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The Racialicious Roundtable For Heroes 4.10
Oh boy, where to begin with “1961″? With the awkward, Forrest Gump-ish approach to reframe the Heroes canon into pre-Civil Rights Act history? The needless retconning of two previously admirable minority characters? The continued hammering over the head with how “special” the Benetrellis are?
Actually, this time we’re starting off with a different type of Open Mic; Roundtable member Andrea had expressed some concerns with me about the imagery dredged up by the family’s digging through the metahuman camp. I wanted to give her the space to elaborate, and then get our other members’ responses.
Andrea: As I told Arturo and Mahsino in emails, I’m really sick and tired of the show playing hopscotch with events surrounding human-rights violations and figures–and doing it in such a contrived way. From namedropping (Harriet Tubman, Che Guevara) to framing their struggles with the gub’ment (Abu Ghraib), these pop nods are, I suppose, to show the show’s profundity and relevance, of showing the creative team’s understanding the ramifications of societies dealing negatively with difference, but it just feels shallow…and pushes the show to further irrelevance. And it’s kinda ironic, considering how the writers push the characters of colors further to the peripheries of the storylines with each season, if not outright killing them. ::sigh:: And this week, we get images of internment camps/mass burials wrapping around the poorly done story of Bennetrellis and the Company’s origins. I was really put off.
Erica: I hate it when historical tragedies are given trite treatment like this. Japanese internment camps deserve more respectful coverage than, “Oh, by the way, something similar to our current fictional portrayal happened before, and it was bad, so this is bad.”
And yes, Peter,Angela could have told you all about this in a restaurant, but then how would she have desecrated the graves of dozens of victims (including her parents and, to the best of her knowledge, sister) of a paranoid government? “Oh, Nathan, while you’re digging there, be sure to get your grandfather’s watch, I’m sure he wanted you to have it.”
Mahsino: You know, this whole thing probably could’ve been made interesting if they brought in Hiro and Ando. At lease with them there, it wouldn’t have made the reference to Japanese internment camps seem so out of left field.
Diana: They are definitely trying too hard. The show was much more interesting in Season 1 when we were getting glimpses of the future which was a whole other reality. They’d be better off if they created another reality with its own rules and quirks. This following the topics of the day is unimaginative, lazy and just makes the show more soap-opera-ish.
jen*: This ep really pissed me off. A filler episode dealing with internment camps? Angela’s treatment of the memory was none too respectful, either – considering those bodies were supposedly of her family. Then, after the dust literally settles, it’s all buried again. No more bad memories – let’s make a new company!
I didn’t buy the resolutions for eitherChandra or Mohinder — the former looks like a weasel and a liar compared to his S1 self and the latter is wallowing in even more self-pity than usual. Your thoughts?Andrea: The only bright spot was when Alice told Chandra that he had a funny accent and he snapped on her: “So do you.” The. Perfect. Shutdown. Other than that, I felt conflicted about him: I always felt the story about Chandra was that he let his science get in the way of his compassion and, perhaps, morals. I would say Chandra was more complicit more so than duplicitous. Just like his son.
Erica: This is what I truly hate about retcons. A character that we formerly respected is now portrayed as a complicit jerk. I have to totally change my conceptions and try to reconcile Young Jerk Chandra with Concerned Scientist Chandra, and it doesn’t fit well and I’m getting peeved. (NOT a good way to keep the fangirl happy, Heroes.)Jen*: Shoot. I’m starting to wonder if the writers are actually going for new viewers, and don’t care about those of us who’ve been watching from the beginning.
Mahsino: Was it just me, or was this week’s episode really anti-Asia? What bothered me the most was the implication (from Alice’s reaction to Mohinder) that all Indian brown men look alike and are evil (sounds mighty familiar). And I thought Chandra Suresh didn’t have any concrete knowledge of people with special abilities until his daughter was born (which would probably been after this whole deal).
Erica: I also had a sneaking suspicion that Chandra was inserted to make this look less like the fault of Americans. Americans wouldn’t put people in camps for experiments! Look, here’s this foreign doctor, HE’S running the tests!
Mahsino: Which makes the j-bomb even more ridiculous. With that whole racist fry-cook scene, I probably would’ve been able to handle Charles’s slip up if the fry cook had called him the N-word instead of pussy-footing the authentic racism of that time period.jen*: Yes. That. The 60s in the Midwest and the cook is the only person who says something?Diana: Chandra and Mohinder both come across as tools, constantly being manipulated and co-opted by those seemingly in charge for the moment. They don’t have a backbone and are just plain uninteresting. At least Hiro and Ando are enjoyable to watch. If they are not going to let Mohinder do something more interesting than chasing down pointless rabbit holes, they can at least let him spend the time shirtless. Give me something to work with, pleeeeeeaaaaase!
Jen*: Chandra sure didn’t seem that much [or even any bit] older than Angela in the first season. Is the show an exercise in discontinuity, or what? I’m just mad that Mo’s the only one who seems to be affected by the gravity of what happened at Coyote Sands.
What in the HELL was with Charles using a slur?Andrea: I thought, “Oh no that Negro didn’t!” I know a commenter said the slur would have fit the times. But then that argument could have easily justified using the k-bomb, too. No, just as I thought the writers could have had “Americans and Japanese” come out of Charles’ mouth, they could have had him say “Nazis and Jews.” It was too much racial epithet reverb going on, esp. since the writers thought they snatch a major piece of Japanese-American history for their own silly-ass storyline.
Erica: I agree. It isn’t inconceivable that a 1960′s teenager might have chosen to use that term. But who cares? It didn’t add anything to the scene (indeed, that ethnic slur detracted from Charles’ point that there was a strong pattern of abusive detention of innocents). It didn’t add anything to the character of Charles Deveaux, who is well-known to be dead and therefore not in much need of development. So there was nothing positive from including that, and a lot of potential negatives. It’s hardly the first time I’ve been infuriated by the narrow-minded idiocy of the writing staff, but I had hoped the “shakeup” in staff would have changed things.
Mahsino: When I first heard it, I winced. Weird thing is, it took me until Thursday to realize that they have two Japanese characters on the show- which made it even more offensive. Those guys still have to show up for work knowing that there are some writers who think it’s cool to throw that term around all willy-nilly. Also, I’m interested to see how Charles and Hiro’s dad got along with that attitude – oh, wait, I think we were supposed to throw continuity out the window.
Diana: I think the writers think we are totally stupid. There was no need to use that slur coming out of anyone’s mouth, especially out of a black male. Anybody with half a brain knew just by looking that it was an internment camp and did not need to be beaten over the head that it could be compared to internment of Japanese-Americans. Duh, already, damn.
Jen*: Erica’s right about it not being inconceivable, but coming out of a young [handsome] Deveaux’s mouth it was all kinds of wrong [for the character, the writers, the show, etc.].
In honor of this week’s dull-as-dishwater episode, let’s get EXTREEEME with Nathan &Mattin Caption The Pic!Erica: (Matt) You got peanut butter in my chocolate! (Nathan) You got chocolate in my peanut butter!
Mahsino: (Nate): THAT HAT MAKES YOU LOOK LIKE A TOOL WHO’S DESPERATELY HOLDING ON TO HIS YOUTH . (Matt): NO IT DOESN’T IT MAKES ME LOOK HIP AND COOL.
Andrea: So this is how Tonsil Wars goes.
Jen*: Oh if only we could see the invisible battle between their breath (imagine wispy smoke trails holding foils). Nathan: I had an onion bagel – take that! Matt: Hello! Sauerkraut wins!
Host’s note: I’m jumping in on this one!Arturo: Matt and Nathan debate the defining question of these tumultuous times: Astronauts or Cavemen?
Cristine Rose’s performances have been a saving grace for most of the past few weeks. But Angela came out looking pretty bad here, too, wouldn’t you say?Erica: I was quite pleased with Alice’s departure… a simple “no” and flying out the door. You go, girl! Unfortunately, we had to suffer through 40 minutes of emotional drivel and implausible drama. I would have loved to see more Alice in future shows, though — refreshing to see a female character without makeup and a tidy, complicated hairdo.
Mahsino: So, mama Petrelli had an affair with Hiro’s dad, she married Peter’s dad, and now we know she had a thing with Charles Deveaux (which makes me wonder if Peter’s relationship with Simone may have been a bit incestuous- which I wouldn’t put past the writers). What’s next, was she Elle and/or Matt’s real mom? Their parents were in the original Company.
That being said, the Petrelli women have an awesome hair game. Kudos hair and wardrobe- now about Claire …
jen*: I also got to thinking about Simone after this ep. I wondered about her origins, but also – shouldn’t she have had a power? Alice does. Looked like their dad did [wasn't that him with the wavy power coming from his hands?]. So how come Simone didn’t have one? Supposedly they *gave* one to Nathan, so even if she’d been born w/out a power you’d think … eh that’s far enough on that tangent.Diana: With all that lead-in, I was pretty sure that Mrs. Petrelli had actually killed her sister. She’s so good at toying with people as an adult, I would have thought she’d be at least a little less of a model child. With that said, I wish Alice had turned out to be more bad-ass instead of looking like she lived with a thousand cats. Wild hair doesn’t have to mean crazy.
Jen*: Angela came off as a complete jerk to me. Just expecting a sisterly reconciliation after FIFTY years [nevermind that they don't seem old enough for that amount of time] by saying, “Hey, sorry! Let’s go home.” – that doesn’t sound like Angela. Then, after seeing that her sister is a lil bit crazy – she decides to tell her the truth anyway? THAT doesn’t sound like Angela, either.
Race, Culture, and Identity in a Colorstruck World
About This Blog
Racialicious is a blog about the intersection of race and pop culture. Check out our daily updates on the latest celebrity gaffes, our no-holds-barred critique of questionable media representations, and of course, the inevitable Keanu Reeves John Cho newsflashes.
Latoya Peterson (DC) is the Owner and Editor (not the Founder!) of Racialicious, Arturo García (San Diego) is the Managing Editor, Andrea Plaid (NYC) is the Associate Editor. You can email us at [email protected].
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<examples>
<example>
<code>PS C:\> New-CPCustomActionType -Category Build -ConfigurationProperty @{"Description" = "The name of the build project must be provided when this action is added to the pipeline."; "Key" = $True; "Name" = "ProjectName"; "Queryable" = $False; "Required" = $True; "Secret" = $False; "Type" = "String"} -Settings_EntityUrlTemplate "https://my-build-instance/job/{Config:ProjectName}/" -Settings_ExecutionUrlTemplate "https://my-build-instance/job/mybuildjob/lastSuccessfulBuild{ExternalExecutionId}/" -InputArtifactDetails_MaximumCount 1 -OutputArtifactDetails_MaximumCount 1 -InputArtifactDetails_MinimumCount 0 -OutputArtifactDetails_MinimumCount 0 -Provider "MyBuildProviderName" -Version 1
ActionConfigurationProperties : {ProjectName}
Id : Amazon.CodePipeline.Model.ActionTypeId
InputArtifactDetails : Amazon.CodePipeline.Model.ArtifactDetails
OutputArtifactDetails : Amazon.CodePipeline.Model.ArtifactDetails
Settings : Amazon.CodePipeline.Model.ActionTypeSettings
</code>
<description>This example creates a new custom action with the specified properties.</description>
</example>
</examples>
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High yield of liquid range olefins obtained by converting i-propanol over zeolite H-ZSM-5.
Methanol, ethanol, and i-propanol were converted under methanol-to-gasoline (MTH)-like conditions (400 degrees C, 1-20 bar) over zeolite H-ZSM-5. For methanol and ethanol, the catalyst lifetimes and conversion capacities are comparable, but when i-propanol is used as the reactant, the catalyst lifetime is increased dramatically. In fact, the total conversion capacity (calculated as the total amount of alcohol converted before deactivation in g(alcohol)/g(zeolite)) is more than 25 times higher for i-propanol compared to the lower alcohols. Furthermore, when i-propanol is used as the reactant, the selectivity toward alkanes and aromatics declines rapidly over time on stream, and at 20 bar of pressure the liquid product mixture consists almost exclusively of C(4)-C(12) alkenes after approximately a third of the full reaction time. This discovery could open a new route to hydrocarbons via i-propanol from syn-gas or biobased feedstocks.
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"I came into this game for the action, the excitement. Go anywhere. Travel light. Get in. Get out, smear on some cream cheese. Where ever there's trouble, a bagel alone."
I can see where your bagel shop could be forced to start selling un-manipulated bagels with toasters at hand, and cream cheese on the side. Or provide a 27b/6 with the whole wheat, a 27b/7 with the pumpernickle.
Some shops already have improved bagel slicer technology. It's the stick they jam into the slicer when the bagel gets stuck in the chute.
Older stores haven't upgraded, and the employees still reach in with their arms.
Maybe the tax is necessary for their disability.
Seriously, when I used to work downtown and hit one of those shops, I cringed and turned my head every time that thing cranked up with the sound of a dull table saw because I knew there was a 1d4 chance the employee would reach in there.
When I lived in CA many years ago, a cold sub sandwich at the local grab-n-go was cheaper than a warm one nuked by the clerk 'cuz the warm one had been "prepared". I seem to recall there were microwaves available for customer use also for heating cold food w/o the prep tax.
Trouble with prepared/unprepared and all other exemptions is that some pencil-neck gets to define and differentiate...no chance of absurdity (or corruption) there.
To the extent that taxes always have and always will continue, the answer is the same as it has been since Reagan...flat tax, no exemptions, no exceptions.
With nearly 40 years in retail, I hate being the indentured tax collector for the state. But the infrastructure is in place more or less nationwide, and point of sale collection is the surest method to ensure that all pay some so that some won't pay all.
Ten percent to the state and ten percent to the fed on every dollar spent, period, to replace any and all tax filings...Want to dodge tax? Live simply, save and invest. Want to live large? Great, be ready to pay large.
But Ronnie couldn't make it happen then, I don't see anyone or anything that could make it happen now, and I harbor no hope at all that it will happen ever.
Wonder how much tax money is being wasted to collect taxes? "Yes Governor, our Department Budget is $57,000,000 a year, but we've collected $3,142 on Sliced Bagel Revenue Taxes this year, but with the New $89,000,000 Technology Upgrade, we should be able to bring in all the rest of the missing revenue within 5 years". Too bad the total revenue it can collect would be about $78,000 a year.
The EPA has informed my mother that she must install a whole new septic system, with an attached monitor that uses the phone line to alert the authoritah when it 'needs service'.And I read over at Breda's that Cleveland is attaching monitoring chips to their recycle bins to catch those dastardly eco-criminals.People, when they will sift through your trash and crawl into your sewage to gain revenue and/ or grab power, I submit that it just might be time to oil up the guns and check the ammunition stock.Just sayin'.
What's even scarier about the Lipidlegger story is not just that, if we'd had the politicians then that we've got now, butter and other animal fats would have been banned and replaced by polyunsaturated fats - but that they'd do that on shaky science. The only fake butter that's any good is transfats, and that's now known to be far worse than the real thing.
Not to be a wiseacre or anything like that, but more states than not have such laws on the books.
If you go to the local donut shop and get two donuts and a cup of coffee, and eat them at the counter, then to the law that's a meal, subject to sales tax, restaurant meal tax, etc. If you get two dozen donuts in a big box and take them home with you, you've just bought groceries, and in most states there's no sales tax on groceries.
A fine line, I suppose, and kind of a dumb thing for our elected public servants to be thinking about, what with there being a war on, in my opinion (but who asked me? I know, I know).
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A load switch integrated circuit (IC) is an example of a power supply circuit. The load switch IC includes a switching element that controls whether power is supplied to a load or not. If the switching element is an N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor, then a voltage boosting circuit is also provided generally. The voltage boosting circuit boosts an input voltage and supplies the boosted voltage to the gate of the N-channel MOS transistor. In this manner, it is possible to stabilize an on-resistance of the switching element regardless of the level of the input voltage. However, as the voltage boosting circuit operates, the consumption current of the load switch IC increases.
When the switching element is a P-channel MOS transistor, a voltage boosting circuit is not required, and thus, the consumption current is reduced. However, when the P-channel MOS transistor is used, the input voltage may decrease, and thereby, a switching operation of the load switch IC tends to become unstable.
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Kurihara Yasushi from the Executive Office asked everyone to give their views and opinions regarding the G8.
The G8 Action Network is an open network composed of individuals and organizations who are questioning the G8 Summit itself. The Network is constructing a framework for exchange of information, designed to support many events and activities against the Summit.
Nations joining the G8 account for only 14% of the world’s population. Also, the G8 Summit is an informal meeting that does not comply with the procedures as requested by international laws. However, what is agreed there defines the movement of the world. For these reasons, we consider the G8 Summit undemocratic.
It was also pointed out that the policies carried out by the G8 are based on neo-liberalism. This is a world view holding that free trade or market liberalization could maximize profits and benefits for people. Neo-liberal proposals by the G8 have brought about many problems around the world to date.
Ogura Toshimaru from People’s Plan Study Group made a presentation about Japan’s government and its G8 activities at Lake Toyako in Hokkaido. He noted that Japan has selected global climate change and environmental problems as principal subjects for the meeting. At the same time, the government has been pushing hard to maintain the road taxes, a revenue source that continues the usual destruction of the environment. In this way, it is clearly putting forward a deceptive proposition for the G8 Summit.
Shimozawa Takashi from JANIC made a presentation about the G8 Summit NGO Forum. Even though environmental issues are at the center, he pointed out that so far, 114 NGOs are participating in the NGO Forum, which was started in January 2007. They have divided their activities into three groups: environment, poverty and human rights. It is their goal to respond to each official communique and have regular meetings with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They also intend to participate in the April, 2008 Sherpa meeting to explain the opinions of the NGOs. There will also be a Tanabata Campaign from April to July, as well as an alternative summit in Hokkaido immediately before the G8 Summit.
Yamaura Yasuaki from Consumers Union of Japan discussed the following points:
1) The G8 has deteriorated problems such as poverty and debt through international institutions including IMF, World Bank, or WTO, in addition to FTA and EPA agreements.
2) The G8 has consistently favoured big agribusiness firms. This is not only breaking the very foundation of small-scale farmers life around the world, but also expanding production of genetically modified crops or animals.
3) The G8 has pushed ahead with deregulations, such as the privatization of public services of rail, mail or medical care. In addition, liberalization of capital investment or finance has led to chaos such as the currency crisis in Asia or the subprime loan scandal.
4) The G8 has produced instability of labour, by relaxing the standards of labour laws.
5) The G8 has put priority on corporate activities and paid no attention to environmental destruction. The G8 policy on climate change will inevitably raise new problems including acceleration of more risky or speculative carbon trading or promotion of nuclear energy.
6) The G8 countries, who formerly built colonies in many regions, bear the responsibility for numerous wars or armed conflicts, and they are major weapons exporting states as well as nuclear-weapon states.
7) In the name of terrorism, the G8 has deprived life and freedom of people and violated human rights by mobilizing domestic or overseas police and military forces, such as in Afghanistan and and Iraq.
br>
Resisting Free Trade, Militarism and Fighting for Real Solutions to Climate ChangeThe G8 Summit will be held July 7-9, 2008 in Toyako, Hokkaido, Japan. This will be a culmination of a series of ministerial preparation meeting beginning in March.
The G8 Action Network, a network of various Japanese organizations and movements, called on all social movements, peasant organizations, women, migrants, urban and rural poor, fisherfolks and civil society from all over the world who are resisting free trade in its many forms, war and militarism, the privatization of essential services and natural resources, illegitimate debt and the domination of global finance, and fighting for and building real people based solutions to global warming, to come and join us in the week of action against the G8 here in Japan.
The G8 Action Network invited activists and concerned citizens to Japan and join in our international preparatory meeting from March 7-11, 2008.
Schedule:
March 7, 16:00: Press conference at Parliamentarian building
March 8-9: International Coordination Meeting & G8 Seminar
March 9: evening, Move to Hokkaido by plane
March 10-11: Activities in Hokkaido
Other groups that participated included Focus on the Global South, Jubilee South, Migrant Forum in Asia, Attac, and People’s Forum.
Who we are
Consumers Union of Japan (CUJ) is a politically and financially independent non-governmental organization (NGO). CUJ is funded by membership fees, sales of its publications and donations.
CUJ was founded in April 1969 as Japan's first nationwide grassroots consumer organization. CUJ was officially certified as a non-profit organization on May 1, 2006 by the Japanese NPO legislation.
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Don’t Worry, Skype Will work on Windows XP, At Least for 1 More Year
A few days ago, Microsoft said that it is going to end support for older Skype versions, which obviously has created quite a lot of worries especially for Windows XP users, as we know that this old operating system isn’t receiving updates anymore.
Thus, Windows users were asked to upgrade to version 6.16 of Skype, but fortunately for those who are still running Windows XP (and there are millions in this position), this version is compatible with Windows XP and will work for at least one more year. Here’s the last of all Windows versions supported by the latest Skype update:
Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Vista
Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit versions)
Windows 8 with at least 1 GHz Processor and 256 MB RAM
Here’s how Microsoft explained its decision of obliging users to quit using older Skype version:
“As we look ahead to the future, we‘re focusing our efforts on bringing the latest and greatest to the most recent versions of Skype. As a result, we are going to retire older versions of Skype for Windows desktop (6.13 and below) as well as Skype for Mac (6.14 and below) over the next few months”.
Microsoft also added:
“Don’t panic – whether you’re using Skype for Windows desktop or Skype for Mac, you can download and update to the latest version today for free. We encourage all users to update to the latest version today to continue using Skype without disruption.”
Personally, I can’t even imagine how Skype runs on Windows XP, as it’s been years since I last used this operating system. So, my suggestion would be to make the upgrade to Windows 8, which is a great OS. Or, if you don’t like it, give at least Windows 7 a chance.
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Okay, I've noticed a few times that there aren't any sections about other movies ELijah has been in-- only one on LOTR, and even one about the cast of the movie! Shouldn't there be sections for Flipper and the likes?
Well I know there's the "Other Movies" section, but it seems rather odd to have a whole section about the cast of a single movie/series he's been in, and neglect all his older movies.
But, yes, I can see how they might not be talked about enough.
I get where you're going with this. Lotr is awesome, but I don't usually think of it as an "Elijah Movie" - at least not as much as The Good Son, Flipper, The War, et cetera. don't get me wrong, Elijah's Frodo is probably one of the strongest roles he's ever played. emphasis on "one of." I've seen *goes to count* 23 of his other movies, and lotr is SO not the only good one in the bunch. I guess sometimes people forget that Elijah was in about 20 other films before the Fellowship.I'll talk about elijah's other movies any day
Well, to be honest, I think LOTR was the first remarkable thing Elijah ever did anyway.
It's obvious why LOTR has its own forum, both for the scope and influence of the project and also because it was a globally renowned text to begin with.
But c'mon -- Flipper? Deep Impact? The Faculty? Only so much can be said about these films -- it's all the same for his younger roles, despite some of them having critical praise. IMO, we tend to care more about his recent projects because he was older in them, they tend to be more complex, and we identify more with him as a person, rather than when he was 12.
And besides, interviews and appearances associated with those movies are history. There's nothing new about them, nothing to discover. It's not a dynamic topic of discussion the way LOTR is or more recent projects in his life.
Lord of the Rings is an epic tale, it isn't just a story, it is a never ending tale. With Elijahs other movies, they are just that, a story that ends, that's it, role credits! With LotR the boundaries are endless, there are pages at the back of the book that give into the reader imagining endless possibilities for the characters to encounter, you can't really say the same for Flipper, now can you? You would have an entire forum dedicated to Flipper, or Radio Flyer....? It's a waste, there is only so much you can talk about regarding those movies.
No one is ignoring or neglecting the 12 year old members, they are free to discuss his other movies in the appropriate forums provided. And to be perfectly honest, no 9 or 10 year old has any business being on this board, that's just ridiculous!
just don't like that theres a section specifically for the cast of one of his movies.
That was a request by many of the members, awhile ago
Yes, and besides, they're not just cast members; they're some of Elijah's closest friends and they are connected to him through LOTR. Most people here are post-Frodo fans, so it's only natural that we're interested in and wish to talk about the cast of that particular movie more than, say, that of Flipper.
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name: Test
on:
push: {branches: main}
pull_request: {branches: main}
repository_dispatch:
workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
unit_test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: Unit tests
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions/setup-node@v1
with: {node-version: '12'}
- run: npm ci
- run: npm test
integration_test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: OTP ${{matrix.pair.otp-version}} / Elixir ${{matrix.pair.elixir-version}}
strategy:
matrix:
pair:
# Full Versions
- otp-version: '22.0'
elixir-version: '1.9.1'
# Semver ranges
- otp-version: '21.x'
elixir-version: '<1.9.1'
# Branches
- otp-version: '22.0'
elixir-version: master
# Pre-releases
- otp-version: '23.0'
elixir-version: '1.11.0-rc.0'
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Use actions/setup-elixir
id: setup-elixir
uses: ./
with:
otp-version: ${{matrix.pair.otp-version}}
elixir-version: ${{matrix.pair.elixir-version}}
- name: Output runtime versions
run: echo "Elixir ${{steps.setup-elixir.outputs.elixir-version}} / OTP ${{steps.setup-elixir.outputs.otp-version}}"
- name: Run Mix project tests
run: |-
cd test-project
mix deps.get
mix test
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A day after the Supreme Court's lacerating criticism of the CBI allowing the government to access its report on its coal investigation, Law Minister Ashwani Kumar , the lead player in the controversy, tried to deflect the blame.He reportedly told his party's spokespersons that a contentious meeting at which he suggested changes to the CBI's report was called not by him, but by Attorney General GE Vahanvati.However, a two-page note, released today by sources close to Mr Kumar categorically states that his ministry had called that meeting, a fact corroborated by other sources.The meeting was held in the Law Minister's office, and was also attended by CBI Director Ranjit Sinha and Harin Raval, who resigned as Additional Solicitor General on Tuesday after accusing the Attorney General of lying to the Supreme Court.So far, the Prime Minister has been backing Mr Kumar, though a section of the Congress reportedly believes it is "untenable" for the minister to remain in office.In their note released to the press today, sources close to the Law Minister describe the changes he asked for to the CBI's report as "suggestions of a minor nature." The note also says that as the government's legal advisor, the Law Ministry is required to liaise with the CBI.
The Supreme Court yesterday ordered the CBI to explain in an affidavit on Monday what changes were requested to the CBI's draft report, and by whom.
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Prescott Heirloom
tm013
Given to us by a member of a family that had lived for many generations in Prescott, AZ. The cherry tomato sized fruits are large, red, oval and quite fleshy. The thick flesh suggests they good for canning. Approx. 0.1g/25 seeds per packet.
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Night Shift Destroyer
This is the Test run of Star Destroyers as quoted by Dave Dunipace as below. There were 244 in total. 122 of each stamp, Mini Star and Mini Bar stamps. This is the Mini Star stamp. All are "Night Shift" blue and max weight at 175g. If we sell out of a specific design you may get the other mini stamp as a substitute.
"We are doing our first tests of the stabilizing process on Destroyers, which will be available in very limited quantities Friday at discgolfvalues. There will be something around 200-300 at max weight in night shift blue. All proceeds will go to a local non-profit. I would appreciate any feedback from those who purchase these discs. Our initial tests were excellent."
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If you're having an issue _installing_ Electron, this is the place to report it.
If you're having an issue _using_ Electron, please report it at https://github.com/electron/electron/issues
* Electron version:
* Operating system:
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Manning Archeological Site
Manning Archeological Site is a historic archaeological site located near Cayce, Lexington County, South Carolina. The site contains evidence of prehistoric Indian occupation beginning with the Paleo-Indian (9,500 BC) period though the historic Indians of the 1700s.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
References
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Category:Buildings and structures in Lexington County, South Carolina
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lexington County, South Carolina
|
It’s a hot, humid Wednesday in July but the doors of Manhattan’s Holyrood Episcopal Church are wide open. A rainbow flag flies high above the entryway and a table covered with bilingual pro-immigrant leaflets greets all who enter. The leaflets explain the rights of immigrants, outline important precautions for immigrants to take, and offer tips to allies who want to help stop Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids.
But the church has also done much more than this, providing in-church sanctuary — a home inside the building — to two families facing deportation. Although this is illegal, Father Luis Barrios, the head of Holyrood’s Sanctuary Ministry, notes on the church’s website that offering sanctuary is a moral imperative: “Whoever oppresses the poor shows contempt for their Maker, but whoever is kind honors God.”
Rev. Nathan Empsall, campaign director of Faithful America, a 165,000-member online emergency network of Christians who oppose Trump’s immigration policies, calls this “social justice evangelism.”
It’s a position, he says, that is deeply rooted in Gospel. Leviticus 19:34 states that “the foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native born.” Likewise, Mark 12:30-31 advises us that there is no commandment greater than loving our neighbors. Exodus 22:21 emphasizes the point further: “You shall not wrong a stranger or oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.” Then there’s Deuteronomy 10:19, “You shall love the immigrant.”
Indeed, as the right wing’s anti-immigrant fervor gains steam, entire denominations and individual congregations — Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Quaker — have been mobilizing to support immigrants in a variety of ways, from protesting at the border and at local ICE offices, to visiting detention camps in witness to the atrocities unfolding there, to offering physical sanctuary and protection to those at risk of deportation. Religious activists have also signed countless petitions, written letters and visited lawmakers, attempted to get law enforcers to sever ties with ICE, and helped the newly arrived acclimate to U.S. life.
Rev. Paul Eknes-Tucker, senior pastor at the Pilgrim United Church of Christ in Birmingham, Alabama, says the Trump administration’s brutality has prompted a renewed religious resistance to government immigration policies. Shortly after the August 7 raid on Koch Foods in Mississippi, he reports, a coalition of nearly 50 Christian, Jewish and Muslim congregations came together to offer sanctuary to those targeted by ICE in Alabama’s Jefferson County. “We resolved to take a stand against policies that dehumanize our immigrant siblings,” he said.
More than 1,100 congregations have agreed to provide a safe space, as well as food, clothing and human contact with the outside world to those at risk of deportation.
Melissa Chandler, clinic coordinator at New York City’s New Sanctuary Coalition (NSC), knows firsthand how essential this support can be. Chandler came to New York from Venezuela in April 2018, on a tourist visa. She later applied for asylum, citing her role in organizing protests against President Nicolás Maduro. Chandler reports that she got involved in the anti-Maduro movement because of limited economic opportunities and political suppression in her home country, but after the Venezuelan National Guard killed more than 100 protesters in July 2017, she became fearful. “My brother was already in the U.S. and soon after I arrived, he brought me to the New Sanctuary Coalition at Judson Memorial Church. There, the faith leaders and other staff were always supportive. They came with me to every appointment until I got asylum in December,” Chandler said. “After that, I volunteered and then got hired by the NSC in January 2019.”
Evangelical Lutherans Become a Sanctuary Body
Religious resistance to Trump’s immigration policies got a boost in July, when the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ECLA) — a denomination with 4 million members in congregations located throughout the U.S., Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands — became the first “sanctuary church body” for undocumented people.
Mary Campbell, program director for ELCA’s Accompanying Migrant Minors with Protection, Advocacy, Representation and Opportunities program, says the church began to organize around sanctuary in 2016.
“We’ve been called to welcome the stranger and to provide radical hospitality to vulnerable children of God,” Campbell tells Truthout. “We now have three congregations with people in sanctuary,” she says, living in church buildings and pressing ICE to rescind deportation orders and grant them asylum. ELCA members have also held prayer vigils at ICE offices and have helped immigrants find legal assistance and other concrete help.
But what, exactly, is radical hospitality? The concept, explains Rev. Alison Harrington of Southside Presbyterian Church in Tucson, Arizona, had led her congregation — located one hour from Nogales, Mexico — to give food, clothes and shelter to asylum seekers who’ve been apprehended at the border. “People usually come through the desert in groups and once they’re put into custody, they typically request asylum,” she says. If they have a sponsor — typically a family member with whom they can live while their asylum application is pending — they’re released to Catholic Community Services in Tucson and then brought to a monastery that is no longer in use. This is where they get a medical evaluation and can shower, eat, get clean clothes and sleep. “The role of my congregants and I, all of us volunteers, is to stay with the new arrivals until they’re put on a bus or plane to their sponsor’s home,” Harrington tells Truthout. “We buy the food, do the cooking and serving, do intake, translate and arrange transportation for each person. We also raise the money to pay for this short-term hospitality.”
Harrington notes that some of her congregants have actively participated in immigration work since the 1980s when Southside became the first congregation to designate itself a “sanctuary congregation” in the U.S. In addition to hospitality work, many Southside parishioners are simultaneously working to push the county jail to sever its ties with ICE, ending a practice in which law enforcers automatically contact ICE agents when an undocumented person is brought in.
Offering Sanctuary
In addition to radical hospitality, more than 1,100 congregations in the U.S. have agreed to provide sanctuary — a safe space, as well as food, clothing and human contact with the outside world — to those at risk of deportation.
In addition to long-term sanctuary, congregations open up as short-term places of respite, especially during raids.
It’s a decision that neither congregations nor at-risk immigrants take lightly.
Myrna Orozco-Gallos, organizing coordinator of Church World Service (CWS), oversees nationwide sanctuary efforts and emphasizes that “sanctuary is a pretty heavy lift.”
As of July, she says, 45 people in eight states were in sanctuary. “It’s always hard. Some folks who are in sanctuary are separated from their children. The kids come to visit after school and on weekends, but it’s difficult. One Missouri woman was in sanctuary three hours away from where her family lived and had to decide whether it was better to uproot everyone so they could be closer or keep her kids in the same school they’d been attending,” she says. “This is family separation, not at the border, but right here in the U.S.”
Sanctuary also takes serious coordination and planning, Orozco-Gallos adds. Not only do congregants have to fundraise, buy food, do laundry, ferry kids between the sanctuary and their schools, and arrange legal consultations, many congregations also coordinate volunteer rotations to ensure that someone stays in the space 24/7 in case ICE shows up.
“The person in sanctuary has to be really strong — even stoic — but even so, not being able to go outside and live a normal life takes a toll,” Orozco-Gallos said. “I host a weekly video call so that people in sanctuary can speak to one another and be reminded that they’re not alone, but they still get sad and lonely. This impacts their mental health. We have counselors come in to offer support, but it’s rough. Kids who live in the congregation with their parent miss a lot of school activities; those who live elsewhere miss their parent. We try to coordinate with other family members, but it’s safe to say, everyone suffers.”
Alternative to Long-Term Sanctuary
In addition to long-term sanctuary, Orozco-Gallos says that CWS has increasingly encouraged congregations to open up as short-term places of respite, especially during raids. “People can use these sites as central organizing hubs to find family members and feel safe,” she says, since at least so far, religious institutions, deemed “sensitive locations” by Homeland Security, have not been violated by ICE.
The call to serve as either a long- or short-term sanctuary has resonated with many synagogues, says Rabbi Salem Pearce, director of organizing at T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights. “For many Jews, our families have had the experience of being refugees and asylum seekers. It’s in our recent memory and is also part of our mythic history,” Pearce told Truthout. “In addition, a key Jewish value is loving the immigrant as oneself. It’s mentioned repeatedly in the Torah.”
This value, Pearce continues, led to more than 50 #CloseTheCamps protests on Tisha B’Av, a day of mourning to commemorate the destruction of both Solomon’s Temple by the neo-Babylonian empire in 587 BCE and the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. What’s more, the mistreatment of immigrants has prompted many progressive Jews to address racism within Jewish institutions and within society more broadly. “We’re looking at ways we’ve propped up white supremacy and are working to make Jews of color, who have historically been excluded, feel welcome,” Pearce says.
Faithful America’s Rev. Nathan Empsall says that his organization is also addressing wider social concerns, from opposing the death penalty to addressing “misuse of the Christian faith.” The group, which Empsall says is patterned after MoveOn, has petitioned mainstream media outlets to demand that it broaden its list of spokespeople of faith to include those who oppose Trump’s policies. Faithful America is also targeting Rev. James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family and president of Family Talk, for his recent false, dangerous and damaging characterization of migrants incarcerated at the border as “violent” people whose “numbers will soon overwhelm our culture as we have known it and it could bankrupt the nation.”
“Dobson’s writings are used as a reference by many Christians,” Empsall says. “Bible Gateway, a company owned by HarperCollins, publishes three devotionals by Dobson every day. We’ve gathered more than 13,000 signatures asking HarperCollins to drop Dobson and cut ties to Focus on the Family. We have to stop the hijacking of the gospel by the religious right and show that Christianity still welcomes the stranger.”
As Manhattan’s Holyrood Church says in its mission statement, “A sanctuary church is a liberating place where those who congregate share spiritual, moral, emotional, psychological, social, cultural, financial, material, political and legal support and protection.”
It’s obviously a gargantuan mission, an agenda that envisions a world in which care and compassion override greed, division and hate-mongering. But in the age of Trump, we need to pursue such a goal more than ever.
Copyright © Truthout. May not be reprinted without permission.
|
/* (No Comment) */
"NSHumanReadableDescription" = "Berisi aturan pemblokiran filter Keamanan";
/* Bundle display name */
"CFBundleDisplayName" = "Keamanan AdGuard";
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2017 Álinson Santos Xavier <[email protected]>
*
* This file is part of Loop Habit Tracker.
*
* Loop Habit Tracker is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
* Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
* option) any later version.
*
* Loop Habit Tracker is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
* or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
* more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
package org.isoron.uhabits.core.database;
import androidx.annotation.*;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.*;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.*;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Repository<T>
{
@NonNull
private final Class klass;
@NonNull
private final Database db;
public Repository(@NonNull Class<T> klass, @NonNull Database db)
{
this.klass = klass;
this.db = db;
}
/**
* Returns the record that has the id provided.
* If no record is found, returns null.
*/
@Nullable
public T find(@NonNull Long id)
{
return findFirst(String.format("where %s=?", getIdName()),
id.toString());
}
/**
* Returns all records matching the given SQL query.
* <p>
* The query should only contain the "where" part of the SQL query, and
* optionally the "order by" part. "Group by" is not allowed. If no matching
* records are found, returns an empty list.
*/
@NonNull
public List<T> findAll(@NonNull String query, @NonNull String... params)
{
try (Cursor c = db.query(buildSelectQuery() + query, params))
{
return cursorToMultipleRecords(c);
}
}
/**
* Returns the first record matching the given SQL query.
* See findAll for more details about the parameters.
*/
@Nullable
public T findFirst(String query, String... params)
{
try (Cursor c = db.query(buildSelectQuery() + query, params))
{
if (!c.moveToNext()) return null;
return cursorToSingleRecord(c);
}
}
/**
* Executes the given SQL query on the repository.
* <p>
* The query can be of any kind. For example, complex deletes and updates
* are allowed. The repository does not perform any checks to guarantee
* that the query is valid, however the underlying database might.
*/
public void execSQL(String query, Object... params)
{
db.execute(query, params);
}
/**
* Executes the given callback inside a database transaction.
* <p>
* If the callback terminates without throwing any exceptions, the
* transaction is considered successful. If any exceptions are thrown,
* the transaction is aborted. Nesting transactions is not allowed.
*/
public void executeAsTransaction(Runnable callback)
{
db.beginTransaction();
try
{
callback.run();
db.setTransactionSuccessful();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
finally
{
db.endTransaction();
}
}
/**
* Saves the record on the database.
* <p>
* If the id of the given record is null, it is assumed that the record has
* not been inserted in the repository yet. The record will be inserted, a
* new id will be automatically generated, and the id of the given record
* will be updated.
* <p>
* If the given record has a non-null id, then an update will be performed
* instead. That is, the previous record will be overwritten by the one
* provided.
*/
public void save(T record)
{
try
{
Field fields[] = getFields();
String columns[] = getColumnNames();
Map<String, Object> values = new HashMap<>();
for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
values.put(columns[i], fields[i].get(record));
Long id = (Long) getIdField().get(record);
int affectedRows = 0;
if (id != null) affectedRows =
db.update(getTableName(), values, getIdName() + "=?",
id.toString());
if (id == null || affectedRows == 0)
{
id = db.insert(getTableName(), values);
getIdField().set(record, id);
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
/**
* Removes the given record from the repository.
* The id of the given record is also set to null.
*/
public void remove(T record)
{
try
{
Long id = (Long) getIdField().get(record);
if (id == null) return;
db.delete(getTableName(), getIdName() + "=?", id.toString());
getIdField().set(record, null);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
@NonNull
private List<T> cursorToMultipleRecords(Cursor c)
{
List<T> records = new LinkedList<>();
while (c.moveToNext()) records.add(cursorToSingleRecord(c));
return records;
}
@NonNull
private T cursorToSingleRecord(Cursor cursor)
{
try
{
Constructor constructor = klass.getDeclaredConstructors()[0];
constructor.setAccessible(true);
T record = (T) constructor.newInstance();
int index = 0;
for (Field field : getFields())
copyFieldFromCursor(record, field, cursor, index++);
return record;
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
private void copyFieldFromCursor(T record, Field field, Cursor c, int index)
throws IllegalAccessException
{
if (field.getType().isAssignableFrom(Integer.class))
field.set(record, c.getInt(index));
else if (field.getType().isAssignableFrom(Long.class))
field.set(record, c.getLong(index));
else if (field.getType().isAssignableFrom(Double.class))
field.set(record, c.getDouble(index));
else if (field.getType().isAssignableFrom(String.class))
field.set(record, c.getString(index));
else throw new RuntimeException(
"Type not supported: " + field.getType().getName() + " " +
field.getName());
}
private String buildSelectQuery()
{
return String.format("select %s from %s ",
StringUtils.join(getColumnNames(), ", "), getTableName());
}
private List<Pair<Field, Column>> getFieldColumnPairs()
{
List<Pair<Field, Column>> fields = new ArrayList<>();
for (Field field : klass.getDeclaredFields())
for (Annotation annotation : field.getAnnotations())
{
if (!(annotation instanceof Column)) continue;
Column column = (Column) annotation;
fields.add(new ImmutablePair<>(field, column));
}
return fields;
}
private Field[] cacheFields = null;
@NonNull
private Field[] getFields()
{
if (cacheFields == null)
{
List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
List<Pair<Field, Column>> columns = getFieldColumnPairs();
for (Pair<Field, Column> pair : columns) fields.add(pair.getLeft());
cacheFields = fields.toArray(new Field[]{});
}
return cacheFields;
}
private String[] cacheColumnNames = null;
@NonNull
private String[] getColumnNames()
{
if (cacheColumnNames == null)
{
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
List<Pair<Field, Column>> columns = getFieldColumnPairs();
for (Pair<Field, Column> pair : columns)
{
String cname = pair.getRight().name();
if (cname.isEmpty()) cname = pair.getLeft().getName();
if (names.contains(cname))
throw new RuntimeException("duplicated column : " + cname);
names.add(cname);
}
cacheColumnNames = names.toArray(new String[]{});
}
return cacheColumnNames;
}
private String cacheTableName = null;
@NonNull
private String getTableName()
{
if (cacheTableName == null)
{
String name = getTableAnnotation().name();
if (name.isEmpty()) throw new RuntimeException("Table name is empty");
cacheTableName = name;
}
return cacheTableName;
}
private String cacheIdName = null;
@NonNull
private String getIdName()
{
if (cacheIdName == null)
{
String id = getTableAnnotation().id();
if (id.isEmpty()) throw new RuntimeException("Table id is empty");
cacheIdName = id;
}
return cacheIdName;
}
private Field cacheIdField = null;
@NonNull
private Field getIdField()
{
if (cacheIdField == null)
{
Field fields[] = getFields();
String idName = getIdName();
for (Field f : fields)
if (f.getName().equals(idName))
{
cacheIdField = f;
break;
}
if (cacheIdField == null)
throw new RuntimeException("Field not found: " + idName);
}
return cacheIdField;
}
@NonNull
private Table getTableAnnotation()
{
Table t = null;
for (Annotation annotation : klass.getAnnotations())
{
if (!(annotation instanceof Table)) continue;
t = (Table) annotation;
break;
}
if (t == null) throw new RuntimeException("Table annotation not found");
return t;
}
}
|
/* Copyright (C) 2013 Webyog Inc
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
*/
#define CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <crtdbg.h>
//#include <vld.h>
#include "Scintilla.h"
#include "FrameWindowHelper.h"
#include "ExportMultiFormat.h"
#include "htmlayout.h"
#include "Global.h"
#include "CommonHelper.h"
#include "GUIHelper.h"
#include "MiniDump.h"
#ifndef COMMUNITY
#include"openssl\applink.c"
#endif
#ifndef VC6
#include <gdiplus.h>
#include <GdiPlusGraphics.h>
#include <olectl.h>
#endif
#define STATUS_BAR_SECTIONS 7
GLOBALS *pGlobals;
HACCEL g_accel;
#if defined (_DEBUG) && defined (ENTERPRISE)
//#define BLACKBOX
#endif
// Function :
// The main function of the application.
// The start of the software.
wyInt32 WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hinstance, HINSTANCE hprevinstance,
PSTR cmdline, wyInt32 icmdshow)
{
HINSTANCE hrich, hsci;
#ifdef BLACKBOX
HINSTANCE hblackbox;
#endif
FrameWindow *mainwin;
MSG msg;
wyBool isVistaAnd32BitSQLyog = wyFalse;
pGlobals = new GLOBALS;
_ASSERT(pGlobals != NULL);
//DEBUG_ENTER("WinMain");
//call mysql_library_init to avoid crash
if (mysql_library_init(0, NULL, NULL)) {
DisplayErrorText(1, _("could not initialize MySQL library"));
return 0;
}
// First clear every stuff in the pglobals variable.
InitGlobals(pGlobals);
InitWinSock();
///*Checks whether commandline argument as got explicit path for .ini, and other logfiles.
//also filename whose contents as to be displayed in Sqlyog Editor
//Otion can be any of one
//i. SQLyogEnt.exe -dir "E:\path" -f "D:\test.sql"
//ii. SQLyogEnt.exe -dir "E:\path" "D:\test.sql"
//iii. SQLyogEnt.exe -f "D:\test.sql" -dir "E:\path" -f
//-dir stands for explicit path for .ini, tags, logs, favourites , etc
//-f stands for file to be oponed in editor
//*/
//Gets the Attributes passed through command line(-f, -dir)
if(pGlobals->m_configdirpath.GetLength())
//unsigned long len=0;
// if(len=pGlobals->m_configdirpath.GetLength())
pGlobals->m_configdirpath.Clear();
if(GetConfigDetails(cmdline) == wyFalse)
return 0;
CreateInitFile();
#ifndef _WIN64
OSVERSIONINFOEX osvi;
osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFOEX);
//get the OS version and set the display style accordingly
if (GetVersionEx((OSVERSIONINFO*)&osvi)) {
if (osvi.dwMajorVersion == 6 && osvi.dwMinorVersion == 0 && osvi.wProductType == VER_NT_WORKSTATION)
isVistaAnd32BitSQLyog = wyTrue;
}
#endif
#ifdef _DEBUG
HANDLE hlogfile = NULL;
hlogfile = CreateFile(L"SQLyog_debug_log.txt", GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
#else
//Initialize the Path for .INI & .dmp files
CreateInitFile();
if (isVistaAnd32BitSQLyog == wyFalse) {
MiniDump dumpcrash;
if (IsCrashDumpSupported() == wyTrue)
dumpcrash.InitDumpDetails(pGlobals->m_configdirpath.GetString());
}
#endif
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW);
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_WARN, hlogfile);
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ERROR, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW);
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_ERROR, hlogfile);
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ASSERT, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_WNDW);
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_ASSERT, hlogfile);
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE );
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_WARN, hlogfile);
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ERROR, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE );
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_ERROR, hlogfile);
_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ASSERT, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE );
_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_ASSERT, hlogfile);
_CrtSetDbgFlag ( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
VERIFY(hsci = ::LoadLibrary(L"SciLexer.dll"));
if(!hsci)
{
DisplayErrorText(GetLastError(), _("Error loading SciLexer.dll"));
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hsci));
return 0;
}
pGlobals->m_statusbarsections = STATUS_BAR_SECTIONS;
/* register scintilla */
//Scintilla_RegisterClasses(NULL);
#ifndef VC6
/* startup gdiplus...this is required to display image in BLOB window */
ULONG_PTR gditoken;
Gdiplus::GdiplusStartupInput startupinput;
Gdiplus::GdiplusStartup(&gditoken, &startupinput, NULL);
#endif
pGlobals->m_hinstance = hinstance;
VERIFY(hrich = ::LoadLibrary(L"Riched20.dll"));
#ifdef BLACKBOX
VERIFY(hblackbox = ::LoadLibrary(L"BlackBox.dll"));
#endif
/* check for library problems */
if(!hrich)
{
DisplayErrorText(GetLastError(), _("Error loading riched20.dll"));
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hsci));
return 0;
}
//Removing offline helpfile from version 12.05
//#ifndef _DEBUG
// VERIFY(LoadHelpFile());
//#endif
pGlobals->m_findreplace = wyFalse;
CreateCustomTabIconList();
// Initialize the common controls.
InitCustomControls();
CollectCurrentWindowsVersion();
pGlobals->m_modulenamelength = GetModuleNameLength();
wyTheme::SubclassControls();
if(!pGlobals->m_modulenamelength)
{
DisplayErrorText(GetLastError(), _("GetModuleFileName length failed!"));
return 0;
}
SetLanguage(NULL, wyTrue);
wyTheme::Init();
// Create the mainwindow.
mainwin = new FrameWindow(pGlobals->m_hinstance);
// Set the global.
pGlobals->m_pcmainwin = mainwin;
if(!mainwin || !mainwin->Create())
{
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hsci));
return 0;
}
// Initialize the accel window.
VERIFY(g_accel = LoadAccelerators(pGlobals->m_hinstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDR_ACCELERATOR)));
SetForegroundWindow(mainwin->m_hwndmain);
mainwin->CreateConnDialog(wyTrue);
// The main loop for messages.
while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
if(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_finddlg)
{
if((pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_finddlg && IsWindowVisible(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_finddlg)&&
IsDialogMessage(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_finddlg, &msg)))
{
pGlobals->m_findreplace = wyTrue;
continue;
}
}
if(!TranslateMDISysAccel(pGlobals->m_hwndclient, &msg))
{
if(!(TranslateAccelerator(mainwin->GetHwnd(), g_accel, &msg)))
{
/// code to catch Accel(short-cuts for Save & Revert) key-press on Create/Alter table tabbed interface
if(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_htabinterface && IsDialogMessage(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_htabinterface, &msg))
{
continue;
}
if(pGlobals->m_pcmainwin->m_hwndtooltip && msg.message == WM_LBUTTONDOWN)
{
FrameWindow::ShowQueryExecToolTip(wyFalse);
}
pGlobals->m_findreplace = wyFalse;
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}
}
ImageList_Destroy(pGlobals->m_hiconlist);
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hrich));
#ifdef BLACKBOX
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hblackbox));
#endif
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(hsci));
#ifndef COMMUNITY
if(pGlobals->m_entinst)
VERIFY(FreeLibrary(pGlobals->m_entinst));
#endif
// Release resources used by the critical section object.
DeleteCriticalSection(&pGlobals->m_csglobal);
DeleteCriticalSection(&pGlobals->m_csiniglobal);
DeleteCriticalSection(&pGlobals->m_cssshglobal);
delete mainwin;
delete pGlobals;
#ifndef VC6
/* free up gdi plus */
Gdiplus::GdiplusShutdown(gditoken);
#endif
_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
//Socket dll cleanup
WSACleanup();
#ifdef _DEBUG
if(hlogfile)
CloseHandle(hlogfile);
#endif
//fixed my_once_alloc() memory leak
mysql_library_end();
wyTheme::FreeResources();
return msg.wParam;
}
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//
// TableViewController.h
// Quartz2DDemo
//
// Created by JXT on 2017/2/8.
// Copyright © 2017年 JXT. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface TableViewController : UITableViewController
@end
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[Association between early onset of menarche and anthropometry measurements among adolescent girls in China].
To explore the association between early menarche with anthropometry measurements among adolescent girls in China. Research material was selected from the data of 2010 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. Probability unit regression method was used to calculate the age of 10th percentile (P 10) at menarche and menarche age before the P 10 was defined as early menarche(9.0-11.6 years old). A total of 1072 girls with early menarche were screened. Each girl with early menarche was frequency matched with two girls who hadn't achieved menarche and with the age difference less than 0.1 yr and from the same urban or rural locations. A total of 2144 girls without menarche were screened. Participants' data of height, weight, sitting height, chest circumference, body mass index(BMI) and height and sitting height index were analyzed. t test and wilcoxon test were used to analyze the anthropometry measurements differences between the two groups, Chi square test was used to analyze the differences of overweight and obesity between the two groups. Multilevel model was used to explore the association between early menarche with anthropometry measurements and overweight and obesity. A total of 1072 girls with early menarche and 2144 girls without menarche. Early menarche girls' height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight and BMI were (151.42 ± 7.46) cm, (80.86 ± 4.21) cm, (73.88 ± 7.72) cm, (44.32 ± 9.35) kg, and (19.18 ± 3.03) kg/m(2), while they were (144.86 ± 7.55) cm, (76.96 ± 4.05) cm, (67.25 ± 6.94) cm, (36.07 ± 7.88) kg and (16.64 ± 2.48) kg/m(2) in girls without menarche. The difference between two groups were significant(Z values were -22.20, -23.69, -24.38, -23.12, -20.17, -6.33 respectively with all P values < 0.01). Multilevel analysis results showed that in 9.0-11.6 years old girls early menarche was associated with anthropometry measurements(all P values < 0.05). Compared with girls without menarche, girls with early menarche had a relative higher height, sitting height, weight, chest circumference, with increments of 5.28 cm, 3.37 cm, 5.53 cm, 6.37 kg, 1.79 kg/m(2). Within subgroup analysis, there were parabolic trends with age in the height, weight and sitting height differences and "U" trend in chest circumference difference between girls with early menarche and girls without menarche.In 9.0-10.8 years old, 10.9-11.0 years old and 11.1-11.2 years old groups, the risk of overweight and obesity among girls with early menarche were 2.98 (95%CI:1.92-4.63) times, 6.76 (95%CI:2.79-16.39) times, 2.99 (95%CI:1.40-6.40) times of girls without menarche. The early onset of menarche is related with height, sitting height, weight and chest circumference, and it is closely associated with overweight and obesity among adolescent girls in China.
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The Game of Life HWW-1
This is the first part of five in the Heaven Wide Web serise. I know this is long and a lot of you have the attention span of fruit flies, but bare with me because it gets extremly exciting in the later parts of the serise. If no one seems to like it I won't publish the next parts so be sure to say so if you would like to read the rest of the serise.
Along a stretch of tundra in the outskirts of Russia, a wind was born. It howled through the pines and blew frost across a deserted road that wandered aimlessly. Along this path, with no sign of civilization in either direction, was a church.
Besides being dedicated to god, this monument was also a home to Father Ifer, or more appropriately, the late father Ifer.
He had died in his sleep, having served his lordship faithfully throughout his life, having never indulged in sin and having spread his generosity thinner then the Red Cross. Lucas Ifer had dedicated his whole life to god, even to the end when he was left to rot out his hermitage on the frozen tiles of a secluded temple.
Being a Greek Orthodox, Lucas had been expecting heaven, because that’s what he was told one would find after death, after the shades of night submerged one’s mind. What he found was not the same, although it was a form of paradise.
Only ten minutes had gone by since the last puff of his heart had given way, but already he felt a surge of strength greater then any he had ever had in the world of the living. To Lucas’s amazement, his nerves began to repair themselves and he regained feeling in his limbs; no, not in his limbs, they were someone else’s limbs, he was an entirely different person.
Lucas pried his eyelids apart and felt his trance being replaced with vivid clarity of thought, a consciousness too sharp then was possible for one so confused.
At first he saw only bright lights, but as his pupils dilated to an appropriate size, he recognized this brilliance to be a simple fluorescent light, flickering madly above him.
Lucas leaned back in his chair; it was not the wooden bench he had died upon, this was a leather recliner, so soft he barely noticed he was sitting on anything. This chair was facing a massive white box, whiter then the walls and carpeting of the room.
Once he had adjusted to the shakiness of his arms, Lucas raised his hand to his head and scratched a massive itch. His fingers met with a nylon shower cap, full of cords and mechanical instruments and wires that ran from his head to the big white box. When he pulled it, it came off easily; all the fuses were blown with age and overuse.
The door cracked open and let in a dim glow, a flickering torch light that pacified the atmosphere. Silhouetted was a set of curves, no, a woman, with a beautiful face and a build like…Lucus could think of no comparison. She wore nothing but a cocktail dress; the priest praised God then cursed time for leaving him so old. But he was not old, that was something else Lucas was having trouble adjusting to. He felt like he hadn’t felt since the last time he fell in love sometime around his early twenties. His body was robust and more healthy then it had ever been in all his earthly years.
Warily, Lucas braced his new muscles and stood up. The ground swayed below him, but once his dizzy spell passed balance came more naturally then it ever had while he played on the rafters of poverty.
The woman stepped forward and steadied him.
“My name is Angel,” she said.
“You’re an angel?” Lucas sat on a balcony, holding hands with the woman, gazing over a city of drops and plateaus and towers so tall that the ground appeared small and harmless. The bench was nothing more then a seat of limestone, and the priest felt comfortably close to this woman, even though she was an angel and he was dead.
“Some might say I’m an angel, a saint, but if so then you are too. The only difference is your name is Lucas, and my name is Angel.”
“So we are in Heaven?”
“Yes, Heaven, paradise, Eden, it has many names.”
“So there is a Christian God,” Lucas sighed in relief.
“No, not in that way. We are all gods, every person who ever lived is their own god, but there is only one omnipotent God, the principle, and although yes he founded Christianity, he also gave birth to every other holy foundation; a means to bless more people with the privilege of servitude.”
Lucas’s newly sharpened brain was a jumble of assumptions, “I’m confused?” he stated with childish simplicity.
“Let me explain then,” Angel patiently folded his hands on her lap, “A long time ago everyone lived together in Limbo. We were all equally powerful, because all of us were infinitely powerful. Everyone of us was the omnipotent god of himself, all knowing, all powerful. But then one of them realized, since he was all powerful, logically he would have the power to make other people less powerful, so while he retained the ability to do anything he pleased, those around him lost the rights to their powers and so became his willing vassals.
“But even though he could do anything, that didn’t mean he did everything at the exact right time and place, so there were those who rose and defied his righteous leadership. These traitors disturbed him, because there were so many souls in his control, almost seven billion to be precise, he wanted a way to stop them from rising up against him. Being kind as well as just, he chose an alternative to reducing his minions to mindless vegetables, his lordship decided to preoccupy us and keep us distracted in pleasant ways while he did his otherworldly deeds. So it was that he invented Earth.”
“Earth isn’t real!”
Angel shook her head, “Earth is very real. It is simply another world where the principle sends all of his subjects after erasing their minds of unpleasant thoughts; he attaches them to a memory base and transmits their sensory perception to Earth so they may live on through the lives of the people there. Earth in itself is designed as a test, which is where religion comes in. If someone on earth proves faithful and loyal, if someone behaves as you did and serves his lordship faithfully, he is allowed to return to paradise when he dies. Once back in the kingdom of Eden, if they serve his lordship extra well, they will regain more and more of the powers they had confiscated.”
“What if someone isn’t good?”
“Then generally they remain on earth.”
“Generally?”
“Come, we are wasting time!” Angel got up and twisted her left arm in the ivy of a pillar, the late rays of sun glinted off her almond hair and sparkled in her eyes. “I have so much to show you throughout Eden.” Then she frowned, “But there is so much you must be accustomed to.” She knelt down beside him, “The first of which is, angels don’t wear clothes.” She pulled on the strings of her bodice and her dress fell onto the floor.
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a new type of hybrid nanocatalyst material that combines the high surface area of nanoparticles and nanotubes with the structural robustness and ease of handling larger supports. The hybrid material is made by fabricating palladium nanoparticles on two types of carbon supports: as-received microcellular foam (Foam) and foam with carbon nanotubes anchored on the pore walls (CNT/Foam). Catalytic reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride with these materials has been investigated using gas chromatography. It is seen that while both palladium-functionalized carbon supports are highly effective in the degradation of carbon tetrachloride, the rate of degradation is significantly increased with palladium on CNT/Foam. However, there is scope to increase this rate further if the wettability of these structures can be enhanced in the future. Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses of the fresh and used catalysts have been compared which indicates that there is no change in density or surface chemical states of the catalyst after prolonged use in dechlorination test. This implies that these materials can be used repeatedly and hence provide a simple, powerful, and cost-effective approach for dechlorination of water.
1. Introduction
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are common organic contaminants in soil and groundwater across the globe that includes chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of CHCs in drinking water sources is of great concern worldwide, as they are highly toxic and have adverse effects on human health and environment. Various CHC compounds have been widely manufactured and used in industrial applications, and they were intentionally or accidentally released into the environment. Due to their chronic toxicity, use of such chemicals was either banned or regulated in United States by US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and colloquially in most other developed countries [1, 2]. Mandatory groundwater monitoring has reported the presence of CHCs at a large number of sites. In spite of stringent regulations they are present in soil and groundwater even today due to their resistance to natural attenuation by microbiological degradation. Carbon tetrachloride (CT), also known as tetrachloromethane, is among the widespread CHCs reported in impacted soil and ground water. CT was largely used in fire extinguishers, as cleaning and metal degreasing agents (solvents) and also as a chemical precursor compound for refrigerants like chloro-fluoro carbons [3]. CT can have adverse effects on the nervous system, liver, and kidneys. The US-EPA guidelines recognized it as a potential carcinogenic agent and regulated its maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water at 5 μg/L. However, levels of CT reported in groundwater at many locations across the United States still exceed its MCL (safe drinking water limit) [4–6].
In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on developing techniques for pollutant removal in groundwater by converting the highly toxic CHCs to less toxic nonchlorinated product. Catalytic reductive dechlorination technique employs transition metals as catalysts for treating CHCs in contaminated groundwater. The dechlorination reaction involves reduction/breaking of carbon-chlorine bonds by molecular H2 facilitated by a catalyst, where hydrogen replaces the chlorine in the compound, leading to a reduced chlorine compound. Common catalysts used for such applications include isolated or supported nanoparticles of metals such as Pd, Ni, or bimetals such as Pd/Fe, Ni/Fe [7, 8]. In this study, supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) [9] are investigated, as Pd is well known to catalyze reductive dechlorination reactions.
Heterogeneous catalysis is a surface specific phenomenon; therefore attributes of support materials that provide attachment to catalyst particles may influence catalytic reactions. Support materials with a high specific surface area such as activated carbon, free-standing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers (CNF) have been extensively used for anchoring metal nanocatalysts [10, 11]. In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants are in liquid phase and the catalyst materials, although in solid phase, are mostly in suspended form (isolated or supported on free-standing nanotubes) [11]. However, for water treatment applications, supported nanoparticles in suspended form can pose a significant challenge, because successful recovery of nanoparticles from the treated water can be tedious. Nanoparticles, especially of precious metals, if not recovered completely from the treated water and reused, can be uneconomical, and presence of nanoparticles in drinking water may also pose safety hazards [12, 13], requiring further purification of the treated water thereby increasing the cost of treatment.
A new class of hybrid, microporous graphitic support designed for anchoring metal nanoparticles [9] can address the previous limitations and make it cost effective as they can prevent the loss due to dispersal and inefficient recovery of suspended nano catalysts. The microporous graphitic carbon supports (called “graphite foam,” henceforth), investigated in this study, exhibit a robust yet porous structure that offers high surface area, while its surface area can be further enhanced by grafting carbon nanotube (CNT) on the microporous graphitic foam. Therefore, catalyst nanoparticles supported on such hierarchical structures can be easily loaded and unloaded into the liquid environment providing simple economical catalysis on an as-needed basis. The robustness, ease of handling, and structural integrity along with the high surface area stipulated by carbon nanotubes that are strongly attached to the microporous graphitic foam supports surpass other types of porous catalysts currently available.
The present study focuses on the bench-scale batch investigation of reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride (CT) in the aqueous phase using two kinds of hybrid catalyst structures: Pd-NPs fabricated on graphitic foam support (Pd/Foam) and Pd-NPs on CNT-attached graphitic foam support (Pd/CNT/Foam). Batch experiments were performed to characterize the catalytic transformation of CT and formation of degradation products with Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam. Durability of these structures for structural integrity and chemical stability was also investigated by monitoring the chemical and physical state of fresh and used catalyst materials after repeated cycles of use. Reusability of the Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam was also examined in repeated batch experiments at similar conditions. Various experimental parameters examined in the investigation include (i) the effect of varying amount of supported catalysts and (ii) the effect of varying H2 concentration, on CT degradation kinetics and daughter product formation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
The reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and used without further purification including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, Fisher Scientific), chloroform (CHCl3, Fisher Scientific), sodium hydroxide (solid, 97.0% NaOH, EMD Chemicals Inc.), and TAPSO buffer (99%, C7H17NO7S, Sigma-Aldrich Inc.). Other materials are MiliQ DI water, high purity gases (zero grade) that include pure nitrogen, and hydrogen-nitrogen gas mixes (5% H2 with balance N2 and 50% H2 with balance N2). The CT stock solution was prepared by adding 20 μL of the CT compound to a 160 mL borosilicate glass serum bottle containing organic-free Milli-Q water that was sealed with a Teflon-lined rubber stopper and aluminum crimp without headspace. The bottle was then placed on a rotary shaker for 72 hours to allow the CT compound to dissolve completely.
CNTs were grafted on the microcellular graphitic foam by chemical vapor deposition technique using iron as floating catalyst, details of which are published earlier [14–16]. Pd-NPs on graphitic foam and CNT-attached graphitic foam were synthesized by liquid-phase synthesis technique combined with thermal reduction process in inert atmosphere (Ar), using tetra-amine palladium nitrate as a precursor solution and hydrogen gas as a reducing agent. The details of one-coating cycle of supported Pd nanoparticle synthesis procedure used in this study are described elsewhere [9]. Figure 1 shows the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of supported Pd-NPs fabricated on foam (Pd/Foam) and on CNT-grafted foam (Pd/CNT/Foam).
2.3. Batch Degradation Studies
The bench-scale investigation of CT dechlorination was carried out in batch reactors consisting of 160 mL glass serum bottles containing supported catalyst. The supported catalysts having 10 × 5 × 2 mm3 size (Pd/Foam or Pd/CNT/Foam) were attached to the inside wall of the serum bottle using a double-sided carbon tape. TAPSO buffer (1 mM) adjusted to pH 7.5 was prepared in Milli-Q water, and 96 mL of this buffer was added to the reactors, maintaining the solution to headspace ratio of 60 : 40. The pH was monitored using a pH meter AP10 (Denver Instruments). The reactors were sealed with Teflon-lined butyl rubber stopper and sealed with aluminum crimp. The reactors were then purged for 30 min with a high purity H2-N2 gas mixture (generally with 5% H2 and balance N2, [pH2] = 0.05 atm). An aqueous CT stock solution was injected into each reactor (initial CT conc. = 200 μg L−1; initial CT amount = 0.125 μmoles) using a gas-tight syringe using established laboratory procedure [17]. The reactors were then placed on an end-over-end rotary shaker at room temperature (32 rpm, 45° inclination), so as to minimize the liquid-gas mass transfer effects. The bottles were rotated at an inclination for the solid samples to remain in contact with the solution at all times so that the reactions take place continuously.
2.4. Chemical Analysis
Carbon tetrachloride and its degradation products such as chloroform, dichloromethane, and methane were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and quantified using established laboratory procedure [17]. Headspace samples from the reactors set were analyzed to estimate their aqueous phase concentration and total amount present at each sampling time. Headspace samples were analyzed by an HP 7890 gas chromatographic system, equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD) and a flame ionization detector (FID). The peak area values of analytes from gas chromatography were transformed into their respective amount at equilibrium using laboratory calibration curves, based on a published method [18], and their dimensionless Henry’s constants: at 25°C [19]. The pH measurements were made using a handheld meter (model AP10 pH/mV/temp; Denver Instrument, Bohemia, NY) by collecting small liquid samples from the reactors at the beginning and end of each experiment.
2.5. Materials Characterization
Surface morphology of palladium nanoparticles fabricated on such hierarchical architectures (Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy technique using JEOL 7401F FE-SEM. The chemical characterization was accomplished by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) using Kratos (Axis Ultra) XPS system. XPS was performed with a monochromatized Al-Kα (1486.6 eV) source in ultrahigh vacuum environment (UHV ~10−9 Torr). The survey scans (BE: 1000–0 eV) and high-resolution fine scans of respective elements were collected. Any static charge in the samples was corrected by assigning a value of 284.4 eV to C 1s spectrum, a well-known binding energy value of carbon in graphite [20].
The chemical and physical state of fresh and used carbon supported Pd-NPs samples was investigated by repeatedly using the samples for up to three batch experiments. The conditions of each batch test include vigorous rotation of reactors at 32 rpm for 1-2 days. The samples were analyzed before and after these tests for microstructural and spectroscopic elemental data using SEM and XPS. The reusability and efficiency of Pd catalyst were also tested for its ability to degrade CT by repeatedly using the samples for up to 6-7 times.
2.6. Data Treatment
For each experiment, CT degradation rate constants were calculated based on an assumption of pseudo-first-order kinetics. All degradation experiment data were fit with a pseudo-first-order rate model, given by (1),
where (hr−1) is the observed degradation rate constant and (μmoles) is the CT amount in the reactor at time, (hr). The CT degradation rate can also be expressed in terms of half-life, (hr), time required for CT amount in the reactor to reach half of the initial CT amount (where μmoles), and obtained from the following equation:
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Reductive Dechlorination of CT
3.1.1. Comparison of Catalytic Activities of Different Materials
Batch experiments were performed using the following materials: (A) control (blank, no material), (B) foam without Pd, (C) CNT/Foam without Pd, (D) foam with Pd nanoparticles (Pd/Foam), and (E) CNT/Foam with Pd nanoparticles (Pd/CNT/Foam). Figure 2 shows the plot of carbon tetrachloride concentration versus time for these different materials (A–E). The control experiments as well as the two carbon samples without Pd catalyst (set-up A–C) showed very little or no reduction in CT amount (Figure 2). However, the reactors containing supported Pd nanoparticles (set-up D and E) showed complete degradation of CT.
Figure 3 shows the pseudo-first-order rate constant, of CT degradation obtained using Pd catalysts. It is obvious that the rate of CT dechlorination with Pd/CNT/Foam catalyst is significantly greater than that with Pd/Foam. This was expected since the CNT grafted on the microporous graphitic foam with hierarchical structure provides greater surface area for metal nanoparticles attachment per unit volume of the support and hence a greater catalytic response (Table 1). In fact, this has scope for much higher increase of CT degradation rate () in future as discussed in the next section.
Table 1: Estimated surface area of Palladium nanoparticles on different supports and values of rate constants for reduction and half-life of CT (, ) at [pH2] 0.05 atm.
3.1.2. Influence of Catalyst/Support Size
These experiments were repeated using twice the amount of Pd nanoparticle catalysts (two pieces of Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam, each 10 × 5 × 2 mm3 in size) for the same volume of liquid in each reactor. In other words, the catalyst to liquid volume was doubled. The transformation kinetics of CT with twice the amount of Pd nanoparticle catalysts showed a twofold increase in its degradation rate constant, for both types of supports (Figure 4). These results indicate that increase in the number/size of the supports (which would increase the available area of catalyst) is expected to systematically increase the catalytic activity. The rate constants and half-life of all these catalysts are tabulated in Table 1 and discussed more in the next sections.
3.1.3. Role of Hydrogen Gas Concentration
Batch experiments were performed with variations in partial pressures of H2 gas at 0, 0.05 and 0.5 atm (0%, 5%, and 50% H2 balance N2, resp.) in the reactors with Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam. Figure 5 shows significant degradation of CT in the presence of H2. While the reactor with no added H2 showed very little or no degradation of CT, the reactors with gaseous H2 present at 0.05 and 0.5 atm showed rapid and near complete CT degradation, suggesting that CT degradation was dependent on the availability of gaseous H2 as a reductant. However, the CT degradation rate constants (Table 2) were quite similar at 0.05 and 0.5 atm [pH2] and did not show significant increase at higher [pH2] both with Pd/Foam and Pd/CNT/Foam. Similar catalytic activity (Table 2) at 0.05 and 0.5 atm [pH2] may imply other factors affecting degradation, such as rate-limited mass transfer of aqueous intermediate species to/from Pd catalyst surface. The study implies that whereas the presence of H2 is required for sustained and complete degradation of CT and other similar CHCs by catalytic reductive dechlorination, excessive hydrogen enrichment may not have any additional effect. In-depth study on influence of H2 concentration is beyond the scope of this paper.
3.1.4. Formation of Daughter Products
The dechlorination of CT with supported Pd nanoparticle catalysts yielded chloroform (CF) as the major product of the reaction in all cases as shown in Figure 6. Decrease in CT concentration correlates well with increase in CF concentration until all CT is reduced. Trace amounts of formation of dichloromethane (DCM) were also produced, which may be attributed to the further reduction of CF, as after 100% reduction of CT, the CF level begins to drop indicating degradation of CF to DCM (Figures 6(b) and 6(d)).
The mechanism of catalytic reductive dechlorination of CT to CF in the presence of Pd and H2 has been discussed previously [21–23], which may proceed through numerous intermediate steps. The overall reaction may include adsorption of reactant species (H2 and CCl4) on the active sites of Pd metal, their dissociation into intermediate species followed by reaction between intermediate species to form reduced products (CHCl3 and HCl), and desorption of final products from Pd surface. Further sequential reduction of the adsorbed intermediate species to daughter products may also similarly happen before desorption from Pd surface, such as chloroform (CHCl3) transformation to dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). However, it is distinct that in the presence of these hybrid Pd structures and H2, the concentration of CT decreases with time, and CF is formed as the first by-product.
3.2. Influence of Catalyst Surface Area and Geometry
A correlation between reaction kinetics and the available surface area of the Pd component will be important for extending the application of this concept to other geometries. Table 1 plots the measured rate kinetic parameters along with palladium surface area available to unit volume of liquid. While the detailed surface morphologies of the carbon foam, as well as CNT-attached foam used in this study, have been obtained using geometrical model, the particle size distribution and surface area of Pd-NPs on these materials have also been investigated using microstructural data which is published elsewhere [9, 14]. Based on the structural data, the estimated surface area of Pd per unit volume of the hybrid catalyst structure has been obtained and is included in Table 1.
From Table 1, it is clear that for a given catalyst geometry, CT degradation results show clear scaling effect; that is, doubling the catalyst units will double the transformation rate (). However, when the simpler Pd/Foam structure is replaced with a hierarchical Pd/CNT/Foam architecture, the reaction rate increase of three to four times (300%–400%) is not to the same extent as the increase in available Pd surface of about 3,000% times or 300,000%. This strongly suggests incomplete percolation of water through the CNT forest, which may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of carbon nanotubes in general. If in the future, the CNT-grafted support can be functionalized to make it hydrophilic in nature, deeper infiltration of water can be achieved. This study indicates that improved wettability may have the potential to cause an additional 1000 times increase in dechlorination rate in the water-based environments.
3.3. Chemical and Physical Durability Test
The chemical and physical durability of carbon supported Pd-NPs samples was analyzed by characterizing the Pd-NPs of fresh and used samples, that is, before and after dechlorination tests. Figure 7 shows the SEM micrographs of Pd-NPs on CNT/Foam supports before and after three dechlorination cycles, which is a total of approximately 90 hours in the reactor at 32 rpm. It can be seen that Pd-NPs stay intact with the CNT. The physical durability of CNT-foam structures has been tested previously in various loading conditions [9, 14]. This study indicates that not only is the CNT/Foam durable, but also the Pd-NPs on these hybrid foam samples survive the prolonged movement in the rotating reactor.
The chemical state of Pd was studied on the Pd/CNT/Foam catalyst before and after CT dechlorination using XPS. The fine scans of Pd 3d, C 1s, and Cl 2p are shown in Figure 8. Pd peaks for both fresh and used catalyst were observed at 335.18 eV which indicates that the Pd-NPs did not undergo any chemical change (Figure 8(a)). The energy values of Pd 3d peaks correspond to the metallic state of Pd (Pd0) [9]. The fine scan of C 1s (Figure 8(b)) shows a prominent peak at 284.4 eV that corresponds to C–C bonding for graphitic form of carbon. The C 1s peak after CT batch test shows a satellite peak at 286.1 eV, which can be attributed to the contamination on CNT. No detectable chlorine peak (Cl 2p) was observed from the used catalysts (Figure 8(c)). This implies that the contaminations on CNT are chlorine-free carbonaceous impurities that could plausibly be from the hydrocarbons of organic TAPSO buffer.
The batch studies were also performed in duplicate and/or triplicate for each type of sample and reproducible results were observed. The CT dechlorination rate of the catalysts was monitored by reusing the samples in the batch tests. It was observed that the rate constant () values of CT degradation with these samples were consistent and remained within the error bar for six consecutive tests and total usage time of 200 hours, indicating that these hybrid catalysts are expected to be robust and reusable, at least within the ~200 hours usage time tested. Long-term tests ranging from a period of months to years may be needed in the future for deployment in real purification systems.
4. Concluding Remarks and Future Work
Two types of hybrid catalysts comprising of palladium nanoparticles supported on porous carbon have been successfully tested for reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. In this study, aqueous phase dechlorination of CT at ambient temperatures was accomplished using a bench-scale batch reactor. In the presence of hydrogen, complete degradation was observed, where CT was initially transformed to less-toxic chloroform. Pd/CNT/Foam catalyst shows 3-4 times higher activity compared to Pd/Foam catalyst. It is expected that the degradation rate can be further increased by orders of magnitude if the wettability of nanotube forests can be improved. XPS analysis of samples after a total of ~96 hours of catalytic degradation shows unchanged surface chemical states of the Pd-NPs. This architecture of Pd-NPs attached to larger hierarchical carbon supports can be recovered easily and reused multiple times. Such structures may therefore provide a nonpolluting, reusable, and cost-effective solution for the removal of organic pollutants such as CT from contaminated water.
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by Environmental Protection Agency, Ohio Third Frontier Program, and Wright State University. Equipment support from NSF-MRI award and Ohio Board of Regents is acknowledged. The authors thank Koppers Inc., for generous supply of graphitic carbon foams. The authors also appreciate technical support of Dr. S. R. Kanel of Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Airforce Base, Ohio.
References
US Environmental Protection Agengy, “Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants, Volume II,” Office of water planning and standards and Office of water and waste management, EPA-440/4-79-029b, 1979.
Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, United Nations Environment Programme, 7th edition, 2006.
R. E. Doherty, “A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States—part 1—historical background; carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene,” Environmental Forensics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 69–81, 2000.View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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1. In a large, wide, heavy saucepan over high heat, combine clams and wine. Cover and cook until clams open, about 5 minutes.
2. Using a slotted spoon, transfer clams to a bowl, discarding any that did not open. Strain the cooking liquid through a sieve lined with damp cheesecloth placed over a large bowl. Remove clams from shells; chop coarsely, capturing and straining any of the juices. Measure the cooking liquid, and add enough clam juice to measure 5 cups.
3. In a large saucepan over medium-low heat, warm the oil. Add bacon and onions; cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 10 minutes.
4. Raise heat to high. Add reserved liquid, and bring to a boil. Add potatoes, then reduce heat to low; cook, uncovered, until the potatoes are almost completely cooked but still slightly firm, 10 to 15 minutes.
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5. Add clams; simmer until heated through, about 4 minutes. Add cream, then season with black pepper and cayenne. Swirl in butter.
6. Ladle the chowder into warmed bowls, garnish with parsley and serve.
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A common theme at failed banks: CEOs refused to hear bad news.
What are some of the characteristics that many of our most troubled banks shared in common?
Certainly, one factor was that their territories frequently had economic difficulties - so that a good economy was no longer bailing out poor credit decisions.
On top of this, many of these troubled institutions had concentrated all their lending in their local regions, so they had no chance to avoid trouble when their states' economies slumped.
And this situation was to a large extent the result of our strict state branching laws, which hemmed in banks.
It's Management that Counts
But there's more to the story. After all, many banks have made it despite poor territories.
And the disparity between banks that did well and those that didn't - in both good and bad territories - shows that the key to success is management and the corporate culture that the managers have imposed.
Trying to find the common characteristics of the corporate culture of many of our notorious problem banks, I have been told over and over again by people who worked for these institutions that one of the most common traits of the chief executive officers of these banks is that they didn't want any bad news.
The old practice of killing the bearer of bad news had its effect on subordinates in many institutions, with the result that after a while the CEO felt that everything was wonderful.
Anger Instead of Action
For example, I was told that when the head of one major bank, now the property of the FDIC, was told at a meeting by one officer that there were troubles brewing in the credits in his region, the response of the CEO was to get angry and yell: "Quit moaning and start loaning!"
Far more serious, I talked with a lending officer of a bank that had participated on a loan to finance a resort hotel with a bank run by a "no bad news" CEO.
The hotel got into trouble, and the officer I talked to wanted to take it over before it went bankrupt.
The account officer of the "no bad news" bank responded, however: "We don't foreclose on property if we don't have to, because then we would have to tell the chief, and as long as it is still operating, he doesn't have to know."
But when these CEOs who have wrecked their banks, ruined the careers of so many bank people, and cost the shareholders and taxpayers so much money are asked what went wrong, many report: "It was someone else's fault" or "The loan officers let me down" or "It was the change in the tax act that caused my bank to fail."
Who Was Watching the CEOs?
What about the boards? It is obvious that many knew little or nothing.
We saw in official records, for example, that Bank of New England directors were buying the bank's stock just shortly before the stories of financial disaster hit the press and the stock plummeted. Obviously, they had been given the same optimistic forecasts.
But how are boards picked? They are usually picked by the CEO and remain in place based on his consent.
In too many instances, it is only when the board members see the rising tide of lawsuits, inquiries from the examiners, and other rare notices that they might be held personally responsible for some of the bank's losses that they dig in and try to decide if they have left this institution under proper guidance.
A Know-Nothing Philosophy
Again we have seen too many boards that are composed of people with the same know-nothing philosophy as the CEOs in question.
"Look, I'm just a druggist. What do I know about running a bank?" is the way many respond when questioned on their status.
Would a pharmacist sell pills without knowing what he is selling? No. Yet he sits on a bank board and accepts whatever he is told.
In time we are likely to see the end of the "too big to fail" doctrine. This should result in depositors with more than the insured ceiling taking a haircut on the value of their claim in any bank that fails - large or small.
Such a reform would result in large depositors needing private insurance. And this in turn would involve an investigation of the bank to help the insurer set his actuarial position and evaluate his risk.
One can only hope that when such investigation does take place, we will see emphasis on the corporate culture, the willingness of the CEO to hear the truth and to act on it, and on the board knowing what it is doing and fulfilling its role as the only group that can override a CEO who decides to operate his bank like a feudal lord would.
This is far more important for the future of banking than counting the cash and deciding what the assets would be worth if we evaluated them at market instead of book as interest rates shift.
Mr. Nadler is a contributing editor of the American Banker and professor of finance at the Rutgers University Graduate School of Management.
|
racket head size
I think there were discussions on this in the past - but I can't find a definitive answer.
When racket specs are published, and they say 'racket head: 98 sq' - how exact is that number? I'm asking since I was doing some measurements on my own (I know, I have too much time) and the area I was getting was consistently bigger than what the advertised number was.
Like advertised 95 was more of 99 sq, 98 was around 105 and so on. (tried with few head rackets).
I have only one Head racquet (Head 660 Lady) which is nominally 660 square centimeters (102 sq. inches).
According to my measures (inside the hoop), the head area is 661 square centimeters, which is practically as advertised (I calculated the area of "ideal" ellipse, while the actual shape is slightly like the teardrop, so that may cause slight variations).
For Wilson BLX Pro Open I calculated 636/98, slightly less than advertised 645/100.
Take a piece of paper larger than the head of the racquet. Measure it and determine its area in cm (length x width). Weigh it on a small scale, in grams for ease of calculation but you can use the imperial system if you are a nostalgic. Divide weight by surface. Save the result. Draw the internal circumference of the head of the racquet. Cut out the oval and weigh it. Divide the result by the number saved previously. The result is the area in square centimeters (or whatever units you used). Simple enough.
Take a piece of paper larger than the head of the racquet. Measure it and determine its area in cm (length x width). Weigh it on a small scale, in grams for ease of calculation but you can use the imperial system if you are a nostalgic. Divide weight by surface. Save the result. Draw the internal circumference of the head of the racquet. Cut out the oval and weigh it. Divide the result by the number saved previously. The result is the area in square centimeters (or whatever units you used). Simple enough.
Most modern rackets (not the tear-shaped ones of the past) have heads which are approximately ellipses. Measure the "length" a and "width" b in inches of the head at the maximum span points. The area is (0.785*a*b) square inches.
its very difficult to calculate a racket head area on your own since its not a perfect ellipse or circle so you might be getting wrong numbers because you are not using the correct calculations.
Click to expand...
yah, but why do you think I was assuming that a racket head is an ellipse or a circle?
What I did was to take a picture of a racket next to a shape (like a rectangle or a circle) with a known area in sq inches. Imported that into any decent image editor. In the editor I find out how many pixels the racket head area takes. I also find out how many pixels the known-size area takes. Once I have that it is a simple equation to find out the area of the racket head.
Works pretty well. Just need to be careful to take proper pictures and do some image editing magic to make sure that in the editor the pixels are counted properly.
To be even more sure I usually take pictures of the racket next to multiple shapes with known area. That way I can re-verify the measurements and pixels-to-area equations. Since I know the areas of at least two shapes I can verify if the pixel ratio for those two shapes makes sense (as it needs to be the same ratio as the ratio of their areas).
For example, I measured and compared my 4D 200 Tours and PSGTs, both unstrung. The hieght and width of the frames is the same. The PSGTs simoly have a lttle more space in the bottom "corners" and play like a more forgiving version of the 95" 200s.
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Clinical governance.
NHS Education for Scotland has created an e-library portal to an online catalogue of modules and courses related to clinical governance.
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/*
* (C) Copyright 2014
* Texas Instruments Incorporated.
* Felipe Balbi <[email protected]>
*
* Configuration settings for the TI Beagle x15 board.
* See ti_omap5_common.h for omap5 common settings.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
*/
#ifndef __CONFIG_AM57XX_EVM_H
#define __CONFIG_AM57XX_EVM_H
#include <environment/ti/dfu.h>
#include <linux/sizes.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
#define CONFIG_IODELAY_RECALIBRATION
#endif
#define CONFIG_NR_DRAM_BANKS 2
/* MMC ENV related defines */
#define CONFIG_SYS_MMC_ENV_DEV 1 /* eMMC */
#define CONFIG_SYS_MMC_ENV_PART 0
#define CONFIG_ENV_SIZE SZ_128K
#define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET 0x260000
#define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_REDUND (CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET + CONFIG_ENV_SIZE)
#define CONFIG_SYS_REDUNDAND_ENVIRONMENT
#define CONSOLEDEV "ttyO2"
#define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_COM1 UART1_BASE /* Base EVM has UART0 */
#define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_COM2 UART2_BASE /* UART2 */
#define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_COM3 UART3_BASE /* UART3 */
#define CONFIG_ENV_EEPROM_IS_ON_I2C
#define CONFIG_SYS_I2C_EEPROM_ADDR 0x50 /* Main EEPROM */
#define CONFIG_SYS_I2C_EEPROM_ADDR_LEN 2
#define CONFIG_SYS_OMAP_ABE_SYSCK
/* Define the default GPT table for eMMC */
#define PARTS_DEFAULT \
/* Linux partitions */ \
"uuid_disk=${uuid_gpt_disk};" \
"name=rootfs,start=2MiB,size=-,uuid=${uuid_gpt_rootfs}\0" \
/* Android partitions */ \
"partitions_android=" \
"uuid_disk=${uuid_gpt_disk};" \
"name=xloader,start=128K,size=256K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_xloader};" \
"name=bootloader,size=1792K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_bootloader};" \
"name=environment,size=128K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_environment};" \
"name=misc,size=128K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_misc};" \
"name=reserved,size=256K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_reserved};" \
"name=efs,size=16M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_efs};" \
"name=crypto,size=16K,uuid=${uuid_gpt_crypto};" \
"name=recovery,size=10M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_recovery};" \
"name=boot,size=10M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_boot};" \
"name=system,size=768M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_system};" \
"name=cache,size=256M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_cache};" \
"name=ipu1,size=1M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_ipu1};" \
"name=ipu2,size=1M,uuid=${uuid_gpt_ipu2};" \
"name=userdata,size=-,uuid=${uuid_gpt_userdata}"
#define DFUARGS \
"dfu_bufsiz=0x10000\0" \
DFU_ALT_INFO_MMC \
DFU_ALT_INFO_EMMC \
DFU_ALT_INFO_RAM \
#include <configs/ti_omap5_common.h>
/* Enhance our eMMC support / experience. */
#define CONFIG_HSMMC2_8BIT
/* CPSW Ethernet */
#define CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS /* Configurable parts of CMD_DHCP */
#define CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS2
#define CONFIG_BOOTP_SEND_HOSTNAME
#define CONFIG_BOOTP_GATEWAY
#define CONFIG_BOOTP_SUBNETMASK
#define CONFIG_NET_RETRY_COUNT 10
#define CONFIG_DRIVER_TI_CPSW /* Driver for IP block */
#define CONFIG_MII /* Required in net/eth.c */
#define PHY_ANEG_TIMEOUT 8000 /* PHY needs longer aneg time at 1G */
#define CONFIG_SUPPORT_EMMC_BOOT
/* USB xHCI HOST */
#define CONFIG_USB_XHCI_OMAP
#define CONFIG_OMAP_USB_PHY
#define CONFIG_OMAP_USB3PHY1_HOST
/* SATA */
#define CONFIG_LIBATA
#define CONFIG_SCSI_AHCI
#define CONFIG_SCSI_AHCI_PLAT
#define CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_SCSI_ID 1
#define CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_LUN 1
#define CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_DEVICE (CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_SCSI_ID * \
CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_LUN)
/*
* Default to using SPI for environment, etc.
* 0x000000 - 0x040000 : QSPI.SPL (256KiB)
* 0x040000 - 0x140000 : QSPI.u-boot (1MiB)
* 0x140000 - 0x1C0000 : QSPI.u-boot-spl-os (512KiB)
* 0x1C0000 - 0x1D0000 : QSPI.u-boot-env (64KiB)
* 0x1D0000 - 0x1E0000 : QSPI.u-boot-env.backup1 (64KiB)
* 0x1E0000 - 0x9E0000 : QSPI.kernel (8MiB)
* 0x9E0000 - 0x2000000 : USERLAND
*/
#define CONFIG_SYS_SPI_KERNEL_OFFS 0x1E0000
#define CONFIG_SYS_SPI_ARGS_OFFS 0x140000
#define CONFIG_SYS_SPI_ARGS_SIZE 0x80000
/* SPI SPL */
#define CONFIG_TI_EDMA3
#define CONFIG_SPL_SPI_LOAD
#define CONFIG_SYS_SPI_U_BOOT_OFFS 0x40000
/* SPI */
#define CONFIG_TI_SPI_MMAP
#define CONFIG_SF_DEFAULT_SPEED 76800000
#define CONFIG_SF_DEFAULT_MODE SPI_MODE_0
#define CONFIG_QSPI_QUAD_SUPPORT
#endif /* __CONFIG_AM57XX_EVM_H */
|
Chinese medicinal formula Guan-Xin-Er-Hao protects the heart against oxidative stress induced by acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats.
Guan-Xin-Er-Hao (GXEH) is a Chinese medicine formula for treating ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and has a favorable effect. Our aim was to examine whether or not acute oral GXEH could protect the heart against myocardial infarction and apoptosis in acute myocardial ischemic rats. If so, we would explain the antioxidative mechanism involved. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded to induce myocardial ischemia in hearts of Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of the 3h ischemic period (or 24h for infarct size), we measured the myocardial infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and the activities of antioxidative enzymes. GXEH reduced infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-peroxidase (GPX) activities and the serum level of glutathione (GSH). GXEH exerts significant cardioprotective effects against acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats, likely through its antioxidation and antilipid peroxidative properties, and thus may be used as a promising agent for both prophylaxis and treatment of IHD.
|
Then I found out that Gérard had saved the best Château for last: Azay-le-Rideau, an exquisite, almost miniaturized gem on an intimate bend in the River Loire, with a cobalt blue roof and perfectly symmetrical turrets to match. The sight of it took my breath away.
We admired it from all outside angles, then entered and followed the crowds through the unadorned but magnificent hallways and up the imposing stone stairways. Unlike some of the other castles, the interior was bathed with light, an effect emphasized by the near-whiteness of its stone walls and staircases.
When we had gotten to the upper limit allowed to the public, I spied a rope blocking off the top floor and began to descend the staircase. Gérard, however, stopped me.
"Hang the rope," he said. "Let’s see what’s up there."
"But it’s not allowed," I argued. "That’s obvious - from the rope suspended over the stairway."
"Who’s to know?"
He glanced around quickly to see if anyone was looking. Then, seizing the opportunity, he grabbed me and headed up the stairs.
It soon became evident why the uppermost regions of the castle were off-limits. The floors were in disrepair, as were the walls. This did not bother Gérard. Seeing a closed door, he immediately tried to unfasten it, and after a considerable amount of effort he managed to pry it open. Pulling me inside, he then closed the door behind us.
We had entered an otherworldly atmosphere: a cavernous attic with uncharacteristically high ceilings, where assorted antique items were stored that hadn’t yet found homes. In spite of its lack of decor, the room had a vibration of ancient times and events oozing from every nook and cranny. We looked around, awed, at this quiet, magical place, then Gérard pulled me to him.
"I want to make love to you here," he whispered.
I panicked. "What? Here? What if someone… catches us?"
"No one will. It’s off-limits, after all." He kissed my neck hotly. "Oh, I’m so turned on by you."
My mind raced as I considered the consequences of such an audacious act. What could happen if we were caught? We’d be thrown out of the castle, for sure, but would we be arrested? Would I be thrown out of the country?
Ancient voices seemed to whistle around my ears as I pondered my fate. The atmosphere was so intimate, so steeped in antiquity. It would be like joining a guild of spirits, former lords and ladies who had themselves stolen behind the ancient wooden door and indulged in their private fantasies.
Thus I threw caution to the winds as I let myself be carried away by the passion and desire of my companion, one of the descendants of these voices from the past. We made love quickly and urgently, at once excited and frightened by the threat of being discovered. And for a few brief moments, I had become a denizen of that ancient Château of the Loire.
Violinist turned author ERICA MINER has had a multi-faceted career as an award-winning author, screenwriter, journalist and lecturer. A native of Detroit, she studied violin with Boston Symphony Orchestra concertmaster Joseph Silverstein at Boston University where she graduated cum laude; the New England Conservatory of Music; and the Tanglewood Music Center, summer home of the Boston Symphony, where she performed with such celebrated conductors as Leonard Bernstein and Erich Leinsdorf. Erica went on to perform with the prestigious Metropolitan Opera Company for twenty-one years, where she worked closely with renowned maestro James Levine.
When injuries from a car accident spelled the end of her musical career, Erica drew upon her lifelong love of writing for inspiration and studied screenwriting in New York and Los Angeles with script gurus Linda Seger and Ken Rotcop. Erica’s screenplays have won awards in a number of recognized competitions such as WinFemme, Santa Fe and the Writer’s Digest.
Inspired by journals she wrote during her travel adventures abroad, Erica penned the novel and screenplay of Travels With My Lovers, winner of the Fiction Prize in the Direct from the Author Book Awards. She also has written the feature screenplay and TV Series Bible for FourEver Friends, the first in her journal-based novel series chronicling four teenage girls' coming of age in Detroit in the volatile 1960s, as well as subsequent novel in the series, which are set in Boston and New York. In addition, Erica has written the screenplay of her suspense novel Murder In The Pit, published by Twilight Times Books, which takes place at the Met Opera. She is now at work on a sequel to this highly successful thriller.
Erica's lectures, seminars and workshops on writing and on opera have received kudos in venues across the West Coast, including the Wagner Societies of New York, Los Angeles, San Diego and Northern California; and on the High Seas, where she was named a top-rated speaker for both Royal Caribbean and Celebrity Cruise Lines. Her many topics range from "The Art of Self Re-Invention" to "Journaling for Writers: Mining the Gold of Your Own Experiences”, "Wagner and Bernstein: Parallels and Contrasts" and "Opera Meets Hollywood."
TV Land's comedy breakout smash, YOUNGER, has struck a chord with women across America, garnering a devoted female TV audience during its first two seasons.
The main character is a single mother who is looking for love, a theme that has resonated deeply throughout the country since the birth of Women's Lib. With upwards of 13 million single moms (not to mention countless single “Bridget Jones” sympathizers) residing in the US, author and former Metropolitan Opera violinist Erica Miner offers hope to women who are desperately seeking an escape from the the doldrums of single life and find personal fulfillment, through her award-winning novel, Travels With My Lovers.
Drawing on her journals written while traveling in Europe both solo and with her children, Miner penned her novel with a dual goal: first, to entertain; and second, to speak to all generations of women, past, present, and future, and encourage them to express their emotional freedom.
Miner has taken her expertise on the road, lecturing to audiences from California to the East Coast to the High Seas on such subjects as “Journaling to Empower Your Life,” “Relationships and the Single Mom” and “The Journey of Self-Reinvention.” A former “Desperate Housewife” who survived to tell the tale, Erica is currently available for media interviews.
KUDOS
“Travels With My Lovers is a sensual and involving saga, adroitly presented and skillfully narrated.”
James A. Cox, The Midwest Book Review
“...From funny to frustrating and everything in between...chronicles a woman’s sexual awakening with humor and wisdom.”
Amy Brozio-Andrews, Absolute.Write.com
|
Homicide Investigation
Just after 12 p.m. Saturday, Loves Park police found 25-year-old Billy Jones dead in his apartment. This all took place at Covey Ridge Lane. An autopsy is set for Monday.
Police are looking for a person of interest who was last seen driving a 2001 green Chrysler Sebring. The plate number is RAVN28. Police have also released a name. Tey are looking for 26-year-old Bradley Edward Jones. If anyone has any information contact your local police department.
Online Public Information File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or [email protected].
|
Q:
Battery charging issue in Samsung Galaxy S3
I have a Samsung Galaxy S3 and it is charging very very slowly when plugged into my PC. I deleted all my images and some videos and some other stuff and the charging seemed to speed up.
Is battery charging is related to available memory? I didn't think it was.
A:
My guess would be that Media Scanner was scanning a lot of files. Hence, eating up CPU resources and battery. Now that you have lesser files, it's probably not working as hard. See if you have Media or android.process.media in System > Battery.
A rogue app or a corrupted file could be causing Media to work hard.
You could also try to clear the phone's cache to see if that helps. Boot into recovery mode, and clear cache partition.
|
What is Remote Screening?
Remote screening allows security checkpoint operators to be positioned away from the lane to perform X-ray image analysis. By doing so, it provides airports with increased flexibility as screening agents can share the workload to counter the effects of traffic variation and improve operational efficiency.
multiplexing
Otherwise called Centralized Image Processing (CIP), the technology allows airports to control the lane to operator ratio thanks to multiplexing, which removes the one to one relationship between screeners and X-ray scanners. When traffic is high, multiple operators can analyze the images coming from a single lane. When traffic is low, a single operator can analyze the images coming from multiple lanes.
|
Introduction {#s1}
============
Pterygium is the abnormal overgrowth of ocular conjunctival tissue. It affects visual acuity when it spreads to the cornea, especially when near the level of the pupil margin. Although the pathogenesis of pterygium is not clearly understood, ultraviolet (UV) light is widely accepted as its single most important etiological factor. UV radiation may trigger a chain of events that can damage DNA, RNA, and the extracellular matrix [@pone.0043500-Solomon1]. The incidence of pterygia is high in tropical regions, especially in the equatorial zone between latitudes of 30 degrees north and south [@pone.0043500-Hoffman1]. Pterygium treatments are complicated because of the high rate of recurrence of the disease [@pone.0043500-Avisar1]. Mitomycin C, thiotepa, amniotic membrane transplantation, limbal conjunctival auto graft transplantation, and β irradiation have been used in the management of pterygium recurrence after resection [@pone.0043500-Mahar1], [@pone.0043500-Solomon2], [@pone.0043500-Ang1], [@pone.0043500-AlanizCamino1]. Bevacizumab, a novel monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, has also been used to prevent recurrence [@pone.0043500-FallahTafti1]. β-irradiation, such as that using strontium-90 (Sr90), has been used for half a century for the prevention of pterygium recurrence. However, although the therapeutic effects of irradiation are obvious, side effects, such as scleral necrosis, cataracts, and ocular infection, that may eventually cause blindness have also been noted [@pone.0043500-Isohashi1]--[@pone.0043500-Rowen1].
Most irradiation treatments have been typically carried out immediately after surgery and with a single dose of about 2500 cGy. In our study, we used Sr90 irradiation to prevent pterygium recurrence through a safer and relatively more convenient strategy, that is, at a total dose of 2000 cGy to 3000 cGy delivered in three batches starting from the sixth day after surgery. A 10-year follow-up was carried out, and the results obtained are encouraging.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Ethical statement: The study complies with the protocols reviewed and approved by the independent ethics committee of the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The clinical trial registration number of this study is ChiCTR-ONC-12001981. Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Patients with pterygium were recruited from December 1999 to December 2000 at the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Ability to visit the Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences and finish the three irradiation treatments; (2) willingness to be followed up; and (3) no serious systemic diseases, especially connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome or congenital collagen defects . One hundred twenty eyes from 104 patients were studied. All of the patients enrolled were Chinese aged from 23 years to 78 years, with a mean age of 55.19 years ±8.22 years. Cataracts were observed in 52 eyes (43.3%) with different severities at the basal level. Sixteen eyes presented with recurrent pterygia, one of which had relapsed twice and had undergone a third surgery before being subjected to Sr90 irradiation. All but one patient received surgery, and all patients received Sr90 irradiation following surgery, if any. The surgery was a combination of two classical procedures : Excision [@pone.0043500-Song1] + transposition [@pone.0043500-Song2], briefly , it involved a pterygium resection from the corneal surface, removal of the head and neck parts of the pterygium, and translocation of the remaining body part downward and its embedment under the conjunctiva. All surgeries were conducted by the same ophthalmologist. Tobramycindexamethasone eye drops were applied three times a day after surgery for 2 weeks.
Sr90 irradiation was carried out at the Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences using a Sr90 ophthalmic bowl-shaped applicator (Amersham, Germany). The outer diameter of the active area was 12 mm and the sensitive area of the probe was 0.5 mm thick and approximately 3 mm in diameter. A mimic picture of the applicator was shown in the supporting file [Figure S1](#pone.0043500.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Irradiation was conducted starting on the sixth day after the surgery, when the sutures of the conjunctiva were removed. Irradiation was carried out in three batches every other day, each at a dosage of 700 cGy (A timer was set for application duration according to the dose rate of the source at the treating time, the maximum error of dose rate was ±10%), if the arc length of the pterygium at the corneal margin was over 3mm, two irradiations were applied side by side at the first treatment. So a total combined dosage ranging from 2000 cGy to 3000 cGy was applied.
Patients were followed up 2 days, 5 days (at which time the irradiation was conducted), 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years after surgery.
Corneal topographic examinations were conducted in 18 eyes from 17 patients (EyeSys System 2000 Corneal Analysis System, EyeSys, USA) before and 1 week after surgery.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16 (SPSS, Inc.). Comparisons between parametric changes in corneal topography before and after surgery was done using paired samples t-test with p\<0.05 signifying statistical significance.
Results {#s3}
=======
All of the eyes showed conjunctival congestion at the 2-day and 5-day follow-up. Six eyes (5%) showed delayed corneal epithelial healing 2 weeks post surgery, which were resolved at 1 month post-surgery follow-up or earlier. The number of eyes and the major ocular conditions are shown in [Table 1](#pone-0043500-t001){ref-type="table"}. Five patients died before the 10-year follow-up. At the 10-year follow-up, 4 eyes (3.48%) from 4 patients aged 65 years or older had undergone cataract surgery. Two eyes (1.74%) developed obviously progressed cataracts. We did not observe pterygium recurrence in any of the patients in the study, including the one without surgery. [Figure 1](#pone-0043500-g001){ref-type="fig"} shows the ocular surface of the patient who underwent surgery three times before receiving Sr90 irradiation.
{#pone-0043500-g001}
10.1371/journal.pone.0043500.t001
###### Number of eyes (%) with different ocular manifestations in the follow-ups.
{#pone-0043500-t001-1}
Ocular manifestations
----------------------- ------------ ------------ --- --- ----------
2 days 120 (100%) 32 (26.7%) 0 0 0
5 days 82 (68.3%) 0 0 0 0
2 weeks 12 (10%) 6 (5%) 0 0 0
1 month 5 (4.2%) 0 0 0 0
3 months 0 0 0 0 0
1 year 0 0 0 0 0
5 years 0 0 0 0 3 (2.5%)
10 years 0 0 0 0 6 (5.2%)
Corneal topographic examinations showed significant preoperative with-the-role astigmatism and a statistically significant reduction in astigmatism after surgery. Data are shown in [Table 2](#pone-0043500-t002){ref-type="table"} (paired samples T-test).
10.1371/journal.pone.0043500.t002
###### Changes in corneal topographic refraction before and after pterygial operation.
{#pone-0043500-t002-2}
Before After p-value[\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
----------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------------------------------------
Steepest radium(D) 44.42±1.59 44.98±1.73 *0.0407*
Flattest radium(D) 42.51±1.48 43.93±1.50 ***0.0007***
Mean refraction(D) 43.60±1.97 44.14±1.74 0.1158
Central refraction(D) 43.90±1.83 44.35±1.75 0.0559
Astigmatism (D) 1.91±1.10 1.05±0.91 ***0.0034***
paired samples t-test.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Sr90 only emits β-irradiation. It decreases cell division, prolongs the inter-division period, blocks the microvessels, and thus induces rapid cell decay. Tissue permeability of Sr90 is low, the percentage depth dose in tissue drops to 41% at 1 mm (the conjunctiva level), 9% at 3 mm (the sclera level) and almost zero at 5 mm (The Lens level) [@pone.0043500-Jaros1]. Beta- irradiation of pterygium is a traditional treatment with many new methods of delivery [@pone.0043500-Kirwan1]. The time and amount of Sr90 application are the foci of radiation management. Traditionally, Sr90 irradiation is applied immediately after surgery with a single dose ranging from 750 cGy to 5200 cGy. The most serious side effects of single-dose irradiation include scleral ulceration or even perforation. Cataract development has also been noted in long-term follow-up [@pone.0043500-Moriarty1], [@pone.0043500-Tarr1]. The proposed method of applying irradiation in fractions thus appears to be a safer approach [@pone.0043500-Nishimura1], [@pone.0043500-Smith1], [@pone.0043500-Wilder1]. The optimal time for postoperative irradiation is also controversial. Aswad [@pone.0043500-Aswad1] found immediate postoperative irradiation was associated with a lower rate of recurrence than irradiation given 4 days postoperatively. Bernstein and Unger [@pone.0043500-Bernstein1] obtained the best results when irradiation was given before the fourth postoperative day. Isohashi et al. [@pone.0043500-Isohashi1] suggested that performing the irradiation at a certain interval after surgery might improve therapy outcome. Cooper and Lerch [@pone.0043500-Cooper1] found that radiation therapy begun 4 days after surgery resulted in fewer recurrences than radiation administered within 3 days of surgery. In our study, we assigned the irradiation 6 days after surgery, when the conjunctival lesion caused by surgery had healed, and the irradiative effects were favourable. Even for the case without surgery, Sr90 irradiation alone could effectively control the pterygium. Pajic and Greiner treated 54 primary pterygia with an exclusive Sr90/yttrium-90 beta irradiation up to a total dose of 50 Gy. In the long term follow-up (averaging 112+/-88 months and ranging from 12 months to 321 months), a reduction in the size of every pterygium was observed, and none of the 54 pterygia developed recurrent growth. In addition, no patient manifested any late side effects [@pone.0043500-Pajic1]. These studies suggest that the interval before irradiation may not be crucial and a slight delay in application may have the advantage of thorough wound healing and less chances of infection. We used a moderate dosage of 2000 cGy to 3000 cGy delivered three times in a staggered system, the larger dose was assigned to lesions over 3mm. This was similar to a semi-personalised treatment, because the severity of the disease differed among patients, theoretically applying the same dose to extremely different cases cannot produce the same result. At the 10-year follow-up, this treatment regimen proved safer than and as effective as single-dose irradiation, consistent with the regimen proposed by Ali et al. [@pone.0043500-Ali1], who reviewed more than 6000 cases of pterygia treated with different fractionation schemes and concluded that 30 Gy in 3 fractions over 2 weeks to 3 weeks is effective and safe. No recurrence was observed in any of our patients, including the one who received surgery three times. For the lone patient without surgery, the pterygium decreased by the 10-year follow-up visit. The recurrence rate obtained is lower than the commonly reported 10%. This result may be independent of the extent of pterygia. The sizes of the pterygia cases in our study (with a mean horizontal length of 3.68 mm ±1.66 mm) were larger than those reported by Pavilack et al. (with a mean horizontal length of 2.00 mm ±1.00 mm) [@pone.0043500-Pavilack1]. The "triad" procedure (i.e., Excision + transposition + irradiation) and avoidance of repeated scrubbing during operation may have also contributed to the reduction in recurrence. In our clinical experience, for patients without irradiation, the recurrence rate for primary pterygia was about 10% but not more than 20% (not a statistical result). The inclusion criteria in this study were mainly focused on the patients' availability. Whether there was a low risk group--which could be treated exclusively with surgery, or a high risk group--which should be treated with a combination of surgery and brachytherapy is to be further investigated. Six patients developed evident cataracts. We believe that this finding cannot be completely attributed to irradiation, considering that the patients were all at an advanced age and the cataract incidence was low. Recently, Viani et al. [@pone.0043500-Viani1] reported the result of treatment with two different fractionation schedules of β-irradiation, the high fractionation group was assigned 5Gy within 7 fractions (7d/wk, total dose 35Gy), the low fractionation group was assigned 2Gy within 10 fractions (5d/wk, total dose 20Gy), they found no significant difference in the control rate (the 3-year recurrence rate in both group was less than 8%), but the low-dose fractionation group had better cosmetic effects and fewer symptoms. They also calculated the biological effective dose (BED): BED = *nd* \[1+ *d*/(*α/β*)\] [@pone.0043500-Barendsen1], and got a very low BED of 24 Gy~10~ for the low fractionation group. But the minimal radiation dose which can control pterygia is still to be confined. During the entire follow-up period, the only adverse effect was observed in one woman who reported to have dry eyes and foreign body sensation but had an otherwise intact corneal epithelium. The good control rate and minimal side-effects proved our treatment regimen could be advocated. Corneal topographic examinations showed that astigmatism caused by pterygium decreased rapidly after surgery.
This study proves that Sr90 irradiation is effective against the recurrence of primary and recurrent pterygia. A total combined dose of 2000 cGy to 3000 cGy delivered in three fractions every other day starting on the sixth day post-surgery is recommended. As well, a "triad" treatment (i.e., excision, transposition, and irradiation) is recommended for the management of pterygium.
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
**Mimic picture of the applicator.**
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
We are grateful to all of the patients who participated in our study. We thank Prof. Meilan Gao (Ret.) from Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences who conducted the Sr90 irradiation.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: XJQ. Performed the experiments: XJQ HMC LG YYG. Analyzed the data: XJQ HMC LG YYG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XJQ HMC LG YYG. Wrote the paper: XJQ HMC LG YYG.
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Richard Scheuring
Richard Anthony Scheuring, D.O., FAsMA is an osteopathic physician and a NASA flight surgeon. Dr. Scheuring holds the rank of lieutenant colonel and was involved in the constellation program at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. He graduated from Midwestern University's Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1993 and completed a family medicine residency. After completing his first residency, Dr. Scheuring pursued additional training in aerospace medicine and preventive medicine at Wright State University.
See also
Flight surgeon
Space medicine
References
Category:Living people
Category:American osteopathic physicians
Category:Space medicine
Category:Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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iməˈCHo͝or,ˌiməˈto͝or/
Category Archives: Designs
The GAAC (Grupos Apoio a Adesão Comunitária, or Support Groups for Community Adherence) program is booming across Mozambique, and for good reason. Still in its infancy, the program is designed to reduce high levels of patient abandonment rates by establishing support groups in the community for patients living with HIV and on ART (antiretroviral therapy) treatment and addressing the barriers to continued treatment.
Five or six HIV patients from a similar area of town who have been taking ART medication for more than six months form a group with the help from staff in the hospital. When the group needs medication from the hospital, one member of the group is in charge of entering the hospital, visiting with the medical staff, and acquiring all the medication for every member of the group and then distributing it, reducing the number of patients waiting in the hospital and limiting the negative effects of stigma and travel costs.
The program is extremely successful with plans to expand the program in more rural areas around the country.
Design
Designing has been a stress reliever of mine going back to the days of my advertising major at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, where I completed designs for the Nebraska Alumni Association and Pinnacle Bank following graduation. When my interests switched to public health, my design work has mainly been for friends, family, and Etsy clients to scratch the itch. Here in Mozambique, designing is my link to my creative side, and I constantly search for ways to connect design, journalism, and health through my projects.
GAAC Logo Concepts
A fellow volunteer and an INGO asked volunteers to attempt a GAAC logo for the program. While these designs are basically just concepts right now, they have been sent to those in charge of the program for potential inclusion in printed material and promotional use. Below are initial ideas for the logo followed by the finished logo (also included at top).
Pyramid of Growth
The idea of the two A’s as two sides of a pyramid with the arrows representing growth, progress, while also resembling two homes was an intriguing idea, but ultimately the obscurity of it would be too difficult for the average community member to see or understand.
Speech Bubble
Since the program is basically advertised by word of mouth around the hospital and neighborhoods, the idea of a speech bubble incorporating the two arrows (as growth and homes) seemed on a better path toward the final logo design. However, the more and more I look at this, the more it feels like the GAP logo (=whoops).
Speech Bubble + Hospital and House
Using a similar design to the speech bubble one above, this design allows for better understanding through the use of recognizable symbols (cross for the hospital, houses bunched together and the fences for the neighborhoods), but it is still missing the key element that makes GAAC such a successful program: the human element.
Helping Hands
Pretty self-explanatory, but the inclusion of the people is easier to understand (also with the cross on the doctor/nurse’s outfit). Still, the design felt like it was now missing the community element, so it seemed like the best route would be to attempt to merge the two.
Community on the Hill
Incorporating the community aspect (the hospital, houses) and also the human aspect (the party under bulb-light!), this design is easier to understand as a community working together toward some common goal. However, since the program is still essentially new in the country, the letters alone don’t convey what the group is about.
GAAC Final Logo
Using the same design from above, the inclusion of the explanation of the acronym provides a better understanding of the purpose of the program and highlights the importance of the word community.
This final logo has been sent off for approval in hopes that it’ll be used to help promote the groups across the country. A friend of mine took a couple photos of the logos being used on promotional fliers in her hospital in the town of Macomia in Cabo Delgado province.
Like this:
One rumor about Peace Corps is true: There is a lot of time for reading. Since we are buried in intimidating statistics all day, light reading is usually the avenue of choice. After reading Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn, I decided to continue and read her first novel, Sharp Objects. While the material might be a bit ugly for many, Flynn writes her main characters with the same insecurities, emotional fragilities that many of us are quite familiar. Her novels don’t simply have you rooting for the hero. They make us question whether we should. This is one of my favorite quotes from her first novel. It resonates with me, and I’m not sure why. Maybe it’s better not to know why. (Photo: Lurio River outside of Namapa, Mozambique, by Alek Shybut).
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In attendance for the event were state Sen. Stewart Greenleaf, R-12, and Zach Shamberg, campaign manager for state Rep. Todd Stephens, R-151, speaking on his behalf, who each presented citations celebrating the anniversary.
According to Marvin Mashner, president and CEO of ACTS Retirement-Life Communities, the facility opened in 1972 under the original name Open Door Estate. As a part of the ACTS Retirement-Life Communities, it’s a place for seniors 62 and above that combines residential apartment living with long-term care services, including assisted living and skilled care residences.
The facility was founded on the basis of providing a better life for the aging population.
“It’s been a blessing both to our area and to the nation. I go to almost all of your facilities on a regular basis during the year as well as some other facilities and it’s very hard to compare or to match what is provided here in this facility,” Greenleaf said.
Shamberg joked that while the facility was celebrating its 40th anniversary, he hadn’t even celebrated his 25th birthday.
“An organization thrives because every part of that organization works together and pulls its own weight,” Shamberg said. “I look at a place like Fort Washington Estates and I definitely see that here. … I think a big congratulations goes to each and every one of you.”
The ceremony began with a welcome from Elmer Heiland, executive director of Fort Washington Estates, before an opening prayer by the Rev. Dr. Alfred Muli and a brief history of the facility by Mashner. Afterward, dinner was held for the residents and guests in celebration of the event.
“We are proud to be the first ACTS community, and we are proud of our Fort,” said Carole Zacharias, president of the residents association. “Living here is like having a large extended family and lots of preparations have been made for tonight and we’re excited, so as they used to say in my early years, in the ’60s, ‘Let’s party.’”
Shirley Howles, who has been a resident at Fort Washington Estates for a year, said it was a big decision to move to the community after working 29 years teaching preschool. She said she was torn between retirement communities in Rochester and Syracuse, but the residents and staff made her feel welcome from the moment she stepped through the doorway. She said the community is a nice, wonderful place. She said her friends always point out how everything always feels new and nice.
Resident Harry Broadbent said while he’s only been at Fort Washington Estates for 14 months he’s glad he made the move.
Broadbent began to get choked up as he said “this is the closest thing to heaven on Earth. The love shown by residents and staff, it makes me emotional.”
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package com.github.czyzby.setup.data.templates.unofficial
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.files.CopiedFile
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.files.SourceFile
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.files.path
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.libs.unofficial.LMLVis
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.platforms.Assets
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.platforms.Core
import com.github.czyzby.setup.data.project.Project
import com.github.czyzby.setup.views.ProjectTemplate
/**
* A solid application base using Autumn MVC.
* @author MJ
*/
@ProjectTemplate
open class AutumnMvcVisTemplate : AutumnMvcBasicTemplate() {
override val id = "autumnMvcVisTemplate"
override val generateSkin = false
override val description: String
get() = "Project template included launchers with [Autumn](https://github.com/czyzby/gdx-lml/tree/master/autumn) class scanners and a basic [Autumn MVC](https://github.com/czyzby/gdx-lml/tree/master/mvc) application."
override fun getReflectedClasses(project: Project): Array<String> =
arrayOf("com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.preferences.dto.AbstractPreference")
override fun getReflectedPackages(project: Project): Array<String> =
arrayOf("${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration",
"${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller",
"${project.basic.rootPackage}.service")
override fun getApplicationListenerContent(project: Project): String = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage};
/** This class serves only as the application scanning root. Any classes in its package (or any of the sub-packages)
* with proper Autumn MVC annotations will be found, scanned and initiated. */
public class ${project.basic.mainClass} {
/** Default application size. */
public static final int WIDTH = 480, HEIGHT = 360;
}"""
override fun apply(project: Project) {
super.apply(project)
addResources(project)
addSources(project)
// Adding VisUI support:
LMLVis().initiate(project)
}
protected open fun addResources(project: Project) {
// Adding resources:
project.files.add(CopiedFile(projectName = Assets.ID, path = path("images", "libgdx.png"),
original = path("generator", "templates", "libgdx.png")))
project.files.add(CopiedFile(projectName = Assets.ID, path = path("music", "theme.ogg"),
original = path("generator", "templates", "autumn", "theme.ogg")))
// Adding I18N bundle:
arrayOf("", "_en", "_pl").forEach {
val fileName = "bundle${it}.properties"
project.files.add(CopiedFile(projectName = Assets.ID, path = path("i18n", fileName),
original = path("generator", "templates", "autumn", fileName)))
}
}
protected open fun addSources(project: Project) {
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration",
fileName = "Configuration.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration;
import com.badlogic.gdx.utils.viewport.FitViewport;
import com.badlogic.gdx.utils.viewport.Viewport;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Component;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Initiate;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.ui.SkinService;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.AvailableLocales;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.I18nBundle;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.I18nLocale;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.LmlMacro;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.LmlParserSyntax;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.Preference;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.StageViewport;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.sfx.MusicEnabled;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.sfx.MusicVolume;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.sfx.SoundEnabled;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.sfx.SoundVolume;
import com.github.czyzby.kiwi.util.gdx.asset.lazy.provider.ObjectProvider;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.parser.LmlSyntax;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.util.Lml;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.vis.parser.impl.VisLmlSyntax;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.VisUI;
import ${project.basic.rootPackage}.${project.basic.mainClass};
import ${project.basic.rootPackage}.service.ScaleService;
/** Thanks to the Component annotation, this class will be automatically found and processed.
*
* This is a utility class that configures application settings. */
@Component
public class Configuration {
/** Name of the application's preferences file. */
public static final String PREFERENCES = "${project.basic.name}";
/** Path to the internationalization bundle. */
@I18nBundle private final String bundlePath = "i18n/bundle";
/** Enabling VisUI usage. */
@LmlParserSyntax private final LmlSyntax syntax = new VisLmlSyntax();
/** Parsing macros available in all views. */
@LmlMacro private final String globalMacro = "ui/templates/macros/global.lml";
/** Using a custom viewport provider - Autumn MVC defaults to the ScreenViewport, as it is the only viewport that
* doesn't need to know application's targeted screen size. This provider overrides that by using more sophisticated
* FitViewport that works on virtual units rather than pixels. */
@StageViewport private final ObjectProvider<Viewport> viewportProvider = new ObjectProvider<Viewport>() {
@Override
public Viewport provide() {
return new FitViewport(${project.basic.mainClass}.WIDTH, ${project.basic.mainClass}.HEIGHT);
}
};
/** These sound-related fields allow MusicService to store settings in preferences file. Sound preferences will be
* automatically saved when the application closes and restored the next time it's turned on. Sound-related methods
* methods will be automatically added to LML templates - see settings.lml template. */
@SoundVolume(preferences = PREFERENCES) private final String soundVolume = "soundVolume";
@SoundEnabled(preferences = PREFERENCES) private final String soundEnabled = "soundOn";
@MusicVolume(preferences = PREFERENCES) private final String musicVolume = "musicVolume";
@MusicEnabled(preferences = PREFERENCES) private final String musicEnabledPreference = "musicOn";
/** These i18n-related fields will allow LocaleService to save game's locale in preferences file. Locale changing
* actions will be automatically added to LML templates - see settings.lml template. */
@I18nLocale(propertiesPath = PREFERENCES, defaultLocale = "en") private final String localePreference = "locale";
@AvailableLocales private final String[] availableLocales = new String[] { "en", "pl" };
/** Setting the default Preferences object path. */
@Preference private final String preferencesPath = PREFERENCES;
/** Thanks to the Initiate annotation, this method will be automatically invoked during context building. All
* method's parameters will be injected with values from the context.
*
* @param scaleService contains current GUI scale.
* @param skinService contains GUI skin. */
@Initiate
public void initiateConfiguration(final ScaleService scaleService, final SkinService skinService) {
// Loading default VisUI skin with the selected scale:
VisUI.load(scaleService.getScale());
// Registering VisUI skin with "default" name - this skin will be the default one for all LML widgets:
skinService.addSkin("default", VisUI.getSkin());
// Thanks to this setting, only methods annotated with @LmlAction will be available in views, significantly
// speeding up method look-up:
Lml.EXTRACT_UNANNOTATED_METHODS = false;
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration.preferences",
fileName = "ScalePreference.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration.preferences;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Actor;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.preferences.dto.AbstractPreference;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.preference.Property;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.util.LmlUtilities;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.VisUI.SkinScale;
/** Thanks to the Property annotation, this class will be automatically found and initiated.
*
* This class manages VisUI scale preference. */
@Property("Scale")
public class ScalePreference extends AbstractPreference<SkinScale> {
@Override
public SkinScale getDefault() {
return SkinScale.X2;
}
@Override
public SkinScale extractFromActor(final Actor actor) {
return convert(LmlUtilities.getActorId(actor));
}
@Override
protected SkinScale convert(final String rawPreference) {
return SkinScale.valueOf(rawPreference);
}
@Override
protected String serialize(final SkinScale preference) {
return preference.name();
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller",
fileName = "LoadingController.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Stage;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Inject;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.asset.AssetService;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.ui.controller.ViewRenderer;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.View;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.annotation.LmlActor;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.widget.VisProgressBar;
/** Thanks to View annotation, this class will be automatically found and initiated.
*
* This is the first application's view, shown right after the application starts. It will hide after all assests are
* loaded. */
@View(value = "ui/templates/loading.lml", first = true)
public class LoadingController implements ViewRenderer {
/** Will be injected automatically. Manages assets. Used to display loading progress. */
@Inject private AssetService assetService;
/** This is a widget injected from the loading.lml template. "loadingBar" is its ID. */
@LmlActor("loadingBar") private VisProgressBar loadingBar;
// Since this class implements ViewRenderer, it can modify the way its view is drawn. Additionally to drawing the
// stage, this view also updates assets manager and reads its progress.
@Override
public void render(final Stage stage, final float delta) {
assetService.update();
loadingBar.setValue(assetService.getLoadingProgress());
stage.act(delta);
stage.draw();
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller",
fileName = "MenuController.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Texture;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.Batch;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Stage;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.ui.controller.ViewRenderer;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.Asset;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.View;
/** Thanks to View annotation, this class will be automatically found and initiated.
*
* This is application's main view, displaying a menu with several options. */
@View(id = "menu", value = "ui/templates/menu.lml", themes = "music/theme.ogg")
public class MenuController implements ViewRenderer {
/** Asset-annotated files will be found and automatically loaded by the AssetsService. */
@Asset("images/libgdx.png") private Texture logo;
@Override
public void render(final Stage stage, final float delta) {
// As a proof of concept that you can pair custom logic with Autumn MVC views, this class implements
// ViewRenderer and handles view rendering manually. It renders LibGDX logo before drawing the stage.
stage.act(delta);
final Batch batch = stage.getBatch();
batch.setColor(stage.getRoot().getColor()); // We want the logo to share color alpha with the stage.
batch.begin();
batch.draw(logo, (int) (stage.getWidth() - logo.getWidth()) / 2,
(int) (stage.getHeight() - logo.getHeight()) / 2);
batch.end();
stage.draw();
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller.action",
fileName = "Global.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller.action;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.ViewActionContainer;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.annotation.LmlAction;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.parser.action.ActionContainer;
/** Since this class implements ActionContainer and is annotated with ViewActionContainer, its methods will be reflected
* and available in all LML templates. Note that this class is a component like any other, so it can inject any fields,
* use Initiate-annotated methods, etc. */
@ViewActionContainer("global")
public class Global implements ActionContainer {
/** This is a mock-up method that does nothing. It will be available in LML templates through "close" (annotation
* argument) and "noOp" (method name) IDs. */
@LmlAction("close")
public void noOp() {
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller.dialog",
fileName = "SettingsController.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.controller.dialog;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Actor;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Inject;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.stereotype.ViewDialog;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.annotation.LmlAction;
import com.github.czyzby.lml.parser.action.ActionContainer;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.VisUI.SkinScale;
import ${project.basic.rootPackage}.service.ScaleService;
/** This is a settings dialog, which can be shown in any view by using "show:settings" LML action or - in Java code -
* through InterfaceService.showDialog(Class) method. Thanks to the fact that it implements ActionContainer, its methods
* will be available in the LML template. */
@ViewDialog(id = "settings", value = "ui/templates/dialogs/settings.lml")
public class SettingsController implements ActionContainer {
// @Inject-annotated fields will be automatically filled with values from the context.
@Inject private ScaleService scaleService;
/** @return array of available GUI scales. */
@LmlAction("scales")
public SkinScale[] getGuiScales() {
return scaleService.getScales();
}
/** @param actor requested scale change. Its ID represents a GUI scale. */
@LmlAction("changeScale")
public void changeGuiScale(final Actor actor) {
final SkinScale scale = scaleService.getPreference().extractFromActor(actor);
scaleService.changeScale(scale);
}
}"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Core.ID, packageName = "${project.basic.rootPackage}.service",
fileName = "ScaleService.java", content = """package ${project.basic.rootPackage}.service;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Component;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.annotation.Inject;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.ui.InterfaceService;
import com.github.czyzby.autumn.mvc.component.ui.SkinService;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.VisUI;
import com.kotcrab.vis.ui.VisUI.SkinScale;
import ${project.basic.rootPackage}.configuration.preferences.ScalePreference;
/** Thanks to the ViewActionContainer annotation, this class will be automatically found and processed.
*
* This service handles GUI scale. */
@Component
public class ScaleService {
// @Inject-annotated fields will be automatically filled by the context initializer.
@Inject private ScalePreference preference;
@Inject private InterfaceService interfaceService;
@Inject private SkinService skinService;
/** @return current GUI scale. */
public SkinScale getScale() {
return preference.get();
}
/** @return all scales supported by the application. */
public SkinScale[] getScales() {
return SkinScale.values();
}
/** @return scale property, which is saved in application's preferences. */
public ScalePreference getPreference() {
return preference;
}
/** @param scale the new application's scale. */
public void changeScale(final SkinScale scale) {
if (preference.get() == scale) {
return; // This is the current scale.
}
preference.set(scale);
// Changing GUI skin, reloading all screens:
interfaceService.reload(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// Removing previous skin resources:
VisUI.dispose();
// Loading new skin:
VisUI.load(scale);
// Replacing the previously default skin:
skinService.clear();
skinService.addSkin("default", VisUI.getSkin());
}
});
}
}"""))
}
override fun addViews(project: Project) {
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Assets.ID, sourceFolderPath = "ui", packageName = "templates",
fileName = "loading.lml", content = """<!-- Going through LML tutorials is suggested before starting with Autumn MVC. If anything is unclear
in the .lml files, you should go through LML resources first. -->
<window title="@loadingTitle" titleAlign="center">
<!-- Thanks to "goto:menu" action, menu.lml will be shown after this bar is fully loaded. -->
<progressBar id="loadingBar" animateDuration="0.4" onComplete="goto:menu"/>
</window>"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Assets.ID, sourceFolderPath = "ui", packageName = "templates",
fileName = "menu.lml", content = """<table oneColumn="true" defaultPad="2" tableAlign="bottomRight" fillParent="true" defaultFillX="true">
<!-- "show:settings" will automatically show the settings.lml dialog when button is clicked. -->
<textButton onChange="show:settings">@settings</textButton>
<!-- "app:exit" will automatically try to exit the application when the button is clicked. -->
<textButton onChange="app:exit">@exit</textButton>
</table>"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Assets.ID, sourceFolderPath = "ui", packageName = "templates",
fileName = path("dialogs", "settings.lml"), content = """<dialog id="dialog" title="@settings" style="dialog">
<!-- Note that all values (like width and height) are in viewport units, not pixels.
Its somewhat safe to use "magic" values. Values in {= } are equations; values
proceeded with $ reference Java methods. -->
<tabbedPane selected="0" width="{=200 * (${'$'}getScale - X)}" height="{=100 * (${'$'}getScale - X)}">
<!-- :setting macro is defined at global.lml. -->
<:setting name="@music">
@musicVolume
<!-- Music-related methods are added by MusicService. -->
<slider value="${'$'}getMusicVolume" onChange="setMusicVolume" growX="true" />
<checkBox onChange="toggleMusic" checked="${'$'}musicOn">@toggleMusic</checkBox>
</:setting>
<:setting name="@sound">
@soundVolume
<!-- Sound-related methods are added by MusicService. -->
<slider value="${'$'}getSoundVolume" onChange="setSoundVolume" growX="true" />
<checkBox onChange="toggleSound" checked="${'$'}soundOn">@toggleSound</checkBox>
</:setting>
<:setting name="@locale">
<!-- {locales} and {currentLocale} are LML arguments automatically added by
LocaleService. "locale:name" action changes current locale and reloads UI.
For example, "locale:en" action would change current locale to English. -->
<:each locale="{locales}">
<:if test="{locale} != {currentLocale}">
<textButton onChange="locale:{locale}">@{locale}</textButton>
</:if>
</:each>
</:setting>
<:setting name="@gui">
@scale
<!-- Scale-related actions are registered by SettingsController and handled by our
custom ScaleService. -->
<:each scale="${'$'}scales">
<:if test="{scale} != ${'$'}getScale">
<textButton id="{scale}" onChange="changeScale">{scale}</textButton>
</:if>
</:each>
</:setting>
</tabbedPane>
<!-- "close" action is defined in Global class. -->
<textButton onResult="close">@exit</textButton>
</dialog>"""))
project.files.add(SourceFile(projectName = Assets.ID, sourceFolderPath = "ui", packageName = "templates",
fileName = path("macros", "global.lml"), content = """<!-- This is a custom macro that displays a TabbedPane's tab.
- name: becomes the title of the tab. Defaults to empty string. -->
<:macro alias="setting" replace="content" name="">
<!-- "name" will be replaced with the value of the passed argument. -->
<tab title="{name}" closeable="false" oneColumn="true" defaultPad="1" bg="dialogDim">
<!-- "content" will be replaced with the data between macro tags. -->
{content}
</tab>
</:macro>"""))
}
}
|
A hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). Note that this is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself. Credit: Vossman/ Wikipedia
If scientists could precisely regulate gene expression, they could turn off the genes responsible for illness and disease and turn on those that enhance health and the immune system.
"This is why controlling gene expression is so fundamental," said Northwestern University's Julius Lucks. "Once you get a good handle on it, you can do anything."
For Lucks, having a "good" handle on gene expression might be an understatement. He and his team have developed a powerful and versatile tool that achieves gene activation thousands of times better than nature.
"All we did was make an RNA switch that turns a gene on," said Lucks, an associate professor of chemical and biological engineering in Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering. "But what really makes it awesome is that it's really, really, really good."
Supported by the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Searle Funds at the Chicago Community Trust, the research was published online on October 19 in the journal Nature Communications. James Chappell, a postdoctoral fellow in Lucks's laboratory and now an assistant professor at Rice University, served as the paper's first author.
Using a computational design approach, Lucks created the switch by molecularly programming an RNA molecule called called Small Transcription Activating RNA, or STAR that his group had previously discovered. He then uses an algorithm—developed by Northwestern alumnus Joe Zadeh ('03)—to optimize the STAR for specific applications. An outside company uses the algorithm's results to construct a physical piece of RNA, which Lucks then uses in experiments.
Lucks likens STARs to a light switch.
"For anything to happen in biology, the 'light' has to be turn on," said Lucks, a member of Northwestern's Center for Synthetic Biology. "We're always interested in turning things on, so we found a way to engineer some really good light switches."
Continuing the analogy, the RNA switches found in nature are unable to turn the "lights" fully on or off. Often times the room is consistently dim instead of completely dark or brilliantly light. But researchers have desired to have a tighter control of the system. Lucks' STAR can turn on the light—or activate a gene—9,000 times brighter than without the STAR present, providing the completely dark or light room that researchers have lacked.
"If you study a system to explore what a gene does, you want to know what it does when it's completely on or off," Lucks explains. "Not when the gene is there or halfway there. That's much harder to disentangle."
That's particularly true for diagnostic applications, which Lucks plans to pursue next with his new tool. Because RNA excels at detecting other strands of RNA, STARs could be useful in diagnosing RNA viruses. To do this, Lucks' switch could be engineered to turn on in the presence of one of these viruses.
"You have to have super tight control to achieve this," Lucks said. "You don't want a halfway signal because then you will end up with false positives. You need a clear signal."
Diagnostics, however, is just one thing that researchers can accomplish with STARs. Lucks is also interested in using them for metabolic engineering, regulating RNA networks, and more.
"This is an enabling technology, and we have collaborations starting right away," Lucks said. "All of a sudden, all these different things are possible. And that's just awesome."
Explore further Engineers devise genetic 'on' switch made exclusively of RNA
More information: James Chappell et al. Computational design of small transcription activating RNAs for versatile and dynamic gene regulation, Nature Communications (2017). Journal information: Nature Communications James Chappell et al. Computational design of small transcription activating RNAs for versatile and dynamic gene regulation,(2017). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01082-6
|
Top News Stories
Border Security Tops Law Enforcement Spending
Story by Michel Marizco
last updated January 8, 2013
Immigration enforcement has ballooned into the biggest source of spending in federal law enforcement, a new report says.
Last fiscal year, the United States spent $18 billion on immigration and port security. That was more than drug enforcement, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and the FBI combined.
PHOTO: AZPM
Along U.S.-Mexican border outside of Nogales.
In fact, there are more people who have been jailed on immigration charges than all other federal crimes put together.
"It’s frequently said that there isn’t any consensus in the immigration debate," said Doris Meissner, director of the U.S. Immigration Policy Program and co-author of the report for the Migration Policy Institute, a think tank. "In fact there is and has been consensus, and these numbers and this record I think show that."
The numbers show political affiliation doesn’t matter when it comes to spending on immigration policy. Both parties are willing to spend the money on enforcement first.
Adjusting for inflation, the United States spent a little more than $1 billion in 1986, the year of the last significant immigration reform, the Immigration Reform and Control Act. Since then, nearly $200 billion has been spent on border security, according to the report.
The report concludes that immigration enforcement has been successful. The question, Meissner asked, is will the country continue to think the cost is worth it?
"Is this an investment that is paying off? Those kinds of questions I hope, will be asked based on the information that we've provided," she said.
Comment
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not allowed. Comments that promote commercial products or services are not allowed. Comments
in violation of this policy will be removed. Continued posting of comments that violate this
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By submitting your comments, you hereby give AZPM the right to post your comments
and potentially use them in any other form of media operated by this institution.
|
Introduction
============
The coronary arteries are a common and important site of atherosclerotic lesion development \[[@B1]\]. It is believed that mechanical stresses resulting from intravascular pressure and flow may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The curvature and the presence of stenosis in coronary arteries result in considerable change to the flow field. Flow disturbances associated with a stenosis could contribute to modifications in the rate of plaque development, the direction of plaque extension and the composition of the plaque \[[@B2]-[@B4]\]. A detailed hemodynamic evaluation of disturbed flow and the spatial and temporal flow distribution patterns may give additional insight to understanding the progression of atherosclerosis and may have useful clinical value. However, it is difficult to measure local flow patterns and mechanical forces *in vivo*with sufficient accuracy. Computational models become a useful tool in that regard.
In recent decades, much progress had been made in research coupling medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study cardiovascular hemodynamics \[[@B1],[@B4]-[@B9]\]. The methods developed could provide investigators with powerful new tools, rivaling and even surpassing experimental fluid mechanics methods to investigate the mechanisms of disease and to design medical devices and therapeutic interventions \[[@B8]\]. Torii et al. investigated the effects of wall compliance on coronary hemodynamics by coupling FSI analysis of the human RCA in conjunction with physiological velocity and pressure waveforms \[[@B4]\]. Johnston et al. compared models of Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow in four healthy right coronary arteries reconstructed from biplane angiograms \[[@B5]\]. Zeng et al. examined the effects of cardiac motion on right coronary artery hemodynamics \[[@B9]\]. Myers et al. investigated the effects of arterial geometry, pulsatile flow condition and dynamic vessel motion on flow patterns in a model with a patient specific right coronary artery geometry \[[@B1]\]. Tang et al. provided a review of the key steps and findings of their group\'s in image-based models for human carotid and coronary plagues \[[@B6]\].
In general the solution of a system of partial differential equations is only uniquely determined if the boundaries of the domain are imposed with necessary conditions. Therefore, to perform the 3D simulations of blood flow in human arteries, proper boundary conditions need to be specified at the inlet and the outlet boundaries when solving the governing Navier-Stokes equations. In addition to the consideration of the well-posedness of the computational problem, more natural and realistic conditions relating pressure and velocity waveforms for image-based modeling may enable researchers to better quantify and predict the local pressure fields and flow distribution in the upstream and downstream domains of the patient specific stenotic artery. On the other hand, improperly imposed boundary conditions may result in misleading hemodynamic information. Usually the velocity profile or the pressure profile is explicitly prescribed at the inlet. There is a variety of approaches for the outlet boundary condition. Three of the commonly used simple outlet conditions are prescribed velocity or pressure profile, or zero normal traction. Different combinations of the above mentioned boundary conditions at the inlet and the outlet have been applied by many researches \[[@B4],[@B5],[@B9]-[@B15]\].
Several authors have studied the influence of the flow waveform and the spatial profile of the inlet velocity on CFD predictions of blood flow in human arteries \[[@B1],[@B16]-[@B18]\]. Mark et al. demonstrated the importance of unsteadiness in a left anterior descending coronary artery flow phantom \[[@B17]\]. Ethier et al. examined the flow waveform effects on end-to-side anastomotic flow patterns \[[@B16]\]. Myers et al. investigated the effects of the inlet velocity profile and flow waveform on the flow patterns on the hemodynamics in the proximal, medial, and distal arterial regions of human right coronary artery. In their study, a zero-traction condition was imposed at the model outlet and a velocity profile was imposed at the inlet. They compared three different inlet velocity profiles: a fully developed inlet velocity profile, a \"blunt\" inlet velocity profile, and a fully developed Dean-type velocity profile. They also used two flow waveforms: sinusoidal and physiological waveforms in the study. They concluded that changes in the inlet velocity profiles did not produce significant changes in the arterial velocity and wall shear stress patterns and the waveform shape is not a significant factor in the right coronary time-averaged WSS features \[[@B1]\]. Morbiducci et al. studied the influence of assumptions regarding velocity profiles at the inlet section of the ascending aorta. They concluded that the plausibility of the assumption of idealized velocity profiles as inlet boundary conditions can lead to misleading representations of the aortic hemodynamics both in terms of disturbed shear and bulk flow structures \[[@B18]\]. However, not much work has been reported on comparing the effect of the different combinations of the inlet/outlet boundary conditions on the quantification of the pressure field and flow distribution patterns. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the different types of boundary conditions imposed at the inlet/outlet on the spatial and the temporal distribution patterns of the blood flow in a patient-specific stenotic right coronary artery.
Patient-specific plaque geometry and flow data
==============================================
An image-based model of a stenotic right coronary artery was reconstructed based on the lumen contour curves extracted from a 44-slice *in vivo*3D IVUS dataset acquired from a patient, using a 20-MHz, 2.9-F phased-array Eagle Eye Gold IVUS catheter (Volcano Corporation, Rancho Cordova, CA), with patient consent obtained \[[@B19]\]. Figure [1(a)](#F1){ref-type="fig"} presents selected IVUS slices from the 44-slice dataset. Figure [1(b)](#F1){ref-type="fig"} is an enlarged angiographic image of the coronary segment with the flow direction and the length labeled. The velocity and pressure pulse waveforms at the inlet were extracted (see Figure [2(a)](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and Pin in Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) from on-site blood pressure and flow velocity data at the location of the first IVUS slice using a Combo-Wire XT 9500 (Volcano Therapeutics, Inc.) 0.014-inch guide-wire with a Doppler flow velocity sensor. A normalized time length t/t~p~= 1 was used for simplicity. Figure [3(a)](#F3){ref-type="fig"} shows the geometry of the stenotic right coronary artery segment constructed based on the lumen contours. Figure [3(b)](#F3){ref-type="fig"} is the plot of lumen cross-section areas from the inlet to the outlet of the artery segment with the horizontal axis as the normalized axial length. The lumen cross-section area plot indicates that it is a patient specific right coronary artery with multi-stenoses. The first stenosis near the inlet has a reduction of 66% approximately in lumen cross-section area and the second stenosis near the outlet has a reduction of 47% approximately in lumen cross-section area.
{#F1}
{#F2}
{#F3}
The flow model and numerical method
===================================
Flow model
----------
The blood was assumed as a laminar, incompressible, non-Newtonian viscous fluid obeying the Carreau model with the viscosity-shear rate relation \[[@B20]\]:
$$\eta = \eta_{\infty} + \left( {\eta_{0} - \eta_{\infty}} \right)\left\lbrack {1 + \left( {\lambda\overset{˙}{\gamma}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack^{\frac{n - 1}{2}},$$
where *η*~0~= 0.056 *Pa∙s*is the zero shear rate viscosity, *η*~∞~= 0.00345 *Pa∙s*is the infinite shear rate viscosity, $\overset{˙}{\gamma}$ is the shear rate, *λ*= 3.313*s*is a parameter, and n = 0.3568 is a dimensionless parameter. In the computations, the blood density *ρ*was assumed to be constant at 1050 *kg*/*m^3^*.
The time dependent three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were used as the governing equations. A no-slip condition was applied to the velocities at the lumen wall, treated to be inelastic and impermeable. To examine the influence of the boundary conditions on the pressure fields and the flow distribution of the stenotic right coronary artery, the following commonly applied five combinations of inlet/outlet boundary conditions were utilized in this study with experimental pressure and/or velocity data used when applicable:
\(1\) V-NS0 model: A fully developed velocity profile with pulse waveform (Figure [2(a)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the inlet and a zero normal stress condition was imposed at the outlet.
\(2\) P-V model: A time dependent pressure with waveform Pin (Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the inlet. A fully developed velocity profile with pulse waveform (Figure [2(a)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was multiplied by a scalar based on the sizes of the inlet/outlet cross sections such that the flow rate at the outlet is equal to that at the inlet. Then this adjusted velocity waveform was imposed at the outlet.
\(3\) V-P model: A fully developed velocity profile with pulse waveform (Figure [2(a)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the inlet and a time dependent pressure with waveform Pout (as shown in Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the outlet.
\(4\) P-P model: A time dependent pressure with waveform Pin and Pout (as shown in Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the inlet and the outlet boundary, respectively.
\(5\) P-NS0 model: A time dependent pressure with waveform Pin (Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) was imposed at the inlet and a zero normal stress condition was imposed at the outlet.
Numerical method
----------------
Computer simulations were carried out using COMSOL 4.4. The inlet and the outlet of the artery were extended in length by .2 cm in the direction normal to the inlet and the outlet cross sections to reduce the influence of the boundary conditions in the region of interest. The finite element method over an unstructured tetrahedral mesh was adopted to solve the governing equations of the fluid motion into the right coronary artery. Four consecutive cardiac cycles were simulated to ensure that the flow was truly periodic. To confirm the independence of the numerical solutions on spatial mesh, computations were repeated over different sizes of mesh. The relative errors of the solutions between different meshes were less than 0.5%. The pressure drop along the artery length is defined as P-P~In~, where P~In~is a reference pressure chosen simultaneously as the blood pressure at the inlet of the coronary artery. The spatial gradient of the wall pressure is defined as
$$WPG = \sqrt{\left( \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \right)^{2} + \left( \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} \right)^{2} + \left( \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} \right)^{2}}.$$
In the process of the computer simulations using the models with different combinations of the inlet/outlet boundary conditions, the computation of the P-V model was first carried out. This model applied the real data measured from the patients at the boundaries and thus its simulation results were used for the comparison with other models. The blood pressure at the outlet boundary obtained from P-V model was averaged on the lumen cross section at each time during the cardiac cycle, resulting in a pressure waveform named Pout (see Pout in Figure [2(b)](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This pulse pressure waveform was then used as the boundary condition at the outlet for the V-P model and the P-P model. In all models imposed with pressure boundary condition at either the inlet or the outlet the pressure is assumed as uniform spatially over the inlet or the outlet cross section.
Validation of numerical solutions
---------------------------------
Numerical solutions were validated by comparing the simulated blood velocity and pressure with the acquired on-site blood pressure and flow velocity data from the patient. The inletV in Figure [4(a)](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and the Pin in Figure [4(b)](#F4){ref-type="fig"} are the magnitude of the velocity pulse waveform and the pressure pulse waveform extracted from the patient, respectively. The computer simulations were performed over the computational domain with an extended inlet tube and an extended outlet tube. The inletV and the Pin were imposed at the entry of the extended inlet tube for V-P and V-NS0 models and for P-V, P-P and P-NS0 models, respectively. Figure [4(a)](#F4){ref-type="fig"} compared inletV with the computed magnitude of the velocity in a cardiac cycle at the center of the first lumen cross-section IVUS slice of the artery segment for V-NS0 and V-P models. The good matching of the three plots validates the computer simulations of the blood flow velocity. We can also see that as the imposed fully developed flow moves through the extended inlet tube it remains its magnitude and its fully developed profile when entering the first IVUS slice of right coronary artery segment. Figure [4(b)](#F4){ref-type="fig"} compared the Pin with the computed blood pressure in a cardiac cycle at the center of the first lumen cross-section IVUS slice of the artery segment for P-V, P-P, V-P and P-NS0 models. The plots of five curves also show a good matching. The maximum relative error of 3% for P-V, P-P and V-P models and 4% for P-NS0 model are mainly caused by the expected blood pressure drop/variation between the entry of the extended inlet tube and the first lumen IVUS slice of the right coronary artery segment. It is worth of mentioning the good matching between the Pin and the V-P model here. The pressure waveform imposed at the outlet boundary in the V-P model was the computational result obtained from the P-V model at the outlet. The matching of the blood pressure of the V-P model with the Pin at the inlet of the artery not only validates the numerical solutions of the V-P model, but also further confirms the validation of the numerical solutions of the P-V model.
{#F4}
Results
=======
Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} presents the phasic plots of the magnitude of the velocity at the center of the lumen cross section at (1a) the inlet and (1b) the neck of the second stenosis for five models; Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} also presents the wall shear stress at a point on the inner wall of (2a) the inlet and (2b) the neck of the second stenosis for P-V, V-P, V-NS0 and P-P models. Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} includes the contour plots of the velocity magnitude at the inlet lumen cross section for (a) P-V/P-P models and (b) V-P/V-NS0 models. Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"} presents the phasic plots of (1) the pressure, (2) the pressure drop, and (3) the spatial gradient of the wall pressure at a point on the inner wall of (a) the inlet and (b) the neck of the second stenosis for P-V, V-P, V-NS0 and P-P models. Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"} shows the time averaged mean of (1) the pressure drop, (2) the spatial gradient of the wall pressure, and (3) the wall shear stress along (a) the inner curve and (b) the outer curve for P-V, V-P, V-NS0 and P-P models. Here the inner curve and the outer curve are the intersections of the axial cross section of the artery (x = 0) with lumen boundary on the inner border of the bend and on the outer border of the bend, respectively. The axial cross-section (x = 0) serves approximately as the middle-cut plane of the asymmetric artery. Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} lists the global maximum values of the mean PD, the mean WPG, and the mean WSS and the global minimum values of the mean WSS for five models. From the plots in Figures [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}, we can observe the effects of the boundary conditions (BCs) on the magnitude of the velocity, the WSS, the pressure, the PD, and the WPG. We can also see how the boundary conditions affect the temporal distribution patterns of the blood flows.
{#F5}
{#F6}
{#F7}
{#F8}
######
Global maximums of the mean PD and the mean WPG, and the global maximum and minimum of the mean WSS for five models.
V-NS0 V-P P-V P-P P-NS0
------------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----------
Max PD~mean~(*mmHg*) 7.77 7.76 7.81 7.54 96
Max WPG~mean~(*N/m^3^*) 1470310 1474310 1415180 1360030 14690100
Max WSS~mean~(*N/m^2^*) 47.01 47.13 45.93 45.11 211.88
Min WSS~mean~(*N/m^2^*) -7.84 -7.78 -7.61 -7.89 -61.43
BCs have a notable effect on the velocity magnitude in upstream region
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}(1a) indicates that the velocity magnitude of the P-V/P-P models is much lower than that of the V-P/V-NS0 models at the center of the inlet lumen cross section, while the velocity magnitude of the P-NS0 model is unrealistically high. The maximum velocity magnitude (0.708 *m/s*) in a cardiac cycle from P-V/P-P models was about 29% lower than that from V-P/V-NS0 models which used experimental velocity data. Both P-V and P-P models underestimate the blood velocity magnitude along the center line of the artery. With the existence of the secondary flow and the flow shifting in a stenotic curved artery, the blood velocity magnitude is highly non-uniformly distributed. The underestimate of the velocity magnitude of the P-V/P-P models on the center line varies significantly in different regions of the artery. Compared with the V-P/V-NS0 model, the velocity magnitude at the center of the 13^th^lumen slice resulted from the P-V model or the P-P model is about 8% or 10% lower, respectively. These differences gradually diminish downstream along the artery.
The underestimation of the P-V/P-P models on the velocity magnitude at the center line in the upstream may be explained by the contour plots in Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}. All four models have the same flow rate during the cardiac cycle but with two different spatial distribution patterns of the velocity magnitude, one is blunter and the other is fully developed. The blunter inlet flow distribution of the P-V/P-P models results in a lower velocity magnitude at the center.
Effect of the BCs on the WSS
----------------------------
Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}(2a&2b) show that the WSS at the inner wall resulted from different model is quite different, especially near the inlet of the artery. Compared with the V-P/V-NS0 models, the maximum wall shear stress at inlet in a cardiac cycle resulted from P-V model or P-P model is higher by 29% or 25%, respectively. The plots of the time average mean WSS along the inner curve and the outer curve in Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(3a&3b) can further confirm the above differences observed. The V-P and the V-NS0 models underestimate the mean WSS by 8%, on average over the lumen wall of the upper stream segment, compared with the P-V model. There is no significant difference between the mean WSS of the P-P and the P-V models in this region (1.5% on average). The cause of the errors in this region maybe the assumption of the inlet fully developed spatial velocity profile on the V-P and the V-NS0 models. The blunter inlet flow distribution of the P-V/P-P models results in a higher WSS on the lumen wall than that of the V-P/V-NS0 models. As shown in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}(2b) and Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(3a&3b), the differences of the WSS between the V-P/V-NS0 and the P-V/P-P models decrease as flow moves from the inlet into the first stenosis. From the neck of the first stenosis to downstream, the WSS resulted from the V-P/V-NS0 models becomes slightly higher than that of the P-V/P-P models, with the maximum and the minimum mean WSS for all models listed in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}.
BCs have notable influence on the pressure and the PD
-----------------------------------------------------
Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}(2&3) and Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(1)) indicate that the boundary conditions also have a non-negligible effect on the PD and the WPG, especially near the inlet. The V-P/V-NS0 models underestimate the pressure drop in upper stream segment of the artery. At the third lumen slice near the inlet of the artery, the pressure drop resulted from the V-P/V-NS0 models is less by about 36% at the peak flow (t = 0.425), compared with that resulted from the P-V model, which applied the *in vivo*data for both inlet and the outlet boundary conditions. This difference is gradually decreased till the neck of the first stenosis. The plots of the mean PD along the axial length of the artery in Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(1a&1b) can further illustrate the above observations. Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}(3a&3b) show the similar pattern of the WPG on the difference between the V-P/V-NS0 models and the P-P/P-V models. Compared with the P-V model, the V-P/V-NS0 models underestimate the mean PD and the mean WPG by 43% and10%, respectively, on average over the lumen wall of the segment proximal to the first stenosis, while near the outlet of the artery, the V-P/V-NS0 models slightly overestimate the mean PD and the mean WPG.
Effect of BCs on temporal distribution patterns of blood flows
--------------------------------------------------------------
The ways the boundary conditions are imposed impact the temporal distribution patterns of the blood flows. It is a popular approach in blood flow simulation that the outlet boundary condition is imposed with traction free/zero normal stress condition. When this outlet boundary condition is combined with a velocity or a pressure inlet boundary condition, the simulation may result in certain misleading temporal distribution patterns of blood flow, such as the pressure or the velocity.
As shown in Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}(1a&1b), the shape of the pressure phasic profile resulted from the V-NS0 model is very different from that of the pressure waveform extracted from the patient and the total variation of the pressure during a cardiac cycle is relatively small. The difference between the maximum and the minimum values of the pressure in a cycle is only approximately 20 mmHg at the inlet of the artery. The difference decreases along the axial length and the phasic waveform of the pressure becomes almost flat near the outlet of the boundary. It is obvious that the V-NS0 model can\'t provide correct information regarding the temporal distribution pattern of the pressure.
From Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}(1a&1b) we can see that the shape of the phasic profile of the velocity magnitude resulted from the P-NS0 model is not same as these of the other models. Instead, it is similar to that of the pressure waveform imposed at the inlet. The shape of the phasic profile of the pressure, the WPG, and the WSS for P-NS0 model are also all similar to that of the inlet pressure waveform. This is expected since the shape of the phasic blood flow profile follows the shape of the only pressure pulse waveform imposed at the boundary. The phasic velocity waveform of the P-NS0 model is clearly wrong compared with the velocity data extracted from the patient.
The shape of the phasic profiles of the PD, the WPG, the velocity, and the WSS for V-P model, P-P model, V-NS0 model, and P-V model are all similar to that of the velocity pulse waveform (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). This may suggest that when both the velocity and the pressure pulse waveforms are imposed at the inlet/outlet boundaries of the artery, the shape of the velocity pulse waveform dominates the temporal distribution patterns of both the velocity and the pressure difference related quantities, such as the PD, the WPG, velocity and the WSS. Even though there is no velocity waveform imposed directly on the boundaries for the P-P model, the reason for this observation still true is that the Pout applied at the outlet boundary was resulted from the computation of the P-V model, where the pulse waveform of Pout was already influenced by the velocity waveform.
BCs have no significant effect on spatial distribution patterns of blood flows
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The type of different boundary conditions imposed at the inlet and the outlet does not have significant effect on the spatial distribution patterns of the PD, the WPG and the WSS on the lumen surface of the artery, regarding the locations of the maximum and the minimum of each quantity. Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"} presents the contour plots showing the spatial distributions of the time averaged mean in a cardiac cycle of (a) the pressure drop, (b) the spatial gradient of the wall pressure, and (c) the wall shear stress along the artery lumen wall. In this plot, the artery was rotated by 45 degree about z-axis in order to have both the side-view and the outer border of bend-view of the artery. The plots included in this figure are the simulation results of the P-V model. The spatial distribution patterns of the mean PD, the mean WPG and the mean WSS obtained by the other four models are similar to those of the P-V model. Plots in Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"} demonstrate that the PD, the WPG and the WSS are highly non-uniformly distributed on the lumen wall of the atherosclerotic right coronary artery. We can see that around the neck of the first stenosis (labeled as R1 in Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"}) the mean WPG and the mean WSS assume global maximum values and the wall pressure drops sharply. Another region with the high mean WPG and the high mean WSS is the neck of the second stenosis near the outlet (labeled as R3). Figure [9(c)](#F9){ref-type="fig"} also clearly show that the global minimum value of the mean WSS occurs in the region on the outer wall of post-stenosis (labeled as R2), where the lumen expands.
{#F9}
Plots in Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"} can further quantitatively confirm the observations on the spatial distribution patterns of the blood flow from Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"}. The pressure has two sharper drops along the artery, each corresponding to the neck of a stenosis (see Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(1a&1b)). These sharper drops of the wall pressure result in the elevated values of the spatial gradient of the wall pressure (see Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(2a&2b)). The wall shear stress also peaks at the neck of each stenosis (see Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}(3a&3b)). Compared with the plots along the inner curve, the plots along the outer curve have some oscillations around the middle segment of the artery between the inlet and the outlet. It is probably due to the fact that the outer wall around the bend of the artery is less smooth. For the P-NS0 model (plots not included), the time averaged means of the pressure drop, the spatial wall pressure gradient, and the wall shear stress along the inner curve and along the outer curve have the similar patterns as those of other models, but with much larger values.
When and where the WSS is less than 1 *N/m^2^*
----------------------------------------------
Low and oscillating WSS have been associated with atherosclerotic lesions within the coronary arteries \[[@B21]\]. Intimal thickening likely occurs when the mean WSS is below 1 *N/m^2^*, which presents an inverse hyperplasia with respect to the shear stress \[[@B22]\]. It is of special interest to know the size of the region on the surface of the lumen where the WSS is lower than 1 *N/m^2^*and to examine the duration of the low WSS area in a cardiac cycle. At each point on the lumen surface, we calculated the total length of the time when the location experiences a low WSS \< 1 *N*/*m^2^*in a cardiac cycle. We also recorded the distribution of the regions where the WSS is less than 1 *N*/*m^2^*at different time in the cardiac cycle and where the mean WSS is less than 1 *N*/*m^2^*.
Figure [10(a)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} presents the contour plot of the total length of the time in a cardiac cycle when the WSS is under 1 *N/m^2^*for the V-P model. A point on the lumen surface with a value 1.0*s*as the total length of the time for the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*indicates that the WSS at this location is lower than 1 *N/m^2^*anytime during the entire cardiac cycle. The legend for Figure [10(a)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} shows the variation of the cumulated time of the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*at each point on the lumen surface. We can see that the post-stenosis regions of both stenoses experience the low WSS during the whole cardiac cycle. The orange-red liked color regions on the artery wall in Figure [10(b)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} represent the location and the size of the regions where the mean WSS of the V-P model is under 1 *N/m^2^*. Here the light blue was used as the base color for the artery wall. The pattern on Figure [10(b)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} is consistent with the result showing in Figure [10(a)](#F10){ref-type="fig"}. The other four models have the similar spatial distribution patterns of the duration of the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*as in Figure [10(a)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} and the patterns of the mean WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*as in Figure [10(b)](#F10){ref-type="fig"}.
{#F10}
The size of each region with the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*varies depending on the time stage in a cardiac cycle. The maximum size of the regions is assumed at certain time in a cycle depending on the type of boundary conditions of the model. For the models imposed with velocity profile boundary condition either at the inlet or at the outlet (V-NS0, V-P, P-V), the maximum size of regions with the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*occurs at the minimum flow rate (t = 0.3) (see plots in Figure [10(c)](#F10){ref-type="fig"} for V-P model). For the P-P model, the maximum size of the regions with the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*occurs at the beginning of the cardiac cycle (t = 0) (see Figure [10(d)](#F10){ref-type="fig"}). For the P-NS0 model, there is no significant difference for the size of regions with the WSS under 1 *N/m^2^*at different time during the cycle.
Correlation of lumen cross-section area with the PD, the WPG, and the WSS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} presents the correlations of the lumen cross-section area with the slice averaged WSS~mean~, PD~mean~, and WPD~mean~for five models. Here WSS~mean~, PD~mean~, and WPD~mean~are the time averaged mean WSS, PD, and WPG in a cardiac cycle, respectively. The regression analysis used the lumen cross-sections of the 44 slice dataset. 128 mesh points were picked approximately evenly spaced on the lumen contour of each slice. The WSS~mean~, the PD~mean~, and the WPD~mean~were averaged on the picked mesh points of each slice, respectively, and regression analysis was performed on slice averaged base. As illustrated in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} for all five models, a) the lumen cross-section area significantly correlates negatively with the time averaged mean of the wall shear stress and the spatial wall pressure gradient, and b) the lumen cross-section area correlates positively with the time averaged mean of the pressure drop. For example, the correlation coefficients of the lumen cross-section area with WSS~mean~and WPD~mean~are r = -0.79717 and r = -0.57274 with p-values as 0.0000, respectively. The correlation coefficient of the lumen cross-section area with PD~mean~is r = 0.47318 with a p-value of 0.0012 for V-NS0 model.
######
Correlations of the lumen cross section area with the slice averaged WSSmean, PD~mean~, and WPG~mean~.
V-NS0 V-P P-P P-V P-NS0
----------- --- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
WSS~mean~ r -0.79717 -0.79715 -0.79055 -0.78983 -0.77805
p 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
PD~mean~ r 0.47318 0.47234 0.47253 0.47546 0.44946
p 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0022
WPG~mean~ r -0.57274 -0.57289 -0.56663 -0.56255 -0.53660
p 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
Discussion and conclusion
=========================
In literature, the effect of the inflow boundary condition was investigated by examining the impact of the waveform and the shape of the spatial profile of the inlet velocity on the cardiac hemodynamics. Waveform dependence has been cited for flow in the aortic arch \[[@B18],[@B23]\] and in an end-to-side anastomosis \[[@B16]\]. The study conducted by Myers et al. implies that waveform shape is not a significant factor in the right coronary artery time-averaged WSS features. Changes in the inlet velocity profiles did not produce significant changes in the arterial velocity and wall shear stress patterns \[[@B1]\]. Our study was performed to examine the influence of the type of boundary conditions imposed at the inlet and the outlet on the phasic variation and the spatial distribution patterns of important right coronary artery hemodynamic features (velocity, the WSS, pressure, the PD, and the WPG) in a patient specific stenotic right coronary artery model.
Our results from this study indicate that the type of different boundary conditions imposed at the inlet and the outlet does not have significant effect on the spatial distribution patterns of the PD, the WPG and the WSS on the lumen surface of the artery in terms of where each quantity assumes maximum and where the minimum occurs. However, the temporal distribution patterns and the magnitudes of the velocity, the WSS, the pressure, the PD, and the WPG can be impacted notably depending on the type of the boundary conditions imposed at the inlet and the outlet. More in detail, it was observed that
• The type of boundary conditions examined in this study does not have a significant effect on the time averaged mean PD, the mean WPG and the mean WSS on the lumen surface in the post-stenosis and the downstream regions. However, the boundary conditions have notable effect in the segment of the artery between the inlet and the first stenosis on the magnitude of the velocity at the center line, on the pressure, the PD, the WPG, and the WSS. The fully developed velocity profile assumption maybe the cause of the difference. Therefore, if the local hemodynamics is the focus of the study, the inlet spatial velocity profile must be handled with caution for V-P and V-NS0 models.
• When the inlet boundary is imposed by a velocity waveform, the V-P and V-NS0 models with different outlet boundary conditions result in indistinguishable velocity, the PD, the WPG and the WSS. However, the temporal distribution patterns and the magnitudes of the pressure resulted from these two models are very different. The phasic variation of pressure in a cardiac cycle resulted from V-NS0 model is very different from that of the waveform extracted from the patient and thus may cause a misleading.
• When both of the velocity and the pressure waveforms are imposed at inlet/outlet boundaries, the shapes of the phasic profiles of the PD, the WPG, and the WSS only follow the shape of the velocity pulse waveform no matter whether it is imposed at the inlet or the outlet boundary. This may suggest that the velocity boundary condition influents more than the pressure boundary condition on the phasic shape of the PD, the WPG, and the WSS.
• P-NS0 model is not a practical mathematic model for the simulation of the blood flow in stenotic right coronary artery and it results in extremely large values of the PD and the WPD and a large variation of the WSS, which obviously are not realistic. It also results in a wrong shape of the pulse velocity waveform.
• The analysis of the sensitivity of the blood flow simulation on the pressure outlet boundary condition was also carried out. For the model with a pulse velocity waveform imposed at the inlet boundary (V-P), a 1% mean perturbation of the pulse pressure waveform (3% at the peak flow time) imposed at the outlet boundary will only cause a change of 0.5% in the maximum mean pressure drop and no change in the maximum mean WPG and the maximum mean WSS. On the other hand, for a model with a pulse pressure waveform imposed at the inlet boundary (P-P), the same amount of perturbation on the pulse pressure waveform imposed at the outlet boundary will result in a 7% change of the maximum mean PD, a 7% change of the maximum mean WPG, and a 5% change of the maximum mean WSS and a 6% change of the minimum mean WSS, respectively. This may suggest that the magnitudes of these hemodynamic features are more sensitive to the outlet pressure boundary condition in the P-P model than to that in the V-P model. Therefore, the accuracy of the measurement of the outlet pressure data from the patient is more important to the blood simulation in a patient specific P-P model.
• Comparing the plots of the inlet velocity and pressure waveforms with the plot of the pressure waveform at the outlet boundary, we can clearly see the influence of the flow rate on the pressure drop in a cardiac cycle. From the inlet to the outlet, the total pressure drop is larger at the time associated with each local maximum point of the inlet velocity waveform during a cardiac cycle, and the maximum pressure drop occurs at the peak flow (t = 0.425). A linear regression analysis on the correlation between the inlet pulse velocity magnitude and the percentage change of the pressure ((Pin(t)-Pout(t))/Pin(t)) reveals a correlation coefficient r = 0.9103 with p-value of 0.0000, and a linear fitting function: the percentage change of the pressure = 0.2134\*velocity-0.0356 with R-square = 0.8286.
In conclusion, the observations based on the computer simulations in this study indicated that the ways how pressure and velocity boundary conditions are imposed in computational models have considerable impact on flow velocity and shear stress predictions, especially in upstream region. Computer simulations with improperly imposed type of boundary conditions may result in some misleading hemodynamic information, especially on the temporal distribution patterns and the magnitudes of the blood flow. Accuracy of *in vivo*measurements of blood pressure and velocity is of great importance for reliable model predictions. It must be recalled that we have examined only one artery in this work, and therefore any conclusions that we can draw are limited.
Competing interests
===================
Other than the grants listed in the acknowledgement section, the authors declare that they have no other competing interest.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
All authors actively contributed to the research and the writing of the manuscript. BL and DT contributed to the computational modeling, data analysis, and the draft of the manuscript. JZ and RB were responsible for data collection and image analysis, and active participation in manuscript writing. All authors 1) have made substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) have been involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) have given final approval of the version to be published. Each author has participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.
Acknowledgements
================
This work was partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (\#210082 to Biyue Liu) and by US NIH/NIBIB R01 EB004759.
Declarations
============
Publication of this article was paid with funding from NIH/NIBIB R01 EB004759.
This article has been published as part of *BioMedical Engineering OnLine*Volume 14 Supplement 1, 2015: Cardiovascular Disease and Vulnerable Plaque Biomechanics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at <http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/supplements/14/S1>
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Developing Next Generation Solar Energy Trading Platforms
TTP, an independent technology and product development company, has announced that it has entered into a partnership with SOLshare, a social enterprise that has created a new approach to distributing and trading affordable solar electricity across peer-to-peer micro-grids. By making improvements to the SOLbox trading platform, the collaboration aims to increase the supply of sustainable electrical power to communities in developing countries.
SOLshare manages smart peer-to-peer micro-grid systems in rural communities across Bangladesh, which enable the real-time trading of electricity generated through solar power—this allows users to earn a direct income selling excess electricity to their neighbors. By designing a higher-efficiency, isolated and bidirectional DC-to-DC power converter, TTP and SOLshare aim to deliver a ten-fold increase in the amount of electricity that can be shared across these grids, from the current limit of 100W, to 1kW per unit. This will mean more households can use or sell electricity and run more appliances at a higher power.
TTP will deploy its power electronics expertise in the joint development of the bi-directional power converter, and will develop, for mass-production, the electronic PCBAs which are inside the SOLbox, including the electronics which constitute the metering, wireless communications, safety, power conversion and user interface functions. TTP and SOLshare aim to have a prototype of the new system completed during the spring of 2020.
Globally, almost one billion people lack access to electricity, and another billion have intermittent supply. For areas without reliable electrical infrastructure, installing solar panels on homes can be an attractive way to generate power locally and sustainably. However, high installation costs mean this option is out of reach for many people. Additionally, an average of approximately US$1 billion of power is wasted every year due to unutilized excess power by individual systems. The peer-to-peer micro-grids pioneered by SOLshare are one way of overcoming these issues—solar electricity can be traded between different households, allowing users of solar power to become both consumers and producers. Selling excess power provides income to mitigate installation costs, while the option to buy power from the micro-grid can provide electricity to other households in need. Sharing electricity in this way can power entire villages, with all the social and economic benefits that brings.
SOLshare has installed over 28 micro-grids across Bangladesh, as well as in India, which are allowing businesses to run more smoothly, and more children to study after dark. SOLshare aims to have 160 micro-grids running around the world by the end of 2020. By working together to drastically improve the capabilities of these grids, TTP and SOLshare hope to facilitate the development of a sustainable infrastructure for the future.
Dr David Smith, Head of Industrial Technology at TTP, said: “We are really pleased to be involved in such a rewarding project, one that has the potential to transform the lives of people in some of the world’s poorest communities. This project is just one example of how technology can be leveraged as a powerful force for real social change and economic development.”
Dr Sebastian Groh, Managing Director at ME SOLshare Ltd, added: “TTP has the engineering and product development expertise to dramatically improve the capabilities of our SOLbox platform and with that, our service offering to low-income communities in hard to reach areas across the globe. This collaboration enables us to leapfrog in our technology development and improve lives.”
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In the Friday, February 9, 2018 photo, Thomas Bach, president of the International Olympic Committee, speaks during the opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The International Olympic Committee executive board has recommended upholding the ban of Russia from the Pyeongchang Winter Games. The full membership will vote on the proposal Sunday ahead of the closing ceremony. (Clive Mason/Pool Photo via AP)
In the Friday, February 9, 2018 photo, Thomas Bach, president of the International Olympic Committee, speaks during the opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The International Olympic Committee executive board has recommended upholding the ban of Russia from the Pyeongchang Winter Games. The full membership will vote on the proposal Sunday ahead of the closing ceremony. (Clive Mason/Pool Photo via AP)
PYEONGCHANG, South Korea (AP) — The massive, state-linked Russian doping scandal didn’t stain the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, IOC President Thomas Bach said Sunday.
It was, however, the subject of the vast majority of the questions Bach fielded as the IOC tried to shake the stigma of Russian cheating that has plagued the last three Olympics — Sochi, Rio de Janeiro and now Pyeongchang.
The IOC doesn’t want it to touch Tokyo’s Summer Olympics in 2½ years.
Just hours before Sunday’s closing ceremony, the IOC ruled that the 160-plus Russian delegation — participating under the neutral “Olympic Athletes from Russia” logo — could not march in the closing ceremony under its own flag. This would have been a signal that Russia was back in the Olympic Family.
Russian athletes produced two of the four positive doping tests in Pyeongchang despite IOC guarantees about intense testing before and during the Olympics.
“These two doping cases have in fact played the major role when coming to the decision of not lifting the suspension,” Bach explained. “This was the key factor.”
However, the IOC also decided that the Russian Olympic Committee will still have its suspension lifted if there are no more positive tests by Russians at the Pyeongchang Games.
Bach gave no timeframe for lifting the suspension, but the testing could be completed in a few days.
The IOC stores test samples for a decade when new science can detect cheating, but Bach said Russia would not have to wait that long for reinstatement.
This was the IOC’s attempt to “draw a line” under the Russian scandal.
“I don’t think, quite frankly, that these Winter Games have been tainted by the Russian affair,” Bach said.
The Russian Olympic Committee was banned from the Olympics on Dec. 5 because of widespread doping at the 2014 Sochi Games. But “clean” Russian athletes were allowed to compete under the neutral banner, and the IOC left open the possibility of reinstatement ahead of the closing ceremony if the country met a series of criteria.
IOC member Nicole Hoevertsz, who heads the Russia implementation group, said the country’s delegation met many of the criteria required for reinstatement during the Olympics.
“Despite a good collaboration from the OAR delegation to respond to these (doping) cases in a prompt and transparent way, the implementation group was convinced that these cases caused significant concern,” said Hoevertsz, who is from Aruba.
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The IOC’s full membership unanimously approved the recommendation of the executive board just hours before the final competition and the closing ceremony. Fifty-two of the IOC’s 100 members were present at the meeting, though many left days before the critical decision.
Bach repeated several times the two Russian cases gave “no indication whatsoever of systematic doping.” He termed them “cases of negligence.”
Bach has defended the right of individual athletes to be judged separately and shied away from collective punishment. His stand has been seen as “soft on Russia” by many who called for an outright ban.
“We have to draw a line and look toward the future,” Hoevertsz said. “It is never going to be business as usual any more in the world of sport and in Russia. Many changes have been made and many changes still have to be made.”
Bach said the treatment of Russia was not a “blueprint (for the future) because I hope this affair remains a unique one.”
He also gave a sobering assessment about doping and cheating and the struggle to control it.
“We will always have positive tests with regard to every nation,” he said. “This fight against doping will never be over. As long as you have human beings in competition with each other you will have some who try to cheat. In society we have laws against theft and robbery for thousands years, but there is still theft or robbery.”
Shamil Tarpischev, an IOC member from Russia, blamed the positive test on “the lack of cultural education. These cases are isolated and we are running our own investigation.”
He also tried to draw a line under the scandal.
“We believe,” Tarpischev said, “this should be the end of this big problem.”
___
More AP Olympic coverage: https://wintergames.ap.org
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1930s Pictorial Echo Lake Colorado Souvenir Compact
This late 1930s ladies' powder compact was purchased in the gift shop of the Echo Lake Lodge in Colorado. The domed top has a color tinted picture of Mount Evans and Echo Lake Park protected by clear plastic. At the top is printed "Souvenir of Rocky Mts.". The rim and bottom are black enamel.
The mirrored compact has the original unused puff and metal sifter plate. It is unused and has never held powder. 2-3/4 inches diameter, the compact is in very good vintage condition.
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Cervical ripening in women with previous cesarean deliveries.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of preinduction cervical ripening in women with previous cesarean deliveries undergoing induction of labor. Retrospective study of women with previous low transverse cesarean deliveries who underwent ripening of an unfavorable cervix prior to induction of labor (n = 89). Multiparas without previous cesarean deliveries undergoing ripening and induction of labor during the same time period were used for comparison (n = 61). Ripening was performed with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel, or an osmotic dilator, or both. Induction of labor with oxytocin followed the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' guidelines. Outcome data were analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test or chi 2-test as appropriate. Significance was established at P < 0.05. The mean gestational age was 39.6 +/- 2.6 and 38.2 +/- 2.9 weeks for the study and comparison groups, respectively. There were no differences between the groups in Bishop score, duration of the first stage of labor, maximum dose of oxytocin, indications for cesarean delivery, puerperal morbidity, birthweight, Apgar scores or NICU admissions. Sixty-four percent (57 of 89) of study women delivered vaginally compared with 82% (50 of 61) of women in the comparison group (P < 0.03). The data were analyzed separately for those women undergoing cervical ripening with PGE2 gel only. No differences were observed between the groups in any of the categories mentioned above. Cervical ripening appears to be safe and effective in women with previous low transverse cesarean deliveries undergoing induction of labor with an unfavorable cervix.
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Lucke, Lewis claim $1,000 prizes
By Jeremy Gaston on Wed, 12/21/2016 - 10:39
OSAGE CITY—The Christmas On Us grand prize drawing gave away the bulk of $3,000 in prizes awarded to area residents for shopping in Osage County this holiday season. The drawing was held Monday evening in the Osage City High School auditorium.
The giveaways included two grand prizes of $1,000 drawn at the conclusion of the night, awarded to Mike Lucke, Osage City, and Albert Lewis, Osage City.
“I don’t usually win,” Albert Lewis said as he claimed his prize. “It feels amazing.”
Lucke was also excited about winning the other $1,000 prize, and planned to spend the money around town.
Both tickets were drawn after several unclaimed tickets, as many as five possible winners who missed their opportunity to win by not being present at the drawing.
Many more tickets were pulled the drawing for the $250 prizes, the first of which took 14 different numbers before someone in the audience claimed the prize.
Cindy Harris, Burlingame, broke the slumps, and the silence, shouting loudly from the upper seating in the auditorium. She planned to spend the money on gas and food.
Nicole Senft, Reading, was the other $250 winner, and planed to spend her prize money on Christmas items.
Four $50 prizes were awarded at Monday’s event, two of which were drawn on the spot. Carloson Tumbleson and Marrion Smith, both Osage City, claimed $50 prizes in the drawing. Kami Simmons, Lyndon, and Kayla Green, accepting on behalf Osage City Methodist Church, claimed $50 prizes from numbers printed in The Osage County Herald-Chronicle.
Two other prizes were claimed earlier in the week by Wilda Davison, Lyndon, and Leslie Walters, Burlingame, also from numbers printed in The Herald-Chronicle.
The contest rewarded residents who shop at local businesses. For every $10 spent at participating merchants, shoppers received a ticket. Almost 60,000 tickets were distributed throughout the contest, representing nearly $600,000 spent in Osage County during the four-week contest.
All prizes are awarded in the form of scrip money, which may only be spent at participating businesses.
This year’s sponsors were Casey’s General Store in Burlingame; Casey’s General Store in Carbondale; Casey’s General Store and Lyndon Building Materials in Lyndon; Artfully Quilted by Barbs, Buzzards Pizza, Casey’s General Store, Conklin Plumbing, Designs by Diane, Furniture Loft, Ink, Jerry’s Thriftway, Max’s BP, McCoys Electronics, Osage Building Materials, Osage City Parks & Recreation, The Osage County Herald-Chronicle, Pueblo Mexican Restaurant, That Other Place and Theel Plumbing in Osage City; Casey’s General Store and Santa Fe Trail Meats in Overbrook; Casey’s General Store, Club 4 Corners and Jim’s Garage in Scranton.
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J-S78027-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ADAM WILLIAM MALLIN
Appellant No. 404 WDA 2016
Appeal from the PCRA Order March 7, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-25-CR-0001136-2014
CP-25-CR-0001140-2014
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OTT, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED JANUARY 03, 2017
Adam William Mallin appeals pro se1 from the order entered March 7,
2016, in the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, that denied, without a
hearing, his second, timely petition, seeking relief pursuant to the
Pennsylvania Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541–9546.
Mallin contends his sentence is illegal. Based upon the following, we affirm.
The PCRA court summarized the background of this case, as follows:
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
As the PCRA court correctly points out, because this petition is Mallin’s
second PCRA petition, there is no automatic right to appointed counsel. See
PCRA Court Notice of Intent to Dismiss Without a Hearing Pursuant to
Pa.R.Crim.P. 907, 1/26/2016, at 2, citing Commonwealth v. Vega, 754
A.2d 714 (Pa. Super. 2000). See also Pa.R.Crim.P. 904.
J-S78027-16
On January 14, 2015, [Mallin] pled guilty to 15 counts at docket
No. 1136 of 2014 and 55 counts at docket No. 1140 of 2014.
These counts included crimes of terroristic threats, retaliation
against prosecutor or judicial official, bomb threats, stalking and
harassment. On March 30, 2015, [Mallin] was sentenced in the
standard range of the sentencing guidelines to an aggregate
term of 108 months to 336 months of incarceration. [Mallin] did
not file a direct appeal.
On June 4, 2015, [Mallin] filed his first PCRA petition, which was
denied by the Honorable Shad Connelly on September 17, 2015.
[Mallin] thereafter filed several motions challenging his sentence,
which were all denied by Judge Connelly.
On December 31, 2015,1 [Mallin] filed his second pro se PCRA
petition, alleging that he is serving an illegal sentence.
_____________________________________________
1
Pursuant to the prisoner mailbox rule, [Mallin’s] pro se
PCRA [petition] was filed on December 31, 2015, the date
he placed it in the hands of prison authorities for mailing
(i.e. postmark date). See Commonwealth v. Fransen,
986 A.2d 154, 156 n.5 (Pa. Super. 2009);
Commonwealth v. Castro, 766 A.2d 1283 (Pa. Super.
2001); Commonwealth v. Little, 716 A.2d 1287 (Pa.
Super. 1998).
______________________________________________
PCRA Court Notice of Intent to Dismiss Without a Hearing Pursuant to
Pa.R.Crim.P. 907, 1/26/2016, at 1–2.
On February 22, 2016, the PCRA Court dismissed Mallin’s second PCRA
petition without a hearing. This timely appeal followed.2
____________________________________________
2
The PCRA court states that “On April 8, 2016, [Mallin] filed a document
that appears to be a Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on
Appeal.” PCRA Court [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(a) Opinion, 4/15/2016. The PCRA
court docket reflects case correspondence was received from Mallin on April
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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J-S78027-16
Preliminarily, it is important to note that “although legality of sentence
is always subject to review within the PCRA, claims must still first satisfy the
PCRA’s time limits or one of the exceptions thereto.” Commonwealth v.
Fahy, 737 A.2d 214, 223 (Pa. 1999).
Generally, any PCRA petition, including a second or subsequent
petition, must be filed within one year of the date the judgment of sentence
becomes final. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1). For purposes of the PCRA, “a
judgment becomes final at the conclusion of direct review, including
discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the United States and the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the expiration of time for seeking the
review.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(3). Here, Mallin was sentenced on March 30,
2015, and his judgment of sentence became final on April 29, 2015, upon
the expiration of the 30-day period for taking a direct appeal. Therefore,
the present, second PCRA petition, filed December 31, 2015, is timely filed
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
8, 2016; however, that case correspondence does not appear to be included
in the certified record.
-3-
J-S78027-16
within the PCRA’s one-year time limit. Accordingly, we proceed to examine
Mallin’s claim that his sentence is illegal.3, 4
“On appeal from the denial of PCRA relief, our standard of review
calls for us to determine whether the ruling of the PCRA court is
supported by the record and free of legal error.” “The PCRA
court’s findings will not be disturbed unless there is no support
for the findings in the certified record.” “The PCRA court’s factual
determinations are entitled to deference, but its legal
determinations are subject to our plenary review.”
Commonwealth v. Nero, 58 A.3d 802, 805 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(citations omitted).
A second or any subsequent post-conviction request for relief
“will not be entertained unless a prima facie is offered to
demonstrate that a miscarriage of justice may have occurred.”
Commonwealth v. Carpenter, 555 Pa. 434, 725 A.2d 154, 160
(1999) (quoting Commonwealth v. Lawson, 519 Pa. 504, 549
A.2d 107, 112 (1988)). “A petitioner makes a prima facie
showing if he ‘demonstrates that either the proceedings which
resulted in his conviction were so unfair’ that a miscarriage of
justice occurred which no civilized society could tolerate, or that
he was innocent of the crimes for which he was charged.’” Id.
____________________________________________
3
We note the argument of the Commonwealth that because Mallin’s pro se
brief fails to conform to the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, the
appeal should be dismissed. However, we decline to dismiss this appeal
since Mallin has set forth a discernible claim of PCRA court error regarding
the issue of legality of sentence, and our review is not hindered by the
defective brief.
4
The only claim raised by Mallin in his second PCRA petition is that he
received an illegal sentence. To the extent that Mallin may be asserting
other claims in his appellate brief, such claims are waived. See
Commonwealth v. Baumhammers, 92 A.3d 708, 731 (Pa. 2014)
(petitioner cannot add new substantive claims on appeal that were not
included in the PCRA petition itself).
-4-
J-S78027-16
(quoting Commonwealth v. Morales, 549 Pa. 400, 701 A.2d
516, 520-21 (1997)); see also Commonwealth v. Palmer,
2002 PA Super 411, 814 A.2d 700, 709 (Pa. Super. 2002).
Commonwealth v. Burkhardt, 833 A.2d 233, 236 (Pa. Super. 2003).
Here, at Docket No. 1136-2016, Mallin was sentenced as follows:
At Count 1 – Retaliation against Prosecutor/Judicial Official, 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 4953.1(a), a felony of the second degree – Mallin was sentenced to 36 to
96 months’ incarceration. The legal maximum for this offense is 10 years
(120 months); the standard range of the sentencing guidelines is 24–36
months.
At Counts 3 through 9 – Terroristic Threats, 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1),
misdemeanors of the first degree – Mallin was sentenced at each count to 9
to 36 months’ incarceration. The legal maximum for this offense is five
years (60 months); the standard range of the sentencing guidelines is RS
(Restorative Sanctions)–9 months.
At Count 10 – Bomb Threats/Threatens Placement of Bomb, 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 2715(a)(4), a misdemeanor of the first degree – Mallin was sentenced to 9
to 36 months’ incarceration. The legal maximum for this offense is five
years (60 months); the standard range of the sentencing guidelines is RS–9
months.
Counts 11 through 16–Harrassment, 18 P.S. § 2709(a)(4),
misdemeanors of the third degree, merged with Counts 3 through 8,
respectively, for purposes of sentencing.
-5-
J-S78027-16
Counts 3 through 10 were made to run concurrent to each other and
consecutive to Count 1. See Sentencing Order, 3/30/2015 (Docket 1136-
2014, Docket Entry #64); see also Sentencing Guideline Forms, 3/30/2015
(Docket 1136-2014, Docket #67).
At Docket Number 1140-2016, Mallin was sentenced as follows:
At Count 1 – Retaliation against Prosecutor/Judicial Official, 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 4953.1(a), a felony of the second degree – Mallin was sentenced to 36 to
96 months’ incarceration. As stated above, the legal maximum is ten years
(120 months); the standard range of the sentencing guidelines is 24–36
months.
At Counts 14 through 44 – Terroristic Threats, 18 Pa.C.S. §
2706(a)(1), misdemeanors of the first degree – Mallin was sentenced at
each count to 9 to 36 months’ incarceration. As stated above, the legal
maximum for this offense is five years (60 months); the standard range of
the sentencing guidelines is RS–9 months.
At Counts 45 through 49 – Bomb Threats/Threatens Placement of
Bomb, 18 Pa.C.S. § 2715(a)(4) – a misdemeanor of the first degree, Mallin
was sentenced at each count to 9 to 36 months’ incarceration. As stated
above, the legal maximum for this offense is five years (60 months); the
standard range of the sentencing guidelines is RS–9 months.
At Counts 50 through 58 – Stalking/Repeatedly Communicating to
Cause Fear, 18 P.S. § 2709.1(a)(2), misdemeanors of the first degree, Mallin
-6-
J-S78027-16
was sentenced at each count to 9 to 36 months’ incarceration. The legal
maximum for this offense is five years (60 months); the standard range is
RS–9 months.
Counts 59–67, Harrassment, 18 P.S. § 2709(a)(4), misdemeanors of
the third degree, merged with Counts 50–58, respectively, for purposes of
sentencing.
Count 1 was made consecutive to Docket Number 1136-2014. Counts
14 to 44 were made concurrent to each other and consecutive to Count 1.
Counts 45 to 49 were made concurrent with each other and consecutive to
Counts 14 through 44. Counts 50 to 58 were made concurrent to each other
and consecutive to Counts 45 through 49. See Sentencing Order,
3/30/2016 (Docket 1140-2014, Docket Entry 13); see also Sentencing
Guideline Forms, 3/30/2015 (Docket 1140-2014, Docket #15).
Our review confirms the PCRA court’s determination that “[d]espite
[Mallin’s] bald assertion to the contrary, he is serving a legal sentence at the
above docket numbers. Furthermore, [Mallin’s] sentence at all counts fall
within the standard range of the guidelines.” PCRA Court Notice of Intent to
Dismiss Without a Hearing Pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 907, 1/26/2016, at 3.
Accordingly, we affirm.
-7-
J-S78027-16
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/3/2017
-8-
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Hidden CLI on Cisco/Linksys Small Business Switches
Apr 14, 2017, 9:32 AM -05:00
The Cisco-Linksys SRWxxxx series of switches have a simple web interface for management purposes. The interface lacks the ability to see the MAC address table. You can SSH or telnet to the switch, but the menu you get is no better. However there is a hidden CLI (called the lcli, I assume that stands for Linksys CLI) you can access that will allow you additional management capabilities. Once you are logged into an SSH or telnet session and are at the menu, do the following:
Type Ctrl+Z
Hit Enter once
Type in your username and hit Enter
It will not prompt for the password but it will give you a <hostname># prompt. From here, you can type ? see the available commands. To see the MAC-address table, type show bridge address-table.
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Decrease in chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs by an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma SEREX antigen, AISEC.
We performed SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) using the sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and examined whether some of the SEREX antigens can affect chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs. We isolated a novel gene which was designated as AISEC (antigen identified by SEREX for esophageal carcinoma). RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of AISEC were higher in esophageal SCC tissues than in their normal counterparts. By transfection into activated Ha-ras-transformed NIH3T3 (ras-NIH) mouse fibroblasts, we isolated a clone, FAISEC-3, which stably expressed AISEC. FAISEC-3 cells were more resistant to anticancer drugs, such as mitomycin C, ifosfamide, vincristine, camptothecin and etoposide, than parental ras-NIH cells. Luciferase reporter assay after a transient transfection with AISEC cDNA or the control vector revealed that the transactivity of p53 was suppressed by AISEC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that esophageal SCC tissues produce AISEC in increased amounts, which can reduce the chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs possibly by suppressing the p53 transactivation ability.
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Advances in colonic imaging: new endoscopic imaging methods.
There is a need for better endoscopic visualization in specific circumstances like detection of flat colorectal lesions and dysplasia-screening in ulcerative colitis. Chromoendoscopy is a technique with proven success, but many more, novel endoscopic techniques are currently under investigation. In this article different point measurement and still imaging methods are discussed: Raman spectroscopy, elastic (light) scattering spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography and confocal laser microscopy. Furthermore, real-time endoscopic imaging methods are discussed. These include narrow band imaging, fluorescence imaging and endocytoscopy. The results of fluoroscence imaging might be improved by application of photosensitizers or coupling of fluorescent dyes to tumour-related antigens (immunoscopy). Most of these techniques still have to be developed further and are not yet available for routine use. In our opinion, a combination of a red-flag technique and a microscopic technique carries an enormous potential.
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Q:
Is there a database based key eviction policy in redis when RAM is full
I am using 5 databases in my redis server. I want to evict keys belonging to a particular DB using LRU mechanism. Is it possible ?
I read this: how-to-make-redis-choose-lru-eviction-policy-for-only-some-of-the-keys.
But all my databases are using time to live for their entries. So cant use volatile-lru policy.
I tried volatile-ttl policy but other databases are having less ttl for their keys. So they will get evicted which I dont want.
A:
That's one of the effects of using numbered/shared database - they all share the same configuration and resources. You should consider using separate Redis servers, one for each of your databases, to have better control over what gets evicted and when. Even more importantly, using dedicated instances allows you to better utilize the cores that you server has.
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Niall Ferguson: Thatcher Would Have Seen Off Radical Islam, Obama is the 'Wobbliest President of Modern Times'
CITY OF LONDON, United Kingdom – Historian and author Niall Ferguson today delivered a speech at the Centre for Policy Studies’ inaugural Margaret Thatcher Liberty Conference, discussing the “wobbliness” of U.S. President Barack Obama, and noting how former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would have dealt with the challenges the West faces today.
Speaking in front of a several hundred strong crowd in the historic and grand surroundings of London’s Guildhall, Ferguson said that NATO was no longer a credible force in the world, which has led to the resurgence of Russia as a global power. Prime Minister Thatcher, he noted, would have “striven to make NATO a force… and urged President Obama to make the red line [with regard to Ukraine] a real one”.
Ferguson, who is the author of ‘Civilisation: The West and the Best‘ as well as being a history professor at Harvard University, said: “We are in cultural decline too… In the wake of victory [in 1991] came a serious decline of the West.
“Who would have predicted in 1989 that by the year 2014 that at least on one measure, China would be the biggest economy in the world, and still under the control of a Communist party? What a defeat.”
“Imagine how Margaret Thatcher would have responded to the fiascos we have seen in Syria and with respect to Ukraine,” he said, before going on to note that the former PM would have supported freedom-loving dissident movements in both countries, the opposite of what modern leaders have done.
“Have we made comparable efforts to support dissidents in the Middle east and North Africa, have we helped them in the way we helped the opponents of Communism? No, and not surprisingly their revolution failed and their revolution was hijacked by the enemies of freedom”.
Ferguson believes that a referendum on European Union membership would have been combatted by Thatcher, who would have fought to avoid a federal political union under Germany’s control. He said that “a British exit from the European Union would be a profound set back… but if the British voter is confronted with exit and being part of a German-led federal state – could you really blame [them] for voting for the exit?”
Lastly, Prof. Ferguson noted that the battle against radical Islam is perhaps the most serious issue the West faces today. He said: “It is the most rapidly growing threat to Western values,” and noted that Thatcher, who “stopped the leaders of the West – American Presidents – from going wobbly” would have her work cut out for her with President Obama, the “wobbliest president of modern times”.
“[Mrs. Thatcher] would have seen the vital strategic importance of the West [working] against the rise of radical Islam.
“That is the most important lesson we can learn from 1989. A fight against political Islam is the fight the footsoliders of freedom should be fighting today. Thatcher, were she with us, would support [this fight] whole heartedly”.
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The Senate Intelligence Committee held an open hearing to discuss Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) legislation with top intelligence officials. The hearing got heated when Senator Angus King grilled the officials on whether the President tried to influence their work. Following is a transcript of the video:
KING: What you feel isn’t relevant, admiral. What you feel is not the answer. The answer is, why are you not answering the questions? Is it an invocation of executive privilege. If there is, let’s hear about it. If there isn’t, answer the questions.
ROGERS: I stand by the comments I've made. I’m not interested in repeating myself, sir, and I don’t mean that in a contentious way.
KING: Well I do mean it in a contentious way, I don’t understand why you’re not answering our questions. You can’t — when you were confirmed, before the armed services committee you took an oath: “do you solemnly swear to give the committee the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you, God.” You answered yes to that.
ROGERS: And I’ve also answered that those conversations are classified and it is not appropriate in an open forum, to discuss those classified conversations.
KING: What is classified about a conversation involving whether or not you should intervene in the FBI investigation?
ROGERS: Sir, I stand by my previous comments.
KING: You swore that oath to tell us the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, and today you are refusing to do so. What is the legal basis for your refusal to testify to this committee?
COATS: I’m not sure I have a legal basis, but I’m more than willing to sit before this committee … during its investigative process in a closed session and answer your questions.
KING: Well we’re going to be having a closed session in a few hours. Do you commit to me that you’re going to answer these questions in a direct and unencumbered way?
COATS: I plan to do that but I do have to work through the legal counsel at the White House relative to whether or not they’re going to exercise executive [privilege].
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Saturday, November 13, 2010
If Ya Ain't Got a Landy Ute. . . .
The uniform consists of Akubra hat, check shirt, moleskins or jeans and boots. To complete this uniform is the Landy.
For extra points you need:-
1. A bullbar
2. An antenna farm mounted on said bullbar
3. A snorkle
4. R M Williams mud flaps
5. Gympie Muster stickers
and
for extra pizzaz
6. A large hound of doubtful parentage who threatens to 'rip ya arm orf' if you get any closer that a metre to the Ute.
We have a Landy Ute.
The "bullbar' is a piece of gate.
The only antenna we have is for the radio
Snorkle are for Jacques Cousteau
Mudflaps were an optional extra
The stickers on the back are too faded to read and
Our dogs will lick you to death.
On the plus side it has the lowest k's on the clock of all our vehicles and we have the original owners service manual.
She's a bit rough and rusty, and like all Landys is built like a brick out house. Suspension as hard as a rock, no power assisted anything, spartan minimalist interior.
The old girl has sat here for about 6 years, unstarted, so we bled the brakes, then the clutch, replaced some fuel lines and finally coaxed her into life. She'd idled but wouldn't rev.
Our virtual mechanic - phone-a-friend Jim Harris, said to dump the fuel which was no longer fuel after all that time. He also suggested a clean and new gaskets for the carby. Jim was going the Helensvale to collect some aviaries and dropped carby off.
Mr H came through like a beauty and had the carby ready the next day.
With a clean carby she starts and runs smoothly - thanks Mr H
Although we own a Landy Ute no one will ever know we are real country. The old bus is not and never will be registered, so will never be driven into town.
When the locals look suspiciously at us sitting in the Landrover Discovery, we just smile because we know we are real country
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WELCOME
Tall tales and true of the tribulations, triumphs, tragedies and mainly trivia of two Feral Fossils who have run away to live in the wilds of the bush at St Agnes, Queensland, and who are determined not to "go gentle into that goodnight"
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59 reviews of this school
This is a safe place to share your honest opinions of a school, whether good or bad.
Learn more.
Lakewood Elementary School5
Posted January 04, 2015
- a community member
Funny, after reading the most recent reviews, I could not describe Lakewood any differently. I went there as a kid in the 1960s, and the comments fit perfectly. Yes, there are a lot of students, and the faculty vary from friendly to strict, perhaps a couple over the top in terms of knowing how to deal with students who have special needs, but all of the programs still seem in tact. Try attending schools that don't have those programs. Art, music, and the parental involvement still seem in tact. Money had nothing to do with the kind of students/families attended this school. I would think all parents research a school before choosing where to send their child. Poor, rich, hispanic, white were the matrix of our fun group then. It was the only school that really had an idea of friendship and interest in development. You won't get that by the teachers continually holding the students' hand to get them through, but if any school I attended from which I learned when I was a kid, it was, truly, Lakewood Elementary.
Lakewood Elementary is okay. However, the new principal and LEEF's plan for an addition and renovation to the school bring hope that stellar days are ahead. As a former educator, I wish the teachers as a whole were more caring and less like drill sergeants. I am sure overcrowding can contribute to the morale of the teachers, as well as the emphasis on testing. The office staff could be more welcoming and chipper, especially since they are usually the first point of contact for a visitor. The nurse and counselor are very nice, qualities you want in both positions. I do love how the music program introduces the children to great classical works. The P.E. teacher is fantastic as well and very nice. This year they have added another P.E. teacher as well as a second art teacher. I do feel that the school is taking steps to address overcrowding and easing the burden on teachers by adding new positions. Parental involvement is very high. We have two wonderful, kind and happy DISD crossing guards that work the front of our school both morning and afternoon. It would be nice to have something similar for those who use Wendover Rd., but that is obviously a funding issue.
Can you imagine a 5th grade teacher not only bullying a student, but humiliating him in front of his classmates? This is what my grand child endured in a classroom at Lakewood. Beware if your child doesn't fit the mold they are in danger!!!!
We had an an abysmal experience at Lakewood. My son was a new student in 2nd grade with no behavior problems at all. We met privately with his teacher to explain that we felt he had a learning disorder and were in the process of having him tested. Despite this, she would berate him loudly in class for missing an instruction or not knowing something that she thought he should know. Then she got in the habit of saying to the class (in a sarcastic tone of voice), "Could somebody please help E---?" I wrote a tactful letter to her respectfully asking her not to say that to the class. So instead, the next time another student tried to help my son (even though he didn't ask for help), she said, "E---'s mom says he doesn't need any help." I tried to talk to her in person before school and she refused to speak to me--literally turned her back to me as I was talking and told me to go to the office. I pulled my son out of that school that day. When we went to collect his things from the classroom, she did not even acknowledge my son or say goodbye! FOR SHAME! Hardly the conduct of a professional educator! The principal wasn't much better. We lasted 4 weeks and they were 4 weeks of misery.
Lakewood is a good school in a great neighborhood. Lkd enjoys an excellent community and parent support visible and effective PTA, Dad s group, fundraisers and volunteering. The teaching could be stronger based on the schools population (in my experience 25% are excellent and 10% are terrible) as an educator myself (with realistic expectations ) that is good. Your child WILL be well socialized at Lakewood (once again this is neighborhood effect) they will learn here. The DISDs nationally recognized TAG schools (without caps) could be filled the top half of each Lakewood grade (that should tell you all you need to know). This school is NOT good at is making parents feel like their child is exceptional (this is not their bread and butter as it is in private schools) or a political expectation (as it is in highland park). If the school was 25% less crowed and had 50% more space it would the one of the best public schools in the country- but all in all good to great school buoyed by great neighborhood.
Lakewood is overcrowded and disorganized. The administration was incompetent in the way it handled the leveling this year. My sons teacher is nice but has way too many children. I wasn't told about significant things that happened to my son until weeks later at the parent teacher conference. This school is not equipped to identify and help children who are above or below the average. The only reason lakewood scores better than the rest of Dallas is they have a much lower amount of ESL and economically disadvantaged students. The school boundaries have been gerrymandered to keep test scores up so the property values stay up. My son received a much better education at another DISD school last year. The only reason you should send your child to Lakewood is if you want to display their bumper sticker on your Lexus
We are in our last year at Lakewood, thank heavens. The classes and the school are ridiculously over crowded with kids who live nowhere near the school. Because it is overcrowded, the lunches and recesses are very, very short. Everything at this school is about the test! Terrible arts program. The teachers never seem happy anymore. The new principal is overwhelmed. My children do very well, but they were doing well at their last school too. When we moved to the neighborhood we thought we were getting a warm and friendly school, but they just want your money. It's really nothing special compared to schools in surrounding districts.
I absolutely love this school. The teachers are terrific and caring and responsive. I see some comments about the previous principal Ms Thompson - who I agree was less than delightful to deal with. She has, however, been replaced with Ms Brookshire-Simmons who is lovely and much more interested in individual students' needs. The class sizes are quite large - which is no surprise because the school is great and basically everyone in the neighborhood sends their kids to the school rather than private school. However, funds are currently being raised to build new buildings and double the square footage within the next 2 years. So the crowding problems should be resolved very shortly. It's a great neighborhood and wonderful that so many families in the community support the local schools and believe in them enough to see past the DISD reputation and attend our fantastic public school. I couldn't be happier with our experience.
Lakewood Elementary has a caring community and high level of parent involvement . I do think there is a lot of emphasis on testing and grades. There is a lot of homework right from the early years and worksheet based curriculum. I wish the kids had a longer recess (15 mins to eat and 15 mins of play) and I am not happy if any member disrupts the class, this break can be taken away (and has many times) thereby punishing all the children. They need a chance to let off steam at lunch as the environment is very disciplined. Having said all that my child likes going to school for the most part and is proud of her school.
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The relationship of altered water/feed intake ratios on growth and abdominal fat in commercial broilers.
Three trials were conducted to investigate the relationship of changing water/feed ratios on growth rate and abdominal fat levels of two genetic lines. Water/feed intake ratios were elevated by feed restriction programs (skip-a-day and 70% restriction) from 0 to 4 days of age. Following return to ad libitum feed, compensatory gains were observed in body weights, and the elevated water/feed ratios declined to levels similar to that of controls. The addition of up to 2.4% dietary salt resulted in increased water/feed intake ratios without reductions in feed intake. Early body weights of birds receiving diets containing high levels of salt were larger than body weights of birds receiving the control diet. Peak differences in body weights occurred at 4 days and were larger in males than females. Feed efficiency from 0 to 4 days was higher for birds receiving high salt diets than for birds receiving the control diet. Decreasing the high salt levels resulted in reduced water/feed ratios to levels comparable to controls. Small differences were observed in abdominal fat between the two genetic lines. Abdominal fat weights were significantly (P less than or equal to .05) reduced (17 to 28%) in both lines when birds were fed a 2.4% salt diet. Although abdominal fat weights were similar between sexes, differences in body weights resulted in significant (P less than or equal to .05) differences between males and females in percent abdominal fat. Data indicated that high water/feed intake ratios may be associated with reduced abdominal fat.
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scale <1,1,1>*1
texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.96, 0.84, 0.72> }
normal { granite 0.5 scale <3,0.15,3>*0.8 turbulence 0}
finish { phong 0.1}
}
scale <1,1,1> rotate<0, 0,0> translate<0,0,0>
} // end of object
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Threaded View
Some people do find that when they have screws implanted it affects sensitivity in the area. Sometimes people get the metalware taken out (once it's done its job), and some feel better for it. Another possibility is that it's caused by the build up of scar tissue from the injury and operation - in some instances massage can help to make the scar tissue more pliable and less sensitive. Obviously, though, this needs to be handled with care. Finally, it could be that the operation affected the nerves in the area. It's hard to say without seeing you for myself which of these is most likely.
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Ana Elizabeth Rosas
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
...
More
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
On August 4, 1942, the Mexican and U.S. governments launched the bi-national guest worker program, most commonly known as the Bracero Program. An estimated five million Mexican men between the ages of 19 and 45 separated from their families for three-to-nine-month contract cycles at a time, in anticipation of earning the prevailing U.S. wage this program had promised them. They labored in U.S. agriculture, railroad construction, and forestry, with hardly any employment protections or rights in place to support themselves and the families they had left behind in Mexico. The inhumane configuration and implementation of this program prevented most of these men and their families from meeting such goals. Instead, the labor exploitation and alienation that characterized this guest worker program and their program participation paved the way for, at best, fragile family relationships. This program lasted twenty-two years and grew in its expanse, despite its negative consequences, Mexican men and their families could not afford to settle for being unemployed in Mexico, nor could they pass up U.S. employment opportunities of any sort. The Mexican and U.S. governments’ persistently negligent management of the Bracero Program, coupled with their conveniently selective acknowledgement of the severity of the plight of Mexican women and men, consistently cornered Mexican men and their families to shoulder the full extent of the Bracero Program’s exploitative conditions and terms.
Gabriella M. Petrick
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
...
More
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
American food in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is characterized by abundance. Unlike the hardscrabble existence of many earlier Americans, the “Golden Age of Agriculture” brought the bounty produced in fields across the United States to both consumers and producers. While the “Golden Age” technically ended as World War I began, larger quantities of relatively inexpensive food became the norm for most Americans as more fresh foods, rather than staple crops, made their way to urban centers and rising real wages made it easier to purchase these comestibles.
The application of science and technology to food production from the field to the kitchen cabinet, or even more crucially the refrigerator by the mid-1930s, reflects the changing demographics and affluence of American society as much as it does the inventiveness of scientists and entrepreneurs. Perhaps the single most important symbol of overabundance in the United States is the postwar Green Revolution. The vast increase in agricultural production based on improved agronomics, provoked both praise and criticism as exemplified by Time magazine’s critique of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in September 1962 or more recently the politics of genetically modified foods.
Reflecting that which occurred at the turn of the twentieth century, food production, politics, and policy at the turn of the twenty-first century has become a proxy for larger ideological agendas and the fractured nature of class in the United States. Battles over the following issues speak to which Americans have access to affordable, nutritious food: organic versus conventional farming, antibiotic use in meat production, dissemination of food stamps, contraction of farm subsidies, the rapid growth of “dollar stores,” alternative diets (organic, vegetarian, vegan, paleo, etc.), and, perhaps most ubiquitous of all, the “obesity epidemic.” These arguments carry moral and ethical values as each side deems some foods and diets virtuous, and others corrupting. While Americans have long held a variety of food ideologies that meld health, politics, and morality, exemplified by Sylvester Graham and John Harvey Kellogg in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, among others, newer constructions of these ideologies reflect concerns over the environment, rural Americans, climate change, self-determination, and the role of government in individual lives. In other words, food can be used as a lens to understand larger issues in American society while at the same time allowing historians to explore the intimate details of everyday life.
Suleiman Osman
Gentrification is one of the most controversial issues in American cities today. But it also remains one of the least understood. Few agree on how to define it or whether it is boon or ...
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Gentrification is one of the most controversial issues in American cities today. But it also remains one of the least understood. Few agree on how to define it or whether it is boon or curse for cities. Gentrification has changed over time and has a history dating back to the early 20th century. Historically, gentrification has had a smaller demographic impact on American cities than suburbanization or immigration. But since the late 1970s, gentrification has dramatically reshaped cities like Seattle, San Francisco, and Boston. Furthermore, districts such as the French Quarter in New Orleans, New York City’s Greenwich Village, and Georgetown in Washington DC have had an outsized influence on the political, cultural, and architectural history of cities. Gentrification thus must be examined alongside suburbanization as one of the major historical trends shaping the 20th-century American metropolis.
Jay Young
Mass transit has been part of the urban scene in the United States since the early 19th century. Regular steam ferry service began in New York City in the early 1810s and horse-drawn ...
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Mass transit has been part of the urban scene in the United States since the early 19th century. Regular steam ferry service began in New York City in the early 1810s and horse-drawn omnibuses plied city streets starting in the late 1820s. Expanding networks of horse railways emerged by the mid-19th century. The electric streetcar became the dominant mass transit vehicle a half century later. During this era, mass transit had a significant impact on American urban development. Mass transit’s importance in the lives of most Americans started to decline with the growth of automobile ownership in the 1920s, except for a temporary rise in transit ridership during World War II. In the 1960s, congressional subsidies began to reinvigorate mass transit and heavy-rail systems opened in several cities, followed by light rail systems in several others in the next decades. Today concerns about environmental sustainability and urban revitalization have stimulated renewed interest in the benefits of mass transit.
Peter Norton
By serving travelers and commerce, roads and streets unite people and foster economic growth. But as they develop, roads and streets also disrupt old patterns, upset balances of power, and ...
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By serving travelers and commerce, roads and streets unite people and foster economic growth. But as they develop, roads and streets also disrupt old patterns, upset balances of power, and isolate some as they serve others. The consequent disagreements leave historical records documenting social struggles that might otherwise be overlooked. For long-distance travel in America before the middle of the 20th century, roads were generally poor alternatives, resorted to when superior means of travel, such as river and coastal vessels, canal boats, or railroads were unavailable. Most roads were unpaved, unmarked, and vulnerable to the effects of weather. Before the railroads, for travelers willing to pay the toll, rare turnpikes and plank roads could be much better. Even in towns, unpaved streets were common until the late 19th century, and persisted into the 20th. In the late 19th century, rapid urban growth, rural free delivery of the mails, and finally the proliferation of electric railways and bicycling contributed to growing pressure for better roads and streets. After 1910, the spread of the automobile accelerated the trend, but only with great controversy, especially in cities. Partly in response to the controversy, advocates of the automobile organized to promote state and county motor highways funded substantially by gasoline taxes; such roads were intended primarily for motor vehicles. In the 1950s, massive federal funds accelerated the trend; by then, motor vehicles were the primary transportation mode for both long and short distances. The consequences have been controversial, and alternatives have been attracting growing interest.
Jonathan Bell
In 1944 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s State of the Union address set out what he termed an “economic Bill of Rights” that would act as a manifesto of liberal policies after World War ...
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In 1944 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s State of the Union address set out what he termed an “economic Bill of Rights” that would act as a manifesto of liberal policies after World War Two. Politically, however, the United States was a different place than the country that had faced the ravages of the Great Depression of the 1930s and ushered in Roosevelt’s New Deal to transform the relationship between government and the people. Key legacies of the New Deal, such as Social Security, remained and were gradually expanded, but opponents of governmental regulation of the economy launched a bitter campaign after the war to roll back labor union rights and dismantle the New Deal state.
Liberal heirs to FDR in the 1950s, represented by figures like two-time presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, struggled to rework liberalism to tackle the realities of a more prosperous age. The long shadow of the U.S. Cold War with the Soviet Union also set up new challenges for liberal politicians trying to juggle domestic and international priorities in an era of superpower rivalry and American global dominance. The election of John F. Kennedy as president in November 1960 seemed to represent a narrow victory for Cold War liberalism, and his election coincided with the intensification of the struggle for racial equality in the United States that would do much to shape liberal politics in the 1960s. After his assassination in 1963, President Lyndon Johnson launched his “Great Society,” a commitment to eradicate poverty and to provide greater economic security for Americans through policies such as Medicare. But his administration’s deepening involvement in the Vietnam War and its mixed record on alleviating poverty did much to taint the positive connotations of “liberalism” that had dominated politics during the New Deal era.
Margaret Garb
Housing in America has long stood as a symbol of the nation’s political values and a measure of its economic health. In the 18th century, a farmhouse represented Thomas Jefferson’s ideal ...
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Housing in America has long stood as a symbol of the nation’s political values and a measure of its economic health. In the 18th century, a farmhouse represented Thomas Jefferson’s ideal of a nation of independent property owners; in the mid-20th century, the suburban house was seen as an emblem of an expanding middle class. Alongside those well-known symbols were a host of other housing forms—tenements, slave quarters, row houses, French apartments, loft condos, and public housing towers—that revealed much about American social order and the material conditions of life for many people.
Since the 19th century, housing markets have been fundamental forces driving the nation’s economy and a major focus of government policies. Home construction has provided jobs for skilled and unskilled laborers. Land speculation, housing development, and the home mortgage industry have generated billions of dollars in investment capital, while ups and downs in housing markets have been considered signals of major changes in the economy. Since the New Deal of the 1930s, the federal government has buttressed the home construction industry and offered economic incentives for home buyers, giving the United States the highest home ownership rate in the world. The housing market crash of 2008 slashed property values and sparked a rapid increase in home foreclosures, especially in places like Southern California and the suburbs of the Northeast, where housing prices had ballooned over the previous two decades. The real estate crisis led to government efforts to prop up the mortgage banking industry and to assist struggling homeowners. The crisis led, as well, to a drop in rates of home ownership, an increase in rental housing, and a growth in homelessness.
Home ownership remains a goal for many Americans and an ideal long associated with the American dream. The owner-occupied home—whether single-family or multifamily dwelling—is typically the largest investment made by an American family. Through much of the 18th and 19th centuries, housing designs varied from region to region. In the mid-20th century, mass production techniques and national building codes tended to standardize design, especially in new suburban housing. In the 18th century, the family home was a site of waged and unwaged work; it was the center of a farm, plantation, or craftsman’s workshop. Two and a half centuries later, a house was a consumer good: its size, location, and decor marked the family’s status and wealth.
Donald Worster
The national parks of the United States have been one of the country’s most popular federal initiatives, and popular not only within the nation but across the globe. The first park was ...
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The national parks of the United States have been one of the country’s most popular federal initiatives, and popular not only within the nation but across the globe. The first park was Yellowstone, established in 1872, and since then almost sixty national parks have been added, along with hundreds of monuments, protected rivers and seashores, and important historical sites as well as natural preserves. In 1916 the parks were put under the National Park Service, which has managed them primarily as scenic treasures for growing numbers of tourists. Ecologically minded scientists, however, have challenged that stewardship and called for restoration of parks to their natural conditions, defined as their ecological integrity before white Europeans intervened. The most influential voice in the history of park philosophy remains John Muir, the California naturalist and Yosemite enthusiast and himself a proto-ecologist, who saw the parks as sacred places for a modern nation, where reverence for nature and respect for science might coexist and where tourists could be educated in environmental values. As other nations have created their own park systems, similar debates have occurred. While parks may seem like a great modern idea, this idea has always been embedded in cultural and social change—and subject to struggles over what that “idea” should be.
Margaret Peacock
In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville argued in Democracy in America that there were “two great nations in the world.” They had started from different historical points but seemed to be heading ...
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In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville argued in Democracy in America that there were “two great nations in the world.” They had started from different historical points but seemed to be heading in the same direction. As expanding empires, they faced the challenges of defeating nature and constructing a civilization for the modern era. Although they adhered to different governmental systems, “each of them,” de Tocqueville declared, “seems marked out by the will of Heaven to sway the destinies of half the globe.”
De Tocqueville’s words were prophetic. In the 19th century, Russian and American intellectuals and diplomats struggled to understand the roles that their countries should play in the new era of globalization and industrialization. Despite their differing understandings of how development should happen, both sides believed in their nation’s vital role in guiding the rest of the world. American adherents of liberal developmentalism often argued that a free flow of enterprise, trade, investment, information, and culture was the key to future growth. They held that the primary obligation of American foreign policy was to defend that freedom by pursuing an “open door” policy and free access to markets. They believed that the American model would work for everyone and that the United States had an obligation to share its system with the old and underdeveloped nations around it.
A similar sense of mission developed in Russia. Russian diplomats had for centuries struggled to establish defensive buffers around the periphery of their empire. They had linked economic development to national security, and they had argued that their geographic expansion represented a “unification” of peoples as opposed to a conquering of them. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars and the failed Decembrist Revolution, tsarist policymakers fought to defend autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationalism from domestic and international critics. As in the United States, Imperial and later Soviet leaders envisioned themselves as the emissaries of the Enlightenment to the backward East and as protectors of tradition and order for the chaotic and revolutionary West.
These visions of order clashed in the 20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States became superpowers. Conflicts began early, with the American intervention in the 1918–1921 Russian civil war. Tensions that had previously been based on differing geographic and strategic interests then assumed an ideological valence, as the fight between East and West became a struggle between the political economies of communism and capitalism. Foreign relations between the two countries experienced boom and bust cycles that took the world to the brink of nuclear holocaust and yet maintained a strategic balance that precluded the outbreak of global war for fifty years. This article will examine how that relationship evolved and how it shaped the modern world.
Joy Rohde
Since the social sciences began to emerge as scholarly disciplines in the last quarter of the 19th century, they have frequently offered authoritative intellectual frameworks that have ...
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Since the social sciences began to emerge as scholarly disciplines in the last quarter of the 19th century, they have frequently offered authoritative intellectual frameworks that have justified, and even shaped, a variety of U.S. foreign policy efforts. They played an important role in U.S. imperial expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Scholars devised racialized theories of social evolution that legitimated the confinement and assimilation of Native Americans and endorsed civilizing schemes in the Philippines, Cuba, and elsewhere. As attention shifted to Europe during and after World War I, social scientists working at the behest of Woodrow Wilson attempted to engineer a “scientific peace” at Versailles. The desire to render global politics the domain of objective, neutral experts intensified during World War II and the Cold War. After 1945, the social sciences became increasingly central players in foreign affairs, offering intellectual frameworks—like modernization theory—and bureaucratic tools—like systems analysis—that shaped U.S. interventions in developing nations, guided nuclear strategy, and justified the increasing use of the U.S. military around the world.
Throughout these eras, social scientists often reinforced American exceptionalism—the notion that the United States stands at the pinnacle of social and political development, and as such has a duty to spread liberty and democracy around the globe. The scholarly embrace of conventional political values was not the result of state coercion or financial co-optation; by and large social scientists and policymakers shared common American values. But other social scientists used their knowledge and intellectual authority to critique American foreign policy. The history of the relationship between social science and foreign relations offers important insights into the changing politics and ethics of expertise in American public policy.
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Thursday, November 8, 2018
'A box on the ear' nghĩa là cú bạt tai (trừng phạt, cảnh cáo) (a physical blow struck on or around the ear, usually as a punishment or reprimand for some behavior).
Ví dụ
Martin Luther wrote that he gave his wife a box on the ear whenever she was “saucy.” (láo xược, hỗn xược)
I will give them a box on the ear which will make them…relinquish (từ bỏ) their revolutionary ambitions.
The French horn seems to enter prematurely in the recapitulation (bản tóm tắt lại), an effect that Beethoven’s contemporaries initially thought to be a mistake. Ries recounts that "At the first rehearsal of the Symphony, which was terrible—but at which the horn player made his entry correctly—I stood beside Beethoven and, thinking that a blunder had been made I said: 'Can't the damned hornist count?—it sounds horribly false!' I think I came pretty close to getting a box on the ear. Beethoven did not forgive that little slip (điều lầm lỗi, sự lỡ lời, sơ suất) for a long time."
EVERY MINUTE, A dumptruckful of plastic plops (rơi tõm) into the world's oceans (đại dương). That's eight million metric tons every year. Once waterborne, whatever doesn't wash ashore eventually breaks down into itty bits (nhỏ xíu). The puniest pieces—the ones smaller than 5 millimeters wide—are called microplastics, and their fates are numerous. Some glob onto an Alaska-sized gyre (vòng xoay)d of plastic debris (mảnh vụn) swirling in the Pacific Ocean. Others sink to a variety of depths, according to their densities, perfusing (đổ khắp, làm tràn ngập; truyền dịch (vào cơ thể)) the world's waters. Still others get ingested (ăn vào bụng) by marine life, including fish and shellfish, which are in turn ingested by other animals, like birds and humans.
All of this is a mess, from an ecological (sinh thái) perspective. But it's that last bit—the microplasticine infiltration (sự thâm nhập) of food webs—that worries not just ecologists but gastroenterologists (bác sĩ chuyên khoa dạ dày-ruột). If microplastics are invading the things we eat, it's possible that they're invading our stomachs (dạ dày) and intestines (ruột), too. But while the matryoshka-nature of food chains certainly suggests that human guts harbor microplastics, nobody's really bothered to look in a systematic way...
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Q:
AngularJS - Error injecting service from a different module
I'm new to AngularJs and I am not able to quite figure out the issue below.
In the example below, there are 2 services MongoRESTService & MongoRESTService2 defined in module common-services.
Main module olive depends on common-services, and the main controller tries to invoke functions in those 2 services above.
Though I was able to call the function MongoRESTService.get() successfully, MongoRESTService.queryMongoData() is throwing below error.
Error Message
angular.js:10126 Error: [$injector:unpr] http://errors.angularjs.org/1.2.28/$injector/unpr?p0=MongoRESTService2Provider%20%3C-%20MongoRESTService2
Unknown provider: MongoRESTService2Provider <- MongoRESTService2
Code
// services.js
var oliveModule = angular.module('common-services')
oliveModule.service('MongoRESTService', function($http, $q, $scope) {
this.get = function(path){
...
};
});
oliveModule.service('MongoRESTService2', function($scope, MongoRESTService) {
this.queryMongoData = function (){
MongoRESTService.get('/clients').then(function(data){
$scope.clients = ...;
});
};
});
// main.js
var oliveModule = angular.module('olive', ['common-services']);
oliveModule .controller('MainController',
function($scope, $http, MongoRESTService, MongoRESTService2) {
//this line works
MongoRESTService.get('/clients').then(function(data){
...
})
//this throws error
MongoRESTService2.queryMongoData();
}
);
A:
It is exactly as the error states,
so try
oliveModule.service('MongoRESTService2',['$scope','MongoRESTService',function($scope, MongoRESTService) {
this.queryMongoData = function (){
MongoRESTService.get('/clients').then(function(data){
$scope.clients = ...;
});
};
}]);
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Chinese e-commerce platforms are scrambling to hire thousands of temporary workers, as the coronavirus outbreak and government-imposed travel restrictions have increased consumer demand for online grocery delivery services.
Their recruitment initiatives include hiring part-time staff from small firms and restaurants, whose operations are currently struggling amid the health crisis and general business slowdown.
E-commerce unicorn Meicai, which delivers fresh produce straight from farms to restaurants and stores, announced over the weekend that it was looking to hire 6,000 truck drivers and 4,000 sorting handlers because its frontline employees are working at “full capacity”.
Founded in 2014, Beijing-based Meicai said this temporary workforce would be based at its warehouses and delivery centres. A company spokeswoman confirmed the recruitment drive, but had no further comment on what was previously announced.
Grocery retail chain Freshippo, known as “Hema” in Chinese, had earlier initiated its own recruitment programme for temporary staff from restaurants that have recently suspended their operations. This retailer, which has operations in 22 cities across mainland China as of September, is owned and operated by Alibaba Group Holding, the parent company of the South China Morning Post.
Through its official Weibo account, Freshippo announced last week that 500 staff from Yunhaiyao and Youth Restaurant would join the company. It also said another 1,000 employees from Xibei, the country’s largest restaurant chain specialising in northwest Chinese cuisine, and 500 more staff from other restaurants, would form part of its temporary workforce.
A representative from Alibaba had no further comment beyond what Freshippo posted on Weibo.
That hiring spree has come after Jia Guolong, chairman and founder of Xibei, indicated challenging times for his business, according to a widely circulated interview with research and consulting firm Chinaventure. He said Xibei, which has 400 stores and more than 20,000 staff, would “not be able to survive in three months” if the coronavirus crisis continues.
“We pay RMB 156 million yuan (USD 22.3 million) a month in employees’ salaries,” Jia said. “Our cash flow can only keep this up for three months.”
JD Logistics, a unit of e-commerce company JD.com, said last week that it will open more than 20,000 frontline positions – including warehousemen, sorters, couriers and drivers – across its operations nationwide, according to a post on JD.com’s official WeChat account.
More than 10 companies have also carried out various forms of staffing cooperation with JD Logistics, according to the company. These involved more than 700 workers operating in the firm’s logistics parks, transfer centres and sales offices. JD.com confirmed the hiring effort, but had no further comment on what was posted on WeChat.
The increased demand for temporary staff by e-commerce companies followed a rise in grocery deliveries across the country, as the Chinese government implemented rigid travel restrictions and locked down communities to help stop the spread of the deadly coronavirus.
Despite the dim outlook for household spending in China caused by the coronavirus outbreak, the country’s large e-commerce infrastructure is expected to help prop up retail sales.
“China’s active and sophisticated e-commerce market will help offset some of the negative impact from the coronavirus on retail sales,” said S&P Global Ratings analyst Ava Chang in a report published on Monday.
Credit ratings agency S&P indicated that “offline” retail sales in mainland China will decline in the first quarter of this year. Online shopping, however, will keep total retail sales from turning red during this period.
China, the world’s largest e-commerce market, had 855 million digital consumers in 2019, according to data from management consultancy McKinsey & Co.
This article first appeared in the South China Morning Post.
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Variation in the CBP gene involved in epigenetic control associates with cognitive function.
Research into the pathologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases has revealed that CREB binding protein (CBP) plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction. Loss of one copy of this gene leads to a syndrome with severe cognitive dysfunction. We investigated the association between four common variants in the CBP gene and cognitive function in 5804 participants of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Baseline associations between genetic variation and cognitive function were assessed with linear regression. Longitudinal associations were assessed with linear mixed models. All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, education, country, version of test, and pravastatin use. The intron 4CT and intron 3AC polymorphisms in the CBP gene were associated with better cognitive performance at baseline and during follow-up. Furthermore, the haplotype with the variant alleles of these two polymorphisms also showed a protective effect on cognitive function in all cognitive domains (all p<0.03). Genetic variation in the CBP gene is associated with better cognitive performance in an elderly population. Future research is necessary to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on the expression of CBP levels and how these polymorphisms affect the gene expression mediated by CBP.
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Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase expressed in rat cardiac muscle is associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum and gap junctions.
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is one of the most prevalent muscular diseases in adults. The molecular basis of this autosomal disorder has been identified as the expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of a gene encoding a protein kinase (DMPK). The pathophysiology of the disease and the role of DMPK are still obscure. It has been previously demonstrated that DMPK is localized at neuromuscular junctions, myotendinous junctions, and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in the skeletal muscle, and at intercalated discs in the cardiac muscle. We report here new findings about specific localization of DMPK in the heart. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a peptide sequence of the human DMPK were used to analyze the subcellular distribution of the protein in rat papillary muscles. Confocal laser microscopy revealed a strong although discontinuous reactivity at intercalated discs, together with transverse banding on the sarcoplasm. At higher resolution with immunogold electron microscopy, we observed that DMPK is localized at the cytoplasmic surface of junctional and extended junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that DMPK is involved in the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling. Along the intercalated disc, DMPK was found associated with gap junctions, whereas it was absent in the two other kinds of junctional complexes (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes). Immunogold labeling of gap junction purified fractions showed that DMPK co-localized with connexin 43, the major component of this type of intercellular junctions, suggesting that DMPK plays a regulatory role in the transmission of signals between myocytes.
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The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All the data relevant to this paper are presented in the Figure files.
Introduction {#s1}
============
Preterm birth is defined clinically as being born before 37 weeks, or less than 259 days of gestation. There are two main types of preterm birth: spontaneous preterm birth and iatrogenic or medically indicated preterm birth - due to complications in pregnancy such as fetal growth restriction or destabilising preeclampsia [@pone.0108390-Goldenberg1]. Spontaneous preterm birth accounts for up to 70% of all preterm births, comprising both idiopathic preterm labour and births following preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (PPROM)). The rate of spontaneous preterm birth has remained static for over a decade, and while tocolytic therapy may successfully delay delivery, these benefits have not translated into improvements in long term neonatal morbidity or mortality [@pone.0108390-Haas1]. Survivors of preterm birth have greatly increased rates of long term disabilities including cerebral palsy, intellectual handicap and chronic lung disease requiring oxygen [@pone.0108390-Saigal1]. Even moderate degrees of preterm birth have been associated with significant childhood sequelae [@pone.0108390-Potijk1]. Such complications lead to long term morbidity through childhood and extend into adult life, with the attendant financial costs to the health system and incalculable financial and emotional stress to families caring for them [@pone.0108390-Russell1], [@pone.0108390-Hodek1].
The onset of labour is a complex process involving a myriad of factors, many of which are not yet to be fully defined. No matter if preterm or full-term, there are three common terminal pathways in which the mother prepares for labour, these are: cervical ripening, myometrium contractions, and rupture of the fetal membranes [@pone.0108390-Gibb1], [@pone.0108390-Gotsch1]. In the case of spontaneous preterm birth, particularly very early preterm birth, infection is thought to be the biggest aetiological factor [@pone.0108390-Romero1]--[@pone.0108390-Menon1]. Bacterial endotoxins bind to cervical and fetal membrane toll like receptors, which in turn promote the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. These cytokines recruit more TNF-α and IL-1β in a positive feedback loop to sustain the inflammatory response and secondly, they induce other pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators that are responsible for triggering the terminal processes of labour [@pone.0108390-Romero2]--[@pone.0108390-Meisser1]. These mediators include i) the chemokine IL-8; ii) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), responsible for controlling the rate of prostaglandin production that in turn increases myometrium contractility; and iii) extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, that help breakdown the fetal membranes and remodel the cervix.
Currently there are no effective treatments to prevent or delay spontaneous preterm birth [@pone.0108390-Norman1]. However, there is now increasing evidence that high fruit and vegetable intake in pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes [@pone.0108390-Collin1]--[@pone.0108390-EnglundOgge1]. Many of these beneficial properties have been attributed to phytophenols. In support, we have published that various dietary phytophenols can reduce the mediators involved in preterm labour in human gestational tissues [@pone.0108390-Lim1]--[@pone.0108390-Lim2]. Of particular interest are a unique group of phytophenols - polymethoxyflavones - that abundantly exist in the bitter, white pith beneath peels of citrus genus and in smaller amounts in the juices of these fruits. In traditional Chinese medicine, citrus peel has been used to treat and alleviate a wide range of ailments including skin inflammation and respiratory infections for thousands of years [@pone.0108390-Ou1]. Importantly, and when compared to other phytophenols, citrus flavones have better bioavailability due to higher intestinal permeability and decreased metabolism [@pone.0108390-Walle1]--[@pone.0108390-Li1]. To date, more than 30 citrus flavones have been identified with nobiletin being the most abundant; present in the peels of tangerine, mandarin and oranges. In non-gestational tissues, nobiletin has been shown to possess important biological properties including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic activities [@pone.0108390-Walle1], [@pone.0108390-Walle2], [@pone.0108390-Murakami2]--[@pone.0108390-Jung1]. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of nobiletin on pro-inflammatory mediators in human term fetal membranes and myometrium treated with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and in fetal membranes after spontaneous preterm birth (with and without chorioamnionitis).
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Ethics Statement {#s2a}
----------------
Written informed consent was obtained from all participating patients. Ethics approval was obtained from the Mercy Hospital for Women\'s Research and Ethics Committee. Pregnant women were recruited to the study by a clinical research midwife.
Tissue collection {#s2b}
-----------------
Human placentae with attached fetal membranes and myometrium were obtained from women who delivered singleton infants. Tissues were collected for two studies: from women who delivered at (i) term (\>37 weeks gestation) at elective Caesarean section (indications for Caesarean section were breech presentation and/or previous Caesarean section) in the absence of labour; and (ii) preterm (\<37 weeks gestation) after spontaneous labour onset. All tissues were obtained within 15 min of delivery.
### Term studies {#s2b1}
Fetal membranes, obtained 2 cm from the periplacental edge, and myometrial biopsies, obtained from the upper margin of the incision made in the lower uterine segment, were obtained from women who delivered healthy, singleton infants from elective Caesarean section in the absence of labour (n = 6 patients). Indications for Caesarean section included repeat Caesarean section or breech presentation. Women with any underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, asthma, polycystic ovarian syndrome, preeclampsia and macrovascular complications were excluded. Additionally, women with multiple pregnancies, obese women, fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded.
### Preterm studies {#s2b2}
Fetal membranes, obtained 2 cm from the periplacental edge, were obtained from women after spontaneous preterm labour onset (n = 9 patients). The average gestational age for the preterm samples was 29.7±1.3 (range 23.3 to 35.4). All the preterm placentas were swabbed for microbiological culture investigations and assessed for histopathological evidence of infection. Chorioamnionitis was diagnosed pathologically according to standard criteria which included histological evidence of macrophages and neutrophils permeating the chorionic cell layer and often infiltrating the amniotic cell. Four of the cases had histologically confirmed chorioamnionitis from mild to severe; three with PPROM occurring from 5 to 11 days before delivery. The remaining five cases delivered vaginally; three with PPROM occurring from 2 to 26 days before delivery. All the women in the preterm group received antenatal steroids and antibiotics. In addition, five of the women in this study received antenatal magnesium sulfate therapy. None of the women had any underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, asthma, polycystic ovarian syndrome, preeclampsia and macrovascular complications. Additionally, women with multiple pregnancies, obese women, fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded.
Tissue explants {#s2c}
---------------
For the term studies, tissue explants were performed as previously described for fetal membranes (combined amnion and choriodecidua) and myometrium [@pone.0108390-Lim1], [@pone.0108390-Wall1], [@pone.0108390-Lim2]. An initial dose response was performed and the data presented in [Figure 1](#pone-0108390-g001){ref-type="fig"}. For this study, fetal membranes were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 µg/ml LPS and nobiletin at 50, 100 and 200 µM ([Figure 1](#pone-0108390-g001){ref-type="fig"}). While all concentrations of nobiletin decreased LPS-stimulated IL-6 release, treatment with 200 µM nobiletin was closer to basal readings, and was thus used in subsequent experiments. To determine the effect of treatment on cell membrane integrity, the release of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into incubation medium was determined as described previously [@pone.0108390-Lappas2]. There was no effect of experimental treatment on LDH activity (data not shown). These data indicate that the concentrations used in this study did not affect cell viability.
{#pone-0108390-g001}
For the term explant studies, fetal membranes and myometrium were pre-incubated with 200 µM nobiletin (Life Research; Scoresby, Victoria, Australia) for 1 h, then incubated, for 20 h, in the presence of 10 µg/ml LPS (to facilitate the production of pro-inflammatory mediators). After 20 h incubation, tissue and media were collected separately and stored at −80°C for further analysis as detailed below. Experiments were performed in fetal membranes and myometrium from six patients.
For the preterm study, the effect of nobiletin was determined in fetal membranes after spontaneous preterm labour with and without histological chorioamnionitis (n = 9 patients; n = 5 without histological chorioamnionitis and n = 4 with histological chorioamnionitis). Explants were incubated with or without 200 µM nobiletin for 20 h. After incubation, tissue and media were collected separately and stored at −80°C for further analysis as detailed below. For the preterm studies, due to the large variability in basal release or expression of the endpoints, all data were normalised to the untreated samples (basal), which was set at 1.
Cytokine and prostaglandin assays {#s2d}
---------------------------------
Conditioned medium from tissue culture experiments was assessed for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations using commercial ELISA according to the manufacturer\'s instructions (Life Technologies, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia). The concentration of mature secreted IL-1β in the media was performed by sandwich ELISA according to the manufacturer\'s instructions (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN USA). The concentration of PGE~2~ and PGF~2α~ into the incubation media were assayed using commercially available competitive enzyme immunoassay kits according to the manufacturer\'s specifications (Kookaburra Kits from Sapphire Bioscience, Waterloo, NSW, Australia). The calculated interassay and intraassay coefficients of variation (CV) were all less than 10%. Data was corrected for total protein and expressed as either ng or pg per mg protein. The protein content of tissue homogenates was determined using BCA protein assay, using BSA as a reference standard, as previously described [@pone.0108390-Lappas3]. For the preterm explant studies, due to patient variability, data were normalised to the untreated samples (basal), which was set at 1.
Gelatin zymography {#s2e}
------------------
Assessment of enzymes of ECM weakening and rupture (MMP-9) was performed by gelatin zymography as previously described [@pone.0108390-Lim1], [@pone.0108390-Wall1], [@pone.0108390-Lim2] on conditioned media collected from the tissue explants. Proteolytic activity was visualised as clear zones of lysis on a blue background of undigested gelatin. For the term explant studies, data were corrected for background, and fold change was calculated relative to LPS, which was set at 1. For the preterm explant studies, due to patient variability, data were normalised to the untreated samples (basal), which was set at 1.
RNA extraction and qRT-PCR {#s2f}
--------------------------
Analysis of human gene expression by qRT-PCR was performed as we have previously described [@pone.0108390-Lim1], [@pone.0108390-Wall1], [@pone.0108390-Lim2]. Total RNA from cells and tissues was extracted using TRIsure according to manufacturer\'s instructions (Bioline, Alexandria, NSW, Australia). RNA concentrations were quantified using a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop ND1000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). RNA quality and integrity was determined via the A260/A280 ratio. One µg of RNA was converted to cDNA using the SuperScript VILO cDNA synthesis kit (Life Technologies, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. The cDNA was diluted ten-fold and 4 µl of this was used to perform qRT-PCR using SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX kit (Bioline) and 200 nM of pre-designed and validated primers (Qiagen, Chadstone Centre, Victoria, Australia). The specificity of the product was assessed from melting curve analysis. RNA without reverse transcriptase during cDNA synthesis as well as PCR reactions using water instead of template showed no amplification. Average gene Ct values were normalised to the average GAPDH mRNA Ct values of the same cDNA sample. For the term explant studies, fold differences in target gene expression were determined by the comparative Ct method, relative to LPS treatment, which was set at 1. For the preterm explant studies, due to patient variability, data were normalised to the untreated samples (basal), which was set at 1.
Statistical analysis {#s2g}
--------------------
Statistics was performed on the normalised data unless otherwise specified. All statistical analyses were undertaken using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). For the term studies ([Figures 1](#pone-0108390-g001){ref-type="fig"}, [2](#pone-0108390-g002){ref-type="fig"}, [3](#pone-0108390-g003){ref-type="fig"}, [4](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}, and [5](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}), homogeneity of data was assessed by Bartlett\'s test; when significant the data was logarithmically transformed before further analysis. The data were analysed by a repeated measures one-way ANOVA and comparisons to the LPS group were performed using the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. For the preterm studies ([Figures 6](#pone-0108390-g006){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#pone-0108390-g007){ref-type="fig"}), a paired Student\'s t-test was used to assess statistical significance between normally distributed data; otherwise, the Wilcoxon test was used. Statistical difference was indicated by a *P* value of less than 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
{#pone-0108390-g002}
{#pone-0108390-g003}
{#pone-0108390-g004}
{#pone-0108390-g005}
{#pone-0108390-g006}
{#pone-0108390-g007}
Results {#s3}
=======
Nobiletin dose response {#s3a}
-----------------------
An initial dose response was performed to investigate whether they would decrease pro-labour mediators, and if so, what dose would be most effective. As shown in [Figure 1](#pone-0108390-g001){ref-type="fig"}, LPS induced IL-6 release from fetal membranes. Nobiletin however, significantly decreased LPS induced IL-6 release, with a dose dependent decrease in its concentration (*P*\<0.05 for 50 µM, and *P*\<0.0001 for 100 µM and 200 µM of nobiletin). Based on these initial studies, 200 µM nobiletin was used for all subsequent experiments in fetal membranes and myometrium.
Effect of nobiletin on pro-labour mediators in term fetal membranes and myometrium treated with LPS {#s3b}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To examine whether nobiletin would reduce the expression and release of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in fetal membranes and myometrium, tissues were treated with LPS in the absence or presence of nobiletin for 20 h. Gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, and MMP-9 in tissues was assessed using qRT-PCR. Enzyme immunoassays were used to determine the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) and prostaglandin (PGE~2~ and PGF~2α~) in the media. Gelatin zymography was used to examine pro MMP-9 expression.
In fetal membranes, LPS significantly increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression ([Figures 2A--D](#pone-0108390-g002){ref-type="fig"}) and release ([Figures 2E--H](#pone-0108390-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Treatment of tissues with nobiletin significantly decreased LPS-stimulated cytokine gene expression and secretion. Similarly, in myometrium nobiletin significantly attenuated LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression ([Figures 3A--D](#pone-0108390-g003){ref-type="fig"}) and secretion ([Figures 3E--H](#pone-0108390-g003){ref-type="fig"}).
The effect of nobiletin on COX-prostaglandin pathway in myometrium is presented in [Figures 4A--C](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}; qRT-PCR showed that LPS significantly increased COX-2 mRNA expression from basal ([Figure 4A](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Nobiletin caused a significant decrease in LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression. The release of PGE~2~ and PGF~2α~ into the media was significantly increased by LPS ([Figures 4B,C](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Nobiletin significantly decreased LPS-induced PGE~2~ release ([Figure 4B](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}). However, there was no effect of treatment with nobiletin on PGF~2α~ secretion ([Figure 4C](#pone-0108390-g004){ref-type="fig"}).
As we have previously reported, LPS did not significantly increase MMP-9 mRNA expression or pro MMP-9 secretion from fetal membranes ([Figures 5A,B](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}). On the other hand, in myometrium, LPS significantly increased MMP-9 mRNA expression ([Figure 5C](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}) and pro MMP-9 secretion ([Figure 5D](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}). In both tissues, treatment with nobiletin significantly reduced LPS-induced MMP-9 mRNA expression ([Figures 5A,C](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}) and secretory pro MMP-9 levels ([Figure 5B,D](#pone-0108390-g005){ref-type="fig"}).
Effect of nobiletin on fetal membranes from spontaneous preterm birth {#s3c}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The above studies demonstrate that nobiletin can significantly reduce pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in term non-labouring fetal membranes and myometrium in the presence of LPS. However, we also wanted to determine if nobiletin could decrease these mediators in tissues from spontaneous preterm birth. For these studies, we used fetal membranes from women with spontaneous preterm deliveries with and without chorioamnionitis. Fetal membranes were treated with or without nobiletin. The effect of nobiletin was found to be equally effective in both non-infected and infected cases, and thus all subsequent data is combined and the data shown in [Figures 6](#pone-0108390-g006){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#pone-0108390-g007){ref-type="fig"}. Treatment with nobiletin significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression ([Figures 6A--D](#pone-0108390-g006){ref-type="fig"}) and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion ([Figures 6E--H](#pone-0108390-g006){ref-type="fig"}) when compared to untreated membranes. Of note, TNF-α and IL-1β secretion could not be measured as the readings were below the sensitivity of the curve. Similarly, nobiletin also significantly decreased MMP-9 mRNA expression ([Figure 7A](#pone-0108390-g007){ref-type="fig"}) and secretory levels of pro MMP-9 ([Figure 7B](#pone-0108390-g007){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The majority of preterm births are due to spontaneous preterm birth; that is, spontaneous preterm labour with intact membranes and or preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (PPROM) [@pone.0108390-Goldenberg1]. Although there are a number of causes of spontaneous preterm birth, infection and/or inflammation is most commonly associated with preterm birth and thought to have a driving role in PPROM and in initiating uterine contractions [@pone.0108390-Hodgson1], [@pone.0108390-Meisser1]. In animal models, LPS is used to model clinical chorioamnionitis given its ability to induce a high-grade intrauterine inflammatory response [@pone.0108390-Elovitz1]. Therefore, in this study we utilised LPS to generate a model of chorioamnionitis and spontaneous labour in human myometrium and fetal membranes in order to examine the effect of the citrus flavone nobiletin on pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators. In addition, we determined the effect of nobiletin in fetal membranes from spontaneous preterm deliveries with and without histological infection (i.e. chorioamnionitis).
The data presented in this study demonstrate that in human term fetal membranes and myometrium, the citrus flavone nobiletin decreases LPS-induced mRNA expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8), COX-2 mRNA expression and resultant prostaglandin release, and MMP-9 mRNA expression and secretory pro MMP-9 levels. Likewise, in fetal membranes from women with spontaneous preterm labour (with and without infection), nobiletin treatment decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and release, and MMP-9 gene expression and secretory pro MMP-9 levels.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced by macrophages, decidual cells, and fetal membranes in response to bacteria or bacterial products, play a central role in the initiation and progression of human labour and delivery [@pone.0108390-Keelan1]. In this study, we demonstrate that the citrus flavone nobiletin decreases the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in term fetal membranes and myometrium stimulated with bacterial endotoxin LPS. Although citrus flavones have not been examined in human gestational tissues before, their anti-inflammatory actions have been demonstrated both *in vitro* and *in vivo* in non-gestational tissues [@pone.0108390-Lin1], [@pone.0108390-Cui1]--[@pone.0108390-Ishiwa1].
Prostaglandins have long been recognised as a key mediator of labour, and are often clinically used to promote cervical ripening [@pone.0108390-Romero5]. Increased concentrations of prostaglandins and the enzyme COX-2 also occur during infection-induced preterm birth [@pone.0108390-Gibb1], [@pone.0108390-Gibb2]--[@pone.0108390-Mitchell1]. Prostaglandins cause preterm birth in the same manner as full term parturition, by inducing the terminal processes of labour: fetal membrane rupture, cervical dilation, and myometrial contractility [@pone.0108390-Olson1]. They cause membrane rupture by stimulating the ECM remodelling enzyme MMP-9, that in turn leads to cell apoptosis and breakdown of collagen in the fetal membranes [@pone.0108390-McLaren1], [@pone.0108390-Keelan2]. Cervical dilation is achieved by PGE~2~ stimulating collagenolytic activity [@pone.0108390-Romero5]. Prostaglandins increase uterine contractility by altering the muscles\' electro-physiology, making its response to contractile stimulus larger and more coordinated [@pone.0108390-Lye1]. All prostaglandins are synthesised from arachidonic acid with COX-2 being the rate-limiting enzyme, making it a key indicator of prostaglandin production [@pone.0108390-StLouis1]. In this study, nobiletin decreased LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE~2~ release in myometrium. There was, however, no effect of nobiletin on PGF~2α~ release suggesting that nobiletin does not regulate PGF synthase which converts PGH~2~ to PGF~2α~.
MMPs play a crucial role in preparing the myometrium and fetal membranes for parturition. MMP-9 in particular is up regulated in both myometrium and fetal membranes in both term and preterm birth [@pone.0108390-Roh1]--[@pone.0108390-VadilloOrtega2]. In infection-induced preterm birth, the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins all lead to increased expression of MMP-9 [@pone.0108390-McLaren1], [@pone.0108390-Keelan2], [@pone.0108390-Weiss1]. In fetal membranes, MMP-9 degrades the collagen that makes up the extracellular structure [@pone.0108390-Parry1]--[@pone.0108390-Menon2]. This degradation weakens the membranes and lead to PPROM [@pone.0108390-Tu1]. PPROM occurs in between 30--40% of spontaneous preterm birth, and often is associated with a clinical or sub-clinical intra-uterine infection [@pone.0108390-French1]. Normally, labour will follow PPROM however if it does not there is a significant increased risk of acute intrauterine infection [@pone.0108390-Parry1]. In this study, LPS only increased MMP-9 mRNA expression in the myometrium; however nobiletin decreased MMP-9 mRNA expression and release in both fetal membranes and myometrium.
It is now well-established that spontaneous preterm birth is associated with increased expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators [@pone.0108390-Keelan1]. Therefore, in this study, we also examined if nobiletin could suppress inflammation in fetal membranes taken from spontaneous preterm deliveries with and without histological chorioamnionitis. Notably, we found that nobiletin significantly decreased the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-9 gene expression and secretion of pro MMP-9 in fetal membranes obtained at preterm after spontaneous labour and delivery; both in the absence and presence of chorioamnionitis. These results indicate the potential of the citrus flavones nobiletin as either a part of a dietary intake before PPROM and preterm labour occurs or as a therapy for threatened cases of preterm birth. Indeed, pregnant women consuming a Mediterranean-type diet (\>5 fruits or vegetables a day) had a reduced risk of preterm birth when compared to women who did not follow the diet [@pone.0108390-Mikkelsen2]. Additionally, intake of dried fruits, particularly raisins, is associated with a reduced risk of PPROM [@pone.0108390-Myhre1]. Interestingly, raisins contain the phytochemical compounds resveratrol and kaempferol which we have previously shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory activities in human gestational tissues [@pone.0108390-Wall1], [@pone.0108390-Lappas1].
A number of studies have investigated the effectiveness of several other phytophenols in reducing pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in gestational tissues during infection or inflammation. For example, we have previously reported that curcumin (found in turmeric), naringenin (found in grapefruit and tomatoes), apigenin (found in celery and parsley), luteolin (found in many foods including celery and parsley), kaempherol (found in many food stuffs, including grapefruit and strawberries), resveratrol (found in the skin of red grapes) and silibinin (from milk thistle) exert potent anti-labour activities in human fetal membranes and myometrium [@pone.0108390-Lim1]--[@pone.0108390-Lim2]. Collectively, our current and published data provide support for the increasing volume and quality of evidence that high fruit and vegetable intake in pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes [@pone.0108390-Collin1], [@pone.0108390-Asemi1], [@pone.0108390-EnglundOgge1], [@pone.0108390-Mikkelsen2], [@pone.0108390-Chappell2].
A major limiting factor in the potency and potential of phytophenols as therapeutic agents is their poor oral bioavailability. However, polymethoxyflavones such as nobiletin, owing to their methylation, have improved transport through biological membranes (such as the intestine) and an increase in oral bioavailability [@pone.0108390-Walle1]--[@pone.0108390-Walle3]. In addition, they are active at much lower doses. Thus, attainment of effective *in vivo* concentrations by dietary supplementation may be more plausible. Indeed, supplements containing citrus polymethoxyflavones have shown promising cardioprotective effects in humans [@pone.0108390-Roza1]. Human studies focussed on dose, bioavailability, efficacy and safety are, however, required to propel the use of these promising therapeutic agents into the clinical arena. Of promise are the studies using Sytrinol for heart disease. Sytrinol is a patented dietary supplement containing the citrus flavones nobiletin and tangeretin at 1∶1 ratio. These studies highlight the translation potential of our findings.
Preterm birth is a global issue that affects the lives of millions of families every year and causes over a million deaths every year [@pone.0108390-Beck1]. Currently there are no long-term treatments, with most only capable in delaying birth by hours [@pone.0108390-Norman1]. Inflammation has a central role in the genesis of preterm birth and the adverse neonatal sequelae that follow [@pone.0108390-Saigal1], [@pone.0108390-Brown1]--[@pone.0108390-Rovira1]. Thus, a safe and effective agent that could block the inflammatory response would be an ideal therapeutic. In this study, we report the beneficial actions of the citrus flavone nobiletin in reducing pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in the presence of bacterial endotoxin LPS. Significantly, we were also able to show that nobiletin can reduce the inflammation already present in the preterm fetal membranes. These studies support the numerous epidemiological studies that high fruit and vegetable intake in pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes [@pone.0108390-Collin1]--[@pone.0108390-EnglundOgge1].
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Clinical Research Midwives Genevieve Christophers, Gabrielle Fleming, Debra Jinks, Rachel Murdoch and Renee Grant; and the Obstetrics and Midwifery staff of the Mercy Hospital for Women for their co-operation.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: ML. Performed the experiments: CJM ML. Analyzed the data: CJM ML. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ML. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CJM ML.
|
Q:
wrap text beside longtable
i have a question about longtables. Is it possible to get a text wrapped around a (right-situated) longtable? I am using the longtable package and this is my code:
\begin{longtable}[r]{| r | r | r |}
\caption{some caption)\\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{| r |}{Heading}\\
\hline
\large bla & bla & bla \\
\hline
\endfirsthead
\hline
\endhead
\hline
\endfoot
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{| r |}{Reference
\footnotesize{*Estimation}}\\
\hline\hline
\endlastfoot
Incidence & &\\
1958-1962: & number & number \\
2013-2017 & number & number \\
\cline{1-3}
Text & &\\
1978-1982 & number & number \\
2013-2017& number & number* \\
\end{longtable}
\label{table:somename}
I would greatly appreciate if someone can help me.
A:
First step, determine the height and width needed.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\sbox0{\begin{tabular}{| r | r | r |}
\multicolumn{3}{| r |}{Reference
\footnotesize{*Estimation}}\\
\hline\hline
Incidence & &\\
1958-1962: & number & number \\
2013-2017 & number & number \\
\cline{1-3}
Text & &\\
1978-1982 & number & number \\
2013-2017& number & number* \\
\end{tabular}}
height=\the\textheight
width=\the\wd0
\end{document}
Next step, store the longtable in a separate document.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=0pt,paperheight=550pt,paperwidth=153.2781pt,noheadfoot]{geometry}
\usepackage{longtable}
\begin{document}
%\setcounter{table}{2}
\begin{longtable}{| r | r | r |}
\caption{some caption}\\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{| r |}{Heading}\\
\hline
\large bla & bla & bla \\
\hline
\endfirsthead
\hline
\endhead
\hline
\endfoot
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{| r |}{Reference
\footnotesize{*Estimation}}\\
\hline\hline
\endlastfoot
Incidence & &\\
1958-1962: & number & number \\
2013-2017 & number & number \\
\cline{1-3}
Text & &\\
1978-1982 & number & number \\
2013-2017& number & number* \\
\end{longtable}
\end{document}
Step 3, insert the pages into your document.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\begin{document}
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt}
\refstepcounter{table}\label{table:somename}%
\includegraphics[page=1]{test5}% document stored as test5.pdf
\end{wrapfigure}
\sloppy
\lipsum[1-2]
\end{document}
or
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{paracol}
\globalcounter{table}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\begin{document}
\setcolumnwidth{\dimexpr \textwidth-\columnsep-153.2781pt\relax,153.2781pt}
\begin{paracol}{2}
\sloppy
\lipsum[1-2]
\switchcolumn
\refstepcounter{table}\label{table:somename}%
\includegraphics[page=1]{test5}% document stored as test5.pdf
\end{paracol}
\end{document}
There is no good way to start and stop the text wrap, unless they happen at paragraph boundaries. You can break a paragraph at the top of a page by inserting wrapfigure at precisely the right spot. Each image should be 550pt high, even the last page. You can end the wrap early using \WFclear, but only between paragraphs.
You will also need to manually insert an entry into the list of tables, or possibly use the xr package to copy the entry from test5.aux.
|
Q:
How can I use custom java library (from github)
I want to use a custom library from github
(https://github.com/ddoleye/java-hwp)
How can I import it and use it?
I want to import and use the library in file_read.java file
A:
Normally, that library would have been published on maven central, but that doesn't seem to be the case here.
Instead, the GitHub repo includes directly the generated compiled classes (which is not the best practice)
That means you can clone that repo anywhere you want, and add a library to your project, with the classes and sources referencing the folder you have used to clone the repo.
|
A Texas mother has been charged with two counts of capital murder after allegedly confessing to drowning her two children in a bathtub, the Houston Police Department confirmed in a press release obtained by PEOPLE.
The bodies of Sheborah Thomas’ 7-year-old son Orayln “Ray Ray” Thomas and 5-year-old daughter Kahana Thomas were found under her neighbor’s home Sunday, police said. Their causes of death are still pending autopsies.
Get push notifications with news, features and more.
Police were alerted after Thomas, 30, allegedly told an acquaintance on Sunday that she killed her children. She later told investigators that she drowned the children in a bathtub on Friday, then wrapped them in bed sheets and placed them in a trash can behind her home, which is about 3 miles from downtown Houston.
On Saturday, Thomas attempted to dig a hole near the side of her home, but couldn’t create a space deep enough to bury the children’s bodies, she allegedly told investigators. At that point, she allegedly said she moved the bodies under the neighboring house.
Police said that Thomas’ motive remains unclear and that the investigation is ongoing. Thomas also has a 12-year-old son, who is unharmed.
The unidentified acquaintance told authorities he drove past Thomas throwing out a large quantity of trash in a nearby field, according to the Houston Chronicle. The acquaintance told authorities Thomas said she needed to move immediately and asked for his help, the paper reports.
The man asked where the children were, and Thomas allegedly responded “matter of factly” that she had killed them, the paper reports. At first, believing that Thomas was joking, the man brushed off the comment before later asking again, and allegedly receiving the same response.
He convinced Thomas to get in his car, before driving toward a nearby patrol station and flagging down an officer, the paper reports.
• Want to keep up with the latest crime coverage? Click here to get breaking crime news, ongoing trial coverage and details of intriguing unsolved cases in the True Crime Newsletter.
Tejal Patel, a spokeswoman for the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, tells PEOPLE that the family has a previous history with state officials and that they’ve visited the home before, but he did not provide additional details.
Patel says the Office of Child Safety will conduct a “top to bottom review” of the case and that the results will be available in a few months.
Neighbors told Houston’s KHOU they were under the impression Thomas took good care of her children.
“She goes to the store…to me she was like, a real nice person,” said Shirley Baines. “They are good kids. They don’t play with nobody. I mean, why would someone do their kids like that? I mean why? They are innocent!”
Kita Thomas-Smith, who claims to be the children’s aunt, told the Chronicle, that she’d never seen Thomas exhibit signs of mental illness.
According to the Chronicle, Thomas has some minor criminal offenses. She pleaded guilty to failing to identify herself to a peace officer in 2011, a misdemeanor charge. The year before, she pleaded guilty to two charges of misdemeanor theft. She was also put on probation for misdemeanor theft in 2009, the Chronicle reports.
|
Curative effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion on chronic persistent asthma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
To compare the curative effects of heat-sensitive moxibustion with conventional drugs on chronic persistent asthma and seek a valuable therapy to replace Western Medicine. The participants in this multi-center, randomized, and controlled study were randomly divided into two groups: group A (n=144), treated with heat-sensitive moxibustion (50 sessions) and group B (n=144), treated with Seretide (salmeterol 50 plg/fluticasone 250 pg, twice a day). The scores of asthma control test (ACT), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and attack frequency were measured after 15, 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment. Patients followed up 3 and 6 months after treatment. There was a significant difference (P= 0.0002) in the ACT score and lung function between the two groups after 3 months of treatment and (P=0.000 03) during the follow-up visits. In addition, heat-sensitive moxibustion reduced attack frequency in the period from inclusion to the 6-month follow-up visit. This study shows that heat-sensitive moxibustion may have a comparable curative effect to Seretide (salmetero/fluticasone) on asthma.
|
Who is this mysterious creature who hatched from an egg? Upon closer inspection we see that his monster-like features conceal a gentle soul and a body of pure fluff. Domo just can't stop watching television. Is that a problem? Perhaps it is if you're already a messy creature whose daydreams often lead to disasters.
|
/*Header-MicMac-eLiSe-25/06/2007
MicMac : Multi Image Correspondances par Methodes Automatiques de Correlation
eLiSe : ELements of an Image Software Environnement
www.micmac.ign.fr
Copyright : Institut Geographique National
Author : Marc Pierrot Deseilligny
Contributors : Gregoire Maillet, Didier Boldo.
[1] M. Pierrot-Deseilligny, N. Paparoditis.
"A multiresolution and optimization-based image matching approach:
An application to surface reconstruction from SPOT5-HRS stereo imagery."
In IAPRS vol XXXVI-1/W41 in ISPRS Workshop On Topographic Mapping From Space
(With Special Emphasis on Small Satellites), Ankara, Turquie, 02-2006.
[2] M. Pierrot-Deseilligny, "MicMac, un lociel de mise en correspondance
d'images, adapte au contexte geograhique" to appears in
Bulletin d'information de l'Institut Geographique National, 2007.
Francais :
MicMac est un logiciel de mise en correspondance d'image adapte
au contexte de recherche en information geographique. Il s'appuie sur
la bibliotheque de manipulation d'image eLiSe. Il est distibue sous la
licences Cecill-B. Voir en bas de fichier et http://www.cecill.info.
English :
MicMac is an open source software specialized in image matching
for research in geographic information. MicMac is built on the
eLiSe image library. MicMac is governed by the "Cecill-B licence".
See below and http://www.cecill.info.
Header-MicMac-eLiSe-25/06/2007*/
#ifndef _ELISE_SMART_POINTEUR_H
#define _ELISE_SMART_POINTEUR_H
#if (DEBUG_INTERNAL)
class Memory_Counter
{
public :
void show(Memory_Counter);
void verif(Memory_Counter);
Memory_Counter(const char *name) ;
Memory_Counter(void);
const char * _name;
INT _sum_call;
INT _sum_size;
INT _sum_ptr;
#if (CPP_OPTIMIZE)
void * add(void * adr)
{
return add_sub_oks(adr,1,1);
}
void sub(void * adr)
{
add_sub_oks(adr,1,-1);
}
#else
void * add(void * adr);
void sub(void * adr);
#endif
void * add_sub_oks(void * adr,INT sz,INT sign);
};
extern Memory_Counter MC_OKS;
extern Memory_Counter MC_CPTR;
extern Memory_Counter MC_NTAB;
extern Memory_Counter MC_NEW_ONE;
extern Memory_Counter MC_TAB_USER; // for the memory under the responsability of user
#define NB_MEMO_COUNTER 5
typedef Memory_Counter All_Memo_counter[NB_MEMO_COUNTER];
void stow_memory_counter(All_Memo_counter &);
void verif_memory_state(All_Memo_counter);
#define __DEBUG_MEM
#ifdef __DEBUG_MEM
template <class T>
T* __check_allocation( size_t nbObj )
{
T *res = NULL;
try{
res = new T [nbObj];
}
catch ( const std::bad_alloc & ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : bad_alloc: " << nbObj << " objects of type [" << typeid(T).name() << ']' << endl;
cerr.flush();
cin.get();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
catch ( const std::exception & ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : fuck ><" << endl;
cerr.flush();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ( res==NULL ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : NULL pointer" << endl;
cerr.flush();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return res;
}
template <class T>
T* __check_allocation1()
{
T *ptr = NULL;
try{
ptr = new T;
}
catch ( const std::bad_alloc & ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : bad_alloc" << endl;
cerr.flush();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
catch ( const std::exception & ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : fuck ><" << endl;
cerr.flush();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ( ptr==NULL ){
cerr << "__check_allocation : NULL pointer" << endl;
cerr.flush();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return ptr;
}
#define SAFE_ALLOC(Type,sz) (__check_allocation<Type>(sz))
#define SAFE_ALLOC1(Type) (__check_allocation1<Type>())
#else
#define SAFE_ALLOC(Type,sz) (new Type [sz])
#define SAFE_ALLOC1(Type) (new Type)
#endif
#define ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC,adr,sz) (MC.add_sub_oks(adr,sz,1))
#define SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC,adr,sz) (MC.add_sub_oks(adr,sz,-1))
#else /* DEBUG_INTERNAL */
// A class to allow some check-sum on memory alloc and desalloc
#define SAFE_ALLOC(Type,sz) (new Type [sz])
#define SAFE_ALLOC1(Type) (new Type)
#define MC_OKS
#define MC_CPTR
#define MC_NTAB
#define MC_NEW_ONE
#define MC_TAB_USER
#define ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC,adr,sz) (adr)
#define ADD_MEM_COUNT2(MC,adr,sz) (adr)
#define SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC,adr,sz) (adr)
typedef void * All_Memo_counter;
void stow_memory_counter(All_Memo_counter &);
void verif_memory_state(All_Memo_counter);
#endif /* DEBUG_INTERNAL */
void * std_dup(void * out,const void * in,INT sz_nb);
char * std_ch_dup(const char * ch);
/*
#define STD_NEW_TAB(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,(new Type [nb]),1))
*/
#define STD_NEW_TAB(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT( MC_NTAB, SAFE_ALLOC(Type,nb), 1 ))
#define STD_DELETE_TAB(p)\
((void)SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,p,1) , (delete [] (p)))
/*
#define STD_NEW_TAB_DUP(val,Type,nb)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,std_dup(new Type [nb],val,sizeof(Type)*nb),1))
*/
#define STD_NEW_TAB_DUP(val,Type,nb)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,std_dup( SAFE_ALLOC(Type,nb),val,sizeof(Type)*nb),1))
/*
#define STD_NEW_TAB_USER(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT( MC_TAB_USER,new Type [nb],1) )
*/
#define STD_NEW_TAB_USER(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT( MC_TAB_USER, SAFE_ALLOC(Type,nb), 1 ) )
#define STD_DELETE_TAB_USER(p)\
((void)SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC_TAB_USER,p,1) , (delete [] (p)))
/********************** smart_pointer.h *****************************
Ce fichier est un essai de definition d'un classe
de "smart pointeur" qui doivent permettre, dans les phases de
debugages d'attraper la plupart des erreurs courrantes dans
la gestion de la memoire.
L'objectif est que, une fois le flag de debug on retrouve
exactement le meme comportement qu'avec des pointeurs "normaux".
*********************************************************************/
#if DEBUG_SMART_POINTEUR
template <class > class Smart_Pointer;
/********************************************************/
/* Remarques generales sur les "Smart_Pointer" :
[1]
Cela semble un peu dommage d'iplanter toute la genericite a base de template,
alors que la seule partie du code ou le "Type" soit utilise est pour
"caster" le resultat de "*" et "[]". Theoriquement, a peu pres toutes les
methode de la classe template "Smart_Pointer" pourraient etre definies
dans une classe de base Smart_Pointer_Gen. En partique ca ne marcherait pas
car :
- l'operateur "=" est le seul qui n'est pas herite;
- il est pobable (a verifier) que constructeur et desctructeur ne sont pas
herites;
- un operateur comme "+" (dans "p+3"), est totalement independant du type
d'objet reference, sauf pour le type de retour du pointeur. Donc, si on
voulait l'ecrire dans une classe de bases, il faudrait effectuer des tas
de conversion via des macros.
Peut-etre qu'une inplantation sous la forme "has a" ou lieu de "is a"
permettraient de mettre plus de code en commun ? C'est a dire :
- une clas Smart_Pointer_Gen
- les classe template possedent un champs Smart_Pointer_Gen.
Bof, bof ...
*/
class Memory_seg;
class Smart_Pointer_Gen
{
public :
protected :
Smart_Pointer_Gen(void);
Smart_Pointer_Gen(INT4);
// utilitaires
void bit_copy(const Smart_Pointer_Gen & p2);
// renvoie le debut du segment memoire si le pointeur est initialise, non nul et
// que la zone est non liberee. Sinon genere une "Fatale_Erreur".
void * smp_mem_nn(void) const;
// == smp_mem_nn mais ne genere pas d'erreur avec le pointeur null
void * smp_mem_nul(void) const;
void incr_ref(void) const ;
void decr_ref(void) ;
// champs
class Memory_Seg * _zone;
INT4 _offset;
private :
};
/**********************************************************************/
/**********************************************************************/
template <class Type> class Smart_Pointer : public Smart_Pointer_Gen
{
public :
void delete_tab(void);
void delete_unaire(void);
// constructeurs + destructeur
// Pour memoriser que le pointeur est non initialise
Smart_Pointer(void): Smart_Pointer_Gen(){};
// ce constructeur ne sert qu'a creer le pointeur null
// pour que, en mode debug ou non debug, on puisse toujours
// ecrire UChar_p (0)
Smart_Pointer (INT4 nb) : Smart_Pointer_Gen(nb){};
// static car l'expansion de la macro new tab doit appeler
// la methode sans qu'il y ait d'objet associe.
static Smart_Pointer<Type> new_tab(INT4);
static Smart_Pointer<Type> new_vect(INT4,INT4);
static Smart_Pointer<Type> new_val(void);
~Smart_Pointer(void);
friend Smart_Pointer<Type> ADRESS_OF(Type&);
friend Smart_Pointer<Type> STAT_PTR(Type *,INT4 nb);
Type * export(void);
// copie + affectation
Smart_Pointer<Type> & operator=(const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
Smart_Pointer(const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
// derereferencement
Type & operator * (void);
Type & operator [] (INT4);
Type * operator -> (void);
//************ arithmetique ************************
// dans 3 + Ptr, "+" ne peut etre definie que comme friend
// et pas comme operateur. Par homogeneite on defini alors "+"
// et "-" comme des friend.
// arithmetique simple
friend Smart_Pointer<Type> operator + (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &,INT4);
friend Smart_Pointer<Type> operator + (int, const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
friend Smart_Pointer<Type> operator - (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &,INT4);
friend INT4 operator - (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &,
const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
// arithmetique +=, -=
Smart_Pointer<Type> & operator += (INT4);
Smart_Pointer<Type> & operator -= (INT4);
// arithmetique p++, ++p
Smart_Pointer<Type> & operator ++ (); // ++p
Smart_Pointer<Type> operator ++ (INT4); // p++
Smart_Pointer<Type> & operator -- (); // --p
Smart_Pointer<Type> operator -- (INT4); // p--
// comparaison <, >, <=, >=
INT4 operator< (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
INT4 operator<= (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
INT4 operator> (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
INT4 operator>= (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
// egalite
INT4 operator== (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
INT4 operator!= (const Smart_Pointer<Type> &);
// le ! qui apparament fait partie des operateurs sur
// les pointeurs, avec la semantique (! p) <=> (p == 0)
INT4 operator! ();
static CONST_STAT_TPL Type _VAL_DEF;
// why not " static const Type _VAL_DEF" ?
// because of mystery bugs shown in file
// "bugs_cpp/stat_const_class.C"
protected :
private :
INT4 sh_ref(void); // debug, put public when needed.
INT4 offset(void){return _offset;} // debug
};
/*************************************************************/
/* SUPERIOR ORDER POINTER */
/* not implemented (specicifcally), see smart_pointeur.C */
/* for some remarks. */
/*************************************************************/
/* !!!!!
The new_matr function, is rather strangely declared, but
- it cannot be a member method (else there is an infinite recursion in
template instantiation);
- overloading cannot be resolved by return type; this is why
there is a (useless) third argument of type "Type *";
*/
template <class Type> Smart_Pointer<Smart_Pointer<Type> > new_matr(Pt2di,Pt2di,Type *);
template <class Type> void delete_matr (Smart_Pointer<Smart_Pointer<Type> >, Pt2di,Pt2di);
/* Les macros ou types a redefinir si DEBUG = 0 */
#define NEW_VECTEUR(x1,x2,type) Smart_Pointer<type>::new_vect(x1,x2)
#define NEW_MATRICE(p1,p2,type) new_matr(p1,p2,(type *) 0)
#define NEW_TAB(nb,Type) (Smart_Pointer<Type>::new_tab(nb))
#define NEW_ONE(Type) (Smart_Pointer<Type>::new_val())
#define DELETE_TAB(p) ((p).delete_tab())
#define DELETE_VECTOR(v,x) DELETE_TAB((v)+(x))
#define DELETE_ONE(p) ((p).delete_unaire())
#define DELETE_MATRICE(m,p1,p2) delete_matr(m,p1,p2)
// #define EXPORT(p) ((p).export())
#define U_INT1_Ptr Smart_Pointer<U_INT1>
#define U_INT1_PPtr Smart_Pointer<U_INT1_Ptr>
#define U_INT2_Ptr Smart_Pointer<U_INT2>
#define INT4_Ptr Smart_Pointer<INT4>
#define INT4_PPtr Smart_Pointer<INT4_Ptr>
#define REAL8_Ptr Smart_Pointer<REAL8>
#define REAL8_PPtr Smart_Pointer<REAL8_Ptr>
#define Pt2di_Ptr Smart_Pointer<Pt2di>
#define SMP(Un_Type) Smart_Pointer<Un_Type>
#define SMPP(Un_Type) Smart_Pointer<Smart_Pointer<Un_Type> >
#else /* DEBUG_SMART_POINTEUR */
extern void * Elise_Calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
extern void Elise_Free(void *);
extern void ** alloc_matrice(const Pt2di p1,const Pt2di p2,const INT sz);
extern void *** alloc_tab_matrice(const INT nb,
const Pt2di p1,
const Pt2di p2,
const INT sz);
extern void * alloc_vecteur(const int x1,const int x2,const int sz);
extern void delete_vecteur(void * v,const int x1,const int sz);
extern void delete_matrice(void ** m, const Pt2di p1,const Pt2di p2,const int sz);
extern void delete_tab_matrice(void *** m,INT nb, const Pt2di p1,const Pt2di p2,const int sz);
#define NEW_VECTEUR(x1,x2,type) ((type *) alloc_vecteur((x1),(x2),sizeof(type)))
#define NEW_MATRICE(p1,p2,type) ((type **) alloc_matrice((p1),(p2),sizeof(type)))
#define NEW_MATRICE_ORI(x,y,type) (NEW_MATRICE(Pt2di(0,0),Pt2di(x,y),type))
#define NEW_TAB_MATRICE(nb,p1,p2,type)\
((type ***) alloc_tab_matrice((nb),(p1),(p2),sizeof(type)))
/*
#define NEW_TAB(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,(new Type [nb]),1))
*/
#define NEW_TAB(nb,Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,SAFE_ALLOC(Type,nb),1))
/*
#define NEW_ONE(Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NEW_ONE,(new Type),1))
*/
#define NEW_ONE(Type)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NEW_ONE,SAFE_ALLOC1(Type),1))
#define CLASS_NEW_ONE(Type,Arg)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NEW_ONE,(new Type Arg),1))
/*
#define CLASS_NEW_ONE(Type,Arg)\
((Type *) ADD_MEM_COUNT(MC_NEW_ONE,SAFE_ALLOC_ARG(Type,Arg),1))
*/
#if (DEBUG_INTERNAL)
#define DELETE_TAB(p) ((void)SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC_NTAB,p,1) , (delete [] (p)))
#define DELETE_ONE(p) (SUB_MEM_COUNT(MC_NEW_ONE,p,1) , (delete (p)))
#else
#define DELETE_TAB(p) delete [] (p)
#define DELETE_ONE(p) delete (p)
#endif
#define DELETE_VECTOR(v,x) delete_vecteur((void *)(v),(x),sizeof(*(v)))
#define DELETE_MATRICE(m,p1,p2)\
delete_matrice((void **)(m),(p1),(p2),sizeof(**(m)))
#define DELETE_TAB_MATRICE(m,nb,p1,p2)\
delete_tab_matrice((void ***)(m),(nb),(p1),(p2),sizeof(***(m)))
#define DELETE_MATRICE_ORI(m,x,y) DELETE_MATRICE(m,Pt2di(0,0),Pt2di(x,y))
// #define EXPORT(p) (p)
#define ADRESS_OF(val) (&(val))
#define STAT_PTR(val,nb) (val)
typedef U_INT1 * U_INT1_Ptr;
typedef U_INT1 ** U_INT1_PPtr;
typedef U_INT2 * U_INT2_Ptr;
typedef INT4 * INT4_Ptr;
typedef INT4 ** INT4_PPtr;
typedef REAL8 * REAL8_Ptr;
typedef REAL8 ** REAL8_PPtr;
typedef Pt2di * Pt2di_Ptr;
#define SMP(Un_Type) Un_Type *
#define SMPP(Un_Type) Un_Type **
template <class Type> Type * new_vecteur_init(INT x0,INT x1,Type v);
#endif /* DEBUG_SMART_POINTEUR */
#endif /*! _ELISE_SMART_POINTEUR_H */
/*Footer-MicMac-eLiSe-25/06/2007
Ce logiciel est un programme informatique servant à la mise en
correspondances d'images pour la reconstruction du relief.
Ce logiciel est régi par la licence CeCILL-B soumise au droit français et
respectant les principes de diffusion des logiciels libres. Vous pouvez
utiliser, modifier et/ou redistribuer ce programme sous les conditions
de la licence CeCILL-B telle que diffusée par le CEA, le CNRS et l'INRIA
sur le site "http://www.cecill.info".
En contrepartie de l'accessibilité au code source et des droits de copie,
de modification et de redistribution accordés par cette licence, il n'est
offert aux utilisateurs qu'une garantie limitée. Pour les mêmes raisons,
seule une responsabilité restreinte pèse sur l'auteur du programme, le
titulaire des droits patrimoniaux et les concédants successifs.
A cet égard l'attention de l'utilisateur est attirée sur les risques
associés au chargement, à l'utilisation, à la modification et/ou au
développement et à la reproduction du logiciel par l'utilisateur étant
donné sa spécificité de logiciel libre, qui peut le rendre complexe Ã
manipuler et qui le réserve donc à des développeurs et des professionnels
avertis possédant des connaissances informatiques approfondies. Les
utilisateurs sont donc invités à charger et tester l'adéquation du
logiciel à leurs besoins dans des conditions permettant d'assurer la
sécurité de leurs systèmes et ou de leurs données et, plus généralement,
à l'utiliser et l'exploiter dans les mêmes conditions de sécurité.
Le fait que vous puissiez accéder à cet en-tête signifie que vous avez
pris connaissance de la licence CeCILL-B, et que vous en avez accepté les
termes.
Footer-MicMac-eLiSe-25/06/2007*/
|
from petsc4py import PETSc
import unittest
import numpy as np
class TestDMShell(unittest.TestCase):
COMM = PETSc.COMM_WORLD
def setUp(self):
self.dm = PETSc.DMShell().create(comm=self.COMM)
def tearDown(self):
self.dm = None
def testSetGlobalVector(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=self.COMM)
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
self.dm.setGlobalVector(vec)
gvec = self.dm.createGlobalVector()
self.assertEqual(vec.getSizes(), gvec.getSizes())
self.assertEqual(vec.comm, gvec.comm)
def testSetCreateGlobalVector(self):
def create_vec(dm):
v = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=dm.comm)
v.setSizes((10, None))
v.setUp()
return v
self.dm.setCreateGlobalVector(create_vec)
gvec = self.dm.createGlobalVector()
self.assertEqual(gvec.comm, self.dm.comm)
self.assertEqual(gvec.getLocalSize(), 10)
def testSetLocalVector(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=PETSc.COMM_SELF)
vec.setSizes((1 + 10*self.COMM.rank, None))
vec.setUp()
self.dm.setLocalVector(vec)
lvec = self.dm.createLocalVector()
self.assertEqual(vec.getSizes(), lvec.getSizes())
lsize, gsize = lvec.getSizes()
self.assertEqual(lsize, gsize)
self.assertEqual(lvec.comm, PETSc.COMM_SELF)
def testSetCreateLocalVector(self):
def create_vec(dm):
v = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=PETSc.COMM_SELF)
v.setSizes((1 + 10*dm.comm.rank, None))
v.setUp()
return v
self.dm.setCreateLocalVector(create_vec)
lvec = self.dm.createLocalVector()
lsize, gsize = lvec.getSizes()
self.assertEqual(lsize, gsize)
self.assertEqual(lsize, 1 + 10*self.dm.comm.rank)
self.assertEqual(lvec.comm, PETSc.COMM_SELF)
def testSetMatrix(self):
mat = PETSc.Mat().create(comm=self.COMM)
mat.setSizes(((10, None), (2, None)))
mat.setUp()
mat.assemble()
self.dm.setMatrix(mat)
nmat = self.dm.createMatrix()
self.assertEqual(nmat.getSizes(), mat.getSizes())
def testSetCreateMatrix(self):
def create_mat(dm):
mat = PETSc.Mat().create(comm=self.COMM)
mat.setSizes(((10, None), (2, None)))
mat.setUp()
return mat
self.dm.setCreateMatrix(create_mat)
nmat = self.dm.createMatrix()
self.assertEqual(nmat.getSizes(), create_mat(self.dm).getSizes())
def testGlobalToLocal(self):
def begin(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
if mode == PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES:
ovec[...] = ivec[...]
elif mode == PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES:
ovec[...] += ivec[...]
def end(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
pass
vec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=self.COMM)
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
vec[...] = self.dm.comm.rank + 1
ovec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=PETSc.COMM_SELF)
ovec.setSizes((10, None))
ovec.setUp()
self.dm.setGlobalToLocal(begin, end)
self.dm.globalToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
self.dm.globalToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(2*vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
def testLocalToGlobal(self):
def begin(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
if mode == PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES:
ovec[...] = ivec[...]
elif mode == PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES:
ovec[...] += ivec[...]
def end(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
pass
vec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=PETSc.COMM_SELF)
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
vec[...] = self.dm.comm.rank + 1
ovec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=self.COMM)
ovec.setSizes((10, None))
ovec.setUp()
self.dm.setLocalToGlobal(begin, end)
self.dm.localToGlobal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
self.dm.localToGlobal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(2*vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
def testLocalToLocal(self):
def begin(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
if mode == PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES:
ovec[...] = ivec[...]
elif mode == PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES:
ovec[...] += ivec[...]
def end(dm, ivec, mode, ovec):
pass
vec = PETSc.Vec().create(comm=PETSc.COMM_SELF)
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
vec[...] = self.dm.comm.rank + 1
ovec = vec.duplicate()
self.dm.setLocalToLocal(begin, end)
self.dm.localToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
self.dm.localToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.ADD_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(2*vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
def testGlobalToLocalVecScatter(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create()
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
sct, ovec = PETSc.Scatter.toAll(vec)
self.dm.setGlobalToLocalVecScatter(sct)
self.dm.globalToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
self.assertTrue(np.allclose(vec.getArray(), ovec.getArray()))
def testGlobalToLocalVecScatter(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create()
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
sct, ovec = PETSc.Scatter.toAll(vec)
self.dm.setGlobalToLocalVecScatter(sct)
self.dm.globalToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
def testLocalToGlobalVecScatter(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create()
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
sct, ovec = PETSc.Scatter.toAll(vec)
self.dm.setLocalToGlobalVecScatter(sct)
self.dm.localToGlobal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
def testLocalToLocalVecScatter(self):
vec = PETSc.Vec().create()
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
sct, ovec = PETSc.Scatter.toAll(vec)
self.dm.setLocalToLocalVecScatter(sct)
self.dm.localToLocal(vec, ovec, addv=PETSc.InsertMode.INSERT_VALUES)
def testCoarsenRefine(self):
cdm = PETSc.DMShell().create(comm=self.COMM)
def coarsen(dm, comm):
return cdm
def refine(dm, comm):
return self.dm
cdm.setRefine(refine)
self.dm.setCoarsen(coarsen)
coarsened = self.dm.coarsen()
self.assertEqual(coarsened, cdm)
refined = coarsened.refine()
self.assertEqual(refined, self.dm)
def testCreateInterpolation(self):
mat = PETSc.Mat().create()
mat.setSizes(((10, None), (10, None)))
mat.setUp()
vec = PETSc.Vec().create()
vec.setSizes((10, None))
vec.setUp()
def create_interp(dm, dmf):
return mat, vec
self.dm.setCreateInterpolation(create_interp)
m, v = self.dm.createInterpolation(self.dm)
self.assertEqual(m, mat)
self.assertEqual(v, vec)
def testCreateInjection(self):
mat = PETSc.Mat().create()
mat.setSizes(((10, None), (10, None)))
mat.setUp()
def create_inject(dm, dmf):
return mat
self.dm.setCreateInjection(create_inject)
m = self.dm.createInjection(self.dm)
self.assertEqual(m, mat)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
|
<template>
<div id="side-menu">
<about :dialogVisible="aboutDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeAboutDialog"></about>
<executions-list :dialogVisible="executionsListDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeExecutionsListOpenDialog"></executions-list>
<credentials-list :dialogVisible="credentialOpenDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeCredentialOpenDialog"></credentials-list>
<credentials-edit :dialogVisible="credentialNewDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeCredentialNewDialog"></credentials-edit>
<workflow-open @openWorkflow="openWorkflow" :dialogVisible="workflowOpenDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeWorkflowOpenDialog"></workflow-open>
<workflow-settings :dialogVisible="workflowSettingsDialogVisible" @closeDialog="closeWorkflowSettingsDialog"></workflow-settings>
<input type="file" ref="importFile" style="display: none" v-on:change="handleFileImport()">
<div class="side-menu-wrapper" :class="{expanded: !isCollapsed}">
<div id="collapse-change-button" class="clickable" @click="isCollapsed=!isCollapsed">
<font-awesome-icon icon="angle-right" class="icon" />
</div>
<el-menu default-active="workflow" @select="handleSelect" :collapse="isCollapsed">
<el-menu-item index="logo" class="logo-item">
<a href="https://n8n.io" target="_blank" class="logo">
<img :src="basePath + 'n8n-icon-small.png'" class="icon" alt="n8n.io"/>
<span class="logo-text" slot="title">n8n.io</span>
</a>
</el-menu-item>
<el-submenu index="workflow" title="Workflow">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="network-wired"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title-root">Workflows</span>
</template>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-new">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="file"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">New</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-open">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="folder-open"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Open</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-save" :disabled="!currentWorkflow">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="save"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Save</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-save-as">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="copy"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Save As</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-rename" :disabled="!currentWorkflow">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="edit"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Rename</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-delete" :disabled="!currentWorkflow">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="trash"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Delete</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-download">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="file-download"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Download</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-import-url">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="cloud"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Import from URL</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-import-file">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="hdd"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Import from File</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="workflow-settings" :disabled="!currentWorkflow">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="cog"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Settings</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
</el-submenu>
<el-submenu index="credentials" title="Credentials">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="key"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title-root">Credentials</span>
</template>
<el-menu-item index="credentials-new">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="file"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">New</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="credentials-open">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="folder-open"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Open</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
</el-submenu>
<el-menu-item index="executions">
<font-awesome-icon icon="tasks"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title-root">Executions</span>
</el-menu-item>
<el-submenu index="help" class="help-menu" title="Help">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon icon="question"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title-root">Help</span>
</template>
<el-menu-item index="help-documentation">
<template slot="title">
<a href="https://docs.n8n.io" target="_blank">
<font-awesome-icon icon="book"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Documentation</span>
</a>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="help-forum">
<template slot="title">
<a href="https://community.n8n.io" target="_blank">
<font-awesome-icon icon="users"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Forum</span>
</a>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="help-examples">
<template slot="title">
<a href="https://n8n.io/workflows" target="_blank">
<font-awesome-icon icon="network-wired"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">Workflows</span>
</a>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
<el-menu-item index="help-about">
<template slot="title">
<font-awesome-icon class="about-icon" icon="info"/>
<span slot="title" class="item-title">About n8n</span>
</template>
</el-menu-item>
</el-submenu>
</el-menu>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import Vue from 'vue';
import { MessageBoxInputData } from 'element-ui/types/message-box';
import {
IExecutionResponse,
IExecutionsStopData,
IWorkflowDataUpdate,
} from '../Interface';
import About from '@/components/About.vue';
import CredentialsEdit from '@/components/CredentialsEdit.vue';
import CredentialsList from '@/components/CredentialsList.vue';
import ExecutionsList from '@/components/ExecutionsList.vue';
import WorkflowOpen from '@/components/WorkflowOpen.vue';
import WorkflowSettings from '@/components/WorkflowSettings.vue';
import { genericHelpers } from '@/components/mixins/genericHelpers';
import { restApi } from '@/components/mixins/restApi';
import { showMessage } from '@/components/mixins/showMessage';
import { titleChange } from '@/components/mixins/titleChange';
import { workflowHelpers } from '@/components/mixins/workflowHelpers';
import { workflowSave } from '@/components/mixins/workflowSave';
import { workflowRun } from '@/components/mixins/workflowRun';
import { saveAs } from 'file-saver';
import mixins from 'vue-typed-mixins';
export default mixins(
genericHelpers,
restApi,
showMessage,
titleChange,
workflowHelpers,
workflowRun,
workflowSave,
)
.extend({
name: 'MainHeader',
components: {
About,
CredentialsEdit,
CredentialsList,
ExecutionsList,
WorkflowOpen,
WorkflowSettings,
},
data () {
return {
aboutDialogVisible: false,
// @ts-ignore
basePath: this.$store.getters.getBaseUrl,
isCollapsed: true,
credentialNewDialogVisible: false,
credentialOpenDialogVisible: false,
executionsListDialogVisible: false,
stopExecutionInProgress: false,
workflowOpenDialogVisible: false,
workflowSettingsDialogVisible: false,
};
},
computed: {
exeuctionId (): string | undefined {
return this.$route.params.id;
},
executionFinished (): boolean {
if (!this.isExecutionPage) {
// We are not on an exeuction page so return false
return false;
}
const fullExecution = this.$store.getters.getWorkflowExecution;
if (fullExecution === null) {
// No exeuction loaded so return also false
return false;
}
if (fullExecution.finished === true) {
return true;
}
return false;
},
executionWaitingForWebhook (): boolean {
return this.$store.getters.executionWaitingForWebhook;
},
isExecutionPage (): boolean {
if (['ExecutionById'].includes(this.$route.name as string)) {
return true;
}
return false;
},
isWorkflowActive (): boolean {
return this.$store.getters.isActive;
},
currentWorkflow (): string {
return this.$route.params.name;
},
workflowExecution (): IExecutionResponse | null {
return this.$store.getters.getWorkflowExecution;
},
workflowName (): string {
return this.$store.getters.workflowName;
},
workflowRunning (): boolean {
return this.$store.getters.isActionActive('workflowRunning');
},
},
methods: {
clearExecutionData () {
this.$store.commit('setWorkflowExecutionData', null);
this.updateNodesExecutionIssues();
},
closeAboutDialog () {
this.aboutDialogVisible = false;
},
closeWorkflowOpenDialog () {
this.workflowOpenDialogVisible = false;
},
closeWorkflowSettingsDialog () {
this.workflowSettingsDialogVisible = false;
},
closeExecutionsListOpenDialog () {
this.executionsListDialogVisible = false;
},
closeCredentialOpenDialog () {
this.credentialOpenDialogVisible = false;
},
closeCredentialNewDialog () {
this.credentialNewDialogVisible = false;
},
async stopExecution () {
const executionId = this.$store.getters.activeExecutionId;
if (executionId === null) {
return;
}
try {
this.stopExecutionInProgress = true;
const stopData: IExecutionsStopData = await this.restApi().stopCurrentExecution(executionId);
this.$showMessage({
title: 'Execution stopped',
message: `The execution with the id "${executionId}" got stopped!`,
type: 'success',
});
} catch (error) {
this.$showError(error, 'Problem stopping execution', 'There was a problem stopping the execuction:');
}
this.stopExecutionInProgress = false;
},
async openWorkflow (workflowId: string) {
// Change to other workflow
this.$router.push({
name: 'NodeViewExisting',
params: { name: workflowId },
});
this.workflowOpenDialogVisible = false;
},
async handleFileImport () {
const reader = new FileReader();
reader.onload = (event: ProgressEvent) => {
const data = (event.target as FileReader).result;
let worflowData: IWorkflowDataUpdate;
try {
worflowData = JSON.parse(data as string);
} catch (error) {
this.$showMessage({
title: 'Could not import file',
message: `The file does not contain valid JSON data.`,
type: 'error',
});
return;
}
this.$root.$emit('importWorkflowData', { data: worflowData });
};
const input = this.$refs.importFile as HTMLInputElement;
if (input !== null && input.files !== null && input.files.length !== 0) {
reader.readAsText(input!.files[0]!);
}
},
async handleSelect (key: string, keyPath: string) {
if (key === 'workflow-open') {
this.workflowOpenDialogVisible = true;
} else if (key === 'workflow-import-file') {
(this.$refs.importFile as HTMLInputElement).click();
} else if (key === 'workflow-import-url') {
try {
const promptResponse = await this.$prompt(`Workflow URL:`, 'Import Workflow from URL:', {
confirmButtonText: 'Import',
cancelButtonText: 'Cancel',
inputErrorMessage: 'Invalid URL',
inputPattern: /^http[s]?:\/\/.*\.json$/i,
}) as MessageBoxInputData;
this.$root.$emit('importWorkflowUrl', { url: promptResponse.value });
} catch (e) {}
} else if (key === 'workflow-rename') {
const workflowName = await this.$prompt(
'Enter new workflow name',
'Rename',
{
inputValue: this.workflowName,
confirmButtonText: 'Rename',
cancelButtonText: 'Cancel',
},
)
.then((data) => {
// @ts-ignore
return data.value;
})
.catch(() => {
// User did cancel
return undefined;
});
if (workflowName === undefined || workflowName === this.workflowName) {
return;
}
const workflowId = this.$store.getters.workflowId;
const updateData = {
name: workflowName,
};
try {
await this.restApi().updateWorkflow(workflowId, updateData);
} catch (error) {
this.$showError(error, 'Problem renaming the workflow', 'There was a problem renaming the workflow:');
return;
}
this.$store.commit('setWorkflowName', workflowName);
this.$showMessage({
title: 'Workflow renamed',
message: `The workflow got renamed to "${workflowName}"!`,
type: 'success',
});
} else if (key === 'workflow-delete') {
const deleteConfirmed = await this.confirmMessage(`Are you sure that you want to delete the workflow "${this.workflowName}"?`, 'Delete Workflow?', 'warning', 'Yes, delete!');
if (deleteConfirmed === false) {
return;
}
let result;
try {
result = await this.restApi().deleteWorkflow(this.currentWorkflow);
} catch (error) {
this.$showError(error, 'Problem deleting the workflow', 'There was a problem deleting the workflow:');
return;
}
// Reset tab title since workflow is deleted.
this.$titleReset();
this.$showMessage({
title: 'Workflow got deleted',
message: `The workflow "${this.workflowName}" got deleted!`,
type: 'success',
});
this.$router.push({ name: 'NodeViewNew' });
} else if (key === 'workflow-download') {
const workflowData = await this.getWorkflowDataToSave();
const blob = new Blob([JSON.stringify(workflowData, null, 2)], {
type: 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
});
let workflowName = this.$store.getters.workflowName || 'unsaved_workflow';
workflowName = workflowName.replace(/[^a-z0-9]/gi, '_');
saveAs(blob, workflowName + '.json');
} else if (key === 'workflow-save') {
this.saveCurrentWorkflow();
} else if (key === 'workflow-save-as') {
this.saveCurrentWorkflow(true);
} else if (key === 'help-about') {
this.aboutDialogVisible = true;
} else if (key === 'workflow-settings') {
this.workflowSettingsDialogVisible = true;
} else if (key === 'workflow-new') {
this.$router.push({ name: 'NodeViewNew' });
this.$showMessage({
title: 'Workflow created',
message: 'A new workflow got created!',
type: 'success',
});
} else if (key === 'credentials-open') {
this.credentialOpenDialogVisible = true;
} else if (key === 'credentials-new') {
this.credentialNewDialogVisible = true;
} else if (key === 'execution-open-workflow') {
if (this.workflowExecution !== null) {
this.openWorkflow(this.workflowExecution.workflowId as string);
}
} else if (key === 'executions') {
this.executionsListDialogVisible = true;
}
},
},
async mounted () {
this.$root.$on('openWorkflowDialog', async () => {
this.workflowOpenDialogVisible = true;
});
},
});
</script>
<style lang="scss">
.about-icon {
padding-left: 5px;
}
#collapse-change-button {
position: absolute;
z-index: 10;
top: 55px;
left: 25px;
text-align: right;
line-height: 24px;
height: 20px;
width: 20px;
background-color: #fff;
border: none;
border-radius: 15px;
-webkit-transition-duration: 0.5s;
-moz-transition-duration: 0.5s;
-o-transition-duration: 0.5s;
transition-duration: 0.5s;
-webkit-transition-property: -webkit-transform;
-moz-transition-property: -moz-transform;
-o-transition-property: -o-transform;
transition-property: transform;
overflow: hidden;
.icon {
position: relative;
left: -5px;
top: -2px;
}
}
#collapse-change-button:hover {
transform: scale(1.1);
}
.el-menu-item {
a {
color: #666;
}
&.logo-item {
background-color: $--color-primary !important;
height: 65px;
.icon {
position: relative;
height: 23px;
left: -10px;
top: -2px;
}
}
}
a.logo {
text-decoration: none;
}
.logo-text {
position: relative;
top: -3px;
left: 5px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #fff;
text-decoration: none;
}
.expanded #collapse-change-button {
-webkit-transform: translateX(60px) rotate(180deg);
-moz-transform: translateX(60px) rotate(180deg);
-o-transform: translateX(60px) rotate(180deg);
transform: translateX(60px) rotate(180deg);
}
#side-menu {
position: fixed;
height: 100%;
.el-menu {
height: 100%;
}
}
.side-menu-wrapper {
height: 100%;
width: 65px;
&.expanded {
width: 200px;
}
}
</style>
|
In almost all countries in the world, adults are allowed to buy and consume alcohol with very little restriction (although there are often laws about the exact hours that bars and shops are allowed to sell alcohol, and laws against drinking and driving). This is in marked contrast to the legal situation with regard to other mind-altering (or ‘psycho-active’) drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, acid, and heroin. However, the experience of ‘Prohibition’ in the USA in the 1920s and 1930s, when there was a huge black market in alcohol run by a powerful criminal underworld, makes most people very wary of trying that solution again. In this debate the proposition can argue either for tighter restrictions or for complete prohibition. This debate is one that boils down to a debate about what balance should be struck between the need to protect society on the one hand and the need to preserve individual liberties on the other.
Arguments
Pros
Cons
Alcohol is just as potentially addictive as many illegal drugs. Those who do become addicted to alcohol often lose their marriages, jobs, families, even their lives. A large proportion of homeless people find themselves in that position as a result of their alcoholism. Any drug this addictive and destructive should be illegal.
If one were sitting down to design the perfect society from scratch, one might be tempted not to allow the production and sale of alcohol, However, the main reason why the case of alcohol is different from that of other drugs is a social one rather than an empirical fact about the nature of the drug. Alcohol, unlike other drugs, is socially entrenched. It is an integral part of the social life and culture of most countries and to try to ban it is completely impractical. To criminalise billions of people around the world over night and create the biggest black market the world has ever seen (for the benefit of the criminal underworld) would be crazy.
Alcohol is a contributory factor to a huge proportion of crimes. Exact figures vary from country to country, but in many countries alcohol is a contributory factor in 60-70% of violent crimes, including child abuse, domestic violence, sexual assault, and murder. Alcohol is far and away the leading cause of public disorder, street fights, etc. In short, alcohol is one of the prime causes of violence and crime in modern society, and its banning would reduce the incidence of these crimes at a strike.
Human beings are naturally inclined towards violence and conflict. Sex and violence are primal parts of our genetic make-up and we do not need alcohol to bring them to the surface. At worst, alcohol may slightly exaggerate these tendencies - but that makes it the occasion not the underlying cause of violent crimes. The underlying causes are biological and social. Making rape and murder illegal does not eradicate rape and murder, so it is unlikely that making drinking alcohol illegal will do so either.
Despite the fact that advertising campaigns such as those run in the UK over the past 30 years have been successful in reducing the incidence of drink driving, this success has not been mirrored in all countries. And even where it has, deaths and serious injuries caused by drunk drivers still run to the thousands each year. This is an unacceptable situation - alcohol should simply be banned.
The progress made against drink driving in recent decades has been very encouraging. We should continue to campaign against it and have every reason to hope that the current trend towards its eradication by a process of attitude-change and stigmatisation will continue. The fact that there are still some injuries and deaths is not a good enough reason to take away the civil liberties of the vast majority of law-abiding citizens by depriving them of the pleasure of drinking alcohol.
We need consistency in our drug laws. If cannabis, which is not very addictive and which results in virtually no violent crime or public disorder, needs to be banned because of its mind-altering effects, then how much more so should alcohol be banned.
Yes, we should have consistent drug laws, which is why it is absurd for cannabis to be illegal. Cannabis and alcohol should both be legal drugs since the vast majority of people know how to use them safely and responsibly.
It is true that currently thousands of people are employed by the alcoholic drinks industry. However the fact that an immoral industry employs a lot of people is never a good argument to keep that immoral industry going (similar arguments apply to the cases of prostitution, arms dealing, fox hunting, battery farming, etc.) Instead, a gradual process would have to be implemented, which would include governments providing funding for training for alternative careers.
Not only would banning alcohol infringe people’s civil liberties to an unacceptable degree, it would also put thousands of people out of work. The drinks industry is an enormous global industry. There are not good enough reasons for wreaking this havoc on the world economy.
It is also true that tax revenues would be lost if alcohol were banned. However, again, this is not a principled reason to reject the proposition, simply a practical problem. It should be pointed out that governments would save a huge amount of money on police and health spending (through the reduction in crime and alcohol-related illness) which would go at least some of the way to offsetting the decreased tax revenues.
Currently governments raise large amounts of revenue from taxes and duties payable on alcoholic drinks. To ban alcohol would take away a major source of funding for public services. In addition, the effect of banning alcohol would call for additional policing on a huge scale, if the prohibition were to be enforced effectively. If would create a new class of illegal drug-users, traffickers, and dealers on an unprecedented scale.
Motions
This house would ban alcoholThis house would hit the bottleThis house believes that alcohol is the root of all evil
|
11 P.3d 1078 (2000)
In the MATTER OF Lawrence Jamalian GREEN, Attorney-Respondent.
No. 99SA150.
Supreme Court of Colorado, En Banc.
September 11, 2000.
Rehearing Denied October 10, 2000.
*1080 John S. Gleason, Attorney Regulation Counsel, James S. Sudler, Assistant Regulation Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for Complainant.
Lawrence Jamalian Green, Pro Se, Littleton, Colorado.
PER CURIAM.
Lawrence Jamalian Green, the respondent in this lawyer regulation case, was admitted to practice law in Colorado in 1979. A hearing panel of the former grievance committee[1] approved the findings and recommendations of a hearing board that Green be suspended for sixty days. The hearing board found that Green charged an excessive fee in a civil case and authored letters and motions to a trial judge containing "relentless criticism and contempt for the judge" constituting "a serious breach of acceptable behavior for an attorney toward a member of the judiciary." We conclude that the First Amendment prohibits disciplining Green on the basis of his communications with the judge because the communications did not make or imply false statements of fact. However, we agree that Green violated Colo. RPC 1.5 by charging an unreasonable fee. Thus, we reject the recommendation of a sixty-day suspension, and we determine that public censure is an adequate sanction this case.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Following an evidentiary hearing, the board issued its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendation. We include undisputed portions of the record, together with the board's findings of fact as the basis of our discussion.
A tile contractor hired Green in 1991 to sue a homeowner and her husband for failure to pay for the contractor's installation of ceramic tile in their house. Green filed an action in Douglas County District Court on behalf of the contractor against the homeowners for breach of contract and to foreclose a mechanics' lien in the amount of $7,422.33. The defendants counterclaimed, asserting that the contractor breached implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose and merchantability. The contract between the tile contractor and the homeowners entitled the party who prevailed at trial to attorney's fees and costs. Green and his client agreed that if the client prevailed, then Green would accept as his fee whatever amount the court awarded. Otherwise, the client would owe Green nothing.
After a bench trial, the trial judge issued findings of fact, conclusions of law, and an order. The court sustained the contractor's breach of contract claim and dismissed the homeowners' counterclaim. The judge awarded Green's client damages in the amount of $7,422.33, plus costs, interest, and attorney's fees. The court directed Green to *1081 file an affidavit for fees and costs within fifteen days.
In an affidavit filed following trial, Green requested attorney's fees in the amount of $29,554.80, which he calculated by multiplying his hourly rate of $165 by the 179.12 hours he claimed to have worked on the case. After a hearing, the trial judge determined that Green's billing rate was reasonable, but that the itemized list of services Green personally performed included secretarial or other non-attorney services that are not usually billed to clients. Thus, the judge ruled that the amount Green claimed was excessive and that a reasonable fee under the circumstances was $12,000.
Several months after the trial court's award, Green filed a motion under C.R.C.P. 97 to recuse the trial judge "for bias and prejudice against Plaintiff and this attorney." In his affidavit in support of the motion to recuse, Green asserted that the trial judge interrupted him while he was making an argument for his fees and directed Green, over his objections, to conclude his argument. In addition, Green accused the trial judge of "callous indifference and impatience with [Green's] oral arguments as reflected in [the judge's] facial grimaces." Green also objected to the substance of various rulings by the trial judge. The trial judge denied the motion to recuse.
The homeowners appealed the trial court's judgment in the contractor's favor on the breach of contract claim. The contractor and Green cross-appealed the amount of the fee award. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's judgment regarding the contractor's breach of contract claim and dismissal of the homeowners' counterclaim. See Tile Design Studio v. Rosendahl, 1995 WL 761995 No. 94CA0060, slip op. at 4-5 (Colo. App. Aug.31, 1995) (not selected for official publication). However, the court of appeals reversed the trial court's judgment on the issue of Green's fees, holding that it was not supported by the trial court's findings:
[T]he record does not reflect that the trial court actually derived the amount of fees awarded by considering both a reasonable hourly rate and a reasonable number of hours, then making any necessary adjustments. In particular, the trial court's order does not indicate its finding as to the reasonable number of hours expended on the claims involving the homeowners.
Id. at 9-10. Remanding the case, the court of appeals directed the trial court to reconsider the issue of Green's fees and make additional findings on the reasonableness of the hours Green worked on the case. See id. at 10, 12.
While the trial judge was reconsidering the reasonableness of Green's fees, Green wrote three letters to the judge. In the first letter, Green stated, "Aside from the errors attributed to you by the appellate court I am aggrieved personally by comments and expressions made about me in your order [awarding attorney's fees]." Green indicated that he was offended because the trial judge, in the order, evaluated his performance as only "competent" while, according to Green's letter, he had "single-handedly prevailed throughout this litigation against four attorneys and no less significantly I prevailed against you, the trial judge." Green (who is African-American) continued that the use of the word "competent" reminded him of allegedly racist remarks attributed to a former justice of this court in 1978. In conclusion, Green "request[ed] an in camera pre-hearing conference attended by me and of course [opposing counsel] at the earliest possible date." Below Green's signature was a notation that he sent a copy of the letter to the opposing counsel.
The trial court issued an order, stating that it would reconsider the issue of attorney's fees pursuant to the court of appeals decision. However, the trial court also stated that no further hearing was necessary and that Green's request for an in camera hearing was therefore denied.
Before the trial court finished reconsidering Green's fees, Green filed a supplementary affidavit for attorney's fees in addition to those he had already claimed. Green stated that, through trial and the appeal, he had expended 618.13 hours of time and that his hourly fee rate was $165, amounting to $101,991.45 in attorney's fees. Subtracting the amount of fees he had previously claimed *1082 for the trial ($29,554.80), Green asked for $72,436.65 in attorney's fees for his work on the appeal.
Green sent a second letter to the judge on January 3, 1996, a copy of which Green also sent to opposing counsel. In this letter, Green suggested that the trial judge was unfairly biased against him. Green noted that he and his client have a right "not to have our issues of attorney fees and costs heard and decided by a judge with a `bent of mind.' . . . Basic to our system of justice is the precept that a judge must be free of all taint of bias and impartiality."
Also in the second letter, Green recounted the first time that he met the trial judge. Green stated that while he was in the court clerk's office, the judge came out, looked at him, and asked the clerk on behalf of which attorney was Green reviewing the file. Green's letter claimed, "Those circumstances characterize you as a racist and bigot for racially stereotyping me as unable to be an attorney because I was black."
In this letter Green also alleged that the judge entered an order releasing the mechanics' lien and lis pendens without providing Green a copy of the order. Green concluded the letter by stating, "I believe the totality of the circumstances dictate and require you to recuse yourself from any further proceedings in this case."
Green followed the second letter with a second motion to recuse. The second motion reiterated Green's version of his 1993 meeting with the judge and listed the judge's actions in the present case that Green believed cast aspersions on his legal abilities.
Green sent a third letter to the trial judge on February 29, 1996, again sending a copy to opposing counsel. Green stated that "the time is ripe for you to recuse yourself." He continued, accusing the trial judge of racism:
I do not believe I can state my case more emphatically than I already have; I want you off this case. I am entitled to and I affirm my right not to have my attorney fees determined by a racist judge. Merely sitting on this powder keg will not prevent it from exploding. My attitude toward you shall not change; in fact I am even more convinced now of your racism. . . . Recuse yourself!!
The other critical element is time . . . . This case has been underway in one forum or another for over four years. Your dilatoriness in recusing yourself is delaying determination of my fee by a replacement judge. I want my fee determined promptly by another judge. I need not remind you of the dilatoriness standard for judges established by the Colorado Supreme Court in In re Jones.
Again I urge you, recuse yourself from this action, immediately!!
The trial court issued its order reconsidering the award of attorney's fees on March 27, 1996. The judge first subtracted the hours the judge found were related to the performance of secretarial functions from the total number of hours that Green claimed to have expended on the case, arriving at a total of 124.275 hours. The court then adjusted that amount by considering factors such as the amount of the plaintiff's recovery, Green's defense against the homeowners' counterclaim, the actual trial time devoted to the case, and the discovery that Green performed. The trial court adjusted the total of hours to 100 hours. Based on Green's hourly rate of $165, which the court found reasonable, the court awarded Green a total of $16,500 in attorney's fees for Green's work on the trial. The trial court also ruled that it did "not believe that it has jurisdiction to determine attorney fees on appeal and suggests that those issues are more appropriately addressed to the Colorado Court of Appeals." The judge again refused to recuse himself.
Disciplinary counsel brought a complaint against Green, charging him with violating Colo. RPC 1.5(a) (charging an excessive fee), 8.4(d) (engaging in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice), 8.4(g) (violating accepted standards of legal ethics), and 8.4(h) (engaging in any other conduct adversely reflecting on the lawyer's fitness to practice law). After a hearing, the hearing board concluded that Green's criticism of the trial judge, in his letters and motions to recuse, violated rules 8.4(d), 8.4(g), and 8.4(h), and *1083 that Green also violated rule 1.5(a) by charging an excessive fee.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Green's Letters to the Trial Judge, Colo. RPC 8.4(d), 8.4(g), & 8.4(h), and the First Amendment
The Supreme Court has not addressed the restraint on free speech inherent in disciplining a lawyer for comments criticizing a judge. Nor have we.[2] Thus, we begin with the accepted legal principle that if an attorney's activity or speech is protected by the First Amendment, disciplinary rules governing the legal profession cannot punish the attorney's conduct. See In re Primus, 436 U.S. 412, 432-433, 98 S.Ct. 1893, 56 L.Ed.2d 417 (1978); Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350, 355, 365, 384, 97 S.Ct. 2691, 53 L.Ed.2d 810 (1977); State of Oklahoma v. Porter, 766 P.2d 958, 966-970 (Okla.1988); see also Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 1054, 111 S.Ct. 2720, 115 L.Ed.2d 888 (1991) (Kennedy, J., dissenting in part).[3]
Because neither we nor the Supreme Court has addressed the First Amendment implications of disciplining attorneys for their criticism of the judiciary, we look by analogy to New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, in which the Supreme Court held that a public official bringing a defamation case must prove "actual malice" in order to maintain an action:
[The First Amendment] prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made with `actual malice' that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.
376 U.S. 254, 279-80, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). The burden of proving actual malice is on the plaintiff because otherwise "would-be critics of official conduct may be deterred from voicing their criticism, even though it is believed to be true and even though it is in fact true, because of doubt whether it can be proved in court or fear of the expense of having to do so." Id. at 279, 84 S.Ct. 710.
Although "reckless disregard" of whether the statement was false is a somewhat imprecise standard, the Supreme Court has explained that as a term of art, "[a]ctual malice under the New York Times standard should not be confused with the concept of malice as an evil intent or a motive arising from spite or ill will." Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 510, 111 S.Ct. 2419, 115 L.Ed.2d 447 (1991). Rather, reckless disregard means that a statement is unprotected if the speaker made it "with a *1084 `high degree of awareness of . . . probable falsity,' . . . or . . . `entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication.'" Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 667, 109 S.Ct. 2678, 105 L.Ed.2d 562 (1989) (quoting Garrison v. Lousiana, 379 U.S. 64, 74, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 (1964), and St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968), respectively).
As a logical extension of the New York Times test for assessing the defendant's knowledge of the falsity of his statement, "a crucial distinction exists between false statements of fact which receive no constitutional protection in defamation cases and ideas or opinions which by definition can never be false so as to constitute false statements which are unprotected." Bucher v. Roberts, 198 Colo. 1, 3, 595 P.2d 239 241 (1979); see also Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974) ("Under the First Amendment there is no such thing as a false idea."). Thus, for example, if an attorney criticizes a judge's ruling by saying it was "incoherent," he may not be sanctioned.
However, if a statement of opinion implies an undisclosed false statement of fact, then the statement loses the protection of the First Amendment. See Bucher, 198 Colo. at 4, 595 P.2d at 241; Restatement (Second) of Torts § 566 (1976). Unlike stating that a judge's ruling was "incoherent," commenting that the judge "must have been drunk," even if meant as a figurative way of saying the ruling was incoherent, implies an objective fact that can be proven as false: that the judge was intoxicated when she issued the ruling. Cf. Standing Committee on Discipline v. Yagman, 55 F.3d 1430, 1441 (9th Cir.1995) (stating that judge was "drunk on the bench" implied statement of fact, but attorney could not be disciplined for it because disciplinary authority did not prove that the judge was not drunk).
Although the Supreme Court has never considered the New York Times test in the context of attorney discipline based upon criticism of a judge, disciplining an attorney for criticizing a judge is analogous to a defamation action by a public official for the purpose of this First Amendment analysis. The Court considers attorney discipline a "quasi-criminal" sanction. See In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 551, 88 S.Ct. 1222, 20 L.Ed.2d 117 (1968); see also United States v. Brown, 72 F.3d 25, 29 (5th Cir.1995). The Supreme Court has applied the New York Times test of actual malice to the criminal defamation prosecution of a lawyer for criticism of a judge, finding no relevant distinction between the civil and criminal contexts. See Garrison, 379 U.S. at 74, 85 S.Ct. 209. Because attorney discipline is quasi-criminal in nature and the Court has applied the New York Times test to criminal defamation, several other jurisdictions apply the New York Times test or a minor modification of this test in disciplining attorneys who criticize judges. See, e.g., Yagman, 55 F.3d 1430, 1437-38; United States District Court v. Sandlin, 12 F.3d 861, 867 (9th Cir.1993); In re Petition for Disciplinary Action Against Graham, 453 N.W.2d 313, 320-21 (Minn. 1990); State Bar v. Semaan, 508 S.W.2d 429, 432-33 (Tex.Civ.App.1974).[4]
*1085 These cases reason that the protection of attorney criticism of judges is similar to the protection of criticism of other public officials, relying upon the principal purpose of the First Amendment: safeguarding public discussion of governmental affairs. See Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 575, 100 S.Ct. 2814, 65 L.Ed.2d 973 (1980). "Plainly it would be difficult to single out any aspect of government of higher concern and importance to the people than the manner in which criminal trials are conducted." Id. Restrictions on attorney speech burden not only the attorney's right to criticize judges, but also hinder the public's access to the class of people in the best position to comment on the functioning of the judicial system. See Porter, 766 P.2d at 967. Interest about judges is important in Colorado, where the public periodically votes whether to retain judges. See Colo. Const. art. VI, §§ 20(1), 25; Semaan, 508 S.W.2d at 432 ("[T]he right of a lawyer as a citizen to publicly criticize adjudicatory officials . . . . is particularly meaningful where, as in Texas, the adjudicatory officials are selected through the elective system.").
Thus, because of the interests in protecting attorney speech critical of judges, we agree with those jurisdictions that have applied a version of the New York Times standard when considering discipline of attorneys who criticize judges. We hold that under the New York Times standard, a two-part inquiry applies in determining whether an attorney may be disciplined for statements criticizing a judge:[5] (1) whether the disciplinary authority has proven that the statement was a false statement of fact (or a statement of opinion that necessarily implies an undisclosed false assertion of fact); and (2) assuming the statement is false, whether the attorney uttered the statement with actual malice that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard as to its truth.
Applying these principles to this case, we note that the respondent characterized the trial judge in three letters as a "racist" and implied that the judge was not "free of all taint of bias and impartiality." He stated that past encounters "characterize you as a racist and bigot for racially stereotyping me as unable to be an attorney because I was black." These statements are expressions of Green's opinion. To the extent these statements imply factual assertions that might arguably support his opinions, Green's letters and his affidavits attached to the motions to recuse disclose fully the facts upon which Green based his opinion: the judge's labeling of his performance in the case as only "competent"; the account of their first meeting which Green interpreted as demonstrating that the judge assumed that Green was not a lawyer because of his race; and the way the judge treated Green during trial.
Each of these underlying factual assertions, that an incident occurred with the judge in the clerk's office, that the trial court found Green "competent," and statements the trial judge made during the trial of the case were not contested and disciplinary counsel did not assert that they had not happened. The hearing board made no findings that these underlying statements were false nor that Green's account of the trial judge's conduct implied a false assertion of fact. See Yagman, 55 F.3d at 1438-39 (holding lawyer could not be disciplined because disparaging statement that judge was anti-Semitic was opinion except for uncontested supporting statement of fact that judge had disciplined three Jewish attorneys).[6] The *1086 trial judge himself testified at the disciplinary trial here that he denied Green's motion to recuse because "Mr. Green stated no actual facts which supported a finding of bias or prejudice. Rather, what he stated was subjective impressions on his part as far as the meetings that occurred between us and his conclusion, which were subjective, that he drew from it. . . ."
We view Green's statements that the judge was a "racist and bigot" and having a "bent of mind" as statements of opinion based upon fully disclosed and uncontested facts. Because Green's statements do not involve false statements of fact or represent statements of opinion necessarily implying undisclosed false assertions of fact, we may not, consistent with the First Amendment and the first prong of the New York Times test, discipline Green for his subjective opinions, irrespective of our disagreement with them. Thus, we need not proceed to the second part of the New York Times test concerning proof of actual malice.[7]
We also note that the facts of this case indicate a somewhat less compelling government interest in disciplining Green than existed in other cases dealing with attorney discipline for criticism of judges, all of which involved disparaging comments about judges made to a public audience. See In re Palmisano, 70 F.3d 483, 485-86 (7th Cir.1995) (statements made to state administrative officials and state and federal prosecutors); Yagman, 55 F.3d at 1434 (statements to media and media advertisements); Porter, 766 P.2d at 960-61 (statements to media); Graham, 453 N.W.2d at 316-318 (statements to county board and U.S. Attorney); Westfall, 808 S.W.2d at 831-32 (statements to media). The public nature of the statements in these cases was significant because "the issue is not simply whether the criticized individual has been harmed, but rather whether the criticism impugning the integrity of judge or legal officer adversely affects the administration of justice. . . ." Graham, 453 N.W.2d at 322; cf. Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1075-76, 111 S.Ct. 2720 (holding substantial state interest in restricting lawyer speech is in "preventing prejudice to an adjudicative proceeding").
In contrast to these cases, Green's statements were directed to a limited audience the judge in question and opposing *1087 counsel and not to the general public.[8] The merits of the case had been decided and the only remaining issue was the award of attorney's fees to the successful litigant. Moreover, the judge was under no obligation to recuse himself, nor did he in fact do so. Thus, the possible adverse effect on the administration of justice appears to have been minimal. Cf. Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1075, 111 S.Ct. 2720 (allowing attorney discipline for comments to press outside of the context of disparaging comments about judges only upon showing of a "substantial likelihood of material prejudice"). As the Fifth Circuit stated, "Attorneys should be free to challenge, in appropriate legal proceedings, a court's perceived partiality without the court misconstruing such a challenge as an assault on the integrity of the court." Brown, 72 F.3d at 29.
We do not suggest that an attorney may not be disciplined for comments restricted to the adversarial setting, but only that First Amendment scrutiny requires closer attention to the somewhat reduced governmental interest at stake in this context than in the case of public comments to the press. See id.; see also Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1076, 111 S.Ct. 2720 (upholding discipline because restriction on attorney's comments to press was "narrowly tailored" to "substantial state interest"); Primus, 436 U.S. at 432, 98 S.Ct. 1893; cf. In re Snyder, 472 U.S. 634, 646-47, 105 S.Ct. 2874, 86 L.Ed.2d 504 (1985) (declining to reach First Amendment issue because criticism of judicial administration sent to court employee was not subject for discipline under Model Rules of Professional Conduct rule 8.4(d)); United States v. Cooper (In re Zalkind), 872 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.1989) (reversing discipline of lawyer for good faith statements made in an affidavit supporting a recusal motion).
By clothing Green's comments with the mantle of the First Amendment, we neither condone the tone of Green's letters nor agree with the conclusions that he drew. We note that the hearing board found that the trial judge "made every reasonable effort to be courteous and attentive to the Respondent." The hearing board specifically found that there was no evidence of any bias or prejudice on the trial judge's part. Our review of the record fully supports these findings. The question we decide in this case is whether the First Amendment allows us to discipline Green for expressing a contrary conclusion. We believe it does not. We therefore dismiss the charges that Green violated Colo. RPC 8.4.
B. Unreasonable Fee
Having held that the First Amendment shields Green's comments from discipline, we next address the hearing board's finding and conclusion that Green violated Colo. RPC 1.5(a) by charging an unreasonable fee on the appeal. We agree with the hearing board's conclusions.
The hearing board found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Green violated Colo. RPC 1.5(a), stating that particularly in light of the fee's amount in relation to the recovery, the fee was "outrageous on its face" and "grossly unreasonable."[9]:
The sheer amount of the Respondent's fee demand is outrageous on its face, and reflects a disturbing lack of judgment and perspective on his part. The Board notes that the Colorado Rules of Professional Conduct set forth eight factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness *1088 of a fee. Applying each of these factors to this case, and in particular, § 1.5(a)(4) (the amount involved and the results obtained), the Board concludes that the Respondent charged a grossly unreasonable fee in violation of Colo. 1.5(a).
It is not clear whether the fee demand that the board considered "outrageous on its face" was Green's initial request of $29,554.80 for the trial, or the supplemental demand for $101,991.45 for trial and appeal. The complaint alleged that Green "charged an unreasonable fee in violation of Colo. RPC 1.5(a) for his excessive charges on the appeal of the case." (Emphasis added). Because the complaint did not charge Green with violating Colo. RPC 1.5(a) with respect to his attorney's fees request for trial, the hearing board only should have considered whether Green's charges for the appeal ($72,436.65) were unreasonable. This is so because fairness dictates that a lawyer may not be disciplined for misconduct that is not charged in the complaint. See Ruffalo, 390 U.S. at 551, 88 S.Ct. 1222; Emeson, 638 P.2d at 294. Thus, we consider only the attorney's fees Green charged for the appeal. Our analysis is made more difficult because the hearing board made no findings separating the fees sought on appeal from those sought for trial.
Arguably, the $69,000 Green charged for the appeal is unreasonable per se because of the relatively small judgment of $7,400 involved. However, the issue is more complex. For instance, the attorney for the homeowners, who represented the losing party on all of the critical issues on appeal, testified that his attorney's fees for the appeal "were in the $30,000 to $40,000 range."
Green's affidavit setting forth his time entries for work performed on the appeal contains unreasonable charges. There are charges reflecting time Green spent on tasks that could have been done by a non-lawyer at a significantly lower rate than $165 per hour. For example, there are multiple entries reflecting the faxing of documents to the client and opposing counsel, entries for calls made to the court of appeals clerk's office, and the delivery of documents to opposing counsel. Colo. RPC 1.5(a)(1) indicates that one factor in determining the reasonableness of a fee is "the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly." Under this principle, charging an attorney's hourly rate for clerical services that are generally performed by a non-lawyer, and thus for which an attorney's professional skill and knowledge add no value to the service, is unreasonable as a matter of law. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989); In re Taylor, 100 B.R. 42, 45 (Bankr.D.Colo.1989); In re Estate of Larson, 103 Wash.2d 517, 694 P.2d 1051, 1059 (1985); see also People v. Sather, 936 P.2d 576, 578 (Colo.1997) (noting stipulation that it was unreasonable and unnecessary to charge $200/hour for lawyer's time picking up a police report); Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.5 commentary at 50 (3d. ed. annotated 1996).
In addition, some entries for time spent on legal work are excessive. For example, there is an entry for receiving and reviewing the court of appeals decision and faxing it to the client. The court of appeals' opinion is twelve pages long. Green represents that he spent 6.0 hours performing these services. At $165 per hour, Green therefore charged $990 for reviewing and faxing a twelve page decision. This is an unreasonable charge as a matter of law for one of two alternative reasons. If the time was spent merely in "reviewing," in other words reading the appellate opinion with minimal additional legal analysis or research involved, it was an excessive and inefficient use of the attorney's time and it is unreasonable to charge for the lawyer's own inefficiencies:
In short, the determination of what fees are reasonable involves more than simply multiplying the number of hours spent on a given case times a specific rate. An attorney must use judgment and discretion in rendering a bill. This includes recognizing the limits of one's own capacity and one's own inefficiencies. There is no reason or excuse for charging a client . . . for one's own inefficiencies.
In re Guardianship of Hallauer, 44 Wash. App. 795, 723 P.2d 1161, 1166 (1986).
*1089 If, on the other hand, his time involved more extensive work, then the billing statement is so vague that it fails reasonably to identify the nature of the services performed. See Hart v. Bourque, 798 F.2d 519, 522 (1st. Cir.1986) (holding unreasonable 52.5 hours for reviewing pleadings and memoranda because descriptions left court "at a total loss for identification"); American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut, 650 F.Supp. 324, 329 (S.D.Ind.1986) (holding entries for "research," without more, unreasonable as insufficiently specific); Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.5 commentary at 52. Either of these two bases is a sufficient rationale to conclude that this charge was unreasonable.
Thus, our review of the entire record, and specifically Green's affidavit for fees charged for the appeal, supports the hearing board's conclusion to the extent that it determined that Green charged an unreasonable fee on the appeal in violation of Colo. RPC 1.5(a).
III. DISCIPLINE
Having concluded that Green charged an unreasonable fee in violation of Colo. RPC 1.5(a), we now address the appropriate level of discipline. Under the American Bar Association Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, public censure "is generally appropriate when a lawyer negligently engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession, and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the legal system." ABA Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions at 7.3 (1991 & Supp.1992) (hereinafter ABA Standards). "Charging a client an unreasonable or excessive fee is a violation of a duty owed as a professional." People v. Sather, 936 P.2d 576, 579 (Colo.1997). On the other hand, "[s]uspension is generally appropriate when a lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession, and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the legal system." ABA Standards, supra, at 7.2.
The commentary to standard 7.3 states, "Courts typically impose reprimands when lawyers engage in a single instance of charging an excessive or improper fee." We have recently found a public censure appropriate when a lawyer charges an excessive fee. See In re Wimmershoff, 3 P.3d 417, 421 (Colo. 2000); see also People v. Wilson, 953 P.2d 1292, 1294 (Colo.1998). We therefore begin with the presumption that a public censure is the appropriate level of discipline.
The hearing board found the existence of a mitigating factor and several aggravating factors. The only mitigating factor found by the hearing board was that Green had cooperated in these proceedings. See ABA Standards, supra, 9.32(e). Aggravating factors included the presence of a prior disciplinary offense, see id. at 9.22(a); that Green had a dishonest or selfish motive, see id. at 9.22(b); that there was a pattern of misconduct, see id. at 9.22(c); that the misconduct involved multiple offenses, see id. at 9.22(d); that Green refused to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct, see id. at 9.22(g); and that Green has substantial experience in the practice of law, see id. at 9.22(i). As a result of our having dismissed all but the single violation of charging an unreasonable fee, the aggravating factors of a pattern of misconduct and the presence of multiple offenses no longer apply.
In our analysis, Green's prior discipline is not a significant factor. He received a letter of admonition twelve years ago for making false accusations against a judge. The similarity to the charges in this case is not relevant because we dismissed the similar charge that Green violated Rule 8.4. In addition, the hearing board acknowledged that this admonition was remote in time. This mitigates the fact of prior discipline. See id. at 9.32(m). Considering the seriousness of the misconduct, together with the aggravating and mitigating factors, we conclude that a public censure is an adequate and appropriate sanction. Accordingly, we reject the hearing board's and panel's recommendation of suspension.
IV. DISPOSITION
Lawrence Jamalian Green is hereby publicly censured. Green is also ordered to pay the costs of this proceeding in the amount of $301.02 within thirty days of the date of this *1090 decision to the Attorney Regulation Committee, 600 Seventeenth Street, Suite 200 South, Denver, Colorado XXXXX-XXXX.
NOTES
[1] By order of the supreme court dated June 30, 1998, effective January 1, 1999, the grievance committee was superseded by the reorganization of the attorney regulation system. The same order provided: "All attorney discipline cases in which trial has occurred prior to January 1, 1999 before a Hearing Board . . . shall be reviewed by the applicable Hearing Panel at a final meeting to be held in 1999. . . ." Order re Reorganization of the Attorney Regulation System (Colo. June 30, 1998), reprinted in 12 C.R.S. at 605 (1999). This case was tried on October 15, 1998, and was approved by the appropriate hearing panel on March 24, 1999. Four members of the nine-member hearing panel voted to approve the board's findings and recommendation, one member dissented, and four members were absent and did not vote.
[2] But see People ex rel. Elliott v. Green, 7 Colo. 244, 250-51, 3 P. 374, 377-78 (Colo.1884). In Green, we disbarred an attorney for criticism in the form of "assaults, verbal or physical, upon the judge in person," on the street, which we suggested might have been designed "to engage [the judge] in a common street brawl and fight." 7 Colo. at 251, 253, 3 P. at 378-79. We were careful to protect the important speech interests at stake, noting:
[J]udges are often compelled to endure the sting of misrepresentation and calumny . . . but it is wisely considered better that these wrongs and injuries should be tolerated, than that the sacred liberty of speech, printed or spoken, should be abridged by lodging an arbitrary power to interfere therewith in the hands of the court or judge. . . .
Id. at 250, 3 P. at 377-78. Despite our deference in Green to speech and criticism of government affairs, which we continue today, that case is of comparatively little relevance in the present case, both because of the violent circumstances involved there, and because we decided Green before the Supreme Court first applied the First Amendment to the states through the "liberty" protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. See Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 666, 45 S.Ct. 625, 69 L.Ed. 1138 (1925). Thus, we decided Green without the benefit of two centuries of First Amendment precedent, which we find critical to our analysis here.
[3] In Gentile, Justice Kennedy delivered the dispositive portion of the Court's opinion that the safe harbor provision of the rule at issue, providing that a lawyer "may state without elaboration. . . the general nature" of the claim to the public, was void for vagueness. See 501 U.S. at 1048-1051, 111 S.Ct. 2720. In the section of his opinion cited here, however, he dissented from Chief Justice Rehnquist's opinion for the Court that the "substantial likelihood of material prejudice" standard for attorney comments to the press withstood First Amendment scrutiny because the prior restraint was "narrowly tailored" to address the state's interest in fair administration of the justice system. See Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1075-76, 111 S.Ct. 2720.
[4] Indeed, Colo. RPC 8.2(a) incorporates the New York Times standard:
A lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge. . . .
Rules 8.4(d), 8.4(g), and 8.4(h), under which Green was charged in this case, do not reflect the New York Times test. Colo. RPC 8.4 provides, in relevant part:
It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
. . .
(d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice;
. . .
(g) engage in conduct which violates accepted standards of legal ethics; or
(h) engage in any other conduct that adversely reflects on the lawyer's fitness to practice law.
However, the fact that a prosecution of an attorney's speech criticizing a judge is brought under these rules does not insulate it from the limitations of the United States Constitution. See In re Primus, 436 U.S. at 427 n. 18, 98 S.Ct. 1893 (holding that where one disciplinary rule proscribed in a narrower fashion the same conduct as a broader rule, determination of unconstitutionality as to the narrower rule applies equally to discipline for the same conduct under the broader rule).
[5] We note that Green's statements do not involve any form of threat to a judge. See People v. Hickman 988 P.2d 628 (Colo.1999).
[6] But cf. In re Westfall, 808 S.W.2d 829 (Mo. 1991). In that case, the court upheld the discipline of an attorney under Missouri's rule 8.2 for characterizing a judge's reasoning in an opinion as "somewhat illogical, and I think even a little bit less than honest," and stating that this "means that he made up his mind before he wrote the decision, and just reached the conclusion that he wanted to reach." Id. at 831-82. However, commentators have found Westfall "very troubling indeed," saying that discipline there was improper because the statements at issue were not "factual statements about the judge that could be proved to be true or false." Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. and W. William Hodes, 2 The Law of Lawyering: A Handbook on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct § 8.2:201 at 935 (2d. ed. Supp.1997).
[7] We recognize that in disciplinary cases some jurisdictions have applied the second prong of the New York Times test that the defendant knew the statement was false or spoke with reckless disregard as to its truth as an objective requirement, contrary to the subjective approach of the Supreme Court in defamation cases. St. Amant, 390 U.S. at 731, 88 S.Ct. 1323. In St. Amant, the Court applied a subjective standard in defamation cases, holding that "reckless conduct is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have published, or would have investigated before publishing. There must be sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication." Id.
However, in the field of attorney regulation, the state often has a "subordinating interest which is compelling" in the efficient and fair administration of the justice system that is not present in other settings and with other parties. Primus, 436 U.S. at 432, 98 S.Ct. 1893; see Gentile, 501 U.S. at 1073-74, 111 S.Ct. 2720; Graham, 453 N.W.2d at 322. As the Supreme Court stated in Primus:
The interest of the States in regulating lawyers is especially great since lawyers are essential to the primary governmental function of administering justice, and have historically been `officers of the courts.'
436 U.S. at 422, 98 S.Ct. 1893 (quoting Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 792, 95 S.Ct. 2004, 44 L.Ed.2d 572 (1975)). As a result, several of the courts that applied the New York Times test to attorney discipline held that an objective standard applies, which might be expressed as whether the attorney knew the statement was false or whether a reasonable attorney, in the same or similar circumstances and in light of all her professional duties, would have had a high degree of awareness of the statement's probable falsity or would have entertained serious doubts as to the truth of her statement. See Yagman, 55 F.3d at 1437 (holding that "the inquiry focuses on whether the attorney had a reasonable factual basis for making the statements"); Sandlin, 12 F.3d at 867; Graham, 453 N.W.2d at 321-323 & n. 6 (focusing on "what the reasonable attorney, considered in light of all his professional functions, would do in the same or similar circumstances.") but cf. Green, 7 Colo. at 251, 3 P. at 378 ("so far as this liberty of speech in connection with judicial action is concerned, [an attorney's] official character in no way affects him;. . . for such acts he will be answerable only as other citizens are.").
However, because there has been no finding that the portion of Green's statements that were factual were false, we do not address this issue, and thus express no opinion on it.
[8] We note that the hearing board's finding that Green's letters "constituted a pattern of improper ex parte communications" is erroneous. First of all, the complaint did not charge that Green's letters to the judge were "improper ex parte communications" under Colo. RPC 3.5(b), so he cannot be punished on that basis. See In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 550-551, 88 S.Ct. 1222, 20 L.Ed.2d 117 (1968) (holding discipline on the basis of violations not alleged in complaint constitutes violation of due process because of absence of fair notice); People v. Emeson, 638 P.2d 293, 294 (Colo.1981). Furthermore, the homeowners' attorney testified that he received copies of all three letters, and the board acknowledged that Green "provide[d] simultaneous copies of his letters to opposing counsel." Thus, the communications were not "ex parte" in the sense of a "communication between counsel and the court when opposing counsel is not present." Black's Law Dictionary 597 (7th ed.1999).
[9] Colo. RPC 1.5(a) provides, in part:
(a) A lawyer's fee shall be reasonable.
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Corvette Gauge Clusters - Instrument Panel Dilemma Solved
Fact: The factory has no responsibility to keep parts in stock for your 10-year or older Corvette.
2/9
Fact: Early C4 ('84-'88 models) Corvette instrument panels are hard to repair, if they can even be repaired.
Fact: Advanced Electronics Remanufacturing (AER) is the holy grail of instrument-panel-repair artisans and, best of all, GM likes these guys.
The Corvette instrument panel is a thing of beauty. The first of the electronic instrumental panels, the colorful '84-'88, was replaced by the more conventional analog "needle" gauge and center display package in '89, then with the truly inspired C5 system for the new '97s. Regardless, all of the instrument panels have their "personality problems" that serve to irritate their drivers. After all, what part of your car do you see most when driving? It makes sense that it couldn't be perfect.
'84-'88 Corvettes
The standard LCD Corvette instrument panel is a nightmare for many owners. Dark or non-operative, the instrument panel that was so pretty when new is often a major problem. For those not suffering with totally dark instrument panels, there are often intermittent lighting failures such as the dash winking out to blackness on railroad crossings. But, contrary to rumor (and we've heard plenty), there is a fix.
3/9
Carefully remove the instrument panel by removing the surrounding panels. There are four screws holding it in place to the dashboard framework as well as a large plug system on the right side of the unit. Unplug the unit, then remove the screws and carefully lift the instrument panel out of the dashboard. Remove the screws carefully. The color display panel, which is made of glass, is one of the most breakable parts of the dashboard. For those versed in the careful art of television repair, tapping or banging on the glass will not fix your problem. For those more aggressive in this kind of repair technique, the glass panels sell for about $150 each, so be ready for a heavier bill if you can't wait to send the unit to the folks at AER. Estimated cost for most repairs is under $500.
'89-'96 Corvettes
These instrument panels are far more reliable than the earlier units and significantly less complex internally. For the most part, the biggest problem with these clusters is missing segments (light squares) within the center electronic display. The most common display problem is not an error of the instrument panel, but rather customer viewing error. Basically, the analog (needle) gauges are not set up on a linear fashion. In other words, the halfway point for the needle is not the halfway point for the reading (numbers). Case in point: The temperature gauge may have a top reading of 260 degrees F, but the halfway point is not 130 degrees. Likewise, the temp gauge may move all the way up to the three-quarter mark before the electric cooling fans kick in and drop the needle back to the halfway point. This misread is a common misperception with these clusters and a common reason they are sent in and sent back with no repair completed.
4/9
These instrument panels also unbolt in a similar fashion to the first-era units; however, the wiring loom attachment is in the back of the instrument panel. Be careful with all connectors-don't ever pry at the panel to remove one, as it will surely break and cause further repairs.
Discover how the L98 Tuned Port Intake is one of the most recognizable intake made and the repair of swapping gaskets because of their showing of age in coolant leaks from Corvette Fever Magazine. » Read More
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INFO:
CONTACT:
Site Resources:
Fun Stuff:
09/15/2008
On Saturday, after outlining his organization's war against the "invisible wall" between church and state, the Alliance Defense Fund's Alan Sears gave the Values Voters audience some insight into what sort of "dark vision" he perceives the ACLU as having. Listen in:
Preventing houses of worship from enjoying both tax-exempt status and free political rein? Allowing the Walkers to hold prayer groups in public schools (a case that, in a supremely bizarre coincidence, is being contested at the very elementary school that this writer attended as a lad)? Foisting certain personal moral views about when life begins on the whole of society? Keeping the pesky gays out of the civil marriage system?
**SEE ALSO: PFAW's Right Wing Watch is also covering the "pro-family" shindig. Check out their coverage here.
Your thoughts
These people love their Straw Men so much that they can not see reality. The RIGHT for an individual to pray at school is established and has been fought for repeatedly BY THE ACLU! [http://www.aclufightsforchristians.com/]
Also, I'm sort of confused about what he's referring to when he's concerned about regarding "threats to their status as a church". What in preaching "the uncensored gospel and appl[ing] biblical truths to the issues of the hour" (besides calling Barack Obama the antichrist and other statements endorsing or opposing a political candidate) are grounds for the loss of a church's not-for-profit legal standing?
Churches in America still have the freedom to say that "races" are unequal or deny their denomination's marriage to mixed race couples. All despite the fact that legally that was all struck down over 40 years ago in most parts of the US. No legal authority thinks it will be any different for gays and gay marriage.
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Multiply myelinated axons in the optic nerve of mice deficient for the myelin-associated glycoprotein.
We recently reported that some retinal ganglion cell axons in mice deficient for the myelin-associated glycoprotein are concentrically surrounded by more than one myelin sheath. In the present study, we demonstrate that myelin sheaths displaced from the axon reveal a normal ultrastructure of compact myelin, with the only exception that multiple myelination of axons frequently correlates with the presence of unfused regions of major dense lines. Supernumerary sheaths terminated on other sheaths or on astrocyte cell surfaces in a pattern closely resembling the morphology of a true paranode. The thickness of compact myelin of multiply myelinated axons was significantly increased when compared with axons of similar caliber surrounded by a single myelin sheath. Our observations demonstrate that maintenance of compact myelin and paranodal regions is not dependent on direct axonal contact and that the presence of more than one concentric myelin sheath around an axon results in dysregulation of the axon-to-fiber ratio.
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[Clinical significance of prominent negative T waves induced by exercise test].
The significance of deep T wave inversion during and after exercise in patients with coronary artery disease has not been studied well. Using the treadmill exercise test (modified Bruce's protocol) and coronary arteriography, we evaluated 361 patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. Results were compared for patients who developed significant T wave inversions of greater than 8 mm (prominent negative T wave: PNT) and for patients who had significant down-sloping ST depressions (DS). Sixteen patients had PNT (4%) which became maximum three to five min after exercise, and ranged in depth from 8 to 15 mm (10.9 +/- 2.4 mm). There were 83 patients with DS (23%). Exercise duration was 3.3 +/- 1.4 min in the PNT group and 4.4 +/- 1.9 min in the DS group (p less than 0.01). Prevalence of three-vessel disease or left main trunk disease was 88% (14 patients) in the PNT group, 28% in the DS group, and 19% (70 patients) in the entire 361 patients. Among the 14 patients who had three-vessel disease or left main trunk disease in the PNT group, the degree of multiple stenoses exceeded 90% in the major coronary arteries and that of the left main trunk stenosis exceeded 75%. The two remaining patients included one with two-vessel disease and severe 99% narrowing of the major coronary arteries and one patient having one-vessel disease with vasospastic angina during exercise. Prevalence of coronary revascularization was 69% in the PNT group and 36% in the DS group (p less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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{
"version": "2.0",
"service": "<p>AWS AppSync provides API actions for creating and interacting with data sources using GraphQL from your application.</p>",
"operations": {
"CreateApiKey": "<p>Creates a unique key that you can distribute to clients who are executing your API.</p>",
"CreateDataSource": "<p>Creates a <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"CreateGraphqlApi": "<p>Creates a <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"CreateResolver": "<p>Creates a <code>Resolver</code> object.</p> <p>A resolver converts incoming requests into a format that a data source can understand and converts the data source's responses into GraphQL.</p>",
"CreateType": "<p>Creates a <code>Type</code> object.</p>",
"DeleteApiKey": "<p>Deletes an API key.</p>",
"DeleteDataSource": "<p>Deletes a <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"DeleteGraphqlApi": "<p>Deletes a <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"DeleteResolver": "<p>Deletes a <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>",
"DeleteType": "<p>Deletes a <code>Type</code> object.</p>",
"GetDataSource": "<p>Retrieves a <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"GetGraphqlApi": "<p>Retrieves a <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"GetIntrospectionSchema": "<p>Retrieves the introspection schema for a GraphQL API.</p>",
"GetResolver": "<p>Retrieves a <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>",
"GetSchemaCreationStatus": "<p>Retrieves the current status of a schema creation operation.</p>",
"GetType": "<p>Retrieves a <code>Type</code> object.</p>",
"ListApiKeys": "<p>Lists the API keys for a given API.</p>",
"ListDataSources": "<p>Lists the data sources for a given API.</p>",
"ListGraphqlApis": "<p>Lists your GraphQL APIs.</p>",
"ListResolvers": "<p>Lists the resolvers for a given API and type.</p>",
"ListTypes": "<p>Lists the types for a given API.</p>",
"StartSchemaCreation": "<p>Adds a new schema to your GraphQL API.</p> <p>This operation is asynchronous. Use to determine when it has completed.</p>",
"UpdateDataSource": "<p>Updates a <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"UpdateGraphqlApi": "<p>Updates a <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"UpdateResolver": "<p>Updates a <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>",
"UpdateType": "<p>Updates a <code>Type</code> object.</p>"
},
"shapes": {
"ApiKey": {
"base": "<p>Describes an API key.</p>",
"refs": {
"ApiKeys$member": null,
"CreateApiKeyResponse$apiKey": "<p>The API key.</p>"
}
},
"ApiKeyLimitExceededException": {
"base": "<p>The API key exceeded a limit. Try your request again.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"ApiKeys": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListApiKeysResponse$apiKeys": "<p>The <code>ApiKey</code> objects.</p>"
}
},
"ApiLimitExceededException": {
"base": "<p>The GraphQL API exceeded a limit. Try your request again.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"AuthenticationType": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"CreateGraphqlApiRequest$authenticationType": "<p>The authentication type: API key, IAM, or Amazon Cognito User Pools.</p>",
"GraphqlApi$authenticationType": "<p>The authentication type.</p>",
"UpdateGraphqlApiRequest$authenticationType": "<p>The new authentication type for the <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>"
}
},
"BadRequestException": {
"base": "<p>The request is not well formed. For example, a value is invalid or a required field is missing. Check the field values, and try again. </p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"Blob": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"GetIntrospectionSchemaResponse$schema": "<p>The schema, in GraphQL Schema Definition Language (SDL) format.</p> <p>For more information, see the <a href=\"http://graphql.org/learn/schema/\">GraphQL SDL documentation</a>.</p>",
"StartSchemaCreationRequest$definition": "<p>The schema definition, in GraphQL schema language format.</p>"
}
},
"Boolean": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"DynamodbDataSourceConfig$useCallerCredentials": "<p>Set to TRUE to use Amazon Cognito credentials with this data source.</p>"
}
},
"ConcurrentModificationException": {
"base": "<p>Another modification is being made. That modification must complete before you can make your change. </p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateApiKeyRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateApiKeyResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateDataSourceRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateDataSourceResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateGraphqlApiRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateGraphqlApiResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateResolverRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateResolverResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateTypeRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"CreateTypeResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DataSource": {
"base": "<p>Describes a data source.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceResponse$dataSource": "<p>The <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"DataSources$member": null,
"GetDataSourceResponse$dataSource": "<p>The <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceResponse$dataSource": "<p>The updated <code>DataSource</code> object.</p>"
}
},
"DataSourceType": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceRequest$type": "<p>The type of the <code>DataSource</code>.</p>",
"DataSource$type": "<p>The type of the data source.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$type": "<p>The new data source type.</p>"
}
},
"DataSources": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListDataSourcesResponse$dataSources": "<p>The <code>DataSource</code> objects.</p>"
}
},
"DefaultAction": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"UserPoolConfig$defaultAction": "<p>The action that you want your GraphQL API to take when a request that uses Amazon Cognito User Pool authentication doesn't match the Amazon Cognito User Pool configuration.</p>"
}
},
"DeleteApiKeyRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteApiKeyResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteDataSourceRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteDataSourceResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteGraphqlApiRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteGraphqlApiResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteResolverRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteResolverResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteTypeRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DeleteTypeResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"DynamodbDataSourceConfig": {
"base": "<p>Describes a DynamoDB data source configuration.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceRequest$dynamodbConfig": "<p>DynamoDB settings.</p>",
"DataSource$dynamodbConfig": "<p>DynamoDB settings.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$dynamodbConfig": "<p>The new DynamoDB configuration.</p>"
}
},
"ElasticsearchDataSourceConfig": {
"base": "<p>Describes an Elasticsearch data source configuration.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceRequest$elasticsearchConfig": "<p>Amazon Elasticsearch settings.</p>",
"DataSource$elasticsearchConfig": "<p>Amazon Elasticsearch settings.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$elasticsearchConfig": "<p>The new Elasticsearch configuration.</p>"
}
},
"ErrorMessage": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"BadRequestException$message": null,
"ConcurrentModificationException$message": null,
"GraphQLSchemaException$message": null
}
},
"GetDataSourceRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetDataSourceResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetGraphqlApiRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetGraphqlApiResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetIntrospectionSchemaRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetIntrospectionSchemaResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetResolverRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetResolverResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetSchemaCreationStatusRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetSchemaCreationStatusResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetTypeRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GetTypeResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"GraphQLSchemaException": {
"base": "<p>The GraphQL schema is not valid.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"GraphqlApi": {
"base": "<p>Describes a GraphQL API.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateGraphqlApiResponse$graphqlApi": "<p>The <code>GraphqlApi</code>.</p>",
"GetGraphqlApiResponse$graphqlApi": "<p>The <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"GraphqlApis$member": null,
"UpdateGraphqlApiResponse$graphqlApi": "<p>The udpated <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>"
}
},
"GraphqlApis": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListGraphqlApisResponse$graphqlApis": "<p>The <code>GraphqlApi</code> objects.</p>"
}
},
"InternalFailureException": {
"base": "<p>An internal AWS AppSync error occurred. Try your request again.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"LambdaDataSourceConfig": {
"base": "<p>Describes a Lambda data source configuration.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceRequest$lambdaConfig": "<p>AWS Lambda settings.</p>",
"DataSource$lambdaConfig": "<p>Lambda settings.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$lambdaConfig": "<p>The new Lambda configuration.</p>"
}
},
"LimitExceededException": {
"base": "<p>The request exceeded a limit. Try your request again.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"ListApiKeysRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListApiKeysResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListDataSourcesRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListDataSourcesResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListGraphqlApisRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListGraphqlApisResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListResolversRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListResolversResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListTypesRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"ListTypesResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"Long": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ApiKey$expires": "<p>The time when the API key expires.</p>"
}
},
"MapOfStringToString": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"GraphqlApi$uris": "<p>The URIs.</p>"
}
},
"MappingTemplate": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"CreateResolverRequest$requestMappingTemplate": "<p>The mapping template to be used for requests.</p> <p>A resolver use a request mapping template to convert a GraphQL expression into a format that a data source can understand. Mapping templates are written in Apache Velocity Template Language (VTL).</p>",
"CreateResolverRequest$responseMappingTemplate": "<p>The mapping template to be used for responses from the data source.</p>",
"Resolver$requestMappingTemplate": "<p>The request mapping template.</p>",
"Resolver$responseMappingTemplate": "<p>The response mapping template.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$requestMappingTemplate": "<p>The new request mapping template.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$responseMappingTemplate": "<p>The new response mapping template.</p>"
}
},
"MaxResults": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListApiKeysRequest$maxResults": "<p>The maximum number of results you want the request to return.</p>",
"ListDataSourcesRequest$maxResults": "<p>The maximum number of results you want the request to return.</p>",
"ListGraphqlApisRequest$maxResults": "<p>The maximum number of results you want the request to return.</p>",
"ListResolversRequest$maxResults": "<p>The maximum number of results you want the request to return.</p>",
"ListTypesRequest$maxResults": "<p>The maximum number of results you want the request to return.</p>"
}
},
"NotFoundException": {
"base": "<p>The resource specified in the request was not found. Check the resource and try again.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"OutputType": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"GetIntrospectionSchemaRequest$format": "<p>The schema format: SDL or JSON.</p>"
}
},
"PaginationToken": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListApiKeysRequest$nextToken": "<p>An identifier that was returned from the previous call to this operation, which can be used to return the next set of items in the list.</p>",
"ListApiKeysResponse$nextToken": "<p>An identifier to be passed in the next request to this operation to return the next set of items in the list.</p>",
"ListDataSourcesRequest$nextToken": "<p>An identifier that was returned from the previous call to this operation, which can be used to return the next set of items in the list. </p>",
"ListDataSourcesResponse$nextToken": "<p>An identifier to be passed in the next request to this operation to return the next set of items in the list.</p>",
"ListGraphqlApisRequest$nextToken": "<p>An identifier that was returned from the previous call to this operation, which can be used to return the next set of items in the list. </p>",
"ListGraphqlApisResponse$nextToken": "<p>An identifier to be passed in the next request to this operation to return the next set of items in the list.</p>",
"ListResolversRequest$nextToken": "<p>An identifier that was returned from the previous call to this operation, which can be used to return the next set of items in the list. </p>",
"ListResolversResponse$nextToken": "<p>An identifier to be passed in the next request to this operation to return the next set of items in the list.</p>",
"ListTypesRequest$nextToken": "<p>An identifier that was returned from the previous call to this operation, which can be used to return the next set of items in the list. </p>",
"ListTypesResponse$nextToken": "<p>An identifier to be passed in the next request to this operation to return the next set of items in the list.</p>"
}
},
"Resolver": {
"base": "<p>Describes a resolver.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateResolverResponse$resolver": "<p>The <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>",
"GetResolverResponse$resolver": "<p>The <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>",
"Resolvers$member": null,
"UpdateResolverResponse$resolver": "<p>The updated <code>Resolver</code> object.</p>"
}
},
"Resolvers": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListResolversResponse$resolvers": "<p>The <code>Resolver</code> objects.</p>"
}
},
"ResourceName": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"CreateDataSourceRequest$name": "<p>A user-supplied name for the <code>DataSource</code>.</p>",
"CreateGraphqlApiRequest$name": "<p>A user-supplied name for the <code>GraphqlApi</code>.</p>",
"CreateResolverRequest$typeName": "<p>The name of the <code>Type</code>.</p>",
"CreateResolverRequest$fieldName": "<p>The name of the field to attach the resolver to.</p>",
"CreateResolverRequest$dataSourceName": "<p>The name of the data source for which the resolver is being created.</p>",
"DataSource$name": "<p>The name of the data source.</p>",
"DeleteDataSourceRequest$name": "<p>The name of the data source.</p>",
"DeleteResolverRequest$typeName": "<p>The name of the resolver type.</p>",
"DeleteResolverRequest$fieldName": "<p>The resolver field name.</p>",
"DeleteTypeRequest$typeName": "<p>The type name.</p>",
"GetDataSourceRequest$name": "<p>The name of the data source.</p>",
"GetResolverRequest$typeName": "<p>The resolver type name.</p>",
"GetResolverRequest$fieldName": "<p>The resolver field name.</p>",
"GetTypeRequest$typeName": "<p>The type name.</p>",
"GraphqlApi$name": "<p>The API name.</p>",
"Resolver$typeName": "<p>The resolver type name.</p>",
"Resolver$fieldName": "<p>The resolver field name.</p>",
"Resolver$dataSourceName": "<p>The resolver data source name.</p>",
"Type$name": "<p>The type name.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$name": "<p>The new name for the data source.</p>",
"UpdateGraphqlApiRequest$name": "<p>The new name for the <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$typeName": "<p>The new type name.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$fieldName": "<p>The new field name.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$dataSourceName": "<p>The new data source name.</p>",
"UpdateTypeRequest$typeName": "<p>The new type name.</p>"
}
},
"SchemaStatus": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"GetSchemaCreationStatusResponse$status": "<p>The current state of the schema (PROCESSING, ACTIVE, or DELETING). Once the schema is in the ACTIVE state, you can add data.</p>",
"StartSchemaCreationResponse$status": "<p>The current state of the schema (PROCESSING, ACTIVE, or DELETING). Once the schema is in the ACTIVE state, you can add data.</p>"
}
},
"StartSchemaCreationRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"StartSchemaCreationResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"String": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ApiKey$id": "<p>The API key ID.</p>",
"ApiKey$description": "<p>A description of the purpose of the API key.</p>",
"ApiKeyLimitExceededException$message": null,
"ApiLimitExceededException$message": null,
"CreateApiKeyRequest$apiId": "<p>The ID for your GraphQL API.</p>",
"CreateApiKeyRequest$description": "<p>A description of the purpose of the API key.</p>",
"CreateDataSourceRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID for the GraphQL API for the <code>DataSource</code>.</p>",
"CreateDataSourceRequest$description": "<p>A description of the <code>DataSource</code>.</p>",
"CreateDataSourceRequest$serviceRoleArn": "<p>The IAM service role ARN for the data source. The system assumes this role when accessing the data source.</p>",
"CreateResolverRequest$apiId": "<p>The ID for the GraphQL API for which the resolver is being created.</p>",
"CreateTypeRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"CreateTypeRequest$definition": "<p>The type definition, in GraphQL Schema Definition Language (SDL) format.</p> <p>For more information, see the <a href=\"http://graphql.org/learn/schema/\">GraphQL SDL documentation</a>.</p>",
"DataSource$dataSourceArn": "<p>The data source ARN.</p>",
"DataSource$description": "<p>The description of the data source.</p>",
"DataSource$serviceRoleArn": "<p>The IAM service role ARN for the data source. The system assumes this role when accessing the data source.</p>",
"DeleteApiKeyRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"DeleteApiKeyRequest$id": "<p>The ID for the API key.</p>",
"DeleteDataSourceRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"DeleteGraphqlApiRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"DeleteResolverRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"DeleteTypeRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"DynamodbDataSourceConfig$tableName": "<p>The table name.</p>",
"DynamodbDataSourceConfig$awsRegion": "<p>The AWS region.</p>",
"ElasticsearchDataSourceConfig$endpoint": "<p>The endpoint.</p>",
"ElasticsearchDataSourceConfig$awsRegion": "<p>The AWS region.</p>",
"GetDataSourceRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GetGraphqlApiRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID for the GraphQL API.</p>",
"GetIntrospectionSchemaRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GetResolverRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GetSchemaCreationStatusRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GetSchemaCreationStatusResponse$details": "<p>Detailed information about the status of the schema creation operation.</p>",
"GetTypeRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GraphqlApi$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"GraphqlApi$arn": "<p>The ARN.</p>",
"InternalFailureException$message": null,
"LambdaDataSourceConfig$lambdaFunctionArn": "<p>The ARN for the Lambda function.</p>",
"LimitExceededException$message": null,
"ListApiKeysRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"ListDataSourcesRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"ListResolversRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"ListResolversRequest$typeName": "<p>The type name.</p>",
"ListTypesRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"MapOfStringToString$key": null,
"MapOfStringToString$value": null,
"NotFoundException$message": null,
"Resolver$resolverArn": "<p>The resolver ARN.</p>",
"StartSchemaCreationRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"Type$description": "<p>The type description.</p>",
"Type$arn": "<p>The type ARN.</p>",
"Type$definition": "<p>The type definition.</p>",
"UnauthorizedException$message": null,
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$description": "<p>The new description for the data source.</p>",
"UpdateDataSourceRequest$serviceRoleArn": "<p>The new service role ARN for the data source.</p>",
"UpdateGraphqlApiRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"UpdateResolverRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"UpdateTypeRequest$apiId": "<p>The API ID.</p>",
"UpdateTypeRequest$definition": "<p>The new definition.</p>",
"UserPoolConfig$userPoolId": "<p>The user pool ID.</p>",
"UserPoolConfig$awsRegion": "<p>The AWS region in which the user pool was created.</p>",
"UserPoolConfig$appIdClientRegex": "<p>A regular expression for validating the incoming Amazon Cognito User Pool app client ID.</p>"
}
},
"Type": {
"base": "<p>Describes a type.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateTypeResponse$type": "<p>The <code>Type</code> object.</p>",
"GetTypeResponse$type": "<p>The <code>Type</code> object.</p>",
"TypeList$member": null,
"UpdateTypeResponse$type": "<p>The updated <code>Type</code> object.</p>"
}
},
"TypeDefinitionFormat": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"CreateTypeRequest$format": "<p>The type format: SDL or JSON.</p>",
"GetTypeRequest$format": "<p>The type format: SDL or JSON.</p>",
"ListTypesRequest$format": "<p>The type format: SDL or JSON.</p>",
"Type$format": "<p>The type format: SDL or JSON.</p>",
"UpdateTypeRequest$format": "<p>The new type format: SDL or JSON.</p>"
}
},
"TypeList": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
"ListTypesResponse$types": "<p>The <code>Type</code> objects.</p>"
}
},
"UnauthorizedException": {
"base": "<p>You are not authorized to perform this operation.</p>",
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateDataSourceRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateDataSourceResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateGraphqlApiRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateGraphqlApiResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateResolverRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateResolverResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateTypeRequest": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UpdateTypeResponse": {
"base": null,
"refs": {
}
},
"UserPoolConfig": {
"base": "<p>Describes an Amazon Cognito User Pool configuration.</p>",
"refs": {
"CreateGraphqlApiRequest$userPoolConfig": "<p>The Amazon Cognito User Pool configuration.</p>",
"GraphqlApi$userPoolConfig": "<p>The Amazon Cognito User Pool configuration.</p>",
"UpdateGraphqlApiRequest$userPoolConfig": "<p>The new Amazon Cognito User Pool configuration for the <code>GraphqlApi</code> object.</p>"
}
}
}
}
|
Hungary's Folk Traditions
Hungary is a land of particularly rich folk heritage. Folk culture is not only preserved in museums, however - traditions live on in many of Hungary's small villages, kept alive by local communities, and even modern-day city-dwellers do things that might surprise you first.
Hungary is very diverse when it comes to rural architecture, craftsmanship, folk music and dance. The black pottery of Mohács, the opulence of the embroidery of Matyó and Kalocsa, the delicacy of the Halas lacework – they all tell the distinct story of the locals.
For a comprehensive view of the architecture and a peak into the customs of Hungarian villages a couple of hundred years back, head to one of the numerous open-air village museums scattered around the country. Probably the most prestigious one is the Skanzen Open-Air Ethnographic Museum near Szentendre, just a stones-throw from Budapest (www.skanzen.hu). Don't miss the Village Museum of Göcsej (actually the very first village museum to be established in Hungary) with a beautiful water-mill from the 19th century at its heart. The Museum Village of Sóstó is a must-see too, as it's one of the most diverse in Hungary, showing the multicoloured folk architecture and customs of five ethnographical regions (Szatmár, Rétköz, Nyírség, Nyíri Mezőség and Bereg) – all in one ‘village'. The tavern is actually in use, so you can clink glasses here too. To travel back further in time, head to Tiszaalpár - here you'll find a reconstructed village of the Árpád-age (1000 – 1301), built according to archaeological finds, only using materials available at the time.
For a piece of living tradition, head to the beautifully preserved village of Hollokó, that's actually a world heritage site . What makes Hollókő really special is that it hasn't been turned into an open-air museum – it's a living village with locals leading a tradition-bound life. Of course there are other small villages where locals keep up their centuries-old traditions. A secret tip: visit Hollókő in the spring – Easter celebrations bring out the most of this beautiful little village. Pottery, central to the folk culture of the Hungarians, is kept alive at the small villages of the Őrség and the Hortobágy regions.
Interior of an old village house (Open-Air Ethnographic Museum, Szentendre)
It is not just the architecture and the objects from the past, however, that define who we are. It is the great variety of folksy customs that are just as alive today. Want to hear examples? Well, there is the so-called Busójárás, for a starter. In the carnival season people dressup in scary costumes and wooden masks roam the streets to scare winter (or the Turks, according to another interpretation...) away.
At Easter, boys sprinkle girls with perfume while citing one of the funny little poems written for these occasions. According to the tradition, women who are not ‘watered' will fade away – boys couldn't let that happen, could they? In old times, it used to be a bucket of cold water, however today it's a tamer version that's in use. Part of the Easter celebrations (and a favourite among kids) is the painting of eggs. In some regions egg-painting developed into an art form of its own, with local motifs scratched into and embroidered onto the egg – and guess what, sometimes eggs are even adorned with tiny horse shoes.
Weddings in Hungary have their own choreography and traditions as well, of course. The wedding procession is particularly important and is usually followed by the whole village. The bridal dance is supposed to ensure the young couple's financial stability – guests have to pay to take the bride to dance. Breaking glasses will drive bad ghosts away, and by cleaning up the mess together the young couple can demonstrate how well they can cooperate. Oh, and don't be surprised if the bride gets stolen. The young husband has to perform some tasks to get her back... And believe it or not, thereis no other event in Hungary where more pálinka is drank than a wedding.
In fact every religious or ancient celebration will have their own customs that remain with us in some form such as the annual harvest and the pig sticking; as well as important days such as August 20th which celebrates the creation of the Hungarian state and remembering the Hungarian Revolution on March 15th. Make sure to visit Hungary for one of them and find out more about these odd people called Magyars!
|
Sunday, September 07, 2008
LA, The Los Angeles Times Magazine debuts, but not online
If you want to make this uni spaghetti, you'll have to (gasp) buy the Sunday L.A. Times.
Does it seem odd that not only is there no mention of the new advertising department-directed LA, Los Angeles Times Magazine on Latimes.com, but no mention of a website inside the magazine either? I guess when the only raison d'etre is to showcase diamonds from Harry Winston and such, there's not much point in being on the web. But it is disorienting to go to the old LA Times magazine site and find a two month-old architecture story and nothing else, not even a refer. There doesn't even appear to be a new web address associated with the magazine, not that it's easy searching for something called "LA."As far as food content, there's a decent article on fresh, local uni (sea urchin) with an intriguing recipe for uni spaghetti, a rather trite story on where to find gourmet ingredients (Surfas! Cheese Shop of Beverly Hills! Who knew?) and a tiresome story by vegangelist Kathy Freston about taking Wendi Murdoch to a vegan lunch at Lucques and forcing her to contemplate the iron content of the beet salad she's trying to enjoy. (Fun fact: before she was filthy rich, Murdoch's poor Chinese family enjoyed pig head fat on special occasions. She sounds like more fun than Freston.)Not that anyone asked, but also:The design is boring and many of the photos, like in the shoes feature, are way too small.Too many first-person, not incredibly well-written stories, including:The feature about the TV writer who had a stroke -- really depressing.The story by the former foster child-turned-lawyer -- seems like really old news.and, hello? Q & A with Michelle Obama? Seems like you might want to mention that somewhere, like on the cover? Or in the frigging TABLE OF CONTENTS? No? Guess not. Maybe Harry Winston or someone is a Republican and wouldn't like that. Although the stories are by no means advertorial, make no mistake, this magazine is still all about the advertisers.
You're statement that the new magazine is "advertising-department directed" is completely untrue. The magazine is an editorial product with only a distinct editorial staff from the paper. Fact check yourself please and don't buy into the disgruntled propaganda about this being "advertorial."
Anonymous, I said very clearly it was not advertorial. And I certainly never said it wasn't "an editorial product." Please let me know which part of this quote from the New York Times is incorrect and I will be glad to correct it:"The Los Angeles Times has made plans to transfer control of its monthly magazine from its newsroom to its business operations...The arrangement would flout the tradition at most newspapers, which keep business operations, like advertising and circulation, completely separate from the editorial department, which controls decisions about the contents of news and feature pages."
"Advertising-directed," as you well know, is different then transferring control out of the newsroom (to another editorial department). Perhaps the NYT, in their propensity for schadenfreude, didn't realize that fact but was happy to imply otherwise.
oh brother... methinks that "anonymous" is nitpicking and protests too much. no matter who is in control of the 'editorial content'... can we just agree that the direction of the Times in general and in this case the LAT Magazine in particular is going downhill (and has been for some time)? the current policy with regard to the online presence of the sunday magazine is just another symptom of what has been a long and very sad decline of what was once a once grand old lion of the newspaper publishing world...
From novelist Denise Hamilton:Notwithstanding the oddly compelling piece on grilled sea urchin, I found the food stories in the mag to be particularly lame and almost insulting. It was as if the contributors had just discovered places and things that have been well-known to Angelenos for years and were now intent on whipping us into a lather about them. And while I think Lucques is great, do we really need another story about this overexposed media darling? I’d have much preferred an insider’s guide to, say, eating vegan in Artesia’s Little India. And they could drag along some Bombay billiionaire’s wife who licked discarded candy wrappers as a child just to give us that celebrity frisson. Maybe they should read Pat’s blog for some ideas about how cool LA cuisine can be. Or Jon Gold’s columns in LA Weekly. But I’m an optimist. It can only get better, right?See more of Denise's opinion at http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2008/09/new_la_times_sunday_magazine_m.php
ah, just found out the website will be up in two months. latimes.com is run by different employees then all of our actual print product and we had to find an effective way to convert the magazine to an online forum...
This magazine is clearly not a news-driven publication. That said, it's by far the highest quality magazine the LA Times has ever produced. The fashion photography alone is astounding and the design is clean and sophisticated. For a first issue it's actually pretty impressive. The fact that it's coming from the LAT – or LA, for that matter– is a little surprising. It has surpassed any expectations I've ever had for the publishing business in this city.
I think it's sad that former LA Times lifer--whose objectivity is questionable--Kevin Roderick has to post only missives about the times's new effort. He continues to imply it's advertorial--along with Pat--prints only negative letters and harbors only innuendo that it's some dark advertising conspiracy. Any new magazine goes through growing pains. Denise's comments are valid in my view. But let's not indict the whole effort before it's had time to evolve. The din of a handful of former Times's employees blogging negatively is questionable. I wonder if Kevin would dare to post a positive letter? Or even better, dare to enable commenting on his posts.
Wonderful commentary on the first issue of this disaster. The second (out today, October 5, 2008) is no better. OK, it has a Table of Contents but the contents themselves are so shallow that I didn't bother. What really enraged this non vegan was the terrible piece by Kathy Freston titled VEGANS MAKE THE CUT wherein she goes to Wolfgang Puck's steakhouse Cut and has a (gasp) elegant vegan meal prepared just for her and her date (and I assume the retinue of Times photographers who accompanied her and did the color food shots). Somehow she manages to make this little LA Times Magazine review sound like a choir girl visiting a bordello. Didn't she realize that she demeaned those vegans who believe ethics rather than aesthetics is the issue?
I always heard something from my neighbor that he sometimes goes to the internet bar to play the game which will use him some gw gold，he usually can win a lot of GuildWars Gold，then he let his friends all have some Guild Wars Gold，his friends thank him very much for introducing them the GuildWars money，they usually cheap gw gold together.
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The invention relates to simulated nipples and nipple prosthesis.
Women occasionally seek to enhance their appearance and sensuousness, including an enhancement in the appearance of their breasts and/or nipples.
Wide varieties of surgically implantable prosthetic nipples are known. One example of a surgically implantable prosthetic nipple is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,465 issued to Wilkins. While generally effective for enhancing the sensuousness of the breast and nipple, the use of such surgically implantable devices has declined significantly over the years due the expense of implanting the prosthetic nipples, the relative permanency of the enhancement, and the health risks associated with the implanting and removal of such breast implants.
One temporary method of enhancing the appearance and sensuousness of the female breasts and/or nipples is through the use of a nipple fashion bra comprised of a bra configured with an attachment mechanism for accommodating attachment of a simulated nipple. One example of such a nipple fashion bra is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,083 issued to Schmidt. While significantly less expensive than surgically implanted prosthetic nipples and permitting a rapid return to the unenhanced appearance, such devices require the purchase and use of a specialty bra along with a supply of simulated nipples in order to achieve the desired appearance.
Externally positioned, temporary stand-alone prosthetic nipples are also known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,321 issued to Davis describes a prosthetic areola and nipple held in place over the natural areola and nipple of a female breast by an adhesive. While avoiding the drawbacks associated with implantable prosthetic nipples and nipple fashion bras, the stand-alone prosthetic nipples of Davis are cumbersome to use, uncomfortable to wear and difficult to remove due to the adhesive.
Accordingly, a need exists for a means by which a woman can simply, quickly, comfortably and inexpensively enhance the appearance and sensuousness of her breast and/or nipples while allowing a quick return to the unenhanced look and appearance of her breasts and/or nipples.
The invention is directed to a method of enhancing the tantalizing appearance of a covered female breast by producing the appearance of an erect nipple through the article of clothing covering the breast.
In a first embodiment, the method comprises the steps of (i) obtaining a pliable nipple enhancer wherein the nipple enhancer includes at least, (a) an areola portion having a convex outer surface and a concave inner surface configured and arranged to resemble the areola of a female breast, and (b) a nipple portion comprising a protuberance resembling the nipple of a female breast protruding from proximate the center of the outer surface of the areola portion of the nipple enhancer, (ii) donning an article of clothing, such as a bra, so as to cover at least a portion of at least one breast, and (iii) placing the nipple enhancer between the article of clothing and the breast with the inner surface of the areola portion of the nipple enhancer in direct physical contact with the breast in the absence of an adhesive. The nipple portion produces the appearance of an erect nipple through the article of clothing.
In a second embodiment, the method comprises the steps of (i) obtaining a pair of pliable nipple enhancers wherein each nipple enhancer includes at least, (a) an areola portion having a convex outer surface and a concave inner surface configured and arranged to resemble the areola of a female breast, and (b) a nipple portion comprising a protuberance resembling the nipple of a female breast protruding from proximate the center of the outer surface of the areola portion of the nipple enhancer, (ii) donning an article of clothing, such as a bra, so as to cover at least a portion of both breasts, and (iii) placing a first of the nipple enhancers between the article of clothing and a first breast and a second of the nipple enhancers between the article of clothing and a second breast with the inner surface of the areola portion of each nipple enhancer in direct physical contact with the breast in the absence of an adhesive. The nipple portion of each nipple enhancer produces the appearance of an erect nipple through the article of clothing.
In a third embodiment, the method comprises the steps of (i) donning an article of clothing which directly contacts the breast, such as a bra, and (ii) placing an adhesive free areola and nipple prosthesis between the article of clothing and the breast with the prosthesis in direct physical contact with the breast. At least the nipple portion of the prosthesis extends sufficiently from the outer contour of the breast to give the appearance of an erect nipple through the article of clothing.
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Long-term survival of a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Trichosporon beigelii.
A case is described of a 49-year-old man with rheumatic aortic valve disease who developed endocarditis seven years after valvular replacement. Trichosporon beigelii was isolated from the blood, a peripheral thrombus, and the removed prosthesis. After two valve prosthesis replacements and prolonged antifungal therapy, the patient survived for four years, but eventually died as a consequence of multiple septic complications due to the same organism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the longest survival time of any reported case of Trichosporon prosthetic valve endocarditis.
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/*
* ====================================================================
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
* ====================================================================
*
* This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
* individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation. For more
* information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
* <http://www.apache.org/>.
*
*/
package com.litesuits.http.impl.apache.entity;
import com.litesuits.http.listener.HttpListener;
import com.litesuits.http.request.AbstractRequest;
import org.apache.http.Header;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
import org.apache.http.protocol.HTTP;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* Abstract base class for entities.
* Provides the commonly used attributes for streamed and self-contained
* implementations of {@link HttpEntity HttpEntity}.
*
* @since 4.0
*/
public abstract class AbstractHttpEntity implements HttpEntity {
/*______________________ add by MaTianyu ____________________*/
protected final static int BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
protected HttpListener httpListener;
protected AbstractRequest request;
protected long bytesWritten;
protected long totalSize;
/*______________________ add by MaTianyu over____________________*/
protected Header contentType;
protected Header contentEncoding;
protected boolean chunked;
/**
* Protected default constructor.
* The attributes of the created object remain
* <code>null</code> and <code>false</code>, respectively.
*/
protected AbstractHttpEntity() {
super();
}
/**
* Obtains the Content-Type header.
* The default implementation returns the value of the
* {@link #contentType contentType} attribute.
*
* @return the Content-Type header, or <code>null</code>
*/
public Header getContentType() {
return this.contentType;
}
/**
* Obtains the Content-Encoding header.
* The default implementation returns the value of the
* {@link #contentEncoding contentEncoding} attribute.
*
* @return the Content-Encoding header, or <code>null</code>
*/
public Header getContentEncoding() {
return this.contentEncoding;
}
/**
* Obtains the 'chunked' flag.
* The default implementation returns the value of the
* {@link #chunked chunked} attribute.
*
* @return the 'chunked' flag
*/
public boolean isChunked() {
return this.chunked;
}
/**
* Specifies the Content-Type header.
* The default implementation sets the value of the
* {@link #contentType contentType} attribute.
*
* @param contentType the new Content-Encoding header, or
* <code>null</code> to unset
*/
public void setContentType(final Header contentType) {
this.contentType = contentType;
}
/**
* Specifies the Content-Type header, as a string.
* The default implementation calls
* {@link #setContentType(Header) setContentType(Header)}.
*
* @param ctString the new Content-Type header, or
* <code>null</code> to unset
*/
public void setContentType(final String ctString) {
Header h = null;
if (ctString != null) {
h = new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE, ctString);
}
setContentType(h);
}
/**
* Specifies the Content-Encoding header.
* The default implementation sets the value of the
* {@link #contentEncoding contentEncoding} attribute.
*
* @param contentEncoding the new Content-Encoding header, or
* <code>null</code> to unset
*/
public void setContentEncoding(final Header contentEncoding) {
this.contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
}
/**
* Specifies the Content-Encoding header, as a string.
* The default implementation calls
* {@link #setContentEncoding(Header) setContentEncoding(Header)}.
*
* @param ceString the new Content-Encoding header, or
* <code>null</code> to unset
*/
public void setContentEncoding(final String ceString) {
Header h = null;
if (ceString != null) {
h = new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_ENCODING, ceString);
}
setContentEncoding(h);
}
/**
* Specifies the 'chunked' flag.
* The default implementation sets the value of the
* {@link #chunked chunked} attribute.
*
* @param b the new 'chunked' flag
*/
public void setChunked(boolean b) {
this.chunked = b;
}
/**
* Does not consume anything.
* The default implementation does nothing if
* {@link HttpEntity#isStreaming isStreaming}
* returns <code>false</code>, and throws an exception
* if it returns <code>true</code>.
* This removes the burden of implementing
* an empty method for non-streaming entities.
*
* @throws IOException in case of an I/O problem
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if a streaming subclass does not override this method
*/
public void consumeContent()
throws IOException, UnsupportedOperationException {
if (isStreaming()) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException
("streaming entity does not implement consumeContent()");
}
} // consumeContent
/*______________________ add by MaTianyu ____________________*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
protected void updateProgress(long count) {
bytesWritten += count;
if (httpListener != null) {
httpListener.notifyCallUploading(request, totalSize, bytesWritten);
}
}
public HttpListener getHttpListener() {
return httpListener;
}
public void setHttpListener(HttpListener httpListener) {
this.httpListener = httpListener;
}
public AbstractRequest getRequest() {
return request;
}
public void setRequest(AbstractRequest request) {
this.request = request;
setHttpListener(request.getHttpListener());
}
/*______________________ add by MaTianyu voer ____________________*/
} // class AbstractHttpEntity
|
Dissent NewsWire
Until safeguards are put in place to prevent mission creep and other abuses of data collected through electronic contact tracing, the privacy and security of Americans could be undermined long after the emergency has ended
On May 5, Defending Rights & Dissent hosted an important virtual town hall meeting on incarceration during the coronavirus entitled “We’re Dying In Here: Incarceration & Coronavirus,” moderated by DRAD communications director Quentin Anthony Anderson and featured panelists such
Defending Rights & Dissent joined with the Athena Coalition, Fight for the Future, Free Press, Media Justice and dozens of other justice groups on this statement in support of warehouse and other lower-income workers blowing the whistle on unsafe working
The First of May is commemorated around the world as International Workers Day or May Day. Its origins lay in the Haymarket Massacre, an infamous act of state repression designed to bludgeon the burgeoning US workers’ movement. Instead of defeating the workers’ movement and its demand for a more just world, it sparked international solidarity. Today, throughout the United States and the world, workers, including at Amazon, Target, and Whole Foods, are continuing to fight for their basic rights as workers. Their collective action aimed at building a more just world represents the power and importance of free speech and the right to protest.
Last week, during the Defending Rights & Dissent/The Nation’s town hall on Civil Liberties and COVID-19, our board member and Project Souths’ Legal & Advocacy Director Azadeh Shahshahani gave a harrowing account of conditions inside ICE detention in Georgia. She also talked about the inspiring organizing activists were doing to end them. When I asked her during the town hall what can those watching at home could do, she urged everyone to contact Congress about the FIRST Act.
Dissent and protest are protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which guarantees freedoms of speech, assembly, and the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances. These rights are fundamental to our democracy. They cannot be
On April 5, 2010 Wikileaks published a classified U.S. military video documenting the killing of 12 people in Baghdad that included a Reuters photojournalist and his driver. Collateral Murder, as the video is known, contradicted the military’s official version of
In a stunning 48-hour period this week, the President Donald Trump essentially admitted that he fired Intelligence Community Inspector General Michael Atkinson for properly exercising the duties of his job and his administration relieved Capt. Brett Crozier, a decorated Navy
“Not in my backyard!” That’s how those of us on the frontlines of prison reform advocacy here in Louisiana are interpreting a recent plan released by the state on how the Department of Corrections is confronting the crisis surrounding COVID-19
Yet again, the FBI has failed to uphold basic safeguards to protect US persons from illicit surveillance. The Department of Justice’s Office of the Inspector General issued a memorandum stating it did not have confidence the FBI was following its
To encourage social distancing and limit the spread of the coronavirus, nearly one in five Americans have been asked by state and local officials to stay at home during the crisis. Officials and medical experts say this extraordinary measure, an
Defending Rights & Dissent has been working with community organizations to make sure necessary public health precautions don’t inadvertently lead to increased over-policing. We’ve prepared this guide that can help.
On Wednesday, March 25 at 3:30 PM (ET), Defending Rights & Dissent participated in a press briefing with other DC community leaders via conference call. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MARCH 25, 2020 WASHINGTON, D.C. – As businesses and individuals in the
"If states and localities act swiftly, we can create an elections system that operates safely, efficiently, and accessible to all. Under no circumstances should the November general election be canceled or postponed."
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Q:
How to perform simple arithmetic operations on columns of 2D arrays in Eigen
I am very new to Eigen, and have the following minimal example of my issue.
#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
template <typename T>
struct arr_holder
{
explicit arr_holder(Eigen::ArrayBase<T> const &loc)
: local_arr {decltype(local_arr)::Zero(loc.rows(), loc.cols())}
{
do_calc(loc);
}
auto do_calc(Eigen::ArrayBase<T> const &data) -> void
{
auto &&data_col = data.col(0);
auto &&local_col = local_arr.col(0);
std::cout << data_col - local_col << '\n';
}
private:
Eigen::Array<T, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> local_arr;
};
int main() {
Eigen::Array<double, 3, 3> data;
data << 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 2.0, 5.0, 7.0;
auto arr = arr_holder(data);
}
This code fails to compile with Eigen 3.3.4 and Clang 5.0.1, with the error
eigen/Eigen/src/Core/AssignEvaluator.h:833:3: error: static_assert failed "YOU_MIXED_MATRICES_OF_DIFFERENT_SIZES"
EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT_SAME_MATRIX_SIZE(ActualDstTypeCleaned,Src)
stemming from the line in do_calc where I am attempting to subtract the columns.
My question is, why doesn't this work? My (naive) understanding would lead me to believe that I can perform an element-wise subtraction of columns between the locally zeroed 2D-array and the data array, since the columns appear to have the same shape (checked by printing out the number of rows and columns of data_col and local_col), and the type is the same.
What am I misunderstanding here, and what is the correct way to perform such column-wise operations between a class-owned 2D array and a 2D array passed as an argument? My suspicion is that I am misusing Dynamic arrays?
A:
You are subtracting an array of double and a array of 3x3 arrays, which is not allowed. Perhaps you meant to write:
Eigen::Array<typename T::Scalar, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> local_arr;
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Garden Technologies, Inc. <[email protected]>
*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
*/
import { join } from "path"
import {
dataDir,
expectError,
withDefaultGlobalOpts,
configureTestModule,
testModuleSpecSchema,
cleanProject,
} from "../../../../helpers"
import { GetTaskResultCommand } from "../../../../../src/commands/get/get-task-result"
import { expect } from "chai"
import { createGardenPlugin } from "../../../../../src/types/plugin/plugin"
import { LogEntry } from "../../../../../src/logger/log-entry"
import { Garden } from "../../../../../src/garden"
import { GetTaskResultParams } from "../../../../../src/types/plugin/task/getTaskResult"
import { getArtifactKey } from "../../../../../src/util/artifacts"
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra"
const now = new Date()
const taskResults = {
"task-a": {
moduleName: "module-a",
taskName: "task-a",
command: ["foo"],
completedAt: now,
log: "bla bla",
outputs: {
log: "bla bla",
},
success: true,
startedAt: now,
version: "1234",
},
"task-c": null,
}
const testPlugin = createGardenPlugin({
name: "test-plugin",
createModuleTypes: [
{
name: "test",
docs: "test",
schema: testModuleSpecSchema(),
handlers: {
configure: configureTestModule,
getTaskResult: async (params: GetTaskResultParams) => taskResults[params.task.name],
},
},
],
})
describe("GetTaskResultCommand", () => {
let garden: Garden
let log: LogEntry
const projectRootB = join(dataDir, "test-project-b")
const command = new GetTaskResultCommand()
beforeEach(async () => {
garden = await Garden.factory(projectRootB, { plugins: [testPlugin] })
log = garden.log
})
afterEach(async () => {
await cleanProject(garden.gardenDirPath)
})
it("should throw error if task not found", async () => {
const name = "banana"
await expectError(
async () =>
await command.action({
garden,
log,
headerLog: log,
footerLog: log,
args: { name },
opts: withDefaultGlobalOpts({}),
}),
"parameter"
)
})
it("should return the task result", async () => {
const name = "task-a"
const res = await command.action({
garden,
log,
footerLog: log,
headerLog: log,
args: { name },
opts: withDefaultGlobalOpts({}),
})
expect(command.outputsSchema().validate(res.result).error).to.be.undefined
expect(res.result).to.be.eql({
artifacts: [],
moduleName: "module-a",
taskName: "task-a",
command: ["foo"],
completedAt: now,
log: "bla bla",
outputs: { log: "bla bla" },
success: true,
startedAt: now,
version: "1234",
})
})
it("should include paths to artifacts if artifacts exist", async () => {
const name = "task-a"
const graph = await garden.getConfigGraph(garden.log)
const module = graph.getModule("module-a")
const artifactKey = getArtifactKey("task", name, module.version.versionString)
const metadataPath = join(garden.artifactsPath, `.metadata.${artifactKey}.json`)
const metadata = {
key: artifactKey,
files: ["/foo/bar.txt", "/bas/bar.txt"],
}
await writeFile(metadataPath, JSON.stringify(metadata))
const res = await command.action({
garden,
log,
footerLog: log,
headerLog: log,
args: { name },
opts: withDefaultGlobalOpts({}),
})
expect(res.result).to.be.eql({
artifacts: ["/foo/bar.txt", "/bas/bar.txt"],
moduleName: "module-a",
taskName: "task-a",
command: ["foo"],
completedAt: now,
log: "bla bla",
outputs: { log: "bla bla" },
success: true,
startedAt: now,
version: "1234",
})
})
it("should return result null if task result does not exist", async () => {
const name = "task-c"
const res = await command.action({
garden,
log,
footerLog: log,
headerLog: log,
args: { name },
opts: withDefaultGlobalOpts({}),
})
expect(res.result).to.be.null
})
})
|
Margaret Swaine’s Spirits Review – November
As we head towards winter, more and more great spirits are being launched from our Canadian distilleries and coming to our shores from abroad. Recently I talked with Dave Broom, author of the World Atlas of Whisky about this boom in spirits.
Broom has been writing about spirits for 25 years. Two of his eight books (Drink! and Rum) won the Glenfiddich award for Drinks Book of the year. The Whisky Atlas (an updated 2nd version which includes Canada) is a visually gorgeous, well written book that would make an excellent gift for the whisky lover. You can find it on Amazon or in Chapters Indigo (indigo.ca).
Broom told me he’s a huge fan of Canadian whisky and the innovative spirit that drives our distilleries. When I showed him Canadian Club’s new Chairman’s Select 100% Rye Whisky he said he had to get a bottle before he returned to the UK. It’s distilled at Alberta Distillers who really know their rye. “Alberta Distillers makes more rye whisky than anyone else in North America. They are the experts,” said Broom.
“The rye boom has just started in Europe,” he said. “The new wave of distilleries are using rye. There are three great ones from distilleries in England now for example.”
As to Scottish whisky, he said we really haven’t seen such a distillery boom since the 1890’s. There are now 114 distilleries in Scotland with another ten in the planning. “My fear is that soon after the 1890 boom there was a bust. I hope this time people are looking properly to the long issue. It’s a long term business,” Broom said.
Ireland has about 20 new distillery applications and there are now even 7 distilleries in England (four years ago there was only one).
The trend to “finish” a scotch in a barrel that’s different from the traditional ex-bourbon barrels is starting to slow down according to Broom and that’s a good thing. “Barrel finished when it works is great. Sadly it doesn’t as frequently as it should,” he said. I just tasted Tullibardine 225 Sauternes Finish Single Malt and would say this is one that does.
Balvenie Doublewood 12 Year Old is matured first in American bourbon barrels, then oloroso sherry oak casks. Keep your eyes out for Balvenie Tun 1509, a single barrel sherry cask version that is expected to sell for around $163.
Angostura is well known the world over for its Angostura bitters and for its rums. It all began in 1824 when founder Dr. Johann Siegert first produced aromatic bitters in Angostura, Venezuela (today called Ciudad Bolivar). In the 1870’s, Dr. Siegert’s three sons migrated to Trinidad and transferred the Angostura business there. Over the years, Angostura Aromatic Bitters became a required product on every bar around the world as an integral ingredient in premium cocktails. (Bitters have become a huge trend today with many other companies making their versions.)
The family’s Siegert Bouquet Rum became a Trinidadian tradition up until the early 1960’s and part of the company’s rich rum heritage. By 1965, Angostura was making more money from rum than from their bitters according to master distiller John Georges. In the 1970’s, Angostura expanded, acquiring the Fernandes family distillery, which was founded in the 1890’s by Manuel Fernandes, an immigrant from Portugal, and known for making high quality rums. This year marks the 190th anniversary of Angostura.
The company aims for subtlety and finesse in their products by using high quality molasses, a proprietary yeast isolated in 1947, continuous still distillation and aging in charred American first fill bourbon oak casks Angostura 5 Year Old aged a minimum of five years, is a light blend made for cocktails. Angostura 1919, a blend of rums up to eight years old, is pretty, delicate and silky. Angostura 1824 aged for a minimum of 12 years is a deeper, heavier, “chewable” rum.
Editors Note: You can read Margaret Swaine’s complete reviews by clicking on any of the highlighted names, bottle images or links. Paid subscribers to WineAlign see critic reviews immediately. Non-paid users wait 60 days to see newly posted reviews. Membership has its privileges; like first access to great spirits!
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Wednesday, February 18, 2009
Make your .NET application extendible using DLR : IronPython
There are different ways to define this – extensibility in applications, adding macro capability to your applications, providing add-in like facility in .NET applications. For me, all of this mean the same – ability to modify your application (data or the UI) at runtime by means of scripts. Like I mentioned in the previous post, I wanted to dig into DLR or Dynamic Language Runtime which is basically a framework that could be used to provide dynamic languages support on the .NET platform. Even though I am not much interested in giving up C# for dynamic languages like Python or Ruby, I was very much keen to add facility to make my applications extensible using these languages (to tell you the truth, I am more comfortable with JavaScript or Groovy than any of these).
Anyway, I worked on an application which displays a datagrid and one could modify that the data being displayed using Python script at runtime. The way I did it was to host IronPython inside C# using the DLR framework.
The article would be a detailed step by step procedure on each and every piece of code that has been written so that it helps the readers get familiar with the following
Using WPF Datagrid and databinding. Also shows Dependency Properties.
How to refresh WPF Datagrid items.
Hosting IronPython inside C# applications.
Passing data to and fro between C# and IronPython script.
Shown below are the screenshots for the application that we will be looking through.
Application when started
First time execution
Subsequent executions
Figure 1 shows the application when it first started. The data that appears in the grid has been generated on the fly for simplicity. The application provides two buttons whose titles are descriptive enough – one for running the script that modifies the data and the other for launching the script in notepad.
Figure 2 is when first the script is applied. Notice the amount of time it takes (2.1 seconds). It looks slow and the majority of the time, I guess, is consumed for initialization of the IronPython engine in the DLR. The python script that was executed looks at the age of the person and classifies them accordingly. Notice that the persons over 60 have their address as “senior citizen at work”. (Address is a pretty lame field for description, anyway I am lazy now to change it).
Figure 3 shows two subsequent executions which has the same effect as earlier but the script has been modified to change the description from “senior citizen at work” to “seniors”. This was to show that the script could be modified outside the application and yet it would be faster since the engine is already initialized (the way I wrote the evaluation). It takes .18 seconds to operate on 50 K tuples which I personally think is very good.
I hope you now have a clear picture on what we are trying to achieve. To further enhance your understanding, let us look at the python script. Note that the application was designed in such a way that it passes the list of persons using the variable “Context” and expects the modified list of person in “Output”.
1: import clr
2: clr.AddReference('System')
3: from System import *
4: from System.Diagnostics import Debug
5:
6:for person in Context:
7: age = person.Age
8:if age >= 60:
9: person.Address = "Seniors"
10: elif age > 25 and age < 60:
11: person.Address = "Adult"
12: elif age <=25 and age > 18:
13: person.Address = "Growing"
14:else:
15: person.Address = "Minor"
16: Output = Context
The first 4 lines brings in the .NET assemblies and I import System.Diagnostics.Debug class just to show how to import .NET classes into IronPython code. The python script is pretty much readable (and you would not believe how long it took me to figure out how to write that).
Line 6 imports WPF toolkit which can then be used within the xaml file. Line 13/14 shows WPF datagrid being added to the first row of the container grid. Notice that it is bound to DataSource property. So it looks for this property in the datacontext of itself or the parent containers. For this, I added a dependency property with name “DataSource” in the code behind of the current window( which is Window1.xaml.cs. Shown below is the code for the property as well as the constructor.
1:public IEnumerable DataSource
2: {
3: get { return (IEnumerable)GetValue(DataSourceProperty); }
4: set { SetValue(DataSourceProperty, value); }
5: }
6:
7:// Using a DependencyProperty as the backing store for DataSource. This enables animation, styling, binding, etc...
For the dependency property, I usually use Visual Studio code snippet (Ctrl+K,X, Then NetFX30).
Now talking about the constructor, line 16 sets the DataContext of the window to itself. So the grid would finally find DataSource property in here. Note that you could set DataContext within XAML as shown below.
1:<Windowx:Class="DynamicGrid.Window1"
2:xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
3:xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
4:Title="Click On Apply Filter to apply the Python Filter"Height="600"Width="300"
5:WindowStyle="ThreeDBorderWindow"
6:xmlns:my="http://schemas.microsoft.com/wpf/2008/toolkit"
7:Name="myWindow"DataContext="{Binding ElementName=myWindow}">
Line 7 in the above code snippet would be of interest to set DataContext to the current Window class in XAML.
Anyway back to what the constructor was doing. It invokes GenerateData() which generates a list of Person objects and assigns it to _tempData. This variable is what we would be using to pass to the Python script. Code for the GenerateDatat() is shown below.
1:public IEnumerable<Person> GenerateData()
2: {
3: var list = new List<Person>();
4: Random rand = new Random();
5:for (int i = 0; i < 50000; i++)
6: {
7: var person = new Person()
8: {
9: Name = "Name " + i,
10: Age = rand.Next(100),
11: Address = string.Format("Address {0}", i * 10)
12: };
13: list.Add(person);
14: }
15:return list.AsEnumerable();
16: }
Finally the constructor invokes UpdateDataSource() passing the data that the grid has to bind to. As you can expect the UpdateDataSource method just sets the value on the DataSource and performs a refresh on the datagrid items. Since DataSource is a dependency property, the grid automatically loads the datasource.
1:privatevoid UpdateDataSource(IEnumerable<Person> source)
2: {
3: DataSource = source;
4: myGrid.Items.Refresh(); //refresh the grid manually.
5: }
Now when the user clicks the “apply filter button”, the python script has to be executed. Code that does just that.
1:privatevoid ApplyRubyFilter_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
2: {
3: var temp = ApplyIronPyFilter();
4: Debug.WriteLine(temp.GetType().Name);
5:if (temp != null)
6: UpdateDataSource(temp.ToList());
7: }
For now, lets just say ApplyIronPyFilter does everything that it needs to execute the script on the _tempData and returns a new list of items. Ignore the line 4 which I added to verify what was being returned from the Python script. And if there is something in what is being returned, I update the datasource with that list.
Before we look into what ApplyIronPyFilter does, let us see the wrapper for the IronPython engine that I made to make things easy.
I am not going into details for each and every line of code that I am writing (may be sometime later). But I would like to talk a little about Evaluate method which I think is important. The first parameter it takes would be the input for the text and as you can see in Line 40, it is being set as a Python variable with name “Context”. Similarly line 53 attempts to read a variable “Output” using TryGetVariable method on the “scope” object which was created in the constructor of the PythonEngine class. Lines 41-49 shows on how to load the script from a file and execute it. I would recommend you to look at the whole 58 lines of code for the PythonEngine since it is simple and yet important. At least you are required to look at the constructor and the SetVariable,Evaluate methods.
Finally, we come to the ApplyIronPyFilter method which as you can expect would use the PythonEngine#Evaluate() method passing the context as _tempData and path to the python script file that would be executed. The method then captures the return value from the Evaluate method and returns it back. Look at the source code.
Also shown is code on how to time the execution which is set to the Text property of the “Status” which is a textblock (look at the XAML). Looks like we are done with the most important pieces of source code that makes this application extendible.
I personally think it would be really cool if we have a IronGroovy kind of runtime. Having worked on Groovy for fairly complex applications (during my Masters), I am a huge fan of Groovy.
I totally had fun doing research on making this application work. I hope you find all the information you need to get started embedding DLR into your applications. Please let me know if you have any specific questions.
I got the book “Data Driven Services with Silverlight 2 by John Papa” which looks like book. Anyway I expected it to be dedicated to WCF driven data applications in Silverlight but that should be fine. I think the book would be very useful to understand more about data-driven silverlight applications, just that the source of data differs. I am actually looking for a good WCF book (should be comparable in good-ness with Programming WPF by Chris Sells). If you know of any good one, drop a comment.
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Hugh Bonneville and Elizabeth McGovern chat with Access about their 2012 Golden Globes nominations for PBS Masterpiece series “Downton Abbey.” Why were they surprised by the nomination? Plus, how do they plan to celebrate? Lastly, how has “Downton Abbey” changed for the upcoming Season 2?
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ADLER, LIEBMANN:
American rabbi; born at Lengsfeld, near Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, January 9, 1812; died in Chicago, Ill., January 29, 1892. He was educated in Biblical and rabbinical literature by Isaac Hess, rabbi of Lengsfeld; and,under Rabbi Kunreuther, afterward continued his Hebrew studies in Gelnhausen, as well as at the Talmudic College in Frankfort, where, among others, Rabbi Solomon Trier and Rabbi Aaron Fuld were his teachers. On leaving the college, he pursued a course of pedagogical studies at the Teachers' Seminary at Weimar, and, after graduation there, accepted the position of teacher in his native town, Lengsfeld. In 1854 Adler emigrated to America, and soon after his arrival was elected teacher and preacher of the Jewish congregation at Detroit. In 1861 he received a call from the Ḳehillath Anshe Ma'arabh ("Congregation of the Men of the West"), of Chicago; with which he remained connected until his death. During the latter part of his life his congregation relieved him from the duties of his official position, and thus contributed to his ease and comfort in his declining years.
Adler was an exceedingly modest and unassuming man. He abhorred every kind of polemic, every expression of unkindness. In his religious views he was conservative: yet his conservatism did not prevent him from feeling the necessity for introducing, to a moderate extent, some reform in the liturgy of his congregation and in the ceremonial life of his people. In 1890 Adler published three volumes of sermons: "Betrachtungen über Texte aus den Fünf Büchern Mosis," 2 vols., and "57 Vorträge über Texte aus den Nachmosaischen Biblischen Büchern." A selection from Adler's sermons, in an English translation, was published by the Jewish Publication Society of America (Philadelphia, 1893), under the title of "Sabbath Hours."
Liebmann Adler.
Bibliography:
Felsenthal, Liebmann Adler, eine Gedenkrede, Chicago, 1892;
Felsenthal and Eliassof, History of Ḳehillath Anshe Ma'arabh, Chicago, 1897.
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CNN Ratings Hit 20-Year Low
CNN’s ratings are down … again. CNN’s May ratings plummeted, bringing the network to its lowest monthly primetime total viewership since 1991. In response, CNN is rejiggering its lineup, announcing that ABC News’ John Berman would be a new contributor on it’s early morning show, and that Anthony Bourdain, best known for his cooking ability, will be joining CNN in 2013.
Piers Morgan has been a complete ratings disaster – his 9 p.m. slot clocked in at the lowest CNN rating for that time in two decades. CNN is averaging just 288,000 total daytime viewers, and only 389,000 viewers in primetime – down over 61% from May 2011 during the day, and down over 51% from May 2011 during primetime.
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English is a simple, yet difficult language. It's made up exclusively of foreign words which are pronounced wrong. -- Kurt Tucholsky
Over at Crooked Timber, there's a discussion of the German Federal Constitutional Court's case on shooting down hijacked airplanes:
In the UK we are being treated to a rich and enjoyable series of programmes on Justice featuring Michael Sandel . No doubt there will be quibblers, but I think he’s done a great job so far. Last night’s episode discussed Bentham, Kant and Aristotle and, for my money, both utilitarians (in the shape of Peter Singer) and various German Kant-fans came across as slightly unhinged. The moment that most summed this up, however, was discussion of the German Constitutional Court’s Kant-inspired dismissal of a law that would allow the federal authorities to shoot down a hijacked airliner destined to crash into a city with catastrophic loss of life. Judgement here . According to these Kantians, even if the passengers are doomed to die in the next few minutes and shooting-down the plane will save many lives on the ground, to attack the airliner would show a lack of respect for their human diginity, purposiveness, endiness etc. and so is forbidden. For me, that looks like a reductio.
A comment:
[I]t’s at least not at all obvious that Kant would require the decision the German court suggests here. I’ve only skimmed it, but the idea that, in such a case, the government would be “intentionally” killing the innocent passengers is at least not obvious, and I don’t see why Kant would have to accept that, so it seems more the reasoning of the court that’s to blame than Kant here. (I’m not sure that Chris is saying otherwise.) The court seems to suggest that either we are merely doing a crass utilitarian balancing of lives here or else we must say this course of action is completely impermissible, but that’s just wrong (and not something Kant is committed to, I think.)
As an American lawyer, however, what interests me is that the case could be brought at all. I’m not a huge fan of the rules of standing in the US, but I’m fairly sure that here the people who brought the complaint would not have had standing to do so, and in this case that doesn’t seem an unreasonable outcome.
Comments
You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post.
While the short term rationale of preserving immediate life loss seems obvious at first, it doesn't stand the "long term view" test.
Once a government opens the door to actively take human live - where to draw the boundary?
The USA, using such view, have turned from an icon of freedom into a system that has killed numerous humans through the application of the death penalty - many of which retrospectively turned out to be innocent to begin with. It has also turned into an aggressive war machine that invades foreign countries with reckless disregard for human life in order to preserve hegemonial interests, especially resource access far below market value.
No, I think the German decision is right in the long term view - a government must never be allowed to take human life under any circumstances. And yes, as other commentators have already mentioned, that would be a very reasonable step towards a war free world.
"But this is really different to the German system then. Here, most criminal offenses can only be perpetrated intentionally."
I know Wikipedia is not the most reliable source, but: "Der Eventualvorsatz ist grundsätzlich ausreichend, um Vorsatz für eine Tat zu begründen." Evenutalvorsatz = the German legal term that is closest in meaning (though not precisely the same) to recklessness.
'Killing civilians in wars can not be considered an accident. Rather they must be considered reckless killings. Any military decision maker, any parliamentarian dealing with defence issues knows or must know that going to war will necessarily and incidentally lead to the deaths of a significant number of innocent people, as undesired ("NATO deeply regrets") as these deaths may be.'
This is certainly true. The larger act ("going to war") can however be divided in a number of individual acts (sending tanks to that place, firing at these soldiers, bombarding that target, ...). If for each of these individual actions no non-combatants are intentionally (or recklessly) killed, then I could see that this could make the argument that going to war is rightful. Please note that this is my own reasoning, I can not claim that any courts see it that way.
Also, going to war is really a different situation to that which was originally discussed (shooting down a civilian airliner) - I mean it is legally different. The German Constitution grants explicitly the right to engage in collective self-defense, that is helping an ally to defend itself (Offensive wars are already forbidden completely, I hope this is clear). Do not ask me how that relates to the German engagement in the Kosovo war. Germany was not attacked back then, and neither was an ally of Germany. I guess the provision really means that Germany must not start a war, but can engage to defend a country or group of people. This is really tangential to the original question; I hope I am not boring you.
Also, again, I never studied law. Caveat lector.
'In most legal systems, recklessness and intent are considered to be on the same level (ask a prisoner who was convicted for murdering recklessly on dubious evidential grounds).'
But this is really different to the German system then. Here, most criminal offenses can only be perpetrated intentionally. Even in the unlawful killing of someone, recklessness is not treated equally to intention. The difference in outcome for the perpetrator could be lifelong incarceration versus just five years in prison.
@Cuneiform: Thank you, but that explanation does not really convince me. I was expecting a justification along the lines of martial law (questionable as well) but the distinction you make between "accidental" and "intentional" killings is based on a misconception of realities.
Killing civilians in wars can not be considered an accident. Rather they must be considered reckless killings. Any military decision maker, any parliamentarian dealing with defence issues knows or must know that going to war will necessarily and incidentally lead to the deaths of a significant number of innocent people, as undesired ("NATO deeply regrets") as these deaths may be.
In most legal systems, recklessness and intent are considered to be on the same level (ask a prisoner who was convicted for murdering recklessly on dubious evidential grounds). Consequently, the protection of human dignity should reflect this equivalence.
'"The state may not protect a majority of its citizens by intentionally killing a minority [...] A weighing up of lives against lives according to the standard of how many people are possibly affected on the one side and how many on the other side is impermissible. The state may not kill people because they are fewer in number than the ones whom the state hopes to save by their being killed." [paragraph 35 of the judgment]
Makes me wonder: could this very reasoning not be deployed as well to prohibit, once and for all, any kind of military involvement of the State's armed forces in a war or conflict? '
No. That does not follow, because...
'Most casualties in wars are innocent people whose dignity is encroached upon by a hard-assed "weighing up of lives".'
... that is not necessarily the case. If, say, an aircraft of the armed forces launches a missile which targets an enemies radar station, but the missile goes astray and kills innocent people, this is an accident, not an intentional killing. The killed people are not objectified.
If on the other hand the enemy uses hostages which guard the radar station, and this is known to the aircrafts commander, the answer to the question could very well be different.
Or does the protection of the fundamental right of dignity by the German constitution only apply to German citizens, and not to Afghans?
No. This is an "everyone" right.
"The state may not protect a majority of its citizens by intentionally killing a minority [...] A weighing up of lives against lives according to the standard of how many people are possibly affected on the one side and how many on the other side is impermissible. The state may not kill people because they are fewer in number than the ones whom the state hopes to save by their being killed." [paragraph 35 of the judgment]
Makes me wonder: could this very reasoning not be deployed as well to prohibit, once and for all, any kind of military involvement of the State's armed forces in a war or conflict?
Most casualties in wars are innocent people whose dignity is encroached upon by a hard-assed "weighing up of lives". Or does the protection of the fundamental right of dignity by the German constitution only apply to German citizens, and not to Afghans?
The rules on standing before the BVerfG in cases challenging a law are fairly relaxed (see http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=891186, p. 12: The complainant has to show that the law has an actual impact on his actions). Another factor is the irreservebility of a state action based on the challenged law. If someone were on plane that was hijacked and shot down, he couldn't seek help from the courts - because he would be dead. Therefore, the BVerfG may decide beforehand. The alternative for the complainants would be that they had to stop flying - something between impractical and impossible.
See also http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/organization/vb_merkblatt.html sub III.2.c
I had to think of a passage from a recent review (behind the pay-wall, unfortunately) of a couple of books on hypocrisy, where discussion turns to Mark Twain's belief that lying could be reconciled with morality:
"Kant famously repudiated such an approach in his essay ‘On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns’, though his target was not Twain but Benjamin Constant. ‘To be truthful (honest) in all declarations,’ Kant said, is ‘a sacred command of reason … not to be restricted by any conveniences’. This was the essay in which Kant said you have to tell the mad axe-man where his victim is hiding if you are asked (and if you can’t avoid answering), and in which he tried to make his position less ludicrous by saying that, if you lie to the murderer and if, unbeknown to you, the victim you’re trying to protect has slipped outside, then when the murderer encounters him after being persuaded by your lie to leave the house, it is your fault if he kills him. (Some Kant scholars believe that he had taken leave of his senses when he wrote that passage, towards the end of his life.)"
(Emphasis added)
I haven't read the essay in question, but it sounds quite entertaining.
I can not understand the last quoted paragraph of the American lawyer. I am not a lawyer but I am fairly certain that the German Constitutional Court has "rules of standing" too. Complainants need to be affected by legislation if they want to bring the case to the Constitutional Court.
After reading the first few dozens of comments of the original discussion over there I am surprised how willing the people there are to speculate about the reasoning of the court without reading the law (the GG). An understanding of the actual basis of the decision would relieve them from much of the speculation.
The law says human dignity is inviolable. German courts decide that human dignity is violated if people are treated as mere objects by the state. In the case under discussion, people would get treated as mere objects. Thus the law allowing this is not rightful.
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7.30am: Good morning, and welcome to a radical new frontier in the Guardian's embrace of the live blogging format. For the next month, in line with our new commitment to unrivalled coverage of the royal family, we'll be bringing you a minute-by-minute, 24-hour live blog of preparations for the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton in Westminster Abbey on 29 April. There's little doubt that, when the history-books come to be written, the spring of 2011 will be remembered above all for one event of major geopolitical significance — and this will be the place to stay up-to-date with it. The fashion, the parties, the souvenirs, the world's reactions, the constitutional implications, and the razor-sharp commentary: we'll have it all. I'll be here for the rest of today; my colleague Andrew Sparrow will then be working a 19-hour extended night shift to keep us going through until the morning.
7.35am: As explained in this morning's leader column, the Guardian is enhancing its royal coverage by temporarily recalling correspondents from various parts of the world to focus full-time on coverage of the wedding preparations. Justin McCurry is currently en route from Tokyo, and Chris McGreal will be joining us later in the week. ("Can't wait finally to get my teeth into a big story!" Chris emails.) Meanwhile, Esther Addley is heading up a team of reporters who are already based in special wifi-enabled tents on the Mall and outside Westminster Abbey. She tweets:
@estheraddley On Mall. Mood palpable. no sign of crowd yet but slowly building thru day. Ice crm vn playing nat.Anth, no queue. so exciting!!! #gdnroywed
7.39am: Let's kick things off with a summary of developments overnight:
• Reuters is reporting on rumours from Westminster of an initiative to amalgamate the Royal Wedding with that of Labour leader Ed Miliband and his longtime partner Justine Thornton. A senior Labour aide tells the wire service that the "undeniably cost-effective" move would "reflect the national focus on austerity" as well as highlighting the Labour leader's "deeply felt and longstanding admiration for the royal family." Our political editor Patrick Wintour is in the lobby with his ear to the ground.
• In a story that would be astonishing if true, Sky News is reporting that the president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been granted the front three rows of seating in Westminster Abbey on April 29 as a result of a deal brokered by Prince Andrew. A source "close to Andrew" is quoted as saying that the arrangement is "crucial to furthering democracy and UK trade interests in central Asia". More on this as it emerges.
• Suggestions are flying around the Twitterverse this morning that the Queen's corgis will be present at the wedding — and that one may even bear the wedding rings to the bride and groom. Sir Simon Jenkins is investigating.
7.44am: We're excited to be able to confirm that the Duke of Edinburgh will be writing a daily online diary for Guardian.co.uk in the run-up to the wedding, and we'll be bringing you the first installment soon, here on the blog. The Duke jovially told Guardian deputy editor Katharine Viner she was "making [him] work like a bloody Yugoslav" but he graciously agreed to the request.
7.49am: Royal bakers Greggs have today released a range of commemorative Royal wedding cakes and fancies, writes G2 chef Angela Hartnett. The Newcastle-based bakery — whose award of a royal warrant in January was seen as a mark of the Queen's desire to become a more populist, Scandinavian-style monarch — insisted that the confectionary range, entitled "Let Them Eat Cake", contained no clues as to the top secret recipe of the Royal wedding cake itself, which Greggs pastry chefs have been developing since last October at an undisclosed location.
7.53am: The French news channel France24 is reporting that French president Nicolas Sarkozy is using diplomatic back-channels to try to seize control of royal wedding preparations. "This is seen as crucial for the president's hopes of re-election in 2012," comments the Paris-based political analyst Avril de Poisson, though French union leaders have accused Sarkozy of taking his eye of the ball at home, and are threatening a general strike.
7.57am: After making extensive enquiries, Sir Simon reports that the royal wedding rings will not in fact be delivered by one of the Queen's dogs. At 7.39am we wrote that a flurry of Twitter activity had suggested the twin golden hoops would be bound to a corgi, which would then be induced to trot up the aisle towards Britain's future king by a chicken bone sewn into the bridal train. However, Simon has learned from a Clarence House source that there is "absolutely no way" this will happen. The rumour appears to have been started by a tweet posted by the account @bieberlover437, run by 14-year-old Jessica Thomas, of Leyland in Lancashire.
8.02am: From the Mall, Esther Addley tweets:
@estheraddley Hv moved down mall a bit. can't see in windos of BuckPal. Car drove out gates a while back, tweeting so missed it. Wding plnr?!?! #gdnroywed
8.06am: As a mark of the rapprochement between the royal family and the Guardian, Clarence House this morning confirmed that Guardian editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger will join Nigel Kennedy, Yo-Yo Ma, Acker Bilk and the lead viola from the Anglesey Philharmonic in a scratch classical quintet that will serenade those guests not invited to the evening reception, as they leave Buckingham Palace.
"We think it will be a delightful way to encourage William and Catherine's friends to make their way speedily through to the banqueting hall and to usher the honoured dignitaries to their carriages," said a spokesman. Though the full repertoire has not yet been confirmed, the quintet are believed to be working on a medley featuring classical favourites, You Raise Me Up by Westlife and the couple's "special" song, I Like the Way You Move, by Bodyrockers.
8.15am: One of my colleagues has spotted a very good comment below the line from one of our readers, who alerts us to a tweet a few minutes ago by someone watching breaking news on Sky which is reporting claims by al-Jazeera English that Prince William, according to the Iranian state channel Press TV, has insisted that the couple will not make the short journey from the Westminster Abbey back to Buckingham Palace by royal coach.
The prince, according to information from "Sky sources", has determined that he will fly his new bride in a bright yellow RAF search-and-rescue Sea King helicopter. "She really fancies me in my flying suit," he told friends, an unspecified source tells the Mail. We'll have more details as soon as we get them.
8.24am: The commentator Melanie Phillips has made a typically pungent intervention into the political debate surrounding the royal nuptials. On her Spectator blog, she writes:
It shows a spinelessness depressingly typical of David Cameron's craven shower of apologists that he has done so little to ensure that William and Kate's wedding vows contain no strident condemnation of the insidious Islamist extremism that has come to dominate the thinking of Britain's Royal Family. Truly, the West has been lost.
It's a thought-provoking piece.
8.32am: A survey among users of the parenting website Mumsnet has found that the Royal family is the second-most important institution in the history of Great Britain, second only to Mumsnet. Parliament, the NHS and the Army were in joint third place.
8.43am: Here's some audio we've just received from the multi-platforming Esther Addley, down on the Mall:
8.55am: This could be big. We've exclusively obtained a photograph of Prince Harry, looking somewhat the worse for wear, leaving Chinawhite's nightclub in the West End, holding what appears to be a draft of his best man's speech. The text may be legible, and we've got our Investigations Editor David Leigh and our Forensic Journalism Unit on the case to see if we can make out what it says. More soon, I hope.
9.03am: My colleague Adam Gabbatt reports:
Royal aides, keen to avoid the 'Flakegate' controversy that Anthea Turner attracted after posing with a Cadbury's Flake for OK! magazine on her wedding day, have ordered that all confectionery consumed during the service be unpackaged and wrapped in white napkins. A palace spokesman said a team of 10 equerries would be tasked with unwrapping Twix, Snickers and Drifters, with a further five dedicated to non-chocolate items such as Fruit Pastilles and Opal Fruits. "The chocolate bars will each be wrapped in one napkin," a spokesman said. He later conceded to the Guardian that some bars — such as a Curly Wurly — may require two napkins.
9.13am: We've got the first installment, promised earlier, of the Duke of Edinburgh's exclusive daily Royal Wedding Diary for Guardian.co.uk:
Woke up feeling worse than a deaf Chinaman, as my dear old uncle always used to say, but no matter: got to write this bloody diary. Can't stand those parasites in the press myself, always sniffing around like wallabies, but Liz insists it's crucial for our "public image". Bloody daft if you ask me, making me sit here at the Amstrad machine, which by the way must have been designed by a Burmese. "Save document?" No, I'll have my man take care of that later. Anyway, let's see. I do like that girl of William's. Breath of fresh air round here. Reckon she might be a crack shot, too. Worth taking on next year's panda-hunting expedition, perhaps, since William and Harry are always so squeamish when it comes to "endangered species". "Endangered"! They're bloody endangered when I'm on a hunting trip, that's for sure. "Save document?" No! Oh, bloody hell.
I've got a feeling this is going to be a popular feature here in the coming weeks.
9.19am: Guardian reporter Esther Addley tweets from central London:
@estheraddley To W'minster abbey, or 'the abbey' 2 insiders. that's me!! Cleaner sez knos nothing, probly u'cover horseguard.28days & countin! #gdnroywed
9.25am: Our Forensic Journalism Unit, working in collaboration with Clay Shirky's Crowdtagged Entreprejournalism Initiative, has decoded part of the text of Prince Harry's best man speech, featured in the photograph we posted before.
The text appears to refer, among other things, to an incident involving a goat and ruddy-cheeked royal pal Guy Pelly at Bouji's nightclub.
9.34am: Since we posted a photograph of Prince Harry earlier our Investigations Editor David Leigh has received an anonymous tip from a caller directing him to a dustbin outside the Guardian's Kings Cross offices where he found what appears to be a more complete draft of the prince's speech.
MEMO TO SELF: NO TITS JOKES. I've known Wills for as long as I've known myself, all my life really, well actually, when one thinks about it, for my entire life! (PAUSE FOR LAUGHTER) I was particularly looking forward to being best man as I'd heard he always gets the pick of the totty (PAUSE FOR CHEERS) Although trust bloody Wills to spoil my fun by choosing children as his bridesmaids! (PAUSE FOR LAUGHTER) It doesn't seem that long ago that Wills and I were riding around great grandmama's estate (PAUSE FOR TEARS), talking about all the funny little people we'd seen on our visit to the village(PAUSE FOR LAUGHTER). But now look at us! (PAUSE FOR CHEERS) Anyway, so I'll never forget the fancy-dress party where
9.43am: There's been lots of media speculation around the wedding gifts that the happy couple will receive, especially from the Royal family. Now, insiders at Clarence House have told the Guardian that Prince Charles is planning something a bit more spectacular than some matching royal bedlinen.
"He's going to give them Scotland," reveals a senior courtier. "As the High Steward of Scotland, the Lord of the Isles and the Duke of Rothesay, it's perfectly within his gift to pass it on." The source added: "Let's face it, Charles was never going to hand over Cornwall. That place is an absolute money factory."
We'll go live shortly to Severin Carrell, who's in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, where stunned locals are only now coming to terms with the happy news that they will form the centrepiece of William and Kate's wedding list.
9.51am: An interesting view in the comments from IHateTheLiberalLimeyGuardian, who writes from Texas:
What has the Royal Wedding got to do with you, you pinko assclowns? Stop poking your noses into matters that don't concern you. It's just like with the traitor Assange. Why do you hate America? Don't answer that. You guys have no credibility left since the Climategate emails.
9.58am: BREAKING: According to Twitter reports from visitors to the park, Legoland's comprehensive mock-up of the royal wedding has been vandalised overnight.
The walls of the miniature Buckingham Palace have apparently been daubed with scaled-down republican and anti-capitalist graffiti, while a section of the model – constructed entirely from Lego bricks – has been reconfigured to show tiny masked protesters storming the palace.
There are also rumours, as yet unconfirmed, that the figurines representing Camilla Parker Bowles, Sir Elton John and Victoria Beckham have been re-arranged to suggest an indecent act.
Are you at Legoland? Send us your pictures of the damage.
10.06am: Time for a quick round-up of royal headlines around the web:
• In a surprising change of editorial tone, the Daily Mail seems to be turning against the royal wedding: in a double-page spread it decries "The hell this wedding will cause for London motorists". Richard Littlejohn, meanwhile, worries that "in today's loony PC Britain", there is no way to be certain that gay people will not be present among the celebrating crowds.
• The BBC website's Have Your Say feature invites readers to have their say on the Royal Wedding. "We want to hear from you!" the corporation explains. "What are your thoughts on the royal wedding? Why not tell us them? We want to hear your thoughts! Go on, tell us your thoughts about the royal wedding!"
• The Independent's Robert Fisk is the first journalist to make it inside the workshop where Kate Middleton's dress is being designed, and files a searing first-person account. It's headlined: "I thought I had seen everything. I was wrong. I have now seen Kate Middleton's dress." It's powerful stuff.
10.11am: BREAKING: Royal wedding OFF. More as we get it.
10.15am: CORRECTION: Royal Wedding NOT off — new Buckingham Palace statement. More soon...
10.24am: More media news: our US correspondent Ed Pilkington reports that CNN will be sending 632 correspondents and commentators to cover the wedding, with the coverage on the day being helmed by Piers Morgan, sitting on a giant throne suspended from the upper level of Tower Bridge.
10.29am: Some interesting perspectives below the line from commenter WTCBuilding7TheTruthMustBeKnown.
10.37am: FIRST PICTURES OF LEGOLAND ATROCITY EMERGE.
A spokesman for the park, which only reopened to the public this morning, refused to describe the incident as a serious breach of royal security, saying it was "probably just kids messing about."
Sources close to Windsor police, however, have suggested the model vandalism may be a "dry-run" for planned disruptions on the day. The model has been cordoned off for the moment, and will soon be removed from public view while repairs are completed.
10.44am: We're getting unconfirmed reports from someone on Twitter who overheard someone talking about it in the checkout queue in Sainsbury's that the guests of honour at the wedding will include none other than Julian Assange.
The controversial Wikileaks founder will apparently be temporarily released from house arrest by royal decree, because Prince William thinks he's "way cool". This is all the information we have so far. We're working to confirm the rumours.
10.52am: Speak of the devil, here's an intriguing couple of tweets from Wikileaks:
@wikileaks Guardian royal wedding story is CIA-funded lie. We will be suing for malicious libel.
@wikileaks Looking for spare sofabed in the Stockholm area in coming weeks, any offers?
10.59am: This is major. Someone appears to be selling one of the t-shirts specially made for William's stag party on Ebay:
The palace won't be remotely pleased about this. We're hearing that a furious senior aide to Prince Charles has sent a politely worded letter to Ebay's headquarters in San Jose, California, requesting that the auction be immediately taken down, though since it is being carried by horseback, as is traditional with communications from Clarence House, we probably shouldn't expect immediate action.
11.14am: Esther Addley tweets:
@estheraddley Back 2mall after escorted fm abbey by giftshop mgr + verger//that's fearless jrnalism folks!!! off 2find crowds b4 skynews laterz #gdnroywed
11.29am: More details coming in now about the wedding gifts. The Queen, we understand, has told Kate that she's keen to pass on her love of plastic storage, so will be giving them a complete set of Tupperware — even the tiny round ones that are too small to be useful.
Prince Andrew, meanwhile, has negotiated some cobalt mining rights in Azerbaijan for William and Kate, though it's understood that they'll have to front up some of the cash themselves. More soon.
11.38am: Well, this is rather awkward. It seems we're going to have to interrupt the live blog, perhaps indefinitely. We've received a communication from Buckingham Palace suggesting that some of the contents of this blog could contravene the Treason Felony Act of 1848.
According to several Tweeters in the King's Cross area, members of the Coldstream Guards in bearskin hats are storming towards the Guardian headquarters. Indeed, right now, we can hear what seems to be numerous people running upstairs towards the newsroom here. It seems a very real possibility that
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Q:
How to determine when the distance between two lines gets within a certain threshold?
I have a graph with the main data points(blue line) and the maxima (green) and minima (red).
Note that the x-values of the minima and maxima values are not the same, nor are they guaranteed to have the same count of values.
Now my goal is to determine when the distance along the y-axis (integral? sorry, its been a while since calculus in uni) between the maxima and minima lines gets below 10% (or any other arbitrary threshold) from the the average distance along the y-axis.
Here is the code used to generate:
# Finding the min and max
c_max_index = argrelextrema(df.flow.values, np.greater, order=3)
c_min_index = argrelextrema(df.flow.values, np.less, order=3)
df['min_extreme'] = df.flow[c_min_index[0]]
df['max_extreme'] = df.flow[c_max_index[0]]
# Plotting the values for the graph above
plt.plot(df.flow.values)
upper_bound = plt.plot(c_max_index[0], df.flow.values[c_max_index[0]], linewidth=0.8, c='g')
lower_bound = plt.plot(c_min_index[0], df.flow.values[c_min_index[0]], linewidth=0.8, c='r')
If it makes a difference, I'm using a Pandas Dataframe, scipy, and matplotlib.
A:
If I understand your question correct, you basically want to interpolate the lines defined by the extreme values. Stealing the answer from this post Interpolate NaN values in a numpy array, you can do this
# Finding the min and max
c_max_index = argrelextrema(df.flow.values, np.greater, order=3)
c_min_index = argrelextrema(df.flow.values, np.less, order=3)
df['min_extreme'] = df.flow[c_min_index[0]]
df['max_extreme'] = df.flow[c_max_index[0]]
# Interpolate so you get no 'nan' values
df['min_extreme'] = df['min_extreme'].interpolate()
df['max_extreme'] = df['max_extreme'].interpolate()
From here it should be easy do to all kinds of stuff with the distancens between the two lines. For instance
# Get the average distance between the upper and lower extrema-lines
df['distance'] = df['max_extreme'] - df['min_extreme']
avg_dist = np.mean(df['distance'])
# Find indexes where distance is within some tolerance
df.index[df['distance']< avg_dist * .95]
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Low Ki-67 proliferation index is an indicator of poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
We designed this study to assess the biologic significance of Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer tissue from 245 patients were immunostained for Ki-67. Ki-67 PI was defined as the percentage of tumor cells positive for Ki-67. In addition, we have previously evaluated the expressions of nine epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. The relationship between Ki-67 PI and clinicopathologic parameters, patient survival, and EMT data were sought. Low Ki-67 PI was correlated with poorly differentiated histology (P = 0.034), an advanced T stage (P < 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011). Also, the low PI group was found to have a significantly worse prognosis than the high PI group (P = 0.003, log-rank test). Multivariate analysis revealed that Ki-67 PI remained as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio (95% CI) = 0.670 (0.450-0.999)). Furthermore, greater expressional changes of EMT-related proteins were found to be significantly associated with low Ki-67 PI (P = 0.025). These findings suggest that Ki-67 PI is an effective tool for predicting survival in gastric cancer. In addition, we found that an invasive property presented as EMT-related protein expressional changes was inversely correlated with a proliferative activity in gastric cancer.
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[The characteristics of the clinical course in individual types of radiation-induced cataracts].
Twenty-eight patients exposed to acute and chronic ionizing radiation were followed up. Radiation cataracts were diagnosed in 22 eyes. Localizations of changes in the lens after ionizing and solar radiation are similar. Opacities are localized under the posterior lenticular capsule, round the nucleus, and under the anterior capsule and do not depend on the type of radiation. Opacities caused by solar radiation are notably smaller and look as numerous small dots. Study of cataracts of different origin and assessment of the efficacies of different anticataract drugs were carried out for evaluating the progress of different types of cataracts (cellular, extracellular, and capsular forms).
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Monday, April 11, 2005
Déjà vu again
Déjà vu. I saw it happen again. Before. Only this time it was for real.
And I thought back to how I saw a place I never knew existed within the place I existed. This was a strange experience for me. It was not the same kind of a déjà vu. It was a dream becoming real, but not a dream you expected to come to life within the bounds of your everyday reality. Yet there it was, staring you in the face. Existing where you didn’t think it would. And that is when I knew, that you can’t take anything for granted. Things are there and you might not have seen them. When the basest of assumptions turn out to be blatant lies. And those lies get shattered.
Déjà vu. I saw it happen before. Again. Only this time it might have been a dream.
Back in the same city again. After a long time. Back again, in exactly the same situation. As clearly as it was, in the dream. But I didn’t make the connection till I looked up, and saw something that caught my attention. And he was there, exactly the way he was in my dream. Looking back with a friendly stare. Waiting for an answer. And I was thinking about my dream and how I got here. And about all the other dreams that have come true and might come true in the future. This one, of course, was harmless. But what about the darker ones? What if they started to come to life. But they wouldn’t. I knew that. So I picked up my drink and smiled back.
17 comments:
lovely..absolutely lovely post..am running out of adjectives having read such beautiful posts over a short space of time...i fell in love with the latter half of this piece...and teh way you ended it...
posts like these convince me that you are some sort of an authour incognito, lol. but seriously...brilliant.We notice something, when we need it. I always pray that my dreams come true in a positive way, i am sort of superstitious about it. :)
This reminds me of a play where you are watching a scene of your life already acted out before. Was it this life, a past life, or something in the future? When you can see something that you previously left unappreciated, you are slowing down and seeing everything. Amazing, August.
"And that is when I knew, that you can’t take anything for granted. Things are there and you might not have seen them. When the basest of assumptions turn out to be blatant lies. And those lies get shattered."
so simple and yet so profound. and the thing many of us fear the most. that our base assumptions, the things we count as our foundations, turn out to be falsehoods. and what happens then?
masterful piece. so many concepts in here, yet I did not feel like I was choking. a real testament to well-thought out writing.
I experience déja vu quite often which makes me think i must be crazy! lol The first time was more than 9 years when I visited a penpal. Her house seemed so familiar to me, it was so weird! I could say i had ever been there before but it wasnt the case. Btw I believe in reincarnation.
About Me
There is a magic in the air that permeates through the very soul of my existence. There is a stillness in the night that floods my senses beyond my imagination. There is a madness inside of me that overflows in everything that I create. There is a past behind me that is overcrowded with memories that drain me out.
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