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Monday, July 28, 2008
How a Ron Paul acolyte can win in Oly?
As a candidate from the Campaign for Liberty movement you have the potential for strong support in Olympia, by appealing to what I call Olympia's anarchist tendencies. The campaign may also need to morph its stance on illegal immigration to something that does not focus on a group of people. I might expound on that more later. There needs to be more emphasis on things that matter to people in liberal Olympia. There is a streak, a vein that runs through Olympia, and that is fear of unchecked power, and if that chord was struck I think Delavar can achieve stronger support. Here is just a couple of things that need emphaisis for your to garner support.
Opposition to war based on a non-interventionist stance.
Championing and, really, defend the Constitution, any transgression against it will not be tolerated.
Attack inflation. This issue alone can be tackled effectively by Delavar. The answer is there, it's not rising prices, but falling dollar, right? And your solutions, Delavar, is different from other candidates, and it could ease the anxiety of many a voter.
I wonder... I would assume that the folks who would feel like even Cheryl Crist is too centrist would go for this guy. Though, maybe they'd hitch their wagons to him, thinking he actually has a chance to get to the general election.
I know the upcoming primary is essentially non-partisan, but assume that Crist doesn't make it into the Top Two, losing too many Dem votes to incumbent Baird. That leaves Delavar and the other Republican, Christine Webb.
She might not be able to pick up enough of the conservative vote (because her campaign started really late) to get to face off against Baird, leaving Delavar the only hope of anarchists. In that case, in Delaver vs. Baird, I see Olympia (the far left part of town) going to Delavar. |
Last Week in Pony - September 24, 2017
Last Week In Pony is a weekly blog post to catch you up on the latest news for the Pony programming language. To learn more about Pony check out our website, our Twitter account @ponylang, or our Zulip community.
Got something you think should be featured? There’s a GitHub issue for that! Add a comment to the open “Last Week in Pony” issue.
Pony Stable 0.1.0 Released
Pony-stable, the Pony dependency mananger, hit its first release 0.1.0 and is now available for convenient installation on your package manager of choice. Find out more in the release blog post.
Items of note
We just reached the magical number of 100 contributors on the ponyc repository. Thanks to everyone of you for bringing Ponylang to its current shape!
In case you missed the Pony development sync of September 13th 2017. The audio recording is available for your listening pleasure. Highlights this week are jemc and praetonus hunting down a bug in ponyc (thrilling!), jemc talking about the ponycc compiler design and someone trying to be sean (and failing miserably).
RFC 46 - More Random Methods has been implemented and will be available with the next release of ponyc.
RFCs
Interested in making a change, or keeping up with changes to Pony? Check out the RFC repo. Contributors welcome!
AUTHOR Matthias Wahl Matthias is a mediocre programmer who is obsessed with lightweight concurrency primitives and property based testing. Secret Superpowers include: Confusing people on Zulip.
© 2020 Pony Developers |
Bucs Fall to Jets, 18-17
EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ - The Bucs fell to the Jets today at MetLife Stadium, 18-17, in a wild finish that saw Tampa Bay take the lead on a 37-yard field goal by Ryan Lindell with :38 remaining, only to have it taken away after Jets kicker Nick Folk nailed the game-winner from 48 yards out with just :15 left on the clock.
Of the Bucs’ “Big Three” on offense, only WR Vincent Jackson produced at the level that the team maintained for much of 2012 and expected to see more of on Sunday. Jackson caught seven passes for a team-high 154 yards and repeatedly moved the chains on third down. However, QB Josh Freeman (15/31, 210yds, 1TD and 1INT) and RB Doug Martin (24 carries for 65 yards and 1TD) failed to match their performance from last year as the Bucs struggled on offense throughout the game. Martin did run for a touchdown in the second quarter to give the Bucs an early 14-5 lead, but he and Freeman had a particularly hard time hooking up in the passing game.
Tampa Bay’s defense made things equally difficult for rookie QB Geno Smith and the Jets’ offense. With LB Mason Foster and LB Lavonte David making key contributions. However, it was David’s costly 15-yard personal foul penalty that set up Folk’s game-winner. David was flagged for pushing Jets QB Geno Smith after Smith ran out of bounds at the Tampa Bay 45-yard line with :15 left in the game. The penalty gave the Jets the ball at the Bucs 30-yard line and Folk connected from 48-yards out on the next play to hand the Bucs their first defeat of the season.
Tampa Bay’s first two offensive possessions didn’t go as scripted, despite a sharp 20-yard slant from Freeman to Jackson on the game’s first third down. Apparent communication problems with the helmet radio led to consecutive delay-of-game penalties, and a false start contributed to pushing the Bucs almost back to the original line of scrimmage before a punt.
The Jets’ first drive got across midfield before ending in a punt, and that indirectly led to the game’s first score. The Bucs had to start at their own three after the kick, and three plays later an aborted snap led to a safety for the Jets, with Freeman kicking the ball out of the grasp of a Jets defender to prevent a touchdown and save five points.
Special teams helped set up both of the Buccaneers’ first two touchdowns as the visitors surged to a 14-5 lead. Michael Koenen’s coffin-corner punt near the end of the first quarter pushed the Jets back inside their own 10 and eventually allowed the Bucs’ offense to regain the ball inside New York territory. Freeman then led the Bucs on a five-play, 44-yard drive that ended in his 17-yard strike to Williams in the left side of the end zone. In the second quarter, Koenen dropped another punt down at the Jets’ 11 and that was followed in rapid succession by a Geno Smith fumble, forced by blitzing LB Mason Foster, and a five-yard touchdown run by Martin.
Tampa Bay appeared to be on the verge of taking over the game minutes later when Lavonte David intercepted a Smith pass in the right flat. However, Jets S Dawan Landry picked Freeman right back three plays later, and his long return to the Bucs’ 31 set up a short touchdown drive that reduced the visitors’ lead to two points at halftime. The Bucs appeared to have stopped the drive at the edge of field goal territory after Foster’s second sack of the game, but an unnecessary roughness call drawn by S Mark Barron extended the drive and it ended in Kellen Winslow’s seven-yard TD catch.
While the Buccaneers may have disagreed with the unnecessary roughness calls drawn by Barron and, just moments earlier, fellow S Dashon Goldson, flags were a persistent problem for the team throughout the afternoon.
A game-opening touchback set the Bucs up at their own 20 to start the season, and Freeman’s first pass of the season was a quick-hitter to Williams for seven yards. After Martin’s first run of the season left the Bucs in a third-and-one, they elected to throw and Freeman hit Jackson on a quick slant that gained 20 yards to midfield. After an incompletion, the Bucs had trouble getting the next play in and eventually had to burn a timeout before the next snap. Apparently experiencing problems with his helmet radio, Freeman let the clock run out for another delay penalty, and then, after switching helmets, was sacked by LB Antwan Barnes for a loss of 10. A false start penalty moved the Bucs almost all the way back to the drive’s original line of scrimmage and the drive ended on a short bubble-screen pass to Martin.
Michael Koenen helped flip field position with a 54-yard punt and the Jets’ opening drive started at their own 29. Smith’s first professional pass was a good one, a 26-yarder to Kerley to the Bucs’ 45. Tampa Bay’s defense forced him to scramble up the middle for three on the next play, and a direct-snap run by Powell picked up four to make it third-and-three. The Bucs’ defense got the stop it needed by chasing Smith into a hurried incompletion, but the resulting punt trapped the Bucs at their own three. That proved disastrous, because three plays later the ball was snapped before Freeman was ready and it bounced into the end zone. Freeman was able to kick it out of the back of the end zone (drawing an illegal kicking penalty) to avoid a touchdown recovery, but that gave the Jets the game’s first two points and the next possession.
After the free kick, the Jets started up again at their own 32. Smith tested Revis on a quick slant on the second play but Revis knocked it away, setting up third-and-nine. Smith got his third-down pass off while being buried by McCoy, but the completion to TE Kellen Winslow came up short and led to another punt. WR Eric Page found a seam to exploit on his return and got back 28 yards to the Bucs’ 42.
Unfortunately, the run game still struggled to find any openings, and Freeman was quickly in a third-and-nine hole, which became third-and-14 after a false start. Freeman stepped up in the pocket to buy time but was eventually sacked before he could get off a pass, somehow managing to avoid a fumble despite Wilkerson’s blind-side hit. Koenen’s punt was fair caught all the way back at the eight.
McCoy stopped Ivory on a run up the middle for just one yard and instant pressure on second down blew up an attempted screen to Holmes. Kerley nearly made a diving grab down the middle but couldn’t hold on, and resulting punt plus Page’s seven-yard return put the Bucs into Jet territory.
A five-yard run by Martin and a seven-yard out to Jackson moved the chains, and a great come-backer to Jackson got 12 more to the 20-yard line.
The penalty let the Bucs kick off from midfield, which led to an easy touchback. Revis broke up another attempted slant in front of him and a false start before the next play put the Jets into a third-and-11 from their 19. However, on the final play of the third quarter, Holmes threaded his way through the middle on a shallow post and caught a 13-yard pass to move the chains. After switching sides, the Jets soon faced a third-and-seven but FB Tommy Bohanon snuck out into the right flat and was wide open for a gain of 21 to the Bucs’ 44. Smith converted the next third down, too, with a 13-yard scramble that had five yards tacked on the end for defensive holding. On first down from the 24, DE Adrian Clayborn buried Ivory for a loss of one and, two plays later, Smith’s errant downfield pass was nearly intercepted by Revis. The Jets settled for Nick Folk’s 43-yard field goal and a 7-5 deficit.
A five-yard run on second-and-10 put the Bucs in a quick third-and-five hole, but Jackson broke away from coverage on a quick slant and dashed up the middle for 39 yards to the Jets’ 36. A holding penalty on the next snap hurt, however, and the offense couldn’t recover, eventually punting from the Jets’ 45. Koenen’s kick bounced sideways and was downed at the 11.
Two plays later, the Buccaneers were back in the end zone. First, Foster blitzed around the back of the pocket and caught Smith for a six-yard sack, knocking the ball out of his hand for Spence to recover at the Jets’ five-yard line. Martin’s most decisive run of the day to that point followed, a five-yard burst straight up the middle to give the Bucs a 14-5 lead with 6:46 left in the first half.
On the ensuing drive, Smith answered with quick strikes down the middle for 11 yards to Kerley and nine to Powell. Powell’s second-down run was stymied by Spence but Ivory was able to pound it over right guard on third-and-one to move the chains. On the next play, Smith threw deep down the middle to TE Jeff Cumberland, who was leveled by S Dashon Goldson. The resulting deflection was nearly intercepted by Mark Barron, but that was moot as Goldson was flagged for unnecessary roughness. Two plays later, however, David picked off a short pass intended for WR Stephen Hill and returned it seven yards to the Bucs’ 41.
Three plays later, the Jets’ defense took the ball back, as Freeman’s pass to Jackson was overthrown and hauled in deep in centerfield by Landry, who returned it to the Bucs’ 31. Foster’ second sack on a jailbreak blitz up the middle was huge, pushing the Jets back 18 yards to midfield. After the two-minute warning, the Bucs appeared to get a stop but another unnecessary roughness call, this one on Barron, led to a new first down at the Bucs’ 19. Clayborn drew a holding call on T Austin Howard, but two plays later Smith bought time with a rollout right and eventually found Winslow at the Bucs’ seven. On the next snap, Smith had a long time in the pocket to survey the field and Winslow eventually slid into the open for the seven-yard touchdown.
The Bucs dodged a bullet before halftime when, on the only offensive play they ran before time ran out, Martin followed a nice eight-yard run up the middle with a fumble that C Jeremy Zuttah alertly covered.
New York’s offense got off to a sharp start after another Koenen touchback, with a 10-yard catch by Hill and a seven-yard run by Ivory. Another short pass to Hill moved the chains, as did a third-and-one direct snap to Powell three plays later, which moved the ball across midfield to the Bucs’ 46. Barron drew a holding call with a blitz off the left edge on the next play but it was declined after Daniel Te’o-Nesheim dropped Smith for a six-yard sack. Smith’s pass to Winslow on third down came up five yards short and the Jets punted, with Page fair-catching at the six.
An incompletion and a short Martin run into the teeth of the defense made it third-and-eight in a hurry. Williams got the Bucs out of trouble with a nice run after a short catch over the middle that picked up 13 yards and a new set of downs. Williams was injured on the play, but he returned after missing just one snap. Three plays later, the Bucs faced another long third down and, for the third time in the game, converted it with a slant to Jackson that picked up extra yards. This one went for 17, and a slant on the other side to Williams moments later got 15 more to the Jets’ 45. The drive stalled there, however, and the Bucs punted away, with Koenen this time dropping it down at the four.
The Jets faced a third-and-seven moments later after McCoy beat his man off the line and buried Smith on a short incompletion. Unfortunately, great coverage downfield didn’t help on third down when Smith saw an opening and ran straight up the middle for 12 yards. The next third down was only a two-yarder, but the Bucs stopped this one when LB Dekoda Watson’s perfectly-timed blitz led to an 11-yard sack. Jets punter Robert Malone then blasted an incredible 84-yard punt that went to the end zone for a touchback.
Tampa Bay’s offense did nothing with the new possession and was punting it back within a minute. Koenen helped out once again with a 57-yard blast but the Jets had the ball back at their own 25 with 1:22 to play in the third. The Bucs’ defense countered with a three-and-out keyed by David’s big stop for a loss of one on Jeremy Kerley on third-and-one.
The Bucs fell into their own third-down hole after two plays but Freeman moved the sticks with a scrambling 22-yard completion to Jackson on the right sideline. Two pitches to Martin picked up six yards and made it third-and-four at the Bucs’ 43, but Freeman’s third-down attempt down the right sideline to Martin was overthrown.
The Jets got a new start at their own 23 and would have been off the field in three plays if not for a defensive holding call on CB Leonard Johnson downfield. Powell fumbled on the next play but the Jets were fortunate again when it was recovered by Hill. On the next play, Smith rolled right and found WR Clyde Gates on the sideline for a gain of 17 to midfield. A 14-yard catch-and-run by Powell got the ball down to the 20 yard line. The Bucs held their but New York took the lead with a 30-yard field goal with 5:05 to play.
Game Notes:
- 15-22 on opening day, 8-12 on the road, Schiano could be first Buc coach to win first two openers
- 1-9 vs. Jets, no wins since ’84, none in NY
- WR Mike Williams’ 17-yard touchdown catch in the first quarter was the 24th receiving score of his Buccaneer career. That ties him with former TE Dave Moore, currently an analyst on the Buccaneers Radio Network, for fifth place in team history. |
Q:
Pyramid and .ini configuration
Each Pyramid application has an associated .ini file that contains its settings. For example, a default might look like:
[app:main]
use = egg:MyProject
pyramid.reload_templates = true
pyramid.debug_authorization = false
pyramid.debug_notfound = false
pyramid.debug_routematch = false
...
I am wondering if it is possible to add your own configuration values in there, and read them at run-time (mostly from a view callable). For instance, I might want to have
[app:main]
blog.title = "Custom blog name"
blog.comments_enabled = true
...
Or is it better to have a separate .ini file and parse it during startup?
A:
Sure you can.
In your entry point function (main(global_config, **settings) in __init__.py in most cases), your config is accessible in the settings variable.
For example, in your .ini:
[app:main]
blog.title = "Custom blog name"
blog.comments_enabled = true
In your __init__.py:
def main(global_config, **settings):
config = Configurator(settings=settings)
blog_title = settings['blog.title']
# you can also access you settings via config
comments_enabled = config.registry.settings['blog.comments_enabled']
return config.make_wsgi_app()
According to the latest Pyramid docs, you can access the settings in a view function via request.registry.settings. Also, as far as I know, it will be in event subscribers via event.request.registry.settings.
Regarding your question about using another file, I'm pretty sure it's good practice to put all your config in the regular init file, using dotted notation like you did.
|
Four-wave-mixing interferometer.
We have developed a new method of determining in time both the real and the imaginary parts of third-order nonlinear-optical coefficients. In this method the phase-conjugated four-wave-mixing signal beam interferes with one of the transmitted pump beams. By comparing the interference pattern with that of a known reference, we are able to determine the real and the imaginary parts of the third-order optical nonlinearity for an unknown sample. The real and the imaginary parts can also be separated when one incoming beam is delayed. We apply this method to a bis-thienyl polyene molecule containing five conjugate double bonds and find that the hyperpolarizability is (gamma1111) = (-2.5 - 0.17i) x 10(-30) esu. |
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes which convert arachidonic acid into pro-inflammatory prostaglandins \[[@pone.0217518.ref001]\]. Meloxicam is approved for its use in cattle in the European Union and Canada, and it is an attractive analgesic option as it is effective following a single dose administration due to its long half-life in calves (subcutaneous: SC = 16.4 h; oral: PO = 27.5 h) \[[@pone.0217518.ref002],[@pone.0217518.ref003]\]. In Canada, meloxicam is available for use in cattle in two presentations: meloxicam PO suspension (1.0 mg/kg) labelled for reducing pain and inflammation associated with band and knife castration and, injectable meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) labelled as an adjuvant for diarrhea, mastitis, de-budding and abdominal surgery.
The Canadian Beef Codes of Practice \[[@pone.0217518.ref004]\] has set as a requirement the use of pain mitigation when performing painful husbandry procedures such as castration, spaying and dehorning. Castration is a routine practice which improves cattle management, avoids unwanted reproduction and increases meat quality \[[@pone.0217518.ref005]\]. Injectable meloxicam is not labelled for pain mitigation associated with castration however, previous studies have reported a reduction in physiological and behavioural indicators of pain in calves receiving SC meloxicam compared to un-medicated 1 week and 2 month old castrated calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref006],[@pone.0217518.ref007]\]. Meloxicam tablets have been reported to decrease the inflammatory response in weaned calves after surgical castration \[[@pone.0217518.ref008],[@pone.0217518.ref009]\], but no effects were observed in weaned calves after band castration \[[@pone.0217518.ref010]\]. The presentation of oral meloxicam used in the previous studies differs from the liquid formulation approved for use in cattle in Canada. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of SC and PO meloxicam and to assess the effect of different routes of meloxicam administration on indicators of pain and inflammation in 7--8 month old calves during and after knife castration. We hypothesize that indicators of pain and inflammation will be mitigated after PO and SC administration but the effect will be observed at different time points after castration due to differences in PK.
Materials and methods {#sec002}
=====================
This protocol was approved by the Animal Care Committee of Lethbridge Research and Development Centre (ACC number 1718). Animals were cared for in accordance with the Canadian Council of Animal Care guidelines \[[@pone.0217518.ref011]\].
Animal housing and management {#sec003}
-----------------------------
Twenty-three crossbred Angus beef calves of 328 ± 4.4 kg body weight (BW) and 7--8 months of age were used in a 28 day (d) experiment. Upon weaning, calves were vaccinated with Pyramid FP 5 (Pyramid FP 5, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Burlington, Ontario, Canada) and TASVAX (TASVAX, Merck Animal Health, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada) and housed in 4 experimental pens (5--6 calves/pen) for a 3 week adaptation period prior to the start of the trial. Pens (40.2 m × 27.4 m) contained straw bedding, *ad libitum* water provided through a centrally located water system and *ad libitum* feed consisting of a total mixed ration of 80% barley silage, 17% dry-rolled barley and 3% supplement with vitamins and minerals to meet beef cattle nutrition requirements \[[@pone.0217518.ref012]\].
Calves were equally distributed by weight into pens and randomly assigned to treatments. The day of castration, calves were restrained in a hydraulic squeeze chute (Cattlelac Cattle, Reg Cox Feedmixers Ltd, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada) where they were sampled and castrated. The experiment consisted of two treatment groups: **PO**; n = 12 meloxicam (Solvet, Alberta Veterinary Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada) (1mg/kg BW) and **SC**; n = 11 meloxicam (Metacam 20 mg/mL, Boehringer Ingelhein, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) (0.5 mg/kg BW) administered immediately prior to knife castration. The same veterinarian performed the knife castration on all the calves by making a latero-lateral incision on the scrotum with a Newberry castration knife (Syrvet Inc., Waukee, IA) and an emasculator was used to crush and cut the spermatic cords.
Sample collection {#sec004}
-----------------
Sampling time points included 24 and 48 (h) prior to castration (d -1 and -2), immediately before castration (T0), as well as 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration.
### Meloxicam {#sec005}
Meloxicam samples were collected on d -2, T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after castration to determine plasma concentrations of meloxicam for all calves. Samples were collected into 6-mL lithium heparin tubes (BD vacutainer; Becton Dickinson Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ), centrifuged for 15 min at 1.5 × *g* at 4°C and the serum was stored at -80°C \[[@pone.0217518.ref013]\]. Samples were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (Agilent 1100 Pump, Column Compartment, and Autosampler, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometry detection (LTQ, Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) at Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine (Ames, IA).
The plasma concentration vs. time data of meloxicam following SC and PO meloxicam administration were analyzed to determine their PK profile using the software (Phoenix Win-Nonlin 7.0, Certara, Inc. Princeton, NJ, USA) as described in a previous study \[[@pone.0217518.ref002]\]. Non-compartment PK approach was applied to the data using a pre-structured model (Model: Plasma 200--202 with uniform weighting) in the software. The slope of terminal phase (λ~z~) of the log plasma concentration vs. time curve was estimated by means of linear regression; while the half-life of the terminal phase (λ~z-HL~) was calculated using the following equation: λ~z-HL~ = $\frac{0.693}{\lambda_{z}}$.
Area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) and area under the first moment of the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUMC) were calculated by use of the log- linear trapezoidal method \[[@pone.0217518.ref014]\]. Time range from the first measurement (T0) to the last measurement (d 7) of drug concentration was used for the calculation of AUC~0-last~ and AUMC~0-last~. The AUC and AUMC were extrapolated to infinity to determine AUC~0-∞~ and AUMC~0-∞~ to account for the total meloxicam exposure to calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref014]\]. Apparent volume of distribution during terminal phase (V~z~/F) and total systemic clearance scaled by bioavailability (CL/F) and mean residence time (MRT) of drug were also determined. Peak plasma concentration (C~max~) and time to achieve peak concentration (T~max~) were determined directly from the observed data.
### Salivary cortisol {#sec006}
Salivary samples were collected on d -1, -2, T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. A cotton swab used to collect saliva from the oral cavity was stored in a plastic tube and frozen at-- 20° C for further cortisol analysis \[[@pone.0217518.ref015]\]. Salivary cortisol concentrations were quantified using an enzyme immunoassay kit (Salimetrics, State College, PA). Inter-assay CV and intra-assay CV were 32.1% and 8.8%, respectively.
### Hair cortisol {#sec007}
Hair from the forehead of the calves was clipped on d---2, 14 and 28 after castration. Samples were stored in plastic bags at room temperature and handled and analyzed as described by Moya et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref016]\]. Cortisol was quantified using an enzyme-immunosorbent assay (Salimetrics, State College, PA). The intra-assay and the inter-assay's CV were 8.8% and 11.0%, respectively.
Substance P {#sec008}
-----------
Samples were collected from all calves through jugular venipuncture at d -1, -2, T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 240 min, and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. Samples were collected and analyzed as previously described by Meléndez et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref017]\]. Samples were collected into 6-mL tubes containing EDTA (BD vacutainer; Becton Dickinson Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ), where benzamidine hydrochloride was added to reduce substance P degradation and centrifuged for 15 min at 1.5 × *g* at 4°C and the serum was stored at -80°C. Samples were analyzed at Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine (Ames, IA) with some modifications from the previously described procedure by Van Engen et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref018]\]. The intra-assay CV was 8.8% and the inter-assay CV was calculated at 11.5%.
### Haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A {#sec009}
Samples were collected from all calves through jugular venipuncture at d -1, T0, 90 and 240 min, and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. Blood samples were collected into 10-mL non-additive tubes (BD vacutainer; Becton Dickinson Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ), left at room temperature for 1 hour before being centrifuged for 15 min at 1.5 × *g* at 4°C and the serum was decanted and frozen at -80°C for further analysis \[[@pone.0217518.ref013]\]. The inter-assay CV for haptoglobin was 8.2%, while SAA intra-assay and inter-assay CV were 3.9% and 11.6%, respectively.
### Complete blood cell count {#sec010}
Blood samples were collected through jugular venipuncture at d -2, -1, T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 240 min, and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. Blood samples were collected into 6-mL EDTA tubes (BD vacutainer; Becton Dickinson Co., Franklin Lakes, NJ) and red blood cells and white blood cells were measured using a HemaTrueHematology Analyzer (Heska, Lobeland, Co).
### Scrotal temperature {#sec011}
Images of the scrotum and its surrounding area were collected on d -2, -1, T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. A FLIR i60 infrared camera (FLIR Systems Ltd., Burlington, ON, Canada) was used to capture infrared images of the scrotal area at a distance of 1 m from the scrotum, and FLIR Tools version 5.1 (FLIR Systems Ltd.) was used to delineate the scrotal area and to record the maximum temperature \[[@pone.0217518.ref019]\]. An emissivity coefficient of 0.98 was used to analyze the images.
### Scrotal circumference {#sec012}
The scrotum was evaluated on d -2, 90 and 240 min, and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration using scrotal tape (Reliabull, Lane Manufacturing, Denver, CO) on the widest part of the scrotum \[[@pone.0217518.ref020]\].
### Rectal temperature {#sec013}
A digital thermometer (M750 Livestock Thermometer, GLA Agricultural Electronics, San Luis Obispo, CA) was used to collect rectal temperature on d---2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration.
### Weight {#sec014}
Calves were weighed in a hydraulic squeeze chute (Cattlelac Cattle, Reg Cox Feedmixers Ltd, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada) on d -2, -1, T0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration.
### Visual analog scale {#sec015}
Two experienced observers placed a mark along a 10 cm line (far left indicating no pain and far right extreme pain) as an indicator of their perception of the amount of pain calves were experiencing during castration \[[@pone.0217518.ref019]\]. Due to the experimental conditions observers were not blind to treatments.
### Head movement {#sec016}
A video camera was placed in front of the head gate during castration to record head movement. An observer blind to treatment used the middle of the hairline of the muzzle as a reference point to track the distance (cm) of head movement during castration using Kinovea (General Public License) version 2 \[[@pone.0217518.ref013]\].
### Chute movement {#sec017}
The movement of the animals in the chute during castration was quantified using strain gauges and accelerometers as previously described by Melendez et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref013]\]. Briefly, the right and left head gate were equipped with strain gauges to measure the force cattle exerted on the head gate by pushing or pulling, while the chute was equipped with three 1-axis accelerometers (CXL-GP Series, Aceinna, Andover, MA) measuring lateral, vertical and horizontal movement. Analog signals (V) from the accelerometer and strain gauges were sent to a computer at a rate of 100 samples/s. Data from the accelerometers was added for each animal to obtain an overall acceleration force, and the data from the left and right head gate were added by animal to obtain an overall head gate force. Data from d -1 and d -2 was used as a baseline for each calf, this data was collected after the animal entered the chute and prior to sampling for a 20 second period. Variables included head gate and accelerometer number of peaks between 1 and 2 SD, 2 and 3 SD, and above or below 3 SD above and below the mean, and total area between the mean ± 1 SD, mean ± 2 SD, and mean ± 3 SD. These variables were divided by the time required to castrate each calf.
### Pain sensitivity {#sec018}
Pain sensitivity was assessed as previously described by Marti et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref020]\] using a Von Frey anesthesiometer (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer with rigid tip; 0 to 1000g; IITC-Life Science Instruments, Woodland Hills, California, USA) on the wound and on the skin adjacent to the wound. Animals were tested on d -2, -1, T0, 30, 90, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration while standing in the chute with their head restrained. The maximum pressure exerted on the wound before a behavioural reaction (steps, kicks or tail flicks) was recorded.
### Stride length {#sec019}
Video recordings of calves walking through a 1 x 3 m alley were collected on d -2, -1, immediately after castration, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and on d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration. Stride length was collected as described by Currah et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref021]\] however a grid background wasn't used and the image analysis software differed between studies. Observers blind to treatments took pictures of the back legs using GOM player (GOM Lab, Gretech Corporation, Seoul, South Korea) and Image J (National Institutes of Health Image, Bethesda, MD) was used to measure the stride distance (cm). Data from d 5 and 14 were removed from the analysis due to incomplete data for the majority of animals.
### Pen behavior {#sec020}
An experienced observer blind to the treatments scored behaviour for a 4 hour period between 5 to 9 hour relative to castration on d 0 when calves returned to their home pen, and at the same time of the day on d 1, 2, 3 and 7 after castration. Focal animal sampling from continuous recordings \[[@pone.0217518.ref022]\] were used to score frequency of tail flicks, foot stamping, head turning and lesion licking and duration of standing, lying, walking and eating. Behaviours were modified from the ethogram described by Molony et al. \[[@pone.0217518.ref023]\]. Behaviours were defined as: a) eating: ingesting hay or straw from the ground or the feeder, b) lying: either lateral (laying with hip and shoulder on the ground with at least 3 limbs extended) or ventral (laying in sternal recumbency with legs folded under the body or one hind or front leg extended) lying, c) walking: walking forward more than 2 steps, d) standing: standing on all four legs, e) foot stamping: hind legs are lifted and forcefully placed on the ground or kicked outwards while standing, f) head turning: head is turned and touches the side of the calf's body when standing, including head turning to groom, g) tail flicking: forceful tail movement beyond the widest part of the rump when standing, movement to one side is counted as one action, h) lesion licking: head turning to lick the lesion caused by castration while standing \[[@pone.0217518.ref017]\]. Intra-rater reliability was 0.98 respectively.
### Standing and lying behavior {#sec021}
Accelerometers (Hobo pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA) were placed on the calves using Vet Wrap (Professional Preference, Calgary, Canada) to determine daily standing and lying percentage, and daily average standing and lying bout duration \[[@pone.0217518.ref024]\]. Accelerometers were wrapped in plastic to protect the device from moisture and in foam to avoid discomfort when placed above the hock \[[@pone.0217518.ref017]\]. Accelerometers were placed on d -1 and changed weekly to avoid inflammation of the area. Information from days when accelerometers were changed (d 7, 14, 21 and 28) were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data collection.
### Feeding behavior {#sec022}
The GrowSafe feed bunk monitoring system (GrowSafe Systems, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada) was used to record feeding behaviour. Each calf was fitted with a radio frequency ear tag and each pen was equipped with 5 feeding tubs which recorded feeding behaviour for each individual calf 24 hours a day over a 28 d period. Feeding duration (min/d), dry matter intake (kg/day), feeding rate (g/min), meal frequency (number/d), meal duration (min/meal) and meal size (kg/meal) were calculated from the feeding behaviour data \[[@pone.0217518.ref015]\]. As in the previous study, a meal criterion of 300 s was selected as it has been previously used in cattle \[[@pone.0217518.ref025], [@pone.0217518.ref026]\].
Statistical analysis {#sec023}
--------------------
The normal distribution of the residual was not assumed and therefore the models were "generalized" (SAS PROC GLIMMIX). For each model, a distribution was selected from the exponential family of distributions based on the model fit statistics, i.e., the Bayesian information criterion. The models were "mixed" due to the inclusion of fixed (treatment, the experimental covariate, and linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of time) and random (pen and animal) factors. In each model a covariate was included. The values of the covariate were averages from d 2 and 1 before castration (or values from d 1 or 2 before castration). In some cases, the polynomial (cubic and quadratic) effects of time were not statistically significant and (in those cases) the polynomial components were not included in the models.
Results and discussion {#sec024}
======================
The PK of meloxicam following intravenous (IV) or PO administration have been previously reported for cattle, sheep, goats, llamas and horses \[[@pone.0217518.ref003],[@pone.0217518.ref027]--[@pone.0217518.ref032]\]. In the European Union and Canada, meloxicam has been approved for intramuscular (IM) and SC (0.5 mg/kg) use in cattle, as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of acute mastitis, diarrhea, respiratory disease and dehorning. In Canada PO meloxicam (1 mg/kg) has been approved for its use in cattle to mitigate pain associated with band and knife castration. The PK data are clinically useful as the terminal half-life of PO meloxicam at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg suggested that once a day administration provides analgesic efficacy in calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref003]\]. The PO route of drug administration is convenient, non-invasive, typically painless, and formulations are generally cheaper. Limitations of PO administration include a prolonged time of onset of analgesia after administration and unpredictable absorption due to varying gastric conditions and first pass hepatic biotransformation \[[@pone.0217518.ref033]\]. In contrast, SC administration offers the advantage of faster absorption and ease of administration. To our knowledge, there is only one previous study assessing PK following SC administration of meloxicam in cattle \[[@pone.0217518.ref002]\]. Therefore, the goals of this study were to describe the PK characteristics of meloxicam following SC administration to compare the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after SC (0.5 mg/kg) and PO (1 mg/kg) administration. These data are important to optimize drug administration relative to the timing of the procedure and to design effective analgesic protocols for use in calves at the time of castration.
The time to reach peak plasma drug concentrations (T~max~ = 24.0 hour, PO; T~max~ = 3.7 hour, SC) after drug administrations differed (*P* ≤ 0.05) between treatments while no differences (*P* ≥ 0.10) were observed for peak plasma drug concentration (C~max~ = 2.32 μg/mL, PO; C~max~ = 2.37 μg/mL, SC) ([Table 1](#pone.0217518.t001){ref-type="table"}). These findings were expected due to the differences in route of drug administration which have an effect on drug absorption. Similar T~max~ and C~max~ values were observed in calves receiving SC meloxicam with or without a lidocaine ring block prior to knife castration \[[@pone.0217518.ref002]\]. Similar findings were also reported in goats, where SC meloxicam administration had a significantly shorter T~max~ (3.20 hour) compared to PO meloxicam administration (14.3 hour) \[[@pone.0217518.ref031]\]. In contrast, mean C~max~ following SC meloxicam administration in the present study was higher than the value (C~max~ = 1.91 μg/mL) obtained for goats \[[@pone.0217518.ref031]\], while a lower C~max~ was observed following PO administration in comparison to the C~max~ (3.10 μg/mL) previously reported in calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref003]\]. Difference in age and breed of animals, in addition to the time of drug administration relative to the feeding regimen may be the reason for the discrepancies observed between studies.
10.1371/journal.pone.0217518.t001
###### Mean ± SD PK parameters of meloxicam following PO (1mg/kg) and SC (0.5 mg/kg) administration in calves (n = 12).
{#pone.0217518.t001g}
Item PO SC *P*-Value
------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -----------
\*λ~z,~ 1/h [\*](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}0.045 ± 0.006 [\*](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}0.043 ± 0.007 0.39
\*λ~z~-HL [\*](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}15.6 ± 2.33 [\*](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}16.2 ± 2.48 0.39
T~max~, h 24.0[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 0.00 3.7[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 0.72 \<0.01
C~max,~ ng/ml 2325 ± 431.4 2374 ± 384.0 0.90
Cl_F, mL/h/kg 11.11[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 3.10 7.98[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 1.436 \<0.01
AUC~0-24h,~ h × ng/mL 34195 ± 5493.9 39285 ± 6083.1 0.20
AUC~0-last,~ h × ng/mL 94992[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 20718.7 64320[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 11275.5 \<0.01
AUC ~0-∞,~ h × ng/mL 95160[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 20755.3 64455[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 11331.9 \<0.01
AUC extrapolated, % 0.18[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 0.144 0.21[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 0.156 \<0.01
AUMC~0-∞,~ h^2^ × ng/mL 3294678[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 956551 1483639^b^ ± 480681 \<0.01
MRT0-∞, h 34.1[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 3.32 22.6[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 4.26 \<0.01
Vz_F, mL/kg 244[^a^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 43.2 183.5[^b^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} ± 21.85 \<0.01
PK parameters were determined using non-compartment modeling.
\*Harmonic means and rest of the means are geometric means ± SD.
^a-b^ Values with differing superscripts differ *P* \<0.05.
The area under the curve (AUC = 95.16 μg × h/mL), V~z~/F = 244 mL/kg and Cl/F = 11.11 mL/h/kg were greater (*P* ≤ 0.05) in the calves receiving PO compared to SC meloxicam administration. The AUC is an indicator of the total drug exposure and it is dependent on dose and rate of elimination. Calves given PO meloxicam received a higher dose (1 mg/kg) compared to SC meloxicam administration (0.5 mg/kg). In general the oral dose of a particular drug is higher than the dose of the injectable formulation due to the metabolism that occurs in the gastrointestinal wall and the liver which is commonly known as *first pass effect*. A higher dose of meloxicam given to the PO calves seems to be the major contributing factor for a greater AUC as the elimination rate (λ~z\ =~ 0.043--0.045 1/h) is approximately the same for both treatment groups.
The SC calves had lower (*P* ≤ 0.05) clearance (Cl/F = 7.98 mL/h/kg) of meloxicam than the PO calves, which is in agreement with the longer elimination half-life (λ~z~-HL = 16.2 h) of the SC treatment than the PO (15.2 h) administration. The λ~z~-HL (16.2 h) in calves was slightly higher than that reported for goats (15.1 h) after SC meloxicam administration using the same dose of 0.5 mg/kg \[[@pone.0217518.ref031]\], while higher values for λ~z~-HL (27.5 h) and AUC (164.4 μg.h/mL) have been reported following PO administration of meloxicam in calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref003]\]. In the previously mentioned trial PK analysis showed that the AUC extrapolation range was 23.0--39.4% in four calves and 4.14--5.85% in two calves. In contrast, PK analysis for the current study was done with AUC extrapolation of 0.18%. In addition, there was a difference in the sampling schedule design between the two studies. In the present study, blood samples for meloxicam determination were collected for 168 hours after drug administration, however, in the previous study blood samples were collected up to 96 hours post drug administration. Insufficient sampling times in the descending part of the curve may lead to overestimation of AUC \[[@pone.0217518.ref034]\]. This could be the reason for a greater AUC in the previous study compared to the AUC obtained in the current study. The AUC in calves was greater than the AUC reported in sheep (75.09 μg × h/mL) \[[@pone.0217518.ref030]\] and goats (23.24 μg × h/mL) \[[@pone.0217518.ref029]\], indicating that meloxicam is eliminated at a slower rate in calves than small ruminant species.
The limited V~z~/F = 244 mL/kg observed in the present study after PO meloxicam administration is similar to previous values reported for calves (242 mL/kg) \[[@pone.0217518.ref003]\] and sheep (293 mL/kg) \[[@pone.0217518.ref030]\]. A low V~z~/F indicates that the drug is mainly found in the vascular space as opposed to the extravascular space. Meloxicam is a drug which is highly bound to plasma proteins and its molecules are ionized at physiological pH in ruminants, therefore, it is mainly found in the vascular space. This finding is in accordance with a previous study reporting limited volumes of distribution in ruminants receiving NSAIDs \[[@pone.0217518.ref035]\].
Although differences were observed between PO and SC treatments further PK studies are needed to evaluate if these differences are biologically relevant. However, low values of clearance and a terminal half-life of 16.2 hours following SC administration suggests that once a day dosing might prove effective to maintain analgesic effect in calves. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrating the efficacy of SC meloxicam at this dose are required for future indication of SC meloxicam in calves.
Substance P is a neuropeptide associated with the modulation of pain, stress and anxiety \[[@pone.0217518.ref036]\]. During tissue injury and inflammation the pain threshold can be reduced by the effect of pro-inflammatory substances, such as prostaglandin E~2~ which has the ability to stimulate the release of substance P from sensory neurons, therefore increasing the sensitivity of sensory neurons to physical or chemical stimuli \[[@pone.0217518.ref037]\]. A previous study identified substance P as a potentially useful biomarker of pain when greater substance P concentrations were reported in surgically castrated calves (506.4 ± 38.11 pg/mL) compared to un-castrated (386.4 ± 40.09 pg/mL) 4 to 6 month old calves, while no differences were observed in plasma cortisol concentrations \[[@pone.0217518.ref038]\]. Contrary to the previous findings, several studies have reported lack of differences in substance P concentrations after different methods of castration in calves of different ages \[[@pone.0217518.ref006],[@pone.0217518.ref010],[@pone.0217518.ref017],[@pone.0217518.ref039]\]. In the present study substance P concentrations were greater (*P* ≤ 0.05) in PO than SC calves ([Table 2](#pone.0217518.t002){ref-type="table"}). Based on the limits of 95% confidence, PO calves are expected to have 1 to 9% higher substance P concentrations than SC calves. Meloxicam has been previously reported to decrease substance P concentrations in the case of acute synovitis in the horse, as well as dehorning and castration in cattle \[[@pone.0217518.ref007],[@pone.0217518.ref040],[@pone.0217518.ref041]\]. The differences observed between treatments could be attributed to a faster absorption rate which could inhibit the release of inflammatory substances sooner in the inflammatory cascade, therefore affecting overall substance P concentrations. Although statistically significant, differences observed between treatments were very small (4.24 pg/mL) in comparison to the difference observed in the previous study (120 pg/mL) \[[@pone.0217518.ref038]\]. Caution should be taken when comparing results as age and sampling time points differ between studies. To our knowledge there are no studies assessing the effect of route of drug administration on substance P concentrations.
10.1371/journal.pone.0217518.t002
###### Least square means (± SEM) of physiological parameters minutes and days after castration of surgical castrated weaned Angus crossbred calves receiving PO or SC meloxicam[^1^](#t002fn001){ref-type="table-fn"}.
{#pone.0217518.t002g}
Treatment (T)[^2^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value
--------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- --------- ----------- --------
Salivary Cortisol, nmol/L 3.0 3.1 0.07 0.64 \<0.01
Hair Cortisol, nmol/L 2.1 2.3 0.10 0.44 0.79
Substance P, pg/mL 83.0[^a^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 78.7[^b^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.02 0.01 0.01
Haptoglobin, g/L 0.6 0.7 0.08 0.24 \<0.01
Serum amyloid-A, ug/mL 64.5 75.4 0.10 0.10 \<0.01
CBC
WBC, 10^9^/L 10.7[^a^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.1[^b^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.01 \<0.01 \<0.01
RBC, 10^12^/L 7.2 7.3 0.002 0.06 \<0.01
Scrotal temperature,°C 33.9 33.8 0.01 0.33 0.09
Rectal temperature,°C 39.4 39.4 0.001 0.66 0.01
Scrotal circumference, cm 24.8[^b^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 26.1[^a^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.00004 0.01 \<0.01
Weight, kg 326.6[^b^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 327.2[^a^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.001 \<0.01 0.16
^1^Values in the table represent the mean of T0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 240 min and day 1, 2, 3,5,10,14, 21 and 28 after castration for salivary cortisol, substance P, scrotal temperature and CBC; the mean of day 14 and 28 after castration for hair cortisol; the mean of T0, 90 and 240 min and day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration for SAA and haptoglobin; the mean of T0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 28 after castration for rectal temperature and weight; the mean of 90 and 240 min and day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after castration for scrotal circumference.
^2^ Treatments administered immediately prior to castration: PO: oral meloxicam; SC: subcutaneous meloxicam.
^3^The values correspond to non-transformed means, however, the SEM and the *P-*values correspond to GLIMMIX analysis using napierian log transformation.
^a-b^ Values with differing superscripts differ *P* \<0.05.
WBC counts were greater (*P* ≤ 0.05) in PO than SC calves. Based on the limits 95% confidence, PO calves are expected to have 2 to 9% higher WBC counts than SC calves. Castrated calves have been previously reported to have greater WBC counts than sham castrated calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref008],[@pone.0217518.ref042],[@pone.0217518.ref043]\] and meloxicam has been previously reported to decrease the WBC counts after castration in 1 week, 2 month and weaned calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref002],[@pone.0217518.ref006]--[@pone.0217518.ref008]\]. Similar to the results observed for substance P, it is likely that SC calves had lower WBC counts due to a faster onset of action. Although differences were observed between treatments, the WBC count was within the normal range (WBC: 4--12 × 10^3^/μL) \[[@pone.0217518.ref044]\].
Weight was lower (*P* ≤ 0.05) in PO than SC calves. Based on the limits 95% confidence, PO calves are expected to have 0.25 to 0.08% lower weight than SC calves. Weight was assessed in the present study as an indicator of welfare as animals that are in pain generally reduce feed consumption which could potentially affect their average daily gain (ADG). Previous studies assessing the effect of castration in beef cattle have reported a decrease in ADG after knife and band castration, but performance parameters were not affected by medication \[[@pone.0217518.ref010],[@pone.0217518.ref015],[@pone.0217518.ref019],[@pone.0217518.ref045]\]. These findings are similar to the results observed for substance P and WBC counts. If an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect is achieved sooner, it is more likely that calves will be willing to walk to the feed bunk and eat sooner which could potentially affect weight gain.
Scrotal circumference was lower (*P* ≤ 0.05) in PO than SC calves. In the present study, scrotal circumference was assessed as an indicator of inflammation. Previous studies have reported an increase in scrotal circumference after band \[[@pone.0217518.ref042]\], knife \[[@pone.0217518.ref046]\], and burdizzo \[[@pone.0217518.ref047]\] castration in cattle. A previous study reported that the combination of lidocaine and meloxicam was more effective at reducing scrotal circumference than meloxicam alone \[[@pone.0217518.ref002]\]. The result for scrotal circumference is contrary to the results observed for substance P, WBC and weight. A possible explanation for the reduction in scrotal inflammation observed in PO calves could be due to the greater exposure to meloxicam as PO calves had greater AUC than SC calves.
No differences were observed in behaviour during castration ([Table 3](#pone.0217518.t003){ref-type="table"}) and no differences were observed for behaviour after castration with the exception of lying and standing ([Table 4](#pone.0217518.t004){ref-type="table"}). Lying percentage was greater (*P* ≤ 0.05) in PO than SC calves, while SC calves had greater (*P* ≤ 0.05) standing duration than PO calves. Previous studies have reported an increase in standing duration after castration in comparison to prior to castration \[[@pone.0217518.ref048]\]. Similar results have reported greater standing duration in knife castrated calves compared to band and control 2 month and 4 month old calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref017]\] suggesting that lying behaviour could be associated with comfort. Meloxicam treated calves had greater lying duration than non-medicated calves after knife castration and the combination of knife castration and branding \[[@pone.0217518.ref006]\]. Similar studies assessing the effect of meloxicam after a painful procedure reported greater lying duration in cattle after a C-section \[[@pone.0217518.ref049]\] and after dehorning \[[@pone.0217518.ref050]\] when compared to the placebo group. The effect of painful procedures and medication on lying behaviour support the notion of lying as a comfort indicator.
10.1371/journal.pone.0217518.t003
###### Least square means (±SEM) of behavioural parameters during castration of surgical castrated weaned Angus crossbred calves receiving PO or SC meloxicam[^1^](#t003fn001){ref-type="table-fn"}.
{#pone.0217518.t003g}
Treatment (T)[^2^](#t003fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value
-------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------- ------
VAS, cm 3.8 3.6 0.18 0.75
Leg movements, n 13.6 14.7 0.08 0.42
Head movement, cm 2734 2391 0.11 0.35
*Accelerometers*
Peaks between ± 1--2 SD, n 174 186 38.0 0.83
Peaks between ± 2--3 SD, n 72 49 24.9 0.43
Peaks above and below 3 SD, n 57 44 13.7 0.53
TA above and below 1 SD, V × s 7.0 5.3 0.20 0.08
TA above and below 2 SD, V × s 4.3 2.9 0.03 0.13
TA above and below 3SD, V × s 3.2 2.0 0.07 0.11
*Strain Gauges*
Peaks between ± 1--2 SD, n 138 302 79.2 0.12
Peaks between ± 2--3 SD, n 177 65 24.9 0.10
Peaks above and below 3 SD, n 413.0 370.1 117.6 0.76
TA above and below 1 SD, V × s 210.9 260.9 0.17 0.83
TA above and below 2 SD, V × s 132.2 165.9 0.47 0.24
TA above and below 3SD, V × s 89.2 122.3 0.42 0.79
^1^Values in the table represent the mean of VAS, leg movement, head movement and chute behaviour assessed at the time of castration.
^2^ Treatments administered immediately prior to castration: PO: oral meloxicam; SC: subcutaneous meloxicam.
^3^Values in the table correspond to non-transformed means; however, SEM and *P*-values correspond to the scale of inference (distribution of SAS PROC GLIMMIX), analysis using square root + 1 transformed data for VAS, leg movement, head movement and chute behaviour.
10.1371/journal.pone.0217518.t004
###### Least square means (± SEM) of behavioural parameters minutes and days after castration of surgical castrated weaned Angus crossbred calves receiving PO or SC meloxicam[^1^](#t004fn001){ref-type="table-fn"}.
{#pone.0217518.t004g}
Treatment (T)[^2^](#t004fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value
------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- --------
Von Frey, g 324.2 342.0 0.00 0.65 \<0.01
Stride length, cm 52.9 53.2 0.02 0.64 0.02
*Pen behaviour*
Lying, min 65.2 53.1 0.76 0.29 0.02
Standing, min 104.4[^b^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 114.6[^a^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.00 0.05 0.05
Walking, min 10.4 12.3 0.16 0.31 \<0.01
Eating, min 35.4 29.6 0.21 0.72 0.20
Tail flick, n 1064.9 1013.0 0.38 0.45 0.60
Foot stamp, n 4.1 5.6 0.34 0.92 0.36
Head turning, n 5.9 10.1 0.00 0.10 0.02
Lesion licking, n 1.4 2.3 0.06 0.08 0.02
*Standing/Lying behaviour*
Standing duration, min 64.1 70.2 0.06 0.06 0.00
Lying duration, min 67.6 69.8 0.00 0.39 \<0.01
Standing time, % 41.7 42.9 0.04 0.13 0.01
Lying time, % 55.3[^a^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 52.9[^b^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.02 0.04 \<0.01
*Feeding behaviour*
Dry matter feed intake, kg/d 5.5 5.6 0.10 0.88 \<0.01
Feeding time, min/d 134 134 0.00 0.97 \<0.01
Feeding rate, g/min 43.0 43.7 0.02 0.45 0.13
Meal frequency, meal/d 11.9 11.8 0.02 0.68 0.88
Meal duration, min/meal 11.3 11.3 0.00 0.76 \<0.01
Meal size, kg/meal 0.6 0.6 0.02 0.86 0.09
^1^Values in the table represent the mean of immediately after castration, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min and day 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 21 and 28 after castration for SL; the mean of d 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 for pen behaviour; the means of d 0 to 28 after castration, excluding sampling days, for standing and lying behaviour; the means of d 0 to 28 for feeding behaviour.
^2^ Treatments administered immediately prior to castration: PO: oral meloxicam; SC: subcutaneous meloxicam.
^3^The values correspond to non-transformed means, however, the SEM and the *P-*values correspond to GLIMMIX analysis.
^a-b^Least square means within a row with differing superscripts differ (*P* ≤ 0.05)
If the differences observed in the present study were biologically relevant, both PO and SC meloxicam administration reduced pain and/or inflammation indicators. The greater exposure to meloxicam (AUC) observed can explain lower standing duration and scrotal inflammation, and the greater lying percentage observed in the PO calves. On the other hand, the T~max~ could explain the lower substance P concentrations, WBC counts and weight, as a faster onset of action from SC meloxicam administration could inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory substances sooner in the inflammatory process which could consequently lead to a reduced magnitude of inflammation. In addition, SC calves were likely to reach therapeutic meloxicam concentrations sooner than PO calves, therefore a faster analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect could motivate calves to eat sooner after the procedure which could explain the difference observed for weight. Differences observed between treatments for substance P (4.24 pg/mL), WBC (0.05 × 10^9^), weight (0.54 kg), scrotal circumference (1.24 cm) lying (2.85%) and standing (10.2 min) are relatively small and although statistically significant these results may lack biological relevance. Lack of differences observed in the rest of parameters could be due to a small sample size, lack of sensitivity of the parameters assessed or because in fact there were no differences between treatments. Previous studies assessing SC meloxicam have reported a reduction in indicators of pain and/or inflammation in medicated than un-medicated castrated beef calves \[[@pone.0217518.ref002],[@pone.0217518.ref006],[@pone.0217518.ref007]\], however, a limitation of the current study is lack of internal sensitivity due to the absence of a control group that did not receive pain control.
The purpose of this study was to assess the PK of PO and SC meloxicam and the effect of drug administration route on physiological and behavioural indicators of pain. Although statistical differences were observed in PK, physiological and behavioural parameters, differences observed may lack biological relevance. Based on these results few differences were observed in physiological and behavioural indicators of pain after PO and SC meloxicam during and after castration in 7--8 month old beef calves. Further studies are needed to determine if the differences observed are biologically relevant.
Supporting information {#sec025}
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(XLSX)
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Click here for additional data file.
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(DOCX)
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Click here for additional data file.
The authors appreciate the invaluable help of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada research feedlot staff and beef welfare technicians Randy Wilde and Fiona Brown. We are very thankful for the funding provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Beef Cattle Research Council through the Canadian Beef Cattle Industry Science Cluster. We would also like to thank all the students that helped with data collection and behavioural scoring: Nicholas Wong and Charis Lau. The co-author Sonia Marti was partly supported by the CERCA program from Generalitat de Catalunya. This is Lethbridge Research Centre contribution \# 38719006.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
Noninvasive diagnosis of urothelial cancer in urine using DNA hypermethylation signatures-Gender matters.
Urothelial cancer (UCa) is the most predominant cancer of the urinary tract and noninvasive diagnosis using hypermethylation signatures in urinary cells is promising. Here, we assess gender differences in a newly identified set of methylation biomarkers. UCa-associated hypermethylated sites were identified in urine of a male screening cohort (n = 24) applying Infinium-450K-methylation arrays and verified in two separate mixed-gender study groups (n = 617 in total) using mass spectrometry as an independent technique. Additionally, tissue samples (n = 56) of mixed-gender UCa and urological controls (UCt) were analyzed. The hypermethylation signature of UCa in urine was specific and sensitive across all stages and grades of UCa and independent on hematuria. Individual CpG sensitivities reached up to 81.3% at 95% specificity. Albeit similar methylation differences in tissue of both genders, differences were less pronounced in urine from women, most likely due to the frequent presence of squamous epithelial cells and leukocytes. Increased repression of methylation levels was observed at leukocyte counts ≥500/μl urine which was apparent in 30% of female and 7% of male UCa cases, further confirming the significance of the relative amounts of cancerous and noncancerous cells in urine. Our study shows that gender difference is a most relevant issue when evaluating the performance of urinary biomarkers in cancer diagnostics. In case of UCa, the clinical benefits of methylation signatures to male patients may outweigh those in females due to the general composition of women's urine. Accordingly, these markers offer a diagnostic option specifically in males to decrease the number of invasive cystoscopies. |
The April 5, 2012 exchange between Mr. Dimon and Ina Drew, the executive in charge of the bank’s Chief Investment Office at the time, is a new detail about J.P. Morgan’s handling of the episode that emerged Friday as the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations released more than 2,500 pages of documents it collected as part of an investigation into the trades.
The documents offered new insight into the dialogue between top bank officials before Mr. Dimon on April 13, 2012 publicly dismissed concerns around the trades as a “tempest in a teapot.” He later admitted he was wrong, and the company said no executives, including Mr. Dimon, deliberately misled investors.
Mr. Dimon was out of the office during a critical 10-day period that included the April 6, 2012 Wall Street Journal story that named the trader, Bruno Iksil, and noted how his positions on certain corporate credit indexes were roiling debt markets. Mr. Dimon was on vacation for four of those days and on business trips in Houston, Dallas and New Orleans the rest of the time, the company previously said. Most of Mr. Dimon’s time away was on business, a J.P. Morgan spokesman reiterated Friday.
Many of the documents gathered by the subcommittee were released last March when the Senate panel published a 301-page report and 597 pages of additional exhibits alleging J.P. Morgan brushed off internal warnings and misled regulators and investors about the scope of losses last year.
The trades ultimately cost the company more than $6 billion. This year the company also agreed to pay roughly $1 billion to settle several probes of the episode.
The Senate panel reviewed 90,000 documents and included 1,654 footnotes in its March report. The documents released Friday correspond with the footnotes.
The exchange between Mr. Dimon and Ms. Drew followed an e-mail Ms. Drew sent April 5, 2012 at 5:58 p.m., to the bank’s operating committee – a group that includes Mr. Dimon and the executives who report to him.
The e-mail, which was released in March, was her attempt to provide a summary of the trading activities in advance of The Wall Street Journal story. She acknowledged that “mistakes” had been made and that losses were $500 million to date, but that earnings for the first quarter had not been affected because of gains elsewhere. She pledged to answer any questions at an operating committee meeting the following Monday.
Two minutes later Mr. Dimon sent her a response: “Ok. send me some info. Also how does it relat (sic) or not to our wind down credit exotics book?”
Ms. Drew responded that evening by explaining to her boss that the positions at issue were different than the “wind down in the ib credit exotics book” and that she “targeted” this particular portfolio within the Chief Investment Office for a reduction as a way of lessening a measure known as risk weighted assets.
Such assets, known as RWA for short, affect how much capital the bank is required to hold under new international rules.
“I have been assessing the trade off between p l and rwa for the quarter,” she wrote, an apparent reference to the losses the portfolio had taken as compared to plans for a reduction in risk weighted assets.
“I can go over all the technicals with you at any time,” she told her boss in the email. “I wanted to this week but understood you were on vacation.” |
Q:
Conditionally changing the label of a navigation bar item to a shorter label results in incorrect alignment
When switching the navigation bar item label from a longer label to a shorter one, the new, shorter, label will be aligned at the center of the old label, as in the two images below:
This is the code for the problem:
struct NavBarItemIssueView: View {
@State private var isLargeView = true
var body: some View {
NavigationView {
Text("Some text")
.navigationBarItems(leading: Button(action: {
self.isLargeView.toggle()
}) {
if self.isLargeView == true {
Text("Show small label")
} else {
Text("Small")
}
})
}
}
}
In the app I am making I have to switch between two labels when the edit mode is enabled or disabled and this problem occurs. Is there a way to fix this alignment in swift(ui)?
A:
You can set a frame on your button with minWidth that is about the width of your biggest button, then you can align the button to the leading edge:
NavigationView {
Text("Some text")
.navigationBarItems(leading: Button(action: {
self.isLargeView.toggle()
}) {
if self.isLargeView == true {
Text("Show small label")
} else {
Text("Small")
}
}
.frame(minWidth: 200, alignment: .leading)
)
}
|
Human mitochondrial thymidine kinase is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus.
The expression of human mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt TK) was investigated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 19 independent human-mouse somatic cell hybrids which allowed all human chromosomes to be analyzed. In 8 hybrid clones the presence of this enzymatic activity could be demonstrated. Human mt TK segregated concordantly with human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and human chromosome 16. Discordant segregation with all other human chromosomes was demonstrated by karyotype and isozyme analyses. These results suggest that human mt TK is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus. Thus human mt TK is genetically different from human cytosol thymidine kinase which is coded for by a gene on chromosome 17. The appearance of one heteropolymer band after electrophoretic separation of human and murine mt TK supports the notion that both enzymes have dimeric structures. |
<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<Import Condition="'$(FSharpCompilerPath)' != ''" Project="$(FSharpCompilerPath)\Microsoft.FSharp.Overrides.NetSdk.targets" />
<Import Condition="'$(FSharpCompilerPath)' == ''" Project="$(VsInstallRoot)\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\FSharp\Microsoft.FSharp.Overrides.NetSdk.targets" />
</Project>
|
Q:
What is #shadow-root, and why does it put display none on my font awesome classes?
Why does the shadow-root styles put display none on my .fa-xxx classes?
The shadow-root thing adds the classes I use to a display none pile, but only the specific ones I add!
I'm using PHP to include navigation, footers and such, but these don't get effected by it. For example it works just fine in my navigation. There it displays the font just fine.
What is causing this, and how do I control it?
A:
Do you have AdBlock extension installed? That might hide your elements.
|
Corner Mitre Joint
This Joint is not appropriate for use in this situation. The characteristics of the joint are out lined below and why the joint is not appropriate for use. Please view the videos and photos to develop an understanding of the forces this joint is designed to withstand and the forces it is unable to withstand.
Why Not?
A corner mitre joint is physically inappropriate due to its shape and configuration.
The joint would pull apart easily in the conditions exerted by a table leg or chair leg joint.
Joint is not suited to continuous pushing pulling.
Positives of this joint
Corner mitre joints are usually used in frames and sometimes in furniture to hide end grain.
The joint stands up to the Joint is very straight forward and simple to mark out.
The joint needs some additional fixings but is a nice joint when complete as there is no end grain shown when finished. |
Soccer Vertaa Is Here Again With A Wide Range Of Soccers From Nike And Addidas
Bangalore (March 10th 2017): Soccer vertaa the leading internet dealer, exclusively for soccer shoes are all set to give their customers the best experience with their new arrivals in NIKE and ADDIDAS. Soccer vertaa is committed to providing unrivalled customer service. They are passionate about soccer, and continually strive to carry the best selection available anywhere including the latest releases from major brands.
NIKE and ADIDAS being the world’s finest soccer providers leave us with no doubt about their quality and dedication. NIKE has launched the new range of soccers: the Nike Mercurial superfly, the Magista obra and the Nike Hypervenom 3, all of which is top level football boots and has been assured by the manufactures in delivering high performance game after game. ADIDAS have come up with the new range called the Messi, promised by the manufactures to provide the player with advanced level of speed and control.
The products are definitely of superior quality materials and studs, assuring the player of support, protection and speed. There is also special emphasis on comfort and freedom of movement of the player. As always the priority of NIKE and ADIDAS for this new range has being the player.
It is also notable that Soccer vertaa has come up with the best prices available. Soccer verta says “We strive to make our online shopping experience the best it can be. Ordering from us is easy, safe and reliable.” |
import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import dgl
from dgl.model_zoo.chem.gnn import GATLayer
from dgl.nn.pytorch import NNConv, Set2Set
from dgl.nn.pytorch.conv import GINConv
from dgl.nn.pytorch.glob import AvgPooling, MaxPooling, SumPooling
class SELayer(nn.Module):
"""Squeeze-and-excitation networks"""
def __init__(self, in_channels, se_channels):
super(SELayer, self).__init__()
self.in_channels = in_channels
self.se_channels = se_channels
self.encoder_decoder = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(in_channels, se_channels),
nn.ELU(),
nn.Linear(se_channels, in_channels),
nn.Sigmoid(),
)
def forward(self, x):
""""""
# Aggregate input representation
x_global = torch.mean(x, dim=0)
# Compute reweighting vector s
s = self.encoder_decoder(x_global)
return x * s
class ApplyNodeFunc(nn.Module):
"""Update the node feature hv with MLP, BN and ReLU."""
def __init__(self, mlp, use_selayer):
super(ApplyNodeFunc, self).__init__()
self.mlp = mlp
self.bn = (
SELayer(self.mlp.output_dim, int(np.sqrt(self.mlp.output_dim)))
if use_selayer
else nn.BatchNorm1d(self.mlp.output_dim)
)
def forward(self, h):
h = self.mlp(h)
h = self.bn(h)
h = F.relu(h)
return h
class MLP(nn.Module):
"""MLP with linear output"""
def __init__(self, num_layers, input_dim, hidden_dim, output_dim, use_selayer):
"""MLP layers construction
Paramters
---------
num_layers: int
The number of linear layers
input_dim: int
The dimensionality of input features
hidden_dim: int
The dimensionality of hidden units at ALL layers
output_dim: int
The number of classes for prediction
"""
super(MLP, self).__init__()
self.linear_or_not = True # default is linear model
self.num_layers = num_layers
self.output_dim = output_dim
if num_layers < 1:
raise ValueError("number of layers should be positive!")
elif num_layers == 1:
# Linear model
self.linear = nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim)
else:
# Multi-layer model
self.linear_or_not = False
self.linears = torch.nn.ModuleList()
self.batch_norms = torch.nn.ModuleList()
self.linears.append(nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim))
for layer in range(num_layers - 2):
self.linears.append(nn.Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim))
self.linears.append(nn.Linear(hidden_dim, output_dim))
for layer in range(num_layers - 1):
self.batch_norms.append(
SELayer(hidden_dim, int(np.sqrt(hidden_dim)))
if use_selayer
else nn.BatchNorm1d(hidden_dim)
)
def forward(self, x):
if self.linear_or_not:
# If linear model
return self.linear(x)
else:
# If MLP
h = x
for i in range(self.num_layers - 1):
h = F.relu(self.batch_norms[i](self.linears[i](h)))
return self.linears[-1](h)
class UnsupervisedGAT(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self, node_input_dim, node_hidden_dim, edge_input_dim, num_layers, num_heads
):
super(UnsupervisedGAT, self).__init__()
assert node_hidden_dim % num_heads == 0
self.layers = nn.ModuleList(
[
GATLayer(
in_feats=node_input_dim if i == 0 else node_hidden_dim,
out_feats=node_hidden_dim // num_heads,
num_heads=num_heads,
feat_drop=0.0,
attn_drop=0.0,
alpha=0.2,
residual=False,
agg_mode="flatten",
activation=F.leaky_relu if i + 1 < num_layers else None,
)
for i in range(num_layers)
]
)
def forward(self, g, n_feat, e_feat):
for i, layer in enumerate(self.layers):
n_feat = layer(g, n_feat)
return n_feat
class UnsupervisedMPNN(nn.Module):
"""
MPNN from
`Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistry <https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01212>`__
Parameters
----------
node_input_dim : int
Dimension of input node feature, default to be 15.
edge_input_dim : int
Dimension of input edge feature, default to be 15.
output_dim : int
Dimension of prediction, default to be 12.
node_hidden_dim : int
Dimension of node feature in hidden layers, default to be 64.
edge_hidden_dim : int
Dimension of edge feature in hidden layers, default to be 128.
num_step_message_passing : int
Number of message passing steps, default to be 6.
num_step_set2set : int
Number of set2set steps
num_layer_set2set : int
Number of set2set layers
"""
def __init__(
self,
output_dim=32,
node_input_dim=32,
node_hidden_dim=32,
edge_input_dim=32,
edge_hidden_dim=32,
num_step_message_passing=6,
lstm_as_gate=False,
):
super(UnsupervisedMPNN, self).__init__()
self.num_step_message_passing = num_step_message_passing
self.lin0 = nn.Linear(node_input_dim, node_hidden_dim)
edge_network = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(edge_input_dim, edge_hidden_dim),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(edge_hidden_dim, node_hidden_dim * node_hidden_dim),
)
self.conv = NNConv(
in_feats=node_hidden_dim,
out_feats=node_hidden_dim,
edge_func=edge_network,
aggregator_type="sum",
)
self.lstm_as_gate = lstm_as_gate
if lstm_as_gate:
self.lstm = nn.LSTM(node_hidden_dim, node_hidden_dim)
else:
self.gru = nn.GRU(node_hidden_dim, node_hidden_dim)
def forward(self, g, n_feat, e_feat):
"""Predict molecule labels
Parameters
----------
g : DGLGraph
Input DGLGraph for molecule(s)
n_feat : tensor of dtype float32 and shape (B1, D1)
Node features. B1 for number of nodes and D1 for
the node feature size.
e_feat : tensor of dtype float32 and shape (B2, D2)
Edge features. B2 for number of edges and D2 for
the edge feature size.
Returns
-------
res : Predicted labels
"""
out = F.relu(self.lin0(n_feat)) # (B1, H1)
h = out.unsqueeze(0) # (1, B1, H1)
c = torch.zeros_like(h)
for i in range(self.num_step_message_passing):
m = F.relu(self.conv(g, out, e_feat)) # (B1, H1)
if self.lstm_as_gate:
out, (h, c) = self.lstm(m.unsqueeze(0), (h, c))
else:
out, h = self.gru(m.unsqueeze(0), h)
out = out.squeeze(0)
return out
class UnsupervisedGIN(nn.Module):
"""GIN model"""
def __init__(
self,
num_layers,
num_mlp_layers,
input_dim,
hidden_dim,
output_dim,
final_dropout,
learn_eps,
graph_pooling_type,
neighbor_pooling_type,
use_selayer,
):
"""model parameters setting
Paramters
---------
num_layers: int
The number of linear layers in the neural network
num_mlp_layers: int
The number of linear layers in mlps
input_dim: int
The dimensionality of input features
hidden_dim: int
The dimensionality of hidden units at ALL layers
output_dim: int
The number of classes for prediction
final_dropout: float
dropout ratio on the final linear layer
learn_eps: boolean
If True, learn epsilon to distinguish center nodes from neighbors
If False, aggregate neighbors and center nodes altogether.
neighbor_pooling_type: str
how to aggregate neighbors (sum, mean, or max)
graph_pooling_type: str
how to aggregate entire nodes in a graph (sum, mean or max)
"""
super(UnsupervisedGIN, self).__init__()
self.num_layers = num_layers
self.learn_eps = learn_eps
# List of MLPs
self.ginlayers = torch.nn.ModuleList()
self.batch_norms = torch.nn.ModuleList()
for layer in range(self.num_layers - 1):
if layer == 0:
mlp = MLP(
num_mlp_layers, input_dim, hidden_dim, hidden_dim, use_selayer
)
else:
mlp = MLP(
num_mlp_layers, hidden_dim, hidden_dim, hidden_dim, use_selayer
)
self.ginlayers.append(
GINConv(
ApplyNodeFunc(mlp, use_selayer),
neighbor_pooling_type,
0,
self.learn_eps,
)
)
self.batch_norms.append(
SELayer(hidden_dim, int(np.sqrt(hidden_dim)))
if use_selayer
else nn.BatchNorm1d(hidden_dim)
)
# Linear function for graph poolings of output of each layer
# which maps the output of different layers into a prediction score
self.linears_prediction = torch.nn.ModuleList()
for layer in range(num_layers):
if layer == 0:
self.linears_prediction.append(nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim))
else:
self.linears_prediction.append(nn.Linear(hidden_dim, output_dim))
self.drop = nn.Dropout(final_dropout)
if graph_pooling_type == "sum":
self.pool = SumPooling()
elif graph_pooling_type == "mean":
self.pool = AvgPooling()
elif graph_pooling_type == "max":
self.pool = MaxPooling()
else:
raise NotImplementedError
def forward(self, g, h, efeat):
# list of hidden representation at each layer (including input)
hidden_rep = [h]
for i in range(self.num_layers - 1):
h = self.ginlayers[i](g, h)
h = self.batch_norms[i](h)
h = F.relu(h)
hidden_rep.append(h)
score_over_layer = 0
# perform pooling over all nodes in each graph in every layer
all_outputs = []
for i, h in list(enumerate(hidden_rep)):
pooled_h = self.pool(g, h)
all_outputs.append(pooled_h)
score_over_layer += self.drop(self.linears_prediction[i](pooled_h))
return score_over_layer, all_outputs[1:]
class GraphEncoder(nn.Module):
"""
MPNN from
`Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistry <https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01212>`__
Parameters
----------
node_input_dim : int
Dimension of input node feature, default to be 15.
edge_input_dim : int
Dimension of input edge feature, default to be 15.
output_dim : int
Dimension of prediction, default to be 12.
node_hidden_dim : int
Dimension of node feature in hidden layers, default to be 64.
edge_hidden_dim : int
Dimension of edge feature in hidden layers, default to be 128.
num_step_message_passing : int
Number of message passing steps, default to be 6.
num_step_set2set : int
Number of set2set steps
num_layer_set2set : int
Number of set2set layers
"""
def __init__(
self,
positional_embedding_size=32,
max_node_freq=8,
max_edge_freq=8,
max_degree=128,
freq_embedding_size=32,
degree_embedding_size=32,
output_dim=32,
node_hidden_dim=32,
edge_hidden_dim=32,
num_layers=6,
num_heads=4,
num_step_set2set=6,
num_layer_set2set=3,
norm=False,
gnn_model="mpnn",
degree_input=False,
lstm_as_gate=False,
):
super(GraphEncoder, self).__init__()
if degree_input:
node_input_dim = positional_embedding_size + degree_embedding_size + 1
else:
node_input_dim = positional_embedding_size + 1
edge_input_dim = freq_embedding_size + 1
if gnn_model == "mpnn":
self.gnn = UnsupervisedMPNN(
output_dim=output_dim,
node_input_dim=node_input_dim,
node_hidden_dim=node_hidden_dim,
edge_input_dim=edge_input_dim,
edge_hidden_dim=edge_hidden_dim,
num_step_message_passing=num_layers,
lstm_as_gate=lstm_as_gate,
)
elif gnn_model == "gat":
self.gnn = UnsupervisedGAT(
node_input_dim=node_input_dim,
node_hidden_dim=node_hidden_dim,
edge_input_dim=edge_input_dim,
num_layers=num_layers,
num_heads=num_heads,
)
elif gnn_model == "gin":
self.gnn = UnsupervisedGIN(
num_layers=num_layers,
num_mlp_layers=2,
input_dim=node_input_dim,
hidden_dim=node_hidden_dim,
output_dim=output_dim,
final_dropout=0.5,
learn_eps=False,
graph_pooling_type="sum",
neighbor_pooling_type="sum",
use_selayer=False,
)
self.gnn_model = gnn_model
self.max_node_freq = max_node_freq
self.max_edge_freq = max_edge_freq
self.max_degree = max_degree
self.degree_input = degree_input
if degree_input:
self.degree_embedding = nn.Embedding(
num_embeddings=max_degree + 1, embedding_dim=degree_embedding_size
)
self.set2set = Set2Set(node_hidden_dim, num_step_set2set, num_layer_set2set)
self.lin_readout = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(2 * node_hidden_dim, node_hidden_dim),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(node_hidden_dim, output_dim),
)
self.norm = norm
def forward(self, g, return_all_outputs=False):
"""Predict molecule labels
Parameters
----------
g : DGLGraph
Input DGLGraph for molecule(s)
n_feat : tensor of dtype float32 and shape (B1, D1)
Node features. B1 for number of nodes and D1 for
the node feature size.
e_feat : tensor of dtype float32 and shape (B2, D2)
Edge features. B2 for number of edges and D2 for
the edge feature size.
Returns
-------
res : Predicted labels
"""
if self.degree_input:
device = g.ndata["seed"].device
degrees = g.in_degrees()
if device != torch.device("cpu"):
degrees = degrees.cuda(device)
n_feat = torch.cat(
(
g.ndata["pos_undirected"],
self.degree_embedding(degrees.clamp(0, self.max_degree)),
g.ndata["seed"].unsqueeze(1).float(),
),
dim=-1,
)
else:
n_feat = torch.cat(
(g.ndata["pos_undirected"], g.ndata["seed"].unsqueeze(1).float()),
dim=-1,
)
e_feat = None
if self.gnn_model == "gin":
x, all_outputs = self.gnn(g, n_feat, e_feat)
else:
x, all_outputs = self.gnn(g, n_feat, e_feat), None
x = self.set2set(g, x)
x = self.lin_readout(x)
if self.norm:
x = F.normalize(x, p=2, dim=-1, eps=1e-5)
if return_all_outputs:
return x, all_outputs
else:
return x
|
Sillar
Sillar is a variety of rhyolite, which is a type of volcanic rock. Although sillar is of rhyolitic composition, it has been erupted from volcanoes which mostly erupt andesite lava, and sillar contains small fragments of andesite. A pink variety of sillar owes its colour to crystals of hematite within the rock. A white variety lacks these hematite crystals. Sillar is found as pyroclastic flow deposits of tuff near volcanoes in southern Peru, for example the now-extinct Chachani volcano which erupted flows of sillar during the Pleistocene epoch.
Sillar facies Orvieto-Bagnoregio Ignimbrite (black blocks of scoria in red tuff) occurs at Civita di Bagnoregio in the Vulsini volcanic district of central Italy.
Building stone
Sillar has been used as a building stone in Peru. Many colonial buildings in the city of Arequipa are made of sillar, for example, the arches of the "Mirador of Yanahuara" in Arequipa, from which the entire city can be appreciated.
See also
References
Composition of sillar from Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction
Information Arequipa
Category:Volcanic rocks
Category:Building stone
Category:Architecture of Peru
es:Toba volcánica#Sillar de Arequipa |
package org.zalando.nakadi.controller;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.http.converter.StringHttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import org.zalando.nakadi.config.SecuritySettings;
import org.zalando.nakadi.controller.advice.NakadiProblemExceptionHandler;
import org.zalando.nakadi.domain.Timeline;
import org.zalando.nakadi.domain.storage.Storage;
import org.zalando.nakadi.plugin.api.authz.AuthorizationService;
import org.zalando.nakadi.security.ClientResolver;
import org.zalando.nakadi.service.timeline.TimelineService;
import org.zalando.nakadi.util.PrincipalMockFactory;
import org.zalando.nakadi.utils.TestUtils;
import org.zalando.nakadi.view.TimelineView;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import static org.zalando.nakadi.config.SecuritySettings.AuthMode.OFF;
public class TimelinesControllerTest {
private final TimelineService timelineService = Mockito.mock(TimelineService.class);
private final SecuritySettings securitySettings = Mockito.mock(SecuritySettings.class);
private MockMvc mockMvc;
private final AuthorizationService authorizationService = Mockito.mock(AuthorizationService.class);
public TimelinesControllerTest() {
final TimelinesController controller = new TimelinesController(timelineService);
when(securitySettings.getAuthMode()).thenReturn(OFF);
when(securitySettings.getAdminClientId()).thenReturn("org/zalando/nakadi");
when(authorizationService.getSubject()).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(controller)
.setMessageConverters(new StringHttpMessageConverter(), TestUtils.JACKSON_2_HTTP_MESSAGE_CONVERTER)
.setCustomArgumentResolvers(new ClientResolver(
securitySettings, authorizationService))
.setControllerAdvice(new NakadiProblemExceptionHandler())
.build();
}
@Test
public void whenPostTimelineThenCreated() throws Exception {
Mockito.doNothing().when(timelineService).createTimeline(Mockito.any(), Mockito.any());
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/event-types/event_type/timelines")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
.content(new JSONObject().put("storage_id", "default").toString())
.principal(PrincipalMockFactory.mockPrincipal("org/zalando/nakadi")))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isCreated());
}
@Test
public void whenGetTimelinesThenOk() throws Exception {
final Storage kafkaStorage = StoragesControllerTest.createKafkaStorage("deafult");
final ImmutableList<Timeline> timelines = ImmutableList.of(
Timeline.createTimeline("event_type", 0, kafkaStorage, "topic", new Date()),
Timeline.createTimeline("event_type_1", 1, kafkaStorage, "topic_1", new Date()));
Mockito.when(timelineService.getTimelines(Mockito.any())).thenReturn(timelines);
final List<TimelineView> timelineViews = timelines.stream().map(TimelineView::new).collect(Collectors.toList());
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/event-types/event_type/timelines")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
.principal(PrincipalMockFactory.mockPrincipal("org/zalando/nakadi")))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().json(
TestUtils.OBJECT_MAPPER.writeValueAsString(timelineViews)));
}
}
|
Currently, there are two principal areas of focus in our laboratory. One involves structure determination of membrane proteins at atomic resolution by electron crystallography. Projects underway include crystallization and structure determination of the oxalate carrier OxlT (in collaboration with Prof. Peter Maloney at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Dr. Jacqueline Milne, NCI), and electron crystallographic analysis of light-induced conformational changes in the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (in collaboration with Dr. Richard Henderson, MRC Cambridge, England). Over the course of the last year we have initiated systematic efforts to obtain crystals of OxlT suitable for high resolution analysis. We have also made substantial progress towards structure determination of the cytoplasmically open conformation of bacteriorhodopsin. Over the next year, we expect to refine this structure to a resolution of ~ 3.0 Angstroms, and to present a complete stereochemical mechanism which explains the structural basis of proton pumping by bacteriorhodopsin. A second area of research involves structure determination of large protein complexes by analysis of images of single particles obtained by high resolution electron microscopy. Using the 1,800 kD complex of the core domain of pyruvate dehydrogenase as a model molecule, we are establishing methods to carry out such an analysis at high resolution (in collaboration with Dr. Jacqueline Milne, NCI). We have already obtained a three-dimensional reconstruction of the core domain complex at a resolution of about 15 Angstroms, and expect to improve it further over the course of the next year. |
charter communications
wow, the sh*t is really hitting the fan over there..
/this/ has got to be a record - I've never seen this before.. yikes.
-snip-
20115
Origin IGP, localpref 100, external, atomic-aggregate
...
Dampinfo: penalty 10766, flapped 99 times in 03:14:17, reuse in
00:03:03
...
(suppressed due to dampening) (history entry)
-/snip-
99 flaps, 10K penalty.. ehhhhh.
looks to be nationwide.. or multistate at the least. (Noc only confirms 'a
few areas').
anyone w/411 on this? offlist replies well be kept off list..
-j |
Two successive years studies on Phlebotomus papatasi in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt.
No doubt, zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is increasing in North Sinai Governorate. The causative agent, L. major was identified as well as two animal reservoir hosts, Gerbillus pyramidum and Meriones crassus. This paper was intended to study the seasonal abundance and the sex ratio of the suspected insect, Phlebotomus papatasi as well as to search for natural infected in wild caught females. The C.D.C. miniature light traps were used for adult collections, dissection was used for demonstration of the promastigotes and biochemical typing was used for identification of isolated strain. The results showed that (a) the seasonal activities started in April and ended by the end of November, with a well marked bimodal distribution in one year, (b) the sex ratio (male to female) 1:2.9 (c) 0.14% of 4208 females were naturally infected with promastigotes and typing proved to be Leishmania major, zymodeme LON 70. |
911 F.Supp. 1228 (1995)
Victor DAY, Plaintiff,
v.
BOARD OF REGENTS OF the UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA and Pill Soon Song, Defendants.
No. 4:CV94-3193.
United States District Court, D. Nebraska.
October 24, 1995.
*1229 *1230 *1231 *1232 James C. Zalewski, Demars, Gordon Law Firm, Lincoln, NE, for Victor Day.
David R. Buntain, Cline, Williams Law Firm, Lincoln, NE, John C. Wiltse, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, for Board of Regents, of University of Nebraska, Pill Soon Song.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
PIESTER, United States Magistrate Judge.
Pending before the court is the defendants' motion for summary judgment. (Filing 39). For the reasons set forth below, I shall grant the motion with respect to plaintiff's constitutional and age discrimination claims and dismiss his state based contract claim for want of jurisdiction.[1]
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, Dr. Victor Day, is employed as a professor in the Chemistry Department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and is a resident of Nebraska. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 4; Answer to Amended Complaint at ¶ 1). The defendant Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska (Regents) is the governing body of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and defendant Dr. Pill Soon Song has been the chairperson of the UNL Chemistry Department since 1987. The defendants are also residents of Nebraska. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 4-5; Answer to Amended Complaint at ¶ 1).
UNL hired Dr. Day as a chemistry professor in 1972 and he has been a tenured professor since 1979. (Day Depo. 3:10-12; Defendant's Brief at 3). He became a full professor in August 1985. (Defendant's Brief at 3; Plaintiff's Brief at 2). Day is a member of the inorganic chemistry section of the department and specializes in crystallography the study of crystal structures using diffraction equipment. (Day Depo. 46:8-47:12). Since 1984 Dr. Day has not taught any courses other than freshman chemistry and in the same year his teaching load was raised from nine to twelve credit hours per semester. (Day Depo. 137:4-14).
Prior to 1980 Dr. Day conducted his research in Hamilton Hall, a building on UNL's city campus which houses the Chemistry Department. Dr. Day had his own assigned laboratory space where he conducted research and worked with graduate students. In 1980 Dr. Day decided to remove his research activities from campus and now conducts his research in a laboratory in his home. Dr. Day's home is located outside the Lincoln city limits and is five miles from the UNL campus. (Day Depo. 2:19-3:5). Dr. Day continues to have an assigned laboratory space of approximately 600 square feet in Hamilton Hall, however, the equipment has not been functional for six or seven years. (Day Depo. 44:16-45:19; 50:15-16). Day asserts that the laboratory in his home is more complete and has better equipment than his office at UNL. (Day Affidavit at ¶ 8-9). Dr. Day admits that there is probably "no other situation like this in the country," where a faculty member's laboratory is physically located somewhere other than in the chemistry department. (Day Depo. 121:8-13).
Dr. Day's laboratory space at his home is operated through a corporation named Crystalytics. The corporation was formed in 1979 by Dr. Day and his wife. Dr. Day owns 49% of Crystalytics while his wife owns the remaining 51% and is the president of the organization. The company analyzes crystal structures on a contract basis for other private companies. (Day Depo. 45:20-50:14). *1233 During his early years as a UNL faculty member, Dr. Day worked with interested undergraduate and graduate students before he moved his research to his home. After he moved his laboratory to his home, four students, at most, have researched with him. (Day Depo. 50:1-51:14, 59:17-22; Day Affidavit at ¶ 3). UNL has not assisted Day in obtaining graduate students or assigned him any in the past. (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence Exhibit 1 Song Depo. 181:3-193:16).
Each year a five-person Chemistry Department Executive Committee and the Department Chair, Dr. Song, evaluate the performance of faculty members during the preceding year. The results of the merit evaluation, market conditions, and increases in the cost-of-living are used to determine individual faculty member salaries. (Song Affidavit ¶ 3 and 7). Individual faculty members are evaluated with the use of a grid referred to as a "merit matrix." The matrix system allows the Committee to assign faculty scores in several subcategories in order to measure an individual's performance in research, teaching, and service at UNL. The Department adopted the merit matrix system in the 1970's and it has been used to make salary determinations since that time. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 4-5).
Merit evaluation categories are given unequal weight by the Department. From 1987 to 1994 research accounted for 60%, teaching 30%, and service 10% of a faculty member's score. In 1995 research accounted for 55%, teaching 35%, and service 10% of an individual's score. (Day Depo. 35:1-40:11; Song Affidavit at ¶ 6). The research component of the merit score is composed of the following factors: quantity of research publications (15%); quality of publications (15%); and amount of external funding obtained to support the faculty member's research (30%). (Day Depo. 39:10-40:11). Dr. Day understood that he was evaluated under the merit matrix system and "found no problem with those percentages for the department as a whole." (Day Depo. 31:1-36:20). Under this system, the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences has the discretion to accept or reject any salary recommendations from the Department. Ultimately, the salary recommendations must be approved by the UNL Chancellor, the President of the University, and the UNL Board of Regents. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 8).
The Executive Committee and the Department Chair operate under a generally accepted definition of "external funding." The Committee defines external funding as financial support for research projects received from sources outside UNL, such as federal agencies, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Health, or the American Cancer Society. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 10; Day Depo. 39:10-40:11). Faculty members generally receive external funding by submitting detailed research proposals to the funding entities. The proposals are subjected to peer review prior to approval. The Committee maintains that peer review serves as an external control which assures that the proposed research is significant and will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in a particular field. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 10). Once approved, externally funded grants are paid directly to UNL to support research described in the proposals. Funds obtained from grant proposals may be used to acquire laboratory equipment and computers, support graduate, undergraduate, and post-doctoral programs, and help fund other staff and faculty members, as well as meet the Department's overhead costs. (Day Depo. 40:12-42:1; Song Affidavit at ¶ 10).
Dr. Day contends that he has received inadequate yearly salary increases and that his level of compensation is below that of other full professors at UNL. It is undisputed that some young faculty members receive higher salaries than Dr. Day. (Song Affidavit Exhibit 2; Plaintiff's Brief at 34-35). Day alleges that he was not given credit in his merit evaluations for research conducted at the Crystalytics laboratory in his home. However, Dr. Day admits that he has been advised since 1980 that his research at Crystalytics does not meet the definition of "external funding" which is used by the Department in evaluating faculty. (Day Depo. 42:19-44:13). In addition, Dr. Day acknowledges that he began receiving low raises in about 1979 or 1980, around the time when he established his research laboratory out of the *1234 Chemistry Department. (Day Depo. 82:10-83:25). He also acknowledges that the highest paid faculty members are older than he. (Day Depo. 391:14-16). The defendants claim that Dr. Day's relatively low salary is the result of his low level of contribution to the Chemistry Department as reflected by several years of low merit evaluation scores. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 13). In addition, the defendants contend that Dr. Day has never applied for or obtained any grants which meet the Committee's definition of external funding and Day presents no evidence to the contrary. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 13; Day Depo. 42:19-44:13).
Dr. Day claims that defendants Song and the Board of Regents violated his: (1) Freedom of Speech; (2) Freedom of Association; (3) Due Process rights; (4) Equal Protection rights; (5) the Age Discrimination Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.; and (6) state based contract law. This court has jurisdiction over plaintiff's constitutional claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1983 and the state based contract claim under the court's supplemental jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
DISCUSSION
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) mandates entry of summary judgment "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." The purpose of a motion for summary judgment is to determine whether a "genuine issue of material fact" exists. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2509-10, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A "material fact" is a fact "that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. at 2510. A "genuine issue" regarding a material fact exists "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for a nonmoving party." Id.
Summary judgment is properly granted when, viewing the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, it is clear no genuine issue of material fact remains and the case may be decided as a matter of law. Greeno v. Little Blue Valley Sewer Dist., 995 F.2d 861, 863 (8th Cir.1993). If the moving party meets the initial burden of establishing the nonexistence of a genuine issue, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidence of the existence of a genuine issue for trial:
[T]he plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be "no genuine issue as to any material fact," since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the non-moving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. The moving party is "entitled to judgment as a matter of law" because the non-moving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of [its] case with respect to which [it] has the burden of proof.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
Defendants seek summary judgment on each of the claims raised by plaintiff. Each claim is addressed separately below.
(1)(a) Freedom of Speech: Plaintiff's Research Publications
Public employees are not, by virtue of becoming public employees, shorn of First Amendment protection. Mt. Healthy City Dist. Board of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 283, 97 S.Ct. 568, 574, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977). However, the state, as an employer, has a legitimate interest in regulating the speech of its employees. Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968). The Eighth Circuit has outlined a two-step approach for determining whether a public employee's speech is protected by the First Amendment. See e.g. Kincade v. City of Blue Springs, 64 F.3d 389, 395 (8th Cir.1995); Tindle v. Caudell, 56 F.3d 966, 970 (8th Cir.1995); Shands v. City of Kennett, 993 F.2d 1337, 1342 (8th Cir. *1235 1993). The first step is to determine whether "the employee's speech can be `fairly characterized as constituting speech on a matter of public concern.'" Shands, 993 F.2d at 1342 (quoting Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 1690, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983)). If the speech addresses a matter of public concern, the second step requires the court to balance the "interests of the [employee], as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern and the interests of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968); Kincade, 64 F.3d at 395. Both inquiries are questions of law for the court to resolve.[2]Kincade, 64 F.3d at 395.
Dr. Day argues, however, that the Connick-Pickering public concern analysis does not apply to his claim that the defendants violated his First Amendment rights with respect to his research and scholarly publications. (Plaintiff's Brief at 16-18). He relies on Eberhardt v. O'Malley, 17 F.3d 1023, 1026 (7th Cir.1994), as authority for his contention that the public concern requirement applies only in cases where "the public employee was merely complaining privately about matters personal to himself, such as whether he was being paid enough or given deserved promotions ... or ... he was whistleblowing or otherwise "going public" with matters in which the public might be expected to take interest." Id.
In Eberhardt, a prosecutor's office discharged an assistant district attorney after he began working on a novel which involved "fictitious prosecutors and other persons in the criminal justice system." Id. at 1024. Eberhardt did not work on the manuscript during office hours and the novel apparently did not focus on internal matters of the actual office in which he worked. Id. at 1025. The Seventh Circuit concluded that Connick public concern requirement does not apply where "the protected expression has nothing to do with the employee's job or with the public interest in the operation of his office." Id. at 1027. "[T]he purpose of the `public concern' requirement is to distinguish grievances of an entirely personal character from statements of broader interest concerning one's job, rather than to fix the boundaries of the First Amendment." Id. at 1026 (quoting Swank v. Smart, 898 F.2d 1247, 1251 (7th Cir.1990)).
While the Seventh Circuit's reasoning in Eberhardt is persuasive, I conclude that Dr. Day's allegations with regard to his research publications do not invoke First Amendment concerns.[3] First, Dr. Day has stated that he *1236 feels free to conduct any research which he wants. (Day Depo. 108:13-18). In addition, he admits that the defendants have not interfered with or prohibited him from publishing articles or conducting any research which he wants. (Day Depo. 106:4 107:9, 108:16-18). Rather, he claims that the defendants "punished him" by refusing to give him credit for research he conducted at his home when salary increases were determined. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 16-23). The First Amendment, however, protects freedom of expression. Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560, 565-572, 111 S.Ct. 2456, 2460-2464, 115 L.Ed.2d 504 (1991); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 403, 109 S.Ct. 2533, 2538-39, 105 L.Ed.2d 342 (1989); Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293, 104 S.Ct. 3065, 3068-3069, 82 L.Ed.2d 221 (1984); United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968). There is no evidence which suggests that the defendants have done anything to interfere with the content of the speech contained in Dr. Day's published articles.[4]
If Dr. Day had conducted the same research on the UNL campus and published the same articles and papers using that information, there is no evidence that he would not have been given some credit for that research when salary levels were determined. (Day Depo. 39:7-40:7). Day claims only that he is not able to conduct his research where he wants, not that the defendants have prohibited him from saying anything that he wants. (Day Depo. 106:4-107:9, 108:13-18). As such, I conclude that the denial of credit in salary level determinations for research conducted at plaintiff's home does not invoke the First Amendment.[5] The denial of credit was based on Dr. Day's absence from the chemistry department and not on the contents of the research which he published. See Weinstein v. University of Illinois, 628 F.Supp. 862, 866 (N.D.Ill.1986) (assistant professor not entitled to First Amendment protection where he failed to establish that the "defendant's decision to terminate him was in any way prompted by the content of plaintiff's various projects.").
(1)(a) Freedom of Speech: Plaintiff's Statements
Dr. Day argues that he has made statements challenging the fairness of UNL chemistry department policies. Specifically, Dr. Day asserts that he has stated, "it is irresponsible of academicians to train students for careers in chemistry unless there are a sufficient number of jobs to place them after they have completed their studies." (Day Affidavit at ¶ 22). In addition, he alleges that he complained to defendant Song, UNL Chemistry Professor Robert Rieke, UNL Arts and Sciences Dean John Peters, and the UNL Senior Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs about his salary and tenure status.[6] (Day Affidavit at ¶ 13 and 24). Finally, Day alleges that he complained to other UNL administrators about listing his UNL and Crystalytics affiliation on his published articles.[7] (Day Affidavit at ¶ 16).
*1237 Dr. Day concedes that the Connick-Pickering test applies to his criticisms of UNL. (Plaintiff's Brief at 19). Therefore, the first step is to determine if his speech can be "fairly characterized as constituting speech on a matter of public concern." Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 1690, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983). The Eighth Circuit recently addressed a situation where a assistant architecture professor claimed that Iowa State University (ISU) officials had violated his freedom of speech when he allegedly was denied tenure for being "openly critical of what he considered to be unsound teaching and administrative practices within the department." Mumford v. Godfried, 52 F.3d 756, 758 (8th Cir.1995). Mumford criticized the department for letting the local architectural business community exert undue influence over the curriculum and education at ISU. Mumford had stated that the university's relationship with the business community was "potentially unethical because the business community was motivated by financial pursuits rather than the academic interests of the students and ISU." Id. The Eighth Circuit held that Mumford's speech was a matter of public concern even though he expressed his views only to fellow faculty members at ISU.[8]Id. at 761-62.
However, Dr. Day's complaints about his salary, his tenure status, and listing his UNL affiliation on his research publications are unlike the statements made in Mumford. Dr. Day alleges that he was denied status as a full professor in 1984 and challenged UNL Professor Rieke to explain his reasons for voting against plaintiff's denial. (Day Affidavit at ¶ 11-13). In addition, he alleges that in 1991 he complained to several UNL officials about defendant Song's application of the guidelines used to determine his salary. (Day Affidavit at ¶ 24). Dr. Day also asserts that he complained to UNL officials about a requirement that he list his affiliation with UNL on his research publications. (Day Affidavit at ¶ 16). All of these statements, however, involve complaints about UNL's treatment of plaintiff as an employee.
These statements relate to Dr. Day's own salary level, his own tenure status, and his own desire not to include his UNL affiliation on his publications. "Where a public employee speaks out in public or in private on matters that relate solely to the employee's parochial concerns as an employee, no first amendment interests are at stake...." Mumford v. Godfried, 52 F.3d 756, 760 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Cox v. Dardanelle Public School District, 790 F.2d 668, 672 (8th Cir.1986)). Unlike Mumford, Dr. Day was not criticizing the institution for failing to discharge its duties to the public. At best, his statements were "concerned only with internal policies or practices which are of relevance only to the employees of that institution." Mumford v. Godfried, 52 F.3d 756, 760 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Cox v. Dardanelle Public School District, 790 F.2d 668, 672 (8th Cir.1986)). Thus, I conclude that Day's complaints to UNL officials regarding his salary and the listing of his UNL affiliation on his publications are not matters of public concern. See Kurtz v. Vickrey, 855 F.2d 723 (11th Cir.1988) (professor's complaints about his salary level and expressions of his personal contempt made to a departmental dean were not a matter of public concern).
Finally, Dr. Day asserts:
I have also always felt that it is irresponsible of academicians to train students for careers in chemistry unless there are a sufficient number of jobs to place them after they complete their studies. I have often stated this.
(Day Affidavit at ¶ 22). While Dr. Day's statement is a matter of public concern, see Mumford v. Godfried, 52 F.3d 756, 760 (8th Cir.1995); Honore v. Douglas, 833 F.2d 565 (5th Cir.1987), his statement fails to constitute a triable issue of fact for two reasons. First, Day has provided no evidence that this *1238 statement was "a substantial and motivating factor in the [denial of an employment benefit]." Hamer v. Brown, 831 F.2d 1398, 1403 (8th Cir.1987) (citing Mt. Healthy City Dist. Board of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 576, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977)). As such, he fails to establish a causal relationship between his protected speech and lower salary increases. Hamer, 831 F.2d at 1403. Second, material submitted in opposition of a summary judgment motion must consist of admissible evidence. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e) (affidavits "shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence"); Miller v. Solem, 728 F.2d 1020, 1026 (8th Cir.1984) (same). Dr. Day's statement lacks foundation as to the date and location when such statements where allegedly made, as well as to whom he made the statements and whom was present at the time. Thus, Day's statement fails to meet the admissibility requirement of Rule 56(e). As such, plaintiff has failed to produce evidence which supports his contention that a genuine issue of material fact exists with regard to his freedom of speech claims and I conclude that defendants' motion for summary judgment should be granted as a matter of law.
(2) Freedom of Association
Dr. Day claims that his constitutional right to freedom of association has been infringed by the defendants' denial of credit for research done at Crystalytics in determining the level of his salary increases. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 23; Plaintiff's Brief at 23). While the First Amendment on its face does not specifically mention the right to freedom of association, the United States Supreme Court has declared that the First Amendment encompasses a right to "associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends." Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609, 622, 104 S.Ct. 3244, 3252, 82 L.Ed.2d 462 (1984). The Supreme Court has
afforded constitutional protection to freedom of association in two distinct senses. First, the Court has held that the Constitution protects against unjustified government interference with an individual's choice to enter into and maintain certain intimate or private relationships. Second, the Court has upheld the freedom of individuals to associate for the purpose of engaging in protected speech or religious activities.
Board of Dirs. of Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club, 481 U.S. 537, 544, 107 S.Ct. 1940, 1945, 95 L.Ed.2d 474 (1987). However, freedom of association "while protecting the rights of citizens to engage in `expressive' or `intimate' association, does not protect every form of association." United States v. Frame, 885 F.2d 1119, 1131 (3rd Cir.1989) (citing City of Dallas v. Stanglin, 490 U.S. 19, 25, 109 S.Ct. 1591, 1595, 104 L.Ed.2d 18 (1989)).
Under the first branch, freedom of association protects "certain kinds of highly personal relationships ... from unjustified interference by the State." Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609, 618, 104 S.Ct. 3244, 3250, 82 L.Ed.2d 462 (1984). Protected associations "are distinguished by such attributes as relative smallness, a high degree of selectivity in decisions to begin and maintain affiliation, and seclusion from others in critical aspects of the relationship."[9]Id. at 620, 104 S.Ct. at 3250. Freedom of association under the second branch of Supreme Court cases involves "a right to join with others to pursue goals independently protected by the [F]irst [A]mendment." Walker v. City of Kansas City, Mo., 911 F.2d 80, 89 (8th Cir.1990) (quoting L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 702-03 (1978)). "Assuming an association is found, therefore, any activity that would merit First Amendment protection if engaged in outside the context of the association will suffice to constitute a right of association." Walker, 911 F.2d at 89.
*1239 Dr. Day claims that the defendant's have violated his right of association to conduct research and publish his findings with his corporation Crystalytics.[10] (Plaintiff's Brief at 23). However, he provides no evidence that the defendants prohibited him from exercising his constitutional rights. Day admits that the defendants did not interfere with or prohibit him from publishing articles or conducting any research which he wanted. (Day Depo. 106:4-107:9, 108:16-18). Although defendant Song warned Dr. Day that he would not be given credit for research conducted off the UNL campus, (Plaintiff's Brief at 7; Day Affidavit at ¶ 17), he was free to continue doing so with the understanding that his salary would be set accordingly. (Day Depo. 106:4 107:9, 108:16-18; Day Affidavit at ¶ 17). Dr. Day wrote UNL officials on several occasions stating that he had and would continue to publish articles without listing his UNL affiliation,[11] (Day Depo. Exhibits 11, 14, and 18), and expressed his satisfaction with that arrangement. (Day Depo. Exhibit 10). While UNL, as an employer, did not credit Day with research conducted at his home laboratory in salary level determinations, (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence Song Depo. 42:14-47:23), Dr. Day was free to research and publish as much as he wished with Crystalytics on his own time. (Day Depo: 106:4-107:9, 108:16-18, Exhibit 14). Therefore, I conclude that there is no evidence that the defendants' actions violated Day's freedom to associate with Crystalytics during his free hours. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552-53, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
Even assuming Dr. Day had associational rights which were affected by the defendants' conduct during the hours he was to devote to his employment with UNL,[12] the *1240 Eighth Circuit recently held that courts should apply a modified Pickering analysis to cases involving alleged First Amendment rights by public employees beyond freedom of speech. Brown v. Polk County, 37 F.3d 404, 409 (8th Cir.1994). In that case, the Eighth Circuit noted that "Pickering's rationale that the government as an employer has a special interest in regulating its employee's behavior to avoid the disruption of public functions applies to free exercise rights as well as free speech rights." Id. The court noted with approval that other circuits have "applied a Pickering analysis outside the speech context in cases involving expressive association rights...." Id. See e.g. McCabe v. Sharrett, 12 F.3d 1558 (11th Cir.1994); Marshall v. Allen, 984 F.2d 787 (7th Cir.1993); Gressley v. Deutsch, 890 F.Supp. 1474 (D.Wyo.1994); Lowenstein v. Wolff, 1994 WL 411389 (N.D.Ill.1994). There is no reason that the Eighth's Circuit's rationale in Brown should not apply to the case at hand.
I therefore conclude that the court is required to balance the interests of the employee in the association against "the interests of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968). See Lowenstein v. Wolff, 1994 WL 411389 (N.D.Ill.1994) ("an employer may discharge the public employee for that association `if the government's interest in the `effective and efficient fulfillment of its responsibilities to the public' outweighs the employee's interest' in association") (quoting Marshall v. Allen, 984 F.2d 787, 797 (7th Cir.1993)). In this case it is apparent that the defendants have a legitimate interest in requiring Dr. Day to conduct his research and publishing activities at his place of work the UNL campus.[13] UNL's interest lies in increasing student access to Dr. Day, facilitating supervision of a greater number of students in graduate programs by Dr. Day, increasing UNL's reputation in the academic community for research conducted on its campus, and increasing the sources of external funding to support the Chemistry Department.[14]
Dr. Day admits that he has supervised, at most, four graduate students in the fifteen years since establishing his laboratory in his home in 1980. (Day Depo. 59:17-22). He also admits that he retains 600 square feet of unused laboratory space at UNL. (Day Depo. 45:3-19). Moreover, there is no evidence that Day has obtained any external funding grants, such as grants from federal agencies, while working out of his home laboratory. (Day Depo. 40:12-44:13). Dr. Day stated the following justification for moving his laboratory to his home:
[T]o be perfectly honest with you, it's much nicer to walk down the hall when you got something to do, do it and go do something else than it is to work in there with people in an environment that is very non-convenient with dust. You don't have any interruptions.
And basically as long as I didn't have any graduate students or undergraduates doing research with me, it's a hell of a lot easier to do it at home. So I did, I have. And the University was fully aware of it.
(Day Depo. 50:4-14). The First Amendment does not require an employer to yield to an employee's notions of convenience in allowing the employee to engage in his private business pursuits. As the defendants state, "If Dr. Day were to succeed here, he could elect to do his research at a laboratory in Omaha (or anywhere else), come into the Department just long enough to teach his classes, and still expect to be given large raises based *1241 solely on the quality of his off-site research." (Defendants' Brief at 13). The evidence establishes that, contrary to plaintiff's assertions, he was restricted in salary increases not for what he did off campus, but rather for what he failed to do on campus. The University's interests in this arena are legitimate and its actions reasonable. Day has and remains free to conduct research for publication during his own time with Crystalytics. (Day Depo. 106:4-107:9, 108:16-18, Exhibit 14). I conclude that "the interests of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees" outweighs Dr. Day's interest in his association with Crystalytics during the hours he is fulfilling his obligations to UNL. Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968).
Viewing all of the submitted evidence in a light most favorable to Dr. Day, I conclude that he has not shown the existence of a material factual dispute regarding defendants' liability on this issue. I therefore shall grant defendants' motion for summary judgment as a matter of law with respect to Dr. Day's First Amendment claims.
(3) Due Process
Dr. Day claims that the defendants' have "intentionally deprived [him] of a property interest in his employment which resulted in significant lost income" to him without due process of law. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 20 and 23). He contends that the defendants have failed to grant him annual raises in amounts which he believes are merited by his academic record. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 8-20).
The Eighth Circuit has held that "a government employee is entitled to procedural due process only when he has been deprived of a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest." Winegar v. Des Moines Indep. Com. School Dist., 20 F.3d 895, 899 (8th Cir.1994).
A person must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to his or her employment to have a property interest in it. The existence of a property interest must be determined with reference to state law. Typically, this interest arises from contractual or statutory limitations on the employer's ability to terminate an employee....
Id. at 899 (citations omitted). See also Blankenbaker v. McCook Public Power Dist., 940 F.2d 384 (8th Cir.1991) (a property interest normally arises from regulatory or contractual provisions which constrain the employer or confer a benefit on the employee).
While Dr. Day claims that he has not received salary increases which he believes his academic record merits, he has offered no evidence of any statute, regulation, rule, or contractual provision which would entitle him to receive any raise, let alone one of a specific amount.[15] In addition, the Nebraska Court of Appeals has stated that a public employee does not have a right to a particular salary increase under Nebraska state law without a contractual or legislative entitlement. Sinn v. City of Seward, 3 Neb.App. 59, 66-67, 523 N.W.2d 39, 45-46 (1994). Day's claim to larger salary raises is highly speculative at best and there is no evidence that he has lost any "pay, benefits, job status, or tenure[]" to which he had an entitlement. *1242 Miller v. Lovell, 14 F.3d 20, 21 (8th Cir.1994). Thus, I conclude that Day has failed to establish that he has been deprived of a constitutionally protected property interest by the defendants which would entitle him to procedural due process protections. "The Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause does not convert the federal courts into arbitral forums for review of commonplace personnel decisions that public agencies routinely make." Miller v. Lovell, 14 F.3d 20 (8th Cir.1994). I shall therefore grant the defendants' motion for summary judgment on this issue.
(4) Equal Protection
The final constitutional deprivation alleged by Day is that he has been denied equal protection of law under the Fourteenth Amendment. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 23). "The Equal Protection Clause directs that `all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike.'" Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 216, 102 S.Ct. 2382, 2394, 72 L.Ed.2d 786 (1982) (quoting F.S. Royster Guano Co. v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412, 415, 40 S.Ct. 560, 562, 64 L.Ed. 989 (1920)). While Dr. Day is exceptionally vague about the nature of the classification which he alleges violated his constitutional rights, he apparently challenges the use of the salary matrix by the defendants in establishing UNL Chemistry Department salaries. (Plaintiff's Brief at 26). However, Dr. Day concedes that "the classification for salary purposes does not proceed along suspect lines." (Plaintiff's Brief at 24).
"Equal protection is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of [governmental decisions]." FCC v. Beach Comm., Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 2101, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993). "Purely economic classifications will be upheld if they are rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest." Massey v. McGrath, 965 F.2d 678, 681 (8th Cir.1992) (citing United States Railroad Ret. Bd. v. Fritz, 449 U.S. 166, 101 S.Ct. 453, 66 L.Ed.2d 368 (1980)). See also Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools, 487 U.S. 450, 108 S.Ct. 2481, 101 L.Ed.2d 399 (1988); Bannum, Inc. v. City of St. Charles, Mo. 2 F.3d 267 (8th Cir.1993). Because the treatment which Day challenges does not involve a suspect classification or impinge upon fundamental rights, a presumption of rationality attaches to the classification at issue. Massey, 965 F.2d 678 (8th Cir.1992) (citing Hodel v. Indiana, 452 U.S. 314, 331, 101 S.Ct. 2376, 2386-87, 69 L.Ed.2d 40 (1981)).
Dr. Day argues that he has been penalized in salary level determinations by application of the salary matrix system and asserts that the system should be administered in a different way. (Day Depo. 67:21-68:23, 71:18-73). However, he also objects to the weighting of the percentages for teaching, research, and service, as applied to him, even though, he "found no problem with those percentages for the department as a whole." (Day Depo. 36:19-20). Day argues that "the question of whether or not the classification has a rational basis aside, the application of this salary matrix was such that similarly situated people did not get treated alike, and the result of the application would have no rational basis." (Plaintiff's Brief at 24-25). However, Dr. Day misframes the issue as a factual inquiry to avoid summary judgment on this claim.[16] The evidence is clear that Dr. Day was not treated alike because he did not obtain external *1243 funding grants to support his research. (Song Affidavit at 5; Plaintiff's Brief at 26; Day Depo. 40:12-42:1, 84:20-85:11). As Dr. Day admits, he was "penalized not because of a failure to do research, but because his research is not supported by an external grant." (Plaintiff's Brief at 26).
It was neither arbitrary nor irrational for the defendants to deny credit to Day for research which was not supported by external funding in making salary determinations under the merit matrix system.[17] External funding is paid directly to UNL and is used to support graduate, post-doctoral, and undergraduate students and staff, as well as salaries for faculty members. (Day Depo. 40:12-42:1; Song Affidavit at ¶ 10). Research funds are also used to acquire equipment, computers, and other research capital for the Department and for the University. (Song Affidavit at 4). It was neither arbitrary nor irrational as plaintiff suggests for the defendants to determine that research conducted at Day's home laboratory through Crystalytics did not meet this requirement, (Day Depo. 42:19-44:13), because UNL did not receive money to support its programs. Although Dr. Day contends that external grants are often "break-even propositions[] or money losers for UNL," (Plaintiff's Brief at 9), the defendants' classification decision must be upheld if there is "any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification." FCC v. Beach Comm., Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 2101, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993). As such, I conclude that the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on this issue.
(5) Age Discrimination
Dr. Day alleges that the defendants have discriminated against him on the basis of his age by giving younger faculty members more favorable pay increases than those given to him. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 26-27). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, forbids employment discrimination against workers forty years of age or older. Section 623(a)(1) of the act provides that it is unlawful to "discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's age...." 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). The allocation of the burden of proof in ADEA cases "is the same as in cases arising under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-17 (1988)[.]" Radabaugh v. Zip Feed Mills, Inc., 997 F.2d 444 (8th Cir.1993). Dr. Day argues that he is entitled to relief under disparate treatment and disparate impact theories.
(a) Disparate Treatment
The issue under a disparate treatment theory is whether "[t]he employer ... treat[ed] some people less favorably than others because of their race, color, religion, sex, or [other protected status]." International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 335 n. 15, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 1854 n. 15, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977). "[L]iability depends on whether the protected trait (under the ADEA, age) actually motivated the employer's decision." Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, ___, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 1706, 123 L.Ed.2d 338 (1993). A plaintiff may prove discrimination under a disparate treatment theory with direct or indirect evidence. Beshears v. Asbill, 930 F.2d 1348, 1353 (8th Cir.1991); Blake v. J.C. Penney Co., 894 F.2d 274, 278 (8th Cir.1990). If an employee produces direct evidence that his age "played a motivating part in [the] employment decision," then the defendant may "avoid a finding of liability only by proving by a preponderance of the evidence that it *1244 would have made the same decision even if it had not taken the [illegitimate criterion] into account." Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 258, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 1795, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989).
In this case Dr. Day concedes that he has no direct evidence of discrimination, such as incriminatory statements made by the defendants, which would support his claim. (Day Depo. 394:18-395:3; Plaintiff's Brief at 36). Therefore, the court must apply the analytical framework of shifting burdens developed in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and its progeny. Gaworski v. ITT Comm. Fin. Corp., 17 F.3d 1104 (8th Cir.1994).
Under this framework, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. Once established, the prima facie case raises a legal presumption of discrimination in the plaintiff's favor, requiring the defendant to produce legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its actions. If such reasons are put forth, the plaintiff, who at all times retains the burden of proving discrimination, may attempt to demonstrate that the proffered reasons are pretextual. This framework is designed as a "sensible, orderly way to evaluate the evidence in light of common experience as it bears on the critical question of discrimination."
Id. at 1108 (quoting Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567, 577, 98 S.Ct. 2943, 2949, 57 L.Ed.2d 957 (1978) (citations omitted)). If the defendants produce a non-pretextual reason for the conduct "the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity." Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 255, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1095, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). The Eighth Circuit has held that in order to "survive summary judgment at the third stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, a plaintiff must demonstrate the existence of evidence of some additional facts that would allow a jury to find that the defendant[s'] proffered reason is pretext and that the real reason for its action was intentional discrimination." Krenik v. County of Le Sueur, 47 F.3d 953, 958 (8th Cir.1995). See also Lidge-Myrtil v. Deere & Co., 49 F.3d 1308 (8th Cir.1995). "[T]here must be some additional evidence beyond the elements of the prima facie case to support a finding of pretext." Krenik, 47 F.3d at 959.
The large majority of age discrimination and Title VII cases involve employers who have discharged or failed to hire plaintiffs. The Eighth Circuit has followed the framework of McDonnell Douglas in analyzing those cases. The prima facie case under a typical McDonnell Douglas scenario requires the plaintiff to prove (1) that he was within the protected class, (2) that he was performing his job at a level that met his employer's legitimate expectations, (3) that he was discharged, and (4) his employer attempted to replace him. See e.g. Radabaugh v. Zip Feed Mills, Inc., 997 F.2d 444 (8th Cir.1993). I also note that the parties have proposed similar requirements for a prima facie case.[18] Therefore, I conclude that Day must demonstrate that he (1) is a member of the protected class, (2) has performed his job *1245 at a level that met his employer's legitimate expectations, and (3) has not received a salary comparable to that paid to younger tenured faculty members of the UNL Chemistry Department. See Marshall v. Pyramid Life Ins. Co., 52 F.E.P. 1398, 1400, 1990 WL 58714 (D.Kan.1990).
Upon application of this standard, I conclude that Day has not provided sufficient evidence to prove a prima facie case. There is no dispute that Day is over 40 years old and a member of the protected class. (Defendant's Brief at 37). In addition, there is sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue as to whether he has received a salary comparable to that paid to younger faculty members. (Song Affidavit, Exhibit 2). However, Day has failed to produce sufficient evidence to demonstrate that he has met his employer's legitimate expectations. Among other things, UNL expected Day to mentor graduate students, teach classes, and apply for and receive external funding to support his research and that of the department. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 13). Even assuming that Day has presented a genuine issue as to whether his classroom teaching and mentoring of graduate students met those expectations, (Day Depo. 25:19-27:6, 50:10-53:25), Day admits that since 1980 he has been told that he was expected to apply for and receive external funding,[19] that this criterion was used in determining merit salary increases, and that research conducted at his home laboratory was not considered to be satisfactory in meeting this criterion. (Day Depo. 42:19-44:13). Dr. Day offers no evidence that he sought or obtained external funding for his research during that time which met his employer's expectations. To the contrary, the evidence that he failed do so is uncontradicted. (Day Depo. 42:19-44:13; Song Affidavit at ¶ 13).
An employer may not establish unrealistic expectations for an employee. O'Bryan v. KTIV Television, 868 F.Supp. 1146 (N.D.Iowa 1994). See also Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 995 (2nd Cir.1985) (an employee may show that the employer's demands were illegitimate or arbitrary). Dr. Day argues that a factual dispute exists as to whether the defendants' expectations were reasonable by asserting that he has published more papers, done more research, and taught for more years than many younger faculty members. (Plaintiff's Brief at 40). While these facts may very well be true, they do not create an inference that the defendants' expectation that Dr. Day seek and obtain external funding for his research is unreasonable. Dr. Day offers no other evidence which would support an inference that it was unreasonable to expect him to meet that expectation.[20] "Although an employer *1246 may not make unreasonable expectations, and must make the employee aware of just what his expectations are, beyond that the court will not inquire into the defendant's method of conducting its business. If [plaintiff] was not doing what his employer wanted him to do, he was not doing his job." Kephart v. Institute of Gas Tech., 630 F.2d 1217, 1223 (7th Cir.1980). Dr. Day has failed to offer evidence sufficient to prove that he has met the legitimate expectations of his employer or that his employer's expectations were arbitrary or unreasonable. "It is the non-moving party's burden to demonstrate that there is evidence to support each essential element of his claim." Leidig v. Honeywell, Inc., 850 F.Supp. 796, 801 (D.Minn. 1994) (citing Celotex Corp v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). Day has failed to establish a prima facie case of age discrimination.
Even assuming for purposes of argument that Dr. Day had presented a prima facie case, the defendants have provided a legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for their actions. Specifically, defendants assert that Dr. Day receives a lower salary in comparison to other younger faculty members, because the evaluations of his contribution to the department have been consistently lower than that of the younger faculty members under the merit matrix system. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 13; Defendant's Brief at 39). Therefore, in order to survive summary judgment Day is also required to "demonstrate the existence of evidence of some additional facts that would allow a jury to find that the defendant[s'] proffered reason is pretext and that the real reason for its action was intentional discrimination." Krenik v. County of Le Sueur, 47 F.3d 953, 958 (8th Cir.1995). See also Lidge-Myrtil v. Deere & Co., 49 F.3d 1308 (8th Cir.1995). Dr. Day must "produce `some additional evidence beyond the elements of the prima facie case' that would allow a rational jury to reject [the employer's] proffered reasons as a mere pretext for discrimination." Lidge-Myrtil v. Deere & Co., 49 F.3d 1308, 1310-11 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Krenik, 47 F.3d at 959).
Dr. Day concedes that he has no direct evidence of age discrimination. (Day Depo. 394:18-395:3). Instead, he argues that the defendants' emphasis on research and external funding leads it to favor some faculty members over others. However, Day concedes that many faculty members over 40 years of age do research and are not victims of discrimination. (Day Depo. 384:9-19). While it is undisputed that some younger faculty members receive higher salaries than plaintiff, this fact bears no inference of age discrimination because most of Dr. Day's older colleagues also receive higher salaries than him. During the last eight years, Day has received annual raises resulting in a total percentage increase in salary of 38.8%, the lowest increases among the eleven tenured faculty members who have been in the Department for the entire period. These other faculty members have received annual increases ranging from 45.5% to 100%. All of these faculty members are older than Dr. Day. (Song Affidavit ¶ 13 & Ex. 2).
The only evidence which potentially provides "some additional evidence" of pretext is a 1988 memorandum to all faculty of the UNL College of Arts and Sciences, concerning factors used in determining salary increases for the 1988-89 academic year. *1247 (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence, Ex. 8). One factor is stated in the memorandum as follows:
Inversions. Untenured faculty and more experienced faculty fulfilling departmental performance expectations sometimes earn less than the beginning salary in their departments for fall 1988. The salaries of untenured faculty will be based on beginning salaries, not on the performance record since it is still early to assess their performance.
(Plaintiff's Index of Evidence, Ex. 8). There is nothing in its contents which indicates that younger faculty members were to be given salary increases merely because of their age.[21] The stated purpose of the "inversion" system was to "establish marketplace equity at the beginning level" of employment, so that new employees were not paid more than other recently hired faculty members. (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence, Ex. 8). Dr. Day has been employed by UNL since 1972 and provides no evidence that he was adversely impacted by such a policy.[22] A cause of action for a diminution in Day's salary during the 1988-1989 academic year is well outside the applicable statute of limitations, and he provides no evidence that this program continued into later years.[23] Moreover, "liability depends on whether the protected trait (under the ADEA, age) actually motivated the employer's decision." Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 1703, 123 L.Ed.2d 338 (1993). The memorandum describes a facially neutral policy of the College of Arts and Sciences and does not provide an inference that age was a motivating factor in the merit based salary level determinations made by members of the Chemistry Department regarding the plaintiff such as would allow a jury to infer that the defendants' legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for giving Day low merit increases were pretextual.[24]
It is the plaintiff's burden to present evidence which would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict for him.[25]Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2512, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Although courts have cautioned that summary judgment should be used sparingly in cases involving issues of motive or intent, this "cannot and should not be construed to exempt employment discrimination cases involving motive and intent from summary judgment procedures." Krenik, 47 F.3d 953, 959 (8th Cir.1995). As Dr. Day has failed to present evidence sufficient to establish a prima facie case of discrimination and has failed to present "some additional evidence" sufficient to discredit the defendants' legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for their conduct, I conclude that summary judgment for the defendants is appropriate on this claim.
(b) Disparate Impact
Disparate impact claims "involve employment practices that are facially neutral in their treatment of different groups but that in fact fall more harshly on one group than another and cannot be justified by business necessity. Proof of discriminatory motive ... is not required under a disparateimpact theory." International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977). The underlying premise of the theory is that "some employment practices, adopted without a deliberately discriminatory motive, may in operation be functionally equivalent to intentional *1248 discrimination." Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 987, 108 S.Ct. 2777, 2785, 101 L.Ed.2d 827 (1988). "To establish a prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination, a plaintiff must demonstrate that a specific employment practice or policy has a significant discriminatory impact on a protect group." Leidig v. Honeywell, Inc., 850 F.Supp. 796, 802 (D.Minn. 1994) (citing Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642, 656, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 2124, 104 L.Ed.2d 733 (1989)). This showing is ordinarily made by use of statistical evidence. Wards Cove, 490 U.S. at 650, 109 S.Ct. at 2121.[26]
In this case Day argues that elements of UNL's salary administration "appear to impact on him based upon his age...." (Plaintiff's Brief at 38). He suggests that the salary matrix and "salary inversion factors" demonstrate that he has been impacted by UNL's policies. Day admits, however, that he can provide no statistical analysis which establishes an adverse impact on a department wide basis. (Plaintiff's Brief at 39). In addition, he provides no admissible evidence to support his assertions that UNL policies have affected anyone else in the department.[27] As such, Dr. Day has failed to establish a prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination, and defendants are entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See Leidig v. Honeywell, Inc., 850 F.Supp. 796, 802 (D.Minn.1994) (summary judgment is appropriate where plaintiff fails to present sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of the disparate impact of an employment policy of practice).
(6) State Law Contract Claim
Finally, Dr. Day claims that the defendants have violated his employment contract under Nebraska state law. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 2). However, the "threshold requirement in every federal case is jurisdiction." Barclay Square Prop. v. Midwest Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 893 F.2d 968, 969 (8th Cir.1990) (quoting Sanders v. Clemco Indus., 823 F.2d 214, 216 (8th Cir.1987)). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, Owen Equip. and Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 374, 98 S.Ct. 2396, 2403, 57 L.Ed.2d 274 (1978), and the jurisdiction of lower federal courts is created entirely by statute. See Continental Cablevision v. United States Postal Service, 945 F.2d 1434, 1435 (8th Cir.1991). Congress has provided that a civil plaintiff may bring suit in federal court only if his or her claim "arises under" federal law[28] or diversity jurisdiction exits. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. In the present case all parties are residents or agents of the state of Nebraska. (Amended Complaint at ¶ 4-6; Answer at ¶ 1). Therefore, diversity jurisdiction does not exist with this court. Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger, *1249 437 U.S. 365, 98 S.Ct. 2396, 57 L.Ed.2d 274 (1978). Additionally, I have concluded that summary judgment is appropriate with respect to each claim raised by Dr. Day which arises under the United States Constitution or federal statute. I shall therefore decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Day's state law contract claim, 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), and I shall dismiss it without prejudice so that he may refile in an appropriate forum.
IT THEREFORE HEREBY IS ORDERED:
1. Defendants' motion for summary judgment (filing 39) is granted with respect to plaintiff's constitutional and age discrimination claims.
2. Plaintiff's state law claim is dismissed without prejudice.
NOTES
[1] The parties consented to have me preside at the trial and enter judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). (See filing 12.)
[2] The Eighth Circuit provided in Shands:
Any underlying factual disputes concerning whether the plaintiff's speech is protected, however, should be submitted to the jury through special interrogatories or special verdict forms.... The trial court should then combine the jury's factual findings with its legal conclusions in determining whether the plaintiff's speech is protected.
If any speech is found to be protected under the above analysis, the plaintiff must show that the protected speech was a substantial, or motivating, factor in the defendant's decision to discharge him. If the plaintiff meets this burden, the burden then shifts to the defendant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff would have been discharged regardless of the protected speech activity. These two causation questions are questions of fact for the jury.
993 F.2d at 1342-43 (citations omitted).
[3] Plaintiff also argues that he "has been penalized for his research and publication done in his home and outside the university...." (Plaintiff's Brief at 22). Therefore, he asserts that he cannot be punished for speech which was "done at home and not at work...." (Plaintiff's Brief at 22). To support his argument plaintiff cites Flanagan v. Munger, 890 F.2d 1557 (10th Cir. 1989). In that case three police officers who owned a video rental store which contained legal "adult" films were reprimanded for their conduct. The Tenth Circuit determined that Flanagan involved "`speech' which [was] off the job and unrelated to any internal functioning of the department." Id. at 1562. Here, however, plaintiff's employment is connected to the speech at issue the research which he has published. (Song Affidavit at ¶ 19; Plaintiff's Brief at 9-10). Plaintiff's publication of research articles is highly related to his employment as an academic scholar at UNL. See Tindle v. Caudell, 56 F.3d 966, 970-71 (8th Cir.1995). Moreover, plaintiff's argument is contrary to his contention that he should have been given credit by the defendants for research conducted through Crystalytics. (See Amended Complaint at ¶ 16-23). If the "speech" conducted at his home is private as he suggests, then it is disingenuous for the plaintiff to argue that he should have been given credit for this "speech" when his salary level was determined.
[4] For example, there are no allegations that plaintiff did not receive credit for his research because he expressed ideological or political views in his publications which were unpopular with the administration.
[5] Cf. Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 839, 96 S.Ct. 1211, 1218, 47 L.Ed.2d 505 (1976) (rejecting alleged First Amendment right to have a political candidate speak at a military base when member of the Armed Forces stationed at the base were free to attend political rallies off base); Lloyd Corp., Ltd. v. Tanner, 407 U.S. 551, 566-67 & n. 12, 92 S.Ct. 2219, 2227-2228 & n. 12, 33 L.Ed.2d 131 (1972) (rejecting alleged First Amendment right to distribute handbills in privately-owned shopping center, partly on the basis that surrounding public roads and sidewalks provided adequate alternative public forums for disseminating a message); L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, § 12-23, at 982. ("Unless the inhibition resulting from such a content-neutral abridgement is significant, government need show no more than a rational justification for its choice; and if equally effective alternatives are readily available to the speaker or listener, the inhibition is not deemed significant.").
[6] Plaintiff also argues in his brief that he filed grievances with UNL regarding his complaints. (Plaintiff's Brief, at 19). However, he does not cite any evidence of filing such grievances and none appears in his affidavit.
[7] I note that none of these allegations is contained in plaintiff's complaint or amended complaint. However, I shall consider the merits of plaintiff's allegations for purposes of this summary judgment motion, because plaintiff could potentially amend his complaint to conform with this evidence. See generally J. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice, § 56.10, at 56-92 through 56-97.
[8] See also Honore v. Douglas, 833 F.2d 565 (5th Cir.1987) (law school professor stated a claim for a first amendment violation where he had been denied tenure after criticizing the law school's admissions policy, size of the student population, administration of the school budget, and failure to certify graduates for the Texas bar examination in a timely fashion).
[9] "[T]he Constitution undoubtedly imposes constraints on the State's power to control the selection of one's spouse that would not apply to regulations affecting the choice of one's fellow employees." Roberts, 468 U.S. at 620, 104 S.Ct. at 3251. Although plaintiff's wife is a partner in Crystalytics, plaintiff does not contend that the defendants' have interfered with his "marriage relationship." (Day Depo 99:1-100:12; Plaintiff's Brief at 23; Amended Complaint at ¶ 16-23).
[10] Plaintiff argues in his brief and his attorney suggests in his deposition that some research collaborations between the plaintiff and other academics may be involved in his freedom of association claim. (Day Depo. 99:22-25). However, no such facts have been pleaded in plaintiff's amended complaint. (See Amended Complaint, at ¶ 16-23). Moreover, following his attorney's suggestion Dr. Day states:
A. I suspect okay. To be honest with you, I suspect that the department people in the department have resented the fact that I collaborate with people elsewhere. I've not got any hard evidence of that but that might be an issue as well. I don't know.
Q. (By Mr. Buntain) You say you suspect that that might be the case? But do you have anything to base that suspicion on?
A. No. Maybe that's what the problem is. I've been trying for three years to find out what the problem is.
(Day Deposition 100:1-12) (emphasis added). Furthermore, Day admits that his concerns have not prevented him from collaborating with other researchers around the country. (Day Deposition 105:1-23). Because he admits that he has no evidence of a violation of his associational rights with respect to his collaborations with other academics outside the University, plaintiff has not met his burden of establishing that his lower salary increases resulted from an exercise of his constitutional rights. See Hamer v. Brown, 831 F.2d 1398, 1403 (8th Cir.1987) (citing Mt. Healthy City Dist. Board of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 576, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977)) (plaintiff bears that burden of establishing the exercise of a constitutional right was a substantial and motivating factor in denial of a benefit).
[11] For example, Dr. Day sent a copy of one such article to UNL Arts and Sciences Dean Gerhard Meisels stating, "It is the first of many non-UNL publications by me; I hope to have at least ten per year in the future." (Day Depo. Exhibit 18). In another letter to Meisels, Day stated that he would continue to publish articles without listing his UNL affiliation "on any publications resulting from research conducted by me on my own time at Crystalytics Company." (Day Deposition: Exhibit 14).
[12] Plaintiff has not shown whether his wife contributed to the materials published by plaintiff in academic journals. (Day Depo 91:25-94:4). Thus, he has not demonstrated that he engaged in protected speech activities "with others to pursue goals independently protected by the [F]irst [A]mendment." Walker v. City of Kansas City, Mo., 911 F.2d 80, 89 (8th Cir.1990) (quoting L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 702-03 (1978)) (emphasis added). In addition, Crystalytics is unlikely to qualify as an intimate or private relationship worthy of associational protection under the first branch of the Supreme Court's case. Watson v. Fraternal Order of Eagles, 915 F.2d 235 (6th Cir.1990) (finding no freedom of association violation partly because of group's "quasi-business" activities); Oklahoma Educ. Ass'n v. Alcoholic Bev. Laws Enf. Comm'n, 889 F.2d 929 (10th Cir.1989) (no violation of right to association for state employees working in the alcoholic beverage business); Copp v. Unified School Dist. No. 501, 882 F.2d 1547 (10th Cir.1989) (no right of association between two school employees); Rivers v. Campbell, 791 F.2d 837, 840 (11th Cir.1986) ("the more commercial the associational interest involved the less likely first amendment protection attaches"); Trade Waste Management Ass'n, Inc. v. Hughey, 780 F.2d 221, 238 (3rd Cir.1985) (economic associations receive less protection than political or social associations); Mass v. McClenahan, 893 F.Supp. 225 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (business relationship formed between an attorney and a client did not warrant associational protection).
[13] Cf. FCC v. Beach Comm., Inc., 508 U.S. 307, ___, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 2102, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993) ("a legislative choice is not subject to courtroom factfinding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data.")
[14] The external funding grants supports UNL's overhead as well as the work of graduate, undergraduate, and post-doctoral students. (Day Depo. 40:12-44:13).
[15] Plaintiff cites a number of cases for the proposition that he has a property interest in his job as a tenured public employee. See Williams v. Texas University Health Sciences Center, 6 F.3d 290 (5th Cir.1993) (medical school faculty member's salary reduced from $68,000 to $46,449 a year); Post v. Harper, 980 F.2d 491 (8th Cir.1992) (discharged tenured employee had property interest in his employment); Eguia v. Tompkins, 756 F.2d 1130 (5th Cir.1985) (employee had due process interest in salary and expense reimbursement withheld by employer); Ginaitt v. Haronian, 806 F.Supp. 311 (D.R.I.1992) (termination of pension and medical benefits was termination of benefit in which employee had property interest). However, in each of those cases, the court specifically found that the public employee had a right to continuation of the salary or benefits previously granted by the employer. Although Day may have a property interest in his tenured position, none of the cases cited supports his assertion that he has a property interest in future wage increases. As the Supreme Court stated in Board of Regents v. Roth, in order to have a property interest in a benefit, plaintiff must have
more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.
408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2709, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972).
[16] Day argues that his claim is fact-dependent so that summary judgment on the issue would be improper. (Plaintiff's Brief at 24). However, plaintiff has provided no evidence which suggests that the defendants have done anything other than follow a policy of denying him credit for research which is not supported by external grants. Moreover, plaintiff admits that he has "nothing that suggests that a different formula was used for faculty member[s] within the Chemistry Department." (Day Depo. 71:7-22).
Day also argues that the court is not able to analyze whether the defendants' conduct met the rational basis test until the facts are weighed at trial and that the defendants have put forth no evidence "why the salary matrix is rational[] and why then the result is not equal." However, policy choices by government officials are "not subject to courtroom fact finding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data." FCC v. Beach Comm., Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 315, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 2102, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993). In addition, as stated above, a presumption of rationality attaches to the defendants' classification, because there is no evidence that the classification was based on suspect criteria or impinged on fundamental rights. Massey, 965 F.2d at 681.
[17] This is true regardless of whether externally funded research was a written requirement of plaintiff's job as a tenured faculty member. (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence, Exhibit 5). There is no dispute that plaintiff and other UNL faculty were encouraged to seek out external grants. (Day Depo. 40:12-44:3). Plaintiff understood that the components of the merit matrix system weighted the quality of his publications at 15 percent, the quantity of his publications at 15 percent, and the external funding he received at 30 percent. (Day Depo 39:10-40:11). He also understood that in externally funded research, the proposals are subject to peer review, the money goes directly to Chemistry Department to support its overhead, and that the money is often used to support the work of graduate, undergraduate, and post-doctoral students. (Day Depo. 40:12-42:1). Thus, he understood that his research at Crystalytics did not meet those criteria. (Day Depo. 42:19-44:13).
[18] Plaintiff would require that a younger similarly situated person has received a higher salary than plaintiff as the final element of the prima facie case. (Defendant's Brief at 36-37). On the other hand, defendants would require that other similarly situated younger employees received a higher salary than plaintiff. (Plaintiff's Brief at 37). Plaintiff's suggestion that he be required to prove that only one employee received a higher salary is clearly at odds with the Marshall decision and other district courts considering the issue in similar contexts. See Glass v. Dep't of Energy, 46 F.E.P. 1890, 1988 WL 57269 (1988); Fong v. Beggs, 620 F.Supp. 847, 872 (D.C.1985) (establishing prima facie elements as (1) plaintiff is a member of the protected class, (2) was qualified an eligible for substantial pay increases, (3) the pay adjustments received were minimal or nonexistent, and (4) that some younger employees received the pay increases that plaintiff expected to receive). I note that the other aspects of the Fong approach are inapplicable in this instance because that case dealt only with wage increases. 620 F.Supp. at 872. Here, plaintiff apparently is maintaining that his salary was already lower than other employees when the applicable statute of limitations on this claim began to run. I also note that to the extent the parties interpret the "similarly situated" requirement as pertaining to the performance record of the other employees, I decline to adopt that approach because that issue is more appropriately addressed as defendants' non-pretextual reason for their actions.
[19] Plaintiff argues that the defendant have admitted that obtaining external funding or grants is not a requirement of his job based on the following Plaintiff's Exhibit 5 which is a response to a request for production of documents:
[Documents Requested:]
Any documents that state chemistry department faculty have to write grant proposals. RESPONSE: There are no documents that "state chemistry department faculty have to write grant proposals." Plaintiff has previously been provided with copies of documents which encourage University of Nebraska-Lincoln Chemistry Department faculty to write grant proposals.
(Plaintiff's Index of Evidence Exhibit 5). This statement does not contradict defendant Song's statements concerning the Chemistry Department's strong emphasis on research activities, the importance of external funding to the department, and the importance of external funding in evaluating faculty members. (Song Affidavit, ¶ 18-20).
There is no dispute that plaintiff and other UNL faculty were encouraged to seek out external grants. (Day Depo. 40:12-44:3). Plaintiff understood that the components of the merit matrix system weighted the quality of his publications at 15 percent, the quantity of his publications at 15 percent, and the external funding he received at 30 percent. (Day Depo. 39:10-40:11). He understood that in externally funded research, the proposals are subject to peer review, the money goes directly to Chemistry Department to support its overhead, and that the money if often used to support the work of graduate, undergraduate, and post-doctoral students. (Day Depo. 40:12-42:1). That plaintiff was expected to seek and obtain grants is true regardless of whether the expectation was written in terms of a "requirement." Moreover, defendants have not argued that this is a requirement for continued employment.
[20] Although Day does not argue the point here, in other portions of his brief he cites to a deposition of defendant Song for the proposition that some externally funded research grants do not cover costs of UNL's overhead. (Plaintiff's Brief at 9). First, defendant Song's testimony was couched in terms of "It's hard to say ... I haven't done the accounting." (Song Depo. 196:17-22). Moreover, Day provides only one page of the relevant testimony and fails to include two pages of the deposition transcript before and two pages after the testimony to which he cites. (Song Depo. 196:1-25). It is apparent that much of the relevant testimony of defendant Song on this issue was excluded from consideration by the court. Moreover, the context of defendant Song's statements is quite ambiguous from the single page included from his deposition. I am unable to discern whether defendant Song testified that UNL may not break even on some particular external grants, on a wide range of external grants, on certain parts of research expenses, such as graduate students aiding in the research supported by the grants, or on certain portions of the program funding jointly by the grants and other UNL funding, such as the graduate student program as a whole. (Song Depo. 196:1-25). Finally, I note that use of this testimony to prove that the defendants' job expectations were unreasonable is suspect, because this evidence shows at most that this expectation was not necessarily beneficial to UNL in all cases and not that it was unreasonable to expect plaintiff to be able to meet this requirement. See O'Bryan v. KTIV Television, 868 F.Supp. 1146 (N.D.Iowa 1994).
[21] There is no evidence that untenured and less experienced faculty members may not be biologically older than their tenured counterparts. As discussed below, plaintiff fails to provide statistical evidence suggesting that the "inversion" system had a disparate impact on the salaries of older persons.
[22] The memorandum specifically states that "some junior faculty will have below average increases.... This year the senior faculty will not be, in effect, subsidizing increases for beginning faculty." (Plaintiff's Index of Evidence, Ex. 8). I note that this language undercuts plaintiff's claim of discrimination against older faculty members.
[23] The general limitations period for filing a lawsuit under the ADEA is two years. In cases of willful violations, however, the limitations period is three years. 29 U.S.C. § 255.
[24] See supra, at note 22.
[25] The mere existence of a "scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's position" is insufficient to avoid summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. at 2512.
[26] I note that there is "some doubt about the viability of an ADEA disparate impact claim." Leidig v. Honeywell, Inc., 850 F.Supp. 796 (D.Minn.1994). The Supreme Court has "never decided whether a disparate impact theory of liability is available under the ADEA." Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 610, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 1706, 123 L.Ed.2d 338 (1993). Several Justices cautioned lower federal courts against interpreting Biggins as authority for recognizing such claims. Id. at 610 and 617, at 1706 and 1710. However, because the Eighth Circuit recognized ADEA disparate impact claims before the Supreme Court's Biggins decision, I "assume for purposes of this motion that such a claim is cognizable[]" as the District Court of Minnesota did in Leidig, 850 F.Supp. at 801. See e.g. Nolting v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 799 F.2d 1192 (8th Cir.1986); Leftwich v. Harris-Stowe State College, 702 F.2d 686, 690 (8th Cir.1983).
[27] While plaintiff suggested in his deposition that other members of his department have suffered from age discrimination, he does not indicate how he has any personal knowledge of such discrimination beyond mere speculation, does not provide any testimony or affidavits from those he claims might also be victims, and phrases his responses to questions about particular persons in terms of "he may be," "it would appear," and "I really don't know. That's why I'm asking the question." (Day Depo 381:9-391:5). In addition, he also admits that all of the highest paid faculty members in the department are older than he, (Day Depo 391:14-16), and that the department does not discriminate against all older faculty members. (Day Depo 381:9-11).
[28] Normally, a case "arises under" federal law, if federal law creates plaintiff's cause of action. See American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co., 241 U.S. 257, 260, 36 S.Ct. 585, 586, 60 L.Ed. 987 (1916); see also The Fair v. Kohler Die & Specialty Co., 228 U.S. 22, 25, 33 S.Ct. 410, 411-12, 57 L.Ed. 716 (1913).
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Q:
maven javaee application client plugin
I am pretty new to maven.
Is there any plugin or packaging type suitable for building application client jar file ?
I want to add the application-client.xml file to the META-INF folder inside the jar.
The normal jar packaging doesn't include the file.
A:
You should only need to define the project with jar packaging (and as it is the default you don't need to declare it).
If you define the application-client.xml in the src/main/resources/META-INF folder it will be included in the META-INF folder of the final jar.
To define additional information you need to configure the jar plugin as below.
<project>
...
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.2</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<mainClass>com.mycompany.app.App</mainClass>
<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
</manifest>
<manifestFile>src/main/resources/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF</manifestFile>
</archive>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
...
</project>
Check out the guide to working with manifests for full details
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Most nutrition advice is either unscientific (eg. “cut out all carbs!”), or ignores human psychology (eg. “just eat less!”). Read this to learn heathy and effective diet advice that’s based on science and doesn’t leave you feeling hungry or unsatisfied. Continue Reading →
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x and y have the same value?
False
Let x = -214.39 - -214.49. Which is bigger: 4717 or x?
4717
Let b(t) = -20*t + 39. Let f be b(8). Suppose 247 = -4*m - 233. Is f >= m?
False
Let g(l) = l**2 - 2*l - 71. Let k be g(-7). Let q(p) = 5*p + 44. Let f be q(k). Which is bigger: 34/11 or f?
f
Let w be ((1925/10)/(-11))/(1/(-2)). Let m be (5 - 180/w) + 1/7. Which is smaller: m or -1/60?
-1/60
Let i = 24.68 + -27.68. Which is greater: -16 or i?
i
Let n(w) = -2*w**3 + 16*w - 1 - 18*w**2 + 22 - 6*w**3 + 9*w**3. Let x be n(17). Suppose x*y - 12 = 4*z, 0 = -2*z - 4*y + y + 4. Which is bigger: z or -2/33?
-2/33
Let j = 2/13941 - 125581/780696. Which is smaller: -1 or j?
-1
Let j = -57 + 82. Let c = 1866 + -1857. Is j bigger than c?
True
Let j be -1 + 0 + 4/(-12) + (-184)/(-138). Are j and -58/263 equal?
False
Let j be (-36)/72*(2 + (1 - 5)). Let t be (1 - -1)*(9/6 - j). Which is smaller: 1/82 or t?
1/82
Let q be 13 + (-9)/(-225)*-25. Let f = -2 + 2. Which is smaller: q or f?
f
Let k be -3 + 17790/(-75)*(-2)/192. Let q = 11/80 - k. Let f = 36/7 - 5. Are f and q unequal?
True
Suppose 108 = q + 8*q. Suppose -q*m = -10*m - 158. Let i = 80 - m. Is 3 at least as big as i?
True
Suppose 4*p - 3*x - 22 = 0, p - 11*x + 10*x - 6 = 0. Let q = 2981/91 - 197/7. Which is greater: p or q?
q
Let z be (-16 - 1334)*2/(-4). Let w = z - 735. Is -64 less than w?
True
Let g be 198/8 + 48/(-64). Let s = -42 - -69. Which is greater: g or s?
s
Let j(h) = -155*h + 974. Let y be j(-14). Is 3144 greater than y?
False
Suppose 0 = 5*x + 5*b + 40, x - 2*x + 5*b = -10. Let a be (5/x - -2)/1. Which is smaller: -64 or a?
-64
Let h = 11156 + -13731. Which is greater: h or -2570?
-2570
Suppose -3*s = 4*p - 45, 2*p - 15 = -5*s + 2*s. Let r be (-48)/32*(-1 + 187/p). Suppose 0*g + 64 = -4*g. Which is smaller: r or g?
r
Let p = -3.1 - -15.6. Let y = -7.5 + p. Let c = -3.8 + y. Are 2/7 and c non-equal?
True
Let t(r) = 12*r - 385. Let p(q) = q**3 + 11*q**2 + 15*q + 5. Let x be p(-9). Let j be t(x). Let z = -19246/31 + 621. Is j at least as big as z?
False
Let j(f) = -2*f**2 - 37*f + 549. Let w be j(-39). Which is smaller: w or -1048?
w
Let t = -18 + -132/5. Let j be -7 - (53/(-2))/(112/32) - 8736/196. Which is bigger: j or t?
j
Let d = -764 - -763. Let m = -44859/2445373 + -1/11269. Is m > d?
True
Let h(t) be the third derivative of -5*t**4/12 + 10*t**3/3 + 14*t**2. Let c be h(7). Let j be (12/10)/(15/c). Is -2 less than j?
False
Let x(d) = -24*d**2 + 9*d + 9. Let y(n) = 11*n**2 - 4*n - 4. Let k(g) = -6*x(g) - 13*y(g). Let i be k(-1). Is 2/125 not equal to i?
True
Let d = -490 - -666. Let h be 76/342 + d/18. Is h bigger than -1?
True
Let x(t) = -4*t + 98. Suppose 15*h - 370 + 10 = 0. Let y be x(h). Let g = 2/249 - -3721/1743. Is y < g?
True
Let u be 3720/375 + 1 + -2. Which is bigger: 10 or u?
10
Suppose -1511 = -97*v - 610 + 4822. Do v and 86 have the same value?
False
Let u = 4 + 2. Suppose -4*p + 6 = -a, -u*a - 18 = -3*a - 5*p. Suppose 0 = -24*j - 103 + 7. Does j = a?
False
Suppose -5*z - 3*i - 33 = -7, -z + i = 2. Let t be (-3)/(15/(-10))*z/4. Let l be (-2)/(-7) - 12/7. Is l at least as big as t?
True
Let o be 3*(102/(-12) + -3 + 8). Let s = 64 + -91. Let z = s + 15. Which is greater: z or o?
o
Let b(v) = -v**3 + 8*v**2 + 23*v + 9. Let d be b(10). Suppose -8*l - 4*x = -11*l + d, 4*l + 2*x = 30. Is l >= 5?
True
Suppose -9*l + 5*o = -12*l + 83, 3*l = -4*o + 79. Let f be (-1 - (-4 + 0))*7/l. Which is bigger: -1/542 or f?
f
Let q(o) = 3*o**2 - 157*o + 77. Let a be q(26). Which is smaller: a or 1/4?
a
Let y(p) = 0*p**2 + p**2 + 17*p - 6 + 3*p**3 - 25*p + 5. Let v be y(-5). Is -311 > v?
False
Suppose 0 = -125*z + 160*z + 46130. Are -1319 and z non-equal?
True
Let k(t) = 2*t - 5. Let a be k(4). Let s = 3121 - 3121. Suppose a*r + m = 18 + 1, s = -r + 3*m + 23. Is r smaller than -1/3?
False
Let a = -2862 + 2074. Is a greater than or equal to -787?
False
Let l = -168444/43 - -13444652/4171. Let s = l - -694. Is s at least -1?
True
Let q be (-10394735)/2300 + (1 - (-6)/(-8)). Is q > -4520?
True
Let i(p) = -40*p - 1276. Let c be i(-55). Which is greater: 922 or c?
c
Suppose 0 = -52*d - 16*d - 2477 + 6489. Is 80 at least d?
True
Let z = 535.54 + -537.2. Let k = -13/21 - -1/3. Which is bigger: k or z?
k
Suppose -26*w = -29*w + 2*i - 680, -5*w = 5*i + 1150. Let c be 2064/(-9) - ((-2)/(-2))/(-3). Is c <= w?
True
Let o = 0.031 + -1.031. Suppose 6*g = -186 - 180. Let y = g + 84. Which is bigger: y or o?
y
Let q = -6835 + 2118847/310. Let p = -202 - -203. Is q < p?
True
Let t = 970 - -620. Suppose -7*v - t = 23*v. Let a = 32 - 85. Is a smaller than v?
False
Let u = -1.7263 - 0.0537. Let b = u + 1.84. Let m be (2/(-39))/((-2)/6). Is b not equal to m?
True
Let g(q) = -q**2 + 14*q - 9. Let f be g(5). Suppose f*x - 4 = 35*x. Suppose -2*u + 8 = x*p, -3*u - 5*p + 4 = -6. Which is bigger: -2/43 or u?
u
Suppose -37*f - 23 = -17*f - 3. Which is greater: 3/4969 or f?
3/4969
Suppose -6 = -a, -3*x - 569*a + 566*a - 42 = 0. Let u = 16 + -11. Are x and u unequal?
True
Suppose 0 = 2*u - 4*t - 66 - 122, -3*t = 5*u - 548. Which is bigger: u or 126?
126
Let y be 118/8 + ((-810)/72)/(-9). Is y bigger than -19?
True
Let u = 78.92 - -2.08. Let n = u + -81.22. Is -1 <= n?
True
Let h be (1 - 2)*(-1 - -2). Let s be 89096/5168 - 17 - 24/114. Do s and h have different values?
True
Let j(d) = 23*d - 137. Let m be j(6). Is m >= 3/32?
True
Let h be (-3)/30 - ((-1386)/(-140))/(-9). Which is smaller: -25/91 or h?
-25/91
Suppose -168 = 36*j - 38*j + r, 0 = 5*r + 10. Which is smaller: 70 or j?
70
Let u = -135 - -140. Suppose -4*v - g = 24, -12 = -v + u*v - 2*g. Is -4 less than v?
False
Let a = -1.2879 + 0.2879. Which is bigger: a or -2930?
a
Let o(j) = 214*j + 4. Let m be o(3). Let t be (-6438)/(-10) - (3 + -3). Let v = m - t. Which is bigger: 1 or v?
v
Let b = -19646.0013 + 19646. Which is smaller: b or 0.06?
b
Let z = 0.13263 - -0.01137. Which is bigger: 5 or z?
5
Let d be (-264)/(-1056)*((-2)/2 + -43). Which is greater: d or -46?
d
Let p = -17898 - -10498. Which is smaller: p or -7401?
-7401
Suppose 4*i = 17 + 71. Let d(q) = 4*q - 18. Let n be d(6). Let y be 21 - (n/(-8) - 11/44). Is i at most y?
True
Let g = -94982/975 - 1096/39. Which is greater: g or -125?
-125
Let m = 16573 + -34059/2. Let x = 482 + m. Which is smaller: 25 or x?
25
Let z = -98 - -106. Let v = z + 5. Is v less than 2?
False
Let q be 3 - (-1 - (-3)/1). Let p be (q - 3/6)*(2 + 6). Suppose -p*g + 102 + 30 = 0. Is g greater than or equal to 0?
True
Let p(n) = 2*n - 2. Let f be p(1). Suppose -5*x + 3*y = 2*y + 2, f = -3*x + 3*y + 6. Let o be 1/((-9)/12 - x). Which is smaller: o or 5?
o
Let c be (7 + -9 - (-4 - -1)) + 29. Let u(m) = m**3 - m**2 - 2*m + 2. Let a be u(-3). Let p = a + c. Are p and 1 equal?
False
Let j = 77 - -84. Let d = j + -159. Let p = 4 - 8. Is p bigger than d?
False
Let x = -60.0473 + 1.0473. Is x at least 21?
False
Let s = 22.21 - 23.21. Let c = 0.3 + -0.15. Is c at most s?
False
Let f be 3885/111*2/70. Is 32/27 bigger than f?
True
Suppose 4*u - 1 = -5. Let n be 4/(-8)*(0/2 + 0). Suppose -18*t + 28*t = n. Is t less than u?
False
Let s(c) = -2*c**2 + 43*c + 22. Suppose -w + 41 = -5*f, 5*f = 28*w - 29*w + 1. Let u be s(w). Is u > 263/6?
False
Let u(r) = 20*r - 288 + 292 + 4*r**2 - 2*r**2. Let s be u(-10). Suppose -s*n + 6*v - 122 = 7*v, -v = 2*n + 62. Do -29 and n have the same value?
False
Suppose 2*a + 5*f + 1511 = -a, -2*a - 3*f - 1007 = 0. Is -503 at most a?
True
Suppose 2*z - 4*t = -0*t - 24, 5*z - 4*t = -36. Let m(v) = -20*v - 76. Let q be m(z). Suppose -p + 13 = 5*k, -5*k - 8 + 3 = -5*p. Which is greater: p or q?
q
Let t = -0.067 - 0.149. Let u = 11146 - 11145.9. Is t > u?
False
Let v = 4109 - 4109. Which is smaller: v or 0.2447?
v
Let q = 39 - 14. Let p(b) = -3*b**2 - b. Let k(i) = 19*i**2 - 2*i - 82. Let c(j) = k(j) + 6*p(j). Let w be c(15). Which is greater: w or q?
q
Suppose -8*l + 32 = -40. Suppose l - 5 = -4*n. Let o = -1/382 - 2287/1910. Which is smaller: n or o?
o
Let c = -5624 - -5620. Which is smaller: c or -487?
-487
Suppose -h = 2*f + f + 11, 4*h - 3*f = -14. Let i = -3/7 + -5/21. Which is bigger: i or h?
i
Let k = -9042.6 + 9042. Do -275 and k have different values?
True
Let d be (-61824)/(-30816) - (1 - -1)*1. Suppose k + j + 4 = 2*k, |
Snyder On That R-Rated “Batman v Superman”
In the wake of the success of “Deadpool,” Warner Bros. Pictures made the announcement that an R-rated cut of Zack Snyder’s “Batman v Superman: Dawn Of Justice” would be making its way to the Blu-ray and DVD edition of the film.
The timing was unfortunate, mostly because it seemed almost like a kneejerk reaction from the studio to the huge success of the R-rated “Deadpool,” rather than what was simply a longer and darker cut of the film – something that Snyder has done with several of his films to date such as “Watchmen” and “Dawn of the Dead”.
In a new feature piece for THR, his wife and producing partner Deborah Snyder dismisses those notions, saying: “Online, everyone’s like, ‘Oh, they’re doing an R-rated in reaction to Deadpool,’ and you’re like (laughing), ‘We didn’t just shoot it last week, and we also didn’t edit it last week’.”
She also shot down rumors that the film underwent re-editing in the wake of the reaction to the early trailers: “No. When we had a locked picture, we didn’t change anything. We’ve been working on the 3D. We did the 3D conversion after the movie was done.”
Zack meanwhile has spoken about the extended cut which runs a full half-hour longer than the 151 minute theatrical cut:
“The DVD version] is a half-hour longer, and some of that additional material is some of the stuff we took out for the rating. I was like, ‘Cool, I can put it back in for the director’s cut.’ There was nothing by design. This was the material I just put back in, and then when [the MPAA] looked at it again, they were like, ‘Oh, now the movie’s rated R.’ And, by the way, it’s not a hard R. There’s no nudity. There’s a little bit of violence. It just tips the scale.”
The filmmaker also isn’t concerned about criticism that the picture is too serious saying: “I just gave it the weight that it deserves as far as the mythological conformation. But it’s still a guy in a red and blue suit fighting a guy in a black suit. I mean, they’re in costumes. The movie is fun, and Batman fights Superman. If you can’t have fun there, then something’s kind of wrong with you.”
In related news, Warner Bros. Pictures has released six clips from the film along with a music-centric featurette offering new details about Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL’s individual themes for Batman, Wonder Woman and Lex Luthor in the film. There’s also a four-minute clip of B-roll footage as well. |
General workout breakdown: This has already been described well in previous reviews, so Iíll just add a few more details here and there.
The workout runs 40 min. total (without the power-up) and 46.5 min. total (with the power-ups), with 5 min. for the warm-up, 21.5 min. for the main cardio portion, and 3.5 min. for the cool-down / stretch; the power-up section runs 6.5 min.
Amy builds up the combo on the right, then on the left, and then does 1, maybe 2, run-throughs back to back alternating sides. She doesnít really layer, with the exception of an added turn here or there; pretty much what you see is what you get, although sheíll cut out filler moves and cut down on repetitions in the final product. I would have liked a little more repetition, if not break down, of a few tricky parts, like one big chunk of combo #1 that gets thrown out at once before you repeat somewhat easier moves a number of times. I guess the flip side is the moves that get a lot of repetition are a little more intense, so they keep your heartrate up more. Amy doesnít always run through everything evenly; it feels like the second side gets shortchanged a few times. For example, I think itís in the second combo where she doesnít run through the full left side a few times; she just goes straight into alternating the right and left of the full combos.
There is no TIFTing (taking it from the top). Once you learn a combo, youíre done with it. Thereís no running through all four combos together.
Another thing that makes this workout tricky to learn is that youíll spend a lot of time in front of your step and thus with your back to your TV quite a bit.
This has a lot of quick pivots and turns, including a number of ones on the step itself. I was able to take out some, for example by doing crazy shuffle as fast feet (that is, staying behind the step for all four toe taps on the step), but some are needed to transition from one move to another, so if your knees donít like torque it might be best to pass on this one.
Thereís also a good deal of impact, although none of it felt unreasonable to me (thereís something about Catheís high impact that bothers me, but I donít have problems with Amyís). You can take out some, for example by doing basic instead of run. Itíll take more creativity to modify the plyo jumps in the Power Up, but if youíre creative itís not too hard, plus you could always do this segment without a step.
The cool-down consists of a minute or two of basic steps to get the heartrate down (see, Cathe, Mindy, Petra, and others who havenít bothered to include cool-downs on recent releases, itís not that hard!) followed by a few quick (and I mean quick) stretches for the back of the leg. I definitely needed more, especially for the quads and hip flexors, although I definitely appreciated having the two different calf stretches.
Level: Iíd recommend this to experienced steppers at least at a high intermediate through mid-advanced level who are comfortable with moderate to fairly complex choreography and some impact.
I consider myself an intermediate / advanced exerciser whoís better than average at picking up choreography, provided itís taught and cued decently enough. I watched the preview segment and got most of this the first time through, although I took some modifications, as I noted above, to take out some of the quick spins and some of the impact moves. This is plenty of work for me on even 4Ē; when I do it on 6Ē itís a real advanced step challenge!
Class: 3 women join Amy, who instructs live. Sheís the main whooper; you canít really hear much from the others.
Music: upbeat mostly instrumentals with a beat. Amy is known for her great music, but in this, one of her first releases, she doesnít seem to have the money or connections yet. Still, this is better than your average generic workout music soundtrack.
Set: neutral-colored ďroomĒ with two windows and potted plants in the corner. Itís bright and airy. Personally I rather like it: Iíd rather have a bright, clean, plain set than the wacky ones out there; the fewer the distractions from the workout the better for me.
Production: clear picture and sound. Although Amyís voice is a little echo-y, it is clearly audible over the music. The camera angles are helpful. You know, there are people whoíve put out many more videos who do a poorer job with production issues than this, Amyís second series and done on her own.
Equipment: step (Amy and company use a full-sized club step with 1 pair of risers), sneakers thatíll turn easily on your platform and flooring, and a supportive jog bra.
Space Requirements: Youíll need approximately an equal amount of space to the back, front, and sides of your step. I put mine smack dab in the middle of my workout space, which is about 6í deep by 8í wide, and that gave me enough room as long as I stayed in place rather than doing the step out pivot turn to the side in combo 2 or 3. For the main step workout the step is horizontal, but itís vertical during the power up segment. (I kept the step in place and changed my position.)
DVD Notes: I have a pressed DVD, but I believe the very first edition appeared on DVD-R. This has also been rereleased with a different cover, but I donít know of any notable differences besides the artwork.
Comments: How does the original ASC compared to ASC 2 and ASC 3? Itís the shortest of the three, thatís for sure (although ASC4 might only be a little bit longer than ASC 1). I feel this original one is the most intense, perhaps because no modifications are shown, so the impact and pivots are nearly unavoidable unless you preview it and devise your own. Amy seems to have kept a similar format for her later ASCs, with the Power Ups in a separate chapter, although at least ASC3 has a premix throwing the Power Ups into the mix. Here youíll have to be pretty handy with your remote if you want to do the Power-Up within the main workout. Oh, and ASC 1 is the only one with whooping, as Amy listened to feedback and has worked to removed that from her later releases.
Instructor Comments: Amy is upbeat, positive, and cheery, without being too much so; itís just the right level of enthusiasm for me. She has almost a goofy or quirky kind of sense of humor, which I like, as it adds to the sense that sheís really being herself. Amy has great camera presence; itís hard to believe this is just her second filmed series.
Amy cues for someone already familiar with the routine; she is not cuing to teach the routine. While this means her cuing will stand up better with repeat viewings, it leaves the burden of learning the routine on the user. Oh, and donít listen to her when she says ďX moreĒ or ďlast one,Ē because she invariably ends up doing more than that.
I just finished trying this one out for the first time and WOW...it may be shorter than I'd like but the intensity is WAY up there. I think this one is just as intense all the way through as one of Cathe's challenges. The whooping can be a bit much if that bothers you, but I found myself getting into it just as much as Amy was. I thought it would bug me, but it didn't. This one's a keeper, and I look forward to trying more of Amy's workouts.
The first time I did this video, I was very frustrated by the complexity of the moves. I would advise definitely to study the instructional portion of the tape before starting. The 1st combo was the hardest one to get for me. I still haven't mastered the "crazy shuffle" yet. I usually get choreography fairly fast, but with this one, I had to preview it with a 4 inch step just to get the moves. Even then I was sweating!
I suspect for most people, it will take a little work to get the combos down...but once you do the workout in itself is very good. My legs were shaking just as much as if I had done Cathe's IMAX2. (Haven't done IMAX3 yet...) The Power Up section is a good one. I would suggest to do Power Up between the first two combos and the last two combos and then again at the end if you want to boost up the cardio of the workout, although it is not necessary.
The music was nothing special, but the moves were fun. So far, I have enjoyed all of Amy Bento's DVDs.
Instructor Comments:
Amy has an energetic gusto that really inspires while you do her workouts.
The first time I did this video I swore and said some very bad things to Amy on the TV screen. But that's because I hadn't previewed the four most complex moves! I found that the preview chapter was essential for doing the workout, because she does not teach them or break them down at that point.
Once I did that and tried this video for the second time, I fell in love! This is the best advanced step workout to come out in a long time. My only complaint at the end is that it was only about 30 minutes, minus the 10-minute power bonus section (which was fabulous in and of itself!).
She does teach the first part of the first combo a little fast, but I was able to pick it up, armed with the previewed knowledge. Crazy shuffle is sort of like a jump aruond the world. YOu also do hamstring curls around the step, a fast shuffle on both sides of the step and a jump about-face which isn't really hard to learn. Alot of the moves are done in front of the step but if you get used to that it's no big deal.
The first combo of the bonus power section gives me great hope for her future kickboxing workouts! Knee-kick mambo into two jump kicks--so much fun it hardly hurt! She goes on to do vintage Cathe-style plyo leaps, jumps over the step and other more traditional power moves. The only problem with this workout for me right now is that I have a grouchy downstairs neighbor! It's high-impact, sweat-producing and tons of fun!
Instructor Comments:
Amy DOES remind of Cathe in an abstract,very positive way--fit, no-nonsense yet friendly, talkative but not chatty. The whoo factor is not too bad in this workout--probably because who has extra breath?
Preview: In the preview section, Amy breaks down the 4 main combinations that make up the "meat" of the workout. She demonstrates this at a slow tempo, showing modifications that can be used as well. It's just her and you, no music, just straight forward instruction.
2nd: Scoop Around Step-starts from the top of the step, scoop side to side, then two scoops at front of the step, cross back over, two back then repeater.
3rd: Flip Flop-this also starts from top of the step. 2 shuffles, knee & pivot, this turns from front to back then front again ending with jack on floor.
4th: About Face-this move starts from a straddle on floor and you literally jump up onto the bench facing the opposite direction as where you started.
Warm Up:
Marches, step touch, 2 knees, hamstring curls to top, scoop around (not starting from the top) to two repeaters on floor. Then you grapevine, turn out and in, arabesque straddle, v-step then go into stretches. She then does 8 jacks and repeats stretches to other side.
Combo 4: Knee off side, squat, jog, knee up with a hold onto top of step, lunge back off step, 3 lunges then jacks on top of step. FLIP FLOP is introduced in this combo after the jacks on top of step. Jack on floor. Then run on left to repeat to that side. Next 2 kick spin to end, across the tops, knee to bring it home.
Cool Down:
Very basic, just a few step touches and deep breaths. Amy does stretches for back, shoulders, hamstrings and calves.
Wardrobe: Amy and the A-Team are all wearing matching tops and pants. The background girls followed along beautifully!
For you complex choreography step hounds, this may be the ticket!! Lots of twists and turns at non stop stepping speed! For those that may want to try to master it, the review section is very helpful. She breaks down the choreography slowly and deliberately, then she shows what the move looks like at tempo. www.nrgfitness.net is Amy's website.
Instructor Comments:
Amy has lots of energy and loves to whoop. (in case you don't like that) I'd compare her to Chalene Johnson, that's who she reminded me of.
I did a walk thru of the preview section where Amy breaks down the harder moves. She said she does this rather than break the moves down in the workout - keeps the pace more advanced. The moves are nicely brokedown and at a slow pace so you can get it. One is like Cathe's fast feet, but you are moving in a 360 over the step. There is a straddle with a 180 jump up onto the step - I would recommend practicing this first ;) There were a few others, but those 2 stood out.
Intro flows well - you get nicely warmed up with just a little bit of stretching on warmed muscles. Side steps, knee ups, few jumping jacks which can be modified to low-jacks, grapevine - nothing too cardio-challenged.
Combo#1: Wow - talk about energy :) This one will need to be preview and walked thru for sure. There is really no breakdown, she just goes into it, but I have a feeling it will be worth the work. Music isn't anything special - just kind of beat music. This combo has the crazy shuffle.
Combo#2: There is a 6 count mambo in there - love those. There are also forward mambos - love those, too! There's a reverse step similar to Cathes where you reverse over your shoulder around the step (I totally can't explain it, but I love it.) Amy calls is a scissor rock. Hmmm .. I'm thinking this combo looks fantastic! Again - it will take some work. There are also half mambos,then the about-face Amy brokedown in the preview section.
Power-up section: step is perpendicular. Lots of high impact jumping on and off the step. Looks tough.
Overall, my initial impressions are positive. I walked thru some of the moves tonight (getting over bronchitis, so didn't want to do too much.) It seems fun, but I'll try it Tues or so hoping I can breath enough. Amy sweat it out - there isn't any phantom edits to non-sweat clothes and makeup fixes, which bugs me to no end. Come on - sweat with me! If I'm gonna be drenched at the end of the workout, I want the people on the video to look as bad as I do ;)
Chapters:
Intro
Preview-(Very short instruction on 4 of the hardest moves in the workout)
W/U
Combo 1-looked tough to learn because it is done off of the front of the step
Combo 2
Combo 3-probably the least intense of all the combos
Combo 4
CD very short with a couple of standing and hamstring stretches
Powerups- 3 longish intervals with short breaks-very plyoish and very tough looking
Just to give you some backround, for stepping I use mostly Cathe, a few Christi's, a Season tape (RSS) and Kristen Kagen's 2 tapes. I have a couple of CIA's as well but I rarely use them.
This workout is completely different than any workout I own. There is almost NO breakdown of combos which makes it seem to me that once you know the moves, the intensity almost never lets up. I'll know for sure when I do it tomorrow, but the intensity throughout the entire workout looks to be on par with the challenge part of Cathe's Step Blast.
What really makes it look different is the amount of complexity COMBINED with the level of intensity. There are lots of turns, combined with jumps in new and interesting ways. The combos are short, but are repeated a bunch of times, and she puts some plyo moves right in the middle of combos to get your HR up even more.
The music is loud and good (IMO...funky). She has a TON of energy and does whoop it up quite a bit, but as I was watching I was thinking that I would appreciate that kind of encouragement to get through the workout. This is seriously fast stepping with plenty of intensity.
The set is light and bright, and I think it looks great for a first effort.
Impressions after doing workout:
The feel is so different than other workouts because the combos are so short and repeated so often, but the complexity makes the combos so fun. As soon as you have had enough of one combo it's time to move on to the next. Time flew by.
I think if there were 5 combos instead of 4 I would have voted this the all-time perfect step workout. Without the Powerup section which is an add-on of about 5 minutes, the body of the workout is shorter (40min or so??) than what I'm used to doing when I step.
Next time I do this, I'm going to do the Powerup section after each combo. I think that would make it about an hour and probably give someone all the intensity they would ever want from a step workout.
Her terminology is different than other instructors', but once you understand what she is asking for, her cues are enough to get you through, and the repetition is enough to give you plenty of chances to learn it.
I have to give this workout a solid A. It would be an A+ if it was just a little longer.
BTW-The whooping didn't bother me at all, although my 8yr old daughter who has watched me do lots of workouts was watching and said, "I think she talks too much." I didn't notice at all when I was doing the workout itself.
Instructor Comments:
Full of energy, good cueing, whoops more than other instructors |
[Cite as Great W. Cas. Co. v. Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp., 2016-Ohio-2876.]
GREAT WEST CASUALTY COMPANY Case No. 2013-00205
Plaintiff Judge Patrick M. McGrath
Magistrate Holly True Shaver
v.
DECISION
OHIO BUREAU OF WORKERS’
COMPENSATION, et al.
Defendants
{¶1} On April 23, 2015, the Tenth District Court of Appeals reversed and
remanded this case, finding that this court had jurisdiction over plaintiff’s complaint.
After conferences with the court, the parties agreed to conduct additional discovery, and
ultimately, a non-oral hearing on the previously filed cross-motions for summary
judgment was set for December 7, 2015. On December 4, 2015, defendants, Ohio
Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (BWC) and the Industrial Commission of Ohio, filed
a supplement to their original motion. The motions are now before the court for a non-
oral hearing pursuant to L.C.C.R. 4(D).
{¶2} Civ.R. 56(C) states, in part, as follows:
{¶3} “Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of
evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as
stated in this rule. A summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from
the evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable
minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party
against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to
Case No. 2013-00205 -2- DECISION
have the evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the party’s favor.” See also
Gilbert v. Summit Cty., 104 Ohio St. 3d 660, 2004-Ohio-7108, citing Temple v. Wean
United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317 (1977).
{¶4} As stated in the decision of the Tenth District Court of Appeals, the relevant
facts are as follows:
{¶5} “On March 31, 2011, Great West issued a workers’ compensation and
employer’s liability insurance policy to Roeder Cartage Company, Inc. (“Roeder”), a
trucking and delivery company. The Great West policy insured Roeder for workers’
compensation claims filed in Alabama.
{¶6} “On June 22, 2011, James McElroy, a truck driver employed by Roeder, fell
from his truck and injured himself. McElroy’s accident occurred in Alabama, but
McElroy is an Ohio resident. McElroy elected to apply for workers’ compensation
benefits in Ohio, rather than Alabama. On June 24, 2011, McElroy submitted a
completed first-report-of injury form to the BWC. The BWC allowed claims for
lumbosacral sprain/strain and sprain of the lumbar region, and it granted payment of
temporary total disability compensation and benefits.
{¶7} “Roeder appealed the allowance of McElroy’s claims, arguing that McElroy
was not eligible for Ohio workers’ compensation benefits because his injury had
occurred in Alabama. In response, the BWC vacated its prior orders and halted
payment on McElroy’s claims pending an investigation of the interstate jurisdictional
issue.1
{¶8} “About the same time Roeder appealed the BWC’s allowance of McElroy’s
claims, Roeder reported McElroy’s injury to Great West pursuant to the terms of its
insurance policy. Upon review of the situation, Great West learned that McElroy had
1The order from BWC states: “This order replaces the BWC order dated 07-18-2011, which has
been vacated for the following reason: TT [temporary total disability] is not being addressed yet until
Interstate Jurisdiction is fully investigated.” (Defendant’s Exhibit A-4.)
Case No. 2013-00205 -3- DECISION
not yet received any workers’ compensation benefits, even though his accident had
occurred a month prior. Great West began paying benefits to McElroy.
{¶9} “On January 24, 2012, the Commission issued an order finding that McElroy
was entitled to Ohio workers’ compensation benefits. The Commission ordered the
BWC to pay McElroy temporary total disability compensation and benefits, and required
those payments to be offset against the payments received by McElroy from Great
West.
{¶10} “Upon receiving notification that Ohio would pay McElroy workers’
compensation benefits, Great West discontinued its payments. Great West then sent
the BWC a written demand for reimbursement of the $22,758.80 that it had paid
McElroy. The BWC did not respond to the demand.” Great West Cas. Co. v. Ohio
Bureau of Workers’ Comp., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-524, 2015-Ohio-1555, ¶ 2-7.
{¶11} In its complaint, Great West (plaintiff) asserts claims for unjust enrichment,
“quasi-contract,” indemnity, and “statutory credit/reimbursement” based upon the fact
that even though the Industrial Commission ordered BWC to make payments to
McElroy from his initial date of injury, BWC retained the benefit of Great West’s
payments to McElroy by taking an offset in the amount of $22,758.80 and refusing to
reimburse Great West. Plaintiff asserts that it would be unjust for BWC to retain the
benefit conferred on it from plaintiff’s payments to McElroy while interstate jurisdiction
was being decided. In support of its motion, plaintiff cites the decisions of the Supreme
Court of Ohio in State ex rel. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., v. Industrial Com. of Ohio, 18 Ohio
St.3d 290 (1985) “Liberty Mutual I”; and Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Industrial Com. of
Ohio, 40 Ohio St.3d 109 (1988) “Liberty Mutual II”.
{¶12} Defendants assert that Liberty Mutual I and II are not dispositive of this
case, and argue that they are entitled to summary judgment, based upon a more recent
decision by this court in Lumberman’s Underwriting Alliance v. Indus. Commn., Ct. of Cl.
No. 2006-01408, 2007-Ohio-4154. Defendants assert that Alabama allows an injured
Case No. 2013-00205 -4- DECISION
worker to file a claim in another state without waiving his rights under the Alabama
Workers’ Compensation laws. In addition, defendants argue that the equities do not lie
with plaintiff, because Roeder created a jurisdictional question and caused the delay in
payment when it took an appeal from the BWC order that had initially allowed McElroy’s
claims. Defendants also assert that BWC must make an offset of any collateral
payment by insurance pursuant to R.C. 4123.54.
{¶13} In response, plaintiff argues that Lumberman’s does not apply to the facts
of this case. Plaintiff argues that this case is similar to Liberty Mutual I and II, where
payments were made to an injured worker pursuant to an insurance policy in another
state on an interim basis until such time as it was determined that BWC was responsible
for the claim. Plaintiff argues that the equities lie in its favor because BWC would have
been required to pay the full amount of benefits to McElroy from the beginning of his
claim if defendants had timely determined jurisdiction. Plaintiff further argues that it paid
McElroy benefits in good faith until it was definitively determined who was responsible
for McElroy’s claims. Plaintiff filed the affidavit of Joseph A. Rayzor, III, a subrogation
attorney for plaintiff, who avers, in relevant part:
{¶14} “10. On or about July 18, 2011, because the proper situs and jurisdiction
for Workers’ Compensation coverage was in dispute, Roeder Cartage Company, Inc.
reported Mr. McElroy’s injury and potential claim to Plaintiff under the policy referenced
in ¶ 5 above.”
{¶15} “11. On July 21, 2011, the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation
issued a fourth Order vacating the prior Orders and allowing this claim for sprain of the
lumbosacral and lumbar regions and not addressing Temporary Total Disability benefits
‘until interstate jurisdiction is fully investigated.’
{¶16} “12. On July 21, 2011, the Employer, Roeder Cartage Company, Inc.
filed a timely appeal to the original claim allowance.
Case No. 2013-00205 -5- DECISION
{¶17} “13. On or about July 21, 2011, Plaintiff began review/assessment of
Mr. McElroy’s claim, and in so doing, on or about July 22, 2011 determined that
Mr. McElroy had received no benefits, medical payments or indemnity, even though the
accident/injuries had occurred thirty (30) days previously. As a result, even though
jurisdiction was not clear, and because Claimant’s request for Ohio BWC coverage was
on appeal, Plaintiff, in good faith, began paying benefits to Mr. McElroy.”
(Emphasis added.) (Rayzor Affidavit, paragraphs 10-13.)
{¶18} Unjust enrichment occurs “when a party retains money or benefits that in
justice and equity belong to another.” Liberty Mutual II, supra, at 111. To prove a claim
for unjust enrichment, a party must establish that it conferred a benefit upon another,
the other party knew of the benefit, and the other party’s retention of the benefit would
be unjust without payment. Hambleton v. R.G. Barry Corp., 12 Ohio St.3d 179, 183
(1984). It is undisputed that Great West conferred a benefit upon BWC, and that BWC
knew about the benefit. The dispositive issue is whether it would be unjust to permit
BWC to retain the benefit of Great West’s payments to McElroy without payment.
{¶19} In Liberty Mutual I, an insurance company in Mississippi paid benefits to an
Ohio worker who was injured on the job in Mississippi. Once the BWC determined that
the injured worker’s claim was proper in Ohio, the Mississippi insurance company
sought a writ of mandamus to order the Industrial Commission to reimburse it for the
moneys that it had paid to the injured worker. The Supreme Court of Ohio held that a
writ was not the proper mechanism to seek payment, but, rather, that the insurance
company could pursue an action in this court for unjust enrichment.
{¶20} Once the case was before this court, summary judgment was granted in
favor of the state on the basis that there was no statutory authority for reimbursement.
On appeal, the Tenth District Court of Appeals analyzed the language in R.C. 4123.54,
which states that the Industrial Commission must deduct from an Ohio award any
financial benefit paid to the injured worker under the law of another state. The Tenth
Case No. 2013-00205 -6- DECISION
District noted that “R.C. 4123.54 has no application and makes no provision as to who
shall bear the ultimate responsibility for payment. * * * The issue in this case is who
should bear the cost of such payment, plaintiff or the Ohio fund. The Supreme Court in
Lange, Louisiana Pacific Corp, and Liberty Mutual I, determined that the person who
made the actual payment has a right to reimbursement from the state fund where the
payment was the obligation of the state fund, rather than that of the person who made
the payment.” (Internal citations omitted.) Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Industrial Comm’n of
Ohio, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 86AP-656, 1987 Ohio App. LEXIS 8771, 7-8.
{¶21} An appeal was taken from the Tenth District’s decision, and in Liberty
Mutual II, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated: “We believe the [industrial] commission is
unjustly enriched when an employer or its insurer pays benefits under the laws of
another state where such benefits are later determined to be the responsibility of the
commission.” Liberty Mutual II, at 111. The court further stated that even though
Mississippi law required appellee to provide interim benefits to the injured worker while
the facts of the case developed, “appellee should not be forced to pay a portion of the
commission’s now acknowledged debt to [the injured worker] merely because it was
unclear immediately following the injury who would be responsible for compensating
[the injured worker.]” Id. Although the Supreme Court acknowledged that pursuant to
R.C. 4123.54, the Industrial Commission is obligated to credit payments made under
the law of another state, the Supreme Court further stated: “We simply cannot read
these provisions as denying reimbursement to an employer or insurer who in good faith
pays benefits in another state while the proper situs for workers’ compensation
coverage is being determined.” Id. at 112.
{¶22} In contrast, defendants argue that plaintiff is not owed any compensation
for the benefits that it paid to McElroy, because Alabama allows for an injured worker to
file
Case No. 2013-00205 -7- DECISION
claims in multiple states, and because of the setoff rule in R.C. 4123.54.2 Essentially,
defendants assert that plaintiff created the jurisdictional issue itself when it challenged
the decision of the Industrial Commission that had initially granted McElroy’s claim, and
that the equities do not lie in plaintiff’s favor.
{¶23} In Lumberman’s, supra, plaintiff was the Tennessee workers’
compensation insurer for a trucking company. The injured worker was a truck driver
who was hired in Tennessee but injured in Ohio. The injured worker applied for Ohio
workers’ compensation but was denied benefits. The injured worker then filed her claim
in Tennessee, and her claim was allowed. Lumberman’s paid the injured worker
benefits pursuant to its contract with the trucking company.
{¶24} The injured worker then filed a notice of appeal from the denial of her Ohio
claim. Lumberman’s argued that Tennessee had sole jurisdiction of the injured worker’s
claim for benefits, however a district hearing officer found that the injured worker’s Ohio
claim was proper. After that determination was made, Lumberman’s filed a claim in the
Court of Claims seeking reimbursement from BWC and the Industrial Commission for
unjust enrichment. The Court of Claims held that since the injured worker was entitled
to benefits in both Tennessee and Ohio, and had elected to receive benefits in both
states, Lumberman’s claim of unjust enrichment failed because: “both avenues of relief
are appropriate and equity requires only that the second state prevent double recovery
by crediting the benefits received in the first state against those awarded in the second.”
Lumberman’s, supra, quoting Aetna Casualty & Surety Company v. Minnesota
Assigned Risk Plan, (July 16, 1996), Minn. Ct. App. No. C7-96-446, 1996 Minn. App.
LEXIS 834; Restatement of Conflict of Laws Section 182 & cmt. b (recognizing that
2ALA Code Section 25-5-35(e) states: “The payment or award of benefits under the workers’
compensation law of another state * * * to an employee or his dependents otherwise entitled on account
of such injury or death to the benefits of this article and Article 3 of this chapter shall not be a bar to a
claim for benefits under this article and Article 3 of this chapter; provided that claim under this article is
filed within the time limits set forth in Section 25-5-80.”
Case No. 2013-00205 -8- DECISION
compensation may be allowed under the laws of two states, but providing for an offset
in the event of recovery under both.)
{¶25} Based upon the evidence allowed under Civ.R. 56, the court finds that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. The initial order from the BWC was
vacated until such time that interstate jurisdiction was fully investigated. The affidavit
from Rayzor shows that because there was a jurisdictional issue, Roeder reported
McElroy’s potential claim to Great West, who began payment in good faith to McElroy
until jurisdiction was decided. McElroy did not elect to file a claim in Alabama. Once
the Commission determined that jurisdiction in Ohio was proper, Great West was no
longer obligated to pay for McElroy’s claims. Therefore, the court finds that the facts in
this case are more similar to Liberty Mutual I and II than Lumberman’s. The only
reasonable conclusion in this case is that Great West in good faith paid benefits to
McElroy while the proper situs for workers’ compensation coverage was being
determined, and that Great West should not be forced to pay a portion of the
commission’s now acknowledged debt to McElroy merely because it was unclear
immediately following the injury who would be responsible for compensating him.
Therefore, plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its claim of unjust
enrichment in the amount of $22,758.80.
{¶26} Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment shall be granted, and
defendant’s motion for summary judgment shall be denied.
{¶27} Although plaintiff seeks interest and attorney fees, a claim of unjust
enrichment does not support an award of prejudgment interest under R.C. 1343.03(A).
Cantwell Mach. Co. v. Chi. Mach. Co., 184 Ohio App. 3d 287, 2009-Ohio-4548, ¶ 38
(10th Dist.).
{¶28} Moreover, in the absence of statutory authority, attorney fees cannot be
Case No. 2013-00205 -9- DECISION
awarded. Mechanical Contrs. Assn. of Cincinnati, Inc. v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 152 Ohio
App. 3d 466, 2003-Ohio-1837, ¶ 34 (10th Dist.). Counsel for plaintiff cites no statutory
authorization for an award of attorney fees, and the request for the same is DENIED.
PATRICK M. MCGRATH
Judge
[Cite as Great W. Cas. Co. v. Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp., 2016-Ohio-2876.]
GREAT WEST CASUALTY COMPANY Case No. 2013-00205
Plaintiff Judge Patrick M. McGrath
Magistrate Holly True Shaver
v.
JUDGMENT ENTRY
OHIO BUREAU OF WORKERS’
COMPENSATION, et al.
Defendants
{¶29} A non-oral hearing was conducted in this case upon the parties’ motions for
summary judgment. For the reasons set forth in the decision filed concurrently
herewith, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and defendants’ motion
for summary judgment is DENIED. Judgment is rendered in favor of plaintiff in the
amount of $22,758.80. All previously scheduled events are VACATED. Court costs are
assessed against defendants. The clerk shall serve upon all parties notice of this
judgment and its date of entry upon the journal.
PATRICK M. MCGRATH
Judge
cc:
John C. Albert Lindsey M. Grant
500 South Front Street, Suite 1200 Peter E. DeMarco
Columbus, Ohio 43215 Assistant Attorneys General
150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130
Case No. 2013-00205 -11- DECISION
Ohio Attorney General
Assistant Attorney General
Court of Claims Defense Section
150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130
Filed March 21, 2016
Sent To S.C. Reporter 5/9/16
|
## `gazebo:gzserver9-bionic`
```console
$ docker pull gazebo@sha256:4a00bd4e4c5eb68702d02e59dfaa16564d746418ed02edc5f09af3151cf7e255
```
- Manifest MIME: `application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json`
- Platforms:
- linux; amd64
### `gazebo:gzserver9-bionic` - linux; amd64
```console
$ docker pull gazebo@sha256:c816c7c70a8d47d815b64dcf635c946f325735dab94e6d106a86fde8dd76cb62
```
- Docker Version: 18.09.7
- Manifest MIME: `application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json`
- Total Size: **268.5 MB (268463381 bytes)**
(compressed transfer size, not on-disk size)
- Image ID: `sha256:5fc0d94eef71e07321d5988162d4e858f1298547bbbc641dac2ca0c58d3b00ec`
- Entrypoint: `["\/gzserver_entrypoint.sh"]`
- Default Command: `["gzserver"]`
```dockerfile
# Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:33:49 GMT
ADD file:4974bb5483c392fb54a35f3799802d623d14632747493dce5feb4d435634b4ac in /
# Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:33:50 GMT
RUN set -xe && echo '#!/bin/sh' > /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d && echo 'exit 101' >> /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d && chmod +x /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d && dpkg-divert --local --rename --add /sbin/initctl && cp -a /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d /sbin/initctl && sed -i 's/^exit.*/exit 0/' /sbin/initctl && echo 'force-unsafe-io' > /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/docker-apt-speedup && echo 'DPkg::Post-Invoke { "rm -f /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/*.deb /var/cache/apt/*.bin || true"; };' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean && echo 'APT::Update::Post-Invoke { "rm -f /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/*.deb /var/cache/apt/*.bin || true"; };' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean && echo 'Dir::Cache::pkgcache ""; Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache "";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean && echo 'Acquire::Languages "none";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-no-languages && echo 'Acquire::GzipIndexes "true"; Acquire::CompressionTypes::Order:: "gz";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-gzip-indexes && echo 'Apt::AutoRemove::SuggestsImportant "false";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-autoremove-suggests
# Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:33:51 GMT
RUN [ -z "$(apt-get indextargets)" ]
# Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:33:52 GMT
RUN mkdir -p /run/systemd && echo 'docker' > /run/systemd/container
# Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:33:52 GMT
CMD ["/bin/bash"]
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:03:15 GMT
RUN echo 'Etc/UTC' > /etc/timezone && ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/UTC /etc/localtime && apt-get update && apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends tzdata && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:03:34 GMT
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends dirmngr gnupg2 lsb-release && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:03:35 GMT
RUN apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys D2486D2DD83DB69272AFE98867170598AF249743
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:03:36 GMT
RUN . /etc/os-release && echo "deb http://packages.osrfoundation.org/gazebo/$ID-stable `lsb_release -sc` main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gazebo-latest.list
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:05:42 GMT
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -q -y --no-install-recommends gazebo9=9.14.0-1* && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:05:42 GMT
EXPOSE 11345
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:05:42 GMT
COPY file:b79966dec12c55a0a5c9e673326cc3faf9cbbeee0ea5f172e863df237eb8a601 in /
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:05:42 GMT
ENTRYPOINT ["/gzserver_entrypoint.sh"]
# Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:05:42 GMT
CMD ["gzserver"]
```
- Layers:
- `sha256:171857c49d0f5e2ebf623e6cb36a8bcad585ed0c2aa99c87a055df034c1e5848`
Last Modified: Tue, 22 Sep 2020 12:21:27 GMT
Size: 26.7 MB (26701612 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:419640447d267f068d2f84a093cb13a56ce77e130877f5b8bdb4294f4a90a84f`
Last Modified: Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:36:49 GMT
Size: 852.0 B
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:61e52f862619ab016d3bcfbd78e5c7aaaa1989b4c295e6dbcacddd2d7b93e1f5`
Last Modified: Fri, 25 Sep 2020 22:36:49 GMT
Size: 162.0 B
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:af3e9ed312e3419a4c4db0767b3098eb605e89291c6ec52e2a1f9267e0d4e036`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:26:41 GMT
Size: 838.7 KB (838713 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:4b54a8c04d64037cbc7c27376d62f9de9ad653485d273ef711b9fdf7ad474e62`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:26:44 GMT
Size: 14.7 MB (14698148 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:83ad9c6ab10be6e9bd4466a06c68a4e06e8e7de8a8ab0c4a6d9b20f6f978de66`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:26:40 GMT
Size: 1.4 KB (1435 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:f8074a5819c7b3a89ab71255cb5d43827d6260ffcd2a1b457557183a461e1dad`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:26:40 GMT
Size: 5.4 KB (5431 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:c7719f9f32a1756686af15d0ad2e26d703efc2bd27c2fd06a3aa81eb346ae501`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:27:44 GMT
Size: 226.2 MB (226216841 bytes)
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
- `sha256:c2eed6559c37bc3ac31e8ac4e93ddc6b9037554cde38ba81e3c607a8b5c743bd`
Last Modified: Sat, 26 Sep 2020 00:26:40 GMT
Size: 187.0 B
MIME: application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip
|
Anti-Mullerian-hormone-dependent regulation of the brain serine-protease inhibitor neuroserpin.
The balance between tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and one of its inhibitors, neuroserpin, has crucial roles in the central nervous system, including the control of neuronal migration, neuronal plasticity and neuronal death. In the present study, we demonstrate that the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-related BMPR-IB (also known as BMPR1B and Alk6)- and Smad5-dependent signalling pathways controls neuroserpin transcription. Accordingly, we demonstrate for the first time that anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a member of the TGFbeta family, promotes the expression of neuroserpin in cultured neurons but not in astrocytes. The relevance of these findings is confirmed by the presence of both AMH and AMH type-II receptor (AMHR-II) in brain tissues, and is supported by the observation of reduced levels of neuroserpin in the brain of AMHR-II-deficient mice. Interestingly, as previously demonstrated for neuroserpin, AMH protects neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates the existence of an AMH-dependent signalling pathway in the brain leading to an overexpression of the serine-protease inhibitor, neuroserpin, and neuronal survival. |
How Your Childhood Experiences Define Your Adult Love Styles
Unexpressed emotions will never die. They are buried alive and will come forth later in uglier ways.― Sigmund Freud
As adults, we often think our life is in our own hands. That we are living exactly how we have always wanted to and are going to chase our dreams in the process too.
- Advertisement -
Many of us, however, forget that the childhood we lived may still be lurking in the shadows, behind the guise of a fully functioning adult.
Why would that happen, you would ask?
The simple reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that childhood is our earliest state of development. While it has many stages incorporated into it, and at each stage our life may have seemed different from the others, the way we absorb information and process the environment around us, have their first roots in childhood.
This brings us to the concept of “love styles”created by Kay and Milan Yerkovich, family therapist and counsellor respectively, in order to magnify the view of our childhood love patterns in context to our current adulthood.
The Yerkovichs found the basis of their five “love styles” in the critically famous attachment theory exploring the nuances of how an adult received and experienced love as a child and the impact of the same.
As you might already know, attachment theory that was worked on by psychologist Mary Ainsworth, talks about different forms of attachment styles.
They are:
Insecure Avoidant attachment style,
Secure attachment style and
Insecure Ambivalent or Resistant attachment style
So what are these “love styles” and which one do you feel most resonate with you?
- Advertisement 2-
1. The Pleaser
If you’re a pleaser, your style would be to stay as a non-confrontational and “sweet” partner, someone who is continually adjusting and as the name suggests, is keen to please everyone involved.
This style of course is an outcome of certain conditioning that you may have had gone through in early infancy and childhood. Almost invariably, pleasers grow up among parental distress where parents are either over-critical or driven by anxiety or stress. There’s also a likelihood that they grow up among bullying and domineering siblings.
Whatever the stimuli is, the pleaser looks at making themselves small in order to survive and “give” to everyone around.
During placeless times (which are inevitable given the nature of life), the pleaser becomes flush with anxiety and then work towards getting rid of the unpleasantness.
A challenge for a pleaser is to be able to meet their own authenticity and acknowledge real problems exactly for what they are.
2. The Avoider
An insecure attachment style with caregivers leads the avoider to their “love style”.
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When you login first time using a Social Login button, we collect your account public profile information shared by Social Login provider, based on your privacy settings. We also get your email address to automatically create an account for you in our website. Once your account is created, you'll be logged-in to this account.
Sunanda Pati is a certified expressive arts therapist and facilitator and a freelance creative writer. Having developed an early interest in psychology and later various forms of bodywork, she has actively worked in knowing her own inner world and processing various traumas. She believes every person is blessed with an endless reserve of inspiration, courage and wisdom. Sunanda lives, writes, practices and facilitates in Bangalore, India. More of her writings can be found at : http://gaiacomestothecity.blogspot.com. She also runs an expressive arts initiative of the same name (Gaia Comes to the City), which can be found on Facebook. |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props" Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\$(MSBuildToolsVersion)\Microsoft.Common.props')" />
<PropertyGroup>
<Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
<Platform Condition=" '$(Platform)' == '' ">AnyCPU</Platform>
<ProjectGuid>{069852E3-A0BD-4916-8967-AEAD05E15800}</ProjectGuid>
<OutputType>Library</OutputType>
<AppDesignerFolder>Properties</AppDesignerFolder>
<RootNamespace>ASC.Common.Tests</RootNamespace>
<AssemblyName>ASC.Common.Tests</AssemblyName>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.7.2</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<FileAlignment>512</FileAlignment>
<TargetFrameworkProfile />
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Debug|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugSymbols>true</DebugSymbols>
<DebugType>full</DebugType>
<Optimize>false</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Debug\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>DEBUG;TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Condition=" '$(Configuration)|$(Platform)' == 'Release|AnyCPU' ">
<DebugType>pdbonly</DebugType>
<Optimize>true</Optimize>
<OutputPath>bin\Release\</OutputPath>
<DefineConstants>TRACE</DefineConstants>
<ErrorReport>prompt</ErrorReport>
<WarningLevel>4</WarningLevel>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="ARSoft.Tools.Net">
<HintPath>..\..\..\packages\ARSoft.Tools.Net.2.2.9\lib\net45\ARSoft.Tools.Net.dll</HintPath>
</Reference>
<Reference Include="log4net">
<HintPath>..\..\..\packages\log4net.2.0.8\lib\net45-full\log4net.dll</HintPath>
</Reference>
<Reference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
<SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
<HintPath>..\..\..\packages\Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework.11.0.50727.1\Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework.dll</HintPath>
</Reference>
<Reference Include="System" />
<Reference Include="System.Core" />
<Reference Include="System.Xml.Linq" />
<Reference Include="System.Data.DataSetExtensions" />
<Reference Include="Microsoft.CSharp" />
<Reference Include="System.Data" />
<Reference Include="System.Xml" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="Data\DataTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Data\ExpTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Data\MultiRegionalDbTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Geolocation\GeolocationTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Logging\ConvertTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Notify\XmlPatternProvider2Test.cs" />
<Compile Include="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" />
<Compile Include="Security\Authorizing\AzManagerTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Security\Authorizing\Class1.cs" />
<Compile Include="Security\Authorizing\Domain.cs" />
<Compile Include="Security\Authorizing\DomainStub.cs" />
<Compile Include="Security\Cryptography\Hasher_Test.cs" />
<Compile Include="Utils\DnsLookupTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Utils\HtmlUtil_Test.cs" />
<Compile Include="Utils\MimeHeaderUtilsTest.cs" />
<Compile Include="Web\MimeMappingTest.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<ProjectReference Include="..\..\ASC.Common\ASC.Common.csproj">
<Project>{76de7717-3d4b-4a5b-b740-15b8913df0cb}</Project>
<Name>ASC.Common</Name>
</ProjectReference>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<None Include="App.config" />
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
<!-- To modify your build process, add your task inside one of the targets below and uncomment it.
Other similar extension points exist, see Microsoft.Common.targets.
<Target Name="BeforeBuild">
</Target>
<Target Name="AfterBuild">
</Target>
-->
</Project> |
David Bardsley: Tottenham are making Townsend look better than he is
Former England defender David Bardsley has told talkSPORT he feels Tottenham Hotspur are maybe making Andros Townsend look better than he is.
The winger was recently called up to the England senior squad by Roy Hodgson much to the bemusement of his own and opposition fans.
He’s found consistent chances difficult to come by under Mauricio Pochettino this season with other players arguably in better form.
“He’s only just come back into the team at Tottenham. The thing is that Tottenham have done so well, that sometimes players coming back from fitness can sometimes look better than they actually are,” said Bardsley.
“Possibly that’s the situation with Andros right now.”
Tottenham responded well over the weekend with a 4-3 victory against Leicester City, which helped to eradicate the disappointing defeat at the hands of Manchester United.
The club now have two weeks to rest and recover through the international break, while Townsend is under a little bit of pressure to perform with the three lions.
A good break could impress Pochettino and good performances could see him nail down his position in the Tottenham first team for the rest of the season.
He’s a well-balanced and powerful player who likes to attack the opposition using his blistering pace.
Lewis Doe
Lewis Doe is a freelance writer and editor who seeks to bring you the biggest, smallest and most interesting stories from the football world. Lewis has previously written for some of the biggest football news and opinion sites in the world including FootballFanCast and Goal.com International. Lewis is also experienced writing in the betting industry and aims to deliver his stories with up to date factual and statistical information. He hopes to sum up stories for the site and provide an angle on the issue moving forward.Lewis is HITC Sport's La Liga correspondent. |
# Copyright (C) 2010-2013 Thomas Petazzoni <[email protected]>
# Copyright (C) 2019 Yann E. MORIN <[email protected]>
import json
import logging
import os
import subprocess
from collections import defaultdict
# This function returns a tuple of four dictionaries, all using package
# names as keys:
# - a dictionary which values are the lists of packages that are the
# dependencies of the package used as key;
# - a dictionary which values are the lists of packages that are the
# reverse dependencies of the package used as key;
# - a dictionary which values are the type of the package used as key;
# - a dictionary which values are the version of the package used as key,
# 'virtual' for a virtual package, or the empty string for a rootfs.
def get_dependency_tree():
logging.info("Getting dependency tree...")
deps = {}
rdeps = defaultdict(list)
types = {}
versions = {}
# Special case for the 'all' top-level fake package
deps['all'] = []
types['all'] = 'target'
versions['all'] = ''
cmd = ["make", "-s", "--no-print-directory", "show-info"]
with open(os.devnull, 'wb') as devnull:
p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=devnull,
universal_newlines=True)
pkg_list = json.loads(p.communicate()[0])
for pkg in pkg_list:
deps['all'].append(pkg)
types[pkg] = pkg_list[pkg]["type"]
deps[pkg] = pkg_list[pkg].get("dependencies", [])
for p in deps[pkg]:
rdeps[p].append(pkg)
versions[pkg] = \
None if pkg_list[pkg]["type"] == "rootfs" \
else "virtual" if pkg_list[pkg]["virtual"] \
else pkg_list[pkg]["version"]
return (deps, rdeps, types, versions)
|
How a 34-year-old personal trainer convinced royals and the super-rich to take caviar pills every day
The pills are £22.99 for a pack of 30 capsules.
Tom Oliver
LONDON — London-based Tom Oliver is a personal trainer to some of the most high-profile families in the world, including three royal families and a presidential family.
The 34-year-old is coy about naming names, but insists that training the rich and famous though his company Tom Oliver Personal Training only takes up 25% of his time.
The rest is dedicated to the business he has built out of selling a celebrity-favourite fish oil supplement made from caviar.
The Tom Oliver Nutrition Omega-3 Herring Caviar supplement, which costs £22.99 ($28.64) for a pack of 30 capsules, will be in 5,000 retailers around the globe by the end of this year, according to Oliver.
He told Business Insider that the company's revenues are forecast to hit £1.8 million next year (its fourth year) thanks to deals with British retailer Holland & Barrett, as well as launches in Saudi Arabia, India, China, Qatar, Jordan, and Azerbaijan. Tom Oliver Nutrition's revenue was £360,000 in the year ending March 2016 and will turnover £450,000 this year.
The supplement has gained celebrity attention since day one. Gwyneth Paltrow has credited the product for her clear complexion, while actress Hllary Swank used it to get in shape for her role in Million Dollar Baby, according to the company.
Daniel Craig, Brad Pitt, Katy Perry, and Jennifer Aniston are also apparently among its fans due to the product's fat burning properties.
"Omega-3s are well regarded as a good product for your health, and people are increasingly health-aware," Oliver said. "Celebrities more so — we have people like Cara Delevingne who takes it for her psoriasis. We also have a number of royal clients."
So how did Oliver manage to strike gold with his big — and incredibly niche — idea?
He was originally a rugby player for Northampton Saints. While playing, he completed a sport finance degree and a degree in commercial property valuation, and worked for a while as a surveyor.
He quit playing rugby at the age of 22 due to injuries. Thanks to his experience working with athletes, however, he set out on a new career path.
"I took a keen interest in rehab, working with other players and sports people," Oliver said.
He was introduced to a high-profile Russian family who needed someone to help with the knee injuries of their two boys. "In about six weeks I fixed them up," he said. "I spent time travelling with them and got [introduced] to their friends and the 'circle of wealth,'" he said. "It went from there."
Now, he has worked for about 10 years with high net worth individuals and families looking after injuries and fitness. Alongside royals and politicians, he also works with chefs to provide nutritional plans.
"I've always had a massive interest in functional foods and sports nutrition, and finding something that's totally unique," he said.
After nearly eight years of research, Oliver said he found a scientist in Norway who had done unique studies on the benefits of Omega-3 fish oil — Herring Caviar in particular.
The supplements are made from the roe taken from herring.
Tom Oliver
The benefits of fish oil
Omega-3 fatty acids are proven to have a number of health benefits, some of which the company promotes, such as helping burn fat by assisting with metabolism, helping maintain a healthy heart and a healthy brain. Fish oils have also been linked to helping with Alzheimer's and dementia, and even eye health.
Omega-3 supplements are also often prescribed to help the conditions ADHD, diabetes, high cholesterol, infertility, depression and anxiety, skin issues like eczema and psoriasis, arthritis, and even cancer.
Oliver said the company wants to tackle the three main barriers to market that come with Omega-3: The reflux, or fishy aftertaste; the number of capsules you have to take; and the size of the capsules.
"What we have is a product that covers all the bases," he said. "It's three times more absorbable than fish oil, there's no fishy reflux, the capsule size is half the size of normal [ones], and you only have to take one per day."
He added that since herring are already caught for the Scandinavian food market, the company doesn't have to do any fishing to gain access to their raw material. "We take off the roe, which is rich in nutrients and highly metabolic, and an embryonic form of Omega-3."
The one-a-day pills are half the size of normal Omega-3 supplements, according to Oliver.
Tom Oliver
The supplements originally took off in the UAE, launching into Holland & Barrett after Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed Maktoum took interest. The product soon launched into Watsons, the largest health retailer in Asia.
It launched into Whole Foods in the UK in April 2014, and other retailers around the world followed. Some of its most successful markets include Malta, Dubai, and Singapore.
"When one major retailer sees you have a great product, they want to jump on," he said, "But nobody wants to jump on at the beginning. That's the issue innovators have."
The product is now in 300 Holland & Barrett stores in the UK, while Tom Oliver Nutrition also has a line of protein powders.
"We'll be in 180 Holland & Barrett stores in Holland by the end of April, where the national dish is herring," Oliver added. Next, the company is looking to conquer China.
While the global appeal of the supplements — as well as Oliver's training business — is clear, he is tight-lipped about which super-rich clients are actually using his services. It means that as far as which royals have a caviar pill in their daily diet, the secret is safe with Oliver. |
986 P.2d 765 (1999)
1999 UT App 232
AMERICAN ESTATE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION, a Utah corporation, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, a Utah corporation; and John Does I-X, Defendants and Appellees.
No. 980264-CA.
Court of Appeals of Utah.
July 29, 1999.
Ronald G. Russell, Parr Waddoups Brown Gee Loveless, Salt Lake City, for Appellant.
Merrill F. Nelson and David M. Wahlquist, Kirton & McConkie, Salt Lake City, for Appellees.
Before Judges BENCH, DAVIS, and ORME.
OPINION
ORME, Judge:
¶ 1 American Estate Management Corporation (AEM) appeals the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of International Investment and Development Corporation (IID), arguing the trial court incorrectly determined that AEM's adverse possession claim is barred by the claim preclusion branch of res judicata.[1] AEM claims title by *766 adverse possession to a parcel of land used as a parking lot adjacent to the Highland Terrace Apartment Complex. AEM acquired the apartment complex by warranty deed from IID in 1982 and claims the description of the parking lot parcel was inadvertently omitted from the deed. We conclude that the trial court's ruling was correct, and we affirm its judgment.
BACKGROUND
¶ 2 In 1982, business partners Po and Beatrice Chang and Tony and Sandra Lin agreed to disentangle some of their joint business enterprises and, to that end, executed a Separation Agreement. Prior to the separation, AEM and IID had been jointly owned by the Changs and the Lins. Pursuant to the agreement, the Changs became the exclusive owners of AEM and the Lins acquired exclusive ownership of IID.
¶ 3 The Separation Agreement further provided that AEM would receive IID's interest in the Highland Terrace Apartment Complex. IID executed a special warranty deed conveying the apartment complex parcel to AEM, but the adjacent parking lot parcel was not described in the deed. Allegedly unaware that the parking lot had not been deeded, AEM took possession of the complex and the parking lot parcel and began paying taxes on both. Later the same year, the parties executed a document entitled "Satisfaction of Debt," agreeing that all debts owed by IID to AEM were satisfied unless specifically identified in other documents.
¶ 4 Several years later, the parties' business relationship deteriorated, and, in 1990, AEM filed a complaint against the Lins, owners of IID, raising numerous allegations of wrongdoing. In 1995, AEM amended its complaint to name IID as a party and to add and amend claims. One of AEM's claims sought damages for breach of the 1982 Separation Agreement and another requested specific performance thereof. AEM alleged in its complaint that IID had breached the Separation Agreement when it failed to deed certain property to AEM. Answers to interrogatories referred to the parking lot parcel as one of the properties AEM alleged should have been deeded. The trial court ultimately granted summary judgment in favor of the Lins and IID on all claims related to the Separation Agreement, ruling that the 1982 Satisfaction of Debt "specifically disposed of claims arising from the Separation Agreement."
¶ 5 In 1997, AEM instituted this second action against IID claiming ownership of the parking lot parcel by adverse possession. The trial court granted summary judgment to IID, concluding that AEM's adverse possession claim was precluded by the trial court's judgment in the earlier action.
ISSUES AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 6 AEM argues on appeal that claim preclusion does not bar its adverse possession claim because (1) the breach of contract claim in the prior action arose out of a different, earlier transaction or occurrence than the adverse possession claim in the pending action and (2) the breach of contract action did not result in a final judgment on the merits.[2] We review the trial court's grant of summary judgment for correctness, determining whether the court correctly concluded that no genuine issue of material fact existed and whether the court correctly applied the governing law. See Harline v. Barker, 912 P.2d 433, 438 (Utah 1996).
ANALYSIS
Claim preclusion bars a cause of action only if the suit in which that cause of action is being asserted and the prior suit satisfy three requirements. First, both cases must involve the same parties or their privies. Second, the claim that is alleged to be barred must have been presented in the first suit or must be one that could and should have been raised in the first action. Third, the first suit must have resulted in a final judgment on the merits.
Madsen v. Borthick, 769 P.2d 245, 247 (Utah 1988). Accord Estate of Covington v. Josephson, *767 888 P.2d 675, 677 (Utah Ct.App. 1994), cert. denied, 910 P.2d 425 (Utah 1995). If these three requirements are met, "the result in the prior action constitutes the full relief available to the parties on the same claim or cause of action." Ringwood v. Foreign Auto Works, Inc., 786 P.2d 1350, 1357 (Utah Ct.App.), cert. denied, 795 P.2d 1138 (Utah 1990). Claim preclusion serves "vital public interests[,] includ[ing] (1) fostering reliance on prior adjudications; (2) preventing inconsistent decisions; (3) relieving parties of the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits; and (4) conserving judicial resources." Office of Recovery Servs. v. V.G.P., 845 P.2d 944, 946 (Utah Ct.App.1992).
¶ 7 AEM does not dispute that it brought both suits against the same parties, the Lins, and their privy, IID. Nevertheless, it argues its adverse possession claim is not barred because the second and third requirements of claim preclusion are not met. Specifically, AEM argues its adverse possession claim was not brought in the prior action, nor could or should it have been, and that the first action did not result in a final judgment on the merits.
A. Adverse Possession Could and Should Have Been Raised
¶ 8 AEM's adverse possession claim is barred by the judgment in the prior action if both suits raised the same claim or cause of action, or if AEM could and should have raised its adverse possession claim in the prior action. See Madsen, 769 P.2d at 247. While AEM concedes that its entitlement to the parking lot parcel was at issue in both actions, it argues its prior claim to title based on the Separation Agreement did not raise the same claim or cause of action raised in the present action, i.e., to quiet title to the parking lot parcel on the ground of adverse possession. AEM asserts that the adverse possession claim did not arise out of the Separation Agreement, the transaction out of which the prior breach of contract claim arose, and that proof of the adverse possession claim requires presentation of different facts and evidence. Further, AEM argues its adverse possession claim was not one that could and should have been brought in the prior action because AEM was unaware when it filed its complaint in the prior action that title to the parking lot parcel remained with IID and because AEM had no duty to amend its complaint to add the adverse possession claim.
¶ 9 The Utah Supreme Court has defined claim or cause of action as
"the aggregate of operative facts which give rise to a right enforceable in the courts." A claim is the "situation or state of facts which entitles a party to sustain an action and gives him the right to seek judicial interference in his behalf." A claim petitions the court to award a remedy for injury suffered by the plaintiff. A cause of action is necessarily comprised of specific elements which must be proven before relief is granted. A claim or cause of action is resolved by a judicial pronouncement providing or denying the requested remedy.
Swainston v. Intermountain Health Care, Inc., 766 P.2d 1059, 1061 (Utah 1988) (citations omitted).
¶ 10 Defining the scope of a claim or cause of action is not an exact science and, in fact, is at times driven by the relative importance of the finality of judgment. Compare In re J.J.T., 877 P.2d 161, 163-64 (Utah Ct.App.1994) ("[I]t cannot be persuasively argued that judicial economy or the convenience afforded by finality of legal controversies must override the concern for a child's welfare.") with Office of Recovery Servs., 845 P.2d at 947 ("[P]olicies advanced by the doctrine of res judicata have particular importance in this case because the child's right not to be bastardized far outweighs defendant's interest in asserting nonpaternity more than six years after having acknowledged paternity."). When, as in this case, title to real property is at issue, the need for finality is at its apex. See Farrell v. Brown, 111 Idaho 1027, 729 P.2d 1090, 1093 (Ct.App.1986); 18 Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 4408, at 65 (1981).
¶ 11 Contrary to AEM's characterization, both its prior and present actions assert one claim a claim of title to the parking lot parcel albeit under two different legal theories. *768 Other jurisdictions have so ruled, and have held subsequent suits barred. See, e.g., Blance v. Alley, 697 A.2d 828, 830-31 (Me. 1997) (holding claim of adverse possession barred by judgments in two prior actions to establish title to same property via other legal theories); Hyman v. Hillelson, 79 A.D.2d 725, 434 N.Y.S.2d 742, 745 (N.Y.App. Div.1980) (ruling subsequent adverse possession action and prior suit for reformation of deed not separate and distinct where both involved dispute over conveyance of adjoining lots), aff'd, 55 N.Y.2d 624, 446 N.Y.S.2d 251, 430 N.E.2d 1304 (1981); Myers v. Thomas, No. 01A01-9111-CH-00412, 1992 WL 56993, at *4, 1992 Tenn.App. LEXIS 260, at *9-10 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar. 25, 1992) (holding addition of adverse possession claim insufficient to distinguish later suit from prior suit involving same property); Green v. Parrack, 974 S.W.2d 200, 203 (Tex.Ct.App.1998) (holding prior judgment establishing ownership to strip of land precluded subsequent competing claims to same strip by same parties under different legal theories).
¶ 12 Nevertheless, we need not definitively determine whether AEM has raised one claim or two because we readily conclude that AEM could and should have brought its adverse possession claim in the prior suit. Claim preclusion "`reflects the expectation that parties who are given the capacity to present their "entire controversies" shall in fact do so.'" Ringwood, 786 P.2d at 1357 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. a (1982)). If a party fails, purposely or negligently, to "`make good his cause of action ... "by all proper means within his control, ... he will not afterward be permitted to deny the correctness of that determination, nor to relitigate the same matters between the same parties."'" Horner v. Whitta, No. 13-93-33, 1994 WL 114881, at *2, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 1248, at *6-7 (Ohio Ct.App. Mar. 16, 1994) (citations omitted in original), appeal denied, 70 Ohio St.3d 1416, 637 N.E.2d 12 (1994).
¶ 13 In Ringwood v. Foreign Auto Works, Inc., Ringwood filed two separate complaints against individuals to whom he had sold stock in Foreign Auto Works, Inc. See 786 P.2d at 1352-53. Ringwood's first suit was dismissed because it was based on a promissory note the trial court found had merged into a later agreement. See id. at 1357-58. Ringwood then brought suit for breach of the later agreement. See id. at 1353. This court reversed the trial court's ruling that Ringwood's second action was not barred by res judicata, concluding that any "claim by Ringwood under the November agreement could have been decided in the prior action, as the agreement was extant and was in default. The only reason it was not decided was because Ringwood failed to raise the claim.... Therefore, we find that res judicata bars Ringwood's claims[.]" Id.
¶ 14 AEM's situation is similar. When it filed its complaint in the prior action in 1990, it had possessed the parking lot parcel for the requisite seven years. See Utah Code Ann. § 78-12-12 (1996). Hence, its adverse possession claim was then ripe. AEM had a second chance to raise a claim of adverse possession when it amended its complaint in 1995, but did not. As in Ringwood, the only reason AEM's claim of adverse possession was not decided in the prior action is because AEM failed to raise it. And, as in Ringwood, the claim preclusion branch of res judicata bars AEM from doing so now. See Wheadon v. Pearson, 14 Utah 2d 45, 47, 376 P.2d 946, 947-48 (1962) ("Here, we have the same parties litigating the same subject matter an asserted right of way over defendants' property.... [T]he issue or theory of implied easement, now urged in this second action, could have been urged and adjudicated in the first action."). Accord Irving Pulp & Paper Ltd. v. Kelly, 654 A.2d 416, 418 (Me.1995) (Adverse possession was "an issue that might have been tried in the 1951 action. Under the doctrine of res judicata, [appellee] and his privies are therefore precluded from having or claiming any right or title adverse to [appellant] for any period prior to November 1951."); Bagley v. Moxley, 407 Mass. 633, 555 N.E.2d 229, 232 (1990) ("[P]laintiffs were not entitled to pursue their claim of ownership through piecemeal litigation, offering one legal theory to the court while holding others in reserve for future litigation *769 should the first prove unsuccessful.").[3]
B. The Prior Action Resulted In a Final Judgment on the Merits
¶ 15 Having determined that AEM could and should have raised its adverse possession claim in the prior action, we now consider AEM's argument that res judicata does not bar its current suit for title to the parking lot parcel by adverse possession because the prior action did not result in a final judgment on the merits.[4] We also reject this argument.
¶ 16 First, the trial court's Memorandum Decision unequivocally granted summary judgment to the defendants on AEM's claims of breach of the 1982 Separation Agreement. AEM's fifth claim for relief in its amended complaint alleged, at paragraph 44(g), that "[t]he Lins have breached the March 1982 Separation Agreement ... [b]y failing to deed certain properties to Plaintiffs as contemplated by the agreement." In an interrogatory, AEM was asked to "[p]rovide the legal description of all properties you reference in paragraph 44(g)." AEM responded: "The legal description of these properties will be produced in connection with the production of documents, but includes a one-foot strip along the boundary of the Draper property and a parcel of property associated with the Highland Terrace Apartments." The trial court's Memorandum Decision, specifically incorporated into its Final Order, stated:
Defendants claim that they are entitled to dismissal of claim 5 (Breach of Separation Agreement) under a theory of accord, satisfaction, and release. They contend that any problems regarding the separation agreement were worked out by the parties when they signed a March 1, 1982 "Satisfaction of Debt." ... Defendants['] argument appears to be well taken. The release specifically disposed of claims arising from the Separation Agreement. Thus the Court concludes that the "Satisfaction of Debt" releases this claim and defendants' motion [for summary judgment] is granted as to this claim.
Summary judgment on the Separation Agreement claims constituted a judgment on the merits which became final upon entry of the Final Order.[5]
¶ 17 Moreover, AEM's claims for breach of the Separation Agreement were not among those claims voluntarily dismissed by stipulation, as AEM argues. The trial court's Final Order indicates specifically which claims were dismissed by stipulation. Claims relating to the Separation Agreement were not among them. Thus, dismissal of the breach of Separation Agreement claims was not a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. See Utah R. Civ. P. 41. The third requirement of claim preclusion, that the prior *770 action must have resulted in a final judgment on the merits, is therefore met.
CONCLUSION
¶ 18 AEM's claim of title to the parking lot parcel is barred under the claim preclusion branch of res judicata. AEM could and should have raised its adverse possession claim in the prior action alleging breach of the 1982 Separation Agreement. Further, the prior action resulted in a final judgment on the merits. Accordingly, the trial court correctly granted IID's motion for summary judgment on res judicata grounds.
¶ 19 Affirmed.
¶ 20 WE CONCUR: RUSSELL W. BENCH, Judge, and JAMES Z. DAVIS, Judge.
NOTES
[1] Although IID styled its motion as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, it was properly treated as a motion for summary judgment by the trial court because IID supported its motion with sources outside the pleadings. See Utah R. Civ. P. 12(b); DOIT, Inc. v. Touche, Ross & Co., 926 P.2d 835, 838 n. 3 (Utah 1996).
[2] Because our ruling on the claim preclusion issue is dispositive, we have no occasion to address the parties' alternative arguments concerning issue preclusion.
[3] Many other courts have come to the same conclusion when a second action alleging adverse possession has been brought by the party who failed to prove its entitlement to real property in a prior action premised on some other theory. See, e.g., West Mich. Park Ass'n v. Fogg, 158 Mich.App. 160, 404 N.W.2d 644, 648 (1987) ("While it is true that the plaintiffs did not claim the property by adverse possession in [the prior action], that claim could have been made in [the prior action]. It is therefore barred[.]"), appeal denied, No. 80701 (Mich. Aug. 28, 1987); Hangman v. Bruening, 247 Neb. 769, 530 N.W.2d 247, 249 (1995) ("The theory of adverse possession could have been raised in the earlier quiet title litigation. All matters which could have been litigated in the earlier proceedings are barred by the doctrine of res judicata."); Hyman, 434 N.Y.S.2d at 745 ("At the time the first action for reformation was commenced, the cause of action for adverse possession was also viable and could also have been pleaded in the prior complaint and determined in the prior action.").
[4] It is inarguable that a final judgment was entered in the prior action. AEM's contention in this appeal is really that that judgment did not encompass various claims in issue between the parties, including ownership of the parking lot parcel.
[5] Because the trial court specifically addressed the breach of Separation Agreement claims and granted summary judgment thereon in favor of the defendants, those claims are not implicated by the trial court's statement in the Final Order that "[a]ll claims of the parties set forth in their pleadings not reduced to summary judgment herein or otherwise dealt with by this Order are hereby dismissed." We therefore have no occasion to consider AEM's argument that the trial court's language concerning these stray claims effected a dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41 of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure.
|
Michigan Department of Corrections Struggles With Budget Challenges
With a state budget deficit estimated at $1.8 billion looming next year, Michigan lawmakers are looking for ways to lower spending. One proposal being discussed is a repeal of the Truth In Sentencing laws, enabling the state to accelerate the pace of inmates being released from state prisons.
Since 1998, Michigan's Truth in Sentencing law has required offenders to serve their entire minimum sentence in prison before they could be considered for parole. A repeal of this law would allow the Department of Corrections to again release prisoners before completing the minimum of their sentences.
John Cordell, spokesperson for the Michigan Department of Corrections, told the Saginaw News that if the legislation passes, 7,550 inmates could be released this year before their minimum sentences are served. Those releases would save the system $42 million this year and even more next year.
He said most inmates would likely serve 85 percent of their minimum sentences before being released if their behavior behind bars was acceptable.
Prosecutors and law enforcement officials have issued public statements of opposition and dismay over the prospect of early inmate releases, while the Department of Corrections, some legislators and the American Civil Liberties Union have been supportive.
One issue getting little attention in the debate is the concern that the Department of Corrections would have increased power over the length of time an individual serves in prison, rather than the judge hearing the evidence in court at trial.
With Michigan poised to reexamine its penal system, this examination should also include a debate over restoring our judges' discretionary powers. At present, judges are often restricted when determining sentences for people convicted of crimes, as many crimes are subject to harsh mandatory minimum penalties.
Removing mandatory minimum sentences and giving judges greater freedom in sentencing would allow judges to use their legal knowledge and judicial experience combined with the evidence presented at trial to weigh mitigating factors when handing down sentences. These mitigating factors could include a defendant's childhood abuse, background, diminished capacity, intent and other circumstances.
With mandatory sentences and Truth In Sentencing, judges often have too little input on appropriate punishment after guilt has been determined. If we're going to again release inmates early, wouldn't our communities be better served by judges having more input than prison employees and harried parole board officials?
While many advocates of fairness in criminal justice applaud the state's willingness to reconsider Truth In Sentencing, we would all be well served to include this critical aspect of justice in the debate.
Regardless of what may happen in the legislature though, Governor Jennifer Granholm is already showing some movement on this issue. The Michigan Constitution gives the governor the power to commute, or reduce, any prison sentence.
According to the Lansing State Journal, Granholm commuted the sentences of 100 prisoners in 2008 and 2009. This marks a drastic increase over any other two-year period in the past 40 years and a drastic increase over Granholm's personal record. During her first five years as governor, she approved only 18 commutations. State officials assert that budgetary concerns are one of the driving forces behind this increase.
Ultimately, balancing the Michigan budget is going to take more than commuting a few dozen sentences annually or even considering thousands of people earlier for parole. Michigan spends approximately $2 billion each year on its prison system, and these actions will make only a slight indentation. However, these budgetary challenges may force elected officials to reconsider the values of incarceration and limit prison sentences to those situations where there is a legitimate reason for imprisonment.
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Scott and his firm did an awesome job representing a family member of mine, I would highly recommend him and his firm! They were extremely reliable, trustworthy and very informative and did a great job with the case. I couldn't be happier with the results that we received, I can't speak highly enough about the great job he did. If you are thinking about using his firm, I would highly recommend, I would definitely use his firm again if needed, he is an a great attorney with a great firm, you won't be disappointed! M. F. |
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field = field || this.filterBy.field;
result = _.filter(source, function (item) {
return item[field] === value || item.value === '';
});
this.setOptions(result);
},
/**
* Change visibility for input.
*
* @param {Boolean} isVisible
*/
toggleInput: function (isVisible) {
registry.get(this.customName, function (input) {
input.setVisible(isVisible);
});
},
/**
* Sets 'data' to 'options' observable array, if instance has
* 'customEntry' property set to true, calls 'setHidden' method
* passing !options.length as a parameter
*
* @param {Array} data
* @returns {Object} Chainable
*/
setOptions: function (data) {
var captionValue = this.captionValue || '',
result = parseOptions(data, captionValue),
isVisible;
this.indexedOptions = indexOptions(result.options);
this.options(result.options);
if (!this.caption()) {
this.caption(result.caption);
}
if (this.customEntry) {
isVisible = !!result.options.length;
this.setVisible(isVisible);
this.toggleInput(!isVisible);
}
return this;
},
/**
* Processes preview for option by it's value, and sets the result
* to 'preview' observable
*
* @returns {Object} Chainable.
*/
getPreview: function () {
var value = this.value(),
option = this.indexedOptions[value],
preview = option ? option.label : '';
this.preview(preview);
return preview;
},
/**
* Get option from indexedOptions list.
*
* @param {Number} value
* @returns {Object} Chainable
*/
getOption: function (value) {
return this.indexedOptions[value];
},
/**
* Select first available option
*
* @returns {Object} Chainable.
*/
clear: function () {
var value = this.caption() ? '' : findFirst(this.options);
this.value(value);
return this;
},
/**
* Initializes observable properties of instance
*
* @returns {Object} Chainable.
*/
setInitialValue: function () {
if (_.isUndefined(this.value()) && !this.default) {
this.clear();
}
return this._super();
}
});
});
|
The state Senate today voted 17-12 today to approve a bill that would end pot prohibition in the state and replace it with a system of taxation and regulation. The vote today was the second Senate vote this week to approve the bill, which will now go to the House for consideration.
The measure, Senate Bill 241, would allow people 21 and over to possess up to an ounce of pot, but not to grow it after some powerful lawmakers said that provision would be a deal-breaker. Instead, the bill now contains a provision to create a study commission to examine home cultivation and the issue of edibles, which are also not allowed.
The bill also envisions a system of tightly regulated commercial marijuana cultivation, testing, and distribution, which would include licensed retail marijuana outlets.
Gov. Peter Shumlin (D), who backs the bill, has not yet responded to today's vote, but congratulated lawmakers after Wednesday's preliminary vote to approve the bill.
"I want to thank the Senate for their courage in voting to end the failed War on Drugs policy of marijuana prohibition," Shumlin said in a statement. "When this debate began a month and a half ago, there were many who said it had no chance of passage in either chamber. Today it passed the Senate. This is a big moment for Vermont that should give Vermonters faith that our democracy still works," he said, noting that some 80,000 Vermonters use pot on a monthly basis.
"The shadows of prohibition have prevented our state from taking rational steps to address marijuana use in our state," the governor continued. "This bill will allow us to address those important issues by driving out illegal drug dealers, doing a better job than we currently do of keeping marijuana out of the hands of underage kids, dealing with the drugged drivers who are already driving on our roads, addressing treatment, and educating Vermonters to the harmful effects of consuming marijuana, alcohol, and cigarettes.
“Now is the time to move forward with ending the failed policy of prohibition in Vermont. I am proud of the Senate for taking the lead and I look forward to working with the House to get a bill to my desk," Shumlin added.
The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP), which has been working closely with elected officials on the bill, also pronounced itself pleased.
"We applaud the Senate for advancing this important legislation," said Matt Simon, MPP's Montpelier-based New England political director."Like most Vermonters, most members of the Senate recognize that prohibition is a failed policy. They voted to regulate marijuana because it will make our communities safer. We are confident that House members who take an objective look at the evidence will arrive at the same conclusion as their colleagues in the Senate.
Political pressure is mounting on the House to do just that. In addition to support from the governor, and now, the Senate, but also from sitting state Attorney General William Sorrell and two of his predecessors, as well as clergy and faith leaders. And on Monday, Vermont Public Radio released poll results showing that 55% of Vermonters support the bill, with only 32% opposed.
New England is a real hotbed of marijuana reform this year, with bills also under serious consideration in Connecticut and Rhode Island and with Maine and Massachusetts poised to vote on legalization initiative in November. But it's starting to look like Vermont could be the first state in the region to make it to the finish line. |
14--Traffic/14_Traffic_Traffic_14_443.jpg
2
658.9643125 155.016734375 13.6979375 16.993296875 0.991231381893
510.3319375 131.484375 14.003 17.224203125 0.935979247093
|
Scrap Your Cake Pattern Boilerplate: Dependency Injection Using the Reader Monad - handler
http://blog.originate.com/blog/2013/10/21/reader-monad-for-dependency-injection/
======
noelwelsh
Clearest blog post I've read on the Reader monad in Scala. This is something I
can see coming to our code base very soon.
The next step for us is monad transformers in Scalaz. We are going to end up
with something like Future[Reader[Writer[Problem \/ Result]]] (a few type
parameters are missing there; hopefully you get the idea). Monad transformers
give a way to flatten this stack of monads into a single monad, which saves a
lot of unnecessary wrapping and unwrapping in code. I haven't yet worked out
the all the details of using them, though. Should probably do a blog post when
I do :-)
~~~
jarhart
I look forward to that blog post. In order to use Scalaz's monad transformers
with scala.concurrent.Future, would I have to write my own monad instance for
it, or is there a way to re-use the one from scalaz.concurrent?
~~~
noelwelsh
The scalaz-contrib library has a Monad instance for scala.concurrent.Future:
[https://github.com/typelevel/scalaz-
contrib/blob/master/scal...](https://github.com/typelevel/scalaz-
contrib/blob/master/scala210/main/scala/Future.scala)
------
kilovoltaire
Great use of the same example under three different dependency injection
mechanisms.
One issue I see with the Reader pattern, however, is that anyone using one of
these injected methods has to deal with the monad stuff of using for
comprehensions to extract the values, et cetera, whereas with the other two
patterns they get to use normal functions.
Put another way: having to distinguish between the "normal" functions in a
class versus the injected Reader functions, and not be able to use them in the
same way, feels like it would get old fast. I wonder if the author has found
this annoying or not.
I do really like how purely functional the Reader approach is though, no
state!
~~~
jarhart
I actually like using comprehensions in Scala so I don't find it annoying at
all. Also I think having a clear distinction between the "normal" and
"injected" functions is a good thing.
I do find having to add implicit parameters to every function slightly
annoying, especially because when I forget, it's not always clear from the
compiler error what I did wrong.
~~~
kilovoltaire
Yeah, I agree the injected functions being "marked" by their types is nice.
------
lmm
It feels like this isn't actually solving the dependency injection problem -
we've moved all our dependencies into this global (ish) Config object, but
that object is effectively acting as a service registry. Constructing the
Config is still going to require a DI strategy (as the end of the post
acknowledges), so what do we actually gain from this reader pattern? I don't
think it makes testing any easier (if anything it makes it harder, since we
have to build up a whole dummy Config, rather than building a small test cake
that only includes the dependencies a specific test needs).
~~~
jarhart
It does actually solve the problem that DI solves in general, because you
create readers that expect the dependency to be injected into them. You still
have to decide how to do the injection and that's true for all of the non-
framework approaches AFAICT. With the cake pattern you still have to create an
object somewhere that mixes in all of the concrete implementations. What you
gain from the reader pattern is being able to limit the biolerplate to edge
where the injection actually occurs.
As far as having to create a whole dummy Config for testing, that's a fair
point, although the reader approach makes it easy to inject it since every
reader is a function of the Config. I usually only have a small number of
dependencies so it hasn't really been an issue for me. If you're mocking the
dependencies each one is only one line of code, and for dependencies you don't
need in the you can just use ???.
------
paf31
I'm not sure I understand the concern regarding the approach using implicits.
Sure, you need to add an extra implicit method parameter to each method that
requires the dependency, but in the reader approach, every same method needs
to be written in the reader monad. In fact, they're really the same concern,
since the reader monad instance is just doing the work of threading what would
have been implicit in the first place.
~~~
paf31
Sorry, now I see it - it enables better type inference. Please ignore :)
~~~
handler
yeah, it is still a similar amount of overhead in typing
~~~
jarhart
Actually it's not. Only the primitive readers have similar "overhead" as with
the implicits approach. Most of the readers are defined by mapping or
flatMapping over the primitives (either explicitly or with comprehensions).
With the implicits approach all of the "injected" methods need to declare the
dependency via the implicit parameter. With the reader approach, only the
primitives have to declare it. Compare the implicits version of UserInfo to
the reader version. UserRepository doesn't appear anywhere in the signatures
of the reader version.
|
The University of Vermont (UVM) has again been ranked among the top 100 best-value public colleges in the U.S. by Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine.
UVM ranked 63rd for in-state students and 67th for out-of-state students in the publication's annual ratings. The magazine narrows its list from a field of nearly 600 public colleges and universities.
To compile the list, Kiplinger's initially sorts schools on quality measures, such as admissions rate, test scores of incoming first-year students, and four- and six-year graduation rates. It then adds cost data, including tuition, fees, room-and-board and financial aid, and re-ranks the schools.
In addition to its overall rank, UVM came in 25th for its four-year graduation rate of 58 percent.
Two years ago, Kiplinger's ranked UVM 73rd for in-state and 85th for out-of-state students, respectively. Last year, UVM ranked 59th and 77th respectively in those categories. |
Q:
What are the historical reasons that "streams" are called FILE in C
The GNU libc manual mentions that there are historical reasons that the data structure representing "streams" is called FILE.
After getting curious i've googled around and tried to look into it but I can't seem to find this fabulous tale.
Any ideas?
A:
While I don't have a citation for this, it's likely that the historical reason for the creation of the term "stream" is standardization of the C language. FILE is the type that was always used with FILE * handles for stdio in C, but in order to express the specification for the stdio interfaces, it's necessary to be able to distinguish between a file (the actual storage object) and the handle for an open file, and "stream" seems to have been the word that was chosen.
|
IALs can refer to element before or after.
*** Parameters: ***
{}
*** Markdown input: ***
Paragraph1
{:#par1}
{:#par2}
Paragraph2
*** Output of inspect ***
md_el(:document,[
md_par(["Paragraph1"], [[:id, "par1"]]),
md_par(["Paragraph2"], [[:id, "par2"]])
],{},[])
*** Output of to_html ***
<p id="par1">Paragraph1</p>
<p id="par2">Paragraph2</p>
*** Output of to_latex ***
Paragraph1
Paragraph2
*** Output of to_md ***
Paragraph1
Paragraph2
*** Output of to_s ***
Paragraph1Paragraph2
|
<UserControl x:Class="AxoCover.Controls.ColorPicker" x:Name="_root"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:AxoCover.Controls"
mc:Ignorable="d"
d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300">
<Button Click="OnButtonClick">
<DockPanel>
<Border Width="16" Height="16" DockPanel.Dock="Left" Margin="3"
VerticalAlignment="Center">
<Border.Background>
<SolidColorBrush Color="{Binding Color, ElementName=_root}"/>
</Border.Background>
</Border>
<TextBlock Text="{Binding Text, ElementName=_root}" Margin="3"
VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Left"/>
</DockPanel>
</Button>
</UserControl>
|
USS Iowa (SSN-797)
Iowa (SSN-797), a , will be the fourth U.S. Navy vessel named for the state of Iowa. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus officially announced the name on September 2, 2015, during a news briefing at Iowa State University.
References
Category:Submarine classes
Category:Virginia-class submarines
Category:Submarines of the United States Navy
Category:Submarines of the United States |
Q:
Trying to install regular expressions for Python
I'm still new to installing modules on my computer with windows and python 3.3. I'm trying to install the regular expressions module. I have pip installed on my computer, so I tried "pip install regex" but that created a folder called "pip" in my user folder and there is a text file called "pip". It did not put any files in the site-packages folder like the openpyxl and xlsxwriter modules I already have. I am also having this issue with the urllib module.
A:
Python already by default comes with a large number of builtin modules. These modules are called the “standard library” and are well documented.
In your case, if you want to use regular expressions, you can use the standard re module. The urllib package is also part of the standard library and offers different modules to perform for example HTTP requests or URL parsing.
|
This invention relates to a process for refining a molten metal, and more particularly to a secondary refining process, wherein harmful or unnecessary impurities contained in a molten metal in the form of non-metallic components such as sulfur (S), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), etc., and metallic components such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), tellurium (Te), etc. can be reduced to tiniest traces effectively and in an extremely short time as well.
In the metals and alloys obtained by melting, harmful or unnecessary metallic and non-metallic components, in addition to essential metallic components, are often contained owing to the choice of the materials utilized. And it is well known that impurities contained in a molten metal such as sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. largely affect the quality of the final products. That is why a secondary refining process is often carried out, which executes an extra purification of the molten metal taken out of a melting furnace.
As conventional secondary refining processes RH, DH, FINKL-MOHR, LF etc., are widely known. Among them RH and DH methods are superior in degassing, but not suitable for promoting desulfurization and deoxidation by means of adding flux, and not capable of maintaining heat of the molten metal. Consequently it becomes necessary to heighten the temperature of the discharged molten metal in the primary furnace, for example an electric arc furnace, which inevitably sacrifices the efficiency of the primary furnace and the cost of the refractory materials therefor. And FINKL-MOHR and LF (ladle furnace) methods are capable of executing reducing-refining with their heating apparatus equipped with electrodes, and also adaptable to the gas blowing. They are, however, inherently weak in the capacity of stirring the molten metal, because the ladle itself works as a refining furnace and a porous plug is utilized. They are consequently disadvantageous in their low refining efficiency.
Impurities contained inevitably in the molten metals, in particular, in the molten steel, for example, metallic components such as small amounts of Pb, Zn, etc., are harmful to the quality of the obtained products. Degradation of the hot-workability, crack-sensibility of steel ingots, and degradation of the thermal fatigue life are well known as demerits caused by the impurities. It is essentially required to reduce, in the course of refining of the molten metals, such impurities to a low level where they do no harm to the quality of the products. According to the general belief Pb and Zn elements must be less than 15 p.p.m., and Bi and Te elements are allowed at a level of 5 p.p.m. In austenite stainless steels containing Ni and Cr, for example, cracking in the course of hot-working can be actually prevented at the content level of 15 p.p.m. of Pb and Zn and 5 p.p.m. of Bi and Te.
According to the conventional actual manufacturing method, application of oxidizing-refining to the molten metals in a primary furnace like an electric arc furnace enables removal of the above-mentioned unnecessary elements relatively easily, because they produce oxidized substances of low boiling point. In cases of not employing oxidizing-refining, that is to say cases wherein oxidizing-refining is not needed because of obtainability of the combination of required ingredients to some extent by means of proper arrangement of materials such as in high carbon steel or high alloy steel, harmful elements must be prevented by controlling the material arrangement or removed by any other methods than the oxidizing-refining from the molten metal. In the prior art removing the harmful metallic elements from the molten metal has been extremely difficult. |
ATTENTION DREIDEL COLLECTORS: Add this beautiful limited addition Museum of Tolerance dreidel to your collection. This lovely crystal dreidel stands approximately 3" tall by 1½" wide and has it own crystal stand.
Etched vertically on the gimel pane are the words Museum of Tolerance. Our crystal dreidel is only available through this site or here at the Museum. Only 100 have been manufactured and they are going fast! |
Sudden infant death syndrome: effect of breast and formula feeding on frontal cortex and brainstem lipid composition.
Docosahexaenoic acid levels were measured by gas chromatography in samples of frontal lobe and brainstem taken from 28 and 26 infants, respectively, who had died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid were present in the frontal lobe tissues derived from the 13 breast fed infants (age range = 3.3-36.3 weeks; mean 15.9 +/- 11.3 weeks) compared to the 15 formula fed infants (age range = 6.9-47.7 weeks; mean 19.3 +/- 10.6 weeks); mean (+/- s.d.) levels were 8.5 +/- 1.1% and 7.6 +/- 0.8% of total fatty acids (P = 0.019). There was, however, no significant difference in brainstem docosahexaenoic acid levels between breast and formula fed infants. Given these variable findings, further investigation of the relationship between dietary fatty acid intake and cerebral lipid levels may help to clarify whether different modes of feeding have a role in the pathogenesis of SIDS. |
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West Ham boss Sam Allardyce is plotting a bid for Aston Villa midfielder Fabian Delph.
The former England Under-21 player , who is a candidate to force his way into Roy Hodgson’s senior squad next season, has a year left on his Villa Park deal and the Hammers believe they can prise him away.
The club are carrying out a major overhaul of their squad this summer and Allardyce is keen to sign a first-choice central midfield player with Premier League experience.
Delph, 24, fits the bill and the Hammers are ready to make an offer of around £5m for a player who attracted the attention of England boss Hodgson with some fine performances in a struggling Villa team last season.
Villa are keen to tie former Leeds kid Delph to a new deal but no agreement is imminent.
West Ham have signed two midfield players in Senegalese star Cheikyou Kayate and former Charlton youngster Diego Poyet but were also keen to sign Gareth Barry, before he agreed a permanent deal with Everton this week.
Striker Mauro Zarate and defender Aaron Cresswell have also moved to Upton Park in the close season but West Ham expect to make at least three more signings before the transfer window shuts at the end of next month.
Meanwhile, Scott Hogan’s dream move from Rochdale to Leeds has been wrecked by a cash dispute. United offered £750,000 but Rochdale are demanding £2m. |
Central policies reduced Punjab to position of 'beggar': Badal
Listing the achievements of the state government in the key areas of power, infrastructure, health and education, chief minister Parkash Singh Badal emphasized the need for continuity of his government for another term of five years in order to sustain the tempo of overall development.
indiaUpdated: Nov 18, 2011 19:37 IST
HT Correspondent None
Listing the achievements of the state government in the key areas of power, infrastructure, health and education, chief minister Parkash Singh Badal emphasized the need for continuity of his government for another term of five years in order to sustain the tempo of overall development.
"The unprecedented development carried out by the SAD-BJP alliance during the present tenure was beyond comparison and none of the Congress governments in the state had achieved such a degree of development and all round progress", Badal said while addressing a rally on Friday after laying the foundation stone of a high level bridge over river Satluj to be built at a cost of Rs 102 crore in this border village which will shorten the distance to Ferozepur.
Lashing out at the Congress governments or Congress led governments, he said that it had always ignored Punjab in the allocation of funds and schemes by devising stringent norms to deliberately exclude the state from developmental schemes. Besides the Congress never stops in meddling in the religious affairs of Sikhs, he added.
"The Centre’s gross discrimination and apathetic attitude towards Punjab had virtually reduced our position to that of being beggars. Unemployment, illiteracy, poverty and inflation had enormously affected the life of the common man", he added.
He expressed the hope that the awakened electorates of the state would once teach a lesson to the Congress party in the coming assembly elections. He further said that anti- Congress wave witnessed in the Hisar Lok Sabha polls would be repeated in the coming assembly elections in Punjab.
Badal has dared union finance minister Pranab Mukherjee to act swiftly to bring back to the country the millions stashed in foreign banks as his ministry had in its possession valuable information on the black money in banks abroad. He said that the SAD-BJP government had been demanding that the Congress led UPA government immediately bring back the ill gotten money hidden in the foreign banks so that it could be judiciously utilized for funding welfare schemes for millions of poor across the country. The chief minister said their MLA’s and MPs had been persuading the central government time and again to retrieve the undisclosed amounts kept abroad, but the Central government had so far paid no heed to their demand.
“If the Centre does not initiate any action in this regard promptly, our MPs will be forced to take up this matter in the forthcoming winter session of the Parliament to seek its intervention in the larger public interest”, he added.
On the occasion, the chief minister announced to set an ultra modern silo at a cost of Rs 100 crore at Patti for the storage of food grains. He also announced that Patti-Khemkaran road would be widened and strengthened soon at a cost of Rs. 5 crore. |
Hélder Baldé
Hélder Bafodé Baldé (born 3 August 1998) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D. Aves as a defender. Born in Bissau, he represents Portugal at international youth level.
References
External links
National team data
Category:1998 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Bissau
Category:Portuguese footballers
Category:Portugal youth international footballers
Category:Bissau-Guinean footballers
Category:Bissau-Guinean emigrants to Portugal
Category:Association football defenders
Category:U.D. Leiria players
Category:C.F. Os Belenenses players
Category:Casa Pia A.C. players
Category:S.L. Benfica B players
Category:C.D. Aves players
Category:LigaPro players
Category:Primeira Liga players |
/**
* Morn UI Version 3.0 http://www.mornui.com/
* Feedback [email protected] weixin:yungzhu
*/
package morn.core.components {
import morn.core.utils.StringUtils;
/**HBox容器*/
public class HBox extends LayoutBox {
public static const NONE:String = "none";
public static const TOP:String = "top";
public static const MIDDLE:String = "middle";
public static const BOTTOM:String = "bottom";
public function HBox() {
}
override protected function changeItems():void {
var items:Array = [];
var maxHeight:Number = 0;
for (var i:int = 0, n:int = numChildren; i < n; i++) {
//TODO:LAYA.JS
var item:Component = getChildAt(i) as Component;
if (item) {
items.push(item);
maxHeight = Math.max(maxHeight, item.displayHeight);
}
}
items.sortOn(["x"], Array.NUMERIC);
var left:Number = 0;
for each (item in items) {
item.x = _maxX = left;
left += item.displayWidth + _space;
if (_align == TOP) {
item.y = 0;
} else if (_align == MIDDLE) {
item.y = (maxHeight - item.displayHeight) * 0.5;
} else if (_align == BOTTOM) {
item.y = maxHeight - item.displayHeight;
}
}
changeSize();
}
}
} |
South America’s second largest country is under a state of emergency and teetering on martial law as a result of government inefficiency and Mother Nature joining forces.
Buenos Aires’ Mayor, Mauricio Macri, has declared a state of emergency in Argentina’s capital. The city has been belted by a heat wave since a week before Christmas, which is responsible for at least three deaths and has sent scores to area hospitals.
Power outages and water shortages are impacting thousands of individuals, with the young, infirm and elderly most at risk. The heat wave, which has averaged 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit), has caused some people to be without water or electricity for as long as fourteen days. Because of the aging water system, which has not been upgraded since the ’80s, water is unavailable during power outages when electricity cannot reach the pumps.
“Without water it’s unbearable,” said one man. “You cannot live. Above the tenth floor, within 48 hours, it’s a death trap. If there is sun and 38 or 39 degrees – as they are saying – the firefighters are going to bring down bodies.”
People have started protesting in the streets and calling on the government and the utility companies to take some form of action. Angry about the lack of upgrades to the electrical grid to deal with emergencies like this, Macri responded by declaring the state of emergency.
Meanwhile, the government points the finger at the utility companies, which, in turn, point back at the government.
Julio De Vido, Argentina’s Planning and Public Services Minister, is asking utility companies Edenor and Edesur to take “social responsibility” for getting power restored.
To escape the blistering heat on Christmas Day, when the temperature hit 111 degrees Fahrenheit, thousands descended on the riverside town of Rosario, located 180 miles north of Buenos Aires, to cool off. A large school of piranha attacked the swimmers and 70 were sent to area hospitals for treatment, with many having lost fingers and toes to the swimming meat eaters.
Argentina is already prime for revolution, and this latest fiasco just might be the tipping point which will fulfill a prediction by The Economist. Placed in the “Very High Risk” category of countries predicted to experience violent social upheaval in 2014, Argentina joins Syria, Iraq and 14 other countries on the list.
Inflation is running at 28 percent and recent strikes by the police have set off rounds of looting, rioting and unrest in each of the country’s provinces. In August, 100,000 Argentines took to the streets of Buenos Aires to protest repressive political policies by President Cristina Kirchner’s administration. Recently, masked protesters got into a pitched battle with police outside of Congresso, protesting a variety of governmental changes in college tuition.
Argentina, the country that invented the tango, experienced a military dictatorship from 1976 − 1983. With the complicity of the American intelligence group, the CIA, 30,000 residents of Buenos Aires were made to “disappear.” In 2001, rioters turned to the streets when the government privatized several corporations, including Spain’s Repsol and the Argentinian airline, Aerolinas.
By Jerry Nelson
Sources:
EuroNews
Buenos Aires Herald
JourneyAmerica
The Economist
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Q:
Summation Error (SSRS)
From the image above, I want to sum the Time Spent column in my SSRS report. The issue is that this is not an int column but a varchar (after finding the difference between two datetime columns). I want my result set to be in the format - 00:00:00 (form of hh:mm:ss).
The sql query looks like:
CONVERT(Varchar(10), Dateadd(Second, DATEDIFF(Second,StartDate,FinishedDate),0), 108) AS SpentTime
What do I have to do to get the right values back?
Thank you.
A:
Instead of using VARCHAR formatting in the SQL procedure, you can send the TimeSpent as a time data type and then you can use the expression below. You can then format the time within the report itself instead using text box properties.
=TimeSpan.FromTicks(Sum(Fields!TimeSpent.Value))
|
[Smoking and stroke].
Up to one quarter of all strokes are directly attributable to cigarette smoking, that percentage can get up to 50% for young adults admitted for an cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Cigarette smoking increases the relative risk of ischemic stroke about two-fold, three-fold for subarachnoid haemorrhage. Current smoking is not clearly identified as a risk factor for intra-cerebral haemorrhage. The risk is consistent for all subtypes of stroke according aetiology and is strongest for ischemic stroke caused by arterial atherothromboembolism. The risk is dependent upon the amount of cigarettes smoked and passive smoking is a substantial risk of stroke. The relative risk is maximal in middle age, declining with advancing years. The toxicity is higher among female smokers, especially when they have several risk factors such as oral contraceptiveS and migraine with aura. Whereas it is well known that the effectiveness of cigarette withdrawal reduces the risk of new vascular event, two thirds of young patients continue to smoke. |
Acute exercise attenuates negative affect following repeated sad mood inductions in persons who have recovered from depression.
Identifying factors that may protect individuals from developing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the face of stress is critical. In the current study we experimentally tested whether such a potentially protective factor, engaging in acute exercise, reduces the adverse effects of repeated sad mood inductions in individuals who have recovered from depression. We hypothesized that recovered depressed participants who engage in acute exercise report a smaller increase in negative affect (NA) and a smaller decrease in positive affect (PA) when exposed to a repeated sad mood induction (i.e., habituation), whereas participants who do not exercise show sensitization (i.e., increased NA and decreased PA in response to a repeated adverse stimulus). Forty-one women recovered from MDD and 40 healthy control women were randomly assigned to either exercise for 15 minutes or quiet rest. Afterward, participants were exposed to two sad mood inductions and reported their levels of affect throughout the study. Recovered depressed participants who had not exercised exhibited higher NA after the second sad mood induction, a finding consistent with sensitization. In contrast, both recovered depressed participants who had engaged in acute exercise and healthy control participants showed no increase in NA in response to the repeated sad mood induction. Participants who exercised reported higher PA after the exercise bout; however, our hypothesis concerning reported PA trajectories following the sad mood inductions was not supported. Results suggest that exercise can serve as a protective factor in the face of exposure to repeated emotional stressors, particularly concerning NA in individuals who have recovered from depression. |
by Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) associated with UNISA, and Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
The round table, which focused on South Africa’s 2018 foreign policy agenda during the course of the year, also looked towards possible projections for 2019, and took place on the 22 February 2018 in Pretoria at the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).
South Africa’s 2018 foreign policy agenda is possibly its busiest since 1994. The country finds itself chairing the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) partnership and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), while it is also involved in the G20 summit. It also co-chairs the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), as well as chairing the Southern African Development Community (SADC). This provides an opportunity for the country to continue its pursuit of a developmental African and global South agenda.
by Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) associated with UNISA, and South African BRICS Think Tank (SABTT)
Dr. Philani Mthembu, Executive Director of the Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD), opened the dialogue by providing a brief review of South Africa’s diplomatic calendar for 2018, which is one of the busiest in the post-1994 era. The BRICS partnership, one of several foreign policy agenda items, has continued to evolve as it enters the beginning of its second decade. BRICS is no longer just a high-level government-to-government partnership; it has grown to include numerous tracks of diplomacy and increasingly put an emphasis on the importance of people-to-people relations through track two (think tanks and business) and track three (civil society) diplomacy.
by Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) associated with UNISA, and South African BRICS Think Tank (SABTT)
Dr. Philani Mthembu, Executive Director at the Institute for Global Dialogue, opened the event by contextualising the day’s discussion and explained that the dialogue falls under South Africa’s second track diplomacy, whereby academic institutions, think tanks and researchers interact. South Africa pushed to have this interaction institutionalised in 2013 through its first BRICS Presidency. He then outlined that this policy dialogue will expand a number of topics that have been discussed at numerous BRICS meetings throughout the year involving the South Africa BRICS Think Tank, other research or think tank organisations, universities, civil society organisations, and government departments, such as the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO).
by the Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) associated with UNISA and South African BRICS Think Tank (SABTT)
The New Development Bank (NDB), also referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, was established as a legal entity in 2015, it is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The bank aims to support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments. The bank also plans to work together with international organisations and other financial entities and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the bank. The bank has its headquarters in Shanghai, China with the first regional office of the NDB in Johannesburg, South Africa.
by Wayne Jumat, Arina Muresan. Edited by Philani Mthembu. Designed by Kenny Dlamini
This symposium, focusing on BRICS in Africa, took place on 3 July 2017, in Johannesburg at the South African BRICS Think Tank (SABTT), which is hosted by the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS).
The symposium was an informative and strategic multi-stakeholder discussion that sought to address the topic of situating the future of BRICS in changing global dynamics with a closer focus on BRICS in Africa in relation to trade and development finance, BRICS soft power dynamics and where South Africa fits into this outlook and how it is able to leverage its position. As BRICS countries, such as China, through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and India, through the India-Africa Summits (IAS) intensify their engagement on the African continent, the symposium looked into the role of the BRICS countries in Africa, especially given the potential of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) and its Africa Regional Centre (ARC) in Johannesburg. This event thus explored how South Africa uses its position within the BRICS to promote its African agenda and the BRICS engagement in Africa.
The Institute for Global Dialogue, in partnership with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) and the Wits Africa- China Reporting Project (ACRP) held a one-day symposium at the University of the Witwatersrand on 20th July 2017, on the theme China – Africa: high time for a common integrated African policy on China.
With preparations for the 9th BRICS Summit under the Chinese Presidency in progress, question marks on the future of the BRICS are repeatedly raised. The following symposium, organised into a panel discussion, breakaway sessions, and plenary, sought to explore some of the future scenarios of the BRICS in changing global dynamics. It looked into existing power dynamics in the grouping, with Russia, China, and India vying for influence, while South Africa and Brazil seemingly lagging behind as they confront various domestic challenges. Bringing together over 50 stakeholders from government, academia, think tanks, civil society, business, labour, embassies, and other non-government organisations, this symposium also considered the potential impact of closer relations between the US and Russia under the Trump Presidency, while addressing the question of a consolidated BRICS agenda and enhanced BRICS strategic cooperation and coordination of regional agendas.
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package iammert.com.instagramtags.view.medialist;
import android.content.res.Configuration;
import android.databinding.DataBindingUtil;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.support.v7.widget.GridLayoutManager;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import org.parceler.Parcels;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.InstagramTagsApp;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.R;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.databinding.FragmentMediaListBinding;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.di.medialist.DaggerMediaListComponent;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.di.medialist.MediaListModule;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.model.api.entity.MediaListResponse;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.model.api.entity.Tag;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.util.DialogBuilder;
import iammert.com.instagramtags.viewmodel.medialist.MediaListViewModel;
/**
* Created by mertsimsek on 13/01/17.
*/
public class MediaListFragment extends Fragment implements MediaListViewModel.MediaListListener {
public static final String KEY_TAG = "key_tag";
public static final String KEY_STATE_LIST = "key_state_list";
FragmentMediaListBinding binding;
@Inject
MediaListViewModel viewModel;
@Inject
MediaListAdapter adapter;
public static MediaListFragment newInstance(Tag tag) {
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putParcelable(KEY_TAG, Parcels.wrap(tag));
MediaListFragment fragment = new MediaListFragment();
fragment.setArguments(args);
return fragment;
}
@Nullable
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
binding = DataBindingUtil.inflate(inflater, R.layout.fragment_media_list, container, false);
initializeInjectors();
initializeViews();
binding.setViewModel(viewModel);
if (savedInstanceState == null)
viewModel.loadMedias();
else
adapter.setMedias(Parcels.unwrap(savedInstanceState.getParcelable(KEY_STATE_LIST)));
return binding.getRoot();
}
private void initializeViews() {
int displayMode = getResources().getConfiguration().orientation;
GridLayoutManager gridLayoutManager;
if (displayMode == Configuration.ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT)
gridLayoutManager = new GridLayoutManager(getActivity(), 2);
else
gridLayoutManager = new GridLayoutManager(getActivity(), 3);
binding.recyclerView.setLayoutManager(gridLayoutManager);
binding.recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
private void initializeInjectors() {
Tag tag = Parcels.unwrap(getArguments().getParcelable(KEY_TAG));
DaggerMediaListComponent.builder()
.appComponent(((InstagramTagsApp) getActivity().getApplication()).getAppComponent())
.mediaListModule(new MediaListModule(this, tag))
.build().inject(this);
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
viewModel.stop();
}
@Override
public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
if (adapter.getMedias() != null)
outState.putParcelable(KEY_STATE_LIST, Parcels.wrap(adapter.getMedias()));
}
@Override
public void onMediaListLoaded(MediaListResponse response) {
adapter.setMedias(response.data);
}
@Override
public void onError(Throwable error) {
DialogBuilder
.infoDialog(getActivity(),
R.string.dialog_error_title,
R.string.dialog_error_content)
.show();
}
}
|
FBI looking into kidnapping of Marine in Mexico
Authorities are looking for information about the May 14 disappearance of 25-year-old Armando Torres III, his father, and his uncle
By Christopher Sherman
Associated Press
McALLEN, Texas — The sister of a U.S. Marine reservist who disappeared in Mexico says her brother told her he was planning to move to Virginia, where she lives, and may have crossed the border to say farewell to their father.
The FBI announced Monday that it is looking for information about the May 14 disappearance of 25-year-old Armando Torres III of Hargill, Texas. His father and uncle also disappeared from the ranch in La Barranca, Tamaulipas.
Cristina Torres chatted online with her brother the day before he disappeared.
She said a cousin in Mexico called the night of the alleged kidnapping to say she had seen armed men take her family members away in a white pickup.
The cousin also told Torres her father's home was robbed and all vehicles were stolen.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. |
8.935. Let o = n + s. Sort 3/8, -1/3, o in descending order.
3/8, o, -1/3
Let g be 2*(425/(-50) - (-4)/(4/7)). Put g, -174, 5, -4 in descending order.
5, g, -4, -174
Let d = -27989 - -251899/9. Let n = 0.32 + -0.02. Put -0.07, d, 4, n in ascending order.
d, -0.07, n, 4
Let n = -48 - -43. Let t be (-8)/32*3*(-8)/6. Sort t, n, 3, -4 in increasing order.
n, -4, t, 3
Let j = 12 + -11.8. Let u = 0.58 - -3.42. Put u, -1, -2/5, j in decreasing order.
u, j, -2/5, -1
Suppose 3*l = -2*a - 15, 4*l = -202*a + 206*a - 20. Put -44, l, 23 in increasing order.
-44, l, 23
Let x = -8 - -5. Suppose 4*n + 34 = -z, 0*n + 2*n = -z - 32. Let l be ((-3)/z*8)/((-2)/10). Put 5, l, x in decreasing order.
5, x, l
Let a = -4 - -8. Suppose i - 23 = 4*t + t, -a*t = 5*i + 30. Let x(g) = 55*g - 711. Let f be x(13). Sort f, 11, i in descending order.
11, f, i
Suppose 15*g = -6 + 6. Let x be g + 4/(-2) + (36 - 31). Suppose 2*i - d = 6*i - 7, -10 = -4*i + 2*d. Put i, 5, -5, x in ascending order.
-5, i, x, 5
Suppose -20*n - 42 = 18. Sort 4, 24, n, 3 in decreasing order.
24, 4, 3, n
Suppose 0 = 3*w - 2*h + 2, 111*w + 4 = 108*w + h. Sort 1, w, 14, 5.
w, 1, 5, 14
Suppose 5*y + 1 = 4*r, 5*r = 2*y - 0*y + 14. Suppose -r*v = -38 + 46. Let s = -30.054 - -0.054. Put s, -0.2, v in descending order.
-0.2, v, s
Let a be (336/32 + -12)/15. Sort a, 503, -0.3 in decreasing order.
503, a, -0.3
Let f be 2 - (-5 - ((-119)/35 + -3)). Let r be ((-2)/9)/(-2)*3. Let g = -16.6 + 17. Put r, g, 4, f in decreasing order.
4, f, g, r
Let g = 3.7771 + -3.4771. Sort -176/9, -0.3, -3, g in descending order.
g, -0.3, -3, -176/9
Let j be (-2 + 5)*(-140 + 135). Let i = -23 + 18. Put j, i, -3 in decreasing order.
-3, i, j
Let s = 0.20978 + 4.79022. Let x = 0.1 - 1.1. Let q = -11/8 - -13/8. Put x, -4, s, q in descending order.
s, q, x, -4
Let r = -1.532 + 1.732. Sort -1/3, r, -2, 9/2 in ascending order.
-2, -1/3, r, 9/2
Let d be 26/(-2)*(63/(-252) - 10/(-8)). Put d, -4, 179 in decreasing order.
179, -4, d
Let o = -25549 + 25536. Sort -0.2, -133, o, -2 in increasing order.
-133, o, -2, -0.2
Let s = 13142 + -13140. Put s, -5, -4, 1, 7 in increasing order.
-5, -4, 1, s, 7
Suppose 32 = -0*o + 8*o. Let k be -4 + (0 + o)*-1. Let c be 0/(k/(-4) - 1). Sort c, 1, 6, -4 in decreasing order.
6, 1, c, -4
Let x(v) = v**3 - 3*v**2 - 4*v + 5. Let m be x(4). Suppose 13*q = m*q - 24. Sort 1, -5, q, -11 in decreasing order.
1, q, -5, -11
Let v(x) = -10*x + 286. Let z be v(29). Let l(b) = -b - 1. Let y(u) = u + 1. Let m(p) = 6*l(p) + 5*y(p). Let c be m(-3). Put -1, c, z, -5 in increasing order.
-5, z, -1, c
Suppose -5*s - 8 + 3 = 0, 4*p - 3*s - 851 = 0. Let c = -222 + p. Let x = 0 - -5. Put 0, c, x in increasing order.
c, 0, x
Let s be ((-2)/(-5))/((-54)/405). Put s, -4, -6, 2, -7 in decreasing order.
2, s, -4, -6, -7
Let a = -173 - -173.3. Let h = -1531 - -1534. Put -12, a, -2/5, h in decreasing order.
h, a, -2/5, -12
Suppose -78 = -19*d - 7*d. Let k = -42/19 - -145/57. Sort d, 5, k, -1/4.
-1/4, k, d, 5
Suppose -2*k = -56*i + 61*i - 442, -4*k + i + 928 = 0. Suppose d - u = 5, -2*u - u = 15. Sort d, k, -2, -0.4.
-2, -0.4, d, k
Suppose -6*w + 19 = -5. Suppose -5*g = -w*k - 8*g - 139, -2*g + 6 = 0. Sort k, 2, 4, 0 in decreasing order.
4, 2, 0, k
Suppose 16*n + 135 = 519. Suppose q = -4*g + 4*q - n, -4*g + q - 16 = 0. Sort 2, g, 16.
g, 2, 16
Let r = 25705 - 25700. Sort -13, -3, -1, r.
-13, -3, -1, r
Suppose 15*a - 7 = 14*a - 4*m, -2*a = m + 35. Sort a, 3, -3.
a, -3, 3
Let u(t) = t**3 - 18*t**2. Let a be u(18). Let j(v) = -v**3 - 25*v**2 - v - 30. Let l be j(-25). Put l, 11, a in ascending order.
l, a, 11
Let g(f) = 30*f - 116. Let a be g(4). Suppose a*i - 36 = 10*i. Sort 7, 3, i, -3 in decreasing order.
7, 3, -3, i
Let m be (-9 - 1071/(-117)) + 814/286. Put -7, -80, -3, 5, m in decreasing order.
5, m, -3, -7, -80
Let y = -543/13 - -10707/247. Sort -3/5, -0.07, 0, y.
-3/5, -0.07, 0, y
Let v = 0.189491 - -3.810509. Let a = -24 + 49/2. Put 1, a, v, 2/23 in ascending order.
2/23, a, 1, v
Let k = -12.27 - -188.87. Let q = -177 + k. Let y be 15/6 - 1 - 0. Put -6, y, q in ascending order.
-6, q, y
Let m be (-7 - 169/(-130)) + (-3)/10. Suppose -4*p - 44 - 28 = 0. Let k be 10/(-15)*p/(-4). Sort -4, m, 4, k in decreasing order.
4, k, -4, m
Let a = 55 - 61. Let d = -153.05 - -159. Let f = a + d. Sort -2/9, f, -1 in decreasing order.
f, -2/9, -1
Suppose 0 = -3*n - 0*n + m - 435, 0 = 2*n + 4*m + 290. Let s = 144 + n. Sort 4/5, 2, 0.5, s.
s, 0.5, 4/5, 2
Let q = -21615 + 21600. Sort q, 2/3, -86 in decreasing order.
2/3, q, -86
Let a(w) = 6*w**2 + 266*w + 91. Let i be a(-44). Sort -19, -1, i in decreasing order.
i, -1, -19
Suppose 0 = -4*s + f + 133 - 560, 0 = -s + 2*f - 112. Let a = s - -96. Sort a, 1, -7, 0.
a, -7, 0, 1
Let j = 16/27 - 41/54. Sort 5/4, -4, 2, -24, j in ascending order.
-24, -4, j, 5/4, 2
Let b = 3 + 0. Suppose 2*v + 191 = 5*s - 269, -3*v = 15. Let n be ((-6)/15)/(9/s) + 9. Put b, n, -3 in descending order.
n, b, -3
Let b = -0.6 + 0.1. Let z = 167 + -166. Let r = 2/27 + 71/135. Put b, 0.1, z, r in increasing order.
b, 0.1, r, z
Let s be 7/((-14)/(-11))*(-8)/(-2). Let q(p) = p**3 + 6*p**2 + 6*p. Let x be q(-4). Suppose s = x*r - 10. Put -33, r, 1, -1 in ascending order.
-33, -1, 1, r
Suppose 0 = -q - 7 + 2. Suppose -650 = r - 645, -8*r = -4*b + 12. Sort q, 5, b.
b, q, 5
Suppose 7*r - 23 = j + 223, 3*r = 15. Sort 1, -1, j.
j, -1, 1
Let q = 32.468 + -34.468. Sort 0.06, 1, 0, 1.5, q in decreasing order.
1.5, 1, 0.06, 0, q
Suppose 8 = 4*t, -2*d = -3*d + 3*t - 290. Put d, -3, -4 in descending order.
-3, -4, d
Suppose -2*j + 5*x = -15, j + 0*x = -x + 4. Sort 66, 0, j, 3 in decreasing order.
66, j, 3, 0
Let o be ((-4)/(-6))/(358/(-537)). Put o, 5, 4, 3, 1 in ascending order.
o, 1, 3, 4, 5
Let c = 25.4 - 206.4. Let f = -179 - c. Put f, 0.2, 2/21 in decreasing order.
f, 0.2, 2/21
Let k = 695.5796 + -0.1796. Let m = -695 + k. Put m, -12, -0.15 in decreasing order.
m, -0.15, -12
Let x = -3431/27 - -147383/1161. Let p be (-162)/(-1032) + 1/(-4). Let v = x + p. Sort -3/5, -0.08, 3/4, v in decreasing order.
3/4, -0.08, v, -3/5
Let t = 10401 - 10400.8. Sort 6, 2, 12, 1, t.
t, 1, 2, 6, 12
Let j be -15 - 1*(4 - 2). Let a = 31798 - 31795. Sort 1, 2, j, a.
j, 1, 2, a
Suppose -59*d - 16 = -57 - 18. Put 2, -52, d in descending order.
2, d, -52
Let u = 90 - 100.94. Let h = -15.9 - u. Let q = -0.04 + h. Sort -2/5, 5, q in descending order.
5, -2/5, q
Let v = 2020 + -2020.2. Sort -11, v, 19, -2 in descending order.
19, v, -2, -11
Let m be -21 + 19 + 3/1. Sort m, 4, 5, -1, 6 in decreasing order.
6, 5, 4, m, -1
Let z(k) = 11*k - 3. Suppose 1 = -f + n, -5*f + 4*n - 4 = -7*f. Let g be z(f). Let m be (1 + 1)*(-1)/7. Sort 1, g, -5, m in descending order.
1, m, g, -5
Suppose 70 - 27 = -17*u - 26*u. Put u, 4, 10, 2, -0.018 in ascending order.
u, -0.018, 2, 4, 10
Suppose -u - 3*q + 8 = -3*u, u = q - 3. Let h = 66 + -44. Let m be (-18)/54 - h/6. Put u, 2, m, 0 in decreasing order.
2, 0, u, m
Let h be ((-1)/(-4))/((-33)/5599). Let l = -125/3 - h. Let m = -18 + 19. Sort -1, m, l in decreasing order.
m, l, -1
Suppose -129 = 4*r - 49. Let y be 9/r + 25/100. Put 5, y, 9, -4 in increasing order.
-4, y, 5, 9
Let o = -2/2133 - 31987/8532. Let i = -10642 - -10642.1. Sort i, 1/2, o in increasing order.
o, i, 1/2
Let t = 4/2245 + -902/2245. Put 0, 1, t, -11 in descending order.
1, 0, t, -11
Let c = -3788.03 + 3785.03. Let j = -1 - -1.2. Sort j, c, -5, -0.1 in descending order.
j, -0.1, c, -5
Suppose -130 = 214*y - 149*y. Sort 1, -5, y, 140.
-5, y, 1, 140
Let b be 1624/12 - (-2)/(-6). Suppose 4*a - 495 = -b. Let x be ((-18)/(-30))/((0 - -2)/a). Sort 2, x, 5.
2, 5, x
Let t(j) = -2*j**3 + 3*j - 7*j**2 + j**3 + 97 - 8*j - 86. Let b be t(-6). Let u = 151 - 150. Put b, 4, u in decreasing order.
b, 4, u
Let m(a) = -a**3 + 11*a**2 + 95*a + 115. Let y be m(17). Put y, -1/243, 1/7, 0.1 in descending order.
1/7, 0.1, -1/243, y
Suppose -74*o - 47457 + 47605 = 0. Let y = -5 - -9. Suppose 3*j - j - y*v = -16, 5*j + 7 = -v. Sort -8, o, j in descending order.
o, j, -8
Let s = 3.653 + -3.553. Put -1/5, s, -3/8, 0.5 in ascending order.
-3/8, -1/5, s, 0.5
Let z = 0.4 - 0.9. Let m = -169.4 + 150. Let r = -16.4 - m. Put z, r, 0.2, -1 in ascending order.
-1, z, 0.2, r
Suppose 2*d = -5*t + 5*d + |
Japanese club Vissel Kobe has high expectations for Podolski
Germany's Lukas Podolski gives his autographs to fans during a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese soccer club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski , right on the red carpet, is welcomed during a ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski smiles during a press conference in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese soccer club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski thumb up during a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski, center, attends a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski gives his autographs to fans during a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski, front center, poses for photos with fans during a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
Germany's Lukas Podolski takes a photo with a fan during a welcoming ceremony in Kobe, western Japan Thursday, July 6, 2017. Podolski will play for Japanese club Vissel Kobe. (Tsuyoshi Ueda/Kyodo News via AP)
KOBE, Japan — Japanese club Vissel Kobe rolled out the red carpet for German striker Lukas Podolski on Thursday, hoping the high-profile signing will improve their fortunes in the J-League.
Arriving by charter at Kobe Airport, Podolski was greeted by a large group of Kobe supporters eager to get a glimpse of the World Cup-winning striker.
"The first target is to fight for the first three places (in the J-League) and to qualify for the (Asian) Champions League," Podolski said. "I think as well it is a nice challenge for me to see other countries and play against other big teams."
Podolski has moved from Turkish giant Galatasaray after signing a deal with Kobe estimated to be worth $5.3 million.
Kobe lost 5-0 to Kawasaki Frontale last weekend and is in 11th place at the halfway stage of the season, 13 points behind leaders Kashima Antlers.
Podolski has scored 48 goals for Germany and played in three World Cups.
He is the highest-profile J-League import since Uruguay striker Diego Forlan, who played for Cerezo Osaka from 2014-15.
Kobe had hoped Podolski would leave Galatasaray early and join them in the J-League before the spring transfer window closed on March 31. But he stayed put until the end of the Turkish season.
Podolski is set to make his debut on July 29 in Vissel's home game against Omiya Ardija. |
The Growing Partisan Divide Over America’s Relationship With Israel
A new Pew Research survey shows that there is a growing partisan divide in the United States over the issues involved in the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians, and it’s one that could have an impact on American foreign policy and American politics in the future:
The partisan divide in Middle East sympathies, for Israel or the Palestinians, is now wider than at any point since 1978. Currently, 79% of Republicans say they sympathize more with Israel than the Palestinians, compared with just 27% of Democrats.
Since 2001, the share of Republicans sympathizing more with Israel than the Palestinians has increased 29 percentage points, from 50% to 79%. Over the same period, the share of Democrats saying this has declined 11 points, from 38% to 27%.
The latest national survey by Pew Research Center, conducted Jan. 10-15 among 1,503 adults, finds that 42% say Donald Trump is “striking the right balance” in the situation in the Middle East, while 30% say he favors Israel too much (just 3% say Trump sides too much with the Palestinians; 25% do not offer an opinion).
At a similar point in Barack Obama’s presidency, 47% of Americans said he had struck a proper balance in dealing with the Middle East; 21% said he sided too much with the Palestinians, while 7% said he favored Israel too much.
The survey finds that while Republicans and Democrats are deeply divided in views of Israel, so too do they differ markedly in opinions about Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister. Nearly three times as many Republicans (52%) as Democrats (18%) have favorable impressions of Israel’s leader.
About half of Americans say a two-state solution is possible in the Middle East: 49% say a way can be found for Israel and an independent Palestinian state “to coexist peacefully,” while 39% say this is not possible. Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to say a two-state solution is possible (58% vs. 40%).
When asked about the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians, 46% of Americans say they sympathize more with the Israelis, 16% say they sympathize more with the Palestinians and about four-in-ten (38%) either volunteer that their sympathies are with both (5%), neither (14%) or that they do not know (19%). The overall balance of opinion has fluctuated only modestly since 1978, when 45% said they sympathized more with Israel, 14% with the Palestinians and 42% could not decide.
But the partisan divide has widened considerably, especially over the past two decades. The share of Republicans who sympathize with Israel has never been higher, dating back four decades.
Nearly eight-in-ten Republicans (79%) sympathize more with Israel than the Palestinians, while just 6% sympathize more with the Palestinians; another 7% say they sympathize with both or neither, while 9% say they do not know.
As was the case last year, Democrats are divided in views of the Middle East conflict: Currently, 27% of Democrats say they sympathize more with Israel, while 25% say they sympathize more with the Palestinians; another 23% say they sympathize with neither or both sides and one-quarter (25%) say they don’t know. Democrats also were divided last year, when 33% said they sympathized with Israel and 31% said the Palestinians. Since then, the share of Democrats saying they don’t know has increased from 17% to 25% and the share saying they sympathize with both or neither has ticked up slightly from 19% to 23%.
As recently as two years ago, in April 2016, Democrats were more likely to sympathize more with Israel (43%) than with the Palestinians (29%), with 16% saying they sympathized with both or neither.
Among Democrats, the decline over the last few years in those who say they sympathize more with Israel is seen both among liberals and among conservatives and moderates.
The share of liberal Democrats who sympathize more with Israel than the Palestinians has declined from 33% to 19% since 2016. Currently, nearly twice as many liberal Democrats say they sympathize more with the Palestinians than with Israel (35% vs. 19%); 22% of liberal Democrats sympathize with both sides or neither side and 24% do not offer an opinion.
Moderate and conservative Democrats continue to sympathize more with Israel (35%) than the Palestinians (17%). However, the share of conservative and moderate Democrats who sympathize more with Israel has declined 18 percentage points since 2016 (from 53% to 35%).
(…)
Opinions of Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, are basically unchanged from last year. About as many say they have a favorable view (31%) as an unfavorable opinion (28%) of Netanyahu; 41% express no opinion of Israel’s prime minister.
What was once a mere five percentage-point difference between the parties over support for Israel is now a 52-point rift.
The partisan polarization that’s produced a hollowing out of the ideological center in American public life on a growing number of issues has now reached the politics of the Middle East. The practical consequences are unlikely to be pretty.
For one thing, the growing gap between the parties opens the prospect of wild swings in policy from administration to administration. With the GOP’s military hawks and millenarian evangelicals firmly committed to defending the Jewish state regardless of its actions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Republican presidents will be increasingly likely to follow President Trump’s lead in siding unconditionally and unambivalently with Israel in its conflict with the Palestinians.
(…)
With the gap between the parties — and within the Democratic Party — growing ever-wider on the issue, get ready for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to erupt in electoral form within the American political system. Add it to the lengthening list of issues on which finding common ground and consensus eludes us as a nation.
There are more details, including more detailed demographic breakdowns, at the link, but the general conclusion is clear. When it comes to attitudes toward Israel the last ten years or so have seen a distinct change from what used to be the status quo in the United States. This is most notable with respect to the Republican Party, where blind and unquestioning support for Israel generally and Netanyahu specifically has become something of a litmus test. As I’ve noted before, this wasn’t always the case:
There was a time when Republican Presidents and politicians were critical of Israeli actions and even openly defied the wishes of the Israeli government and its supporters in the United States. President Eisenhower put pressure on Israel, Britain, and France when those three nations invaded Egypt in an effort to seize the Suez Canal. President Nixon supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War, but was also critical of Israeli policy when it conflicted with his policy of currying favor with anti-Communist Arab nations that were also opposed to Israel. President George H.W. Bush’s Administration was similarly critical of Israel and actively lobbied the nation against retaliating when Saddam Hussein began lobbing Scud Missiles toward Israel during the Persian Gulf War in an effort to break the multinational coalition that was, quite literally, on Iraq’s doorstep. And, perhaps most significantly for contemporary Republicans, the policy of the Reagan Administration toward Israel in the 1980s was far from obsequious and often quite critical. For example, Reagan defied objections from Israel and its supporters in the U.S. and sold AWACS aircraft to Saudi Arabia, supported a United Nations resolution condemning Israel’s attack on a nuclear plant in Iraq, and strongly criticized the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Additionally, both the Reagan and Bush 41 Administrations called on Israel to reach out to Arabs as part of Middle East peace initiatives.
None of that would be welcome in the modern Republican Party. Not only is criticism of Israel seemingly not allowed, but even questioning the assertion that Israel is “America’s most important ally” or arguing that policies of the Israeli government vis a vis its neighbors or the Palestinians are wrong is met with attacks, derision, and the assertion that the person making the argument may be bigoted. This kind of attitude is as wrong when its applied to Israel as it would be when applied to the United States. Even accepting the notion that Israel is our “most important” ally, a debate assertion to be honest, must mean being willing to criticize that ally when they do something wrong. It also means recognizing that the interests of the United States and the interests of Israel, while often parallel are not identical. President Reagan recognized that fact, but one has to wonder what the new Republican orthodoxy on Israel would have to say about him today.
Rather than bipartisan unity when it comes to American policy toward Israel, the last fifteen years or so have shown indications of the stark and increasing partisan divide that this poll finds. The differences, for example, in American foreign policy toward Israel and the Israeli/Palestinian issue has shown significant differences that began during the Administration of George W. Bush, who many people described as the most pro-Israeli President in American history. Bush, of course, was followed by Barack Obama whose policies toward Israel were roughly the same as those of his predecessors. Despite that fact, though, it became clear that there was significant antipathy between Obama and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, principally over the issue of how to approach Iran and the Iranian nuclear research program. Because of that, many Republicans and conservatives characterized Obama as being anti-Israel, or even anti-Semitic, notwithstanding the fact that his Administration was, if anything, even more pro-Israeli than some Republican President’s such as Ronald Reagan, who had significant differences issues with many things Israel did such as its war in Lebanon in the early 1980s. Now, of course, we have the Trump Administration which appears to have put the American thumb on the scale in Israel’s favor far more than any of its predecessors. This can be seen most notably, of course, in the recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital notwithstanding the outstanding issues regarding its status and decision to decertify Iranian compliance with the 2015 nuclear deal despite the fact that all of the available evidence shows that Iran is complying with its obligations under the agreement.
If I were an Israeli official or politician, I would be deeply concerned about this evidence of an increasing partisan divide in the United States regarding Israel. In the past, Israeli leaders could count on the fact that the United States would largely be in their corner. With polling in the United States showing not only a deep divide between Republicans and Democrats over support for Israel but also a decline in pro-Israeli sentiment among self-identified Independents. In no small part, it strikes me that much of this can be laid at the feet of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netenyahu, who has done more than any of his predecessors to stoke the partisan fires here in the United States when he believes it to be in the interests of his country or, more specifically, in his personal political interests. This was most apparent, of course, during the Obama year when Netanyahu seemed to go out of his way to go behind the back of the Administration in communications with Republicans in Congress in which he clearly sought to undermine the ongoing negotiations with Iran over its nuclear weapons program This included a speech to Congress in March 2016 when he was running for re-election at the invitation of House Republicans, a decision that was opposed by most Americans. All of this has no doubt contributed to the partisan gap when it comes to policy toward Israel, and if it continues it could mean changes in American policy in the future based solely on which party controls the White House. This would not be in Israel’s interests, of course, and it suggests that it would be better for them to be more mindful of the fact that there is more than one political party in the United States.
Comments
Netanyahu did a lot to damage his country’s bipartisan relationship with the US — and he got nothing for it in the end, as the Iran Nuclear Deal went through. Trump has solidified this divide by moving the embassy.
I cannot imagine that turning your country’s relationship with its biggest ally into a political football in the domestic politics of that ally is a good idea, but what do I know?
Wonder what Netanyahu and the other Israeli politicians will do when they discover that a lot of the lunatics supporting them in the US are expecting them to all die in a nuclear holocaust in preparation for the Second Coming. Either that or convert to Christianity.
The trouble with using a bunch of religious lunatics to keep yourself in power is at some point their “support” of you may end up pushing you down paths you don’t like to go down.
Wonder what Netanyahu and the other Israeli politicians will do when they discover that a lot of the lunatics supporting them in the US are expecting them to all die in a nuclear holocaust in preparation for the Second Coming.
Bibi isn’t stupid. He just doesn’t care. I’ve known a lot of right-wing Jews (and I’ve also read the writings of Norman Podhoretz), and many of them hold to an “enemy of my enemy is my friend” logic in which they view the evangelical Zionist nuts as the lesser of the two evils. But Bibi has brought this level of myopia to new heights. He declared at the start of Trump’s presidency that the Jewish state had no greater friend than Trump–a man who has made openly anti-Semitic tweets and played footsie with massive Jew-haters such as David Duke. Like Trump himself, Bibi waited several days before issuing a vague, anodyne condemnation of the neo-Nazis in Charlottesville. (In contrast, his right-wing rival Naftali Bennett issued a clear and unequivocal condemnation immediately. Not everyone on the Israeli right has got their head as far up Trump’s ample tuches as the Prime Minister.) But perhaps the most telling incident was when Bibi’s son retweeted an overtly anti-Semitic graphic about George Soros.
These people have cast their lot in with the heirs to Hitler, all the while thinking they’re the ones saving the Jews from themselves.
Being pro-Israel and being pro-Bibi/Likud are two different things. I can certainly tell the difference. But we do this with many of our foreign relations: we put all our eggs in the Yeltsin basket or the Mubarak basket or the Shah of Iran basket and then get really surprised when political forces we ignored turn out to have big impacts on their own countries.
I often wonder what we’re missing in Israel or Iraq or Russia or Europe because we prefer to personalize relations with only one or two people per country. |
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Another week, another broken promise by the Brexiteers.
In the referendum campaign they promised to give £350million to our NHS every week.
A policy made on the back of a fag packet and promoted on the side of a bus.
Now we discover the contract to make the iconic passports will be given to a French-Dutch company.
The existing burgundy passport – so hated by the leavers – was made by a British company which lost out on getting the new contract from the Home Office.
But the biggest lie perpetuated by Brexiteers like Michael Gove, Nigel Farage and Jacob Rees-Mogg is that we would instantly take back control of our fishing industry.
(Image: PA)
This week, Gove – now Environment Secretary – had to admit we would stay in the EU Commons Fisheries Policy until 2020.
But it’s not EU quotas that have led to the collapse of the fishing industry.
It’s the fact that for years we have over-fished.
My constituency of Hull, a city with a proud fishing industry, increasingly saw men lose their lives as they fished further and further overseas in dangerous conditions to maintain their profits.
Fifty years ago, three Hull trawlers sank within weeks of each other with the loss of 58 lives.
Poor safety standards by money-driven shipping bosses led to this tragedy.
The industry even ran a yearly contest presenting a silver cod to the firm with the largest catch.
In its drive to win and continue over-fishing, men’s lives were put at risk.
I protested outside the awards ceremony with a papier-mâché cod covered in red paint.
This over-fishing led to our so-called “cod wars” with Iceland.
Europe’s Common Fisheries Policy wasn’t wholly responsible for the collapse of Hull’s trawler industry.
(Image: PA)
Decades of over-fishing led to a huge depletion in stocks, with the fish being harvested at a much faster rate than they could reproduce.
By 1977, the UK was landing a million tonnes of fish a year.
In 2011, it was projected that only eight per cent of the 136 fish stocks in European waters would be at sustainable levels by 2022.
EU quotas on fishing were a way of controlling over-fishing to allow fish stocks to increase so we could have a sustainable industry.
And the UK had the second-largest allocation.
But it is clear countries like France and Spain didn’t even inform the EU how much fish they were landing, so over-fishing continued.
Also, technology led to smaller vessels being replaced by huge trawlers over-fishing on an industrial scale.
It was the greed and profit maximisation of the industry that has affected our coastal communities, not the EU.
Ironically, the UK fishing industry is in much better shape than any of our EU partners.
(Image: Getty Images Europe)
Profits are continuing to grow and are the highest across the EU.
And the Government actually decides how its EU fishing quota is distributed.
If it really cared about the fishing industry, it would ensure these coastal communities with smaller vessels were allowed to fish more.
Instead, we have larger foreign vessels being registered in the UK but landing their fish overseas.
Brexit won’t change that. The Government can but it has done nothing.
According to academics and other experts, leaving the EU and the quota system will actually lead to more over-fishing and could finish off our industry for good.
Nigel Farage and his cod bores might have thought it would be a hilarious stunt to throw haddock over the side of a fishing boat to protest about us remaining in the Common Fisheries Policy until we leave in 2020.
But thanks to their blinkered pursuit of a brutal Brexit, the long- term future of our UK fishing industry could be thrown overboard too. |
CBD FAQs
CBD FAQs – Are marijuana and hemp the same?
No. Though they are both varieties of cannabis, they are not the same plant. Marijuana plants contain 5% to 20% of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the psychoactive cannabinoid that produces the effect of feeling “high.” In contrast, hemp contains 0.3% or less of THC and contains significantly more cannabidiol (CBD) which is a cannabinoid that actually counteracts the psychoactivity of THC and has significant medical benefits.
Can I legally purchase CBD online?
Yes, CBD is legal to purchase online and legal to ship across the United States. The confusion around this topic exists because of the current laws in the U.S. regarding the growth of hemp. Our hemp is legally grown and processed in Colorado. CBD comes fromhemp oil. Processed hemp (like hemp oil, hemp paper, hemp cloth, etc.) is legal in all 50 states. It is not, however, legal to grow hemp in most states. While states cannot ship hempplants across state lines, legal growers can sell and ship processed hemp (like CBD oil) anywhere in the country.
What is a cannabinoid?
A cannabinoid is a unique chemical compound that is found in some plants, such as hemp, and in the human body. The two major cannabinoids that are naturally produced by the human body are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Out of the 85 different cannabinoids in hemp, CBD is the most influential. The human body uses cannabinoids like CBD to protect and heal both the mind and the body. If you would like to learn more about cannabinoids and how our bodies uses them, check out An Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System by American physician Dr. Dustin Sulak. He does a great job of explaining this complex medical topic in a way that is easy to understand.
What are the medical benefits of CBD?
Scientific research suggests that CBD has significant anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and analgesic (pain relieving) properties. It has been named as a potential treatment for more than 20 different medical conditions including acne, alcoholism, chronic pain, diabetes, depression, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, MS, rheumatism, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and other neurological disorders. At Project CBD, you will find an extensive collection of research on the medicinal value of CBD and studies that reflect how it may effectively treat these conditions.
How do you know how much CBD is in your products?
The amount of CBD and trace amounts of THC in Pure Hemp Botanical’s products are first established by the talented chemists over at Advanced Plant Processing. After that, our products are sent to an independent 3rdparty that tests them again to validate the level of cannabinoids. We have set up this redundancy system so that you can have confidence in our labels. When we say that there is 25 mg of CBD in each bag of Hemptealicious, there really is!
I get randomly drug tested at work. Will I test positive on a urine drug test if I drink Hemptealicious tea or take your CBD supplements?
Since THC is the known psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, urine samples are screened for high levels of it during routine drug screenings. The minute amount of THC in Pure Hemp Botanicals’ products (0.3%) is not likely to trigger a positive test result. In rare instances, your urine may result in a false positive. This usually only happens if you are consuming large amounts of cannabinoid-rich hemp products (more than 1000 – 2000 mg daily). As long as you enjoy our CBD rich products in moderation, you are unlikely to fail a drug test. If you would like to do further research, we recommend Leafly’s article Does Using CBD Hemp Oil Result in a Positive Drug Test for THC or Marijuana?
What is the nutritional value of hemp?
Like flax, hemp seeds contain all nine essential amino acids including omega 3 and omega 6 which are necessary for human health. Hemp seeds actually have the ideal ratio of omega fatty acids recommended for a balanced diet: 3 to 1. They are also a complete protein and rich in iron, magnesium, zinc and fiber. The wonderful nutritional value of hemp seeds and hemp oil makes hemp foods and supplements an excellent option for health conscious eaters – and especially vegans – since it is one of the most easily digestible vegetable proteins. Seed Guides and SELF Nutritional Data offer comprehensive information about the nutrients and dietary value of hemp. |
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War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things; the decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks nothing worth a war, is worse. A man who has nothing which he cares more about than he does about his personal safety is a miserable creature who has no chance at being free, unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself.
County by County, this fairly well sums up the results of the 2012 elections. It also shows by omission those counties who voted in favor of views, rhetoric, and policies that are diametrically opposed to- and antithetical to American values and culture.
May The God(s) Bless Her And Her People
I do fervently hope that the God(s) will bless, protect, and lend strength of heart and arm to America and her true and right sons and daughters who have struggled, and are still struggling, to keep her pure, recognizable, and worthy of Divine favor. I do not, however, ask for our domestic enemies to be smote. That’s our job, for we are our God(s) hands.
The Liberals and Progressives, and the “Black Community” who sharecrop for them will be offended by this image. Of this there is no doubt whatsoever. They’re deeply and viscerally offended by most everything that an American says or does.
It’s a bit odd, though. Not only do the Liberals and Progressives pride themselves on wanting to fundamentally change our nation and make it into something unrecognizable, but they would never belief in nor accept a God’s blessing. Indeed, the entirety of phrase, “God bless America” deeply offends them. Yet they will be offended by the image in this post.
And the “Black Community?” They’ve always claimed that they weren’t Americans, clinging bitterly to their ideas of the Two Americas, Black America and White America. They’ve no room to be offended on that score. Nor do have room to be offended by a God’s blessing upon America since they do not worship the same God as the majority of Americans. Yet they will be offended by this post because being offended is part of their core doctrine and dogma.
~*~
NOTE: What the map in the image doesn’t show is either population density of the counties or by what margin they voted against Leftist policies, class warfare, and an allegedly benevolent despotism. |
Spinal infections. Diagnosis and treatment.
Spinal infections encompass a broad spectrum of pathology. Any element of the spine, the vertebrae, disks, surrounding soft tissues, potential spaces, or the cord itself may be involved solely, or more commonly, in combination. Staphylococcus aureus is the organism most frequently found, with Gram negative bacteria often cited in association with infections of the urinary tract and in intravenous drug abusers. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes. In some cases, the only necessary treatment consists of parenteral antibiotics and immobilization. However, certain instances require operative intervention. The goals of treatment for any infection of the spine are: early diagnosis with identification of the offending organism, preservation of neurological function or cessation of progressive neurologic deficit, and complete eradication of the infection with a pain-free, stable spine. |
Please link your already existing Smith’s rewards card to #93138 and just by doing your normal shopping you will be making a donation to Imagine Ballet Theatre and help young dancers realize their full potential as performing artists here in Utah.
July 14, 2014 through July 25, 2014 is open registration. Please stop by the studio between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm to register your dancer. Class space is limited.
We have schedules at the studio.
Class placement is at the Director’s discretion. The school of Imagine Ballet Theatre reserves the right to cancel any class if enrollment is insufficient. Any tuition paid will be refunded in full. Registration fee is $35.00/dancer, $50/multiple dancers within the same immediate family. Registration fee is due at the time of enrollment.
Tuition: 8/50 minute class, $10/hour class, $14.25/hour and half class, $18.00 two hour class, There will be $10.00/month studio fee in addition to monthly tuition. All tuition is due by the first day of each month. A late fee of $15.00 will be assessed after the first day of the month if payment is not received. Invoices will be billed monthly and sent via e-mail. A return check fee of $20.00 will be assessed for any check returned to the bank.
Annual finance charge of 18% will be added to the account each month at the rate of 1 ½ % on the unpaid principal. Should it be necessary to assign the account to a collection agency, the responsible party agrees to pay a collection fee of 40% of the total unpaid principal, and all legal fees of collection, without suit, including attorney fees, court costs and filing fees.
Credit or refunds cannot be extended for missed classes. However, a dancer may make up a missed class during the same month as missed. Open classes cannot be used as a make-up. We accept personal checks, money orders and a major credit cards.
I started painting in childhood, first in watercolor and then in oils. I put my paints away while I was busy with completing my college education, marriage, a daughter and a career in dental hygiene. Twenty-five years ago I started drawing and watercolor classes at the American River College in Sacramento, California, and I have been painting ever since.
My husband’s job brought us to Utah in 1995. We chose to make our home in Ogden because of its rich history (my husband is a railroad buff), and supportive arts community.
I retired from dental hygiene in 2002, and with nine other brave local artists opened Gallery 25 artist cooperative. It is still thriving on Historic 25th Street. I left Gallery 25 in 2006 to work at Ogden Blue teaching watercolor painting and managing the art supplies.
In 2008, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, and in 2009 I had to leave my job and studio at Ogden Blue. I now paint at my home at a slower pace, but I find it gives me a reason to get up in the morning. I also teach a weekly watercolor class at my home. Mu students have become treasured friends who inspire me enormously and make me thankful that I still have a gift to share.
Besides watercolor, I work in acrylic, gouache, mixed media and printmaking. I no longer work in oils for health reasons. My style is contemporary, and I enjoy a variety of subject matter as well as abstraction. I am especially drawn to the energy of cities and the spirituality of nature.
I have been a great fan of the Imagine Ballet Theatre since I saw their production of “The Secret Garden,” and I am honored to be invited to be their featured artist for November!
“I am interested in the creative process of making art. The challenge and fun of generating ideas, handling materials, and solving problems is, for me, the best part of my creative existence.”
Born in Fish Haven, Idaho, and grew up in Ogden, Utah. Graduated from Weber State College, with a B.S. in Art, then attended the Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles, California, where he received both his Bachelors and Masters of Fine Arts Degree. While at Otis, he received a Ford Foundation Grant, and the Friends of Otis Scholarship. While living in lA, Loveland worked for Sydney M. Cobb Design,( Hollywood), and Chancellor-Randolph Design, (LA) as a textile designer. He taught Art in Davis County for 32 years. He was selected as Utah Art Educator of the year in 2009. Now retired from the classroom, he is enjoying being a full-time husband, father, grandpa, and artist.
The Studio will also, have designs from young dancers for their up-coming show at the Egyptian Theater Summer Dance Sampler, August 10 at 7:00 pm. So stop by and check out the art that moves you.
The School of Imagine Ballet Theatre will hold an Open House August 4th, 2012, from 10:00 am to 2:00 pm, to register New and Returning Students. Please come and check out our studios in Downtown Ogden. Classes will begin August 20th.
The Company will resume rehearsals August 24, 2012, and we will be performing at the Ogden City Farmers Market on Saturday 25, 2012. We will be starting with new choreography for The Fairy Doll, Peter and The Wolfand rehearsing to dance with Laurie Sefton’s Clairobscur Dance Company from Los Angeles as part of The Rocky Mountain Choreography Festival. Nutcracker Auditions will be September 8, 2012, from 2:00pm to 4:00pm, at the IBT Studios. The location is 2432 Washington Blvd. Ogden, Utah 84401. |
Il Canguro
Il Canguro Pisa Reviews
Paninoteca Il Canguro was a perfect spot for a quick lunch in Pisa. We discovered it walking up Via Santa Maria, the street leading from the Leaning Tower into town.
We ate outside. I ordered a Prosciutto Panini sandwich that was served on fresh bread with a nice dressing. It filled the bill perfectly! I suppose that their trade depends on visitors to Pisa. (Their sign advertises the the establishment as "The First and the Oldest Fast Food in Pisa"!) But the food and service were good and I recommend it! |
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$offenseVsBuildingTypes = [];
@endphp
@foreach (range(1, 4) as $unitSlot)
@php
$unit = $selectedDominion->race->units->filter(function ($unit) use ($unitSlot) {
return ($unit->slot === $unitSlot);
})->first();
@endphp
@if ($unit->power_offense == 0)
@continue
@endif
@php
$offensivePower = $militaryCalculator->getUnitPowerWithPerks($selectedDominion, null, null, $unit, 'offense');
$defensivePower = $militaryCalculator->getUnitPowerWithPerks($selectedDominion, null, null, $unit, 'defense');
$hasDynamicOffensivePower = $unit->perks->filter(static function ($perk) {
return starts_with($perk->key, ['offense_from_', 'offense_staggered_', 'offense_vs_']);
})->count() > 0;
if ($hasDynamicOffensivePower) {
$offenseVsBuildingPerk = $unit->getPerkValue('offense_vs_building');
if ($offenseVsBuildingPerk) {
$offenseVsBuildingTypes[] = explode(',', $offenseVsBuildingPerk)[0];
}
}
$hasDynamicDefensivePower = $unit->perks->filter(static function ($perk) {
return starts_with($perk->key, ['defense_from_', 'defense_staggered_', 'defense_vs_']);
})->count() > 0;
@endphp
<tr>
<td>
{!! $unitHelper->getUnitTypeIconHtml("unit{$unitSlot}", $selectedDominion->race) !!}
<span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="{{ $unitHelper->getUnitHelpString("unit{$unitSlot}", $selectedDominion->race) }}">
{{ $unitHelper->getUnitName("unit{$unitSlot}", $selectedDominion->race) }}
</span>
</td>
<td class="text-center">
<span id="unit{{ $unitSlot }}_op">{{ (strpos($offensivePower, '.') !== false) ? number_format($offensivePower, 1) : number_format($offensivePower) }}</span>{{ $hasDynamicOffensivePower ? '*' : null }}
/
<span id="unit{{ $unitSlot }}_dp" class="text-muted">{{ (strpos($defensivePower, '.') !== false) ? number_format($defensivePower, 1) : number_format($defensivePower) }}</span><span class="text-muted">{{ $hasDynamicDefensivePower ? '*' : null }}</span>
</td>
<td class="text-center">
{{ number_format($selectedDominion->{"military_unit{$unitSlot}"}) }}
</td>
<td class="text-center">
<input type="number"
name="unit[{{ $unitSlot }}]"
id="unit[{{ $unitSlot }}]"
class="form-control text-center"
placeholder="0"
min="0"
max="{{ $selectedDominion->{"military_unit{$unitSlot}"} }}"
data-slot="{{ $unitSlot }}"
data-amount="{{ $selectedDominion->{"military_unit{$unitSlot}"} }}"
data-op="{{ $unit->power_offense }}"
data-dp="{{ $unit->power_defense }}"
data-need-boat="{{ (int)$unit->need_boat }}"
{{ $selectedDominion->isLocked() ? 'disabled' : null }}>
</td>
<td class="text-center" id="unit{{ $unitSlot }}_stats">
<span class="op">0</span> / <span class="dp text-muted">0</span>
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
@foreach ($offenseVsBuildingTypes as $buildingType)
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="text-right">
<b>Enter target {{ ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $buildingType)) }} percentage:</b>
</td>
<td>
<input type="number"
step="any"
name="calc[target_{{ $buildingType }}_percent]"
class="form-control text-center"
min="0"
max="100"
placeholder="0"
{{ $selectedDominion->isLocked() ? 'disabled' : null }}>
</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6">
<div class="box box-danger">
<div class="box-header with-border">
<h3 class="box-title"><i class="ra ra-sword"></i> Invasion force</h3>
</div>
<div class="box-body table-responsive no-padding">
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>OP:</td>
<td>
<strong id="invasion-force-op" data-amount="0">0</strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DP:</td>
<td id="invasion-force-dp" data-amount="0">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Boats:</td>
<td>
<span id="invasion-force-boats" data-amount="0">0</span>
/
{{ number_format(floor($selectedDominion->resource_boats)) }}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Max OP:
<i class="fa fa-question-circle"
data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="top"
title="You may send out a maximum of 125% of your new home DP in OP. (5:4 rule)"></i>
</td>
<td id="invasion-force-max-op" data-amount="0">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Target Min DP:
<i class="fa fa-question-circle"
data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="top"
title="The minimum defense for a dominion is 3x their land size."></i>
</td>
<td id="target-min-dp" data-amount="0">0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="box-footer">
<button type="submit"
class="btn btn-danger"
id="invade-button"
{{ $selectedDominion->isLocked() || $selectedDominion->round->hasOffensiveActionsDisabled() ? 'disabled' : null }}>
<i class="ra ra-crossed-swords"></i>
Invade
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6">
<div class="box">
<div class="box-header with-border">
<h3 class="box-title"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> New home forces</h3>
</div>
<div class="box-body table-responsive no-padding">
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>OP:</td>
<td id="home-forces-op" data-original="{{ $militaryCalculator->getOffensivePower($selectedDominion) }}" data-amount="0">
{{ number_format($militaryCalculator->getOffensivePower($selectedDominion), 2) }}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DP:</td>
<td id="home-forces-dp" data-original="{{ $militaryCalculator->getDefensivePower($selectedDominion) }}" data-amount="0">
{{ number_format($militaryCalculator->getDefensivePower($selectedDominion), 2) }}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Boats:</td>
<td id="home-forces-boats" data-original="{{ floor($selectedDominion->resource_boats) }}" data-amount="0">
{{ number_format(floor($selectedDominion->resource_boats)) }}
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Min DP:
<i class="fa fa-question-circle"
data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="top"
title="You must leave at least 33% of your total DP at home. (33% rule)"></i>
</td>
<td id="home-forces-min-dp" data-amount="0">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DPA:</td>
<td id="home-forces-dpa" data-amount="0">
{{ number_format($militaryCalculator->getDefensivePower($selectedDominion) / $landCalculator->getTotalLand($selectedDominion), 3) }}
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
@endif
</div>
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3">
<div class="box">
<div class="box-header with-border">
<h3 class="box-title">Information</h3>
</div>
<div class="box-body">
<p>Here you can invade other players to try to capture some of their land and to gain prestige. Invasions are successful if you send more OP than they have DP.</p>
<p>Find targets using <a href="{{ route('dominion.magic') }}">magic</a>, <a href="{{ route('dominion.espionage') }}">espionage</a> and the <a href="{{ route('dominion.op-center') }}">Op Center</a>. Communicate with your realmies using the <a href="{{ route('dominion.council') }}">council</a> to coordinate attacks.</p>
<p>Be sure to calculate your OP vs your target's DP to avoid blindly sending your units to their doom.</p>
<p>You can only invade dominions that are within your range, and you will only gain prestige and discounted construction on targets <b>75% or greater</b> relative to your own land size.</p>
@if ($selectedDominion->morale < 100)
<p>You have {{ $selectedDominion->morale }}% morale, which is reducing your offense and defense by {{ number_format(100 - $militaryCalculator->getMoraleMultiplier($selectedDominion) * 100, 2) }}%.</p>
@else
<p>You have {{ $selectedDominion->morale }}% morale.</p>
@endif
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@push('page-styles')
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ asset('assets/vendor/select2/css/select2.min.css') }}">
@endpush
@push('page-scripts')
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/vendor/select2/js/select2.full.min.js') }}"></script>
@endpush
@push('inline-scripts')
<script type="text/javascript">
(function ($) {
// Prevent accidental submit
$(document).on("keydown", "form", function(event) {
return event.key != "Enter";
});
var invasionForceOPElement = $('#invasion-force-op');
var invasionForceDPElement = $('#invasion-force-dp');
var invasionForceBoatsElement = $('#invasion-force-boats');
var invasionForceMaxOPElement = $('#invasion-force-max-op');
var targetMinDPElement = $('#target-min-dp');
var homeForcesOPElement = $('#home-forces-op');
var homeForcesDPElement = $('#home-forces-dp');
var homeForcesBoatsElement = $('#home-forces-boats');
var homeForcesMinDPElement = $('#home-forces-min-dp');
var homeForcesDPAElement = $('#home-forces-dpa');
var invadeButtonElement = $('#invade-button');
var allUnitInputs = $('input[name^=\'unit\']');
$('#target_dominion').select2({
templateResult: select2Template,
templateSelection: select2Template,
});
@if (!$protectionService->isUnderProtection($selectedDominion))
updateUnitStats();
@endif
$('#target_dominion').change(function (e) {
updateUnitStats();
});
$('input[name^=\'calc\']').change(function (e) {
updateUnitStats();
});
$('input[name^=\'unit\']').change(function (e) {
updateUnitStats();
});
function updateUnitStats() {
// Update unit stats
$.get(
"{{ route('api.dominion.invasion') }}?" + $('#invade_form').serialize(), {},
function(response) {
if(response.result == 'success') {
$.each(response.units, function(slot, stats) {
// Update unit stats data attributes
$('#unit\\['+slot+'\\]').data('dp', stats.dp);
$('#unit\\['+slot+'\\]').data('op', stats.op);
// Update unit stats display
$('#unit'+slot+'_dp').text(stats.dp.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
$('#unit'+slot+'_op').text(stats.op.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
});
// Update OP / DP data attributes
invasionForceOPElement.data('amount', response.away_offense);
invasionForceDPElement.data('amount', response.away_defense);
invasionForceBoatsElement.data('amount', response.boats_needed);
invasionForceMaxOPElement.data('amount', response.max_op);
targetMinDPElement.data('amount', response.target_min_dp);
homeForcesOPElement.data('amount', response.home_offense);
homeForcesDPElement.data('amount', response.home_defense);
homeForcesBoatsElement.data('amount', response.boats_remaining);
homeForcesMinDPElement.data('amount', response.min_dp);
homeForcesDPAElement.data('amount', response.home_dpa);
// Update OP / DP display
invasionForceOPElement.text(response.away_offense.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
invasionForceDPElement.text(response.away_defense.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
invasionForceBoatsElement.text(response.boats_needed.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
invasionForceMaxOPElement.text(response.max_op.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
targetMinDPElement.text(response.target_min_dp.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
homeForcesOPElement.text(response.home_offense.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
homeForcesDPElement.text(response.home_defense.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
homeForcesBoatsElement.text(response.boats_remaining.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
homeForcesMinDPElement.text(response.min_dp.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
homeForcesDPAElement.text(response.home_dpa.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 3}));
calculate();
}
}
);
}
function calculate() {
// Calculate subtotals for each unit
allUnitInputs.each(function () {
var unitOP = parseFloat($(this).data('op'));
var unitDP = parseFloat($(this).data('dp'));
var amountToSend = parseInt($(this).val() || 0);
var totalUnitOP = amountToSend * unitOP;
var totalUnitDP = amountToSend * unitDP;
var unitSlot = parseInt($(this).data('slot'));
var unitStatsElement = $('#unit' + unitSlot + '_stats');
unitStatsElement.find('.op').text(totalUnitOP.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
unitStatsElement.find('.dp').text(totalUnitDP.toLocaleString(undefined, {maximumFractionDigits: 2}));
});
// Check if we have enough of these bad bois
/* __--___
>_'--'__'
_________!__________
/ / / / / /
/ / / / / /
| | | | | |
__^ | | | | | |
_/@ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
S__ | \ \ \ \ \ \ __
( | | \___\___\___\___\___\ / \
| \ | | |\|
\ \____________!________________/ /
\ _______OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO________/
\________\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\_______/
%%%^^^^^%%%%%^^^^!!^%%^^^^%%%%%!!!!^^^^^^!%^^^%%%%!!^^
^^!!!!%%%%^^^^!!^^%%%%%^^!!!^^%%%%%!!!%%%%^^^!!^^%%%!!
Shamelessly stolen from http://www.asciiworld.com/-Boats-.html */
var hasEnoughBoats = parseInt(invasionForceBoatsElement.data('amount')) <= {{ floor($selectedDominion->resource_boats) }};
if (!hasEnoughBoats) {
invasionForceBoatsElement.addClass('text-danger');
homeForcesBoatsElement.addClass('text-danger');
} else {
invasionForceBoatsElement.removeClass('text-danger');
homeForcesBoatsElement.removeClass('text-danger');
}
// Check 33% rule
var minDefenseRule = parseFloat(homeForcesDPElement.data('amount')) < parseFloat(homeForcesMinDPElement.data('amount'));
if (minDefenseRule) {
homeForcesDPElement.addClass('text-danger');
} else {
homeForcesDPElement.removeClass('text-danger');
}
// Check 5:4 rule
var maxOffenseRule = parseFloat(invasionForceOPElement.data('amount')) > parseFloat(invasionForceMaxOPElement.data('amount'));
if (maxOffenseRule) {
invasionForceOPElement.addClass('text-danger');
} else {
invasionForceOPElement.removeClass('text-danger');
}
// Check if invade button should be disabled
if (!hasEnoughBoats || maxOffenseRule || {{ $selectedDominion->round->hasOffensiveActionsDisabled() ? 1 : 0 }}) {
invadeButtonElement.attr('disabled', 'disabled');
} else {
invadeButtonElement.removeAttr('disabled');
}
}
})(jQuery);
function select2Template(state) {
if (!state.id) {
return state.text;
}
const land = state.element.dataset.land;
const percentage = state.element.dataset.percentage;
const war = state.element.dataset.war;
let difficultyClass;
if (percentage >= 120) {
difficultyClass = 'text-red';
} else if (percentage >= 75) {
difficultyClass = 'text-green';
} else if (percentage >= 66) {
difficultyClass = 'text-muted';
} else {
difficultyClass = 'text-gray';
}
warStatus = '';
if (war == 1) {
warStatus = '<div class="pull-left"> <span class="text-red">WAR</span></div>';
}
return $(`
<div class="pull-left">${state.text}</div>
${warStatus}
<div class="pull-right">${land} land <span class="${difficultyClass}">(${percentage}%)</span></div>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
`);
}
</script>
@endpush
|
// ======================================================================== //
// Copyright 2009-2017 Intel Corporation //
// //
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); //
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. //
// You may obtain a copy of the License at //
// //
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 //
// //
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software //
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, //
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. //
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and //
// limitations under the License. //
// ======================================================================== //
#pragma once
#include "math.h"
namespace embree
{
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// RGB Color Class
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
template<typename T> struct Col3
{
T r, g, b;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Construction
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
__forceinline Col3 ( ) { }
__forceinline Col3 ( const Col3& other ) { r = other.r; g = other.g; b = other.b; }
__forceinline Col3& operator=( const Col3& other ) { r = other.r; g = other.g; b = other.b; return *this; }
__forceinline explicit Col3 (const T& v) : r(v), g(v), b(v) {}
__forceinline Col3 (const T& r, const T& g, const T& b) : r(r), g(g), b(b) {}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Constants
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
__forceinline Col3 (ZeroTy) : r(zero) , g(zero) , b(zero) {}
__forceinline Col3 (OneTy) : r(one) , g(one) , b(one) {}
__forceinline Col3 (PosInfTy) : r(pos_inf), g(pos_inf), b(pos_inf) {}
__forceinline Col3 (NegInfTy) : r(neg_inf), g(neg_inf), b(neg_inf) {}
};
/*! output operator */
template<typename T> inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& cout, const Col3<T>& a) {
return cout << "(" << a.r << ", " << a.g << ", " << a.b << ")";
}
/*! default template instantiations */
typedef Col3<unsigned char> Col3uc;
typedef Col3<float > Col3f;
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a surface processing method for processing the surface of an insulating article by ion injection and to a printer head provided in a printer configured for ejecting ink droplets to an article for printing to effect printing. This invention also relates to a substrate for a recording medium for supporting a signal recording layer of a recording medium.
2. Description of Related Art
For improving a variety of physical and chemical characteristics of an article being processed, such as hardness, elasto-plasticity, electrical conductivity, lubricating properties, durability, moisture-proofness, corrosion proofness, wettability or gas transmittance, there has been known a technique of implanting ions into the surface.
For implanting ions into the surface of an article being processed, there is a so-called ion beam implanting method of directly illuminating an ion beam on the article. However, the ion beam implanting method suffers from the problem that, if an article being processed has a three-dimensional structure, it is difficult to implant ions uniformly on the article surface.
For enabling uniform ion implantation on the article surface even if the article has a three-dimensional structure, there is proposed a technique of generating a plasma containing the ions to be implanted to implant the ions contained in the plasma into the article being processed. This technique is referred to below as a plasma implantation method.
In implanting ions by the plasma implantation method into the article, the article is placed in a plasma containing the ions to be implanted and a negative pulse voltage such as is shown in FIG. 1 is applied to the article. On applying the negative voltage to the article, the ions contained in the plasma are pulled into the article so that the ions are implanted on the article surface.
In the plasma implanting method, if the plasma containing the ions to be implanted is generated uniformly around the article being processed, the ions can be uniformly implanted on the article surface even if the article has a three-dimensional structure.
However, the above-described plasma implantation method is used exclusively for a case wherein the article to be processed is formed of an electrically conductive material, such as metal. The reason is that, if the article being processed is an insulating material, and ion implantation is executed by the plasma implantation method, electrical charges are accumulated in the article being processed, thus setting up what is called a charge-up state. If charge-up of the article being processed occurs in the plasma implantation method, the ions contained in the plasma cease to be pulled effectively into the article being processed. The result is that, if the plasma implantation method is applied to the insulating material, the process time is prolonged to render it difficult to improve the productivity.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a surface processing method for an insulating material in which surface processing by ion implantation by the plasma implantation method can be realized effectively despite the fact that the article being processed is an insulating material. It is another object of the present invention to provide a printer head and a substrate for a recording medium each having on its surface a surface modified layer achieved as a result of ion implantation.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a surface processing method for an insulating material, in which ions are implanted in the insulating material to process its surface, including the steps of forming an electrically conductive thin metal film on the surface of the insulating material and applying a pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage to the insulating material in a plasma containing ions to be implanted to implant ions in the surface of the insulating material.
In the surface processing method for an insulating material, according to the present invention, in which the bias voltage applied to the insulating material is a pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage, there is no possibility of electrical charges being accumulated in the insulating material during the ion implantation. Since the electrically conductive thin metal film is formed on the surface of the insulating material, there is produced an electrical field in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the insulating material on application of the pulsed voltage. This implants ions in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the insulating material to realize effective ion implantation.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a printer head provided on a printer adapted to perform printing by ejecting ink liquid droplets towards a printing support, wherein a surface-modified layer modified in surface properties by ion implantation is formed on the surface of a liquid droplet ejecting portion adapted to eject the ink liquid droplets.
In the printer head of the present invention, in which the surface-modified layer is formed in its liquid droplet ejecting portion, it is possible to control the wettability to the ink of the liquid droplet ejecting portion and hence to prevent ink scorching or mixing of different sorts of inks in this liquid droplet ejecting portion.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a substrate for a recording medium adapted to support a signal recording layer of the recording medium, wherein a surface-modified layer modified in surface properties by ion implantation is formed on the surface of the substrate for the recording medium.
The substrate for the recording medium according to the present invention is improved in hardness or tenacity by provision of the surface-modified layer on its surface.
In the surface processing method for the insulating material according to the present invention, there is no risk of electrical charges from being accumulated in the insulating material despite the fact that ion implantation is executed on the insulating material. Since the electrically conductive thin metal film is formed on the surface of the insulating material prior to ion implantation, the ions are implanted in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the insulating material, so that ions may be implanted effectively even if the insulating material has a three-dimensional surface profile. The result is that ion implantation can occur on end effectively even if ions are implanted in the insulating material. This assures high-quality surface processing for an insulating material.
In the printer head according to the present invention, in which a surface-modified layer is provided in the liquid droplet ejecting portion, it is possible to control the ink wettability in this liquid droplet ejecting portion. This prevents ink scorching or mixing of different sorts of inks in the liquid droplet ejecting portion to improve the printing quality and operational reliability.
In the substrate for a recording medium, according to the present invention, in which a surface-modified layer is provided on its surface, it is possible to improve hardness and tenacity. Thus, by employing the substrate for a recording medium according to the present invention, a recording medium of high reliability may be provided which is reduced in flexure or deviation from surface planarity to cope with the tendency towards high recording density. |
Spectral imaging systems are often used to acquire spectral images of land masses in order to identify features of interest. For example, spectral images of a rain forest may be acquired to identify the presence of a particular type of vegetation in the rain forest and spectral images of a military zone may be used to identify the presence of military equipment such as airplanes and tanks in the military zone. Thus, these spectral imaging systems may be used to identify both relatively large and relatively small features of interest in a wide range of land mass types and areas. Spectral imaging systems vary in their ability to produce images for sensing such features within these diverse land masses. Hence, methods and apparatus for analyzing spectral imaging systems, e.g., to assessing their ability to produce images in which features of interest may be identified, are useful.
There is an ever present desire for imaging system improvements. Accordingly, a need remains for improved methods, systems, and computer program products to analyze spectral imaging systems. |
In recent years, in line with an increase in the price of energy sources due to the depletion of fossil fuels and amplification of interests in environmental pollution, environmentally-friendly alternative energy sources has become an indispensable element for future life. Thus, research into various power generation technologies using nuclear power, solar power, wind power, tidal power, etc. has continuously conducted, and great interests in power storage devices for more efficiently using the energy thus generated have also grown.
In particular, as mobile devices have been continuously developed and the demand for such mobile devices has increased, the demand for secondary batteries has also sharply increased as an energy source for such mobile devices. Accordingly, much research into batteries satisfying various needs has been carried out.
Typically, in terms of the shape of batteries, the demand for prismatic secondary batteries or pouch-shaped secondary batteries that are thin enough to be applied to products, such as cellular phones, is very high. In terms of the material for batteries, on the other hand, the demand for lithium secondary batteries, such as lithium ion batteries and lithium ion polymer batteries, which exhibit high energy density, discharge voltage, and output stability, is also very high.
In addition, the secondary battery may be classified based on the structure of an electrode assembly, which has a structure in which a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode are stacked. Representative examples of such an electrode assembly include a jelly-roll type (winding type) electrode assembly in which long-sheet type positive electrodes and long-sheet type negative electrodes coated with an active material are wound in the state in which a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a stack type (laminating type) electrode assembly in which a plurality of positive electrodes and negative electrodes, each of which are cut in units of a predetermined size, are sequentially stacked in the state in which a plurality of separators is interposed respectively between the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes. In recent years, in order to solve the problems with the jelly-roll type electrode assembly and the stack type electrode assembly, there has been developed a stacked/folded type electrode assembly, which is a combination of the jelly roll type electrode assembly and the stacked type electrode assembly, having an improved structure in which a predetermined number of positive electrodes and a predetermined number of negative electrodes are sequentially stacked in the state in which a predetermined number of separators are disposed respectively between the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes to constitute a unit cell, after which a plurality of unit cells is sequentially wound in the state of being placed on a separation film.
In addition, the secondary battery may be classified according to the shape of the battery into a cylindrical battery or a prismatic battery in which an electrode assembly is built in a cylindrical or rectangular metal container, and a pouch-typed battery in which an electrode assembly is built in a pouch-shaped case made of an aluminum laminate sheet.
In particular, in recent years, a pouch-typed battery having a structure in which a stack-typed or a stack/folding typed electrode assembly is built in a pouch-typed battery case made of an aluminum laminate sheet has attracted a great deal of attention due to low manufacturing cost, small weight, easy morphological deformation, etc., and its usage is also gradually increasing.
In general, such a secondary battery is manufactured by coating an electrode mixture comprising an electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, etc., onto an electrode current collector, and drying the coated collector to prepare an electrode, laminating the electrode together with a separator, enclosing the electrode together with an electrolytic solution in a battery case, and then sealing the case.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing process of a conventional positive electrode for a secondary battery.
Referring to FIG. 1, the positive electrode 100 is formed by a process in which the positive electrode mixture 110 including positive electrode active material particles 111 and binders 112 is coated in a liquid state onto a top surface of an positive electrode current collector 120, and then dried 130.
Here, in the drying process 130 for the positive electrode mixture 110, a solvent contained in the positive electrode mixture 110 is dried 130, and the binder 112 is contained in the positive electrode mixture 110 in a state of being dissolved in the solvent. Therefore, in the process of drying the solvent, the binder 112 dissolved in the solvent is transferred to the upper portion of the negative electrode mixture 110.
Accordingly, a relatively small amount of binder component is disposed between the positive electrode mixture 110 and the positive electrode current collector 120, thereby lowering the adhesive force between the positive electrode mixture 110 and the positive electrode current collector 120, and also increasing the resistance of the positive electrode 100. Therefore, there is a problem that the structural stability and electrical performance of the secondary battery including the positive electrode 100 are deteriorated.
Further, these problems act as factors that increase the fraction defective in the electrode manufacturing process, lower the reliability of the electrode manufacturing process, delay the overall process time and thus increase the manufacturing cost.
Therefore, there is a high need for a technology capable of fundamentally solving such a problem. |
Q:
issues with merging CSS stylesheets?
Essentially, I want to use the vertical timeline from CodyHouse in a project hosted on a Bootstrap template. I've migrated the HTML content, but the CSS files are causing issues. For example:
it distorts the navigation bar and header spacing
there should be a bounce animation for the elements of the timeline - no go.
I can't see any of the p text of the timeline
How can I edit/arrange the stylesheets appropriately so that the timeline inherits the font/background style of the Bootstrap but maintains the animation from CodyHouse?
A:
Kinda hard to really pinpoint what your issues are with no code offered by you for inspection, but....
You'll really need to use your browser's inspect/page-debug functions on your page to see how both the bootstrap stylesheet and the vertical timeline's stylesheet are doing things to your page.
Bootstrap has it's own default color scheme, you can easily change it by just looking for the corresponding bootstrap elements and then overriding them in your custom stylesheet
If you're linking to three different styles sheets (boostrap, timeline, and your custom one), there can obviously be a conflict right there. Let's say on boostrap it's doing one thing to the nav bar and the top spacing, while your custom css is doing another thing and affect bottom spaces - see what I mean? You should really inspect those css files to see what they are affecting exactly.
Also, is the vertical timeline plugin you are using based on bootstrap 4? If it's built around bootstrap 3 that could be another issue as well. BS4 is still relatively new and many plugins that were based on BS3 may require further alteration.
|
Q:
Get object to follow mouse in Java/Greenfoot
I have just started using greenfoot for school and I would like to create a game like this one: http://www.scirra.com/arcade/action/455/squared but I am having trouble getting the actor/object to follow my mouse. Like the black square does in the mentioned game. I have tried this code so far but to no avail.
MouseInfo mouse = Greenfoot.getMouseInfo();
setLocation(mouse.getX(), mouse.getY());
if (mouse != null)
{
setLocation(mouse.getX(), mouse.getY());
}
A:
I found this while searching for an answer on Google and it showed how to get the object to follow your mouse. http://www.datraughber.com/prog1/greenfoot/unit3.pdf
Original Code:
MouseInfo mouse = Greenfoot.getMouseInfo();
setLocation(mouse.getX(), mouse.getY());
if (mouse != null)
{
setLocation(mouse.getX(), mouse.getY());
}
New Code
if(Greenfoot.mouseMoved(null))
{
MouseInfo mouse = Greenfoot.getMouseInfo();
setLocation(mouse.getX(),mouse.getY());
}
Thanks for trying to help Ajay Venugopal
|
import App, { Container } from 'next/app'
import React from 'react'
import { PageTransition } from 'next-page-transitions'
export default class MyApp extends App {
static async getInitialProps({ Component, ctx }) {
let pageProps = {}
if (Component.getInitialProps) {
pageProps = await Component.getInitialProps(ctx)
}
return { pageProps }
}
render() {
const { Component, pageProps, router } = this.props
return (
<Container>
<PageTransition timeout={300} classNames="page-transition">
<Component {...pageProps} key={router.route} />
</PageTransition>
<style jsx global>{`
.page-transition-enter {
opacity: 0;
transform: translate3d(0, 20px, 0);
}
.page-transition-enter-active {
opacity: 1;
transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
transition: opacity 300ms, transform 300ms;
}
.page-transition-exit {
opacity: 1;
}
.page-transition-exit-active {
opacity: 0;
transition: opacity 300ms;
}
`}</style>
</Container>
)
}
}
|
Q:
How can I get the ca-certificates.crt?
My docker get error "x509 certificate signed by unknown authority" and then i find that my ubuntu contianer missing file ca-certificates.crt on /etc/ssl/certs/ or /usr/local/share/certificates/. The solution of this error is add ca-certificates.crt to the */usr/local/share/certificates/** folder and run update-ca-certificates command. But my problem is I dont know where to get that .crt file.
A:
This is how I fix that:
docker run -v /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt:/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt --name test image
I create a bind volume from file ca-certificates.crt on the docker host(Centos) to the container and let container use it for verify trusted ca.
|
/**
* Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for
* license information.
*
* Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
*/
package com.microsoft.azure.management.network.v2020_06_01;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import com.microsoft.rest.SkipParentValidation;
import com.microsoft.azure.Resource;
/**
* Network Intent Policy resource.
*/
@SkipParentValidation
public class NetworkIntentPolicy extends Resource {
/**
* A unique read-only string that changes whenever the resource is updated.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "etag", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private String etag;
/**
* Resource ID.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "id")
private String id;
/**
* Get a unique read-only string that changes whenever the resource is updated.
*
* @return the etag value
*/
public String etag() {
return this.etag;
}
/**
* Get resource ID.
*
* @return the id value
*/
public String id() {
return this.id;
}
/**
* Set resource ID.
*
* @param id the id value to set
* @return the NetworkIntentPolicy object itself.
*/
public NetworkIntentPolicy withId(String id) {
this.id = id;
return this;
}
}
|
About 2.5 billion people do not have access to sanitised toilet facilities, according to the UN. Much of this problem lies in India and Sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 10 million children under five have died from lack of toilets since 2000.
To help address this problem from the modern world, researchers from Cranfield University in the U.K. have developed a cheap, clean, and eco-friendly nanotechnology toilet that has the ability to generate energy.
The Nano Membrane Toilet project started in 2012 and has since received financial support through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Reinvent the Toilet Challenge , as well as receiving numerous awards for design and technology.
Here’s how it works: After the user “finishes their business,” a smell-proof rotating bowl drops the waste into a holding tank.
For liquid waste, a nanotech membrane filters and condenses the water that passes through it, helping to remove any pathogens from the water. This water vapour is then passed through a channel, with the help of a gas, into a tube of condensing beads that turn the vapor back into pathogen-free liquid. This untainted water can then be used for farm irrigation and even household cleaning.
As for the solid waste, this falls to the bottom of a tank where a battery-powered Archimedes' screw drops the waste into a second back compartment where it is incinerated and turned into ash energy. Although this part of the toilet is not 100 percent developed yet, the researchers hope the system will be able to charge mobile phones and other small electronic gadgets.
However, throughout the process, it's pretty unclear what happens to the toilet paper.
Ghana has been suggested as a possible country to trial the new design this year. After that, the toilet hopes to take on the rest of the world. On top of areas with poor sewage systems, the designers believe the toilet could be used in military vehicles and could even replace the old faithful port-a-potty. |
Trump Administration Will Send Asylum-Seekers To Mexico While Claims Are Processed
Enlarge this image toggle caption Mark Wilson/Getty Images Mark Wilson/Getty Images
Updated at 2:20 p.m. ET
Migrants who cross the U.S. Southern border and seek asylum will be required to wait in Mexico while their claims are being processed, Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen said Thursday.
Currently, most people requesting asylum are allowed to stay in the U.S. — sometimes in detention — while their claim is pending in immigration court. The new policy will send such migrants to Mexico for the duration of that process.
That's true regardless of the migrants' country of origin: Many people crossing the U.S.-Mexico border are not Mexican but are fleeing violence in Central America.
What is asylum? Seeking asylum means asking the U.S. to accept you — legally — because of persecution you are facing in your home country. Crossing the border illegally is a misdemeanor; for a person who has already been deported once, it's a felony. Seeking asylum at a port of entry, however, is not a crime at all. The right to seek asylum is protected by U.S. and international law.
" 'Catch and release' will be replaced with 'catch and return,' " Nielsen said, using the Trump administration's preferred term for current U.S. asylum claim practices.
The immigrants will still be interviewed by a U.S. asylum officer, but they will no longer be released into the interior with a notice to appear in immigration court. The Department of Homeland Security has long complained that many applicants simply disappear and never show up for their hearing.
Speaking before lawmakers on Thursday, Nielsen also emphasized that DHS cannot detain families with children for more than a few weeks under U.S. law, which is not enough time for an asylum claim to be processed.
Earlier this year, the Trump administration began separating children from parents who were being prosecuted for illegally crossing the border, a policy that horrified many Americans and was ultimately found to be illegal. Sending families back to Mexico would provide an alternative method for the administration to avoid releasing such families into the U.S.
Houston immigration attorney Ruby Powers just returned from Tijuana, Mexico, where thousands of immigrants are waiting in makeshift camps to apply for asylum at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. After learning of the sweeping DHS announcement, she said, "This is going to cause utter chaos."
Powers said migrant shelters in Mexican border cities are already full and can hardly handle asylum applicants who are told to return to Mexico and wait. She said immigration lawyers like her will find it logistically difficult to assist clients with their immigration cases since they will be in Mexico, some without phones or Internet.
"I think the ultimate plan is to prevent people from wanting to apply for asylum so they won't come to the United States," Powers said.
The Mexican government, while affirming its own sovereign rights to determine who enters the country, said it would allow the practice. Mexico also said it would extend some rights and protections to the non-Mexican asylum-seekers on Mexican soil who await immigration hearings in the U.S.
The migrants will receive humanitarian visas, have the opportunity to apply for work permits and have access to legal services, Mexico said.
This is a major policy reversal for the Mexican government, which has traditionally refused to accept third-country migrants from the U.S.
The new shift will very likely be seen as a capitulation by Mexico's new president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, as he tries to maintain cordial relations with President Trump. The Trump administration said earlier this week that it will contribute nearly $6 billion toward Mexico's recently announced $30 billion development plan for the southern part of the country and three Central Americans countries, in hopes of creating jobs and opportunities so people from the region won't have to migrate.
Last month, The Washington Post reported that the Trump administration had reached a deal with Mexico to allow asylum-seekers to remain south of the border while their claims were processed. However, governments of both countries would not publicly confirm that a plan was in place, in part because the new president was days away from taking power.
The announcement on Thursday appears to confirm those early reports.
In late November, Lee Gelernt, an attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union, said there were questions about the legality of such a proposal.
"One thing we know right off the bat is that it cannot be legal unless they can assure all the asylum-seekers who will be stranded in Mexico ... will be safe — not only from persecution by state actors in Mexico, but by criminal gangs," Gelernt told NPR. "And from what we know about what's going on, we see no likelihood that that is going to be true."
On Thursday, Jacinta Ma, director of policy and advocacy at the National Immigration Forum, agreed that the proposal raises legal questions.
"I would definitely expect a legal challenge, especially seeing all the legal challenges filed against the Trump administration on immigration matters," she told NPR.
The news comes during a time of close national attention to issues of immigration and asylum, as Trump continues to denounce migration as a national security threat, and critics of the administration's actions accuse the White House of inhumane policies.
The recent arrival of a "caravan" of Central American migrants at the U.S. Southern border brought fresh attention to asylum-seekers, particularly after a clash between protesters and Border Patrol agents.
The Trump administration has been setting limits on the number of people allowed to claim asylum at those ports of entry per day. The result has been a massive backlog of migrants waiting to claim asylum — in addition to a backlog of migrants who have claimed asylum and are awaiting processing.
The death of a 7-year-old migrant girl in Border Patrol custody this month has brought fresh outrage to the debate, as did the killing of two Honduran teens last weekend. The teenagers were killed in downtown Tijuana, not far from a migrant shelter for unaccompanied minors, where they were staying while they waited to start an asylum claim with the U.S.
Meanwhile, Trump continues to seek funding for his border wall, which he had originally claimed would be paid for by Mexico. He recently said that Mexico is essentially paying for the wall through the new deal to replace NAFTA, a claim that is not true. |
Minimally invasive ivor lewis esophagectomy after induction therapy yields similar early outcomes to surgery alone.
: Although considered an integral part of treatment for regionally advanced esophageal cancer, there is conflicting literature regarding the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on esophagectomy. The objectives of this study are to examine the effect of neoadjuvant therapy in regard to perioperative parameters, morbidity, and short-term mortality in patients undergoing a minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy (MIE). : This is a retrospective review of 39 patients undergoing MIE for esophageal cancer during 2007-2010. : Of the 39 patients, 14 (36%) did not receive neoadjuvant therapy (NCR) and 25 (64%) did receive either chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy (CR). On comparing NCR vs CR, there was no difference in operative time (361 vs 362 minutes; P = 0.94) or estimated blood loss (233 vs 190 mL; P = 0.06). All patients underwent an R0 resection, and there was no difference in the mean number of lymph nodes harvested (NCR 21.5 vs CR 21.6; P = 0.95). Both groups had mean intensive care unit stay of 1 day (P = 0.7), and there was no difference in length of stay (NCR 7.4 vs CR 8.2 days; P = 0.38). There were no deaths or anastomotic leaks in either group. The incidence of complications in the NCR group was 21% (3/14) while in the CR group was 48% (12/25). Complications were not associated with neoadjuvant therapy [CR vs NCR: odds ratio = 3.44 (0.72-16.38); P = 0.121], even after adjusting for comorbidities and age. : MIE can be performed safely following neoadjuvant therapy with similar perioperative results, morbidity, and short-term mortality when compared with MIE alone. Longer follow-up is required for oncologic validity. |
Following up on its suspension of the once-revered TV talk show host after a story in yesterday’s Washington Post publicly revealed his troubling history of sexual harassment in the workplace, CBS News has sent Charlie Rose back into the black void from which he came. That is to say, the network formally fired Rose earlier today, a move it announced in a memo to staffers that New York Times TV reporter John Koblin subsequently posted on Twitter:
Advertisement
Yesterday’s Washington Post story contained allegations from eight women, who accused Rose of making inappropriate and unwanted sexual advances towards them while they were either working for him or applying for a job on his show. One former intern says she believes he “was a sexual predator” after working with him. Five of those women chose to remain anonymous “out of fear of Rose’s stature in the industry, his power over their careers, or what they described as his volatile temper.” You can read that full report here.
CORRECTION: An earlier version of this article said that Rose had been fired by PBS. He was fired by CBS News. We regret the error.
UPDATE: Rose’s show has also been canceled by PBS, which handled its distribution, according to The New York Times. In a statement, the broadcaster says, “In light of yesterday’s revelations, PBS has terminated its relationship with Charlie Rose and canceled distribution of his programs. PBS expects all the producers we work with to provide a workplace where people feel safe and are treated with dignity and respect.” |
Welcome to The Greenhouse Learning Center!
The Greenhouse is a model center of quality in childcare and early education in Williamson County community (Round Rock TX, Hutto TX).
The Greenhouse Learning Center’s mission is to provide the Highest Quality Childcare and Educational Service that promotes and enhances each child’s development; while assuring the families of those children peace of mind in the care and service we provide.
serves as a model school for the Williamson County community (Round Rock TX, Hutto TX) and offers affordable, high quality services to the community by providing full day licensed child care and education program for infants, toddlers and preschool children.
Our developmentally appropriate program’s mission is to nurture each child’s growth and education in a stimulating environment that fosters active learning, support for the whole child, in a child friendly, well supervised loving environment. |
Tuesday, Mar 5, 2013 - 9:00 PMTonight on Nightly Business Report, a look at a historic day on Wall Street as the Dow hits an all-time high. NBR hits the drivers behind the Dow's rise and the current state of the individual investor. Also, as part of our In Focus: The American Recovery series, a look at the comeback in the housing market. D |
require 'spec_helper'
describe FastAttributes do
describe '.type_casting' do
it 'returns predefined type casting rules' do
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(String)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(Integer)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(Float)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(Array)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(Date)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(Time)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(DateTime)
expect(FastAttributes.type_casting.keys).to include(BigDecimal)
end
end
describe '.get_type_casting' do
it 'returns type casting function' do
expect(FastAttributes.get_type_casting(String)).to be_a(FastAttributes::TypeCast)
expect(FastAttributes.get_type_casting(Time)).to be_a(FastAttributes::TypeCast)
end
end
describe '.set_type_casting' do
after do
FastAttributes.remove_type_casting(OpenStruct)
end
it 'adds type to supported type casting list' do
expect(FastAttributes.get_type_casting(OpenStruct)).to be(nil)
FastAttributes.set_type_casting(OpenStruct, 'OpenStruct.new(a: %s)')
expect(FastAttributes.get_type_casting(OpenStruct)).to be_a(FastAttributes::TypeCast)
end
end
describe '.remove_type_casting' do
before do
FastAttributes.set_type_casting(OpenStruct, 'OpenStruct.new(a: %s)')
end
it 'removes type casting function from supported list' do
FastAttributes.remove_type_casting(OpenStruct)
expect(FastAttributes.get_type_casting(OpenStruct)).to be(nil)
end
end
describe '.type_exists?' do
it 'checks if type is registered' do
expect(FastAttributes.type_exists?(DateTime)).to be(true)
expect(FastAttributes.type_exists?(OpenStruct)).to be(false)
end
end
describe '#attribute' do
it 'raises an exception when type is not supported' do
type = Class.new(Object) { def self.inspect; 'CustomType' end }
klass = Class.new(Object) { extend FastAttributes }
expect{klass.attribute(:name, type)}.to raise_error(FastAttributes::UnsupportedTypeError, 'Unsupported attribute type "CustomType"')
expect{klass.attribute(:name, :type)}.to raise_error(FastAttributes::UnsupportedTypeError, 'Unsupported attribute type ":type"')
end
it 'generates getter methods' do
book = Book.new
expect(book.respond_to?(:title)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:name)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:pages)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:price)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:authors)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:published)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:sold)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:finished)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:rate)).to be(true)
end
it 'is possible to override getter method' do
toy = Toy.new
expect(toy.name).to eq(' toy!')
toy.name = 'bear'
expect(toy.name).to eq('bear toy!')
end
it 'generates setter methods' do
book = Book.new
expect(book.respond_to?(:title=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:name=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:pages=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:price=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:authors=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:published=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:sold=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:finished=)).to be(true)
expect(book.respond_to?(:rate=)).to be(true)
end
it 'is possible to override setter method' do
toy = Toy.new
expect(toy.price).to be(nil)
toy.price = 2
expect(toy.price).to eq(4)
end
it 'setter methods convert values to correct datatype' do
book = Book.new
book.title = 123
book.name = 456
book.pages = '250'
book.price = '2.55'
book.authors = 'Jobs'
book.published = '2014-06-21'
book.sold = '2014-06-21 20:45:15'
book.finished = '2014-05-20 21:35:20'
book.rate = '4.1'
expect(book.title).to eq('123')
expect(book.name).to eq('456')
expect(book.pages).to be(250)
expect(book.price).to eq(BigDecimal.new('2.55'))
expect(book.authors).to eq(%w[Jobs])
expect(book.published).to eq(Date.new(2014, 6, 21))
expect(book.sold).to eq(Time.new(2014, 6, 21, 20, 45, 15))
expect(book.finished).to eq(DateTime.new(2014, 5, 20, 21, 35, 20))
expect(book.rate).to eq(4.1)
end
it 'setter methods accept values which are already in a proper type' do
book = Book.new
book.title = title = 'One'
book.name = name = 'Two'
book.pages = pages = 250
book.price = price = BigDecimal.new('2.55')
book.authors = authors = %w[Jobs]
book.published = published = Date.new(2014, 06, 21)
book.sold = sold = Time.new(2014, 6, 21, 20, 45, 15)
book.finished = finished = DateTime.new(2014, 05, 20, 21, 35, 20)
book.rate = rate = 4.1
expect(book.title).to be(title)
expect(book.name).to be(name)
expect(book.pages).to be(pages)
expect(book.price).to eq(price)
expect(book.authors).to be(authors)
expect(book.published).to be(published)
expect(book.sold).to be(sold)
expect(book.finished).to be(finished)
expect(book.rate).to be(rate)
end
it 'setter methods accept nil values' do
book = Book.new
book.title = 'One'
book.name = 'Two'
book.pages = 250
book.price = BigDecimal.new('2.55')
book.authors = %w[Jobs]
book.published = Date.new(2014, 06, 21)
book.sold = Time.new(2014, 6, 21, 20, 45, 15)
book.finished = DateTime.new(2014, 05, 20, 21, 35, 20)
book.rate = 4.1
book.title = nil
book.name = nil
book.pages = nil
book.price = nil
book.authors = nil
book.published = nil
book.sold = nil
book.finished = nil
book.rate = nil
expect(book.title).to be(nil)
expect(book.name).to be(nil)
expect(book.pages).to be(nil)
expect(book.price).to be(nil)
expect(book.authors).to be(nil)
expect(book.published).to be(nil)
expect(book.sold).to be(nil)
expect(book.finished).to be(nil)
expect(book.rate).to be(nil)
end
it 'setter methods raise an exception when cannot parse values' do
object = BasicObject.new
def object.to_s; 'BasicObject'; end
def object.to_str; 1/0 end
book = Book.new
expect{ book.title = object }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "BasicObject" for attribute "title" of type "String"')
expect{ book.name = object }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "BasicObject" for attribute "name" of type "String"')
expect{ book.pages = 'number' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "number" for attribute "pages" of type "Integer"')
expect{ book.price = 'bigdecimal' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "bigdecimal" for attribute "price" of type "BigDecimal"')
expect{ book.published = 'date' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "date" for attribute "published" of type "Date"')
expect{ book.sold = 'time' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "time" for attribute "sold" of type "Time"')
expect{ book.finished = 'datetime' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "datetime" for attribute "finished" of type "DateTime"')
expect{ book.rate = 'float' }.to raise_error(FastAttributes::TypeCast::InvalidValueError, 'Invalid value "float" for attribute "rate" of type "Float"')
end
it 'setter method can escape placeholder using double %' do
placeholder = PlaceholderClass.new
placeholder.value = 3
expect(placeholder.value).to eq('value %s %value %%s 2')
end
it 'setter method can accept %a placeholder which return attribute name' do
placeholder = PlaceholderClass.new
placeholder.title = 'attribute name 1'
expect(placeholder.title).to eq('title')
placeholder.title = 'attribute name 2'
expect(placeholder.title).to eq('title%a%title%title!')
end
it 'generates lenient attributes which do not correspond to a particular data type' do
lenient_attribute = LenientAttributes.new
expect(lenient_attribute.terms_of_service).to be(nil)
lenient_attribute.terms_of_service = 'yes'
expect(lenient_attribute.terms_of_service).to be(true)
lenient_attribute.terms_of_service = 'no'
expect(lenient_attribute.terms_of_service).to be(false)
lenient_attribute.terms_of_service = 42
expect(lenient_attribute.terms_of_service).to be(nil)
end
it 'allows to define attributes using symbols as a data type' do
book = DefaultLenientAttributes.new
book.title = title = 'One'
book.pages = pages = 250
book.price = price = BigDecimal.new('2.55')
book.authors = authors = %w[Jobs]
book.published = published = Date.new(2014, 06, 21)
book.sold = sold = Time.new(2014, 6, 21, 20, 45, 15)
book.finished = finished = DateTime.new(2014, 05, 20, 21, 35, 20)
book.rate = rate = 4.1
expect(book.title).to be(title)
expect(book.pages).to be(pages)
expect(book.price).to eq(price)
expect(book.authors).to be(authors)
expect(book.published).to be(published)
expect(book.sold).to be(sold)
expect(book.finished).to be(finished)
expect(book.rate).to be(rate)
end
context 'boolean attribute' do
let(:object) { DefaultLenientAttributes.new }
context 'when value is not set' do
it 'return nil' do
expect(object.active).to be(nil)
end
end
context 'when value represents true' do
it 'returns true' do
object.active = true
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 1
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = '1'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 't'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 'T'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 'true'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 'TRUE'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 'on'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
object.active = 'ON'
expect(object.active).to be(true)
end
end
context 'when value represents false' do
it 'returns false' do
object.active = false
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 0
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = '0'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'f'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'F'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'false'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'FALSE'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'off'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
object.active = 'OFF'
expect(object.active).to be(false)
end
end
end
end
describe '#define_attributes' do
describe 'option initialize: true' do
it 'generates initialize method' do
reader = Reader.new(name: 104, age: '23')
expect(reader.name).to eq('104')
expect(reader.age).to be(23)
end
it 'is possible to override initialize method' do
window = Window.new
expect(window.height).to be(200)
expect(window.width).to be(80)
window = Window.new(height: 210, width: 100)
expect(window.height).to be(210)
expect(window.width).to be(100)
end
end
describe 'option attributes: true' do
it 'generates attributes method' do
publisher = Publisher.new
expect(publisher.attributes).to eq({'name' => nil, 'books' => nil})
reader = Reader.new
expect(reader.attributes).to eq({'name' => nil, 'age' => nil})
end
it 'is possible to override attributes method' do
window = Window.new(height: 220, width: 100)
expect(window.attributes).to eq({'height' => 220, 'width' => 100, 'color' => 'white'})
end
it 'attributes method return all attributes with their values' do
publisher = Publisher.new
publisher.name = 101
publisher.books = '20'
expect(publisher.attributes).to eq({'name' => '101', 'books' => 20})
reader = Reader.new
reader.name = 102
reader.age = '25'
expect(reader.attributes).to eq({'name' => '102', 'age' => 25})
end
end
describe 'option attributes: :accessors' do
it 'doesn\'t interfere when you don\'t use the option' do
klass = AttributesWithoutAccessors.new
expect(klass.attributes).to eq({'title' => nil, 'pages' => nil, 'color' => 'white'})
end
it "is returns the values of accessors, not the ivars" do
klass = AttributesWithAccessors.new(pages: 10, title: 'Something')
expect(klass.attributes['pages']).to be(20)
expect(klass.attributes['title']).to eq('A Longer Title: Something')
end
it 'is possible to override attributes method' do
klass = AttributesWithAccessors.new(pages: 10, title: 'Something')
expect(klass.attributes).to eq({'pages' => 20, 'title' => 'A Longer Title: Something', 'color' => 'white'})
end
it 'works with default attributes' do
klass = AttributesWithAccessorsAndDefaults.new
expect(klass.attributes).to eq({'pages' => 20, 'title' => 'a title'})
end
end
end
describe "default attributes" do
it "sets the default values" do
class_with_defaults = ClassWithDefaults.new
expect(class_with_defaults.title).to eq('a title')
expect(class_with_defaults.pages).to be(10)
expect(class_with_defaults.authors).to eq([1, 2, 4])
end
it "allows you to override default values" do
class_with_defaults = ClassWithDefaults.new(title: 'Something', authors: [1, 5, 7])
expect(class_with_defaults.title).to eq('Something')
expect(class_with_defaults.pages).to be(10)
expect(class_with_defaults.authors).to eq([1, 5, 7])
end
it "allows callable default values" do
class_with_defaults = ClassWithDefaults.new
expect(class_with_defaults.callable).to eq("callable value")
end
it "doesn't use the same instance between multiple instances" do
class_with_defaults = ClassWithDefaults.new
class_with_defaults.authors << 2
class_with_defaults2 = ClassWithDefaults.new
expect(class_with_defaults2.authors).to eq([1, 2, 4])
end
end
describe 'collection member coercions' do
let(:instance) { ClassWithCollectionMemberAttribute.new }
let(:invites) do
[
{ name: 'Ivan', email: '[email protected]' },
{ name: 'Igor', email: '[email protected]' }
]
end
let(:address_hash) do
{
address: '123 6th St. Melbourne, FL 32904',
locality: 'Melbourne',
region: 'FL',
postal_code: '32904'
}
end
it 'must parse integer value' do
instance.page_numbers = '1'
expect(instance.page_numbers).to eq [1]
end
it 'must parse integer values' do
instance.page_numbers = [1, '2', nil]
expect(instance.page_numbers).to eq [1, 2, nil]
end
it 'must parse string values' do
instance.words = ['one', 2, 'three', nil]
expect(instance.words).to eq ['one', '2', 'three', nil]
end
it 'must parse custom class values' do
instance.invites = invites
expect(instance.invites.size).to eq invites.size
expect(instance.invites[0].is_a?(InviteForm)).to be true
expect(instance.invites[1].is_a?(InviteForm)).to be true
expect(instance.invites[0].name).to eq invites[0][:name]
expect(instance.invites[0].email).to eq invites[0][:email]
expect(instance.invites[1].name).to eq invites[1][:name]
expect(instance.invites[1].email).to eq invites[1][:email]
end
it 'must parse set values' do
instance.addresses = [address_hash]
item = instance.addresses.to_a[0]
expect(instance.addresses.size).to eq 1
expect(item.is_a?(Address)).to eq true
expect(item.address).to eq address_hash[:address]
expect(item.postal_code).to eq address_hash[:postal_code]
end
end
end
|
This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Flow control valves can be operated by a stepper motor to improve repeatability of valve member positions for valves requiring increased accuracy in controlling flow variability between a fully open and/or a fully closed position. Operations requiring an accurate delivery of a fluid volume or pressure to a working device can therefore benefit from the accuracy a stepper motor imparts compared to other known valve actuators. Known flow control valves operated by a stepper motor, however, commonly require a gear system or a multiple directional component drive system to change the rotational force of the stepper motor to a longitudinal force used to translate a valve member to open or closed valve positions. Common operating systems therefore lose operating force in order to drive the multiple parts. The complexity, power loss, and tolerance of the multiple moving parts of known systems also decrease position accuracy and repeatability of the valve position(s) that are beneficial reasons for using stepper motors for valve actuation. |
Q:
Application level optimization
what is the best way to call a stored procedure and still have a very low response time in asp.net ? i have tried filling a dataset from an adapter:
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(dbm.ConnectionString);
SqlCommand sqlcom = conn.CreateCommand();
sqlcom.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
sqlcom.CommandText = "";
sqlcom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@SOME_ID", Session[IWConstants.SessionAccountID]));
sqlcom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@END_DATE", ""));
sqlcom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@FILTER_OPTION", ""));
sqlcom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@START_DATE", ""));
SqlDataAdapter sqlDA = new SqlDataAdapter(sqlcom);
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
sqlDA.Fill(ds);
csvDataTable = ds.Tables[0];
and this block is giving me 11,000 plus milli seconds in response is there a better way of doing it ??
A:
What you have written is definitely one of the most efficient ways. I assume that you acrually set the CommandText to the name of your stored procedure.
Your response time probably has to do with either network topology or available sql server resources. (Assuming your sp excutes on very short time when tested directly on the sql server.)
Check out the second table on this page http://ormeter.net/ to see how much an ORM adds to execution time if that is what you are considering that as an option.
If you want to micro-optimize what happens in client code you could use a datareader instead of filling a dataset. That has slightly lower overhead, but in comparison to accessing the database it's usually negligable.
|
1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Canine coronavirus (CCoV; order *Nidovirales*, family Coronaviridae) is a large, enveloped, single stranded, RNA virus responsible for enteritis in dogs ([@bib0045]). Recently, due to changes in virus classification, the virus was classified as a member of the genus *Alphacoronavirus*, species *Alphacoronavirus-1*, together with transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine (TGEV) and feline coronavirus (FCoV) ([@bib0015]). The genome, 27 kb in length, contains two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1a and ORF1b which encompass the 5 two thirds of the genomic RNA and encode polyproteins leading to the replicase complex. The ORFs, encoding for the structural spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and the non-structural proteins (3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b), are located downstream of the replicase gene ([@bib0045]).
Coronaviruses are characterized by constant genetic evolution and diversity. To date, two different CCoV types have been recognized, CCoV type I (CCoV-I) and CCoV type II (CCoV-II), that share significant genetic similarity with FCoV type I (FCoV-I) and FCoV type II (FCoV-II), respectively ([@bib0045]). Moreover, in 2009, TGEV-like CCoVs of potential recombinant origin were identified and characterized as a new CCoV subtype (CCoV-IIb) ([@bib0050], [@bib0055], [@bib0060]).
CCoV is the causative agent of gastroenteritis in dogs, characterized by high morbidity and low mortality. Clinical signs include anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, mild to severe diarrhoea (usually lasting 1--2 weeks) and occasionally death, mainly in puppies. The disease is more severe in young animals ([@bib0010]). Systemic infections are not usual; however, during the past few years, there have been reports of fatal disease, with CCoV strains detected in the enteric tract, as well as in the organs ([@bib0005], [@bib0050]).
In 2010, CCoV identification, molecular characterization and sequence analysis took place for the first time in Greece, regarding common enteric CCoV-II strains detected in a severe outbreak of diarrhoea in a kennel ([@bib0095]). In the current study we report the quantitation and molecular characterization of two TGEV-like CCoV strains, detected in the organs of two puppies displaying fatal enteritis.
2. Materials and methods {#sec0010}
========================
2.1. Clinical case {#sec0015}
------------------
During summer of 2009, two dead dogs were submitted for laboratory investigation. The dogs were coming from two different pet shops of Thessaloniki, a city of northern Greece. Both dogs, a 6-week-old Yorkshire Terrier (66/09) and a 16-week-old Pomeranian (68/09), presented fever, lethargy, inappetence, severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea and vomiting leading to death, 2 days after the onset of the symptoms. The first puppy was vaccinated with a single dose of a polyvalent vaccine against all major infectious diseases (canine distemper, infectious hepatitis, parvoviral enteritis, parainfluenza and leptospirosis) 2 weeks before the symptoms, while the second one, had never been vaccinated.
Necropsy examination of both dogs revealed linear haemorrhages of the intestinal wall, haemorrhagic enteritis and ulcerated duodenum. Sero-sanguineous fluid was observed in the abdominal cavity of the Pomeranian. Lungs of both puppies were congested with multiple areas of emphysema. No lesions were observed at the heart. Liver of both puppies appeared enlarged, friable and yellow-brown in color with multifocal discolorated spots. Congested vessels in the dura mater of the brain were also observed.
2.2. Screening for viral pathogens {#sec0020}
----------------------------------
Samples from the faeces and the parenchymatous organs were subjected to virological investigations, using methods previously described, regarding common canine viral pathogens e.g., canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) (PCR and real time PCR) ([@bib0020], [@bib0030], [@bib0035]), canine distemper virus (CDV) (RT-PCR) ([@bib0065]), canine adenovirus type 1 and type 2 (CAV-1 and CAV-2) (PCR) ([@bib0075]) and CCoV (RT-PCR) ([@bib0100]).
2.3. Virus isolation {#sec0025}
--------------------
For virus isolation, A-72 cell line (canine fibrosarcoma) was used. The cells were grown in Dulbecco-Minimum Essential Medium (D-MEM) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). Faecal and tissue samples were homogenized (10%, w/v) in D-MEM and centrifuged at 8000 × *g* for 10 min. Supernatants were treated with antibiotics (1000 IU/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin) for 30 min, inoculated on partially confluent A72 cell cultures and then, they were incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ incubator. After an adsorption period of 30 min, D-MEM was added. Cells were daily observed for cytopathic effect (cpe) of CCoV for 5 days. An immunofluorescence (IF) assay was used for the detection of CCoV at the infected cells. For the IF assay a 1:100 dilution of cat polyclonal serum specific for *Alphacoronavirus-1* and a 1:100 dilution of goat anti-cat IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (Sigma--Aldrich, USA). Each sample was considered negative after 3 passages.
2.4. CCoV characterization and quantitation {#sec0030}
-------------------------------------------
RNA was extracted from faecal and organ samples of both dogs using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit and the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), respectively. For CCoV type I and II detection and quantitation in faecal and organ samples, two real time RT-PCR assays with the same sensitivity were used ([@bib0025]). Reverse transcription was performed using GeneAmp^®^ RNA PCR (Applied Biosystems, Italy) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions.
For the discrimination of classical (subtype IIa) and TGEV-like (subtype IIb) CCoVs, two RT-PCR assays with comparable levels of sensitivity were performed, as previously described ([@bib0055]). RT-PCRs with primers 20179/INS-R (CCoV-IIa) or 20179/174-268 (CCoV-IIb) were conducted using SuperScript One-Step RT-PCR for Long Templates (Invitrogen S.R.L.). In order to verify the absence of TGEV strains in the samples that were positive by CCoV-IIb specific assay, an RT-PCR, able to discriminate CCoV and TGEV according to the amplicon size was used ([@bib0120]).
2.5. Sequencing and sequence analysis {#sec0035}
-------------------------------------
The 3′ end of the genome of the CCoV-IIb strains was amplified as previously described, using viral RNA extracted from the lungs, SuperScript One-Step RT-PCR for Long Templates (Invitrogen S.R.L.) and six pairs of primers, specific for overlapping fragments, encompassing ORFs 2, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 5, 6, 7a and 7b ([@bib0040]). The nucleotide sequences were determined in both directions by a commercial facility (Beckman Coulter Genomics, United Kingdom). Sequence assembling and analysis were carried out using the BioEdit software package ([@bib0070]) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)) and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL; [http://www.ebi.ac.uk](http://www.ebi.ac.uk/)) analysis tools. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA4 program ([@bib0110]). Phylogenetic trees, based on the amino acid sequences of S, E, M and N proteins, were elaborated using neighbor-joining method, supplying a statistical support with bootstrapping over 1000 replicates. SimPlot was used for nucleotide sequence comparison of the two strains to *Alphacoronavirus-1* reference strains ([@bib0085]). The sequences of strains 66/09 and 68/09 were registered in GenBank under the accession numbers HQ450376 and HQ450377, respectively.
3. Results {#sec0040}
==========
3.1. CCoV detection, characterization and isolation {#sec0045}
---------------------------------------------------
By means of nested PCR assay for CCoV, viral RNA was detected in faeces, lungs, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, heart, and liver of both puppies. In addition, the brain of the Pomeranian (68/09) was tested positive, while the brain of the Yorkshire Terrier (66/09) was tested negative. By genotype specific real time RT-PCR assays, only CCoV-II was detected in all positive samples. CCoV-II RNA copies/μl of template in the samples are shown in [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"} .Table 1CCoV-II RNA copies/μl of template in the samples of the two puppies, tested by genotype-specific real time RT-PCR.Sample66/09 (Yorkshire Terrier)68/09 (Pomeranian)Faeces3.59 × 10^3^7.22 × 10^5^Liver4.64 × 10^4^3.21 × 10^5^Spleen5.20 × 10^5^1.55 × 10^7^Pancreas2.75 × 10^2^2.03 × 10^4^Kidney1.23 × 10^5^3.37 × 10^6^Lung5.99 × 10^6^4.10 × 10^6^Heart1.14 × 10^5^7.08 × 10^6^Brainn.d.2.47 × 10^3^[^1]
In the faecal samples of the two puppies, both CCoV-II subtypes were detected, while in the organs which tested positive, only CCoV which was characterized as TGEV-like (CCoV-IIb) was detected. No TGEV strains were detected in the samples.
The CCoV-IIb strains (66/09 and 68/09) were isolated from the lung homogenates of both puppies. A-72 cells developed a cytopathic effect that consisted of cell rounding and lysis of the monolayer. In addition, cells were tested positive by the immunofluorescence assay. Viral titres on cell cultures were 10^4.25^ (66/09) and 10^4^ TCID~50~/50 μl (68/09) at the 3rd passage.
3.2. Detection of other viral pathogens {#sec0050}
---------------------------------------
Both puppies were tested positive for CPV-2a field strains and negative for CDV, CAV-1 and CAV-2.
3.3. Sequencing results and phylogenetic analysis {#sec0055}
-------------------------------------------------
A total of 8822 and 8828 nucleotides were determined for strains 66/09 and 68/09, respectively, encompassing ORFs 2 (S protein), 3a, 3b, 3c, 4 (E protein), 5 (M protein), 6 (N protein), 7a and 7b. Alignment of the sequences with TGEV, CCoV and FCoV reference strains available in GenBank showed the highest identity to CCoV-IIb reference strain 119/08 (EU924791) (98.2% and 98.9% for 66/09 and 68/09, respectively). The two Greek strains shared an identity of 98%.
The spike protein gene of both strains was 4374 nucleotides long, encoding a protein of 1457 amino acids. When compared to four TGEV-like reference strains (430/07, 119/08, 174/06 and 341/05), no insertions or deletions were observed. The two strains shared 97.6% aa identity to each other, while they showed the highest aa identity to CCoV-IIb reference strain 119/08 (98.3%). By Simplot analysis, the two strains displayed higher nucleotide conservation with the TGEV strain Purdue than with the pantropic CCoV-IIa strain CB/05, at the 5′-end of the S gene ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"} ). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two Greek strains were more closely related to the four CCoV-IIb reference strains detected in dogs' organs ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}a).Fig. 1S gene sequences analysis with Simplot. The S gene of CCoV-IIb strain 68/09, TGEV strain Purdue and CCoV-IIa pantropic strain CB/05 were plotted against the S gene of CCoV-IIb strain 66/09.Fig. 2Neighbor-joining trees of the Greek strains, based on the S (a), E (b), M (c) and N (d) protein. The trees are rooted on the group 2 canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). The numbers represent the percentage of replicate trees based on 1000 bootstrap replicates.
The envelope protein was found to be 82 amino acids in length, like in most canine coronavirus strains and in three TGEV-like reference strains, 119/08, 174/06 and 341/05, with the exception of 430/07, which is 7 amino acids shorter. The Greek strains had high amino acid identity to each other (98.7%). E protein of strains 66/09 and 68/09 had the highest amino acid identity (100% and 98.7%, respectively) to the CCoV-IIb strains 341/05, 119/08, and to CCoV-IIa CB/05. In the E protein, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two strains were closely related to CCoV type II strains ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}b).
The membrane protein (M protein) of strains 66/09 and 68/09 was found to be 260 and 262 amino acids long, respectively. Two amino acids were missing from the N-terminal end of the M protein of strain 66/09 in positions 24 and 36, as it has been also observed in reference CCoV-IIb strains 174/06 and 341/05. The two strains shared high amino acid similarity (94.6%). M protein of strains 66/09 and 68/09 had the highest amino acid identity to the CCoV-IIb reference strains detected in the organs (97.3% and 100%, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis of the M protein showed that the two strains were closely related to CCoV-IIa and CCoV-IIb strains ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}c).
The N gene (nucleoprotein) was found to be 1149 nucleotides in length, coding for a polypeptide of 382 amino acids. The two proteins were 98.1% similar. The amino acid sequences had the highest identity with CCoV-IIb 119/08 (98.6% and 99.4%, for 66/09 and 68/09, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two Greek strains were more closely related to CCoV-II reference strains ([Fig. 2](#fig0010){ref-type="fig"}d).
4. Discussion {#sec0060}
=============
Homologous RNA recombination consists one of the major "powers" of genetic evolution and diversity, regarding coronaviruses ([@bib0125]). Under field conditions, mixed infections are required to give rise to recombination events. So far, experimental infections of piglets ([@bib0130]) and dogs ([@bib0080]) with CCoV and TGEV strains, respectively, and the fact that feline aminopeptidase N serves as a functional receptor for both CCoV and TGEV ([@bib0115]), strongly suggest that the two viruses can be found growing at the same "environment" in nature, although the exact host of recombination still remains unknown.
A canine coronavirus strain (UCD-1) of potential recombinant origin with TGEV, was identified for the first time in the late 90s ([@bib0120]). Recently, TGEV-like strains were reported, circulating in dogs in different countries of Europe ([@bib0055]). The strains were detected in faecal samples of dogs with gastroenteritis, they were classified as the new subtype CCoV-IIb and it was suggested that they were a result of recombination events, occurring at different times of these, regarding the old strain UCD-1 ([@bib0055]). In the present study, sequence and phylogenetic analysis takes place for the first time in CCoV-IIb strains detected in Greece.
Moreover, our findings suggest that TGEV-like CCoV strains spreading to the internal organs are circulating in dogs, since so far, there has been only one report in Italy ([@bib0050]). By means of real time RT-PCR, tissue distribution and quantitation of both strains were assessed for the first time, revealing the spreading of the virus to the internal organs. The CPV-2 coinfection may contribute to the spreading of TGEV-like CCoV strains, since so far, they have been only detected in organs of dogs infected also with CPV-2 ([@bib0050]). However, the detection of CCoV-IIa strains strictly in the faeces, in both cases, suggests that CCoV-IIb may have an advantage in disseminating through the dog. In the first report of TGEV-like strains detected in the organs, CCoV-I was also detected strictly in the intestinal content in two cases ([@bib0050]). These cases strongly suggest a difference in pathobiology of CCoV-IIb with respect to CCoV-I/IIa.
By sequence and phylogenetic analysis, it was shown that both strains segregate constantly with the CCoV-IIb reference strains detected in the organs of dogs. Accordingly, the strains were highly similar to TGEV in the 5′ end of the S gene, whereas they clustered with the pantropic CCoV variant CB/05 (subtype CCoV-IIa) in the E, M and N proteins. In a previous study, CCoV-IIb strains detected in the organs were found to share higher amino acid identity with CB/05 than with CCoV common enteric strains, at the level of the same proteins ([@bib0050]). Whether the ability of CCoV-IIb strains to spread to the organs is related to the recently recognized recombinant protein S or to the CB/05-like proteins (E, M and N) needs further research. However, the S-protein "scenario" seems to be more possible, since in coronaviruses S protein mediates receptor attachment, and tissue tropism shift has been associated with mutations in the S gene ([@bib0090]).
In the last decade, new genotypes and subtypes of canine coronavirus have been recognized. Furthermore, a pantropic variant with the ability to cause fatal systemic infection was detected ([@bib0005]). Previous studies revealed that there are antigenic differences between CCoV-I and II ([@bib0105]). In addition, antigenic differences were observed between the two subtypes, CCoV-IIa and CCoV-IIb (TGEV-like CCoVs) ([@bib0050]). Whether the currently circulating vaccines can protect against the TGEV-like recombinant isolates or not has to be verified via vaccinations and experimental infections.
5. Conclusion {#sec0065}
=============
In conclusion, this was the first report of CCoV-IIb tissue distribution. Up to now, there has been only one report of TGEV-like strains detected in internal organs of puppies in Italy. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the structural proteins, the two Greek isolates were found to be related to the Italian prototype CCoV-IIb strains. In addition, in all cases a mixed infection with CPV-2 was reported. However, the detection of CCoV-IIa strains, strictly at the faeces, suggests that CCoV-IIb strains may have an advantage in disseminating throughout a dog with CPV-2 coinfection, in contrast to common enteric CCoV-IIa strains.
Ntafis Vasileios is grateful to Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation for doctoral funding.
[^1]: n.d., not detected.
|
Pages
September 28, 2010
Bedtime Stories
I curl up and tuck my bare feet under me, squeeze tight my eyes and try to think about bedtime as a little girl. If I had a routine, it included the tiny trial-size perfumes on my brass vanity, I'd smell them, and their lids clink. And sometimes I'd peek into my closet at my Guess? jean jacket. Shut the door and smile and feel lucky.
Bedtime is exhausting here, and I finally get them all to sleep and then my mind races about what they think about before they drift off, and I wonder, did my words and actions blanket them softly, or scratchy?
I clean up half-heartedly, but I don't even really give that much. I haven't the energy to be more than a blob. I give myself quiet time, but then I feel guilty, and wasted. I'm tired but too selfish to sleep.
I stay home all day with my kids, and then all night. And I know better, to cut myself some slack but seriously, I'm not any good at this. If this is what I am and what I'm going to do with my life, if this is what I'm going to lay it all down for, I want to at least be a little good at it.
What is my strong suit? I can't keep the house clean enough, stay ahead of the laundry pile, I try to make good meals but sometimes they are pitiful, including the ramen noodles they had last night.
When do I get to punch out?
And what do their hearts feel, when they see their life-less mother, that's let herself go, on the inside and the outside,
54 comments:
Oh Steph, I so know where you are coming from. This mothering, this parenting is trying and rewarding and taxing and amazing all at once, isn't it. Your strong suit is that you are you. You love them and they know that.
I love that you're so transparent & honest- in good & bad times...I think that you and your children are just precious. Don't be hard on yourself- we all over extend ourselves...it's those who know it & want to be better who already ARE better. :) That's you!
It's sooooo hard. I think that exact same thing. "Is this what I'm meant to do with my life? if it is, then I suck at it, and I should be getting better." But you know what, I bet ifyou asked Evie (or Ivy) if they thought we sucked at it, they would scream "helll nooo." I think our kids know they are loved. They feel it every time we hug them, brush their hair, make them breakfast, and kiss their boo boos. I bet you if our kids could communicate how they feel about us, it would be all hearts and rainbows.
By nightfall I'm a total grouch! Feeling the full weight on my shoulders of caring for a house, husband and three children. I co-sleep with my youngest while feeling guilty that I'm not cuddling all of them. Are they laying in bed sad and scared? Do they need me more than I'm able to give them? Are they going to remember all the good times or just when I yell at them? I wish I had it all together. I wish my house and meals resembled that of Martha Stewart, but they don't. I hope my boys appreciate my hard work, and the fact that I don't have all the answers.
I could have written this post. I feel like my words blanket Maggie in a scratchy way most nights. Then I go in for another hug, kiss and "I love you more". I never knew this job could be so hard or that I could feel SO bad about my mothering, cooking and housekeeping on a daily basis. My house is cleaner than most, but I have too many places where I just stick things to get them out of the way. I feel like I should be better at all of this since I don't have a "real" job. Uggghhh.
I've been feeling like this lately too. Sometimes I think I'm a horrible Mom for just wanting to be away, by myself for a whole day (or two) and not feel guilty for it.
It's hard being the one home ALL THE TIME and Lucy has been seeing the result of my frustrations a lot lately. I always make sure to give her lots of higs and kisses and I Love You's but I also wonder if it's enough sometimes.
I guess only time will tell...but I'll keep picking myself up after the bad days and try to make the next one better. That's all we can do.
I feel this way too, a lot! Thanks for being so honest. It's easy to tell other mothers to take time for themselves...but when it comes to myself, I have a hard time taking time for myself without feeling guilty. Lately, I've been giving myself a "punching out" time an hour before I go to bed, where I tell myself that I am NOT going to do housework. It has helped immensely. Also, believe me, your kids are never going to remember the dust bunnies under the couch, but they WILL remember a mother that loved them to pieces!
Oh dear sweet Stephanie, there are many a days that I have felt like this. My husband used to come home and see me this way and wonder why I didn't do this or that. But he sees our girls and he realizes how good they are. (especially when compared to some of their peers) He sees how they are so well adjusted and he hears good things about them from others and one day he said to me. "You are such an excellent mother and our girls show for that and while I would want everything to be perfect in this season of our lives the most important thing is them and I am thankful that you are doing a good job"
Now that didn't come until the girls were 10 and 7. I used to try to do it all and I realized that I can't. It's no use beating yourself up over it, because when I realized that I couldn't do it all and things were going to be left undone. Well that is when I started to feel better about myself and I don't get so overwhelmed. Altho there are many days when I feel overwhelmed i realize that one day they will be gone and doing their own thing and how I would probably cherish the craziness and the dishes piling up and the days I sometimes go in between showers.
Oh hon. To know that even you feel this way...of course you do. You are human. But know that so many of us admire you -- and the way that you mother -- so much. You do need to carve out time to nurture yourself. Not just to catch a break, but to actually nurture yourself and feed your soul. You are an incredible mother. It shines through more than you realize - we see it in the background of your stories and your photos, things you don't even realize you're showing us. Your children are loved, and they feel it. If we can feel it from here, you can bet that they can.
And the house and the meals and the laundry? We are all in the same boat, my friend. I was just confessing to some other mothers this morning that I am certain my house has more layers of filth and grime than anyone else's, that I make quesadillas and call it 'dinner'. That the laundry baskets have taken on the status of livingroom furniture because they've been sitting there for so long.
And these other mothers? They said -- me too. Same story, different details.
These days of raising little people are busy and full and draining and the work keeps coming. Just when you catch a breath another wave hits, and you have to keep swimming, right? But every now and then you need to climb up on one of those long inflatable rafts for one. One with a cupholder. And just float, because you need the rest and the pampering in order to keep swimming.
Love to you, my sweet friend. Your honesty just helped many, many mothers feel a little less alone, a little less like failures. I hope the comments that pour in do the same for you.
What they know is that they are safe, happy, warm, and loved. We all fall short of our own (too high) expectations.It made me cry with relief to know that I'm not the only one who feels this way many, many nights.
Sweet sweet Steph....this group of thoughts shows just how wonderful a mother you are.
Questioning yourself is a great indicator of how much you care. If you weren't questioning your actions, how you are raising them, what your life is like and worrying about how your children are - well, then, you wouldn't be a great mother. Because if you think you are doing everything right, you are wrong.
So take those thoughts that are scary and depressing, take a moment to accept the feeling...and then move on. Do something that doesn't take a long time that you can feel accomplished about. Not the laundry that will always pile up, or the toys that never seem put away for very long. Make your bed. Clean the sink. Wash the windows. Something that has an end point, at least for a few days.
Then take a moment for yourself. Read a book. Sit outside with a cup of tea. Take a relaxing bubble bath. Do something that makes YOU happy. Don't make something for someone else. Not something that has a benefit for someone else. Something that is selfish. You can't take care of others if you aren't taking care of yourself.
sorry about erasing the above comment - too many typos!sometimes it just feels better to say it aloud doesn't it?i have a post sitting in my to be posted pile apologizing for yelling to my cora. at bedtime. gah. i still "hate" myself for doing it!it sits there 'cause i'm not quite ready for everyone to see that i do that. though, don't we all?
Your kids remember your heart...not the outside stuff. I yell at my babies more often than I want to and I ache because of it. My mother in law tells a story of a conversation she had with her now grown daughter. Her daughter told her friends her mom never yelled :-) She was overjoyed to hear her daughter had forgotten the grouchy days and the yelling, but remembered the love in her heart.
I think every one of us has been there. I'm there all the time. Doesn't help when the husband complains about the state of the house or some sort of thing. Hope you remember soon that you are their mom and love them...and that's what's most important. And here's to us all learning to take care of ourselves as much as the kids.
Hugs! You're probably doing better than you think you are. Bedtime is always hard for me too, with the last ebbing energy... Set yourself some really small positive goals tomorrow maybe. A story. An extra hug for each kid. Every bit helps you feel better about the job you're doing, and feels good to your kiddos too. Remember, God made kids to be raised by humans.HugsMary
Oh honey, I only have one baby but I know how you feel. I collapsed in tears the other day because the house was a mess and the laundry was piled up and all I did was throw random stuff in the crock pot and call it chili. I was told I was amazing and that I was doing such a great job with the new baby.
You are amazing. And you are doing such a great job. I can see it. Everyone who comes to your blog and sees your pictures can see it.
I think about this too. Because I think it does. Many nights it brings the kind of shadows that blossom cruelly into nightmares and they're up screaming and I know some of the negative/sad/depressed/grieving/whatever energy somehow sloughed off my skin and onto them.
Or maybe I'm just dramatic.
But each little moment is a moment. Each one matters. And that isn't meant to be a bad thing, but a reminder to our souls that if we really tallied the moments, the "win" column would still be heavier than the "fail" column.
But it's crazy for me to pretend my unhappiness won't be handed down to them as much as my happiness will...
This is me. And what an ironic statement too, because sleep really is part of self-care. Nighttime is MY time, even though I'm usually too beat to do anything I actually enjoy.
I remember feeling very lonely at night. I have always been a night owl, and I remember laying in my bed in the dark, just feeling alone, or reading with a rogue flashlight under the covers. It helped when we got a dog that would sleep with me. I think part of why I'm not worried about P sleeping with us 'forever' is because I don't want her to feel that way either. Nighttime can be a lonely place, and until she wants that time to herself, I am willing to share it.
I think there are so many mothers that could write these exact words, but yet are too scared to because of the judgement that awaits them. We've (as moms) have piled so many expectations upon ourselves, it's impossible to meet them.... the perfect chef, impecible housekeeper, loving yet firm mother who gives 110% without anything in return and still has that extra 100% to give to her husband as he walks through the door. That's not to mention all the other roles and hats that we as moms have, it's not next to impossible to do... it IS impossible. And on top of it, we feel as if we're failing if we admit how hard it is and we can't do it. How messed up is all that?????
Steph, you're kids know how much you love them... and sometimes yes, you're the grumpy mommy that puts them to bed, but I've found that sometimes I'm better off to admit it to my girls. Hey... guess what? Mommy's a bit tired and grumpy tonight, what should we do about that? Or I'll just appoligize now for it.... I'm amazed by the amount of understanding my 5 and 7 year old have when I'm honest with them.
And no, I don't remember my mom's grumpy days.... thinking back, I love the fact my mom stayed home with us, she made that sacrifice. She did it out of love and I know now, as a mom, oh yes... she has grumpy days and days with no energy, but I don't remember it. I remember the crafts, the homemade cookies and the love. So much love.....
I definitely identify with your feelings. You seem to be an amazing, engaged mothers--and for that you will be remembered.
Also, I must say in response to your question, "What is my strong suit?" Writing. Resonating with your readers. Being a voice for moms. It helps my heart to read your blog, and see my feelings echoed on this page. You are amazing!
Wow. Like the chorus of voices before me, I find this post so resonant and so bittersweet. Having read just a bit from you in the past, I suspect that your words and actions blanket your children in security and love. (Besides, I like to comfort myself with the thought that those of us who spend time asking these big questions are probably those least likely to to be living problematic answers to them.)
I don't get it -- selfish? I may hardly know you, but I know you're anything but selfish. You have many strong suits. Writing being one of them. Loving your kids being another. So hard to strike the right balance between sacrificing yourself for your children, and not losing yourself in your children. Please know that it's more than okay - it's actually important - to take care of yourself, too. Try not to think of it as selfish. Think of it as making you a better mom and wife for the long haul. (Hope some of that was helpful at all.)
Me too. Sometimes I go back in to their rooms after I've had a few minutes to re-group and I apologize and hug and kiss them goodnight again. I hope to goodness that's what they remember when they think back to bedtimes when they were little and not Zombie Mom with the the hollow eyes and deep, weary sighs. Maybe you could ask them - "What is bedtime like around here?" and have a discussion about it. I'm willing to bet that they mostly love and cherish it, and that they completely love and cherish you.
I was just about to type the exact comment that Tiff above me said - how do you get in my head and make my thoughts sound much more eloquent then they actually are?
I too am choosing to be home, but at times I wonder if my kids would be better off with other caregivers - ones that only do it from 9-5 and are therefore refreshed and have perspective and don't carry over the night or the previous day.
I know it's such a cliche, but I think of this often: "motherhood is really hard if you're doing it right."
I just want to give you a huge hug and take you out for coffee and encourage you the way another mom recently just did for me when I was feeling so much of these feelings. This season of motherhood is so intense. It's so intense. xxoo.
I just wanted to tell you that I completely understand. And that when I think about "good parenting", a mom of which I aspire to be like, a mother I admire, I think of you, Steph. But I do know that we ALL feel exactly as you do sometimes. Just know it's normal to feel that way; and you are an incredible mother to those incredible children.
me too. all of this times a hundred. I've felt it, thought it, done it.
tonight, after emma was in bed and ken had lucy, I felt like I had accomplished so much b/c I cleaned the kitchen, put laundry in, fed the dogs and took the trash out. but then I had to step over the toys and the blankets and the baby wipes and the nursing bra (on the floor!) to get to the stairs ... and I just came right up the stairs without picking up.
and I know Emma will go downstairs in the morning and step over all of it to get to the breakfast table. and she'll probably hear me grumble about the mess.
secretly? I am so glad you mentioned ramen b/c my kid has been living off of annie's mac and cheese and turkey dogs for lunch since July.
You are SOOO poetic and put into words so often what I feel but can't say. your strong suit from I 'know' of you??? You are there with your kids. you give to them every ounce of who you are. you are extremily nurturing even when you don't feel it.I read your blog because it reminds me of the joys of going to the park with my kids and the joys of sitting outside while they ride their bikes carefree. you remind me to get off this computer, put down the broom and get outside!!!seriously.
You are awesome Steph. An awesome mom & an awesome person. I have read your words for over 2 years, so I KNOW that. You know that, too - most days. We all have those days where we don't feel good enough to be a mom. I work 40 hours a week outside the home, so I obviously am away from my family for that time - but I still need ME time on the weekend...even if it's for an hour. And I yell and feel guilty. Make time for you-you'll feel renewed...but you know that already :) Just a gentle reminder.
we have ALL been there. There are nights I have laid in bed and cried over the millions of different ways I've failed my children in a single day. And yet...it's not all failure. I can't keep up with the laundry pile but I was there watching when they said "Look, mom!". I yelled too much but I made sure to give them an extra long hug and a heartfelt "I'm sorry." We none of us are as good at this as we think *everyone else must be.
We never get to punch out...but the demands motherhood makes on us do change and fluctuate. My oldest is almost 13 and I've seen the other side. I'm not saying it's easier but it's a different kind of hard. And on those long long days, even a different kind of hard seems somehow easier.
Steph: I know I am not a great commenter (sorry), but my computer time is so limited, but i do you read your post everyday and so appreciate them.
I read this yesterday and felt like I really wanted to comment, here i am finally with a minute ... I have tried to think of what I wanted to say, you know those perfect words, that I am just not good with.
I could tell you that you are a wonderful mom, because I think you are! I could tell you that I get it, because as the mom to 6 my life is crazy! But as I read through some of the comments, I see that has all been said. So I guess I will just say THANKS, THANKS for being a mom (a great one too), THANKS for articulating what some moms feel, THANKS for sharing, and mostly THANKS for being you, it makes the world a better place.
such a sweet post. thank you for sharing. i am currently not winning mother of the year...baby is eating a late lunch b/c i forgot to bring a spoon to the park and therefore had to try to feed her with a fork. she didn't like it. and my sick four-year-old has been yelled at more than once today. none of it is his fault. i'm just feeling off and am praying that he isn't scarred for life.
I know the feeling. I always wonder if my mother felt this way too with THREE kids (I have one and feel the same way you do!). And I feel like she didn't. Or if she did, she had some magic trick of making life seem beautiful. :) I wish she would share it! :)Just remember "this too shall pass" :) |
If you can help publicize this list in any way you can — on your blog, your Facebook page, your Twitter feed, your email list, whatever — I think it might make a big difference to our movement. And if you’re in touch with other movers and shakers in the movement (conference organizers, organization leaders, bloggers, etc.) who you think would or should be interested in this information, can you please let them know about it as well?
There’s a common perception in our community that there just aren’t that many non-white people in it. I think getting more people (especially more movement leaders) familiar with this list, and other lists like it, could go a long way to helping diversify our movement and making it more welcoming to a wider range of people. And if we can publicize the existence of organizations specifically (or largely) devoted to supporting atheists of color, I think it could go a long way to making people of color who are on the fence about religion — as well as people of color who are already non-believers but aren’t out about it — feel more welcomed and included in the godless community.
Also, if you see any errors in the list, or any names/ organizations that should be on it and aren’t, I’d very much appreciate hearing about it. And if you’re on this list yourself and don’t want to be — or if you’re happy to be but need your information corrected — please let me know. Thanks!
P.S. In case you’re not already familiar with it, Jen McCreight has compiled a similar list of female atheists: A large list of awesome female atheists http://www.blaghag.com/2010/01/large-list-of-awesome-female-atheists.html |
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) in the liver is a rare entity that behaves aggressively. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a NEC component is very rare, consisting of about 0.46% of primary hepatic tumors \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Eighteen cases of primary combined or collided NEC and HCC have been reported in English literature to this date \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]-[@b14-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. None of these cases had paraneoplastic syndromes or proved to be functional.
Hypercalcemia is a well-known paraneoplastic metabolic condition associated with many malignancies \[[@b15-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. In HCC, hypercalcemia accounts for 7.8% of the paraneoplastic syndromes \[[@b16-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. While primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause for hypercalcemia without malignancies, hypercalcemia can occur in association with malignancies through other mechanisms. Most of the malignancies associated with hypercalcemia proved to be caused by parathyroid hormone (PTH)--related peptide (PTHrP) \[[@b17-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Metastasis of the malignancies to the bone can also cause osteolysis leading to hypercalcemia \[[@b17-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Only rare cases are considered to be a result of ectopic PTH production by the tumors.
Here, we present a rare case of combined hepatic NEC and HCC with malignancy associated hypercalcemia caused by ectopic PTH production. Previously reported primary mixed HCC and NEC cases and ectopic PTH-producing HCC cases are also summarized and discussed.
CASE REPORT
===========
A 44-year-old man presented with a hepatic mass discovered during a regular abdominal ultrasound for hepatitis B virus associated chronic liver disease. The chronic liver disease was diagnosed 9 years ago and the patient was on Tenofovir. Laboratory findings showed elevated white blood cells (17,000/μL), mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (4 IU/L), alanine transaminase (22 IU/L), and normal calcium and phosphate levels. Computed tomographic scan identified one huge mass in segment (S) 8 and the other small mass in S6, with thrombi in right portal and hepatic veins. No other systemic lesion was found. The patient underwent right hemihepatectomy with partial diaphragm resection and lymph node dissection.
On pathological examination, the cut section of S8 revealed a yellow-whitish mass measuring 10.5 × 8.0 with irregular margins and necrosis. The mass in S6 was a yellowish multinodular mass that measured 1.3 × 1.0. Tumor thrombosis was noted in the right portal vein, and cirrhosis was observed in the nonneoplastic liver. Histologically, the main mass in S8 consisted of two components; a dominant poorly differentiated carcinoma component (60%) composed of small tumor cells with enlarged vesicular irregular nuclei, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, large nucleoli, and frequent mitoses, and multiple foci of typical HCC component (40%) showing trabecular architecture and grade 2 nuclei ([Fig. 1](#f1-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="fig"}). The tumor penetrated the Glisson's capsule directly invading the diaphragm and showed extensive necrosis and microvessel invasion. The poorly differentiated carcinoma component was focally positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7 and negative for α-fetoprotein, hepatocyte, glypican-3, and CK19 immunohistochemistry, and was interpreted as poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma component. The pathologic diagnosis of S8 mass was combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma. The other mass in S6 showed typical histologic features of HCC. There was no metastasis in 22 lymph nodes.
The patient subsequently received adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) of one cycle of 5-flourouracil chemotherapy and two cycles of 5 fx radiation. On postoperative day 59, he visited the emergency room for nausea and vomiting. Laboratory results showed elevated levels of total calcium (13.2 mg/dL; normal range, 8.8 to 10.5), ionized calcium (2.3 mmol/L; normal range, 1.05 to 1.35), blood urea nitrogen (33 mg/dL; normal range, 10 to 26), and creatinine (2.16 mg/dL; normal range, 0.7 to 1.4) with normal to low levels of phosphate. Further evaluation of hypercalcemia revealed markedly increased PTH (3,859 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; normal range, 15 to 65), and neuron-specific enolase (101.04 ng/mL; normal range, 0 to 16.3). Parathyroid scan was performed to exclude primary hyperparathyroidism, which showed no abnormality. Whole body positron emission tomography revealed multiple hypermetabolic lesions in the liver and whole skeleton, and biopsy of an osteolytic lesion involving a left rib discovered metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma. Only the poorly differentiated carcinoma component, not the HCC component, was identified in the metastatic lesion. Regarding hypercalcemia, elevated PTH could not be explained with bone metastasis or PTHrP, and hypercalcemia persisted despite management. Finally, ectopic PTH production by the tumor was suggested as the cause of hypercalcemia.
Meanwhile, the clinician in charge enquired to the pathologist of the presence of NEC component in the tumor based on the possibility that ectopic hormone could be secreted by NEC, the rapid progression of the tumor and the elevated neuron-specific enolase level. Subsequent immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine markers and PTH were performed on both primary (S8 mass) and metastatic tumor specimens. CD56 stained positive while chromogranin and synaptophysin were focally positive in the poorly differentiated area on both specimens, implying neuroendocrine differentiation ([Fig. 2](#f2-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="fig"}). The component with typical HCC morphology was negative for all three markers ([Fig. 2](#f2-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="fig"}). There was no immunoreactivity for PTH on either specimen. Symptomatic treatment including continuous renal replacement therapy was applied for the acute renal failure induced by hypercalcemia. However, the patient expired of disease progression 2 months after diagnosis.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB No. B-1801-442-702), and patient consent was waived.
DISCUSSION
==========
Primary combined HCC and NEC is very rare. The initial pathologic diagnosis of this case was combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma because its poorly differentiated component bore little resemblance to typical NEC morphology. However, with clinical suspicion, immunohistochemistry revealed multifocal areas within the poorly differentiated component that stained positive for neuroendocrine markers. Therefore, we classified it as combined HCC and NEC.
The clinical characteristics of the 18 reported cases of primary mixed HCC and NEC are summarized in [Table 1](#t1-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="table"}. Most cases were associated with chronic hepatitis B or C. The reported carcinomas have been classified to two types according to its spatial histologic arrangement. Combined types have a transition zone in which HCC and NEC intermingle with each other whereas collision types show clear separation of the histologically different components, usually by fibrous septa. In our case, the HCC was tightly intermingled with the NEC component, their borders almost indiscernible due to transition zones. Therefore, we classified it as combined HCC and NEC.
Primary mixed HCC and NEC generally tend to have a poorer prognosis than conventional HCC \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Of the 18 cases summarized, eight patients experienced recurrence, six patients died within the year of operation from the disease, and only two patients were confirmed to be alive 2 years after surgery ([Table 1](#t1-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="table"}). Remarkably, in the cases with biopsy-confirmed metastasis, the NEC component was solely found in all occasions, similar to the presenting case. This indicates that the NEC component acts more aggressively, which has a much poorer prognosis than primary HCC \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Therefore, it is important to identify the neuroendocrine component and assure proper treatment be given to the patient.
None of the reported combined HCC-NEC described paraneoplastic syndrome or ectopic hormone production. To our knowledge, our case may be the first to report primary mixed HCC and NEC associated with malignancy-related hypercalcemia caused by ectopic PTH production. The patient had multiple bone metastases, and one of which was histologically confirmed. In hypercalcemia caused by osteolytic lesions or PTHrP produced by tumors, however, PTH levels are usually suppressed \[[@b15-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. It led us to favor ectopic PTH production to be the cause for hypercalcemia than bone metastasis or PTHrP, even though serum PTHrP level was not available.
The prevalence of hypercalcemia accounts for 7.8% of the paraneoplastic syndromes observed in HCC, and is associated with short survival \[[@b16-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. Ectopic PTH production has been reported in only three HCC cases ([Table 2](#t2-jptm-2018-05-17){ref-type="table"}) and not in any primary hepatic NEC case. All three cases performed PTH immunohistochemistry on their biopsy specimens which were negative. Our case also showed negative results. These findings, rather than acting as counter-evidence of hormone production, may suggest that the tumor cells do not store PTH but secrete it into circulation soon after synthesis \[[@b18-jptm-2018-05-17],[@b19-jptm-2018-05-17]\]. We were not able to perform genetic analysis or RNA sequencing for PTH mRNA. As hypercalcemia developed during adjuvant CCRT, comparison of intact PTH levels of before and after the operation or CCRT was impossible. However, in our case, the patient developed hypercalcemia with elevated intact PTH as the metastatic lesions formed. Considering that the metastatic component was NEC, it may be possible to suggest that the intact PTH was synthesized by the NEC cells.
Primary hepatic NEC has poor prognosis, and the NEC component of primary mixed HCC and NEC behaves aggressively. Clinicians and pathologists are advised to take caution for neuroendocrine differentiation when diagnosing poorly differentiated HCC.
**Conflicts of Interest**
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
{#f1-jptm-2018-05-17}
{#f2-jptm-2018-05-17}
######
Summary of previously reported primary mixed hepatocellular and neuroendocrine carcinoma cases
Age (yr)/sex Chronic hepatitis type Tumor size (cm) Nodal metastasis Type Ectopic hormone production Clinical course Treatment Survival
-------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------ ----------------- ------------------ ----------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Barsky *et al*. \[[@b2-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 43/M B Large Negative Combined None \- Chemotherapy (doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil) Dead (26 mo)
Artopoulos and Destuni \[[@b3-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 69/M B 10 Negative Combined None \- Surgery Not given
Ishida *et al*. \[[@b4-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 72/M C 3 Positive (NEC) Collision None \- Surgery Not given
Yamaguchi *et al*. \[[@b5-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 71/M C 4.1 Negative Combined None Recurred (5 mo, bone) Surgery Alive (F/U 5 mo)
Garcia *et al*. \[[@b6-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 50/M C 5.3 Negative Collision None Recurred (4 mo, liver) Surgery → recur: chemotherapy (doxorubicin, thalidomide, bevacizumab) Alive (F/U 16 mo)
Yang *et al*. \[[@b7-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 65/M B 7.5 Positive (NEC) Combined None Recurred (3 mo, liver) Surgery Dead (12 mo)
Tazi *et al*. \[[@b8-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 68/M B 4.0 Positive (NEC) Collision None \- Surgery → chemotherapy (cisplatin, etoposide) Alive (F/U 28 mo)
Nakanishi *et al*. \[[@b9-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 76/M C 3.0 Negative Combined None Recurred (6 mo, bone) TACE → surgery Dead (7 mo)
Aboelenen *et al*. \[[@b10-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 51/M C 7.5 Negative Combined None \- Surgery Alive (F/U 6 mo)
Nishino *et al*. \[[@b11-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 72/M C 2.5 Negative Combined None Recurred (1 wk, lymph nodes) Surgery → recur: chemotherapy (cisplatin, etoposide) Dead (2 mo)
Nomura *et al*. \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 71/M C 4.1 Not given Combined None Recurred (liver) Surgery Dead (8 mo)
Nomura *et al*. \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 71/M C 3.0 Not given Collision None Recurred (liver) RFA → surgery Dead (2 mo)
Nomura *et al*. \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 58/M B 4.3 Not given Combined None \- Surgery Alive (F/U 20 mo)
Nomura *et al*. \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 50/M B 1.8 Not given Combined None \- Surgery Alive (F/U 19 mo)
Nomura *et al*. \[[@b1-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 63/M C 3.0 Not given Combined None \- IFN → surgery Alive (24 mo)
Baker *et al*. \[[@b12-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 76/M None 5.5 Negative Collision None \- Surgery → chemotherapy (platinum-based) Alive (F/U not given)
Choi *et al*. \[[@b13-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 72/M C 2.5 Negative Collision None Recurred (6 mo, liver) Surgery → recur: chemotherapy (cisplatin, etoposide) Alive (F/U 10 mo)
Liu *et al*. \[[@b14-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 65/M C 4.3 Positive (NEC) Collision None \- Surgery Dead (1.3 mo)
M, male; NEC, neuroendocrine carcinoma; F/U, follow-up; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; IFN, interferon therapy.
######
Summary of previously reported hepatocellular carcinoma cases with ectopic PTH production
Age/Sex Chronic hepatitis type Hepatocellular carcinoma Initial laboratory findings Parathyroid lesion Treatment Method of ectopic PTH confirmation Survival
-------------------------------------------------- --------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- -------------------
Koyama *et al*. \[[@b20-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 83/M C Single 8 cm mass 13 (8.9--10.1) 360 (15--50) 18.7 (13.8--55.3) 29.348 (0--10) None TAE Venous sampling Alive (F/U 24 mo)
Decreased serum calcium and intact PTH after TAE
Mahoney *et al*. \[[@b19-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 72/M None Multiple large lesions, extending into portal vein 14.5 (8.5--10.5) 92 (12--65) \< 0.7 (\< 1.3) Not given Parathyroid adenoma Parathyroid resection and TACE Sestamibi SPECT scan Dead (not given)
Immunoradiometric assay and rapid assay
Abe *et al*. \[[@b18-jptm-2018-05-17]\] 73/F B Large mass with multiple metastasis 12.9 (8.5--10.5) 99 (\< 60) \< 1 (not given) 189.3 (not given) None TACE Decreased serum calcium and intact PTH after TACE Dead (2 mo)
PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, PTH-related peptide; AFP, α-fetoprotein; M, male; TAE, transcatheter arterial embolization; F/U, follow-up; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomographic.
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The present invention relates to a magnetic head, in particular relates to such a magnetic head for recording and/or reproducing a magnetic signal on a magnetic medium with high recording density. The present invention relates in particular to a digital signal recording/reproducing system.
The high density magnetic recording technique has been considerably improved, with the recording density becoming ten times as large as that of ten years ago. For instance the recording density up to 8000 bits/mm has been reported in an experiment with a single pole head. However, that value (8000 bits/mm) is obtained merely in an experiment, and the practical value is less than 3000 bits/mm even when a single pole head for vertical recording is used.
Some of the important problems for achieving the high recording density are (1) to improve the remanent magnetization of a medium, (2) to keep the duration between a head and a medium small (less than 1 .mu.m), and/or (3) to improve the sensitivity of a head.
Some of the prior magnetic heads are first described.
(1) A single pole head;
A single pole head as shown in FIG. 1 has the highest recording/reproducing density at present. In FIG. 1, the reference numeral 1.1 is a main magnetic pole, 1.2 is an auxiliary magnetic pole, 1.3 is a coil wound on the auxiliary magnetic pole 1.2, 1.4 is a recording medium which is made of for instance Co-Cr, 1.5 is a base support for supporting said medium 1.4, and 1.6 shows the width of said main magnetic pole 1.1.
In FIG. 1, the leakage flux generated by the recorded signal on the recording medium 1.4 magnetizes the end of the main pole 1.1, then, the leakage flux from the main pole 1.1 is detected by the coil 1.3 wound around the auxiliary magnetic pole 1.2. In this case, the main magnetic pole 1.1 must directly contact with the recording medium 1.4 since the leakage flux from the recorded signal is very weak, and the recording medium 1.4 and the base support 1.5 must be flexible and thin since the duration between the main pole 1.1 and the auxiliary pole 1.2 must be less than 50 or 60 microns for detecting the leakage flux from the small main pole 1.1 (the width 1.6 of which is usually the same as the bit size (0.2-5.0 microns)). Accordingly, a single pole head in FIG. 1 is used only for a floppy disc, but cannot be used for a hard disc which has high recording density since the thickness of a hard disc is larger than 1-2 mm, and a single pole head cannot be used for that thick recording disc.
(2) A magneto-resistance head (MR head);
An MR head is shown in FIG. 2, in which the reference numeral 2.1 is a magneto-resistance element made of for instance permalloy film with the thickness (t), the width (w) and the length (L), 2.2 is a conductor provided at both the ends of said element 2.1. The MR head operates on the principle that the resistance of the element 2.1 depends upon the magnetic flux provided by the recording medium 1.4.
In FIG. 2, when some predetermined current flows through element 2.1, the voltage across the element 2.1 changes according to the magnetic flux recorded on the medium 1.4, and said voltage is the output voltage of the head. The detailed analysis of an MR head is discussed in (IEEE, Trans. on Mag. Vol. MAG-7. No. 1 pp150-154, 1971, USA by R. P. Hunt in Ampex company), and according to that article, the output voltage V is proportional to (1-e.sup.-kw)/kw, where k=2.pi./(.lambda.), and .lambda. is the recording wavelength which is twice as long as the recording bit length. According to said equation, when the wavelength is small, the width (w) must be small in order to obtain the enough output voltage. For instance when =0.2 micron, the width (w) must be less than 1.0 micron, which is unpractical for manufacturing process. The loss increase with the width (w) in an MR head comes from the open magnetic loop of a magnetic circuit.
FIG. 3 shows the improvement of an MR head, and the head of FIG. 3 has the closed magnetic circuit (article MR 82-24 in the Japanese Institute of Electronics and Communication, magnetic recording study group). In FIG. 3, the reference numeral 3.1 is a return path of flux and is made of ferrite, and 3.2 is non-magnetic portion, 2.1 and 2.2 show the same members as those of FIG. 2. The flux signal applied to the end of the MR element 2.1 returns to the recording medium through the return path 3.1. Thus, the reproduction of the signal with the width of 0.13 micron is possible by using the MR element with the width 20 microns on the condition that the relative output level is -45 dB. When the relative output level is -6 dB, said signal width must be 1.27 micron. Further, said output level is obtained on the condition that the medium contacts directly with the head. If the head aparts from the medium by the length L', the output level decreases by e.sup.-kL'. For instance, when the bit period is 0.1 micron and the length between the head and the medium is 0.1 micron, the output level decreases to 0.04, which cannot be reproduced even if that improved MR head in FIG. 3 is used.
Concerning the decrease of the output level by the gap between the head and the medium, the vertical flux component Hy by the vertically recorded signal as shown in FIG. 4 is shown by the following equation. EQU Hy=2.pi.M.sub.r e.sup.-(.pi./d)y (Oe) (1)
where M.sub.r is the remanent magnetization on the medium, d is the bit width, and the thickness loss by the thickness of the medium is neglected on the assumption that the thickness (t) of the medium is considerably larger than the bit width (d). The relations of the equation (1) is shown in the curves of FIG. 5, where M.sub.r =1000 emu/cc.
(3) Optical magnetic reproduction;
FIG. 6 shows the prior optical magnetic reproduction head, in which the reference numeral 6.1 is an optical source by a semiconductor laser, 6.2 is a polarizer, 6.3 is a beam splitter, 6.4 is an analyzer, 6.5 is an optical detector by a photo-diode, and 6.6 is magnetization. The optical beam generated by the optical source 6.1 is converted to a linear polarization by the polarizer 6.2, and the converted linear polarization is applied to the recording medium 1.4. The numeral 1.5 is a base support. The input beam is reflected by the medium, and the polarization direction of the reflected beam rotates on the principle of the magneto-optical effect according to the magnetization on the medium. The reflected beam is applied to the detector 6.5 through the optical analyzer 6.4 (which has the same structure as the polarizer). The strength of the optical beam at the output of the analyzer 6.4 depends upon the direction of the magnetization on the medium, therefore, the output voltage of the optical detector 6.5 depends upon the magnetization on the medium. In an optical magnetic head, the resolving power of the recorded bits is restricted by the diffraction limit. When a semiconductor laser with the wavelength 0.8 micron is used, the diffraction limit of that laser beam is about 0.4 micron. A laser source with the shorter wavelength would be requested for improving the resolving power, however, 0.8 micron wavelength is the limit at present, and no improvement of the recording density is expected so long as the present laser is used.
(4) A copy type optical head (Magnetic recording study group report MR 79-11, Japanese Institute of Electronics and Communications);
FIG. 7 shows a prior copy type optical head, in which 7.1 is a soft magnetic film made of for instance garnet or permalloy, 7.2 is magnetic flux in said soft magnetic film 7.1, 7.3 is leakage flux from the recording medium 1.4, and other numerals show the same memebers as those of the previous figures. In FIG. 7, the soft magnetic film is magnetized by the leakage flux 7.3 from the recording medium 1.4, thus, a magnetic copy of the recording medium is obtained in the soft magnetic film 7.1. The magnetic flux in the film 7.1 is optically read out on the same principle as that of FIG. 6. Although the head of FIG. 7 has the advantage that the medium noise is reduced since recording medium is not directly illuminated, that copy type head of FIG. 7 has still the restriction that the resolving power of the recorded bits depends upon the diffraction limit of the optical beam. Accordingly, the minimum size of the reproducable bit is about 0.5 micron with the use of such a head.
FIG. 8 is a prior modification of a copy type optical head, and the configuration of FIG. 8 is shown in the Japanese patent publication 33781/81, in which 8.1 is a reflection mirror, 8.2 is an optical beam, and other members in FIG. 8 are the same as those of the same numeral members in the previous figures. The feature of the structure of FIG. 8 is that the soft magnetic film 7.1 contacts with the medium 1.4 with some angle P, thus, the reproduction of the shorter wavelength signal is improved. However, as mentioned in accordance with FIG. 5, the magnetic flux at the top of the head is very small when some duration between the head and the recording medium is provided. Further, the optical head has the disadvantage in general that only 1/100 of saturated level of the magnetic change can be used because of the shot-noise of the detector, and thus, the sensitivity of an optical head is small. Further, since the structure of FIG. 8 has no idea to illuminate the area closer than several microns to the end of the soft magnetic film 7.1, the reproduction of a small bit less than 1 micron is impossible.
Another modification of a copy type optical head which is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,236 is shown in FIG. 9, in which 9.1 is an optical fiber, 9.2 is a core of that optical fiber, and other numerals are the same as those of the same numerals in the previous figures. The soft magnetic film 7.1 in FIG. 9 is positioned at the top of the optical fiber 9.1. Since the diameter of the core 9.2 is less than 50-60 microns, the optical beam can be concentrated on a small area of the soft magnetic film 7.1, and thus, the problem in FIG. 8 is solved by the structure of FIG. 9. However, the head of FIG. 9 has still the disadvantage that no idea is presented for the detection of a signal when leakage flux is weak due to the small recording bit. Further, no idea is presented for compensating the change of the polarization direction in an optical fiber in spite of the fact that an optical head reproduces a signal through the change of the polarization direction of an optical beam.
By the way, the technique for applying bias flux in the magnetization hard axis for improving the sensitivity of the flux detection has been known in "Determination of Low-Intensity Magnetic Fields by Means of Ferromagnetic Film" by F. G. West et al in J. Appl. Phys. 34, pp1163, 1963, and/or "Vapor-Deposited Thin Film Recording Heads" IEEE Trans. on Mag. vol. MAG-7, pp675, 1971. In those prior arts, bias flux is applied in the magnetization hard axis direction, and the flux in a core is detected by a winding wound around the core. Due the presence of the winding, the size of the core must be larger than 500 microns (each side). Therefore, the flux to be detected must be uniform among the wide area which is equal to or larger than the size of the core. Further, due to the large size of the core, a plurality of magnetic domains exist in the core, and the magnetic flux in each domains might be random. Of course, the random flux in each domain decreases the sensitivity of the detection of the flux.
Accordingly, the above two prior arts are impossible to apply for the detector of the magnetic flux which is weak and exists in very narrow limited area, although the sensitivity for detection flux which is uniform in a large area is somewhat improved.
Therefore, the above two prior arts are not suitable for a magnetic head for high recording density in which magnetic flux of each magnetic cell to be detected is limited to a very small area.
As described above in detail, a prior magnetic head has the disadvantage that a small bit (less than 1 micron) can not be reproduced, and therefore, is not capable of reproducing high recording density signal.
Therefore, an improved magnetic head for the use of higher recording density has been desired. |
Pritsiolas v Apple Bankcorp, Inc. (2014 NY Slip Op 05851)
Pritsiolas v Apple Bankcorp, Inc.
2014 NY Slip Op 05851
Decided on August 20, 2014
Appellate Division, Second Department
Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
Decided on August 20, 2014SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORKAppellate Division, Second Judicial DepartmentWILLIAM F. MASTRO, J.P.
THOMAS A. DICKERSON
JEFFREY A. COHEN
ROBERT J. MILLER, JJ.
2013-06033
2013-10980
(Index No. 12364/12)
[*1]James Pritsiolas, et al., appellants,
vApple Bankcorp, Inc., doing business as Apple Bank for Savings, respondent.
William A. DiConza, Oyster Bay, N.Y., for appellants.
Albanese & Albanese LLP, Garden City, N.Y. (Barry A. Oster of counsel), for respondent.
DECISION & ORDER
In an action pursuant to RPAPL article 15 to determine claims to real property, the plaintiffs appeal, as limited by their brief, from so much of (1) an order of the Supreme Court, Nassau County (Galasso, J.), entered April 9, 2013, as granted the defendant's cross motion for summary judgment, inter alia, dismissing the complaint, and (2) a judgment of the same court entered May 22, 2013, as, upon the order, inter alia, is in favor of the defendant and against them dismissing the complaint. By decision and order on motion of this Court dated January 15, 2014, as amended by a decision and order on motion dated January 29, 2014, the notice of appeal from the order was deemed also to be a notice of appeal from the judgment (see CPLR 5501[c]).
ORDERED that the appeal from the order is dismissed, without costs or disbursements; and it is further,
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the law, by (1) deleting the first and fifth decretal paragraphs thereof, (2) adding to the second decretal paragraph thereof, following the words "plaintiffs' complaint is hereby dismissed," the words "to the extent that the complaint seeks a determination that the plaintiffs are the owners of that portion of the disputed area of the subject real property which was unfenced as of the date of commencement of the action," and (3) adding to the third decretal paragraph thereof, following the words "Lots 21 and 22," the words "except for that portion of the disputed area of the subject real property which was fenced as of the date of the commencement of the action"; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed insofar as appealed from, without costs or disbursements, that branch of the defendant's motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint is granted only to the extent that the complaint sought a determination that the plaintiffs are the owners of that portion of the disputed area of the subject real property which was unfenced as of the date of the commencement of the action, the order is modified accordingly, and the claim with respect to the unfenced portion of the disputed area is severed.
The appeal from the intermediate order must be dismissed because the right of direct appeal therefrom terminated with the entry of judgment in the action (see Matter of Aho, 39 NY2d 241, 248). The issues raised on the appeal from the order are brought up for review and have been [*2]considered on the appeal from the judgment (see CPLR 5501[a][1]).
The plaintiffs and the defendant own parcels of real property that are adjacent to one another. The plaintiffs acquired title to their parcel by deed dated January 29, 2001. On September 28, 2012, the plaintiffs commenced this action, seeking a judgment determining that they are the owners of a strip of property, measuring approximately 5 feet in width and 95 feet in length (hereinafter the disputed area), that runs along the southern boundary of their parcel and encroaches on the northern portion of the defendant's parcel. It is undisputed that a portion of the disputed area has been fenced in since 1992 as part of the rear yard of the residence currently occupied by the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that they acquired title to the entire disputed area in 2002 by adverse possession, arising out of the combined use of the area by themselves and their immediate predecessor in title. The Supreme Court awarded summary judgment in favor of the defendant, inter alia, dismissing the complaint, and determined that the erection of the fence and the actions taken by the plaintiffs and their predecessor with respect to the disputed area were permissive, and not adverse within the meaning of RPAPL 543.
The Supreme Court erred in applying RPAPL 543 to this action. Although that statute is generally applicable to actions involving claims of adverse possession that are commenced after its effective date of July 7, 2008, it does not apply where, as in this case, the property interest is alleged to have vested by adverse possession prior to the enactment of the statute (see Shilkoff v Longhitano, 94 AD3d 974, 976), since the statute "cannot be retroactively applied to deprive a claimant of a property right which vested prior to [its] enactment" (Hogan v Kelly, 86 AD3d 590, 592; see Franza v Olin, 73 AD3d 44). Therefore, the law in effect at the time the plaintiffs claim to have acquired title must be applied.
In order to demonstrate adverse possession, the plaintiffs were required to satisfy the common-law elements that the possession was (1) hostile and under a claim of right, (2) actual, (3) open and notorious, (4) exclusive, and (5) continuous for the statutory period of 10 years (see Ram v Dann, 84 AD3d 1204, 1205; Corigliano v Sunick, 56 AD3d 1121). Additionally, under the former version of RPAPL 522 that was in effect at the relevant time, the plaintiffs were obligated to establish that the disputed area was either "usually cultivated or improved" or "protected by a substantial inclosure" (Skyview Motel, LLC v Wald, 82 AD3d 1081, 1082 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see BTJ Realty v Caradonna, 65 AD3d 657, 658). Contrary to the determination of the Supreme Court, under the circumstances presented here, the plaintiffs are entitled to tack any period of adverse possession enjoyed by their predecessor in title onto their own period of adverse possession (see Brand v Prince, 35 NY2d 634, 637; Stroem v Plackis, 96 AD3d 1040, 1042).
The defendant demonstrated its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the plaintiffs' claim of adverse possession of that portion of the disputed area which was unfenced by submitting evidence that the plaintiffs did not engage in any cultivation or improvement of that portion of the property. In response, the plaintiffs merely alleged in vague and conclusory terms that they "planted, watered, landscaped and maintained the entire area," although they simultaneously admitted that "there is absolutely nothing to maintain" in that portion of the area. At best, the plaintiffs assert that they merely attempted to keep the unfenced portion in presentable condition, which is inadequate to satisfy the requirement that the real property in dispute was usually cultivated or improved (see e.g. Walsh v Ellis, 64 AD3d 702, 704; Giannone v Trotwood Corp., 266 AD2d 430, 431; Simpson v Chien Yuan Kao, 222 AD2d 666, 667; Yamin v Daly, 205 AD2d 870, 871). Since the plaintiffs failed to raise a triable issue of fact in opposition to that branch of the defendant's motion which was for summary judgment pertaining to the unfenced portion of the disputed area, the Supreme Court correctly granted that branch of the motion.
With regard to the fenced portion, the defendant demonstrated its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law by submitting the affidavits of its senior vice president and of a professional landscaper who had maintained the defendant's property for some 16 years. These affidavits indicated that the defendant had permitted the encroachment of the fence onto its property as a neighborly accommodation, and that the defendant's landscaper routinely entered the fenced area, with the knowledge and at least the implicit approval of the plaintiffs and their [*3]predecessor, in order to maintain the defendant's property beyond the fence. These affidavits, in conjunction with various documents submitted by the defendants, indicated that the requirement that the possession of the fenced portion by the plaintiffs and their predecessor occurred under a claim of right was not satisfied (see generally Koudellou v Sakalis, 29 AD3d 640, 641; Beyer v Patierno, 29 AD3d 613, 614-615; Bockowski v Malak, 280 AD2d 572; Soukup v Nardone, 212 AD2d 772, 774-775). However, the plaintiffs raised a triable issue of fact in opposition to this branch of the motion by submitting the affidavits of the plaintiff James Pritsiolas and of the plaintiffs' predecessor in title, both of whom denied that the defendant's landscaper had ever entered onto the fenced portion of the disputed area, and who further averred that they at all times considered the fenced portion to be part of the parcel that was conveyed to them. Accordingly, a triable issue of fact exists with regard to whether their possession of the fenced portion was under a claim of right (see generally Corigliano v Sunick, 56 AD3d 1121, 1122) and, therefore, the Supreme Court should have denied that branch of the motion.
MASTRO, J.P., DICKERSON, COHEN and MILLER, JJ., concur.
ENTER:
Aprilanne Agostino
Clerk of the Court
|
The Caribbean Agelas sponges have been the source of a variety of bioactive products. Forenza et al. isolated 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, its corresponding nitrile (Minale, L., Cimino, C., DeStefano, S. and Sodano, G. [1976] Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 33:1-72) and amide, and the antibiotic oroidin from Agelas oroides (Forenza, S., Minale, L., Riccio, R. and Fattorusso, E. [1971] J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1129-1130; Garcia, E. E., Benjamin, L. E. and Fryer, R. I. [1973] J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 78-79). Oroidin has also been isolated from Axinella damicornis, Axinella verrucosa, and Acanthella auranfiaca (Cimino, G., DeStefano, S., Minale, L. and Sodano, G. [1975] Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 50B:279-285: Cimino, G., DeRosa, S. DeStefano, S., Mazzarella, L., Puliti, R. and Sodano, G. (1982) Tetrahedron Lett. 23:767,768). The KB carcinoma-altering antibiotic N-amidino-4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxamide was found in an Agelas sponge (Stempien, M. F., Jr., Nigrelli, R. F. and Chib, J. S. [1972] Abstracts of Papers, 164th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, ACS, Washington, D. C. MEDI 21) while midpacamide and 4,5-dibromo-1-methyl-2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid were obtained from Agelas cf. mauritiana (Chevolot, L., Padwa, S., Ravi, B. N., Blyth, P. C. and Scheuer, P. J. [1977] Heterocycles 7:891-894; Chevolot, L. in Marine Natural Products, Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Scheurer, P. J., ed., Academic Press, NY, 1981, vol. 4, pp.54-92). Keramidine, a serotonergic receptor antagonist, was isolated from an Okinawan Agelas sp. sponge (Nakamura, H., Ohizumi, Y., Kobayashi, J. and Hirata, Y. [1984]Tetrahedron Lett. 25:2475-2478) while sceptrin (2b), isolated as the dihydrochloride, was reported to be the major antimicrobial constituent of Agelas sceptrum (Walker, R. P., Faulkner, D. J., Engen, D. V. and Clardy, J. [19811] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:6772-6773; Faulkner, D. J., U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,484, 1983; Chem Abstr. [1983] 98:155209x). Other compounds isolated include carotenoids (Buchecker, R., Eugster, C. H. and Litchfield, C [1977] Helv. Chim. Acta 60(8) #273: 2780-2788), sterols (Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S. and Hyodo, S. [1979]Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62B:521-525; DiGiacomo, G., Dini, A., Falco, B., Marino, A. and Sica, D. [1983]Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74B:499-501; Bohlin, L., Gehrken, H. P., Scheuer, P. J. and Djerassi, C. [1980] Steroids 35(3 ):295-304), antimicrobial (Cullen, E. and Devlin, J. P. [1975] Can. J. Chem. 53:1690-1691; Nakatsu, T., Faulkner, D. J., Matsumoto, G. K. and Clardy, J. [1984] Tetrahedron Lett. 25(9):935-938; Capon, R. J. and Faulkner, D. J. [1984] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:1819-1822) and Na- as well as K-ATPase inhibiting (Nakamura, H., Wu, H., Ohizumi, Y. and Hirata, Y. [1984] Tetrahedron Lett. 25(28):2989-2992; Wu, H., Nakamura, H., Kobayashi, J. and Ohizumi, Y. [1984] Tetrahedron Lett. 25(34):3719-3722 purinoditerpenes, and an antispasmodic, guanidinium-bearing sesquiterpene (Nakamura, H., Wu, H., Kobayashi, J., Ohizumi, Y., Hirata, Y, Higashijima, T. and Miyazawa, T. [1983] Tetrahedron Lett. 24(38):4105-4108). |
/*
* threadpool-ms-io.c: Microsoft IO threadpool runtime support
*
* Author:
* Ludovic Henry ([email protected])
*
* Copyright 2015 Xamarin, Inc (http://www.xamarin.com)
* Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
*/
#include "il2cpp-config.h"
#if NET_4_0
#ifndef DISABLE_SOCKETS
#if IL2CPP_PLATFORM_WIN32
#include "os/Win32/WindowsHeaders.h"
#else
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif
#include <vector>
#include "gc/Allocator.h"
#include "mono/ThreadPool/threadpool-ms.h"
#include "mono/ThreadPool/threadpool-ms-io.h"
#include "mono/ThreadPool/threadpool-ms-io-poll.h"
#include "object-internals.h"
#include "os/ConditionVariable.h"
#include "os/Mutex.h"
#include "os/Socket.h"
#include "utils/CallOnce.h"
#include "utils/Il2CppHashMap.h"
#include "vm/Domain.h"
#include "vm/Runtime.h"
#include "vm/Thread.h"
#include "vm/ThreadPool.h"
#define UPDATES_CAPACITY 128
typedef std::vector<Il2CppObject*, il2cpp::gc::Allocator<Il2CppObject*> > ManagedList;
struct ThreadPoolStateHasher
{
size_t operator()(int thread) const
{
return thread;
}
};
typedef Il2CppHashMap<int, ManagedList*, ThreadPoolStateHasher> ThreadPoolStateHash;
typedef enum {
UPDATE_EMPTY = 0,
UPDATE_ADD,
UPDATE_REMOVE_SOCKET,
UPDATE_REMOVE_DOMAIN,
} ThreadPoolIOUpdateType;
typedef struct {
int fd;
Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job;
} ThreadPoolIOUpdate_Add;
typedef struct {
int fd;
} ThreadPoolIOUpdate_RemoveSocket;
typedef struct {
Il2CppDomain *domain;
} ThreadPoolIOUpdate_RemoveDomain;
typedef struct {
ThreadPoolIOUpdateType type;
union {
ThreadPoolIOUpdate_Add add;
ThreadPoolIOUpdate_RemoveSocket remove_socket;
ThreadPoolIOUpdate_RemoveDomain remove_domain;
} data;
} ThreadPoolIOUpdate;
typedef struct {
il2cpp::vm::ThreadPool::ThreadPoolIOBackend backend;
ThreadPoolIOUpdate* updates;
int updates_size;
il2cpp::os::FastMutex updates_lock;
il2cpp::os::ConditionVariable updates_cond;
il2cpp::os::Socket* wakeup_pipes [2];
} ThreadPoolIO;
static il2cpp::utils::OnceFlag lazy_init_io_status;
static bool io_selector_running = false;
static ThreadPoolIO* threadpool_io;
static il2cpp::vm::ThreadPool::ThreadPoolIOBackend backend_poll = { poll_init, poll_register_fd, poll_remove_fd, poll_event_wait };
static Il2CppIOSelectorJob* get_job_for_event (ManagedList *list, int32_t event)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(list);
Il2CppIOSelectorJob* foundJob = NULL;
int matchIndex = -1;
for (size_t i = 0; i < list->size(); i++)
{
Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job = (Il2CppIOSelectorJob*)(*list)[i];
if (job->operation == event)
{
foundJob = job;
matchIndex = (int)i;
break;
}
}
if (foundJob == NULL)
return NULL;
list->erase(list->begin() + matchIndex);
return foundJob;
}
static int get_operations_for_jobs (ManagedList *list)
{
int operations = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < list->size(); i++)
{
operations |= ((Il2CppIOSelectorJob*)(*list)[i])->operation;
}
return operations;
}
static void selector_thread_wakeup (void)
{
const char msg = 'c';
for (;;)
{
int32_t written = 0;
const il2cpp::os::WaitStatus status = threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[1]->Send((const uint8_t*)&msg, 1, il2cpp::os::kSocketFlagsNone, &written);
if (written == 1)
break;
if (written == -1)
{
//g_warning ("selector_thread_wakeup: write () failed, error (%d)\n", WSAGetLastError ());
break;
}
if (status == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
break;
}
}
static void selector_thread_wakeup_drain_pipes (void)
{
uint8_t buffer [128];
for (;;) {
int32_t received;
il2cpp::os::WaitStatus status = threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[0]->Receive(buffer, 128, il2cpp::os::kSocketFlagsNone, &received);
if (received == 0)
break;
if (status == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
break;
}
}
typedef struct {
Il2CppDomain *domain;
ThreadPoolStateHash *states;
} FilterSockaresForDomainData;
static void filter_jobs_for_domain (void* key, void* value, void* user_data)
{
//FilterSockaresForDomainData *data;
//MonoMList *list = (MonoMList *)value, *element;
//MonoDomain *domain;
//MonoGHashTable *states;
//IL2CPP_ASSERT(user_data);
//data = (FilterSockaresForDomainData *)user_data;
//domain = data->domain;
//states = data->states;
//for (element = list; element; element = mono_mlist_next (element)) {
// Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job = (Il2CppIOSelectorJob*) mono_mlist_get_data (element);
// if (il2cpp::vm::Domain::GetCurrent() == domain)
// mono_mlist_set_data (element, NULL);
//}
///* we skip all the first elements which are NULL */
//for (; list; list = mono_mlist_next (list)) {
// if (mono_mlist_get_data (list))
// break;
//}
//if (list) {
// IL2CPP_ASSERT(mono_mlist_get_data (list));
// /* we delete all the NULL elements after the first one */
// for (element = list; element;) {
// MonoMList *next;
// if (!(next = mono_mlist_next (element)))
// break;
// if (mono_mlist_get_data (next))
// element = next;
// else
// mono_mlist_set_next (element, mono_mlist_next (next));
// }
//}
//mono_g_hash_table_replace (states, key, list);
NOT_IMPLEMENTED("TODO");
}
static void wait_callback (int fd, int events, void* user_data)
{
//Il2CppError error;
if (il2cpp::vm::Runtime::IsShuttingDown ())
return;
if (fd == threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes [0]->GetDescriptor()) {
//mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: wke");
selector_thread_wakeup_drain_pipes ();
} else {
ThreadPoolStateHash *states;
ManagedList *list = NULL;
//void* k;
bool remove_fd = false;
int operations;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(user_data);
states = (ThreadPoolStateHash *)user_data;
/*mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: cal fd %3d, events = %2s | %2s | %3s",
fd, (events & EVENT_IN) ? "RD" : "..", (events & EVENT_OUT) ? "WR" : "..", (events & EVENT_ERR) ? "ERR" : "...");*/
ThreadPoolStateHash::iterator iter = states->find(fd);
bool exists = iter != states->end();
if (!exists)
IL2CPP_ASSERT("wait_callback: fd not found in states table");
else
list = iter->second;
if (list && (events & EVENT_IN) != 0) {
Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job = get_job_for_event (list, EVENT_IN);
if (job) {
threadpool_ms_enqueue_work_item (il2cpp::vm::Domain::GetCurrent(), (Il2CppObject*) job);
}
}
if (list && (events & EVENT_OUT) != 0) {
Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job = get_job_for_event (list, EVENT_OUT);
if (job) {
threadpool_ms_enqueue_work_item (il2cpp::vm::Domain::GetCurrent(), (Il2CppObject*) job);
}
}
remove_fd = (events & EVENT_ERR) == EVENT_ERR;
if (!remove_fd) {
//mono_g_hash_table_replace (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd), list);
states->insert(ThreadPoolStateHash::value_type(fd, list));
operations = get_operations_for_jobs (list);
/*mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: res fd %3d, events = %2s | %2s | %3s",
fd, (operations & EVENT_IN) ? "RD" : "..", (operations & EVENT_OUT) ? "WR" : "..", (operations & EVENT_ERR) ? "ERR" : "...");*/
threadpool_io->backend.register_fd (fd, operations, false);
} else {
//mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: err fd %d", fd);
states->erase(ThreadPoolStateHash::key_type(fd));
//mono_g_hash_table_remove (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd));
threadpool_io->backend.remove_fd (fd);
}
}
}
static void selector_thread (void* data)
{
//Il2CppError error;
ThreadPoolStateHash *states;
io_selector_running = true;
if (il2cpp::vm::Runtime::IsShuttingDown ()) {
io_selector_running = false;
return;
}
states = new ThreadPoolStateHash();
//states = mono_g_hash_table_new_type (g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal, MONO_HASH_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_THREAD_POOL, "i/o thread pool states table");
for (;;) {
int i, j;
int res;
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Lock();
for (i = 0; i < threadpool_io->updates_size; ++i) {
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update = &threadpool_io->updates [i];
switch (update->type) {
case UPDATE_EMPTY:
break;
case UPDATE_ADD: {
int fd;
int operations;
//void* k;
bool exists;
ManagedList *list = NULL;
Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job;
fd = update->data.add.fd;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(fd >= 0);
job = update->data.add.job;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(job);
ThreadPoolStateHash::iterator iter = states->find(fd);
exists = iter != states->end();
if (!exists)
list = new ManagedList();
else
list = iter->second;
//exists = mono_g_hash_table_lookup_extended (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd), &k, (void**) &list);
list->push_back((Il2CppObject*)job);
states->insert(ThreadPoolStateHash::value_type(fd, list));
//mono_g_hash_table_replace (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd), list);
operations = get_operations_for_jobs (list);
/*mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: %3s fd %3d, operations = %2s | %2s | %3s",
exists ? "mod" : "add", fd, (operations & EVENT_IN) ? "RD" : "..", (operations & EVENT_OUT) ? "WR" : "..", (operations & EVENT_ERR) ? "ERR" : "...");*/
threadpool_io->backend.register_fd (fd, operations, !exists);
break;
}
case UPDATE_REMOVE_SOCKET: {
int fd;
//void* k;
ManagedList *list = NULL;
fd = update->data.remove_socket.fd;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(fd >= 0);
ThreadPoolStateHash::iterator iter = states->find(fd);
bool exists = iter != states->end();
/*if (mono_g_hash_table_lookup_extended (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd), &k, (void**) &list))*/
if (exists)
{
states->erase(ThreadPoolStateHash::key_type(fd));
//mono_g_hash_table_remove (states, int_TO_POINTER (fd));
for (j = i + 1; j < threadpool_io->updates_size; ++j) {
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update = &threadpool_io->updates [j];
if (update->type == UPDATE_ADD && update->data.add.fd == fd)
memset (update, 0, sizeof (ThreadPoolIOUpdate));
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < list->size(); i++)
{
threadpool_ms_enqueue_work_item(il2cpp::vm::Domain::GetCurrent(), (*list)[i]);
}
list->clear();
//mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: del fd %3d", fd);
threadpool_io->backend.remove_fd (fd);
}
break;
}
case UPDATE_REMOVE_DOMAIN: {
Il2CppDomain *domain;
domain = update->data.remove_domain.domain;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(domain);
FilterSockaresForDomainData user_data = { domain, states };
//mono_g_hash_table_foreach (states, filter_jobs_for_domain, &user_data);
for (j = i + 1; j < threadpool_io->updates_size; ++j) {
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update = &threadpool_io->updates [j];
if (update->type == UPDATE_ADD && il2cpp::vm::Domain::GetCurrent() == domain)
memset (update, 0, sizeof (ThreadPoolIOUpdate));
}
break;
}
default:
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "Should not be reached");
}
}
threadpool_io->updates_cond.Broadcast();
if (threadpool_io->updates_size > 0) {
threadpool_io->updates_size = 0;
memset (threadpool_io->updates, 0, UPDATES_CAPACITY * sizeof (ThreadPoolIOUpdate));
}
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Unlock();
//mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, MONO_TRACE_IO_THREADPOOL, "io threadpool: wai");
res = threadpool_io->backend.event_wait (wait_callback, states);
if (res == -1 || il2cpp::vm::Runtime::IsShuttingDown ())
break;
}
delete states;
io_selector_running = false;
}
/* Locking: threadpool_io->updates_lock must be held */
static ThreadPoolIOUpdate* update_get_new (void)
{
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update = NULL;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(threadpool_io->updates_size <= UPDATES_CAPACITY);
while (threadpool_io->updates_size == UPDATES_CAPACITY) {
/* we wait for updates to be applied in the selector_thread and we loop
* as long as none are available. if it happends too much, then we need
* to increase UPDATES_CAPACITY */
threadpool_io->updates_cond.Wait(&threadpool_io->updates_lock);
}
IL2CPP_ASSERT(threadpool_io->updates_size < UPDATES_CAPACITY);
update = &threadpool_io->updates [threadpool_io->updates_size ++];
return update;
}
static void wakeup_pipes_init(void)
{
il2cpp::os::Socket serverSock(NULL);
serverSock.Create(il2cpp::os::kAddressFamilyInterNetwork, il2cpp::os::kSocketTypeStream, il2cpp::os::kProtocolTypeTcp);
threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[1] = new il2cpp::os::Socket(NULL);
il2cpp::os::WaitStatus status = threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[1]->Create(il2cpp::os::kAddressFamilyInterNetwork, il2cpp::os::kSocketTypeStream, il2cpp::os::kProtocolTypeTcp);
IL2CPP_ASSERT(status != il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure);
if (serverSock.Bind("127.0.0.1", 0) == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
{
serverSock.Close();
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "wakeup_pipes_init: bind () failed");
}
il2cpp::os::EndPointInfo info;
memset(&info, 0x00, sizeof(il2cpp::os::EndPointInfo));
if (serverSock.GetLocalEndPointInfo(info) == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
{
serverSock.Close();
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "wakeup_pipes_init: getsockname () failed");
}
if (serverSock.Listen(1024) == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
{
serverSock.Close();
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "wakeup_pipes_init: listen () failed");
}
if (threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[1]->Connect(info.data.inet.address, info.data.inet.port) == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
{
serverSock.Close();
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "wakeup_pipes_init: connect () failed");
}
status = serverSock.Accept(&threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[0]);
IL2CPP_ASSERT(status != il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure);
status = threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[0]->SetBlocking(false);
if (status == il2cpp::os::kWaitStatusFailure)
{
threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes[0]->Close();
serverSock.Close();
}
serverSock.Close();
}
static bool lazy_is_initialized()
{
return lazy_init_io_status.IsSet();
}
static void initialize(void* args)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(!threadpool_io);
threadpool_io = new ThreadPoolIO();
IL2CPP_ASSERT(threadpool_io);
threadpool_io->updates = (ThreadPoolIOUpdate*)il2cpp::gc::GarbageCollector::AllocateFixed(sizeof(ThreadPoolIOUpdate) * UPDATES_CAPACITY, NULL);
threadpool_io->updates_size = 0;
threadpool_io->backend = backend_poll;
// if (g_getenv ("MONO_ENABLE_AIO") != NULL) {
//#if defined(HAVE_EPOLL)
// threadpool_io->backend = backend_epoll;
//#elif defined(HAVE_KQUEUE)
// threadpool_io->backend = backend_kqueue;
//#endif
// }
wakeup_pipes_init ();
if (!threadpool_io->backend.init ((int)threadpool_io->wakeup_pipes [0]->GetDescriptor()))
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "initialize: backend->init () failed");
if (!il2cpp::vm::Thread::CreateInternal(selector_thread, NULL, true, SMALL_STACK))
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "initialize: vm::Thread::CreateInternal () failed ");
}
static void lazy_initialize()
{
il2cpp::utils::CallOnce(lazy_init_io_status, initialize, NULL);
}
static void cleanup (void)
{
/* we make the assumption along the code that we are
* cleaning up only if the runtime is shutting down */
IL2CPP_ASSERT(il2cpp::vm::Runtime::IsShuttingDown ());
selector_thread_wakeup ();
while (io_selector_running)
il2cpp::vm::Thread::Sleep(1000);
}
void threadpool_ms_io_cleanup (void)
{
if (lazy_init_io_status.IsSet())
cleanup();
}
void ves_icall_System_IOSelector_Add (Il2CppIntPtr handle, Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job)
{
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update;
IL2CPP_ASSERT(handle.m_value >= 0);
IL2CPP_ASSERT((job->operation == EVENT_IN) ^ (job->operation == EVENT_OUT));
IL2CPP_ASSERT(job->callback);
if (il2cpp::vm::Runtime::IsShuttingDown ())
return;
/*if (mono_domain_is_unloading (mono_object_domain (job)))
return;*/
lazy_initialize ();
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Lock();
update = update_get_new ();
il2cpp::os::SocketHandleWrapper socketHandle(il2cpp::os::PointerToSocketHandle(handle.m_value));
update->type = UPDATE_ADD;
update->data.add.fd = (int)socketHandle.GetSocket()->GetDescriptor();
update->data.add.job = job;
il2cpp::os::Atomic::MemoryBarrier(); /* Ensure this is safely published before we wake up the selector */
selector_thread_wakeup ();
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Unlock();
}
void ves_icall_System_IOSelector_Remove (Il2CppIntPtr handle)
{
il2cpp::os::SocketHandleWrapper socketHandle(il2cpp::os::PointerToSocketHandle(handle.m_value));
threadpool_ms_io_remove_socket ((int)socketHandle.GetSocket()->GetDescriptor());
}
void threadpool_ms_io_remove_socket (int fd)
{
ThreadPoolIOUpdate *update;
if (!lazy_is_initialized ())
return;
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Lock();
update = update_get_new ();
update->type = UPDATE_REMOVE_SOCKET;
update->data.add.fd = fd;
il2cpp::os::Atomic::MemoryBarrier(); /* Ensure this is safely published before we wake up the selector */
selector_thread_wakeup ();
threadpool_io->updates_cond.Wait(&threadpool_io->updates_lock);
threadpool_io->updates_lock.Unlock();
}
#else
void ves_icall_System_IOSelector_Add (Il2CppIntPtr handle, Il2CppIOSelectorJob *job)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "Should not be called");
}
void ves_icall_System_IOSelector_Remove (Il2CppIntPtr handle)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "Should not be called");
}
void threadpool_ms_io_cleanup (void)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "Should not be called");
}
void threadpool_ms_io_remove_socket (int fd)
{
IL2CPP_ASSERT(0 && "Should not be called");
}
#endif
#endif
|
At Kryolan, we make professional make-up. But not like anybody else. We’ve been using our own recipes and creating our own professional products for over three generations – that’s over sixty-six years’ experience. Our range of over 16,000 products in 750 color-intense shades is loved by professional make-up artists worldwide: Including our award-winning Dermacolor, Supracolor and Aquacolor ranges, foundations and body make-up. We also offer special effects, high definition make-up and accessories. |
A supporter of Ukraine's President Viktor Yushchenko shaves after spending the night outside the Central Election Committee building in central Kiev April 9, 2007. REUTERS/Damir Sagolj
CHICAGO (Reuters Life!) - Maybe American men should skip a day of shaving, especially when interviewing for a job.
Sporting a mustache may improve your chances of landing a higher paying job, according to a study commissioned by financial services provider Quicken and the American Mustache Institute which admittedly represents people opting for facial hair.
The study found that mustached Americans earned 8.2 percent more on average than those with beards and 4.3 percent more than the clean shaven.
But the news is not all good. Mustached Americans also tended to spend 11 percent more and save 3 percent less than their collective counterparts, according to the study, titled “Saving and Spending Patterns of Mustached Americans.”
“If efficiencies in financial management could be realized in the near-term .. it’s highly probable that over the next four to five years, we will see mustached Americans’ savings rate grow to surpass their bearded and shaven peers,” research consultant Hans Menjou-Bartchen said in a statement.
The study was conducted during the first six months of 2009, examining a random sample of 2,000 mustached American men along with 2,000 bearded and 2,000 clean-shaven peers. |
The Scottish Government’s private rental reforms are having an impact on the lettings sector with new data showing that rental property sales have outstripped purchases fivefold in the last three months.
Findings from the National Landlords Association (NLA) show that 24% of landlords with property in Scotland have sold over the last three months, with just 5% having bought in the same period.
The data relates to property transactions between April and June this year, four months after the Scottish Private Residential Tenancy was introduced in December 2017.
The Scottish Government says the reforms provide security, stability and predictability for tenants, as well as appropriate safeguards for landlords, lenders and investors.
However, the NLA is warning that the news, which comes during festival season in Edinburgh, could affect up to 45,000 landlords or approximately 67,000 rental properties.
‘The Scottish Private Residential Tenancy system removes the flexibility of the sector to meet the varied needs of an ever changing population of renters, in particular students and those who only seek short term tenancies, such as during the Edinburgh Festival,’ said Richard Lambert, NLA chief executive officer.
‘Because student landlords now have to provide indefinite tenancies, they won’t be able to advertise their properties for the Festival, as they won’t know for certain if they will be free and available by the end of July. If this sets a trend, and artists struggle to find short term accommodation, the 2018 Edinburgh Festival could be the last to offer such a variety of talent,’ he pointed out.
The NLA says that the level of divestment in rented property is a concern for the Scottish Government, and has urged the UK Parliament to pay close attention as it currently consults on similar proposals for rental reforms in England and Wales.
‘The last quarter has seen the highest proportion of landlords selling properties in Scotland in any three month period since the Government first announced their tenancy reforms in 2016,’ Lambert explained.
‘We warned these changes would unnerve investors in private rented homes in Scotland, and it should serve as a clear sign of what to expect if similar reforms are introduced elsewhere in the UK,’ he added. |
// Copyright (c) 2020 Tigera, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package intdataplane
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"net"
"os"
"reflect"
"regexp"
"strings"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/ifacemonitor"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/ip"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/iptables"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/proto"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/routetable"
"github.com/projectcalico/felix/rules"
"github.com/projectcalico/libcalico-go/lib/set"
)
// routeTableSyncer is the interface used to manage data-sync of route table managers. This includes notification of
// interface state changes, hooks to queue a full resync and apply routing updates.
type routeTableSyncer interface {
OnIfaceStateChanged(string, ifacemonitor.State)
QueueResync()
Apply() error
}
// routeTable is the interface provided by the standard routetable module used to progam the RIB.
type routeTable interface {
routeTableSyncer
SetRoutes(ifaceName string, targets []routetable.Target)
SetL2Routes(ifaceName string, targets []routetable.L2Target)
}
type endpointManagerCallbacks struct {
addInterface *AddInterfaceFuncs
removeInterface *RemoveInterfaceFuncs
updateInterface *UpdateInterfaceFuncs
updateHostEndpoint *UpdateHostEndpointFuncs
removeHostEndpoint *RemoveHostEndpointFuncs
updateWorkloadEndpoint *UpdateWorkloadEndpointFuncs
removeWorkloadEndpoint *RemoveWorkloadEndpointFuncs
}
func newEndpointManagerCallbacks(callbacks *callbacks, ipVersion uint8) endpointManagerCallbacks {
if ipVersion == 4 {
return endpointManagerCallbacks{
addInterface: callbacks.AddInterfaceV4,
removeInterface: callbacks.RemoveInterfaceV4,
updateInterface: callbacks.UpdateInterfaceV4,
updateHostEndpoint: callbacks.UpdateHostEndpointV4,
removeHostEndpoint: callbacks.RemoveHostEndpointV4,
updateWorkloadEndpoint: callbacks.UpdateWorkloadEndpointV4,
removeWorkloadEndpoint: callbacks.RemoveWorkloadEndpointV4,
}
} else {
return endpointManagerCallbacks{
addInterface: &AddInterfaceFuncs{},
removeInterface: &RemoveInterfaceFuncs{},
updateInterface: &UpdateInterfaceFuncs{},
updateHostEndpoint: &UpdateHostEndpointFuncs{},
removeHostEndpoint: &RemoveHostEndpointFuncs{},
updateWorkloadEndpoint: &UpdateWorkloadEndpointFuncs{},
removeWorkloadEndpoint: &RemoveWorkloadEndpointFuncs{},
}
}
}
func (c *endpointManagerCallbacks) InvokeInterfaceCallbacks(old, new map[string]proto.HostEndpointID) {
for ifaceName, oldEpID := range old {
if newEpID, ok := new[ifaceName]; ok {
if oldEpID != newEpID {
c.updateInterface.Invoke(ifaceName, newEpID)
}
} else {
c.removeInterface.Invoke(ifaceName)
}
}
for ifaceName, newEpID := range new {
if _, ok := old[ifaceName]; !ok {
c.addInterface.Invoke(ifaceName, newEpID)
}
}
}
func (c *endpointManagerCallbacks) InvokeUpdateHostEndpoint(hostEpID proto.HostEndpointID) {
c.updateHostEndpoint.Invoke(hostEpID)
}
func (c *endpointManagerCallbacks) InvokeRemoveHostEndpoint(hostEpID proto.HostEndpointID) {
c.removeHostEndpoint.Invoke(hostEpID)
}
func (c *endpointManagerCallbacks) InvokeUpdateWorkload(old, new *proto.WorkloadEndpoint) {
c.updateWorkloadEndpoint.Invoke(old, new)
}
func (c *endpointManagerCallbacks) InvokeRemoveWorkload(old *proto.WorkloadEndpoint) {
c.removeWorkloadEndpoint.Invoke(old)
}
// endpointManager manages the dataplane resources that belong to each endpoint as well as
// the "dispatch chains" that fan out packets to the right per-endpoint chain.
//
// It programs the relevant iptables chains (via the iptables.Table objects) along with
// per-endpoint routes (via the RouteTable).
//
// Since calculating the dispatch chains is fairly expensive, the main OnUpdate method
// simply records the pending state of each interface and defers the actual calculation
// to CompleteDeferredWork(). This is also the basis of our failure handling; updates
// that fail are left in the pending state so they can be retried later.
type endpointManager struct {
// Config.
ipVersion uint8
wlIfacesRegexp *regexp.Regexp
kubeIPVSSupportEnabled bool
// Our dependencies.
rawTable iptablesTable
mangleTable iptablesTable
filterTable iptablesTable
ruleRenderer rules.RuleRenderer
routeTable routeTable
writeProcSys procSysWriter
osStat func(path string) (os.FileInfo, error)
epMarkMapper rules.EndpointMarkMapper
// Pending updates, cleared in CompleteDeferredWork as the data is copied to the activeXYZ
// fields.
pendingWlEpUpdates map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint
pendingIfaceUpdates map[string]ifacemonitor.State
// Active state, updated in CompleteDeferredWork.
activeWlEndpoints map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint
activeWlIfaceNameToID map[string]proto.WorkloadEndpointID
activeUpIfaces set.Set
activeWlIDToChains map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID][]*iptables.Chain
activeWlDispatchChains map[string]*iptables.Chain
activeEPMarkDispatchChains map[string]*iptables.Chain
// Workload endpoints that would be locally active but are 'shadowed' by other endpoints
// with the same interface name.
shadowedWlEndpoints map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint
// wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure contains names of workload interfaces that need to have
// their configuration (sysctls etc.) refreshed.
wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure set.Set
// epIDsToUpdateStatus contains IDs of endpoints that we need to report status for.
// Mix of host and workload endpoint IDs.
epIDsToUpdateStatus set.Set
// hostIfaceToAddrs maps host interface name to the set of IPs on that interface (reported
// fro the dataplane).
hostIfaceToAddrs map[string]set.Set
// rawHostEndpoints contains the raw (i.e. not resolved to interface) host endpoints.
rawHostEndpoints map[proto.HostEndpointID]*proto.HostEndpoint
// hostEndpointsDirty is set to true when host endpoints are updated.
hostEndpointsDirty bool
// activeHostIfaceToChains maps host interface name to the chains that we've programmed.
activeHostIfaceToRawChains map[string][]*iptables.Chain
activeHostIfaceToFiltChains map[string][]*iptables.Chain
activeHostIfaceToMangleChains map[string][]*iptables.Chain
// Dispatch chains that we've programmed for host endpoints.
activeHostRawDispatchChains map[string]*iptables.Chain
activeHostFilterDispatchChains map[string]*iptables.Chain
activeHostMangleDispatchChains map[string]*iptables.Chain
// activeHostEpIDToIfaceNames records which interfaces we resolved each host endpoint to.
activeHostEpIDToIfaceNames map[proto.HostEndpointID][]string
// activeIfaceNameToHostEpID records which endpoint we resolved each host interface to.
activeIfaceNameToHostEpID map[string]proto.HostEndpointID
needToCheckDispatchChains bool
needToCheckEndpointMarkChains bool
// Callbacks
OnEndpointStatusUpdate EndpointStatusUpdateCallback
callbacks endpointManagerCallbacks
bpfEnabled bool
}
type EndpointStatusUpdateCallback func(ipVersion uint8, id interface{}, status string)
type procSysWriter func(path, value string) error
func newEndpointManager(
rawTable iptablesTable,
mangleTable iptablesTable,
filterTable iptablesTable,
ruleRenderer rules.RuleRenderer,
routeTable routeTable,
ipVersion uint8,
epMarkMapper rules.EndpointMarkMapper,
kubeIPVSSupportEnabled bool,
wlInterfacePrefixes []string,
onWorkloadEndpointStatusUpdate EndpointStatusUpdateCallback,
bpfEnabled bool,
callbacks *callbacks,
) *endpointManager {
return newEndpointManagerWithShims(
rawTable,
mangleTable,
filterTable,
ruleRenderer,
routeTable,
ipVersion,
epMarkMapper,
kubeIPVSSupportEnabled,
wlInterfacePrefixes,
onWorkloadEndpointStatusUpdate,
writeProcSys,
os.Stat,
bpfEnabled,
callbacks,
)
}
func newEndpointManagerWithShims(
rawTable iptablesTable,
mangleTable iptablesTable,
filterTable iptablesTable,
ruleRenderer rules.RuleRenderer,
routeTable routeTable,
ipVersion uint8,
epMarkMapper rules.EndpointMarkMapper,
kubeIPVSSupportEnabled bool,
wlInterfacePrefixes []string,
onWorkloadEndpointStatusUpdate EndpointStatusUpdateCallback,
procSysWriter procSysWriter,
osStat func(name string) (os.FileInfo, error),
bpfEnabled bool,
callbacks *callbacks,
) *endpointManager {
wlIfacesPattern := "^(" + strings.Join(wlInterfacePrefixes, "|") + ").*"
wlIfacesRegexp := regexp.MustCompile(wlIfacesPattern)
return &endpointManager{
ipVersion: ipVersion,
wlIfacesRegexp: wlIfacesRegexp,
kubeIPVSSupportEnabled: kubeIPVSSupportEnabled,
bpfEnabled: bpfEnabled,
rawTable: rawTable,
mangleTable: mangleTable,
filterTable: filterTable,
ruleRenderer: ruleRenderer,
routeTable: routeTable,
writeProcSys: procSysWriter,
osStat: osStat,
epMarkMapper: epMarkMapper,
// Pending updates, we store these up as OnUpdate is called, then process them
// in CompleteDeferredWork and transfer the important data to the activeXYX fields.
pendingWlEpUpdates: map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint{},
pendingIfaceUpdates: map[string]ifacemonitor.State{},
activeUpIfaces: set.New(),
activeWlEndpoints: map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint{},
activeWlIfaceNameToID: map[string]proto.WorkloadEndpointID{},
activeWlIDToChains: map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID][]*iptables.Chain{},
shadowedWlEndpoints: map[proto.WorkloadEndpointID]*proto.WorkloadEndpoint{},
wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure: set.New(),
epIDsToUpdateStatus: set.New(),
hostIfaceToAddrs: map[string]set.Set{},
rawHostEndpoints: map[proto.HostEndpointID]*proto.HostEndpoint{},
hostEndpointsDirty: true,
activeHostIfaceToRawChains: map[string][]*iptables.Chain{},
activeHostIfaceToFiltChains: map[string][]*iptables.Chain{},
activeHostIfaceToMangleChains: map[string][]*iptables.Chain{},
// Caches of the current dispatch chains indexed by chain name. We use these to
// calculate deltas when we need to update the chains.
activeWlDispatchChains: map[string]*iptables.Chain{},
activeHostFilterDispatchChains: map[string]*iptables.Chain{},
activeHostMangleDispatchChains: map[string]*iptables.Chain{},
activeHostRawDispatchChains: map[string]*iptables.Chain{},
activeEPMarkDispatchChains: map[string]*iptables.Chain{},
needToCheckDispatchChains: true, // Need to do start-of-day update.
needToCheckEndpointMarkChains: true, // Need to do start-of-day update.
OnEndpointStatusUpdate: onWorkloadEndpointStatusUpdate,
callbacks: newEndpointManagerCallbacks(callbacks, ipVersion),
}
}
func (m *endpointManager) OnUpdate(protoBufMsg interface{}) {
log.WithField("msg", protoBufMsg).Debug("Received message")
switch msg := protoBufMsg.(type) {
case *proto.WorkloadEndpointUpdate:
m.pendingWlEpUpdates[*msg.Id] = msg.Endpoint
case *proto.WorkloadEndpointRemove:
m.pendingWlEpUpdates[*msg.Id] = nil
case *proto.HostEndpointUpdate:
log.WithField("msg", msg).Debug("Host endpoint update")
m.callbacks.InvokeUpdateHostEndpoint(*msg.Id)
m.rawHostEndpoints[*msg.Id] = msg.Endpoint
m.hostEndpointsDirty = true
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(*msg.Id)
case *proto.HostEndpointRemove:
log.WithField("msg", msg).Debug("Host endpoint removed")
m.callbacks.InvokeRemoveHostEndpoint(*msg.Id)
delete(m.rawHostEndpoints, *msg.Id)
m.hostEndpointsDirty = true
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(*msg.Id)
case *ifaceUpdate:
log.WithField("update", msg).Debug("Interface state changed.")
m.pendingIfaceUpdates[msg.Name] = msg.State
case *ifaceAddrsUpdate:
log.WithField("update", msg).Debug("Interface addrs changed.")
if m.wlIfacesRegexp.MatchString(msg.Name) {
log.WithField("update", msg).Debug("Workload interface, ignoring.")
return
}
if msg.Addrs != nil {
m.hostIfaceToAddrs[msg.Name] = msg.Addrs
} else {
delete(m.hostIfaceToAddrs, msg.Name)
}
m.hostEndpointsDirty = true
}
}
func (m *endpointManager) CompleteDeferredWork() error {
// Copy the pending interface state to the active set and mark any interfaces that have
// changed state for reconfiguration by resolveWorkload/HostEndpoints()
for ifaceName, state := range m.pendingIfaceUpdates {
if state == ifacemonitor.StateUp {
m.activeUpIfaces.Add(ifaceName)
if m.wlIfacesRegexp.MatchString(ifaceName) {
log.WithField("ifaceName", ifaceName).Info(
"Workload interface came up, marking for reconfiguration.")
m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Add(ifaceName)
}
} else {
m.activeUpIfaces.Discard(ifaceName)
}
// If this interface is linked to any already-existing endpoints, mark the endpoint
// status for recalculation. If the matching endpoint changes when we do
// resolveHostEndpoints() then that will mark old and new matching endpoints for
// update.
m.markEndpointStatusDirtyByIface(ifaceName)
// Clean up as we go...
delete(m.pendingIfaceUpdates, ifaceName)
}
m.resolveWorkloadEndpoints()
if m.hostEndpointsDirty {
log.Debug("Host endpoints updated, resolving them.")
m.resolveHostEndpoints()
m.hostEndpointsDirty = false
}
if m.kubeIPVSSupportEnabled && m.needToCheckEndpointMarkChains {
m.resolveEndpointMarks()
m.needToCheckEndpointMarkChains = false
}
// Now send any endpoint status updates.
m.updateEndpointStatuses()
return nil
}
func (m *endpointManager) GetRouteTableSyncers() []routeTableSyncer {
return []routeTableSyncer{m.routeTable}
}
func (m *endpointManager) markEndpointStatusDirtyByIface(ifaceName string) {
logCxt := log.WithField("ifaceName", ifaceName)
if epID, ok := m.activeWlIfaceNameToID[ifaceName]; ok {
logCxt.Info("Workload interface state changed; marking for status update.")
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(epID)
} else if epID, ok := m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName]; ok {
logCxt.Info("Host interface state changed; marking for status update.")
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(epID)
} else {
// We don't know about this interface yet (or it's already been deleted).
// If the endpoint gets created, we'll do the update then. If it's been
// deleted, we've already cleaned it up.
logCxt.Debug("Ignoring interface state change for unknown interface.")
}
}
func (m *endpointManager) updateEndpointStatuses() {
log.WithField("dirtyEndpoints", m.epIDsToUpdateStatus).Debug("Reporting endpoint status.")
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Iter(func(item interface{}) error {
switch id := item.(type) {
case proto.WorkloadEndpointID:
status := m.calculateWorkloadEndpointStatus(id)
m.OnEndpointStatusUpdate(m.ipVersion, id, status)
case proto.HostEndpointID:
status := m.calculateHostEndpointStatus(id)
m.OnEndpointStatusUpdate(m.ipVersion, id, status)
}
return set.RemoveItem
})
}
func (m *endpointManager) calculateWorkloadEndpointStatus(id proto.WorkloadEndpointID) string {
logCxt := log.WithField("workloadEndpointID", id)
logCxt.Debug("Re-evaluating workload endpoint status")
var operUp, adminUp, failed bool
workload, known := m.activeWlEndpoints[id]
if known {
adminUp = workload.State == "active"
operUp = m.activeUpIfaces.Contains(workload.Name)
failed = m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Contains(workload.Name)
}
// Note: if endpoint is not known (i.e. has been deleted), status will be "", which signals
// a deletion.
var status string
if known {
if failed {
status = "error"
} else if operUp && adminUp {
status = "up"
} else {
status = "down"
}
}
logCxt = logCxt.WithFields(log.Fields{
"known": known,
"failed": failed,
"operUp": operUp,
"adminUp": adminUp,
"status": status,
})
logCxt.Info("Re-evaluated workload endpoint status")
return status
}
func (m *endpointManager) calculateHostEndpointStatus(id proto.HostEndpointID) (status string) {
logCxt := log.WithField("hostEndpointID", id)
logCxt.Debug("Re-evaluating host endpoint status")
var resolved, operUp bool
_, known := m.rawHostEndpoints[id]
// Note: if endpoint is not known (i.e. has been deleted), status will be "", which signals
// a deletion.
if known {
ifaceNames := m.activeHostEpIDToIfaceNames[id]
if len(ifaceNames) > 0 {
resolved = true
operUp = true
for _, ifaceName := range ifaceNames {
if ifaceName == allInterfaces {
// For * host endpoints we don't let particular interfaces
// impact their reported status, because it's unclear what
// the semantics would be, and we'd potentially have to look
// at every interface on the host.
continue
}
ifaceUp := m.activeUpIfaces.Contains(ifaceName)
logCxt.WithFields(log.Fields{
"ifaceName": ifaceName,
"ifaceUp": ifaceUp,
}).Debug("Status of matching interface.")
operUp = operUp && ifaceUp
}
}
if resolved && operUp {
status = "up"
} else if resolved {
status = "down"
} else {
// Known but failed to resolve, map that to error.
status = "error"
}
}
logCxt = logCxt.WithFields(log.Fields{
"known": known,
"resolved": resolved,
"operUp": operUp,
"status": status,
})
logCxt.Info("Re-evaluated host endpoint status")
return status
}
func (m *endpointManager) resolveWorkloadEndpoints() {
if len(m.pendingWlEpUpdates) > 0 {
// We're about to make endpoint updates, make sure we recheck the dispatch chains.
m.needToCheckDispatchChains = true
}
removeActiveWorkload := func(logCxt *log.Entry, oldWorkload *proto.WorkloadEndpoint, id proto.WorkloadEndpointID) {
m.callbacks.InvokeRemoveWorkload(oldWorkload)
m.filterTable.RemoveChains(m.activeWlIDToChains[id])
delete(m.activeWlIDToChains, id)
if oldWorkload != nil {
m.epMarkMapper.ReleaseEndpointMark(oldWorkload.Name)
// Remove any routes from the routing table. The RouteTable will remove any
// conntrack entries as a side-effect.
logCxt.Info("Workload removed, deleting old state.")
m.routeTable.SetRoutes(oldWorkload.Name, nil)
m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Discard(oldWorkload.Name)
delete(m.activeWlIfaceNameToID, oldWorkload.Name)
}
delete(m.activeWlEndpoints, id)
}
// Repeat the following loop until the pending update map is empty. Note that it's possible
// for an endpoint deletion to add a further update into the map (for a previously shadowed
// endpoint), so we cannot assume that a single iteration will always be enough.
for len(m.pendingWlEpUpdates) > 0 {
// Handle pending workload endpoint updates.
for id, workload := range m.pendingWlEpUpdates {
logCxt := log.WithField("id", id)
oldWorkload := m.activeWlEndpoints[id]
if workload != nil {
// Check if there is already an active workload endpoint with the same
// interface name.
if existingId, ok := m.activeWlIfaceNameToID[workload.Name]; ok && existingId != id {
// There is. We need to decide which endpoint takes preference.
// (We presume this is some kind of make before break logic, and the
// situation will shortly be resolved by one of the endpoints being
// removed. But in the meantime we must have predictable
// behaviour.)
logCxt.WithFields(log.Fields{
"interfaceName": workload.Name,
"existingId": existingId,
}).Info("New endpoint has same iface name as existing")
if wlIdsAscending(&existingId, &id) {
logCxt.Info("Existing endpoint takes preference")
m.shadowedWlEndpoints[id] = workload
delete(m.pendingWlEpUpdates, id)
continue
}
logCxt.Info("New endpoint takes preference; remove existing")
m.shadowedWlEndpoints[existingId] = m.activeWlEndpoints[existingId]
removeActiveWorkload(logCxt, m.activeWlEndpoints[existingId], existingId)
}
logCxt.Info("Updating per-endpoint chains.")
if oldWorkload != nil && oldWorkload.Name != workload.Name {
logCxt.Debug("Interface name changed, cleaning up old state")
m.epMarkMapper.ReleaseEndpointMark(oldWorkload.Name)
if !m.bpfEnabled {
m.filterTable.RemoveChains(m.activeWlIDToChains[id])
}
m.routeTable.SetRoutes(oldWorkload.Name, nil)
m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Discard(oldWorkload.Name)
delete(m.activeWlIfaceNameToID, oldWorkload.Name)
}
var ingressPolicyNames, egressPolicyNames []string
if len(workload.Tiers) > 0 {
ingressPolicyNames = workload.Tiers[0].IngressPolicies
egressPolicyNames = workload.Tiers[0].EgressPolicies
}
adminUp := workload.State == "active"
if !m.bpfEnabled {
chains := m.ruleRenderer.WorkloadEndpointToIptablesChains(
workload.Name,
m.epMarkMapper,
adminUp,
ingressPolicyNames,
egressPolicyNames,
workload.ProfileIds,
)
m.filterTable.UpdateChains(chains)
m.activeWlIDToChains[id] = chains
}
// Collect the IP prefixes that we want to route locally to this endpoint:
logCxt.Info("Updating endpoint routes.")
var (
ipStrings []string
natInfos []*proto.NatInfo
addrSuffix string
)
if m.ipVersion == 4 {
ipStrings = workload.Ipv4Nets
natInfos = workload.Ipv4Nat
addrSuffix = "/32"
} else {
ipStrings = workload.Ipv6Nets
natInfos = workload.Ipv6Nat
addrSuffix = "/128"
}
if len(natInfos) != 0 {
old := ipStrings
ipStrings = make([]string, len(old)+len(natInfos))
copy(ipStrings, old)
for ii, natInfo := range natInfos {
ipStrings[len(old)+ii] = natInfo.ExtIp + addrSuffix
}
}
var mac net.HardwareAddr
if workload.Mac != "" {
var err error
mac, err = net.ParseMAC(workload.Mac)
if err != nil {
logCxt.WithError(err).Error(
"Failed to parse endpoint's MAC address")
}
}
var routeTargets []routetable.Target
if adminUp {
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint up, adding routes")
for _, s := range ipStrings {
routeTargets = append(routeTargets, routetable.Target{
CIDR: ip.MustParseCIDROrIP(s),
DestMAC: mac,
})
}
} else {
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint down, removing routes")
}
m.routeTable.SetRoutes(workload.Name, routeTargets)
m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Add(workload.Name)
m.activeWlEndpoints[id] = workload
m.activeWlIfaceNameToID[workload.Name] = id
delete(m.pendingWlEpUpdates, id)
m.callbacks.InvokeUpdateWorkload(oldWorkload, workload)
} else {
logCxt.Info("Workload removed, deleting its chains.")
removeActiveWorkload(logCxt, oldWorkload, id)
delete(m.pendingWlEpUpdates, id)
delete(m.shadowedWlEndpoints, id)
if oldWorkload != nil {
// Check for another endpoint with the same interface name,
// that should now become active.
bestShadowedId := proto.WorkloadEndpointID{}
for sId, sWorkload := range m.shadowedWlEndpoints {
logCxt.Infof("Old workload %v", oldWorkload)
logCxt.Infof("Shadowed workload %v", sWorkload)
if sWorkload.Name == oldWorkload.Name {
if bestShadowedId.EndpointId == "" || wlIdsAscending(&sId, &bestShadowedId) {
bestShadowedId = sId
}
}
}
if bestShadowedId.EndpointId != "" {
m.pendingWlEpUpdates[bestShadowedId] = m.shadowedWlEndpoints[bestShadowedId]
delete(m.shadowedWlEndpoints, bestShadowedId)
}
}
}
// Update or deletion, make sure we update the interface status.
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(id)
}
}
if !m.bpfEnabled && m.needToCheckDispatchChains {
// Rewrite the dispatch chains if they've changed.
newDispatchChains := m.ruleRenderer.WorkloadDispatchChains(m.activeWlEndpoints)
m.updateDispatchChains(m.activeWlDispatchChains, newDispatchChains, m.filterTable)
m.needToCheckDispatchChains = false
// Set flag to update endpoint mark chains.
m.needToCheckEndpointMarkChains = true
}
m.wlIfaceNamesToReconfigure.Iter(func(item interface{}) error {
ifaceName := item.(string)
err := m.configureInterface(ifaceName)
if err != nil {
if exists, err := m.interfaceExistsInProcSys(ifaceName); err == nil && !exists {
// Suppress log spam if interface has been removed.
log.WithError(err).Debug("Failed to configure interface and it seems to be gone")
} else {
log.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to configure interface, will retry")
}
return nil
}
return set.RemoveItem
})
}
func wlIdsAscending(id1, id2 *proto.WorkloadEndpointID) bool {
if id1.OrchestratorId == id2.OrchestratorId {
// Need to compare WorkloadId.
if id1.WorkloadId == id2.WorkloadId {
// Need to compare EndpointId.
return id1.EndpointId < id2.EndpointId
}
return id1.WorkloadId < id2.WorkloadId
}
return id1.OrchestratorId < id2.OrchestratorId
}
func (m *endpointManager) resolveEndpointMarks() {
if m.bpfEnabled {
return
}
// Render endpoint mark chains for active workload and host endpoint.
newEndpointMarkDispatchChains := m.ruleRenderer.EndpointMarkDispatchChains(m.epMarkMapper, m.activeWlEndpoints, m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID)
m.updateDispatchChains(m.activeEPMarkDispatchChains, newEndpointMarkDispatchChains, m.filterTable)
}
func (m *endpointManager) resolveHostEndpoints() {
// Host endpoint resolution
// ------------------------
//
// There is a set of non-workload interfaces on the local host, each possibly with
// IP addresses, that might be controlled by HostEndpoint resources in the Calico
// data model. The data model syntactically allows multiple HostEndpoint
// resources to match a given interface - for example, an interface 'eth1' might
// have address 10.240.0.34 and 172.19.2.98, and the data model might include:
//
// - HostEndpoint A with Name 'eth1'
//
// - HostEndpoint B with ExpectedIpv4Addrs including '10.240.0.34'
//
// - HostEndpoint C with ExpectedIpv4Addrs including '172.19.2.98'.
//
// but at runtime, at any given time, we only allow one HostEndpoint to govern
// that interface. That HostEndpoint becomes the active one, and the others
// remain inactive. (But if, for example, the active HostEndpoint resource was
// deleted, then one of the inactive ones could take over.) Given multiple
// matching HostEndpoint resources, the one that wins is the one with the
// alphabetically earliest HostEndpointId
//
// So the process here is not about 'resolving' a particular HostEndpoint on its
// own. Rather it is looking at the set of local non-workload interfaces and
// seeing which of them are matched by the current set of HostEndpoints as a
// whole.
newIfaceNameToHostEpID := map[string]proto.HostEndpointID{}
newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID := map[string]proto.HostEndpointID{}
newUntrackedIfaceNameToHostEpID := map[string]proto.HostEndpointID{}
newHostEpIDToIfaceNames := map[proto.HostEndpointID][]string{}
for ifaceName, ifaceAddrs := range m.hostIfaceToAddrs {
ifaceCxt := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"ifaceName": ifaceName,
"ifaceAddrs": ifaceAddrs,
})
bestHostEpId := proto.HostEndpointID{}
var bestHostEp proto.HostEndpoint
HostEpLoop:
for id, hostEp := range m.rawHostEndpoints {
logCxt := ifaceCxt.WithField("id", id)
if forAllInterfaces(hostEp) {
logCxt.Debug("Skip all-interfaces host endpoint")
continue
}
logCxt.WithField("bestHostEpId", bestHostEpId).Debug("See if HostEp matches interface")
if (bestHostEpId.EndpointId != "") && (bestHostEpId.EndpointId < id.EndpointId) {
// We already have a HostEndpointId that is better than
// this one, so no point looking any further.
logCxt.Debug("No better than existing match")
continue
}
if hostEp.Name == ifaceName {
// The HostEndpoint has an explicit name that matches the
// interface.
logCxt.Debug("Match on explicit iface name")
bestHostEpId = id
bestHostEp = *hostEp
continue
} else if hostEp.Name != "" {
// The HostEndpoint has an explicit name that isn't this
// interface. Continue, so as not to allow it to match on
// an IP address instead.
logCxt.Debug("Rejected on explicit iface name")
continue
}
for _, wantedList := range [][]string{hostEp.ExpectedIpv4Addrs, hostEp.ExpectedIpv6Addrs} {
for _, wanted := range wantedList {
logCxt.WithField("wanted", wanted).Debug("Address wanted by HostEp")
if ifaceAddrs.Contains(wanted) {
// The HostEndpoint expects an IP address
// that is on this interface.
logCxt.Debug("Match on address")
bestHostEpId = id
bestHostEp = *hostEp
continue HostEpLoop
}
}
}
}
if bestHostEpId.EndpointId != "" {
logCxt := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"ifaceName": ifaceName,
"bestHostEpId": bestHostEpId,
})
logCxt.Debug("Got HostEp for interface")
newIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName] = bestHostEpId
if len(bestHostEp.UntrackedTiers) > 0 {
// Optimisation: only add the endpoint chains to the raw (untracked)
// table if there's some untracked policy to apply. This reduces
// per-packet latency since every packet has to traverse the raw
// table.
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint has untracked policies.")
newUntrackedIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName] = bestHostEpId
}
if len(bestHostEp.PreDnatTiers) > 0 {
// Similar optimisation (or neatness) for pre-DNAT policy.
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint has pre-DNAT policies.")
newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName] = bestHostEpId
}
// Record that this host endpoint is in use, for status reporting.
newHostEpIDToIfaceNames[bestHostEpId] = append(
newHostEpIDToIfaceNames[bestHostEpId], ifaceName)
}
oldID, wasKnown := m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName]
newID, isKnown := newIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName]
if oldID != newID {
logCxt := ifaceCxt.WithFields(log.Fields{
"oldID": m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName],
"newID": newIfaceNameToHostEpID[ifaceName],
})
logCxt.Info("Endpoint matching interface changed")
if wasKnown {
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint was known, updating old endpoint status")
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(oldID)
}
if isKnown {
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint is known, updating new endpoint status")
m.epIDsToUpdateStatus.Add(newID)
}
}
}
// Similar loop to find the best all-interfaces host endpoint.
bestHostEpId := proto.HostEndpointID{}
var bestHostEp proto.HostEndpoint
for id, hostEp := range m.rawHostEndpoints {
logCxt := log.WithField("id", id)
if !forAllInterfaces(hostEp) {
logCxt.Debug("Skip interface-specific host endpoint")
continue
}
if (bestHostEpId.EndpointId != "") && (bestHostEpId.EndpointId < id.EndpointId) {
// We already have a HostEndpointId that is better than
// this one, so no point looking any further.
logCxt.Debug("No better than existing match")
continue
}
logCxt.Debug("New best all-interfaces host endpoint")
bestHostEpId = id
bestHostEp = *hostEp
}
if bestHostEpId.EndpointId != "" {
logCxt := log.WithField("bestHostEpId", bestHostEpId)
logCxt.Debug("Got all interfaces HostEp")
if len(bestHostEp.PreDnatTiers) > 0 {
logCxt.Debug("Endpoint has pre-DNAT policies.")
newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID[allInterfaces] = bestHostEpId
}
newIfaceNameToHostEpID[allInterfaces] = bestHostEpId
// Record that this host endpoint is in use, for status reporting.
newHostEpIDToIfaceNames[bestHostEpId] = append(
newHostEpIDToIfaceNames[bestHostEpId], allInterfaces)
}
if !m.bpfEnabled {
// Set up programming for the host endpoints that are now to be used.
newHostIfaceFiltChains := map[string][]*iptables.Chain{}
for ifaceName, id := range newIfaceNameToHostEpID {
log.WithField("id", id).Info("Updating host endpoint chains.")
hostEp := m.rawHostEndpoints[id]
// Update the filter chain, for normal traffic.
var ingressPolicyNames, egressPolicyNames []string
var ingressForwardPolicyNames, egressForwardPolicyNames []string
if len(hostEp.Tiers) > 0 {
ingressPolicyNames = hostEp.Tiers[0].IngressPolicies
egressPolicyNames = hostEp.Tiers[0].EgressPolicies
}
if len(hostEp.ForwardTiers) > 0 {
ingressForwardPolicyNames = hostEp.ForwardTiers[0].IngressPolicies
egressForwardPolicyNames = hostEp.ForwardTiers[0].EgressPolicies
}
filtChains := m.ruleRenderer.HostEndpointToFilterChains(
ifaceName,
m.epMarkMapper,
ingressPolicyNames,
egressPolicyNames,
ingressForwardPolicyNames,
egressForwardPolicyNames,
hostEp.ProfileIds,
)
if !reflect.DeepEqual(filtChains, m.activeHostIfaceToFiltChains[ifaceName]) {
m.filterTable.UpdateChains(filtChains)
}
newHostIfaceFiltChains[ifaceName] = filtChains
delete(m.activeHostIfaceToFiltChains, ifaceName)
}
newHostIfaceMangleChains := map[string][]*iptables.Chain{}
for ifaceName, id := range newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID {
log.WithField("id", id).Info("Updating host endpoint mangle chains.")
hostEp := m.rawHostEndpoints[id]
// Update the mangle table, for preDNAT policy.
var ingressPolicyNames []string
if len(hostEp.PreDnatTiers) > 0 {
ingressPolicyNames = hostEp.PreDnatTiers[0].IngressPolicies
}
mangleChains := m.ruleRenderer.HostEndpointToMangleChains(
ifaceName,
ingressPolicyNames,
)
if !reflect.DeepEqual(mangleChains, m.activeHostIfaceToMangleChains[ifaceName]) {
m.mangleTable.UpdateChains(mangleChains)
}
newHostIfaceMangleChains[ifaceName] = mangleChains
delete(m.activeHostIfaceToMangleChains, ifaceName)
}
newHostIfaceRawChains := map[string][]*iptables.Chain{}
for ifaceName, id := range newUntrackedIfaceNameToHostEpID {
log.WithField("id", id).Info("Updating host endpoint raw chains.")
hostEp := m.rawHostEndpoints[id]
// Update the raw chain, for untracked traffic.
var ingressPolicyNames, egressPolicyNames []string
if len(hostEp.UntrackedTiers) > 0 {
ingressPolicyNames = hostEp.UntrackedTiers[0].IngressPolicies
egressPolicyNames = hostEp.UntrackedTiers[0].EgressPolicies
}
rawChains := m.ruleRenderer.HostEndpointToRawChains(
ifaceName,
ingressPolicyNames,
egressPolicyNames,
)
if !reflect.DeepEqual(rawChains, m.activeHostIfaceToRawChains[ifaceName]) {
m.rawTable.UpdateChains(rawChains)
}
newHostIfaceRawChains[ifaceName] = rawChains
delete(m.activeHostIfaceToRawChains, ifaceName)
}
// Remove programming for host endpoints that are not now in use.
for ifaceName, chains := range m.activeHostIfaceToFiltChains {
log.WithField("ifaceName", ifaceName).Info(
"Host interface no longer protected, deleting its normal chains.")
m.filterTable.RemoveChains(chains)
}
for ifaceName, chains := range m.activeHostIfaceToMangleChains {
log.WithField("ifaceName", ifaceName).Info(
"Host interface no longer protected, deleting its preDNAT chains.")
m.mangleTable.RemoveChains(chains)
}
for ifaceName, chains := range m.activeHostIfaceToRawChains {
log.WithField("ifaceName", ifaceName).Info(
"Host interface no longer protected, deleting its untracked chains.")
m.rawTable.RemoveChains(chains)
}
m.callbacks.InvokeInterfaceCallbacks(m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID, newIfaceNameToHostEpID)
m.activeHostIfaceToFiltChains = newHostIfaceFiltChains
m.activeHostIfaceToMangleChains = newHostIfaceMangleChains
m.activeHostIfaceToRawChains = newHostIfaceRawChains
}
// Remember the host endpoints that are now in use.
m.activeIfaceNameToHostEpID = newIfaceNameToHostEpID
m.activeHostEpIDToIfaceNames = newHostEpIDToIfaceNames
if m.bpfEnabled {
return
}
// Rewrite the filter dispatch chains if they've changed.
log.WithField("resolvedHostEpIds", newIfaceNameToHostEpID).Debug("Rewrite filter dispatch chains?")
defaultIfaceName := ""
if _, ok := newIfaceNameToHostEpID[allInterfaces]; ok {
// All-interfaces host endpoint is active. Arrange for it to be the default,
// instead of trying to dispatch to it directly based on the non-existent interface
// name *.
defaultIfaceName = allInterfaces
delete(newIfaceNameToHostEpID, allInterfaces)
}
newFilterDispatchChains := m.ruleRenderer.HostDispatchChains(newIfaceNameToHostEpID, defaultIfaceName, true)
m.updateDispatchChains(m.activeHostFilterDispatchChains, newFilterDispatchChains, m.filterTable)
// Set flag to update endpoint mark chains.
m.needToCheckEndpointMarkChains = true
// Rewrite the mangle dispatch chains if they've changed.
log.WithField("resolvedHostEpIds", newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID).Debug("Rewrite mangle dispatch chains?")
defaultIfaceName = ""
if _, ok := newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID[allInterfaces]; ok {
// All-interfaces host endpoint is active. Arrange for it to be the
// default. This is handled the same as the filter dispatch chains above.
defaultIfaceName = allInterfaces
delete(newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID, allInterfaces)
}
newMangleDispatchChains := m.ruleRenderer.FromHostDispatchChains(newPreDNATIfaceNameToHostEpID, defaultIfaceName)
m.updateDispatchChains(m.activeHostMangleDispatchChains, newMangleDispatchChains, m.mangleTable)
// Rewrite the raw dispatch chains if they've changed.
log.WithField("resolvedHostEpIds", newUntrackedIfaceNameToHostEpID).Debug("Rewrite raw dispatch chains?")
newRawDispatchChains := m.ruleRenderer.HostDispatchChains(newUntrackedIfaceNameToHostEpID, "", false)
m.updateDispatchChains(m.activeHostRawDispatchChains, newRawDispatchChains, m.rawTable)
log.Debug("Done resolving host endpoints.")
}
// updateDispatchChains updates one of the sets of dispatch chains. It sends the changes to the
// given iptables.Table and records the updates in the activeChains map.
//
// Calculating the minimum update prevents log spam and reduces the work needed in the Table.
func (m *endpointManager) updateDispatchChains(
activeChains map[string]*iptables.Chain,
newChains []*iptables.Chain,
table iptablesTable,
) {
seenChains := set.New()
for _, newChain := range newChains {
seenChains.Add(newChain.Name)
oldChain := activeChains[newChain.Name]
if !reflect.DeepEqual(newChain, oldChain) {
table.UpdateChain(newChain)
activeChains[newChain.Name] = newChain
}
}
for name := range activeChains {
if !seenChains.Contains(name) {
table.RemoveChainByName(name)
delete(activeChains, name)
}
}
}
func (m *endpointManager) interfaceExistsInProcSys(name string) (bool, error) {
var directory string
if m.ipVersion == 4 {
directory = fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/%s", name)
} else {
directory = fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/%s", name)
}
_, err := m.osStat(directory)
if os.IsNotExist(err) {
return false, nil
}
if err != nil {
return false, err
}
return true, nil
}
func (m *endpointManager) configureInterface(name string) error {
if !m.activeUpIfaces.Contains(name) {
log.WithField("ifaceName", name).Info(
"Skipping configuration of interface because it is oper down.")
return nil
}
// Special case: for security, even if our IPv6 support is disabled, try to disable RAs on the interface.
acceptRAPath := fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/%s/accept_ra", name)
err := m.writeProcSys(acceptRAPath, "0")
if err != nil {
if exists, err := m.interfaceExistsInProcSys(name); err == nil && !exists {
log.WithField("file", acceptRAPath).Debug(
"Failed to set accept_ra flag. Interface is missing in /proc/sys.")
} else {
log.WithField("ifaceName", name).Warnf("Could not set accept_ra: %v", err)
}
}
log.WithField("ifaceName", name).Info(
"Applying /proc/sys configuration to interface.")
if m.ipVersion == 4 {
// Enable routing to localhost. This is required to allow for NAT to the local
// host.
err := m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/%s/route_localnet", name), "1")
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Normally, the kernel has a delay before responding to proxy ARP but we know
// that's not needed in a Calico network so we disable it.
err = m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/%s/proxy_delay", name), "0")
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Enable proxy ARP, this makes the host respond to all ARP requests with its own
// MAC. This has a couple of advantages:
//
// - In OpenStack, we're forced to configure the guest's networking using DHCP.
// Since DHCP requires a subnet and gateway, representing the Calico network
// in the natural way would lose a lot of IP addresses. For IPv4, we'd have to
// advertise a distinct /30 to each guest, which would use up 4 IPs per guest.
// Using proxy ARP, we can advertise the whole pool to each guest as its subnet
// but have the host respond to all ARP requests and route all the traffic whether
// it is on or off subnet.
//
// - For containers, we install explicit routes into the containers network
// namespace and we use a link-local address for the gateway. Turing on proxy ARP
// means that we don't need to assign the link local address explicitly to each
// host side of the veth, which is one fewer thing to maintain and one fewer
// thing we may clash over.
err = m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/%s/proxy_arp", name), "1")
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Enable IP forwarding of packets coming _from_ this interface. For packets to
// be forwarded in both directions we need this flag to be set on the fabric-facing
// interface too (or for the global default to be set).
err = m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/%s/forwarding", name), "1")
if err != nil {
return err
}
} else {
// Enable proxy NDP, similarly to proxy ARP, described above.
err := m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/%s/proxy_ndp", name), "1")
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Enable IP forwarding of packets coming _from_ this interface. For packets to
// be forwarded in both directions we need this flag to be set on the fabric-facing
// interface too (or for the global default to be set).
err = m.writeProcSys(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/%s/forwarding", name), "1")
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func writeProcSys(path, value string) error {
f, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_WRONLY, 0)
if err != nil {
return err
}
n, err := f.Write([]byte(value))
if err == nil && n < len(value) {
err = io.ErrShortWrite
}
if err1 := f.Close(); err == nil {
err = err1
}
return err
}
// The interface name that we use to mean "all interfaces". This is intentionally longer than
// IFNAMSIZ (16) characters, so that it can't possibly match a real interface name.
var allInterfaces = "any-interface-at-all"
// True if the given host endpoint is for all interfaces, as opposed to for a specific interface.
func forAllInterfaces(hep *proto.HostEndpoint) bool {
return hep.Name == "*"
}
// for implementing the endpointsSource interface
func (m *endpointManager) GetRawHostEndpoints() map[proto.HostEndpointID]*proto.HostEndpoint {
return m.rawHostEndpoints
}
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