\sigma\sigma'}$. Therefore on resonance, i.e. for $E_F\in\{\epsilon_{1\sigma},\epsilon_{2\sigma},\epsilon_{1\overline{\sigma}}+E_c+\Delta_B,\epsilon_{2\overline{\sigma}}+E_c+\Delta_B\}$, we expect to have $R_q\cong h/2e^2$ according to (\[eq:4\]). Furthermore, in the middle between two consecutive resonances $\nu_{\sigma}(E_F)=\nu_{\overline{\sigma}}(E_F)$ and so $R_q$ takes on its minimal two channel value $h/4e^2$. In the opposite limit of strong coupling $1\lesssim\pi\gamma/E_c$, the Coulomb blockade is smeared out and the charge on the dot is not strongly quantized anymore (see lower right panel in Fig. \[fig:Rqspin\]). Thus at very low magnetic fields, the two spin states are nearly simultaneously charged and the degeneracy is not appreciably lifted. Therefore, $R_q\cong h/4e^2$ at low magnetic fields as shown in the upper right panel of Fig. \[fig:Rqspin\]. As $\Delta_B$ increases the broad resonances in the density of states corresponding to the two spin degenerate levels split into consecutively overlapping resonances and $R_q$ starts to increases except in the middle between two neighboring resonances. Finally, a crossing of the two innermost resonances is observed for $\Delta_B\cong 0.75$. Such a crossing occurs when the Zeeman splitting approaches the effective level spacing $\Delta+E_c(\braket{n_{1\sigma}}-\braket{n_{2\overline\sigma}})$, which interestingly is seen to be smaller than the bare level spacing here. This effect is peculiar to the strongly coupled regime and is due to enhanced exchange interactions, which favor the consequent population of states with equal spins [@Kurland:01; @Rokhinson:01]. At the crossing point the densities of both spin states are equal and $R_q$ takes on its minimal value.
As a second application, we investigate the temperature dependence of $R_q$ in the high magnetic field limit, where the incoming electrons are effectively spin polarized and there is only a single transmitting channel through the QPC. We consider here a quantum dot with two (bare) levels $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2=\epsilon_1+\Delta$ and suppress the now superfluous spin index. In the low temperature regime $k_BT\ll\gamma$, we may expand $\nu(E)$ and $\nu(E)^2$ around $E_F$ assuming that these functions vary slowly in the range $E_F\pm k_BT/2$. This yields, to first non-vanishing order in $k_BT\equiv\beta^{-1}$ $$\label{eq:12}
R_q \cong
\frac{h}{2e^2}\left(1+\frac{\pi^2}{3\beta^2}\left[\frac{\nu'(E_F)}{\nu(E_F)}\right]^2\right),$$ where $\nu'(E)\equiv\frac{\partial\nu(E)}{\partial E}$. Thus in HF approximation, the lowest order correction is proportional to the square of the energy derivative of the density of states at the Fermi energy. This explains the presence of the peaks seen in Fig. \[fig:RqT\], to the left and right of the two resonances at $E_F=\epsilon_1=1$ and $E_F=\epsilon_2^*=\epsilon_1+E_c+\Delta$, for the two lowest temperatures $\beta=100$ and $\beta=12.5$. The fact that for $\beta=12.5$, $R_q$ does not identically vanish at resonance where $\nu'(E_F)=0$, is due to higher order terms in the low temperature expansion, which involve non-vanishing higher order derivatives of $\nu$. The dotted horizontal line at $R_q=h/2e^2$ marks the zero temperature result. In the opposite limit of very high temperature $k_BT\gg\Delta+E_c$, where $-f'(E)\cong\beta/4$ and in the weakly coupled regime $\gamma\ll \Delta$, where the density of states is well approximated by a sum of displaced Lorentzians of width $\gamma$, we can estimate the remaining integrals in the numerator and denominator of (\[eq:6\]) as $-\int dE f'(E)\nu(E)^2\cong \beta
M/4\pi\gamma$ and $-\int dE f'(E)\nu(E)\cong
\beta M/4$ respectively, where $M$ is the number of density of states peaks under the broad curve $f'(E)$. Therefore at very high temperature we find $$\label{eq:13}
R_q\cong\frac{h}{e^2}\frac{2}{\pi\gamma M\beta}.$$
\[b\]\[\][$\gamma=0.1, E_c=2.5, \Delta=1$]{} \[t\]\[\][$E_F$]{} \[\]\[r\]\[1\]\[-90\]
-------------------
$R_q$
$[\frac{h}{e^2}]$
-------------------
\[\]\[\]\[0.8\]\[-90\][$R_q$]{} \[\]\[\]\[0.8\][$1/\beta$]{} \[\]\[\]\[0.8\][$\quad \beta=0.02$]{} \[\]\[\]\[0.8\][$\quad \beta=0.5$]{} \[\]\[\]\[0.8\][$\quad \beta=12.5$]{} \[\]\[\]\[0.8\][$\quad \beta=100$]{} \[t\]\[\]\[1.2\][$\epsilon_1$]{} \[t\]\[\]\[1.2\][$\epsilon_2^*$]{} ![\[fig:RqT\] Charge relaxation resistance $R_q$ as a function of Fermi energy $E_F$ for different temperatures. The lower three curves are for a two level dot. The upper most curve is the high temperature asymptote. The inset shows $R_q$ as a funtion of temperature for $E_F = \epsilon_1$. ](RqT4.eps "fig:"){width="45.00000%"}
This high temperature limit is shown as a dashed horizontal black line in Fig. \[fig:RqT\] for the two highest temperatures. In the present two level system, $M=2$ and as expected the agreement with the numerical integration of (\[eq:6\]) is good for the highest temperature $\beta^{-1}=50\gg\Delta+E_c=3.5$. For the intermediate temperature $\Delta=1<\beta^{-1}=2<\Delta+E_c=3.5$, there is already a significant deviation from the asymptotic result. In the inset of Fig. \[fig:RqT\], we show $R_q$ as a function of the temperature on the first resonance at $E_F=\epsilon_1$. The dashed line corresponds to the high temperature asymptote and the dotted line is the low temperature limit .
In this work we have analyzed the charge relaxation of a mesoscopic capacitor in the linear regime of coherent dynamical transport. We have shown that the single channel zero temperature charge relaxation resistance $R_q$ is universal even in the presence of single charge effects, described in the Hartree-Fock approximation. This shows in particular that charge relaxation of a quantum coherent capacitor is faster than one could naively expect based on classical arguments. We obtain the magnetic field dependence of $R_q$ in the two channel case (electrons with spin), where we identify two qualitatively different regimes of weak and strong coupling. In the former, the degeneracy of both spin states is lifted by the interaction at all field strengths and $R_q$ is non-universal. In the latter regime, the degeneracy is lifted only at finite field and at zero field $R_q$ is universal and equal to its minimum two channel value $h/4e^2$. The finite temperature behavior of $R_q$ for a two level spin polarized system is, to lowest order, determined by the logarithmic derivative of the density of states with respect to energy. In the multilevel case the HF approximation gives a reasonable qualitative picture of the underlying physics. The important case of $B=0$, for a single strongly coupled level in the dot, requires a treatment of Kondo physics and will be discussed elsewhere [@unpub].
Our work demonstrates that mesoscopic charge relaxation is a physically very interesting process and provides a basis for the understanding of experimental data in the low and high magnetic field ranges.
We thank C. Glattli and J. Gabelli for discussions and sharing their data with us. This work was supported by the Swiss NSF, MaNEP, the Spanish MEC by MAT2005-07369-C03-03 and the Ramon y Cajal program.
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|
Q:
Iphone TabBarController Template
i am developing an application with the template of TabBarController.
The question is how can i set the second view to a NavigationController and set the root controller for that NavigationController.
I don't know if my question is sufficiently clear but i don't know how to explain it better.
Thanks
A:
Here is how I set something like this up...
Tab Bar Controller
... 1st Tab View Controller
... 2nd Tab Navigation Controller
... ... View Controller
ect...
Make sure the .xib for the view controller inside the navigation controller has the proper class identity, it should be it's corresponding View Controller class file.
|
21:12
World roundup as of Saturday evening, April 11
The coronavirus pandemic has infected more than 1.7 million people worldwide and an estimated 100,000 deaths have been recorded.
Here is the latest on the situation from around the world, from the Associated Press:
- INDONESIA
Angry inmates set fire to an overcrowded prison on Sulawesi island during a riot over measures imposed to contain the coronavirus, officials said.
Hundreds of police and soldiers were deployed to take control of Tuminting prison in Manado city, the capital of North Sulawesi province, which is designed to house 490 inmates but has more than 550, said the Justice and Human Rights provincial office.
A preliminary investigation revealed that many inmates, mostly drug offenders, were angered by restrictions on family visits and envious following the early release of 115 inmates to curb the spread of the coronavirus in prisons.
They went on the rampage and started fires, and other inmates joined the protest and it turned violent, but there were no reports of deaths.
- TURKEY
Ankara has reported more than 5,000 new coronavirus cases, pushing the total above 50,000 since recording its first confirmed infection exactly a month earlier.
Health minister Fahrettin Koca said there were 5,138 cases over the previous 24 hours, taking the country’s total to 52,167. The death toll rose to 1,101, up 95.
The minister said the rise in cases reflects a greater number of tests - 33,170 over 24 hours to take the total number to 340,380.
- CHINA
Chinese regulators say ventilators, masks and other supplies being exported will be subject to quality inspections following complaints that substandard goods were being sold abroad.
The customs agency says masks, ventilators, surgical gowns, goggles and other supplies will be treated as medical goods. This requires exporters to show they meet the quality standards of their destination market.
The agency gave no details but the newspaper Beijing Daily said shipments would be inspected by a government agency before being approved for export.
China is the biggest producer of surgical masks and other medical products and has increased output following the coronavirus outbreak.
Regulators in Australia, the Netherlands and other countries have complained masks, virus test kits and other products were faulty or failed to meet quality standards.
- INDIA
Indian prime minister Narendra Modi has extended the nationwide lockdown by two more weeks.
Mr Modi held a meeting Saturday with at least 13 chief ministers of Indian states through video conferencing. The unprecedented order for lockdown is meant to keep India’s 1.3 billion people at home and prevent the virus form surging.
The country’s current three-week lockdown was to expire Tuesday. Authorities have reported 6,565 confirmed cases and 239 deaths.
- IRAN
Iran began reopening government offices on Saturday after a brief nationwide lockdown to help contain the worst coronavirus outbreak in the Middle East, which has killed more than 4,300 people in the country.
Government offices outside the capital, Tehran, reopened with two-thirds of employees going in and the remainder working from home, state media reported.
Women who have young children were given priority in deciding who works remotely. Businesses outside the capital were also allowed to reopen Saturday, the first day of the working week.
Businesses in Tehran will be allowed to reopen next Saturday, provided they register with authorities and follow guidelines on social distancing set out by the Health Ministry.
- SPAIN
Spain has reported its lowest daily death count in nearly three weeks, after 510 people died, having contracted coronavirus, between Friday and Saturday. That is down from a national high of 950 deaths reported on April 2.
The country saw a slight rise in confirmed infections, with 4,830 new cases reported, compared with 4,576 the day before.
Spain has confirmed 161,852 infections and 16,353 deaths since the beginning of the outbreak, making it and Italy the hardest hit countries in Europe.
More than 59,000 Spaniards have recovered from Covid-19. A month-long national lockdown has helped Spain slow the daily increase in the numbers of infected people from more than 20% two weeks ago to 3%.
Authorities said they will distribute 10 million face masks at major rail and subway stations to help reduce a coronavirus spike.
Interior minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska made the announcement on Saturday, two days before factory and construction workers will be allowed to go back to work.
- JAPAN
Japan has broadened a request for people to stay away from bars, clubs and restaurants across the whole country. The measure previously covered seven urban areas, including Tokyo.
Prime minister Shinzo Abe said that “many cases of infections have been confirmed at places where people are going out at night, and that spread is nationwide”.
Japan’s state of emergency, issued on April 7, carries no penalties but asks people to stay at home as much as possible.
Mr Abe reiterated his plea for companies to allow people to work from home, stressing that commuter train crowds had thinned, but more was needed. Although department stores and cinemas have closed, some retail chains are still open.
- SRI LANKA
Authorities have extended a curfew in key parts of the country.
A government statement said the curfew will continue in six districts, including Colombo, until further notice. These six districts have been identified as “high risk zones”.
Sri Lanka has been under curfew since March 20, and the government has banned non-essential travel during the curfew hours. Police strictly enforce the curfew and have arrested nearly 20,000 people for violations.
Police say they are trying to stop people swapping instructions for how to produce illicit alcohol.
Alcohol shops and bars are closed under the curfew, which has caused black market alcohol prices to triple.
Posts on social media have been widely shared with tips for producing moonshine using locally available items such as sugar, coconut water and yeast.
Police spokesman Ajith Rohana says that people who promote consumption of alcohol or methods to produce it could face a prison sentence of up to two years. He says special teams are examining posts on social media.
- AUSTRALIA
About 1,300 Australian travellers being kept in mandatory quarantine in Sydney ended their two-week confinement in time for the Easter Sunday holiday.
They had arrived at Sydney International Airport after a government-ordered clampdown on March 29 and were finishing their 14-day quarantine, New South Wales police said.
They will undergo a final health check before they are allowed to leave. Police are overseeing the departures, assisted by health authorities, the Australian defence force and hotel staff.
The New South Wales health minister issued an order directing all overseas arrivals to go directly to a quarantine facility from March 29.
- UNITED STATES
The coronavirus pandemic may be making a dent in illicit business, too.
In Chicago, one of America’s most violent cities, drug arrests have plummeted 42% in the weeks since the city shut down, compared with the same period last year.
Part of that decrease, some criminal lawyers say, is that drug dealers have no choice but to wait out the economic slump.
“The feedback I’m getting is that they aren’t able to move, to sell anything anywhere,” said Joseph Lopez, a criminal lawyer in Chicago who represents reputed drug dealers.
Overall, Chicago’s crime declined 10% after the pandemic struck, a trend playing out globally as cities report stunning crime drops in the weeks since measures were put into place to slow the spread of the virus.
Even among regions that have the highest levels of violence outside a war zone, fewer people are being killed and fewer robberies are taking place.
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Bonehead move, Moonbeam. Gubernatorial candidate Jerry Brown on Tuesday said he does not support legalizing marijuana in California.
The State Column. Brown’s ill-advised announcement comes as the Golden State prepares to vote on the marijuana issue on November’s ballot, the same ballot voters will use to decide if he will be the next Governor of California, reports
Moonbeam didn’t even have a coherent argument against cannabis legalization. In an appalling lapse of logic, the Democratic ex-governor said legalizing pot would open the floodgates for Mexican drug cartels — sort of like arguing that alcohol Prohibition should have been continued to quell the gang violence associated with the illegal booze trade.
“Every year we get more and more marijuana, and every year we find more guys with AK-47s coming out of Mexico going into forests and growing more and more dangerous and losing control,” a confused Brown said.
Marijuana policy reformer Steve Fox quickly pointed out “the idiocy of decrying the involvement of drug cartels in the marijuana trade while opposing a regulated system of distribution.”
”Suffice it to say that burying your head in the sand and hoping the Drug War will eliminate drug cartels from the planet hasn’t been the most effective tactic over the past few decades,” Fox said.
Brown had already indicated that he wasn’t likely to support pot legalization.
“I have been on the side of law enforcement for a long time, and you can be sure that we will be together on this November ballot,” he told a gathering of law enforcement officers in Sacramento back in March.
That makes it pretty clear that Brown is fully signing on to the prohibition industry’s tax-paid insanity of police, prosecution, and prison personnel benefits and perks.
Your Brain On Bliss, Brown, along with most other California politicians, “never fails to vote, legislate and decide in ways favorable to the California lobby heavyweight, the California Correctional Peace Officer’s Association.” As pointed out by Don Fitch at, Brown, along with most other California politicians, “never fails to vote, legislate and decide in ways favorable to the California lobby heavyweight, the California Correctional Peace Officer’s Association.”
The prison guard’s association continues to benefit enormously from the doomed Drug War, growing explosively in membership, pay, benefits, pensions and political power. “The tens of thousands of California prison guards suckle at the public teat of some of the most generous benefits of any public employees,” Fitch said.
“The guards and their union lobby relentlessly to maintain the draconian drug laws that turn so many Californians into prisoners, the raw material of the prison industry,” Fitch said.
The problem for Brown, as pointed out by Fox, is that he is pissing off hundreds of thousands of voters who will undoubtedly show up at the polls in November specifically to vote for marijuana legalization.
And the majority of those marijuana voters could have been expected to tilt towards Brown in the general election, especially since, as Governor, he signed California’s decriminalization law after the Legislature passed it back in 1975.
But now the clueless Brown has done the only thing he could have done to screw that up — dissing legalization.
Proposition 19, Control and Tax Cannabis 2010, would allow adults to possess up to an ounce of marijuana. Residents could legally grow marijuana gardens up to 5’x5′, and local cities and counties could decide whether to allow and tax marijuana sales.
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Archive
His Holiness Patriarch Kirill meets with Japanese Prime-Minister Yoshihiko Noda
19. September 2012 - 9:10
On 18 September 2012, while on a visit to Japan, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia met with Yoshihiko Noda, head of the Japanese government, at the Prime-Minister’s residence.
Taking part in the meeting were also Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, chairman of the Moscow Patriarchate’s Department for External Church Relations, Archpriest Nikolay Balashov, DECR vice-chairman, Yevgeny Afanasiev, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to Japan, and Koichiro Gemba, Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs.
The Prime-Minister of Japan said he was aware of how greatly the Russian Orthodox Church and personally His Holiness Patriarch Kirill have been contributing to the development of Russian society which has always enjoyed the Church’s spiritual support.
The Prime-Minister expressed his gratitude to the Primate of the Russian Church for visiting the areas in northeast Japan, affected by natural disaster.
Yoshihiko Noda also expressed his cordial wish for Japanese-Russian relations to improve and said he believed that the visit of Patriarch Kirill to Japan would make a great positive contribution to this process.
The head of the Japanese government shared his impressions about the meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin at APEC CEO Summit in Vladivostok and expressed his hope for the development of cultural ties between the two nations.
His Holiness Patriarch Kirill thanked the Prime-Minister for his kind words and hospitality and shared his impressions about the visit to Japan, noting warm hospitality and good atmosphere of the meetings with the Japanese faithful.
Patriarch Kirill noted that his visit was timed to the centenary of the blessed demise of St Nicholas of Japan, Equal-to-the-Apostles, and emphasized particularly that in spite of being a Church of minority, the Japanese Orthodox Church as a national Japanese Church contributed greatly to strengthening spiritual relations between the Russian and Japanese people. His Holiness Patriarch Kirill noted that those relations had been maintained even during hard times. The Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church mentioned a heroic deed of St Nicholas who had stayed with his beloved flock during the Russian-Japanese war.
The participants in the meeting also discussed the significance of spiritual factor in international relations. Only cordial relations, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill emphasized, can help common people understand relations between nations. He told that one of the examples of cordial sympathy was the reaction of Russian people to the natural disaster that had carried away thousands of people in Japan in March 2011.
Patriarch Kirill expressed his firm belief that Russia and Japan should improve their relations. He noted that the Joint Message of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Polish Bishop’s Conference, signed in August in Poland, was an example of how a spiritual factor could influence relations between nations.
Patriarch Kirill expressed his support to all endeavours, including to those of Yoshihiko Noda’s government, aimed at strengthening cooperation with Russia.
The Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church presented the Prime-Minister of Japan with the Japanese edition of his book “Freedom and Responsibility” and expressed his hope that the viewpoint stated in the book might arouse interest among Japanese people who also try to combine respect for human freedom with the preservation of traditional values of Japanese society.
His Holiness Patriarch Kirill also presented Yoshihiko Noda with the Japanese version of Anatoly Khlopetsky’s book “And an Eternal Fight…” about the spiritual life of Russian judo and sambo fighter Vasily Oschepkov, noting that Prime-Minister Yoshihiko Noda himself is a sportsman and a judo fighter.
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Brazil judge targets dozens of politicians for ‘corruption’ Published duration 12 April 2017 Related Topics Brazil political crisis
image copyright AFP image caption Anti-corruption protests have been taking place across the country
A Brazilian judge has revealed the names of dozens of politicians to be investigated over alleged involvement in a huge bribery scandal.
Judge Edson Fachin unveiled his extensive list on Tuesday, after much speculation in the country's media.
It includes almost a third of President Michel Temer's cabinet and Rio de Janeiro's mayor during the Olympics.
The names were given by corrupt former officials from Brazil-based construction giant Odebrecht.
The firm has admitted paying $1bn (£800m) in bribes.
The list has been long awaited, and was delayed when the former judge attached to case died in a plane crash in January
Key figures
Judge Fachin's list names a total of eight ministers, including Foreign Minister Aloysio Nunes and the president's chief of staff, plus scores of other members of Congress.
Its release is part of a major probe known as Operation Car Wash , which was launched three years ago amid escalating public discontent over political corruption.
image copyright EPA image caption Judge Fachin's list contains the names of many of Brazil's political elite
The investigation centres on companies that were offered deals with state oil company Petrobras in exchange for bribes, which were funnelled into politicians' pockets and political-party slush funds.
Odebrecht, Latin America's largest construction conglomerate, is one of those companies, and 77 of its executives have entered into plea deals, agreeing to provide information in exchange for more lenient sentences.
The names on Judge Fachin's list have come to light as part of that plea bargain.
The executives say they paid so many bribes that they set up a special department to manage the money.
Although the list spans all major parties, the revelations strike a particular blow to President Temer, who came to power after the previous president was impeached for illegally manipulating government accounts.
Why is this list important? By the BBC's Daniel Gallas in Brazil
With Brazilian politics in complete disarray for the past years amid various corruption scandals, the big question has been who will win next year's presidential elections.
Tuesday's list of politicians who may be subject to new investigations in the Petrobras probe is a huge blow to the forces that were aligning for next year's campaign.
The Brazilian Social Democratic Party - the main opposition party while Brazil was governed by the Workers' Party from 2002 to 2016 - is now tainted before the electorate, with its leading figures having to answer questions about how their previous campaigns were financed.
The Workers' Party remains implicated, as does President Michel Temer's Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.
With virtually all high-profile mainstream politicians under fire, the release of the list may benefit people who portray themselves as "outsiders" in politics, such as Sao Paulo's mayor Joao Doria or environmentalist Marina Silva.
image copyright EPA image caption President Temer (left) and his chief of staff Mr Padilha (right), who is being investigated
Mr Temer's chief of staff, Eliseu Padilha, is among those named on the list. Mr Padilha has said he will defend himself in court.
President Temer's office has not commented on Judge Fachin's list, but he has vowed to suspend ministers who are charged as a result of the investigations.
The list also names a number of potential presidential candidates for elections in 2018, including opposition leader Aecio Neves and former foreign minister Jose Serra.
Reuters news agency said the list was so extensive it resembled a "Who's Who of Brazilian politics".
What is Operation Car Wash?
Operation Car Wash began in March 2014 as a federal police investigation into money laundering.
It initially centred on a currency exchange business at a petrol station in Brasilia.
The Posto da Torre station never had a mechanical car wash, just a few hoses, but the word play was considered apt and the media latched on to it as the investigations began to widen.
image copyright Getty Images image caption "Corrupt Congress": Operation Car Wash brought many supporters out on to the street in Sao Paulo
The team of prosecutors, which is based not in Brasilia, Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro, but the southern city of Curitiba, ended up uncovering corruption at the country's top echelons, including at Petrobras, and Odebrecht, and among the highest level of politicians.
The scandal provoked huge street protests nationwide.
Who is the judge?
Supreme court judge Edson Fachin was appointed, in February, to take charge of cases resulting from Operation Car Wash.
He took over from Judge Teori Zavascki, who died the previous month when his plane crashed into the sea.
image copyright Getty Images image caption President Temer (c) at the funeral of Teori Zavascki, the supreme court judge who once led Operation Car Wash
Mr Fachin was chosen at random from a shortlist of five supreme court judges.
In Brazil, a supreme court judge is the only person with jurisdiction to try an active politician.
What happens next?
Brazil has been bracing itself for the repercussions of these investigations.
In the short term, allegations against nearly a third of President Temer's cabinet pose a threat to his efforts to pass austerity reforms, which he says are needed to lift the economy out of recession.
His chief of staff, who is now formerly linked to the scandal, has been seen as vital to negotiations to pass pension reforms.
The 2018 elections may also now end up with a different line-up than anticipated, after potential candidates find themselves under official investigation.
image copyright AFP / Getty Images image caption Michel Temer (l) and Dilma Rousseff (r) pictured before the impeachment, when he was vice president and she was president
Allegations of illegal financing of political campaigns have been another offshoot of Operation Car Wash.
Brazil's top electoral court is also investigating the 2014 presidential campaign, which led to Dilma Rousseff being elected with Mr Temer as her running mate.
Ms Rouseff was ousted in August 2016 for breaking fiscal laws and Mr Temer took her place.
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A
s a graduate student in the Child Psychiatry Department at Yale, I am well informed about mental health and surrounded by world-renowned psychiatrists. I used to believe that I would be well positioned to navigate Yale's mental health services. I don't believe that anymore.
My symptoms began with worries that crept in surreptitiously. Double-checking statistics? Normal. Triple-checking statistics? Normal. Being convinced that I may have committed academic fraud by falsifying data because I could not find concrete evidence that I didn't falsify data? Not ideal. Sitting at home trying to block out the thoughts in my head that a girl who fell down under my supervision had appeared fine but died in her sleep from a brain hemorrhage? Not OK.
I called Yale's Mental Health Department. When I first explained my obsessive worrying to my assigned therapist, he seemed genuinely concerned.
One night, I was struck by the fear that I had hit someone with my car. I would call it a "realization," except for the fact that it wasn't real. I contacted a friend, who advised me to call Yale Mental Health. My therapist was away, so I called the emergency line.
After establishing that I wasn't suicidal, the emergency responder replied with "Well, what do you want me to do?"
So I wasn't going to kill myself, but what was I supposed to do about the fact that I might have killed someone else? While browsing the Internet for news of local car accidents, I learned that I was experiencing common symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
The recommended treatment for OCD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which includes planned exposures to anxiety-inducing situations and homework assignments in which patients record their worrying thoughts. Guidelines for treatment of OCD suggest CBT and medications such as Prozac as first-line treatments.
After a long run of therapy that was not, fast-forward to me causing a real car accident. While leaving a gas station, my car was hit from behind, coming to a full stop as it hit a telephone pole. My parents came from New York to pick me up. My lethargic, silent ruminations seemed to them like a normal reaction to the accident. I didn't tell them that that was how I had spent the last several months of my life.
In the back of a book on my nightstand, I wrote a list: "For when I die." It included where to scatter my ashes and how to tell people I died: "If I kill myself, don't tell [my students], make up some other cause of death PLEASE." Desperate, I told a consulting psychiatrist I wanted to try medication.
Many, many milligrams of Prozac later, I began to feel like a normal person again. Actually, that's not true. I felt completely abnormal. I lost 25 pounds. I slept through most of the day. Occasionally at night, I would wake up with nausea that felt like food poisoning. But Prozac helped the worries. I still thought about car accidents, but now this worry could be pacified by carefully checking my car for scratches. My Yale Mental Health therapist finally gave me an assignment to get a notebook to record my worries.
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Contemporary and future aerospace vehicle structural requirements appear to find advantageous features in the recent advances in filamentary composite materials. Structural designs utilizing composite materials to exploit the unidirectional nature thereof appear promising in aerospace structural components. Relatively thin resin preimpregnated carbon, graphite and other fiber tapes are commercially available wherein the fibers are parallel monofilaments that extend the length of the tape. Thin laminates of these tapes have been utilized heretofore but efforts to cure thick laminate sections have been difficult and have resulted in low quality of uneven physical property characteristics due to the entrapment of air or polymer by-products within the laminate caused by premature cure of the outer perimeter areas that close off the venting paths of the by-products and air. This has also caused density variation through the laminates since, as the thicker laminate warms and becomes viscous, the laminating pressures usually cause more resin flow or movement than desired to thereby create a washing effect or disorientation of the fibers and a resulting reduction of the directional strength. Further, as these prior art attempts to form thick laminates were cured, the chemical reactions of the polymer created heat via exothermic reactions faster than the surrounding surface could dissipate it. This caused the polymer to boil off by-products faster than they could escape with a corresponding temperature increase accelerating the cure and trapping bubbles in the laminate.
There is therefore a definite need in the art for a process to prepare relatively thick laminate sections of composite materials for use in aerospace vehicle structures.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and unobvious process for laminating and curing relatively thick sections of resin preimpregnated fiber tape.
Another object of the present invention is a process for making laminate composite structural elements having controlled orientation of the monofilament fibers in the laminates.
A further object of the present invention is a process to produce void free thick composite laminates.
An additional object of the present invention is a process for securing partially cured composite laminates together to form a unitary structure.
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Q:
Browser close event by Process
I am using a Process to open Internet Explorer or any other browser and then I want to go into an infinite loop until the browser is closed such that:
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(
"C:\\Program Files\\Internet Explorer\\iexplore.exe");
while(true)
{
if(p.browserclosed)
break;
}
Can any one help me with this event so that I could know when the browser is closed, or there is any other method for this? In future I'm going to go to one specific JSP on the browser.
A:
I would use the waitFor method in this case.
Excerpt:
Causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the process represented by this Process object has terminated.
Full reference: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Process.html#waitFor%28%29
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Anti-Water Charges' Five Now in Jail 13 Days
Free the Protestors - Jail the Bankers
The Government acting on behalf of corporate and financial power who have set their eyes on our Water have disgracefully jailed 5 citizens of this country because they said No to Austerity. We demand their freedom immediately. The five are: Derek Byrne, Bernie Hughes, Michael Batty who are imprisoned for 27 days and Paul Moore and Damien OâNeill who are imprisoned for 56 days.
There is clearly one law for the rich and one law for the rest of us. Where are the bankers and developers who bankrupted this country and led to widespread hardship and a huge increase in suicides in this country, deaths which have devastated families.
And what of the people who have died for lack of resources in our health system and of those evicted from their homes. It is time we stood up to this undemocractic sham and demand our country back from the claws of the elite.
Keep an eye out on social media and any websites related to the campaign against water charges for info on upcoming protests against the jailed 5.
On Saturday 28 February the Progressive Film Club presents two film showings where admission is Free! They are in The New Theatre, 43 East Essex street, (in Temple Bar) Dublin 2
They are London is Burning at 2:30pm and The Apples of Golan at 3:30pm.
The Progressive Film Club are a voluntary organisation dedicated to showing progressive films from all over the world. Struggles for peoples rights, for the rights of workers, of immigrants, of women, for national liberation and for social justice are some of the themes of the outstanding films we have selected. Showingsusually one all-day show per monthare at the New Theatre in East Essex Street. read full story / add a comment
The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture have responded (today) to concerns raised by the Celtic League about arrests of children in dawn raids in Dublin recently. read full story / add a comment
An anti-water charges meeting in Ard Mor tonight in West Tallaght has called this protest for Thursday in response to the arrests of anti-water charges protesters and other communities have taken up the call.
Speaking of this mornings events Joe Higgins TD who has been in the process of visiting the various Garda stations where the public representatives are being held said:
The arrests of AAA TD Paul Murphy, councillors Kieran Mahon and Mick Murphy and a fourth person who remains to be identified to us as we go to press is a cheap attempt to denigrate and weaken water charges movement as we approach make or break time bills coming out and need for mass non-payment. read full story / add a comment
In 2012 public opposition forced the ditching of a plan for a "retirement village" on the side of the Dublin mountains, isolated from services and public transport and cut off by the M50, in an area normally zoned for agriculture and public amenity and widely used by the public. A previous plan for a private school on the site had been rejected for similar reasons in 2005. After the 2014 local elections the plan came back in a lightly tweaked form, with the developer's sister among a number of newly elected councillors supporting the project. A proposal to amend the development plan to include this project is due to be voted on this Tuesday evening, February 10th. Meanwhile some interesting shenanigans have developed. read full story / add a comment
Join us for a film screening and panel discussion where well draw on the experience of one communitys struggle against water privatisation in the Global South (El Alto, Bolivia) and relate it to the Irish movement against water charges
There was large turnout at Saturday's Water Charges protest which the government probably hoped would be smaller but what Saturday shows is that the campaign is very much still alive and there plans for a bigger national march in a few weeks time.
The protest was organised by each of the local campaigns and the plan was for each of the different groups to meet and converge in the centre of Dublin. Those from Dublin West met up at Hueston station marched down the quays to link up with people from Dublin at O'Connell bridge. Meanwhile people from North Dublin met at Connolly and also converged at O'Connell bridge. read full story / add a comment
Overview of the role:
The Events & Communications Intern will work under the supervision of staff and support LASC's Events Sub Group deliver events and research news and updates from Latin America related to human rights and international development issues in line with LASC's communication objectives.read full story / add a comment
Quechua is one of the most used languages by Andean peoples of Latin America, especially those who are called indigenous and inhabiting countries like Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile.
The course is designed for beginners, with no prior knowledge of the language. 5 classes based on knowing the Quechua alphabet. main verbs, numbering, greetings, basic vocabulary about food, things, places and transportation. read full story / add a comment
We are delighted to bring to you the third UCDVO Development Film Series which will take place in the UCD Student Centre Cinema. Films are being screened every Monday at 6pm, starting on the 2nd of February until the 2nd of March 2015. read full story / add a comment
Fusion Sundays -World Culture Market will be back for another great year of exciting events starting on the 8th of February!
Fusion Sundays is free event offering a great selection of over 40 international stalls, as well as workshops, live music, and entertainment for big and small. read full story / add a comment
After 14 years of challenging the oil and gas industry in north Mayo, what knowledge does the community there have to share? What questions might other communities have and how might they benefit from the experiences of those standing up to Shell and the State?
A four-year research project (2010-2014) in the parish of Kilcommon, northwest Mayo, sought to identify and share useful knowledge from the experiences of challenging the Corrib Gas project. This has been used to create an exhibition in which people respond to the question: If you could say one thing to other communities facing an unsafe development planned for their area, what would it be? read full story / add a comment
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Q:
If $A+B+C=0$, then prove that the value of the determinant is $0$.
I'll state the question from my textbook below:
If $A+B+C=0$, the prove that $\begin{vmatrix}1 & \cos C & \cos B \\ \cos C & 1 & \cos A \\ \cos B & \cos A & 1 \end{vmatrix} = 0$.
This is how I tried solving the problem:
$LHS = \begin{vmatrix}1 & \cos C & \cos B \\ \cos C & 1 & \cos A \\ \cos B & \cos A & 1 \end{vmatrix}$
$= 1(1- \cos^2 A) - \cos C (\cos C - \cos A \cos B) + \cos B (\cos A \cos C - \cos B)$
$= 1 + 2 \cos A \cos B \cos C - (\cos^2 A +\cos^2 B + \cos^2 C)$
I don't know how to proceed further. I tried using the fact that $A+B+C=0$ but it didn't lead to anything I could solve. I don't know where is it supposed to be used.
Also, I read a solution to this problem somewhere in which the term $(\cos^2 A +\cos^2 B + \cos^2 C)$ was replaced by $1 + 2 \cos A \cos B \cos C$ as $A+B+C=0$. Are these two terms equal for the given condition? Also, is there a way to prove the statement without using this fact?
Any help would be appreciated.
A:
When at least one of $A,B$ or $C$ is not an integer multiple of $\pi$, the vector $(\sin A,\sin B,\sin C)$ is nonzero. However, as $A+B+C=0$, the sum-of-angle formula implies that
$$
\pmatrix{1&\cos C&\cos B \\ \cos C&1&\cos A\\ \cos B&\cos A& 1}
\pmatrix{\sin A\\ \sin B\\ \sin C}
=0
$$
and hence the matrix is singular.
In case all of $A,B,C$ are integer multiples of $\pi$, you may complete the proof by a continuity argument, or by noticing that the matrix must have at least two identical rows, because up to a permutation, $(\cos A,\cos B,\cos C)$ is either $(1,1,1)$ or $(1,-1,-1)$.
A:
Using Prove that $\cos (A + B)\cos (A - B) = {\cos ^2}A - {\sin ^2}B$,
$$\cos^2A+\cos^2B+\cos^2C =1+\cos^2A-\sin^2B+\cos^2C$$
$$=1+\cos(A+B)\cos(A-B)+\cos^2C$$
$$=1-\cos C\cos(A-B)+\cos^2C\text{ as }\cos(A+B)=\cos(\pi-C)=?$$
$$=1-\cos C[\cos(A-B)-\cos C]$$
$\cos(A-B)-\cos C=\cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B)=?$
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A number of Doctor Who fans noticed that Peter Capaldi, when he first came on stage after the announcement that he would be the next Doctor, did the lapel grab that William Hartnell sometimes did. It was almost certainly intentional.
As we reach what would, if the time lords’ limit on regenerations were enforced, be the Doctor’s final life, and as we have a return to the role being played by an actor who is the age of the original actor when he first played the role, this echo of a classic Hartnell mannerism is fitting.
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One conventional data transfer method adopts the IEEE1394 standard (IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.). (Reference: IEEE Std 1394: 1995, High Performance Serial Bus.) In data transfer specified by the IEEE 1394 standard, there are two methods of communication. One is isochronous communication, which is suitable for transferring synchronous data such as digital video signals and digital audio signals. The other is asynchronous communication, which is suitable for transferring asynchronous data such as control signals. Both methods of communication are applicable on the IEEE 1394 bus network. Isochronous communication is what is called “Broadcast communication, and an isochronous packet output from one device coupled to the IEEE 1394 bus is receivable by all the other devices coupled to the same bus. On the other hand, asynchronous communication is applicable to both one-to-one communication and one-to-N broadcast communication. Each asynchronous packet output from one device coupled to the bus contains an identifier specifying the device(s) to which that packet is addressed. If this identifier specifies a particular device, only the device specified by the identifier receives the asynchronous packet. If the identifier specifies broadcast, all the devices coupled to the same bus receive the asynchronous packet.
At present, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is preparing to stipulate the IEC1883 standard (hereafter referred to as AV protocol) for transferring digital audio signals and digital video signals or transmitting data between devices coupled to an IEEE 1394 bus, employing the data transfer method conforming to the IEEE 1394 standard. In the AV protocol, video and audio data is located in the isochronous packet as shown in FIG. 5 and transferred. The isochronous packet includes a CIP (Common Isochronous Packet) header. The CIP header carries information that includes the type of AV data, the identification number of the device which is sending the isochronous packet, and the like.
FIG. 5 shows the format of the isochronous packet used in the AV protocol. The isochronous packet comprises an isochronous packet header 900, header CRC 901, isochronous payload 902, and data CRC 903. The isochronous packet header 900 contains a tag 907. The tag 907 shows that the isochronous packet conforms to the AV protocol when its value is 1. When the value of the tag 907 is 1, which means that the isochronous packet conforms to the AV protocol, the isochronous payload 902 has a CIP header 904 at its beginning. The CIP header 904 comprises a source ID 906 which identifies the device transmitting the isochronous packet. The CIP header 904 also comprises FMT 908 and FDF 909 which specify the type of actual data 905 in the isochronous payload 902. Digital AV data is contained in the actual data 905, but the actual data 905 is not always contained in the isochronous payload 902. Some packets may have an isochronous payload 902 which contains only the CIP header 904 without the actual data 905.
There is a group of commands called the AV/C Command Set for controlling devices in accordance with the AV protocol (Reference: 1394 TRADE ASSOCIATION Specification for AV/C Digital Interface Command Set Version 1.0, Sep. 13, 1996). These commands and their responses are transferred by means of asynchronous communication.
In the conventional data transfer method as described above, compatibility with conventional devices which are not designed for transferring an encrypted isochronous payload 902 cannot be secured when an encrypted isochronous packet, which contains the isochronous payload 902 which has been encrypted for copy protection, is sent. More specifically, conventional devices are designed with the precondition that the CIP header 904 is normally positioned at the beginning of the isochronous payload 902. Accordingly, if the isochronous payload 902 is encrypted, conventional devices cannot correctly read out the encrypted CIP header 904, and decide that the isochronous packet does not conform to the AV protocol. A device receiving encrypted isochronous packets thus may not operate properly. In other words, such receiving devices cannot determine the type of data contained in the actual data 905, resulting in an inability to identify the device transmitting the isochronous packet. In addition, asynchronous communication such as queries to the sending device are disabled. Accordingly, normal receiving operations cannot be carried out.
Furthermore, if the isochronous packet output from the sending device is encrypted while the receiving device is receiving the data, some conventional devices may not be able to correctly read out the CIP header 904 as soon as encryption starts, resulting in inability to receive data properly.
In order to send AV information encrypted for copy protection from the sending device and decrypt the encrypted AV data by the authorized receiving device, the sending device needs to give decrypting information to the authorized receiving device. In the conventional data transfer method, however, the sending device may be required to execute extremely complicated procedures in order to specify the receiving device. More specifically, each isochronous packet contains the source ID 906 which is the identifier of the sending device, but these packets do not contain information that identifies which device is authorized to receive these packets. The sending device thus cannot check which device is receiving the isochronous packets during transmission of the isochronous packets. In order to find which of the devices coupled to the IEEE 1394 bus is receiving the data, the sending device may require to query the data receiving status of every device coupled to the same bus. This makes the procedures for giving key information for decryption extremely complicated.
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Hemagglutination and the closest distance of approach of normal, neuraminidase- and papain-treated erythrocytes.
By means of potential energy versus distance diagrams, derived from electrophoretic and surface tension data, the minimum distances of approach of normal (NOR) and of neuraminidase-treated (NEU) and papain-treated (PAP) human erythrocytes could be determined. The minimum distances between the actual cell membranes of two opposing red cells are: 184 A (NOR), 111 A (NEU), and 113 A (PAP), which agrees well with the fact that anti-D (Rho) antibodies of the IgG-class (which have a maximum distance of approximately 120 A between the two antibody-active sites) can hemagglutinate NEU and PAP cells, but are incapable of hemagglutinating normal D (Rho)-positive erythrocytes.
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Oxidative degradation of triazine derivatives in aqueous medium: a radiation and photochemical study.
Pulse and steady state radiolysis techniques have been used to determine the bimolecular rate constants and to investigate the spectral nature of the intermediates and the degradation induced by hydroxyl radicals ((*)OH) with 1,3,5-triazine (T), 2,4, 6-trimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (TMT), and 2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3, 5-triazine (DHT) in aqueous medium. A competitive kinetic method with KSCN as the (*)OH scavenger was used to determine the rate constants for the reaction of (*)OH with T, TMT, and DHT. The bimolecular rate constants are 3.4 x 10(9), 2.06 x 10(8), and 1.61 x 10(9) dm(3) mol(-)(1) s(-)(1) respectively, for T, TMT, and DHT at pH approximately 6. The transient absorption spectra obtained from the reaction of (*)OH with T, TMT, and DHT have single absorption maxima at 320, 300, and 300 nm, respectively, and were found to undergo a second-order decay. The formation of TOH(*) [C(6)OH-N(5)-yl radical], TMTOH(*) [N(5)OH-C(6)-yl radical], and DHT(*) [C(6)-yl radical] is proposed from the initial attack of (*)OH with T, TMT, and DHT, respectively. A complete degradation of TMT (10(-3) mol dm(-3)) was obtained after absorbed doses of 5 kGy in N(2)O-saturated solutions and 16 kGy in aerated solutions. A similar degradation pattern was obtained with DHT in N(2)O-saturated solutions. Complete degradation was observed with an absorbed dose of 7 kGy. On the basis of the results from both pulse and steady state radiolysis, a possible reaction mechanism involving (*)OH-mediated oxidative degradation is proposed. A complete photodecomposition of DHT was also observed in the presence of ferric perchlorate using ultraviolet light at low pH. Photoinduced electron transfer between Fe(III) and DHT in the Fe(III)-DHT complex and subsequent formation of DHT(*) are proposed to be the major processes that lead to the complete degradation of DHT at pH 3.
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#!/bin/sh
#
# NXP fmuk66-e specific board defaults
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
board_adc start
# Internal Mag I2C bus roll 180, yaw 90
bmm150 -I -R 10 start
# Onboard I2C baros
bmp280 -I start
# Internal SPI (accel + mag)
bmi088 -A -R 4 -s start
bmi088 -G -R 4 -s start
# Internal SPI bus ICM-42688
icm42688p -R 12 -s start
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Pre-gaming your vote, catch up on the issues
It's (finally) Election Day, Michigan! It's time to get out and vote for the next president, either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton, as well as a whole slew of other candidates that will represent you on some scale. And don't forget the ballot initiatives! Polls open in Michigan at 7 a.m. and will close at 8 p.m. Stay tuned to this post for Election Day updates in Michigan. It may be quiet most of the day, but news will start rolling in after polls close.
If you see any problems while voting, please text the word ELECTIONLAND to 69866 and let us know. Electionland is a ProPublica-led coalition designed to crowdsource voting problems nationwide in real-time. The Free Press will have reporters to call or visit voting precincts where major problems crop up. The US Justice Department is also sending agents to Detroit, Dearborn Heights and Hamtramck to "protect the rights of all citizens to access the ballot on Election Day."
9:40 a.m.: 'Chaos' and 'total mess' near Detroit's west side
Lifelong Detroiter Lynnette Kelsey said in the dozens of years that she's voted, she's never encountered such a chaotic scene at her polling location. Kelsey said she woke up early to cast her ballot and arrived at Mackenzie Elementary-Middle School near Detroit's west side at 7:15 a.m. Kelsey, 57, said she didn't leave until more than an hour later. "It was a total mess there," Kelsey said. "It was just very unorganized and everyone was just squashed into the gym. If that happened at 7 a.m. this morning, I can only imagine by noon how that would be. It was just a very bad experience for me. I can see people leaving out and not wanting to deal with it." – Katrease Stafford, Staff Writer
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 6:56:45 PM
10:10 a.m. - Two hour delay in Detroit precinct
In Precinct 134 in Detroit’s West Village area, the machine that counts the ballots was not working from the very beginning of the morning, causing confusion and anger among voters. Workers at the precinct told voters they could either leave their ballot in a secure box below the machine for it to be counted later or wait for a technician to arrive to fix the machine. About 45 people, including Marilyn King, 62, of Detroit, decided to wait. Latricia Pritchett, 45, of Detroit, said experiences like this lead to lower voter turnout. “Some people don’t have transportation and do everything that they can to get here …and the process is already lengthy, so when you have to sit here and wait another hour just to insert your ballot it’s just ridiculous.” A technician arrived at 8:56 a.m. and workers began processing ballots about 10 minutes later. — Brent Snavely, Staff Writer
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 6:57:05 PM
11:01 a.m.: Gov. Snyder casts his ballot
Michigan Republican Gov. Rick Snyder cast his ballot shortly after 10:30 am Tuesday but declined to tell reporters who he supported on the ballot. "I'm proud to be governor of Michigan and I'm glad to see people turning out," Snyder said after filling out his ballot at Community High School in Ann Arbor. The governor whose name was floated early on as a potential GOP candidate for President himself dismissed that talk Tuesday as speculation. He added that he was focused on this election on seeing the GOP keep its majority in the state legislature. -- Matthew Dolan, Staff writer
Gov. Rick Snyder stands in line at Community High School in Ann Arbor on Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2016 waiting to turn in his ballot for the 2016 election. (Photo: Matthew Dolan)
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 6:57:24 PM
11:37 a.m.: Fight breaks out in Ypsilanti Township
What started as a verbal altercation between two women-- one a Hillary Clinton supporter and the other a Donald Trump supporter-- turned physical at a polling location in Ypsilanti Township this morning after a man pushed one of the women down on the ground. The two female voters had just voted and were outside the polling location when they got into a verbal altercation about the candidates who they voted for. "A male subject interjected himself into the argument, ended up pushing down one of the females and then more people started getting involved in this back and forth verbal altercation," Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office spokesman Derrick Jackson said, adding that no one was arrested and everyone was released at the scene. – Katrease Stafford, Staff Writer
12:11 p.m.: Broken counting machine in Detroit
Voters at Precinct 18 on the Detroit's east side have reported that the machine used to count the ballots is broken. "I called the commission and they don't seem like they're even concerned," said voter Patricia Perry, who got to the precinct around 8:30 a.m."You don't know if your ballot is spoiled or what because the machine isn't working." Perry said the poll workers continued to have voters "stuff their ballots" into the machine, despite it being broken. "It was so full that one of the workers had to come in there with her key, open the machine, take the ballots out and put them down in the bottom of the box. Then they let the people keep stuffing them in there." Perry said the polling location was crowded with voters, who said they had tried to call the election department several times. – Katrease Stafford, Staff Writer
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 6:57:56 PM
1:20 p.m.: Hottest stories on Freep.com right now
The hottest election stories on the site right now show that voters are thinking ahead to if the presidential candidate they support doesn't win, and how they should vote locally.
2:47 p.m.: Why you aren't seeing election results now
Election Day is usually a pretty slow day when it comes to news. How can that be with so much riding on this election? Not much happens outside of voting during the day and polls close at 8 p.m. in Michigan. That's when everything kicks into high gear.
The Free Press is stationed at 80 voting precincts that represent a mathematical model of voting results in Michigan. The moment the polls close an elections official will first verify that they've accounted for every ballot they've handed out, they'll then run a machine called the Opti-Scan which counts the votes, according to Freep elections expert Tim Kiska. The result will be a paper tape tabulation of actual results. The Free Press representative on site will call that result into the news room immediately where we'll add up the outcomes of all 80 precincts.
We are aiming to make as informed a projection as possible for the state of Michigan based upon actual results, not unreliable exit polling. Stay tuned to this page right here for results.
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 8:15:48 PM
2:51 p.m.: Hours of voting delays at an Islamic school
At a voting precinct in an Islamic school in Canton, Crescent Academy, voting machines were down for a few hours this morning, said Ken Coleman, a spokesman for Anil Kumar, a Democrat running for U.S. House Rep. "To have people eager and ready to vote but can't because of these type of problems is simply outrageous," Coleman said. The problem appears to have been corrected and the machines are now working. -- Niraj Warikoo, Staff writer
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 9:10:30 PM
3:35 p.m.: Big turnout in Sterling Heights could be good for Trump
At the Macedonian Cultural Center on Ryan Road – the home of Sterling Heights Precinct 43 – precinct head Celeste Grabowski said voters were lined up when it opened at 7 a.m. and more than 400 voters came through in the first two hours, more than she has seen in recent years. That could be good news for Trump, who held a big rally in Sterling Heights on Sunday and is counting on Macomb County voters to come out big for him. Romney easily won the precinct four years ago. “This is the busiest I’ve ever seen it,” said Grabowski.
Meanwhile, Christina Guenthner sat behind polling officials, working as a volunteer poll observer for the Michigan Republican Party. Armed with a list of names, she was watching to challenge anyone who might show up whose name didn’t match those of people registered in the precinct – but even more so, her job was to report back to the party who had showed up, giving them a better idea of how the GOP was doing at the precinct. -- Todd Spangler, Staff writer
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 9:10:53 PM
4:54 p.m. Last voter in line will be able to vote
If you're in a line when polls close at 8 p.m. you will still be able to vote, Detroit Free Press elections expert Tim Kiska says. The voting precinct officials are instructed to mark the last person in line as polls close to make sure everyone gets the opportunity to vote. The poll will stay open until that last person leaves. If you are in line, rest assured you are safe. If you show up at 8 p.m., or shortly after, find a precinct official and ask if they've marked the final voter at that point. You might be it. If you are denied the right to vote and you are in line before 8 p.m., text the word ELECTIONLAND to 69866. This will alert staffers looking for voter suppression and voter fraud.
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 10:09:38 PM
5:38 p.m.: Detroit voter turnout down
Midday figures for just the city of Detroit show that voter turnout was down Tuesday afternoon compared to Election Day 2012. Turnout was 27% as of 3 p.m., about 140,000 votes (include absentee ballots). That is lower than the 32% turnout at the same time four years ago, said Daniel Baxter, director of the Detroit Department of Elections.
by Detroit Free Press11/8/2016 11:02:43 PM
7:08 p.m.: Possible voter intimidation in East Lansing
Election officials are unclear why a man standing outside of a polling location in East Lansing pulled two women wearing hijabs out of line but say the questionable incident may have been voter intimidation.
Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump was the projected winner in West Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana while Democrat Hillary Clinton claimed Vermont as polls began closing Tuesday across the East in the historic campaign to elect the nation's 45th president.
Polling places across most of Florida, one of the night's most crucial prizes, began closing at 7 p.m. ET. The battleground states of Georgia, New Hampshire and Virginia also were closing, along with likely Trump states of Alabama and South Carolina and Democratic Vermont.
8 p.m. Polls close in most of Michigan
8:10 p.m.: Clinton backers' cars, signs spray-painted red in Livonia
After 25 years of peaceful elections, Livonia resident Mary Ann Arsenault was dealt some menacing news this Election Day: someone spray painted her daughter's car red, along with the Hillary Clinton sign on her lawn.
And she wasn't alone.
Anti-Clinton vandals marked their territory all along her suburban street sometime overnight, spray painting four Clinton signs and three vehicles that were parked at the homes with the signs for the Democratic presidential candidate. Arsenault didn't discover the vandalism until she returned home from voting. It was still dark outside when she left – she wanted to be at the polls by 7 a.m. – and didn't see the damage until she returned home, she said.
8:12 p.m.: Patterson rocks Trump socks
L. Brooks Patterson, the Oakland County Executive running for re-election, shows off his Donald Trump socks that his grandchildren got for him when they were visiting New York City.Patterson come to the GOP Watch Party at Heroes Bar-BQ and Brew in Waterford to be with friends and supporters during the election returns.
8:18 p.m.: Marco Rubio gets a second term
8:24 p.m.: What Hillary Clinton's campaign means to women and America
Free Press Columnist Nancy Kaffer and Jim Schaefer talk the presidential election and what Hillary Clinton's campaign means to women and America. Follow the Detroit Free Press on Facebook to watch live broadcasts from around the newsroom on Election Night.
by Detroit Free Press11/9/2016 1:26:07 AM
8:26 p.m.: Early results roll in for Clinton, Trump
The very, very first results from Michigan are in. Hillary Clinton leads Donald Trump 50% to 45%, according to AP results. Keep in mind, this is less than 60,000 votes -- Michigan had a population of 9.9 million in 2014. Here's how we plan to call the race: The Free Press is stationed at 80 voting precincts that represent a mathematical model of voting results in Michigan. An elections official first verifies that they've accounted for every ballot they've handed out, they'll then run a machine called the Opti-Scan which counts the votes, according to Freep elections expert Tim Kiska. The result will be a paper tape tabulation of actual results that a team of reporters and data workers in the Free Press newsroom will use to ultimately call the winner of Michigan. Michigan has 16 electoral votes.
Stay tuned to Freep.com for live results.
by Detroit Free Press11/9/2016 1:41:34 AM
8:36 p.m. Election Night Mannequin Challenge!
Election Pizza. Mannequin Challenge. It's going to be a long night at the Free Press newsroom.
by Detroit Free Press11/9/2016 1:42:48 AM
8:44 p.m.: Clinton, Trump win states - but no battlegrounds yet
Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump was the projected winner in seven early states while Democrat Hillary Clinton claimed five and the District of Columbia as polls began closing Tuesday across the nation in the historic campaign to elect the nation's 45th president.
9:09 p.m.: In state House, too early to tell if balance shifting
Democrats were hoping to cut into a strong Republican majority in the state House in Tuesday's election and were targeting several GOP-held seats in Metro Detroit, but legislative leaders from both parties expressed confidence as they awaited returns.
Republicans going into the election held a 63-47 majority, though with vacant seats resulting from deaths or resignations of lawmakers, the current make-up of the House is 62 Republicans, 45 Democrats, and three vacancies.
9:30 p.m.: Trump takes razor-thin lead in battleground Florida
Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump was the projected winner in a dozen early states while Democrat Hillary Clinton claimed eight and the District of Columbia as polls across the nation began closing Tuesday in the historic campaign to elect the nation's 45th president.
9:50 p.m.: How we called Clinton to win Michigan
The Detroit Free Press has projected Hillary Clinton to be the winner in Michigan. We talk about how we called Clinton win it in Michigan and what that means for Donald Trump. Jim Schaefer of the Free Press talks to Editorial Director Stephen Henderson, Washington Correspondent Todd Spangler and our polling guru, Tim Kiska, who managed an 80-precinct reporting strategy that allowed us to collect enough data to project a winner.
by Detroit Free Press11/9/2016 2:52:56 AM
10:05 p.m.: Close vote count equals volatile markets
As the votes roll in across the U.S. in the presidential election, stock, currency and bond markets around the globe are trading in volatile fashion as a tight race in Florida, a key swing state, keeps investors on edge as the world awaits the winner of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
10:30 p.m.: Trump takes Ohio, Clinton wins Virginia
Donald Trump notched a win in the key battleground state of Ohio, networks reported. The win had been predicted in recent polling, but it represents the first big swing state victory for the Republican nominee announced tonight.
Clinton picked up a win in the battleground state of Virginia, networks reported.
11:01 p.m. Wayne County roundup: Dearborn's Dabaja wins judgeship
With returns trickling in at presstime Tuesday, it was too close to call many key Wayne County races, but Dearborn City Council President Susan Dabaja appears to have won her race to become a 19th District Court judge.
Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump was the projected winner in more than a dozen early states including the crucial battleground states of Florida and Ohio while Democrat Hillary Clinton's tally included swing states Colorado and Virginia as the election of the nation's 45th president neared a frenzied conclusion.
Sterling Heights voters are saying yes in early results to a 20-year parks and recreation millage that would allow for the construction of a 120,000-square-foot community center among other improvements.
11:57 p.m.: Fraser public safety assessment ballot proposal failing
11:59 p.m.: In state House elections, GOP maintains control
Democrats, despite high expectations, failed to cut into a strong Republican majority in the state House in Tuesday's election, after targeting several GOP-held seats in Metro Detroit and around the state.
1:12 a.m.: Miller leading incumbent Marrocco in Macomb public works race
The third time may be another charm for U.S. Rep. Candice Miller.
Two other times the Harrison Township Republican has beaten a 24-year incumbent to an office she was seeking.
With 81.6% of 337 precincts in Macomb County reporting, the congresswoman was leading 24-year incumbent Public Works Commissioner Anthony Marrocco, a Democrat, after the two political powerhouses waged a bitter – and sometimes personal – election battle for the public works seat.
Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trumpstormed to crucial victories in a series of battleground states on Tuesday, widening an incredible but increasingly likely path to victory for the billionaire real-estate mogul and reality TV star.
For the first time in nearly a quarter century, Macomb County will have a new clerk/register of deeds.
Republican Karen Spranger is leading Democrat Fred Miller by 660 votes with 98.8% of the county's precincts reporting. She has 50.1% of the vote compared to Miller's 49.9%, according to unofficial election results.
1:56 a.m.: Miller declares victory over Marrocco in Macomb public works race
2:07 a.m.: Macomb County: Countywide races, commissioners and judges
Macomb County's rough and tumble politics just got a little crazier.
With nearly 99% of precincts reporting, it appears three of the five countywide offices up for grabs Tuesday will shift from Democrats to Republicans -- with victories possibly thanks to Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump winning in the home of the Reagan Democrats.
All of the countywide seats currently are held by Democrats. But that appears to have changed on Election Day.
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Genome of Serratia nematodiphila MB307 offers unique insights into its diverse traits.
A pigment-producing species of Serratia was isolated from the rhizosphere of a heavy metal resistant Cannabis sativa plant growing in effluent-affected soil of Hattar Industrial Estate, Haripur, Pakistan. Here, we report the genome sequence of this bacterium, which has been identified as Serratia nematodiphila on the basis of whole genome comparison using the OrthoANI classification scheme. The bacterium exhibited diverse traits, including plant growth promotion, antimicrobial, bioremediation, and pollutant tolerance capabilities including metal tolerance, azo dye degradation, ibuprofen degradation, etc. Plant growth-promoting exoenzyme production as well as phosphate solubilisation properties were observed. Genes for phosphate solubilisation, siderophore production, and chitin destruction were identified in addition to other industrially important enzymes like nitrilase and lipase. Secondary metabolite producing apparatus for high value chemicals in the whole genome was also analysed. The number of antibiotic resistance genes was then profiled in silico, through a match with Antibiotic Resistant Gene and CAR database. This is the first report of a S. nematodiphila genome from a polluted environment. This could significantly contribute to the understanding of pollution tolerance, antibiotic resistance, association with nematodes, production of bio-pesticide, and their role in plant growth promotion.
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Image caption Stormont parties are taking part in the health summit along with senior civil servants
The secretary of state has said he does not want to get into a "blame game" with the Stormont parties about resolving the health sector crisis.
Earlier this week, party leaders urged Julian Smith to take control of the matter.
This followed unprecedented strike action by healthcare staff calling for pay parity and safer staffing levels.
On Thursday, Mr Smith met the parties to discuss health.
Party representatives were at the meeting, along with senior Stormont civil servants and the British government, but the discussions form part of the overall process to restore devolution.
Mr Smith is also expected to meet party leaders with Tánaiste (Irish Deputy Prime Minister) Simon Coveney at 17:00 GMT on Thursday.
Northern Ireland has been without an executive since January 2017, when the governing parties split in a row.
With no devolution, political parties have called on Mr Smith to intervene on health - but he has insisted it remains a matter for them.
About 15,500 nurses in Northern Ireland staged a strike action on Wednesday in a dispute over pay and patient safety.
It follows weeks of industrial action by other healthcare workers over the same issues.
Major investment needed
The secretary of state said he wanted to be as "activist" as possible in getting the executive restored, but insisted he has no powers to intervene directly on health.
Asked if the British government would contribute funding towards health if the parties could reach consensus, Mr Smith said he was "expecting a number of financial requests" from the parties.
He added that he is already in touch with the Treasury in London.
Speaking after the summit, Sinn Féin's Pat Sheehan said nothing had changed as a result - but described the talks as "constructive and positive".
He added that solving the problems would need a major investment of funding and civil servants had outlined how much would be required, in broad terms, to do so.
Analysis: Breakthrough will have to wait
By Jayne McCormack, BBC News NI political reporter
Ears might prick up at the news of a health summit being convened, but government sources say the meeting was always scheduled to take place this week.
As the parties wrangle their way through negotiations to try and restore Stormont, they focused solely on health this morning, which in recent days has dominated their discussions anyway.
Perhaps the secretary of state believed a formal "summit" would focus minds.
But the parties argue that given the strike action happening away from the hill, an immediate response is required by the government, outside of the talks process.
Julian Smith is sticking to his view that it remains a devolved matter, so any breakthrough now depends on the parties being prepared to budge - that may not come until after Christmas.
Health workers say they want to be paid the same as their counterparts in England, Scotland and Wales.
Pay parity between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK ended in 2014 when the then health minister, Jim Wells, imposed a "degree of restraint" on pay for health care workers, due to financial challenges in the department.
Speaking earlier this month, Mr Wells said the decision had been "very difficult because the choice was very stark", explaining that another increase in pay at the time could have led to redundancies or services being closed.
The issue has not been looked at again because Northern Ireland has not had a devolved government since 2017.
Image caption Nurses were on picket lines across Northern Ireland on Wednesday
The political parties have been taking part in efforts to restore power sharing this week - with Thursday's meeting focused solely on health.
Mr Smith told the parties the crisis in the NMS in Northern Ireland must be addressed as an "immediate priority".
Industrial action also continues on Thursday, but not at the levels faced across Northern Ireland earlier in the week.
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About ABCE
The Association of Bay County Educators (ABCE) -- your prodessional union -- is Bay County's active advocate for teachers. For many year, ABCE has stood and spoken for quality education and for serving and protecting the best interests of teachers.
Bay County teachers are entrusted with the care of nuturing of our county's most precious resource: our children. Our lives are dedicated to the future of children -- and to the future of our community, our state, and our nation.
The Association of Bay County Educators (ABCE) is a professional organization that brings teachers together so that our voices as education professionals can be heard. When you become a member of ABCE, you are supporting an organization that is working through the school system, the community, and the state legislature to build support for higher standards of conduct and achievement in Bay County clasrooms. Because your ABCE membership includes local, regional, state, and national affiliations, you can be confident that the interests of our students not only locally but nationally are being addressed to benefit their public school education.
ABCE maintains an open line of communication with Bay District officials, thus providing an opportunity to advocate for teachers while maintaining the rights and working conditions delienated in the Master Contract. ABCE also sends local lobbyists to Tallahassee during the legislative session to raise the awareness level of pending legilsation and its impact on education.
ABCE staunchly advocates high standards for both students and teachers and helps teachers be the best they can be.
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Description
Maya, Sandy's grand daughter inspired her to grab the new Nashua book, Bloom and cast on this fabulous cardigan using Southwest Trading Companies Oasis yarn. The Leaf Yoke Cardigan will be so sweet on her and since she lives in Hawaii the yarn will be light enough for her. I can't wait to see the finished project!
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(CNN) Legalization of marijuana, both for medical and recreational use, continues to spread across the globe even as the possible health risks (or benefits) are not fully known. Case in point, according to new research, people who use cannabis daily, as well as those who use high-potency weed, may be three times more likely to develop psychotic disorder than never-users.
Published Tuesday in the journal the Lancet Psychiatry, the new evidence is consistent with previous experiments that suggest heavy use and high THC concentration cannabis -- a 10% concentration of THC (the psychoactive substance within cannabis) or higher -- can be harmful to mental health.
"Psychotic disorder," precisely, is what was studied, said Dr. Marta Di Forti , lead author and a clinician scientist at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London. "We are talking about people who meet diagnostic criteria [and] come to the attention of mental health services to receive treatment for psychosis. So they have to have symptoms of psychosis across the spectrum -- so hallucination, delusion -- that have lasted at least for a week."
Daily use of cannabis
Currently, medical cannabis is legal in most European countries, though recreational use is only legal in the Netherlands, Spain (under certain conditions), and Czech Republic. Many countries, though, are discussing legalization. In the United States, 10 states and the District of Columbia allow recreational sales of marijuana, while 34 states allow medical marijuana use.
To understand whether there's a connection between cannabis and psychosis, Di Forti and her co-authors looked at data from five countries in Europe -- the UK, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Italy -- and Brazil, where cannabis is illegal. They found 901 patients with a first-time episode of psychosis over a five-year period and compared them to 1,237 matched non-patients.
Daily use of cannabis was more common among patients with psychosis compared to the controls, they found. About 30% of patients reported using cannabis daily compared to just 7% of non-patient controls. And use of high potency cannabis was also more common among patients than controls: 37% compared to 19%.
Overall, people who used marijuana on a daily basis were three times more likely to have a first episode psychosis compared with people who never used weed, the researchers estimated. And this increased to five times more likely for those who daily used high-potency cannabis.
"High-potency cannabis contributes to incidence of psychotic disorder but doesn't explain it completely," explained Di Forti, noting that only some users develop a psychotic disorder and the reasons why not all cannabis users are equally susceptible is unclear. Still, the new study may be helpful with regard to medicinal cannabis, since some of those products may include small amounts of THC. For example, maybe psychosis should be listed among the potential side effects, she said.
The study results do not provide enough information for her to say "use only this amount, only this often" to remain safe. Still, she and her co-authors estimated that one in five new cases of psychosis may be linked to daily cannabis use, and one in 10 cases linked to use of high potency cannabis.
Dr. Robin Murray, senior author of the study and a professor of psychiatric research at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King's College London, said that "15 years ago nobody thought cannabis increased the risk for psychosis."
Only gradually has evidence come out and shown that to be true, he said. Gradually, too, other explanations have been chipped away, he said: For example, some people might say that perhaps a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia led some people to use cannabis and this is the reason for higher rates of psychosis. But a study from Finland rules this out, said Murray: "There may be some genetic component but it's not the major reason."
In light of the new results, is legalized cannabis a good idea? "Personally, I think it's much more important that people are educated," said Murray. "Tobacco is legal, but we've seen the consumption plummet because there's been a sustained educational campaign."
'The results need to be taken seriously'
Dr. Michael Bloomfield, head of the Translational Psychiatry Research Group and a psychiatrist at University College London, told Science Media Centre that the new study is both "important and well conducted research" that "adds weight to the advice that people who use cannabis recreationally should avoid high-THC cannabis."
Bloomfield was not involved in the new study. Nor was Dr. Adrian James , registrar at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, who told Science Media Centre that the research is "good quality" and "the results need to be taken seriously."
"Cannabis carries severe health risks and users have a higher chance of developing psychosis," said James. "The risks are increased when the drug is high in potency, used by children and young people and when taken frequently."
Dr. Philip McGuire , a professor of Psychiatry & Cognitive Neuroscience at King's College London, told CNN that the study's finding that cannabis use is higher among patients with psychosis is "not itself new." Still the study "involves relatively large numbers of subjects and has controlled for other risk factors that might have accounted for the results" and in that way adds to what is known about marijuana, said McGuire, who played no part in the new research.
Cannabis contains two ingredients that have opposite effects on psychosis: THC induces psychotic symptoms and cannabidiol, known as CBD, reduces them, he explained.
His own research has shown that "if healthy volunteers are given THC this induces transient psychotic symptoms like paranoia. However, if volunteers are given CBD beforehand, this blocks the induction of psychotic symptoms by THC," said McGuire.
McGuire and his co-researchers found that adding CBD to regular antipsychotic medication reduced psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. "When we used brain scanning to measure the effects of CBD and THC on brain function, we found that they have opposite effects on brain activity, which may explain why they have opposite effects on psychotic symptoms," he said.
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"The net effect of cannabis that contains both THC and CBD depends on the relative amounts of each," he explained. "The cannabis that was available in the 1960s was relatively low in THC and high in CBD. However, these days illicit cannabis is often 'high potency,' with a high THC content and a low CBD content."
"We are currently conducting research to define the ratio of CBD:THC in cannabis that is optimal for minimizing its psychotic effects," he said.
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A Novel Hands-Free Abdominal Compression Device for Colonoscopy Significantly Decreases Cecal Intubation Time: A Prospective Single-Blinded Pilot Study.
Colonoscopy outcome is limited by endoscope looping, which leads to patient discomfort, prolonged procedure, and increased sedation requirement. Traditional manual abdominal pressure is imprecise and manually intensive. A hands-free abdominal compression device (ACD) may improve colonoscopy outcome. We aimed to assess the effect of a novel ACD on colonoscopy outcomes compared to manual pressure. This was a prospective single-blinded study of patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy. The ACD (N-Doe Pillow™) was applied on 50 consecutive patients. Endoscopists were blinded to device usage. Control cases using manual pressure were randomly selected in a 2:1 manner. Primary outcome was cecal intubation time. Secondary outcomes included sedation requirement and complications. Subgroup analyses evaluated ACD effect on endoscopists with different experiences and patients at higher risk of difficult colonoscopy. Fisher's exact and Student's t-tests were performed for univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis was performed using generalized linear regression. Fifty patients undergoing colonoscopy with ACD assistance were compared to 100 matched controls. Mean cecal intubation time was significantly reduced in the ACD group compared to controls (6.38 minutes versus 11.8 minutes, P < .0001). Multivariate analysis showed that ACD use was independently associated with reduction in cecal intubation time (β-coeff: -4.11, P = .007). Subgroup analyses revealed a trend toward increased improvement in cecal intubation time among junior endoscopists and obese patients. A novel, hands-free ACD significantly decreased cecal intubation time in this prospective, single-blinded, match-controlled study. A trend toward more improvement was seen among junior faculty, suggesting an application for trainees and/or endoscopists with smaller case volumes.
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Galaxy Digital Capital Management CEO Mike Novogratz on the outlook for cryptocurrency.
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Friday, October 16, 2015
Holley Moyes (April 16, 1958 - Present)
Holley Moyes is an anthropological archaeologist that specializes in the archaeology of religion and in ancient Mesoamerican civilizations. She studies how ideologies are created, maintained, and changed over time and how they affect social processes and human decision-making. Moyes believes that ideologies as important social catalysts because beliefs can lead to choices that have far-reaching, long-term, and sometimes catastrophic effects. When studying the past archaeologists have the opportunity to view history from a long temporal perspective that bears witness to extended social and political processes and their ultimate outcomes. Her own work on the ancient Maya illustrates the power of worldview in the light of history.
Three themes run through her work-- geographically situated field research in ancient Maya ritual caves sites, a broader interdisciplinary approach to understanding ritual and religion though comparative analyses and cognitive science, and how sacred space is conceptualized, created, used, maintained and changed over time. Most of Moyes field research is conducted in ancient Maya ritual cave sites in Belize. Moyes often employs quantitative and scientific methods and am interested in new methodology and theory involving data recovery and interpretation of the archaeological record. Moyes has developed field methods that have allowed her to generate new interpretations in Mesoamerican cave archaeology. These in turn have enabled us to address broad questions in Maya studies such how ancient Maya communities and political hierarchies are established and have allowed Moyes and her team to investigate the social processes that led to the classic Maya 9th century collapse.
Miss Moyes has partnered with cognitive scientists and environmental psychologists in research on caves as special, sacred, or liminal spaces. They examine the qualities of the cave environment such as darkness and enclosed conditions that set them apart from other geographic entities. Their main interest is in human perceptions of cave morphologies in how people navigate and perceive of these spaces.
Education:
Ph.D., 2006 — State University of New York at Buffalo
M.A., 2001 — Florida Atlantic University
A.S., 1994 — Palm Beach Community College
B.A., 1978 — Florida State University
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During Microsoft’s Extra Life Livestream Xbox division head Phil Spencer talked about events like XO18 and other events like E3.
“I’d say we’re learning. I saw some of the feedback on “Hey, it would have been great if you guys had a new game to announce.” It’s always great to announce new games and I agree with that. I am very committed to XO and getting that back as part of one of our connections to our fans and our community. Like anything, you do something, and you learn, and you grow from it. The thing I’d say is we’re committed to that.
We didn’t announce anything about next year, but I can say we’re really happy with XO this year and how it went, and we want to do it again.”
Spencer then went on to talk about E3 and why Xbox is sticking with it:
“I think about the same thing at E3. It’s interesting for us because E3 is such an interesting one [event]. When I think about it, when I was young E3 was about retailers coming and trying to figure out how many cartridges they were going to buy for the holidays. This is back when things would sell out. They would go to E3 trying to figure out what the hit games were, and we were all there trying to show our games so that they would up their purchase quantities and we would know how many cartridges or disks, whatever it was [to make].
Then all of a sudden retailers wanted the press there because they wanted to see what the press was writing about because they kind of trusted the press, which makes sense, on what games were going to be hot. So E3 went from a retail show to a press and retail show.
Now I’d say most of our efforts and the reason why we like E3 the way we do… We could do this on our own or direct… We just think it’s an awesome and frankly convenient way for the fans to experience video games. I think we do it because it’s a U.S. celebration in L.A. It’s easy for people in the U.S. to come to one place and just share their love of video games.
My hope is that E3 continues to grow. I think it’s gonna change in some ways, but I look at all these events like XO, E3, the FanFest that we do at Gamescom… While we were doing the fanfest in Mexico City, I think we also had one in Milan going on at the same time. We can reach retailers, we can reach press in so many different ways…” [Editor’s note: Spencer was interrupted by the game he was playing while speaking, but he meant that these events are a great way to reach the fans]
Spencer also mentioned that creating new IP is one of the greatest things that can be done in the gaming industry, but it’s also important to keep exploring characters and stories from the past. One of the challenges is to find a balance between those two options because it’s not possible to constantly double the production capacity of the organization. Another interesting concept is that if teams don’t feel like doing something, they won’t do it no matter what Spencer says. Developers will naturally gravitate towards the things they want to work on.
We also hear that one of his heroes in the gaming industry is Civilization’s creator Sid Meyer. He is a big fan of turn-based strategy games. One of the defining moments of his career was when he joined the gaming division. He was told that there was a studio that would have probably been closed, and he was to try to make it work. After that, he started to work at Studio X on Fable, Rise of Nations, and more. That’s what started him on his road to Xbox.
As a funny note of color, Spencer mentioned that one of his early jobs as a programming intern at Microsoft was to clean a vice-president’s fish tank. He remembers that the first time code he wrote shipped in DOS Bookshelf, it blew his mind. It “really freaked him out” that 100,000 people were running his code.
If you want to read more, you can also enjoy what Spencer said about the importance of learning from failure and adding PC DNA to Xbox’s studios.
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We have examined the ability of the tat (trans-activation of transcription) genes from both human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) to transform early passage rat embryo cells. Transfection of either the HTLV tat-1 or the HIV tat-3 genes alone showed no effect on these cells. However, co-transfection of either the tat-1 or tat- 3 genes with the activated ras oncogene resulted in the formation of foci of morphologically transformed cells. Focus formation was substantially higher for co-transfection of ras and tat-1 versus ras and tat-3. Five out of five ras plus tat-1-transformed cell lines formed tumors after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. At least two out of five ras plus tat-3 transformed cell lines were also tumorigenic in nude mice. These results demonstrate that the transactivating genes tat-1 and tat-3 from human retroviruses are capable of contributing to the transformation of rodent cells, and suggest that they may be involved in oncogenesis in humans infected with either HTLV-1 or HIV-1. Based upon the above observations, we have introduced separately the HTLV tat-1 and the HIV tat-3 genes into the germ line of mice to test their potential to induce tumors in vivo. Transgenic mice carrying the tat-1 gene from HTLV-1 developed von Recklinghausen's neurofibromas and those carrying the tat-3 gene from HIV-1 gave rise to Kaposi's sarcomas. These results provide direct evidence that a single gene from either HTLV-1 or HIV-1 can induce tumors.
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<?php
namespace feedly\Models;
class Subscriptions extends FeedlyModel
{
public function getEndpoint()
{
return '/v3/subscriptions';
}
}
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Methods for providing therapeutic agents to treat damaged spiral ganglion neurons.
Sensorineural hearing loss, characterized by damage to sensory hair cells and/or associated nerve fibers is a leading cause of hearing disorders throughout the world. To date, treatment options are limited and there is no cure for damaged inner ear cells. Because the inner ear is a tiny organ housed in bone deep within the skull, access to the inner ear is limited, making delivery of therapeutic agents difficult. In recent years scientists have investigated a number of growth factors that have the potential to regulate survival or recovery of auditory neurons. Coinciding with the focus on molecules that may restore function are efforts to develop novel delivery methods. Researchers have been investigating the use of mini osmotic pumps, viral vectors and stem cells as a means of providing direct application of growth factors to the inner ear. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the molecules that may be useful for restoring damaged spiral ganglion neurons, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various delivery systems.
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Document Type
Publication Date
Keywords
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.137
Abstract
Current biopsychological research on the etiology of alcoholism has begun to focus on memory processes as a possible common pathway for drinking decisions. The alcohol-expectancy construct is rooted both in cognitive psychology and alcohol research and can serve as a vehicle for this study. Reexamination of one recent review of issues in alcohol-expectancy research provides an opportunity to broaden the scope of this research with theoretical and methodological alternatives to those suggested in that review. Most importantly, this article shows that expectancy findings, discussed by B. C. Leigh (see record 1989-29730-001) as reflecting "psychometric" limitations, are instead quite consistent with recent network models of memory structure. Such models can provide an informative guide to future research activities. It is also recommended that alcohol-expectancy research remain open to inputs from expectancy theories already developed in several psychological domains, as well as to theories of social cognition and attitude structure in addition to those advanced by Leigh.
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A now-fired Stanford University sailing coach, along with 13 other Bay Area CEOs, real estate moguls, a jewelry store owner and a vintner were among the 50 people charged in a nationwide college-admissions scam, federal prosecutors said on Tuesday.
Dubbed "Operation Varsity Blues," the FBI and prosecutors in Boston described a detailed scheme where a total of 33 wealthy parents bribed college coaches and insiders at testing centers to help get their children into some of the most elite schools in the country. Some parents paid in Facebook stock. Other parents either Photoshopped their children's faces onto athletes' bodies, or pretended their children were someone else in pictures.
"These parents are a catalog of wealth and privilege," U.S. Attorney Andrew Lelling said in announcing the $25 million federal bribery case at a news conference in Boston.
The most high-profile names to come out of the biggest college admissions scam ever prosecuted by the U.S. Justice Department were Hollywood actresses Felicity Huffman and Lori Loughlin.
Loughlin, who was charged along with her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli, appeared in the ABC sitcom "Full House," while Huffman starred in ABC's "Desperate Housewives." Both were charged with fraud and conspiracy. Neither could be reached for comment.
Prosecutors said parents paid an admissions consultant a total of $25 million from 2011 through last month to bribe coaches and administrators to label their children as recruited athletes, to alter test scores and to have others take online classes to boost their children's chances of getting into schools. Parents spent anywhere from $200,000 to $6.5 million to guarantee their children's admission, officials said. No students were charged. Authorities said in many cases the teenagers were not aware of the fraud.
Read the full list of those charged under Operation Varsity Blues
Status updates on those charged under Operation Varsity Blues
Read the full federal indictment of Operation Varsity Blues
None of the schools, including Stanford, are part of the investigation, Lelling said.
"We have not seen the schools as co-conspirators," he added.
The mastermind? William Rick Singer, 59, of Newport Beach. He has been cooperating with federal authorities since last fall. On Tuesday, he pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy, money laundering conspiracy, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and obstruction of justices in federal court in Boston.
Singer owns the Edge College & Career Network, also known as The Key — a for-profit college counseling and preparation company offering families help in getting students into competitive colleges and universities. He also runs the Key Worldwide Foundation, which purports to be a charity and which prosecutors say was used to disguise the true nature of payments from parents.
Court papers indicate despite being a federal informant, Singer also tipped off several families that his conversations were being recorded and warned parents not to incriminate themselves.
In the Bay Area, Stanford sailing coach John Nicholas Vandemoer agreed to designate the child of one Singer's clients as a recruit for the team in exchange for a payment to that program in 2017, federal documents allege. Singer helped create a student-athlete application to Stanford by falsely claiming the unidentified incoming student was a competitive sailor.
By May 2018, the would-be student deferred his application to Stanford for a year and Singer directed a $110,000 payment from one of his charity’s accounts to the Stanford sailing program in exchange for the coach’s agreement to designate the boy as a recruit the next year, according to the court documents.
Later that summer, the boy decided not to go to Stanford. But Vandemoer allegedly agreed with Singer to use that same recruiting spot for another of Singer’s clients in exchange for a $500,000 payment to the program, prosecutors allege.
Vandemoer, 41, pleaded guilty Tuesday in Boston to charges related to the case, according to U.S. Department of Justice officials. He could not be reached for comment on Tuesday through his Stanford email and KTVU was unsuccessful in tracking down his phone number. Court records show he is scheduled to be sentenced in June and faces a maximum of 20 years in prison.
In a statement on Tuesday, Stanford said that the university has been cooperating with the investigation and will undertake an internal review to make sure that no one else at the school was involved. Stanford also said that Vandemoer was fired.
Stanford's president and provost issued a lengthy joint statement, which said this conduct is contrary to the University's values.
“We will ensure that Stanford will not benefit from the monies that were contributed to the Stanford sailing program as part of this fraudulent activity," the statement read in part.
The Department of Justice also provided a full list of those charged in Operation Varsity Blues, including those from the Bay Area. They are:
Diane Blake, 55, an executive at a retail merchandising firm and Todd Blake, 53, an entrepreneur and investor, both live in Ross, Calif. According to the criminal complaint, the Blakes agreed to pay $250,000 in order to facilitate their daughter’s admission to USC as a purported volleyball recruit. Until 2018, Todd Blake was a trustee for nine years at the K-8 Ross School District, according to his Twitter account, where he also posted his excitement over his daughter’s enrollment at USC. KTVU emailed Diane Blake and left a voicemail for her husband seeking comment.
Amy Colburn, 59, and Gregory Colburn, 61, both of Palo Alto, Calif. The Colburns are accused of paying $25,000 to have someone else take their son's SAT test. A receptionist at Gregory Colburn's office where he is an oncologist, said he was away on a "family emergency."
Elizabeth Henriquez, 56, and Manuel Henriquez, 55, both of Atherton, Calif., founder, chairman and CEO of a publicly traded specialty finance company. Court documents allege the Henriquezes participated in the college entrance exam cheating scheme on four separate occasions, for their two daughters. In addition, they conspired to bribe the head tennis coach at Georgetown University, to designate their older daughter as a tennis recruit in order to facilitate her admission
to the university, prosecutors allege. The proctor then “‘gloated’ with Elizabeth Henriquez and her daughter about the fact that they had cheated and gotten away with it, the documents allege. KTVU sent an email seeking comment to Manuel Henriquez's company but did not get an immediate response. Both husband and wife self-surrendered on Tuesday and were released on $500,000 bond, court records show.
On Wednesday, Manuel Henriquez's company announced that he will be replaced as CEO and chairman of Hercules Capital in Palo Alto. Hercules said Henriquez will still hold a seat on the board and will serve as an adviser. Henriquez was arrested in New York City and released on $500,000 bail after a brief appearance in Manhattan federal court Tuesday. Shares of the hedge fund plunged 9 percent on word of Henriquez' arrest Tuesday.
Agustin Huneeus Jr., 53, of San Francisco, Calif., a prominent Napa Valley wine magnate. Prosecutors allege he tried to bribe the water polo coach at USC to get his daughter into school. Acccording to court documents, he paid for the results of his daughter's SAT exam to be altered resulting in a score of 1380. After the exam, he complained that it should have been a 1550 too which Singer replied "No. ’Cause I would have got investigated for sure based on her grades." Huneeus also admitted sending the college a photo of his daughter playing water polo when it was not her. His children attend Marin Academy, a parent there said, and he has traditionally provided free wine for school events. KTVU sent an email to his company, but did not immediately hear back.
Bruce Isackson, 61, president of a real estate development firm; and Davina Isackson, 55, both of Hillsborough, Calif. They are alleged to have exchanged more than $250,000 in Facebook stock to secure their daughter's admission to UCLA as a purported soccer recruit. They couldn't be reached for comment by phone or Facebook message.
Marjorie Klapper, 50, of Menlo Park, Calif., co-owner of jewelry business. According to the criminal complaint, Klapper paid $15,000 to alter her son's ACT score. As a result, her son received a score of 30 out of a possible 36 on the ACT exam. Klapper e-mailed a copy of the score to Singer noting: “Omg. I guess he’s not testing again.” Singer replied, “Yep, he is brilliant.” Her voicemail at work was full when KTVU tried to contact her.
William McGlashan Jr., 55, of Mill Valley, Calif., senior executive at a global equity firm. He is alleged to have participated in both the college entrance exam cheating scheme and the college recruitement scheme, including by conspiring to bribe the senior associate athletic director at USC facilitate his son’s admission to USC as a recruited athlete. McGlashan and a fraudulent consultant also discussed creating a fake sports profile for his son, allowing him to get into USC as a recruited athlete, authorities said. The consultant asked for a photo of the teen so it could be Photoshopped onto the face of a football kicker.
“Let me look through what I have,” McGlashan allegedly said in a recorded conversation. “Pretty funny. The way the world works these days is unbelievable.”
The court filings suggest that McGlashan’s son was oblivious to his father’s alleged scheming.
KTVU reached out to a representative from his company TPG, who released this statement, “As a result of the charges of personal misconduct against Bill McGlashan, we have placed Mr. McGlashan on indefinite administrative leave effective immediately. Jim Coulter, Co-CEO of TPG, will be interim managing partner of TPG Growth and The Rise Fund. Mr. Coulter will, in partnership with the organization’s executive team, lead all investment work for both going forward.”
Peter Jan Sartorio, 53, of Menlo Park, Calif., packaged food entrepreneur. According to the complaint, he paid $15,000 in cash to have his daughter's answers corrected on the college entrance exam. His daughter received a score of 27 out of a possible 36 on the ACT, which placed her in approximately the 86th percentile. Although she had not previously taken the ACT, she had previously earned scores of 900 and 960 out of a possible 1600 in successive administrations of the PSAT, which placed her between the 42nd and 51st percentile for her grade level. The Sartorio home voicemail was full on Tuesday.
Marci Palatella, 63, of Healdsburg, Calif., CEO of Preservation Distillery Bardstwon, where a person answered the phone saying, "We don't know anything. We have no comment."
Palatella is alleged to have taken part in both the college entrance exam cheating and the athletic recruitment schemes, by falsely describing her son as a long snapper, in order to facilitate his admission to USC as a football recruit.
According to the complaint, Palatella said she and her spouse “laugh every day” about how grateful they were for the services, “We’re like, it was worth every cent."
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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Operation Varsity Blues Complete (Text)
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Effects of anoxia on cerebral blood flow in the rat brain: evidence for a role of adenosine in autoregulation.
The purpose of these experiments was to determine the utility of a new method for monitoring CBF using a venous outflow technique with an extracorporeal circulation and to examine the effects of agents that potentiate or antagonize the actions of adenosine on the blood flow response to brief periods of anoxia. The results demonstrate the ability of the new technique to detect the increases in CBF in response to anoxia. Caffeine, an adenosine antagonist, reduced the intensity and duration of the anoxia-induced hyperemia. Dipyridamole and papaverine, inhibitors of adenosine uptake, potentiated the increase in CBF during anoxia. The results support the hypothesis that adenosine plays an important role in regulating CBF during anoxic episodes.
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Expression and neural control of myogenic regulatory factor genes during regeneration of mouse soleus.
Given the importance of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) for myoblast differentiation during development, the aims of this work were to clarify the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the four MRF mRNAs during soleus regeneration in mouse after cardiotoxin injury, using in situ hybridization, and to investigate the influence of innervation on the expression of each MRF during a complete degeneration/regeneration process. For this, we performed cardiotoxin injury-induced regeneration experiments on denervated soleus muscle. Myf-5, MyoD, and MRF4 mRNAs were detected in satellite cell-derived myoblasts in the first stages of muscle regeneration analyzed (2--3 days P-I). The Myf-5 transcript level dramatically decreased in young multinucleated myotubes, whereas MyoD and MRF4 transcripts were expressed persistently throughout the regeneration process. Myogenin mRNA was transiently expressed in forming myotubes. These results are discussed with regard to the potential relationships between MyoD and MRF4 in the satellite cell differentiation pathway. Muscle denervation precociously (at 8 days P-I) upregulated both the Myf-5 and the MRF4 mRNA levels, whereas the increase of both MyoD and myogenin mRNA levels was observed later, in the late stages of regeneration (30 days P-I). This significant accumulation of each differentially upregulated MRF during soleus regeneration after denervation suggests that each myogenic factor might have a distinct role in the regulatory control of muscle gene expression. This role is discussed in relation to the expression of the nerve-regulated genes, such as the nAChR subunit gene family. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:887-899, 2001)
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
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The "hierarchal clustering" model of tumors posits the key role of cancer stem cells (CSC), a pool of relatively quiescent cells otherwise named tumor initiating cells (TIC), in carcinogenesis. In this context, no tumor can be cured until the CSC pool has been eradicated. As the normal counterpart, CSC display self-renewal, express telomerase and activate anti-apoptotic and multi-drug resistance pathways \[[@R1]\]. The availability of *in vitro* culture techniques since the pioneering work of Till and McCulloch and the exhaustive phenotypic characterization of myeloid progenitor cells at different differentiation levels let define the ontogenesis of normal and transformed hematopoiesis \[[@R2], [@R3]\]. Finally, identification of the causative event of CML as the *BCR-ABL1* fusion protein TK let distinguish LSC from normal HSC, hence providing a host of information on signals involved in self-renewal, proliferation and life expectancy associated with leukemic transformation \[[@R4]\]. The most significant trait of CML LSC is *BCR-ABL1* independence, which makes them autonomous from the fusion protein TK for proliferation and survival and drives their resistance to TK inhibitors IM, Nilotinib and Dasatinib, hence providing a sanctuary for the disease relapse upon drug withdrawal and a putative source of drug-resistance \[[@R5]\]. Pro-survival signaling pathways of *BCR-ABL1*+ LSC have therefore attracted great interest in view of their use as pharmacological targets.
β-catenin is a central component of *BCR-ABL1*+ LSC self-renewal and microenvironment protection from TK inhibitors \[[@R6]--[@R9]\]. β-Catenin activation in CML is mostly contingent upon mechanisms hampering its degradation, including *BCR-ABL1*-mediated phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues (Y86 and Y654), which prevents the recruitment by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/Axin/glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3 β) destruction complex, the overexpression of growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2), which reduces calpain-dependent degradation, and GSK3β inactivation due to the prevalence of a GSK3β mis-spliced isoform unable to phosphorylate β-catenin and/or to GSK3β de-phosphorylation by the Fas-associated phosphatase 1 (Fap1) \[[@R10]--[@R13]\]. The prerequisite of β-catenin transcriptional activity is nuclear import and interaction with transcription factors of the TCF/LEF1 family and additional co-factors, such as B-cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9), cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CBP) and pygopus to regulate a series of target genes \[[@R14]\]. β-catenin nuclear transport is mediated by direct contact with the nuclear pore and regulated by phopshorylation and binding partners, including Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), mucin 1 (MUC-1), BCL9, androgen receptor and LEF-1 \[[@R14]\]. Our review will be focused on the β-catenin antagonist CBY1.
CBY is a 14.5 kDa protein highly conserved throughout evolution. It directly interacts with the C-terminal activation domain of b catenin and competes with TCF/LEF factors for b catenin binding hence repressing its transcriptional activity \[[@R15]\]. Moreover, it forms a stable tripartite complex with 14-3-3z and b catenin hence promoting the b catenin nuclear exclusion and cytoplasmic compartmentalization \[[@R16], [@R17]\].
CBY1 participation in the constitutive activation of β-catenin in CML was suggested by our recent study showing that a significant reduction in CBY1 expression levels is associated with *BCR-ABL1* and correlates with nuclear b catenin increment \[[@R18]\]. The relative proximity of C22*orf*2 gene encoding for CBY1 to the BCR breakpoint on chromosome 22q11 as a consequence of deletions of distal BCR sequences occurring at the time of Philadelphia translocation suggested the gene haploinsufficiency eventually associated with disease worse prognosis \[[@R19]\]. Indeed, fluorescent *in situ* hybridization (FISH) did not let any evidence of C22*orf*2 loss associated with CML more advanced stage or worse prognosis. Conversely, we observed CBY1 down-modulation, driven by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and evoked by the constitutive TK activity of *BCR-ABL1* fusion protein. CBY1 induction in *BCR-ABL1+* cell response to TK inhibitors triggers a series of events, including activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy eventually leading to selective leukemic cell death \[[@R20], [@R21]\]. Targeting signals involved in CBY1 down-modulation in CML may be, therefore, advanced as a complementary strategy to eradicate clonal hematopoiesis.
CBY1 DOWN-MODULATION ASSOCIATED WITH *BCR-ABL1* TK CONTRIBUTES TO Β-CATENIN ACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIC HEMATOPOIESIS {#s2}
================================================================================================================
CBY1 is a small conserved antagonist of β-catenin. It is encoded by the *C22orf2* gene at chromosome 22q13.1, downstream of BCR cluster region (22q11) involved in the t \[[@R9], [@R22]\] translocation \[[@R22]\]. CBY1 antagonistic function on β-catenin encompasses its direct interaction with the C-terminal activation domain of β-catenin (which hinders β-catenin binding with TCF/LEF transcription factors hence repressing β-catenin transcriptional activation) and 14-3-3 scaffolding proteins (s or z, which drives CBY1 nuclear export into a stable tripartite complex with β-catenin) \[[@R15]--[@R17]\]. Accordingly, CBY1 "loss of function" has been involved in the pathogenesis of some types of cancers, such as colon carcinomas and pediatric ependymomas \[[@R23], [@R24]\]. Due to the relative proximity of *C22orf2* \[22q13.1\] to the breakpoint cluster region on BCR (22q11) we first investigated whether *C22orf2* haplo-insufficiency, originated by deletion(s) downstream of BCR sequences as a result of the t(9, 22) translocation, was correlated with CML prognosis \[[@R22]\]. However, fluorescent *in situ* hybridization (FISH) established that the full length *C22orf2* gene follows BCR sequences in CML myeloid progenitors, and relocates to the derivative chromosome 9 (der(9q)) in patients with the typical translocation t \[[@R9], [@R22]\] \[q34;q11\] or to the second fusion gene in patients with variant translocations \[[@R18], [@R19]\]. Still, CBY1 expression is reduced in hematopoietic progenitors of CML patients at clinical diagnosis compared to healthy donors and further lowered in the LSC (CD34+) compartment, where β-catenin provides a key signal for proliferation and survival \[[@R8]\]. Restored expression of CBY1 in CML patients at the time of complete or major molecular response during treatment with TK inhibitors (when the whole or major part of hematopoiesis is the normal, *BCR-ABL1*- one) supports CBY1 down-modulation as a trait of leukemic clone. Lack of correlation between CBY1 expression, disease prognosis and response to TK inhibitors seems to exclude its involvement in the disease progression \[[@R18]\]. Further investigation let establish the dependency of CBY1 down-modulation from *BCR-ABL1* TK. The fusion protein inhibition in response to IM induced, in fact, CYB1 expression, which, in turn, abolished the leukemic clone growth and survival advantage through events proceeding from β-catenin nuclear export and degradation in the cytoplasm, activation of ER stress-associated pathway known as UPR, which leads to apoptotic death, and induction of an autophagic pathway, which addresses β-catenin to proteasome-independent degradation \[[@R20], [@R21], [@R25]\].
CBY1 down-modulation associated with *BCR-ABL1* TK is driven by multiple events, including transcriptional mechanisms, caused by the gene promoter hyper-methylation, and post-transcriptional modifications involved in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation by proteasome \[[@R15]--[@R17]\].
CBY1 DOWN-MODULATION ASSOCIATED WITH BCR-ABL1 IS MEDIATED BY GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND PROTEIN INSTABILITY {#s3}
===================================================================================================================
DNA methylation consists in the attachment of methyl groups (CH~3~) at the 5′ carbon position of the cytosine ring. It predominantly occurs at high density CpG regions named CpG islands, which cover the transcriptional initiation sites of approximately 70% of annotated gene promoters \[[@R26]\]. It is promoted by a family of enzymes, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs, encompassing the *de novo* methyltransferases DNMT3a and DNMT3b and the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1), which catalyze CH~3~ group transfer to establish a permissive landscape for methyl-binding (MBD) proteins, such as MeCP2, MBD1, MBD2 and MBD4, involved in transcriptional repression \[[@R27]\]. Indeed, DNA hyper-methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism for transcriptional silencing of genes involved in cancer development and progression, including those controlling DNA repair, cell cycle, cell adhesion, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Accordingly, it may be considered as a second hit in the Knudson\'s two-hit model of cellular transformation \[[@R28]\]. From a clinical perspective, such integrated view into cancer genomics might improve the therapeutic approach through DNA de-methylating agents. DNA hyper-methylation is a common event in CML and affects multiple genes \[[@R29]\]. We found that enhanced recruitment of DNMT1 at the *C22orf2* promoter is a component of CBY1 down-modulation in CML hematopoietic progenitors and LSC, hence suggesting the putative advantage of DNA-demethylating drugs, such as 5-Aza-CdR (also referred to as decitabine), in the disease therapy \[[@R30]\].
The reduction of protein stability is a further mechanism driving CBY1 down-modulation in CML. As CBY1 reduced transcription, the protein instability is mediated by *BCR-ABL1* TK activity through events affecting CBY1 binding with 14-3-3. Those events includes phosphorylation by AKT at a critical residue of CBY1 (serine 20) for 14-3-3 binding and the impaired phosphorylation at a 14-3-3 residue (serine 186) by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) \[[@R17], [@R20]\]. The enhanced degradation of CBY1 is driven by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) through a complex and tightly controlled process encompassing the covalent attachment of K48-linked polyubiquitin chain to flag target proteins for degradation through the 26S proteasome \[[@R31]\]. In particular, a post-translational modification which utilizes small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) groups to covalently attach target substrates and promote their ubiquitination and degradation has been involved in CBY1 increased degradation associated with BCR-ABL1 \[[@R17], [@R32]\]. These findings suggest that inhibitors of AKT/mTOR axis, 14-3-3 binding or proteasome have the potential to attenuate β-catenin signalling and may be, therefore, tested for clinical use. Notably, pilot studies support the synergistic effects of proteasome inhibitors and TK inhibitors on BCR-ABL1+ cells, including LSC \[[@R33], [@R34]\].
CBY1 INDUCTION IN BCR-ABL1+ CELLS ACTIVATES UPR AND TRIGGERS THE EXECUTION PHASE OF APOPTOSIS {#s4}
=============================================================================================
β-catenin nuclear exclusion and transcriptional inactivation is the major consequence of CBY1 enforced expression following *C22orf2* stable transfection and CBY1 induction in response to IM in *BCR-ABL1*+ cells \[[@R18]\]. In such a cell context, as in other cell types, CBY1-driven cytoplasmic re-location of β-catenin activates UPR, which, in turn, induced the BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), hence contributing to the execution phase of apoptotic death \[[@R20]\].
UPR is a homeostatic signaling network that transduces information about the protein-folding status in the ER lumen to buffer fluctuations in the unfolded protein load and let the recovery of ER function. Under physiological conditions it acts as an adaptive mechanism to promote cell survival, while under high-level or chronic ER stress, it becomes overshadowed by alternative signals which commit cells to degeneration and culminate in apoptosis \[[@R35]\]. UPR occurs via three mechanisms: i) reduced translation of misfolded proteins, ii) enhanced translation of ER chaperones and iii) ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of misfolded proteins, which are transferred from the ER to the cytoplasm for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation by the 26S proteasome. UPR is triggered by the activation of three trans-membrane ER proteins: pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1a (IRE1a) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), whose oligomerization at the ER luminal domain activates downstream activities, to transduce life or death signals \[[@R36]\]. We proved that CBY1 enforced expression as well as its induction in response to IM activate PERK and IRE1a, which, in turn, trigger specific transcription factors to up-regulate their target genes. Activated PERK phosphorylates the eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2a (eIF2a) to slow down mRNA translation and protein synthesis \[[@R37]\]. Moreover, it allows selective translation of the activating translation factor 4 (ATF4) to induce transcription of the C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP, otherwise termed GADD153), which inhibits expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 to hasten cell death \[[@R38]\]. More importantly, CHOP induces transcription of BIM, a crucial tumor suppressor gene for CML response to IM \[[@R39], [@R40]\]. BIM participates in the death signal transmission from ER to mitochondria, hence contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis through the activation of ER resident caspase 12 \[[@R40]\]. Finally, CHOP induction inhibits β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcriptional activation and may, therefore, contribute to cyclin D1 reduction to promote BCR-ABL1+ cell growth arrest \[[@R41]\]. Still, the role of UPR in the survival of CML progenitors and LSC is elusive. Three recently published studies established the pro-survival effects of UPR on *BCR-ABL1*+ cells, hence raising the question of the fusion protein impact on individual UPR branches \[[@R42]--[@R44]\]. Further investigation is required, in particular, to elucidate the misfolded nature of *BCR-ABL1* protein, whether and how its expression and phosphorylation levels are involved in UPR activation, and the participation of *BCR-ABL1* downstream targets, such as JNK and AKT, in the induction of UPR sensors and effectors \[[@R36]\].
CBY1-INDUCED AUTOPHAGY PARTICIPATES IN *BCR-ABL1*+ CELL COMMITMENT TO APOPTOTIC DEATH {#s5}
=====================================================================================
Autophagy is a further consequence of CBY1 enforced expression and induction in response to IM in BCR-ABL1+ cells \[[@R21]\]. Autophagy is a self-catabolic process wherein bulk cytoplasmatic components such as aggregated/misfolded proteins and organelles are sequestered within double- or multi-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) and then delivered to lysosomes for degradation. It may either serve as a cell death mechanism (otherwise named type II programmed cell death) or play a pro-survival role as part of an adaptive and detoxifying process in response to sub-lethal stress such as starvation, hypoxia, heat shock and microbial pathogens, and contingent upon the cell context and oncogenic status \[[@R45], [@R46]\]. In *BCR-ABL1*+ cells autophagy has been regarded as a complementary pathway to apoptotic cell death response to IM and other TK inhibitors proceeding from ER stress and ER Ca^2+^ store mobilization \[[@R47], [@R48]\]. More recently, autophagy has been implicated in normal and cancer stem cell self-renewal and survival in the low-oxygen "niche" of bone marrow microenvironment as well as in their quiescence through the m-TOR complex 1 (m-TORC1)-mitochondria-reactive oxygen species (ROS) axis. Moreover, it protects *BCR-ABL1*+ LSC from the lethal effects of TK inhibitors, hence contributing to the disease persistence. Indeed, cells expressing the *BCR-ABL1* rearranged gene of CML exhibit low basal levels of autophagy, but are highly dependent on autophagy for response to stress and leukemia induction in allograft models \[[@R49]--[@R52]\]. In a recently published study we showed that the autophagic phenotype originated in *BCR-ABL1*+ cells by the elevation of free Ca^2+^ release from ER stores in response to IM generates a 28 kDa cleaved calpain fragment which, in turn, promotes the cleavage of the ER-resident caspase 12 into a 42 kDa fragment corresponding to its activated isoform hence contributing to apoptosis commitment shown in a previously published study \[[@R21]\]. Notably, β-catenin is a calpain target \[[@R53]\]. Accordingly, its decrease following CBY1 induction in response to IM may be partly mediated by calpain activation and autolysosomal clearance upon autophagy induction \[[@R54]\]. It is worth to mention the calpain-mediated cleavage of β-catenin accumulated within the cytoplasmic compartment into a 75 kDa fragment still owning TCF-dependent transcriptional activity \[[@R55], [@R56]\]. Such β-catenin fragment may be regarded as the putative mediator of autophagy pro-survival effects in *BCR-ABL1*+ cells following IM treatment. Further investigation is required to identify signals directing autophagy impact on cell decision between life and death in a *BCR-ABL1*+ cell context.
CONCLUSIONS {#s6}
===========
Here we report of a new component of β-catenin network in CML (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). CBY1 down-modulation associated with *BCR-ABL1* TK promotes β-catenin retention within the nuclear compartment and transcriptional activation. It is driven by transcriptional and post-transcriptional events involving DNA hyper-methylation and protein enhanced degradation. Through its effects on β-catenin sub-cellular partitioning, CBY1 impacts UPR and autophagy in clonal hematopoietic progenitors and, more importantly, in LSC. The activation of UPR and autophagy may have a role in the balance between life and death of *BCR-ABL1*+ cells in response to TK inhibitors.
{#F1}
We thank all the member of Prof. G. Martinelli clinical and research divisions. We also thank Prof. Michele Cavo and Prof. Ken-Ichi Takemaru for insightful discussions.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
Authors have no conflicts of interests to declare with relation to this manuscript.
**FUNDING**
University of Bologna \[RFO funds\], Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione e della Ricerca \[PRIN funds\], Umberto Veronesi Foundation, AIRC, FP7 NGS-PTL project, Progetto Regione-Università 2010--12 \[L. Bolondi\] are acknowledged for financial support.
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Q:
Doctrine - A relationship between entity A and related entities B and C
I'm making a game in Symfony/Doctrine. I have two tables "Model", which represents a 3D model, and "Texture", a list of textures that can be applied to each model. There's a one to many relationship between them (one Model has many textures).
Now there are a bunch of other entities (Monster, Character, Prop etc.), that need to have texture AND model information. I need to set up a relationship that says "This Monster has this Model AND this Texture" (but since Model and Texture are themselves related, I couldn't use a Dragon model with a Goblin texture - it would have to be a valid pair.)
The problem is that I feel having both ->model and ->texture properties is redundant because one can be calculated by the other. There's no database-layer checks that texture A actually goes with model B.
I thought initially that I would only have ->getTexture(), and create a "fake" model getter, like a)
public function getModel()
{
if ( $this->texture ) return $this->texture->getModel();
}
Other approaches would be -
b) Have both ->getModel() and ->getTexture() within the Monster entity, and add a validation rule that checks that the Model and Texture match up. The downside here is that I'm effectively creating redundant data, and I have a lot of validation rules to add everywhere.
c) Add a ModelInstance class which creates a relationship between Model and Texture. The downside here is that there are more queries/complexity overall, and the simple relationship between Model and Texture isn't there any more - it's been replaced by something more complicated. We'd also have to add a unique constraint on Texture.
Would love to hear how other people approach this problem!
Thanks,
James
A:
Since a texture can belong to one and only one model then:
public function getModel()
{
if ( $this->texture ) return $this->texture->getModel();
}
is perfectly fine.
Just need to make sure that whatever is calling getModel can handle a null results. You will save yourself some headaches if you just require all monsters to have a texture and thus a model.
It does seem a bit strange to me that the same texture could not be used for different models.
You might also ask how often do you want to query by model. If you will be doing it quite a bit then you might want to go ahead and just add model to monster even if it is a bit redundant.
|
If
you're tapped for an international assignment with your company, your
compensation should reflect the additional responsibilities and challenges.
In addition to higher base, don't forget to ask for incentives.
What
should my incentives be for international travel?
Q.
I am a software consultant at a relatively small firm (under 50
employees). Recently, the company entered into contracts with several
clients overseas and international travel will be required for me
for three weeks each month. Management has made it clear that salary,
rather than extra time off or other benefits, will be the main incentive
for work abroad. What should I expect in a salary increase?
A.If
the company were relocating you outside the United States, you could
expect it to provide you with additional incentives, such as a housing
allowance, a travel allowance, hazard pay (if you're traveling in
an unstable part of the world), and other related incentives. These
types of allowances are given so that you don't have to spend your
own income to meet the challenges of living outside the United States.
It
seems to me that your housing will be taken care of, because you'll
be traveling to different locations while you are away. But you
may still be able to negotiate for the travel allowance and hazard
pay.
In
terms of salary, expect the company to pay you between the 50th
and the 75th percentile, with an expense account. This is the appropriate
level of pay if your skills and knowledge of the job are above average
and you can function with minimal or no resources. Presumably, you
function at this level if you are being chosen for this assignment.
|
"If the United States is supposed to uphold "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness" how can a sick or dying person without health care have these rights."
~Motivated In Ohio
"Any health care funding plan that is just, equitable, civilized and humane must - must - redistribute wealth from the richer among us to the poorer and the less fortunate. Excellent healthcare is by definition re-distributional."
~Donald Berwick
Pages of Interest
Looking for Something?
Thursday, December 29, 2011
Women In The Bible
Women In The Bible: "God doesn't hate women, the Bible does. But you can expect that, since it was written entirely by biased, macho men who proclaimed they were given the authority and were inspired by God. What can be more evident of this than the constant contradictions, bickering, arguing and debating in regards to it? "Matter of interpretation", "that's your opinion," "where's that in the Bible?", "we know the truth", "Sunday is a pagan day," "Saturday is the real sabbath", etc, etc. Since God is not supposed to be the author of confusion, does it make sense he would inspire men to write such a book filled with hate, killings, torture, rape, incest, religious wars, cannibalism, polygamy, wholesale slaughter, etc in His name?
It is ironic when one places his or her hand on the Bible and swears to solemnly tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help me God in a court of law that is sworn to uphold the law. You are legally required to swear by a book that is full of every broken law known to man and woman. It is an affront to the Almighty.
A woman should ask her minister, did God ever "inspire" a member of her sex with assistance in writing the Bible? Why are women put down so much in the Bible? Why are they scorned, rebuked, ridiculed, servile, and told to be quiet in church?..."
I actually asked a pastor before why God wasn't a woman or the Holy Spirit. It didn't go well...
Total Visits
It's Time for a Change
We Can Do It
Question Everything
"Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations. But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it."
~Buddha
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Apoptosis, the process of active cell death, is a phenomenon important in the etiology and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Existing cancer therapies kill tumor cells often by inducing apoptosis, and tumor cells that develop resistance to apoptosis can therefore be refractory to therapy. An understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis is thus essential groundwork for the development of novel approaches to cancer therapy. Previous studies using cell-free systems and cultured cells have shown that the cytochrome c protein can play an important role in the activation of caspases (apoptotic proteases). However, evidence also shows that under some circumstances, caspases can be activated in a manner independent of cytochrome c. To test the hypothesis that cytochrome c is required for apoptosis in multiple tissues, the investigators will employ a genetic approach in mice. Homozygous null mutations of the somatic cytochrome c gene would be lethal, because this protein is required for mitochondrial respiration. However, they have identified mutant or variant forms of cytochrome c that exhibit no, or drastically reduced, pro-apoptotic activity in vitro, while retaining electron transport function. The investigators propose to generate mice in which the wild-type cytochrome c gene is replaced by one or more of these apoptosis-defective cytochrome c genes. If apoptosis in these mutant animals is disrupted in certain tissues, then this will confirm the hypothesis that cytochrome c is required for apoptosis in those tissues. However, if apoptosis proceeds normally, then it will be concluded that apoptosis pathways independent of cytochrome c predominate. These experiments will decide how important cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic pathways are in vivo and will help in the future design of pro-apoptotic therapy for cancer.
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The Basic Principles Of Metal Building With Living Quarters
The Basic Principles Of Metal Building With Living Quarters
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|
Q:
Existence of all suprema iff existence of all infima?
From Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(order_theory)#Relationships_between_completeness_properties
"the existence of all suprema ... equivalent to the existence of all infima. Indeed, for any subset $X$ of a poset, one can consider its set of lower bounds $B$. The supremum of $B$ is then equal to the infimum of $X$"
My question is, can $B$ be the empty set?
My idea is that $B$ cannot be the empty. This is because if we consider the empty set, then all elements of the poset is an upper bound of the empty set. But the poset has no lower bound because $X$ has no lower bound, so there is no least upper bound on the empty set, contradicting the existence of all suprema. Is this argument sound?
A:
The trick here is that if there exists a supremum of $X$ for every subset $X$ of a poset $P$, then there exists the supremum of the empty set in $P$, that is, $\bigvee\varnothing \in P$.
It follows that $\bigvee\varnothing = \bigwedge P$, and this covers the case that you rose, because if $X$ had no lower bound, then $\bigwedge X = \bigvee\varnothing \in P$, a contradiction.
So this means that if there is a subset with no lower bounds, then there must be some subset without supremum.
|
Clouds of uncertainty in Ladakh
People of the Balti community in Turtuk village, in the high-altitude Nubra Valley near the LoC, are trying to cope with the impact of major shifts in the climate, and changes in their local economy and culture
From the city of Leh to the villages of Nubra Valley and across generations and occupations these are voices desperate to be heard. The damage that the people here have seen over the past six years because of flash floods, mudslides, landslides and severe rains adds up to many millions of rupees.
Gulam Mohammed, owner of Shayok Guesthouse, knows about the problems due to climate changes in his village, Turtuk, and in the neighbouring village of Chulungkha. He says, “The problem is that we were, and still are, unprepared for the changes that will come.”
Nubra is a high altitude cold desert with bitingly low temperatures, scanty rainfall and massive glaciers. Turtuk sits on a hilltop in this region, surrounded by mighty mountains and green fields along the grand Shayok river. Located 3,000 metres above sea level, this village was once a stopover on the ancient Silk Route.
The village is also 10 kilometres from the Line of Control (LoC) which runs across the former princely state of Jammu & Kashmir, divided between India and Pakistan since after the first India-Pakistan war of 1947-48. The area’s proximity to the LoC means it was closed to tourism until sustained lobbying by locals changed that in 2010. This was the same year that a sudden cloudburst caused widespread destruction in Leh, killing approximately 125 people. Turtuk too received heavy rainfall that year, and has had unusual rain since then, leading to all kinds of damage. “We suffered during those rains,” says Mohammed Ibrahim, the village goba (headman). “Water seeped into homes and destroyed stored food, the rain ruined farmland. We sent reports to the government officials, but some people are still waiting for support.”
From traditional roofs to tin roofs
Tin roofs are now impossible to do without
Old houses in Turtuk are built using layers of, successively, wood, stone, mud, brush, grass and clay. They are not designed for heavy rain. “Earlier, when people had tin roofs, it was to display wealth,” Gulam Mohammed says. “Now, you have to find a way of getting a tin sheet because you can’t afford the rain damaging your home, especially during drying season [when apricots and other fruits are dried].”
According to Ibrahim Ashoor, an extension officer at the department of agriculture in a nearby town called Diskit, and one of the owners of Ashoor Guesthouse in Turtuk, there are other signs of change too. “Over the last 25 years, fruit has started ripening faster, and we are harvesting barley and buckwheat about 10 days earlier. The biggest problem is that we just don’t know how much it will rain or snow.”
“There is no doubt about climate change,” says Sonam Lotus, director of the India Meteorological Department in Srinagar, Kashmir. “There is an imbalance between nature and human activity. The small changes that policymakers are implementing are coming too late. We need bigger actions – from new laws on managing resources to conservation.”
Jayaraman Srinivasan of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and one of the authors of the periodic reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirms, “It is the rate of change that is concerning. Data shows that between 1973 and 2008, the temperature in Ladakh rose by 3 degrees Celsius, while in the rest of India it rose by only one degree. This is impacting the snow and rain cycles. When it rains in the desert – short but extreme spells – it is catastrophic. These places are not equipped to handle it.”
Turtuk, ceded to India after the India-Pakistan war in 1971, is made up of three parts – Farol, Yul and Chutang. It is home to the Balti community whose territory – Baltistan – extends into Pakistan. Around 400 families live in Turtuk, according to the 2011 Indian census.
Zakir Hussain, the ‘chunpa’ in Farol. Right: The canal system with dividers in each field
To conserve the fragile mountain environment, the Balti people have evolved intricate ecological systems such as canal water- sharing complete with a chunpa, or water watchman, whose job it is to ensure equal distribution of water. Every year the chunpa alternates the field that receives water first during sowing season. They have also evolved a food storage system, a cattle grazing schedule and milk sharing system, waste systems and even a polo team selection system.
But the old ways are under siege. In recent years, along with shifts in the environment, there have been shifts in the economy and culture too. Zakir Hussain, the chunpa for Farol is worried about the future of Turtuk, “No one wants to farm anymore. Everyone wants a guesthouse. No one wants to raise cows and goats or take them grazing. If you go further up the mountains, you can see plastic clogging the streams. I didn’t want the chunpa position this year because it’s too much work. Over the last few years, because snowfall has lessened, there is less water in the beginning of March which is our sowing season, and it has caused fights among people.”
Kulsamji in her kitchen wearing a ‘hamachanitu’, the traditional Balti headgear of married women
Ten more guesthouses are scheduled to come up in Turtuk by next year – at present there are around seven. For the community, tourism is an attempt to boost the local economy during the summer months, but the attendant cultural shifts are impacting the village. Now, as visitors go by, Balti children shout out greetings in English or Ladakhi, a sign that they will know a very different Turtuk than their parents, who speak the Balti language. But Kulsam Banu Bangchupa, a member of the panchayat, or local council, is adamant about building more guesthouses. “We don’t make money from our land. We need cash for illness or education, or our homes and other things.”
Gulam Mohammed adds, “We used to make everything here. But people don’t want to do that anymore. Our food comes from the public distribution system and our clothing is bought in Diskit.”
Future tense
The elders in Turtuk know how much things have changed. “When we were young men going up into the mountains, the glaciers were much closer,” says Mohammed Ishupa, “They have receded at least a kilometre.” Another elder, Mohammed Ibrahim adds, “There is no snow now, so how can we have glaciers?”
Dr. Shakil Romshoo, glaciologist and head of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Kashmir in Srinagar, says, “There has been a 20% loss of glaciers in the last 60 years across the Indian Himalayan area. While there is not enough robust evidence about our glaciers, the government is starting to realise how important mass balance is for the future of our water.”
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHJfs0Ml0xc]
Disparate treatment
The locals are bitter that people in Leh have got help during calamities, but this small village in a corner of the world gets little attention. When sudden rainstorms caused landslides in 2014 and 2015, houses and fields were ruined, in villages like Bogdong, Chulungkha, Tiger and Sumur. The people in Chulungkha say that local officials have visited but they are still awaiting financial help.
In Diskit, Habibullah Girdawar of the state revenue department in Nubra tells us the extent of the loss. In 2014 the damage to people’s homes and farms in Nubra Valley amounted to about INR 30 million (USD 450,000) and in 2015 it went up to INR 150 million (USD 2.26 million) he says. These losses are debilitating for small farmers and landowners in harsh climates where there are no other income options.
The landslide cut through the heart of their fields; the rubble was once all working farms
“I have never seen damage like this,” said Zulika Bano, the goba of Tiger village. “Like a patient who first gets sick is unsure about how to handle the pain, it is the same with our village. We don’t know what’s coming or why, or how to face it. But we’ll have to come together as a community to handle it.”
Walking through Turtuk, Gulam Mohammed points to places where the area is vulnerable, like the bridge that connects both sides of the village. If a landslide were to occur, it would block the water from the Turtuk nala (canal) and flood the entire village.
“We have faced these problems before, but we still don’t know what to do. Maybe it won’t get so bad in my lifetime, but who can say about later?”
This article was written as part of a media fellowship awarded to the author by the environment news website The Third Pole and Earth Journalism Network, a voluntary, international group of journalists. It was first published here.
Special thanks to Gulam Mohammed, the Ashoor family, and the communities in the Nubra Valley.
Sweta Daga is a Bangalore-based writer and photographer. She is working on several multi-media projects, including fellowships with the People’s Archive of Rural India, and the Centre for Science and Environment
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 1987, 1993
* The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-prototypes"
#if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint)
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)timezone.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93";
#endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/gen/timezone.c,v 1.6 2007/01/09 00:27:55 imp Exp $");
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define TZ_MAX_CHARS 255
char *_tztab();
/*
* timezone --
* The arguments are the number of minutes of time you are westward
* from Greenwich and whether DST is in effect. It returns a string
* giving the name of the local timezone. Should be replaced, in the
* application code, by a call to localtime.
*/
static char czone[TZ_MAX_CHARS]; /* space for zone name */
char *
timezone(zone, dst)
int zone,
dst;
{
char *beg,
*end;
if ( (beg = getenv("TZNAME")) ) { /* set in environment */
if ( (end = index(beg, ',')) ) {/* "PST,PDT" */
if (dst)
return(++end);
*end = '\0';
(void)strncpy(czone,beg,sizeof(czone) - 1);
czone[sizeof(czone) - 1] = '\0';
*end = ',';
return(czone);
}
return(beg);
}
return(_tztab(zone,dst)); /* default: table or created zone */
}
static struct zone {
int offset;
char *stdzone;
char *dlzone;
} zonetab[] = {
{-1*60, "MET", "MET DST"}, /* Middle European */
{-2*60, "EET", "EET DST"}, /* Eastern European */
{4*60, "AST", "ADT"}, /* Atlantic */
{5*60, "EST", "EDT"}, /* Eastern */
{6*60, "CST", "CDT"}, /* Central */
{7*60, "MST", "MDT"}, /* Mountain */
{8*60, "PST", "PDT"}, /* Pacific */
#ifdef notdef
/* there's no way to distinguish this from WET */
{0, "GMT", 0}, /* Greenwich */
#endif
{0*60, "WET", "WET DST"}, /* Western European */
{-10*60,"EST", "EST"}, /* Aust: Eastern */
{-10*60+30,"CST", "CST"}, /* Aust: Central */
{-8*60, "WST", 0}, /* Aust: Western */
{-1}
};
/*
* _tztab --
* check static tables or create a new zone name; broken out so that
* we can make a guess as to what the zone is if the standard tables
* aren't in place in /etc. DO NOT USE THIS ROUTINE OUTSIDE OF THE
* STANDARD LIBRARY.
*/
char *
_tztab(zone,dst)
int zone;
int dst;
{
struct zone *zp;
char sign;
for (zp = zonetab; zp->offset != -1;++zp) /* static tables */
if (zp->offset == zone) {
if (dst && zp->dlzone)
return(zp->dlzone);
if (!dst && zp->stdzone)
return(zp->stdzone);
}
if (zone < 0) { /* create one */
zone = -zone;
sign = '+';
}
else
sign = '-';
(void)snprintf(czone, sizeof(czone),
"GMT%c%d:%02d",sign,zone / 60,zone % 60);
return(czone);
}
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
|
Q:
do you put your calculations on your sets or your gets .
which is better ???
public class Order
{
private double _price;
private double _quantity;
public double TotalCash
{
get
{
return _price * _quantity;
}
}
or
public class Order
{
private double _totalCash;
private double _price;
private double _quantity;
private void CalcCashTotal()
{
_totalCash = _price * _quantity
}
public double Price
{
set
{
_price = value;
CalcCashTotal();
}
}
public double Quantity
{
set
{
_price = value;
CalcCashTotal();
}
}
public double TotalCash
{
get
{
return _totalCash;
}
}
A:
There are tradeoffs. If the calculations simple and does not take a long time, then put it in the get. It makes your life easier, because you don't have to worry about doing the check in every set that total price is dependant on, which could lead to mistakes.
If the calculation takes a lot of time, then you could also take a hybrid approach. You could set a IsDirtyTotalPrice boolean in all the dependant sets, and then do the calculation on the fly in the get and cache it so that the get only calculates the variable when it needs to. You don't do the calculation in the sets because there could be a lot of them, and you wan to do the calculation as few times as possible.
public class Order
{
private double _totalCash;
private double _price;
private double _quantity;
private _IsDirtyTotalCash = true;
private void CalcCashTotal()
{
_totalCash = _price * _quantity
}
public double Price
{
set
{
_price = value;
_IsDirtyTotalCash = true;
}
}
public double Quantity
{
set
{
_price = value;
_IsDirtyTotalCash = true;
}
}
public double TotalCash
{
get
{
if(_IsDirtyTotalCash)
{
_totalCash = CalcTotalCost();
_isDirtyTotalCash = false;
}
return _totalCash;
}
}
}
A:
Typically I try to put them on set since the value they generate will be stored internally and only need to be calculated once. You should only put calculations on get if the value is likely to change every time its queried.
In your price/quantity example, you could actually have a single separate method that recalculates the quantity when either price or quantity is set.
A:
The first is better because:
It's shorter.
It's easier to understand.
It's slightly presumptuous to recalculate TotalCash every time either price or quantity gets set. It should be as lazy as possible and only calculate when requested.
That being said, putting the calculation in the setter effectively caches it, so if you run into a performance issue, that could be a useful change (at the expense of clarity).
|
The genotoxic effect of oxcarbazepine on mice blood lymphocytes.
This study was conducted to assess the amount of DNA damage caused by Oxcarbazepine (OXC) through single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique/comet assay. OXC derived from dibenzazepine series is an effective second generation antiepileptic drug (AED) for both children and adults. Side effects like genotoxic effects of AEDs are of prime importance resulting from toxic metabolites, free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Forty Eight adult male Bagg's albino mice (BALB/c) were randomly classified into eight groups, each comprising of six animals. Two of these groups were control and six were tested groups. Control groups were injected with 1% tween 80 while tested groups were injected with 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg-day OXC for seven days (acute therapy) and 28 days (subchronic therapy) in peritoneal cavity. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and subjected to comet assay for the analysis of DNA damage. Per sample 100 cells were scored and classified according to comet tail length. The results showed that OXC in acute and long term therapies had significantly higher (p < 0.05) genotoxicity in treated groups as compared to control groups. Our study suggests that OXC may cause significant DNA damage in both acute as well as in subchronic therapies.
|
1. Introduction
===============
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide. Prostate cancer diagnoses accounts for 15% of all male cancer diagnoses, second to only lung cancer \[[@B1-nutrients-06-06095],[@B2-nutrients-06-06095]\]. In 2012, more than 1.1 million prostate cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide \[[@B1-nutrients-06-06095],[@B2-nutrients-06-06095]\]; however, prostate cancer mortality rates are exceptionally low, with only 307,000 prostate cancer deaths estimated in 2012, accounting for only 6.6% of male deaths. \[[@B1-nutrients-06-06095]\]. This remarkably low mortality rate is attributed to the wide-spread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in most developed countries where the incidence of prostate cancer is higher. PSA screening allows the detection of smaller and earlier stage tumors that may or may not progress to more advanced cancer. Because of the growing incidence of prostate cancer and the low death rates, prevention of prostate cancer and, specifically, aggressive and advanced prostate cancer is of the utmost importance. Many lifestyle factors, such as obesity, diet, physical activity levels and smoking, are considered risk factors in the development of prostate cancer. Consequently, a large body of literature endeavours to elucidate the role of lifestyle factors, including obesity, in prostate cancer risk, development of the tumour and successful survivorship.
Obesity and prostate cancer endure a complex relationship. Obesity is associated with increased incidence of high-risk or aggressive prostate cancer \[[@B3-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Additionally, it is associated with increased incidence of prostate cancer recurrence \[[@B4-nutrients-06-06095]\], which may be attributed to increased adiposity and reduced muscularity in prostate cancer patients who undergo androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) \[[@B5-nutrients-06-06095]\]. One of the potential factors thought to link obesity and prostate cancer is dietary fat intake. Dietary fat is a fundamental contributor to obesity \[[@B6-nutrients-06-06095]\] and may help explain the complicated relationship between obesity and prostate cancer. For prostate cancer patients, obesity is not only a potential risk factor, but changes in body composition may affect the quality of life of prostate cancer survivors by increasing the risk of co-morbidities, like cardiovascular disease \[[@B7-nutrients-06-06095]\], and by decreasing functional outcomes \[[@B8-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Changes in dietary fat intake may help ameliorate some of the negative outcomes associated with changes in body composition in the prostate cancer survivor. Thus, many studies have looked at diet and exercise manipulation to counter the expected increase in adiposity and the loss of muscle. Further consideration into the role of obesity, dietary fat and the prostate cancer trajectory is warranted to help clarify this complex relationship.
The aim of this manuscript is to review the literature examining dietary fat throughout the prostate cancer trajectory, including risk, development and survivorship. The majority of reviews that examine the role of dietary fat in prostate cancer consider many nutrients at one particular time point during the prostate cancer trajectory (*i.e.*, the role of diet in prostate cancer risk). This narrative review will examine and summarize the role of dietary fat in prostate cancer throughout the trajectory to provide a unique and comparative perspective across the time-course of the disease. We also aim to investigate the mechanisms that exacerbate prostate cancer risk, progression and recurrence and how they may be related. Saturated fat, *n*-3 fatty acids and trans-fatty acids will be given special considerations, as these types of dietary fat may be of particular importance for the prostate cancer patient. The perspectives described in this review will facilitate the identification of gaps in the literature and will aid future studies to advance this discipline.
2. Dietary Fat and Prostate Cancer Risk
=======================================
There are numerous nutritional factors associated with obesity and prostate cancer risk, including positive energy balance \[[@B9-nutrients-06-06095]\], red meat and dairy intake \[[@B10-nutrients-06-06095]\], saturated fat \[[@B11-nutrients-06-06095]\], trans fatty acid intake \[[@B12-nutrients-06-06095]\] and total dietary fat intake \[[@B11-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Conversely, *n*-3 fatty acids have been identified as having a potentially protective effect against prostate cancer \[[@B11-nutrients-06-06095]\]. The earliest identification of dietary fat as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer stems from correlations and case-controls studies; however, the results were mixed, with studies demonstrating positive, negative and no associations between dietary fat and the risk of prostate cancer. These studies are based on the principle that participants moving from countries where the risk of prostate cancer is low, such as Japan, had a significant increase in the risk of developing prostate cancer upon moving to North America \[[@B13-nutrients-06-06095],[@B14-nutrients-06-06095]\]. These studies hypothesized that increased dietary fat consumption may be driving this relationship \[[@B15-nutrients-06-06095]\]; however, they did not quantify dietary fat, nor did they control for confounders, which may affect the association with prostate cancer. Early case-control studies examining dietary fat as a risk factor for prostate cancer also demonstrated mixed results \[[@B16-nutrients-06-06095],[@B17-nutrients-06-06095],[@B18-nutrients-06-06095],[@B19-nutrients-06-06095],[@B20-nutrients-06-06095],[@B21-nutrients-06-06095],[@B22-nutrients-06-06095],[@B23-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Some of these case-control studies demonstrated positive associations between both dietary and saturated fat intake \[[@B16-nutrients-06-06095],[@B17-nutrients-06-06095],[@B18-nutrients-06-06095],[@B19-nutrients-06-06095]\], while others found no association between dietary fat intake and prostate cancer diagnosis \[[@B20-nutrients-06-06095],[@B21-nutrients-06-06095],[@B22-nutrients-06-06095],[@B23-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Early prospective cohort studies also demonstrated mixed results, with some demonstrating no association between high meat and dairy products \[[@B24-nutrients-06-06095],[@B25-nutrients-06-06095],[@B26-nutrients-06-06095]\] and prostate cancer risk, while animal product intake was positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer, though these associations were weak (relative risk: 1.3--1.5; *p* \> 0.1 \[[@B27-nutrients-06-06095]\]; relative risk: 1.38, 95% CI: 0.89--2.16) \[[@B27-nutrients-06-06095],[@B28-nutrients-06-06095]\]. These studies were also limited by the methods used to assess dietary intake. It was not until Giovannucci and colleagues \[[@B29-nutrients-06-06095]\] published their prospective analysis of dietary fat and prostate cancer risk using the Health Professionals follow-up study that the relationship between dietary fat and prostate cancer risk began to become clearer. Giovannucci *et al.* \[[@B29-nutrients-06-06095]\] used a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary fat in these men. They concluded that total fat consumption was related to the risk of advanced cancer and that this relationship was primarily related to animal fat consumption (relative risk: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.04--3.07). Fat from dairy products, with the exception of butter, appeared to be unrelated to advanced prostate cancer risk.
These early studies formed the basis for much of the current work that has evaluated dietary fat intake as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer. A systematic review by Ma and Chapman \[[@B30-nutrients-06-06095]\] indicated that based on the Oxford Centre for Evidenced-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence, there is Level 2b evidence to suggest that dietary fat, and in particular, high intake of animal and saturated fats (\~40% total fat intake; \[[@B31-nutrients-06-06095]\]), is associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer. Most of the studies evaluated in the systematic review were primarily Level 4 studies (Case series), but also including some Level 2 (prospective comparative) and 3 (retrospective cohort and case-control) studies. Ma and Chapman \[[@B30-nutrients-06-06095]\] examined numerous types of fat and identified that there is suggestive evidence to support total fat intake, animal and saturated fat intake, monounsaturated fatty acids and α-linoleic acid as being associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer, while there was not enough evidence to draw conclusions about polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Gathirua-Mwangi and Zhang \[[@B32-nutrients-06-06095]\] evaluated the relationship between dietary fat intake and the risk of advanced cancer. Despite the limited number of studies, their conclusions were similar to Ma and Chapman \[[@B30-nutrients-06-06095]\], indicating that total fat intake (odds ratios: 1.25--1.80; 95% CI: 0.75--2.91) and, specifically, saturated fat intake are significantly associated with the increased risk of advanced prostate cancer (odds ratios: 1.44--1.80; 95% CI: 0.82--5.20) \[[@B32-nutrients-06-06095]\]. When they evaluated the classification of fatty acids, they concluded that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of advanced prostate cancer, nor were linoleic and linolenic acids. They also noted that higher animal fat intake was also associated with advanced prostate cancer, and a borderline inverse relationship was noted for total vegetable fat intake and advanced prostate cancer risk. The most recent evidence for this relationship comes from Pelser and colleagues \[[@B11-nutrients-06-06095]\]. They suggested that a dichotomous relationship between dietary fat consumption and prostate cancer risk exists. Using data from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, they demonstrated that total fat intake and mono- and poly-unsaturated fats were not associated with the incidence of prostate cancer, but saturated fat increased the risk of advanced prostate cancer (hazards ratio: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.00--1.46) and prostate cancer death (hazards ratio: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01--2.15). They also noted that EPA was associated with decreased risk of fatal prostate cancer (hazards ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.64--1.04).
Despite the limited number of studies, the systematic reviews cited here indicated some evidence for the increased risk of prostate cancer and, specifically, advanced or fatal prostate cancer with increased dietary fat intake. When evaluating specific categories of fats, saturated and animal fats appear to pose the greatest risk for prostate cancer development, while EPA may have a protective effect. However, more evidence is needed to understand the potential mechanisms that drive the relationship between fat intake and prostate cancer development.
3. Effects of Dietary Fat on Prostate Cancer Development
========================================================
A number of potential mechanisms have been identified that may mediate the effects of dietary fat on prostate cancer development and progression. These include changes in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-Akt pathway, androgen signaling and alterations in cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
3.1. The IGF Signaling Pathway
------------------------------
The IGF signaling pathway is one of the main regulating pathways in which dietary fat can promote prostate cancer development and progression. Dietary fat intake is positively correlated with circulating levels of IGF-1, which may ultimately result in increased signaling through the IGF signaling pathway \[[@B33-nutrients-06-06095],[@B34-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Fat intake is also negatively correlated with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), the major binding protein of IGF-1 in plasma \[[@B33-nutrients-06-06095],[@B34-nutrients-06-06095]\], which is also independently associated with the risk of prostate cancer \[[@B35-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Thus, increases in circulating levels of IGF-1 and decreases in IFGBP-3 can increase the stimulation of the IGF signaling cascade, which becomes disrupted in malignant cells. Given that perturbations in the IGF system play a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and transformation, understanding the function of IGF signaling is key to determining the mechanisms of dietary fat in prostate cancer development and proliferation.
In non-malignant cells, IGF-1 binds to one of two receptors, IGF-1R and IGF-2R, with a preference for IGF-1R \[[@B36-nutrients-06-06095]\]. IGF-1R is a type 2 tyrosine kinase receptor that, under normal conditions, is involved in proliferation and differentiation; however, in transformed malignant cells, IGF-1R plays a key role in the establishment and progression of cancerous cells \[[@B36-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Cells lines without IGF-1R have an impaired ability to transform into malignant cells, though the exact mechanism is unknown \[[@B37-nutrients-06-06095]\]. In contrast, the presence of IGF-1R may also contribute to the ability of malignant cells to metastasize \[[@B36-nutrients-06-06095]\]. The primary role of IGF-1R cell growth is mediated through the IGF-1R/insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 axis. Numerous reviews on the role of the IGF-1R/IRS-1 axis and its role in cancer are available \[[@B36-nutrients-06-06095],[@B37-nutrients-06-06095],[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Briefly, when a ligand binds to IGF-1R, it activates the tyrosine kinase of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor \[[@B36-nutrients-06-06095]\]. This results in the phosphorylation of the numerous IGF-1R substrates---IRS-1 and -2 Src- and collagen-homology (SHC) and growth factor receptor protein 2 (Grb2) \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. The phosphorylated IRS and SHC in combination with Grb2 activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, resulting in cell growth and proliferation \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. IRS-1 also phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) and the Akt complex, which blocks Bad and Caspase 9, which are key pro-apoptotic proteins \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. These pathways help regulate the metabolic and anti-apoptotic signal of IGF-1 \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Akt can also activate the transcription of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). When NFκB is active in healthy cells, it functions as a regulator for many genes that control proliferation and cell survival; in cancerous cells, it is dysregulated, resulting in decreased cell death \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Akt activation promotes signaling in the IGF-1R/IRS-1 axis, which contributes to the dysregulation of NFκB and, ultimately, cancer cell growth. The IGF-1R/IRS-1 axis also indirectly increases mTOR activity \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095],[@B39-nutrients-06-06095],[@B40-nutrients-06-06095],[@B41-nutrients-06-06095]\]. mTOR then promotes cell growth through the S6kinase, Protein Kinase C (PKC), p21 and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation \[[@B38-nutrients-06-06095]\]. These pathways change the cell cycle, ultimately promoting cell growth. Thus, increased dietary fat intake may potentially promote malignant cell growth through increased IGF-1 and decreased IGFBP-3, resulting in increased IGF-1 signaling through the IGF-1R, a receptor implicated in the transformation of healthy cells to cancerous cells and a mediator of cell growth through the IGF-1R/IRS-1 axis.
3.2. Increases in Androgen Signaling Due to Dietary Fat Intake
--------------------------------------------------------------
Along with IGF-1 signaling, androgen signaling is another pathway in which dietary fat intake can influence prostate cancer development. Some have demonstrated that decreased dietary fat intake is associated with decreased androgen \[[@B42-nutrients-06-06095],[@B43-nutrients-06-06095]\] and testosterone levels \[[@B44-nutrients-06-06095],[@B45-nutrients-06-06095],[@B46-nutrients-06-06095]\], which subsequently improves signaling mediated through the IGF-1 signaling pathway. Androgens play a key role in the development of normal healthy prostate tissue; however, androgen signaling and, specifically, the androgen receptor, also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4, (NR3C4), is the principle stimulant of prostate cancer progression. In the early stages of development, malignant prostate cancer cells require androgen stimulation for growth \[[@B47-nutrients-06-06095]\]. However, increased androgen receptor growth is associated with the progression or switch of hormone sensitive cancers to hormone-resistant cancers, the more aggressive form of prostate cancer \[[@B47-nutrients-06-06095],[@B48-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Androgens stimulate prostate cancer cell growth via the Erk-2 pathway, where Erk-2 activation increases the androgen receptor complex content in the prostate cells \[[@B49-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Androgens also increase IGF-1R expression \[[@B50-nutrients-06-06095]\], which is associated with prostate cancer development, as previously described, but IGF-1 can also have a more direct effect on the androgen receptor. Stimulation of the IGF-1 signaling cascade activates MAPK, which decreases the acetylation of heat shock protein (HSP) 90. HSP90 is a chaperone protein of the androgen receptor \[[@B51-nutrients-06-06095]\]. This decreased acetylation increases the association of the HSP90 with the androgen receptor, which further stimulates the signaling through the androgen receptor pathway. Ultimately, stimulation of this pathway results in upregulation of the androgen receptors, their associated proteins and androgen receptor regulated genes. High-fat diets have been shown to increase stimulation through the IGF-1 axis \[[@B33-nutrients-06-06095],[@B34-nutrients-06-06095]\], as well as being associated with increased androgen and testosterone levels \[[@B42-nutrients-06-06095],[@B43-nutrients-06-06095],[@B44-nutrients-06-06095],[@B45-nutrients-06-06095],[@B46-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Diets low in total and saturated fat and high in *n*-3 fatty acids counter this pathway by inhibiting IGF-1 binding and decreasing HSP90 association with the androgen receptor \[[@B52-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Consequently, there is increased acetylation of androgen receptors resulting in their degradation, ultimately reducing androgen receptor proteins, as well as the number of androgen receptor-regulated genes.
3.3. Dietary Fat Mediation of Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis
-----------------------------------------------------------------
While total dietary fat and saturated fat intake have not been shown to have a direct effect in the cell cycle and angiogenesis, *n*-3 fatty acid intake has been shown to inhibit malignant cell proliferation and angiogenesis \[[@B53-nutrients-06-06095]\]. *n*-3 fatty acids work both intrinsically (mitochondrial pathway) and extrinsically (death receptor pathway) to induce apoptosis. Specifically, they can inhibit PI3K activity, which phosphorylates the Akt complex. Phosphorylated Akt regulates a number of downstream factors that can directly affect apoptosis and the cell cycle. Briefly, phosphorylated Akt inhibits caspase 9 and pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and BAK, leading to decreased apoptosis; inhabitation of these pathways via *n*-3 fatty acids ultimately results in increased cell death. Phosphorylated Akt also increases p27 and inactivates NFκB signaling, which can independently and directly halt the cell cycle. Thus, *n*-3 fatty acids may have an important role in inhibiting malignant cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
Total dietary fat and saturated fat may work indirectly to enhance cell proliferation and angiogenesis through the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) \[[@B54-nutrients-06-06095]\]. ROS generated endogenously and externally are associated with cancer progression by inducing a number of neoplastic transformations. ROS alter the conformational structure of the p53 protein, resulting in changes in protein behaviour and causing a mutated phenotype. These types of p53 mutations are specifically important in prostate cancer progression. Total dietary fat, especially *n*-6 fatty acids, as well as androgens can all serve as oxidants directly increasing oxidative stress and altering a number of transcription factors. Oxidative stress has been shown to be higher in the benign epithelium of men with prostate cancer when compared to men without prostate cancer \[[@B54-nutrients-06-06095]\], while Lee *et al.* \[[@B55-nutrients-06-06095]\] demonstrated that inactivation of glutathione-s-transferase pi, a pro-oxidant scavenging enzyme, is critical in the development of prostate cancer carcinogenesis. Specifically, dietary fat consumption may contribute to the carcinogenesis of prostate tissue via lipid peroxidation \[[@B56-nutrients-06-06095]\], thus resulting in increased oxidative stress.
The relationship between dietary fat, cell proliferation and angiogenesis is less direct than some of the other relationships previously described in this review. There is little evidence to suggest that total and saturated fat intake play any part in malignant cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Dietary fat may be working though secondary pathways, such as ROS generation, to stimulate proliferation and angiogenesis. More research in these areas is needed to elucidate this complex relationship.
4. Fatty Acid Type and Its Relationship with Prostate Cancer
============================================================
While there are many proposed mechanisms through which dietary fat may affect prostate cancer development and progression, much of the literature examining prostate cancer and dietary fat intake lacks a definite conclusion as to the negative impact of dietary fat in prostate cancer. This discrepancy may be, in part, attributed to the diverse physiological effects of different types and distributions of dietary fats; thus, an evaluation of total dietary fat intake may miss important relationships between specific types of dietary fat intake and prostate cancer development. The direct and indirect roles, as well as the interrelationships between saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) on prostate cancer development and progression need to be elucidated in future work.
There is diverse epidemiological evidence suggesting that SFA intake is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Some studies show increased risk of prostate cancer risk and progression, while others are inconclusive. Animal models suggest that the quality of dietary fat, and, specifically, the PUFA content of dietary fat intake, may be an important prognosticator \[[@B57-nutrients-06-06095],[@B58-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Long-chain SFA may negatively affect prostate cancer, while short-chain fatty acids may be beneficial. Escobar *et al.* \[[@B59-nutrients-06-06095]\] fed rats two isocaloric low-fat diets, in which only 7% of total calorie content was derived from fat. In one diet, fat was derived from lard and the other from linseed oil, which Vereshagin and Novitskaya \[[@B60-nutrients-06-06095]\] identified as: 52%--55% α-linolenic acid, 18:3*n*-3; \~7% palmitic acid, 16:0; \~4% stearic acid, 18:0; \~18%--23% oleic acid, 18:1*n*-9; and \~14%--17% linoleic acid, 18:2*n*-6. The lard-derived diet, which was high in palmitic acid and oleic acid, increased prostate weight, testosterone, cell proliferation and androgen receptor expression, compared to the diet rich in α-linolenic acid. These data support the notion that long-chain SFA may have negative effects on various physiological factors in prostate cancer; however, this has yet to be investigated in humans.
The role of MUFA is less clear than the role of SFA in prostate cancer development and progression. The Mediterranean diet, which is rich in oleic acid (18:1*n*-9), was originally thought to reduce the risk of prostate cancer \[[@B61-nutrients-06-06095]\]; however, this early evidence remains inconclusive, as studies have demonstrated protective \[[@B62-nutrients-06-06095]\], no association \[[@B63-nutrients-06-06095],[@B64-nutrients-06-06095]\] and negative effects of MUFA on prostate cancer \[[@B65-nutrients-06-06095],[@B66-nutrients-06-06095]\]. As the Mediterranean diet contains a variety of potential protective agents, such as lycopene-rich tomatoes, fish that are high in *n*-3 fatty acids and low quantities of red meat, it is challenging to pinpoint the role of MUFA.
There is extensive research examining the role of PUFA in prostate cancer. It is reported that *n*-6 fatty acids increase prostate cancer risk, while *n*-3 fatty acids decrease prostate cancer risk \[[@B57-nutrients-06-06095],[@B58-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Specifically, the anti-cancer benefits of a diet with low *n*-6-to-*n*-3 fatty acid ratios are supported in the literature \[[@B67-nutrients-06-06095]\]. This type of diet is in specific contrast to the Western style diet with a 30:1 ratio of *n*-6 to *n*-3 fatty acids \[[@B68-nutrients-06-06095],[@B69-nutrients-06-06095],[@B70-nutrients-06-06095],[@B71-nutrients-06-06095]\]. The main mechanisms of action seem to converge on the IGF-1 signaling pathway, leading to prevention or inhibition of malignant growth in prostate cancer cells.
Conversely, a limited number of studies have examined the role of TFA in prostate cancer risk and development. Overall, they appear to suggest an increased risk of prostate cancer with increased serum TFA. Previously, Smith *et al.* \[[@B72-nutrients-06-06095]\] reviewed the role of TFA in a number of cancers and identified six studies that examined prostate cancer. Bakker *et al.* \[[@B73-nutrients-06-06095]\] conducted an ecological study examining the fatty acid component of adipose tissue in 690 participants across eight European countries and Israel and found no significant relationship between TFA levels and risk of prostate cancer. King *et al.* \[[@B74-nutrients-06-06095]\] and Chavarro *et al.* \[[@B75-nutrients-06-06095]\] used case-control and nested case-control methodologies, respectively, and demonstrated increased risk in prostate cancer with increased levels of the number of different TFA in both serum phospholipids \[[@B74-nutrients-06-06095]\] and whole blood \[[@B75-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Food frequency questionnaires have also been used to examine TFA intake and prostate cancer risk and have demonstrated the increased risk of advanced cancer \[[@B76-nutrients-06-06095]\] and no relationship \[[@B77-nutrients-06-06095],[@B78-nutrients-06-06095]\]. More recently, Brasky *et al.* \[[@B79-nutrients-06-06095]\] demonstrated an inverse risk between serum TFA and high risk prostate cancer and suggested that the relationship between TFA and prostate cancer risk may be more complicated than earlier hypotheses. Interestingly, Laake *et al.* \[[@B80-nutrients-06-06095]\] demonstrated that the source of the TFAs may play a significant role in determining risk, as they demonstrated no association between dietary intake levels of TFA from vegetable sources, but increased risk of prostate cancer when the TFA source is a fish source. This evidence is in the very early stages, where data is associative; thus, more research is warranted to identify potential mechanisms in which prostate cancer is affected by TFA intake, as this relationship appears to be more complex than previously thought.
5. Dietary Fat in the Prostate Cancer Survivor
==============================================
As it is the second most common malignancy diagnosed in men worldwide and because the survival rates are so high \[[@B1-nutrients-06-06095],[@B2-nutrients-06-06095]\], the number of prostate cancer survivors is constantly increasing. Thus, understanding how manipulating dietary fat may positively influence quality of life in prostate cancer survivorship is important. Another important consideration for prostate cancer survivors is the use of aADT, a common treatment for aggressive prostate cancer, which causes significant loss of skeletal muscle and increases in adipose tissue and has been related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in prostate cancer survivors \[[@B7-nutrients-06-06095]\]. However, there is limited data examining dietary fat throughout this stage of the prostate cancer trajectory.
Early reports demonstrate that fat intake, specifically saturated fat intake, may decrease disease-specific survival. Fradet and colleagues \[[@B81-nutrients-06-06095]\] followed a group of men diagnosed with prostate cancer for an average of 5.2 years. After controlling for cancer grade, clinical stage, treatment age and total energy intake, men in the lowest tertile of saturated fat intake had a decreased risk of dying from prostate cancer as compared to those in the highest tertile of saturated fat intake (hazards ratio: 3.13; 95% CI: 1.28--7.67). These findings align with the idea that fat intake, specifically saturated fat intake, promotes an environment conducive to prostate cancer growth. While this observational evidence supports the hypothesis that high levels of dietary fat have negative effects on prostate cancer survival, well-designed intervention studies are needed to identify if manipulating dietary fat can have positive effects on survivorship. These interventions should also investigate different sources of dietary fat and their ability to improve quality of life for the prostate cancer survivor by mitigating cancer recurrence, as some literature suggests that plant-based fats may be less harmful than animal-based fats \[[@B31-nutrients-06-06095],[@B32-nutrients-06-06095],[@B59-nutrients-06-06095]\].
Davies and colleagues \[[@B82-nutrients-06-06095]\] reviewed the evidence of the effects of low-fat diets on prostate cancer progression and identified five studies that manipulated dietary fat intake in some way to examine the potentially protective effects of these interventions. Ornish *et al.* \[[@B83-nutrients-06-06095]\] used a randomized control trial (RCT) design to examine the effect of an entire lifestyle intervention, including low-fat vegan diet supplemented with fish oil and a number of other vitamins and minerals combined with physical activity and stress management techniques, in a group of prostate cancer survivors and examined the effects on the prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and LNCaP (human prostatic adenocarcinoma) cell growth*in vitro*. This comprehensive lifestyle intervention demonstrated significant improvements for prostate cancer patients*versus* the control group; however, the combined nature of this intervention makes it difficult to discern the individual effects of the lifestyle components (*i.e.*, exercise *vs.* low-fat diet *vs.* stress management techniques). Perhaps the synergistic interactions between these components improve patient outcomes. Two studies have examined the effects of low-fat diets supplemented with flaxseed on prostate cancer outcomes. Demark-Wahnefried *et al.* \[[@B84-nutrients-06-06095]\] demonstrated decreased proliferation rates in the men supplemented with flaxseed and that the low-fat diet group had significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels following \~30 days of supplementation. Heymach *et al.* \[[@B85-nutrients-06-06095]\] demonstrated that, as compared to the control arm, a low-fat diet, a flaxseed-supplemented diet and a low-fat diet with a flaxseed supplementation for 30 days had each decreased a number of angiogenic factors, though the results were greatest in the low-fat diet alone group. They speculate that the NFκB pathway may be regulating this response. A review by Hori *et al.* \[[@B86-nutrients-06-06095]\] supports the hypothesis suggested by the flax-supplemented diet that *n*-3 fatty acid may be beneficial for prostate cancer patients. Like Ornish *et al.* \[[@B83-nutrients-06-06095]\], Aronson *et al.* \[[@B87-nutrients-06-06095]\] used an RCT design to look at the effects of a four-week low-fat diet intervention as compared to a traditional Western diet on the effects of LNCaP cell growth. Serum for the low-fat diet group decreased the growth of the LNCaP cells as compared to the serum from the men on the Westernized diet. While there appears to be some evidence as to the protective effect of a low-fat diet for prostate cancer survivors, more research is warranted to better elucidate the specific components of these lifestyle interventions that will be most effective for prostate cancer patients.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Dietary Fat
--------------------------------------------
ADT is a common treatment for prostate cancer patients; however, its use can have negative consequences for prostate cancer survivors. Specifically, patients undergoing ADT lose skeletal muscle mass and gain fat mass \[[@B88-nutrients-06-06095]\]. These changes are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes \[[@B7-nutrients-06-06095]\]. Because of the associated changes in body composition and risk of comorbidities in survivorship, dietary intervention may be useful for prostate cancer patients receiving ADT. However, these considerations are beyond the scope of this review. Saylor and Smith \[[@B89-nutrients-06-06095]\] suggest lifestyle intervention, including low-fat diet and increased physical activity and weight control, may be beneficial in the prevention of these comorbidities in men receiving ADT and that future investigations are justified.
6. Conclusions
==============
The aim of this paper was to examine dietary fat throughout the prostate cancer trajectory, including risk, development and survivorship. In most cases, there is limited evidence linking dietary fat and prostate cancer; however, some trends do emerge. Dietary fat, and, in particular, high intake of animal and saturated fats, may be associated with prostate cancer risk. The IGF/Akt signaling pathway appears to be the key signaling pathway moderating malignant cell growth and changes in androgen receptor signaling. The type of fat consumed may mediate the relationship between dietary fat and prostate cancer. Saturated fat and TFA have been negatively associated with prostate cancer development, while PUFA may have a protective effect, though these relationships remain tenuous. For prostate cancer survivors, a diet low in fat and particularly low in saturated fat may be beneficial, as it may reduce tumor angiogenesis and cancer recurrence. Integrating research throughout the prostate cancer trajectory may provide new insights into the relationship between dietary fat intake and prostate cancer, as many of the same pathways are implicated throughout the trajectory. In conclusion, preliminary evidence suggests diets low in fat may be beneficial at any point in the prostate cancer trajectory; however, much more research is needed to elucidate the complex relationships that exist between dietary fat and prostate cancer biology.
Katie M. Di Sebastiano is supported by the Constantine Karayannopoulos Graduate Studentship from Prostate Cancer Canada, Grant No. GS2014-04. Support for this review was also provided through a Seed Grant from the Motorcycle Ride for Dad Foundation awarded to Marina Mourtzakis.
Katie M. Di Sebastiano and Marina Mourtzakis were responsible for the conception, design, information collection, writing and revisions of the manuscript.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
|
## Written 2006 by Martin Bartosch for the OpenXPKI project
## Adapted for myperl-inline-c by Scott Hardin
## Copyright (C) 2005-2014 by The OpenXPKI Project
%define pkgname myperl-inline-c
%define filelist %{pkgname}-%{version}-filelist
%define NVR %{pkgname}-%{version}-%{release}
%define maketest 0
%define __perl /opt/myperl/bin/perl
name: %{pkgname}
summary: Inline packaged for myperl
version: [% version %]
[% IF PKGREL %]
release: [% PKGREL %]
[% ELSE %]
release: 1
[% END %]
vendor: OpenXPKI Project
packager: Scott Hardin <[email protected]>
license: Apache
group: Applications/CPAN
url: http://www.openxpki.org
buildroot: %{_tmppath}/%{name}-%{version}-%(id -u -n)
prefix: %(echo %{_prefix})
BuildRequires: myperl
Requires: myperl
#source: %{pkgname}-%{version}.tar.gz
%description
Inline packaged for myperl
Packaging information:
OpenXPKI version [% version %]
Git commit hash: [% GIT_COMMIT_HASH %]
Git description: [% GIT_DESCRIPTION %]
Git tags: [%- IF GIT_TAGS -%]
[%- GIT_TAGS -%]
[%- ELSE -%]
<no tag set>
[%- END %]
%prep
#%setup -q -n %{pkgname}-%{version}
#chmod -R u+w %{_builddir}/%{pkgname}-%{version}
%build
#grep -rsl '^#!.*perl' . |
#grep -v '.bak$' |xargs --no-run-if-empty \
#%__perl -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -e 'MY->fixin(@ARGV)'
#CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS"
#%{__perl} Makefile.PL `%{__perl} -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -e ' print qq|PREFIX=%{buildroot}%{_prefix}| if \$ExtUtils::MakeMaker::VERSION =~ /5\.9[1-6]|6\.0[0-5]/ '` _MAKEPL_ARGS_
#%{__make}
#%if %maketest
#%{__make} test
#%endif
%install
[ "%{buildroot}" != "/" ] && rm -rf %{buildroot}
PERL=%{__perl}
VENDORLIB=`%{__perl} "-V:vendorlib" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
VENDORARCH=`%{__perl} "-V:vendorarch" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
VENDORLIBEXP=%{buildroot}/`%{__perl} "-V:vendorlibexp" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
ARCHNAME=`%{__perl} "-V:archname" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
ARCHLIB=`%{__perl} "-V:archlib" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
PRIVLIB=`%{__perl} "-V:privlib" | awk -F\' '{print $2}'`
CPANM=/opt/myperl/bin/cpanm
CPANM_OPTS="--notest --skip-satisfied ExtUtils::MakeMaker --skip-installed --verbose $CPANM_MIRROR"
# Environment vars neede for proper Perl module installation
export PERL5LIB=%{buildroot}/$VENDORARCH:%{buildroot}/$VENDORLIB
export PERL_MB_OPT="--destdir '%{buildroot}' --installdirs vendor"
export PERL_MM_OPT="INSTALLDIRS=vendor DESTDIR=%{buildroot}"
export DESTDIR="%{buildroot}"
#$CPANM $CPANM_OPTS Test::NoWarnings
$CPANM $CPANM_OPTS Inline::C
## This next line does a regular CPAN-style install. Our Mojo app, however,
## needs to go in /srv/www/enroller and *not* with the other Perl modules.
## If you *do* decide to install CPAN-style, the Mojo app won't find its
## templates and public directories.
##%{makeinstall} `%{__perl} -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -e ' print \$ExtUtils::MakeMaker::VERSION <= 6.05 ? qq|PREFIX=%{buildroot}%{_prefix}| : qq|DESTDIR=%{buildroot}| '`
#
#install -d -D -m 755 %{buildroot}/srv/www/enroller
#tar cf - lib public script templates | tar -C %{buildroot}/srv/www/enroller/ -x -f -
cmd=/usr/share/spec-helper/compress_files
[ -x $cmd ] || cmd=/usr/lib/rpm/brp-compress
[ -x $cmd ] && $cmd
## SuSE Linux
#if [ -e /etc/SuSE-release -o -e /etc/UnitedLinux-release ]
#then
# %{__mkdir_p} %{buildroot}/var/adm/perl-modules
# find %{buildroot} -name "perllocal.pod" \
# -exec '%{__sed} -e s+%{buildroot}++g {}' \; \
# > %{buildroot}/var/adm/perl-modules/%{name}
#fi
# remove special files
find %{buildroot} -name "perllocal.pod" \
-o -name ".packlist" \
-o -name "*.bs" \
|xargs -i rm -f {}
# no empty directories
#find %{buildroot}%{_prefix} \
# -type d -depth \
# -exec rmdir {} \; 2>/dev/null
%{__perl} -MFile::Find -le '
find({ wanted => \&wanted, no_chdir => 1}, "%{buildroot}");
#print "%doc README.md";
for my $x (sort @dirs, @files) {
push @ret, $x unless indirs($x);
}
print join "\n", sort @ret;
sub wanted {
return if /auto$/;
local $_ = $File::Find::name;
my $f = $_; s|^\Q%{buildroot}\E||;
return unless length;
return $files[@files] = $_ if -f $f;
$d = $_;
/\Q$d\E/ && return for reverse sort @INC;
$d =~ /\Q$_\E/ && return
for qw|/etc %_prefix/man %_prefix/bin %_prefix/share /srv /var |;
$dirs[@dirs] = $_;
}
sub indirs {
my $x = shift;
$x =~ /^\Q$_\E\// && $x ne $_ && return 1 for @dirs;
}
' > %filelist
[ -z %filelist ] && {
echo "ERROR: empty %files listing"
exit -1
}
%clean
[ "%{buildroot}" != "/" ] && rm -rf %{buildroot}
%files -f %filelist
%defattr(-,root,root)
#%attr(0755,root,openxpki) /srv/www/openxpki/mason-data
%changelog
* Mon Aug 15 2011 [email protected]
- Fixed file permissions in package
* Thu Feb 03 2011 [email protected]
- Renovated build process, using generic template mechanism
* Mon Nov 27 2006 [email protected]
- Initial build.
|
package com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.Druid;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.collections.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Areas.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Behaviors.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.CharClasses.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Commands.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Exits.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Libraries.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Locales.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.MOBS.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Races.interfaces.*;
import java.util.*;
/*
Copyright 2014-2020 Bo Zimmerman
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
public class Chant_RepelVermin extends Chant
{
@Override
public String ID()
{
return "Chant_RepelVermin";
}
private final static String localizedName = CMLib.lang().L("Repel Vermin");
@Override
public String name()
{
return localizedName;
}
private final static String localizedStaticDisplay = CMLib.lang().L("(Repel Vermin)");
@Override
public String displayText()
{
return localizedStaticDisplay;
}
@Override
public int abstractQuality()
{
return Ability.QUALITY_BENEFICIAL_OTHERS;
}
@Override
protected int canAffectCode()
{
return CAN_MOBS;
}
@Override
protected int canTargetCode()
{
return 0;
}
@Override
public int classificationCode()
{
return Ability.ACODE_CHANT|Ability.DOMAIN_ANIMALAFFINITY;
}
protected int pointsRemaining = 8;
@Override
public void setAffectedOne(final Physical affected)
{
if(super.affected != affected)
pointsRemaining = 8 + (adjustedLevel(invoker(),0)/5);
super.setAffectedOne(affected);
}
@Override
public boolean okMessage(final Environmental myHost, final CMMsg msg)
{
if(!super.okMessage(myHost, msg))
return false;
if((msg.target() == affected)
&& msg.isTarget(CMMsg.MASK_MALICIOUS)
&& CMLib.flags().isVermin(msg.source())
&&(affected instanceof MOB)
&&(pointsRemaining >= 0))
{
final MOB mob=(MOB)affected;
final MOB verminM=msg.source();
final Room R=verminM.location();
if((R!=null)&&(R==mob.location()))
{
if((msg.isSource(CMMsg.TYP_ADVANCE))
&& (--pointsRemaining >=0))
{
R.show(verminM, affected, CMMsg.MSG_OK_ACTION, L("<S-NAME> struggle(s) against <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field."));
return false;
}
else
if(verminM.getVictim() == null)
{
verminM.setVictim(mob);
if(mob.getVictim()==verminM)
{
if(mob.rangeToTarget() > 0)
verminM.setRangeToTarget(mob.rangeToTarget());
else
{
verminM.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
mob.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
}
}
else
verminM.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
if((--pointsRemaining) < 0)
{
unInvoke();
return true;
}
R.show(verminM, affected, CMMsg.MSG_OK_ACTION, L("<S-NAME> <S-IS-ARE> repelled by <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field."));
return false;
}
else
if((verminM.getVictim() == affected) && (verminM.rangeToTarget() <= 0))
{
verminM.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
if(mob.getVictim()==verminM)
mob.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
if((--pointsRemaining) < 0)
{
unInvoke();
return true;
}
R.show(verminM, affected, CMMsg.MSG_OK_ACTION, L("<S-NAME> <S-IS-ARE> repelled by <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field."));
return false;
}
else
if((mob.getVictim()==verminM)&&(mob.rangeToTarget() <= 0))
{
mob.setRangeToTarget(R.maxRange());
if((--pointsRemaining) < 0)
{
unInvoke();
return true;
}
R.show(verminM, affected, CMMsg.MSG_OK_ACTION, L("<S-NAME> <S-IS-ARE> repelled by <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field."));
return false;
}
}
}
else
if(msg.isSource(CMMsg.TYP_ADVANCE)
&&(msg.source() == affected)
&& (msg.source().getVictim()==msg.target())
&& (CMLib.flags().isVermin((MOB)msg.target()))
&& (pointsRemaining >=0)
&& (msg.source().rangeToTarget() == 1))
{
final MOB verminM=msg.source().getVictim();
if(verminM != null)
{
final Room R=verminM.location();
if(R!=null)
{
final CMMsg msg2=CMClass.getMsg(verminM,msg.source(),CMMsg.MSG_RETREAT,L("<S-NAME> <S-IS-ARE> pushed back by <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field."));
if(R.okMessage(verminM,msg2))
R.send(verminM,msg2);
}
}
}
else
if((msg.target() == affected)
&& (msg.isTarget(CMMsg.MASK_MALICIOUS)||msg.isTarget(CMMsg.TYP_DAMAGE))
&&(affected instanceof MOB)
&&(pointsRemaining >= 0)
&&(msg.tool() instanceof Ability)
&&(msg.sourceMinor()!=CMMsg.TYP_TEACH)
&&(msg.tool().ID().indexOf("Insect")>=0))
{
final Room R=((MOB)affected).location();
if(R!=null)
{
R.show(msg.source(),affected,null,CMMsg.MSG_OK_VISUAL,L("The insect magic from <S-NAME> is repelled by <T-YOUPOSS> anti-vermin field!"));
return false;
}
if((--pointsRemaining) < 0)
{
unInvoke();
return true;
}
}
if(pointsRemaining < 0)
{
unInvoke();
return true;
}
return true;
}
@Override
public void unInvoke()
{
final Physical affected=super.affected;
super.unInvoke();
if(canBeUninvoked())
{
if(affected instanceof MOB)
((MOB)affected).tell(L("Your anti-vermin field fades."));
}
}
@Override
public boolean invoke(final MOB mob, final List<String> commands, final Physical givenTarget, final boolean auto, final int asLevel)
{
final MOB target=getTarget(mob,commands,givenTarget);
if(target==null)
return false;
if(!super.invoke(mob,commands,givenTarget,auto,asLevel))
return false;
final boolean success=proficiencyCheck(mob,0,auto);
if(success)
{
final CMMsg msg = CMClass.getMsg(mob, target, this,verbalCastCode(mob,target,auto),auto?L("An anti-vermin field surrounds <T-NAME>!"):L("^S<S-NAME> chant(s) for an anti-vermin field around <T-NAMESELF>!^?"));
if(mob.location().okMessage(mob,msg))
{
mob.location().send(mob,msg);
beneficialAffect(mob,target,asLevel,0);
}
}
else
return beneficialWordsFizzle(mob,target,L("<S-NAME> chant(s) for a field at <T-NAMESELF>, but the magic fizzles."));
// return whether it worked
return success;
}
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to methods and systems for determining if a defect detected on a specimen is a defect of interest or a nuisance. Some embodiments include determining a sub-pixel location of a defect detected on a specimen and determining if the defect is a defect of interest or a nuisance based on that location.
2. Description of the Related Art
The following description and examples are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
An integrated circuit (IC) design may be developed using a method or system such as electronic design automation (EDA), computer aided design (CAD), and other IC design software. Such methods and systems may be used to generate the circuit pattern database from the IC design. The circuit pattern database includes data representing a plurality of layouts for various layers of the IC. Data in the circuit pattern database may be used to determine layouts for a plurality of reticles. A layout of a reticle generally includes a plurality of polygons that define features in a pattern on the reticle. Each reticle is used to fabricate one of the various layers of the IC. The layers of the IC may include, for example, a junction pattern in a semiconductor substrate, a gate dielectric pattern, a gate electrode pattern, a contact pattern in an interlevel dielectric, and an interconnect pattern on a metallization layer.
The term “design data” as used herein generally refers to the physical design (layout) of an IC and data derived from the physical design through complex simulation or simple geometric and Boolean operations.
Fabricating semiconductor devices such as logic and memory devices typically includes processing a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer using a large number of semiconductor fabrication processes to form various features and multiple levels of the semiconductor devices. For example, lithography is a semiconductor fabrication process that involves transferring a pattern from a reticle to a resist arranged on a semiconductor wafer. Additional examples of semiconductor fabrication processes include, but are not limited to, chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), etch, deposition, and ion implantation. Multiple semiconductor devices may be fabricated in an arrangement on a single semiconductor wafer and then separated into individual semiconductor devices.
Inspection processes are used at various steps during a semiconductor manufacturing process to detect defects on wafers to promote higher yield in the manufacturing process and thus higher profits. Inspection has always been an important part of fabricating semiconductor devices such as ICs. However, as the dimensions of semiconductor devices decrease, inspection becomes even more important to the successful manufacture of acceptable semiconductor devices because smaller defects can cause the devices to fail.
As design rules shrink, however, semiconductor manufacturing processes may be operating closer to the limitations on the performance capability of the processes. In addition, smaller defects can have an impact on the electrical parameters of the device as the design rules shrink, which drives more sensitive inspections. Therefore, as design rules shrink, the population of potentially yield relevant defects detected by inspection grows dramatically, and the population of nuisance defects detected by inspection also increases dramatically. Therefore, more and more defects may be detected on the wafers, and correcting the processes to eliminate all of the defects may be difficult and expensive.
There are several currently used methods designed to decrease nuisance detection by either limiting the area scanned or by using only image data from selected areas. Examples of such methods include design-based care areas (CAs), methods that perform pixel to design alignment (PDA), and patch-based detection. Design-based CAs can be used to limit the area of inspection by either using design files to generate relatively small (but still multi-pixel) CAs or by looking for locations whose optical images look similar to optical images acquired at known hot spots and inspecting only those areas. Methods that perform PDA use design information to determine registration sites on the wafer. These locations can then be found in the optical image and used to determine the relative location of DOI in the optical images and thus the location of the DOI within the design. In patch-based detection, a projection of the optical image may be made. The projection allows the image to be segmented in one dimension into regions in which the DOI is expected and where it does not occur. The primary application of patch-based detection is to separate signals originating from N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) and P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) regions in static random access memory (SRAM).
While the currently used methods have been proven effective for a number of uses, these methods do have some limitations. For example, the above-described methods are limited by the size and uncertainty in location of the region they can define. In one such example, even methods that perform PDA and patch-based detection, which define relatively small regions, still define multi-pixel regions. The smallest regions being attempted by methods that perform PDA are 3×3 pixels, and the uncertainty in the positioning of the regions is believed to be at least +/−1 pixel if not more. Patch-based detection only segments the image along one dimension. In addition, one cannot control how the pixels align with the wafer structure during a scan requiring regions at least 2 pixels wide for a total area of at least 64 pixels for a 32×32 pixel optical patch image. In another example, methods that define care areas for inspection can typically only define a limited number of areas. Furthermore, patch-based detection is vulnerable to changes in the appearance of reference images that can occur due to sources such as wafer process variation and changes in focus offset. Information is lost when the projection of the patch image is made, and it is difficult to deal with multiple types of images, since their projections may be very similar but translated in space. Methods that perform PDA can also be sensitive to differences between the design file and the actual wafer. These differences can be magnified when the DOI locations are relatively far from the registration sites. Moreover, patch-based detection is (to date) only one dimensional. In addition, patch-based detection only works in memory areas.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to develop systems and/or methods for determining if a defect detected on a specimen is a DOI or a nuisance that do not have one or more of the disadvantages described above.
|
It is suggested that the effect of unfilled d states on the electronic structure of group V semimetals and IV-VI semiconductors be taken into account. Comparison with the experimental data available on the carrier characteristics yields the constants for s-p and p-d hybridization in antimony and bismuth.
|
In balloon angioplasty or PTCA, a catheter is advanced through the arterial system of a patient to an area of stenosis where an artery is partially or completely blocked. The catheter, with the balloon deflated, is advanced through the stenotic area, and then the balloon is inflated to expand the stenosis.
With conventional catheters for angioplasty, the blood flow is completely blocked while the balloon is inflated. This tends to limit the amount of time that the inflation of the balloon can be tolerated by the patient.
Thus, in Sahota U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,017; Sogard et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,745 and Horzewski et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,777, among others, balloon catheters for angioplasty are disclosed in which the balloon can be inflated without completely blocking the blood flow through the artery in which the balloon is inflated. However, in the prior art designs, the flow capacity of blood through the inflated balloon may be undesirably low and/or may be undesirably turbulent for the handling of blood. Also, difficulties may be encountered in some of the prior art designs with respect to the advancement of the guidewire, because of the presence of a side aperture through which the guidewire may accidentally project during advancement.
In accordance with this invention, an intravascular balloon catheter is provided which addresses the above problems. A guidewire may be reliably advanced through the catheter of this invention without risk of the guidewire projecting laterally out of a side aperture in the catheter, thus becoming stuck and non-advanceable. Additionally, the catheter of this invention can provided a relatively laminar, non-turbulent, high volume flow of blood through an inflated balloon in an artery when that is required. At the same time, this flow of blood may be shut off when the guidewire or the catheter are being advanced, and then reopened at any desired time for selective and beneficial clinical advantage.
|
Cross-orientation interactions in human vision.
Humans can discriminate one visual contour from another on the basis of small differences in orientation. This capability depends on cortical detectors that are selective for a small range of orientations. We have measured this orientation bandwidth and the suppression that helps to shape it, with a reverse correlation technique. Human subjects were presented with a stream of randomly oriented gratings at a rate of 30 per second. Their task was to press a key whenever they saw an orientation nominated as the target. We analyzed the data by finding the probability density of two orientations: One preceded the key-press by the reaction time, and the second preceded the first by up to 100 ms. The results were as follows: (1) One grating facilitated the following one in producing a key-press when the gratings differed little in orientation. The estimate of orientation bandwidth resulting from this facilitation was 38 degrees . (2) A large angle between the two orientations reduced the probability of a key-press. This finding was best modelled as a suppression that did not vary with orientation, consistent with the idea that cross-orientation suppression is non-oriented. (3) Analysis of non-consecutive grating pairs showed that cross-orientation interactions lasted no longer than 67 ms.
|
On 6 May Sadiq Khan became the new mayor of London. But how has he fared, 100 days on? Nine people have their say. Share your views in the comments.
Daniel Faehndrich, 21, London: It is massively important that Khan is an advocate for equality
Job: medical student
Big issues for London: housing and transport
I have been really impressed with Khan so far. I have seen more from him in the last 100 days (working to promote the economy and equality in the capital) than I saw in eight years of Boris Johnson. I feel like Khan is completely invested in this city – he is not merely concerned with building a career, but genuinely wants to see London remain the world hub it is despite Brexit. What’s impressed me the most is how involved he’s been with the city’s people. During his campaign he was on the streets with Hindu revellers celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi. He was also present during Pride in London this year, and he seems to genuinely want to see the best for everyone in this city, no matter their religious beliefs, sexual orientation or gender identity. In today’s society where, especially recently, people have voiced intolerant views, it is massively important that one of the most influential figures in the world is an advocate for equality.
I would really like to see his promises on the housing crisis and transport prices come to fruition. As a student, I spend a huge amount on rent and travel, and lowering costs would relieve a massive amount of pressure – a pressure that will increase as I continue my studies.
Jekaterina, 38, London: Khan has been all talk and no action
Job: advertising manager
Big issues for London: housing, hate crime and transport
Hate crime has risen dramatically since Brexit and this has not been tackled well enough. Jekaterina
Having a Muslim mayor is a testament to London’s inclusive nature – it’s a city that embraces diversity. Sadiq Khan has done well climbing the ranks of the Labour party and he has been stealthy in his remarks regarding the party’s recent implosion. However, in other respects he has performed badly: Khan has been all talk and no action. Hate crime has risen dramatically since Brexit and this has not been tackled well enough. It’s an issue that has affected me personally: I have been racially abused (I originate from eastern Europe) and my fears have not been allayed by our new mayor. He has not made his presence felt enough. Secondly, Khan has not done anything with respect to the housing market. I’m 38, have worked hard in this country for 12 years, and feel hopeless when it comes to getting my foot on the property ladder. Thirdly, tube fares have not been frozen as promised. What’s more, Khan has taken the credit for the work of his predecessor when it comes to the introduction of the night tube.
Craig, 30, London: I spend half my wages on rent – what will Khan do to help me?
Job: humanities teacher
Big issues for London: housing, transport and cost of living
I voted for Khan and have been impressed by what he has done so far. He is positive and really cares about making London a better city. I also like his plan to extend bike lanes and his comments over the environment (he plans to bring the increased ultra-low emission zone into force in the capital). Some of his election commitments, however, haven’t come to fruition, for example the drop in travel costs. I also don’t like his plans to arm more police. As a teacher I spend more than half my monthly wages on rent and, so far, I’ve not heard what Khan will do to help me.
Claudia Phillip, 47, London: While most politicians seem manipulative, Khan is a man who has principles
Job: tour guide
Big issues for London: housing and hate crimes
Khan appears to be a man who is genuine in a way many public figures are not Claudia Phillip
In his first 100 days in office, Sadiq Khan has shown great leadership qualities in a way that other politicians haven’t. Post-Brexit, while everyone else was quitting/infighting/grasping after power, Khan promoted calm, rationality and tolerance, and made it clear that London is inclusive and forward-looking, welcoming to its European population. His first public engagement was a stand against antisemitism (attending a Holocaust memorial) and photographs since have shown him involved in inter-faith gatherings. He seems to be genuinely excited and proud to be mayor, and time will tell if he puts into practice all he has promised. Right now, while most politicians seem self-serving and manipulative, Khan appears to be a man who has principles and determination, and is genuine in a way many public figures are not. I am glad I voted for him.
Aran Lewis, 53, London: So far Khan hasn’t done anything to impress me
Job: PhD student
Big issues for London: housing and sexual and violent crime
I was impressed by Khan’s majority in the mayoral race, but he hasn’t done anything else to impress me yet. Any half-competent politician or marketing professional could have produced the bit of cuddly PR he trotted out after Brexit. Before the election he said his top priority was the housing crisis, but so far he has done nothing about this (apart from a meaningless commitment to 35% affordable housing in new developments). Khan hasn’t even defined what “affordable housing” means. I want to see the rapid and large-scale provision of social housing for rent, a campaign to end right to buy, and a reversal of the eradication of public libraries, currently at its worst in Lewisham and Lambeth.
Kelly, 67, Northampton: I want to live in London but can’t afford it – Khan needs to make fundamental changes
Job: advocate
Big issues for London: housing
I think that there have been far too many photo opportunities and not enough policy announcements, especially regarding the housing crisis. He has been very high profile but I would like to see more substance to him. I am hoping to live in London but cannot afford it – Khan needs to get going on fundamental change.
He has made an effort to show London as a place that still welcomes people of all backgrounds Sanjay Ahlawat
Sanjay Ahlawat, 49, Cardiff: I’m impressed: he ran a clean campaign despite being attacked
Job: doctor
When it comes to Khan there’s no buffoonery as there was with Boris, and he is definitely a man of the people for the people. So far he has (thankfully) not hung from a zipwire looking ridiculous and has instead made an effort to show London as a place that still welcomes people of all backgrounds. I’ve been most impressed by his clean image: he ran a clean campaign, despite being attacked by someone running a vile one. He also conducts himself in a civilised and dignified manner. So what if one pledge was broken? At least he showed flexibility and didn’t sink the ship trying to keep his promise – that would be vanity.
Alexander Bradbrook, 24, London: He needs to do more about the cost of rent
Job: communications
Big issues for London: housing, environment and cost of living
Sadiq has been very good so far. I think he’s governing for ordinary people and I’m happy to see him challenging and fully scrutinising some of Boris’s ridiculous decisions (such as the garden bridge and tower blocks full of unaffordable housing). I’m really happy he’s bringing in the one-hour bus pass and continuing to roll out the cycle superhighways, both of which will save me money and help me get to work more safely.
I am paying £620 a month for a box room in Brixton – Sadiq needs to do more to bring the cost of rents under control Alexander Bradbrook
However, I want to see Sadiq being much more radical on housing. It isn’t enough to simply promise to build more. London has infinite demand, and rents are still going up every month to eyewateringly high levels. I am very disappointed he ruled out rent controls as an option for bringing the market under control – we will never build enough to outstrip demand, so there needs to be a complementary intervention in the housing market to bring down costs. I am paying £620 a month for a box-room in a shared flat in Brixton, the same amount I would pay for a large three-bedroom terraced house in a leafy area of my hometown in Lancashire. Sadiq needs to do more to bring the cost of rents under control, because increasingly more people are being priced out, which is just unfair.
So, in conclusion – I’d say he’s had a good start, but I hope that he is bold going forward and will properly tackle the housing nightmare in London (not just tinker round the edges and let rents rise even higher).
Vikash Hansrani, 34, London: Boris made the London mayor role look like a joke
Job: director
Big issues for London: crime, transport and pollution
He is a sensible man with good ideas on how to make London a better city for all. He seems to critically analyse a situation, rather than just jumping in like Boris , saying whatever will make headlines. If I had anything negative to say it would be that he is too reserved, and needs to be constantly pushing to improve things. Boris made the London mayor role look like a joke. It is not a joke, it is a serious job, and as long as Khan takes it seriously then Londoners will be better off.
|
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