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Guyana national rugby union team
The Guyana national rugby union team represents Guyana in the sport of rugby union. They have thus far not qualified for a Rugby World Cup, but have participated in qualifying tournaments.
History
Guyana made their international debut in Georgetown in 1979 in a match against Bermuda, which Bermuda won. They played Bermuda again in 1981 in the Port of Spain. The team got their first win in 1999 in Georgetown, defeating Martinique seven points to three. The team competed in the Americas qualifying tournaments for qualification for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia, including fixtures against Cayman Islands.
Guyana competes in the Caribbean Championship, a tournament which includes Antigua, Trinidad and Tobago, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, the Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, and Bermuda.
Guyana attempted to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France in 2005, contesting the Americas tournament in Round 1a. Guyana were grouped in the South Pool, alongside Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Lucia. Guyana won two of their three fixtures, finishing in second place in the final standings.
In 2003, Guyana's u-18 team won the Caribbean championship and went on to win it the following two years, losing it to Jamaica on points in Guyana in 2006 and losing in the final of the u-20 World Cup qualifier in the Cayman Islands 2007 to Jamaica, who won on drop goals after the match went tied after extra time.
Guyana will participate in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, having won the NACRA qualifying tournament in Mexico in November 2009. The side was captained by Claudius Butts, with Theodore Henry taking over when Butts was injured in the buildup to Mexico.
The side are currently coached by Larry Adonis and Clinton Clarke, with West Indies coach Joe Whipple acting as a technical director.
The team is sponsored by X-Treme Rugby ( www.x-tremerugbywear.com) a Thailand-based company owned by former Canadian International player (50 caps), Eddie Evans. Eddie also runs charity called Nakk Suu, designed to help teach the game of rugby to kids in Thailand.
Guyanese rugby is regularly supported by the BOOST Coaching Programme based at Loughborough University, U.K, with 2 coaches travelling to spend a month with the union once a year. One coach then comes to Loughborough in return, normally in February or March.
Results
NACRA / Rugby Americas North Championship
Champions in 1966 and 2014.
Runner-ups in 2008, 2011, 2012, 2016 and 2017.
Squad
Guyana squad at the 2015 NACRA Rugby Championship:
Officials
Kenneth Grant-Stuart - Coach
Robin Roberts - Manager
Abiola Blair - Physiotherapist
Previous Squads
See also
Rugby union in Guyana
References
External links
Guyana on IRB.com
Guyana on RugbyData.com
Category:South American national rugby union teams
Category:Rugby union in Guyana
Rugby union
Category:1979 establishments in Guyana
Category:Rugby clubs established in 1979 |
CD25 is a marker for CD4+ thymocytes that prevent autoimmune diabetes in rats, but peripheral T cells with this function are found in both CD25+ and CD25- subpopulations.
Previously we have shown that autoimmune diabetes, induced in rats by a protocol of adult thymectomy and split-dose gamma irradiation, can be prevented by the transfer of a subset of CD4+ T cells with a memory phenotype (CD45RC-), as well as by CD4+CD8- thymocytes, from syngeneic donors. Further studies now reveal that in the thymus the regulatory cells are observed in the CD25+ subset of CD4+CD8- cells, whereas transfer of the corresponding CD25- thymocyte subset leads to acceleration of disease onset in prediabetic recipients. However, in the periphery, not all regulatory T cells were found to be CD25+. In thoracic duct lymph, cells that could prevent diabetes were found in both CD25- and CD25+ subsets of CD4+CD45RC- cells. Further, CD25- regulatory T cells were also present within the CD4+CD45RC- cell subset from spleen and lymph nodes, but were effective in preventing diabetes only after the removal of CD25- recent thymic emigrants. Phenotypic analysis of human thymocytes showed the presence of CD25+ cells in the same proportions as in rat thymus. The possible developmental relationship between CD25+ and CD25- regulatory T cells is discussed. |
There are a couple of different versions of Puppy 4.20 with the most visual difference being the "blinky" icon -- yours looks like a small television screen located in the lower right bar of your screen. I believe that tells me that you are using the "official" 4.20 release. I was using a derivative that has a few differences in it, but that's nothing we need to worry about yet. I also tried the official 4.20 on my buddy's machine and -- sound worked out of the box (until I ran the Alsa Sound Wizard, anyway).
The Alsa Sound Wizard changes your /etc/modprobe.conf file and I believe that is what caused our sound to "break" on these two Gateway machines. Of course, we still have to prove that to ourselves!
Before we do anything drastic, though, I want you to do a few more things for me. Boot from your LIVE CD, but as soon as you see the boot screen with this
Code:
Puppy will boot automatically in 8 seconds...
boot:
I want you to type
Code:
puppy pfix=ram
and hit your keyboard's Enter key.
This causes Puppy to ignore your hard drive save file and acts like a fresh installation. After you see the desktop and calendar appear, I want you to reset (maximize) the sound levels -- using only sGmixer from the Menu and Alsamixer from the Console. Please, DO NOT RUN ALSA SOUND WIZARD this time.
Empty the trash, try you tube, play a CD -- test your out-of-the-box sound. Open the desktop Play icon and maximize sound there, too. Do you have sound?
If the answer is yes, I want you to copy the /etc/modprobe.conf file to a USB stick or another place on your computer's hard drive -- in sda2, perhaps? Shutdown Puppy 4.2 in the normal way but -- when it asks
Code:
<SAVE TO FILE> <SAVE TO CD> <DO NOT SAVE>
select <DO NOT SAVE>
If you do not have sound... well, either way, post back to me.
In my earlier days, I would simply start fresh from this point -- but I see you have Bon Echo added and we will try to keep those things when we fix this....
Patriot, I am inclined to agree. Upgrading Alsa via your .pet might be the best solution. BTW, your .pet was another successful solution to the sound issues I have experienced with my Dell Mini-9, eliminating the need to add anything to Boxpup 413's /etc/modprobe.conf.
I have been experimenting with the 4.20-variations of Puppy on my buddy's Gateway 7305 laptop and have found sound to work out-of-the box; even bringing up the ALSA WIZARD screen breaks the sound output, requiring the deletion of that frugal pup_save file or the possible replacement of the corrupted /etc/modprobe.conf file.
Turk Nailik, what is the model number of your particular laptop? I am not sure why sound would work on my end, but not on yours... but then, Gateway is sorta' famous for outsourcing and building with whatever parts were available at the time of order. Sounds like I am rambling, here. Sorry, but I am running out of ideas.
If my buddy's Gateway and yours do have the same hardware, the best advice I can come up with to date is:
I tried to download the .pet files by clicking of Patriot's files. They seemed to download, but during the install the computer froze. I waited about 5 to 10 minutes then hard booted. I then tried the settings on sgmixer and alsamixer - and alas no sound...
Alsa pet install notes:
1. Please note your kernel version.
2. Do not install from a fat32/ntfs partition. Download/copy to /tmp or any ext2 partition before installing.
3. A quick way to test would be using pfix=ram if you have enough ram.
I also have a Gateway .Puppy 4.2 live cd.NO sound.I did all the things that were suggested.I stumbled upon this solution ,why it works I don't know,maybe someone else does.When powering up wait for the Gateway screen,press F2 to enter Bios setup.You don't have to do anything just press F10 and exit saving changes.Puppy will boot up and you should have sound. I tried this afew times and everything works woof woof on delete,cd audio,and video sound.Thanks for all the info!
You might be on to something! When I was helping my buddy out with a frugal install of Puppy on his Gateway, I did open his laptop's BIOS to change his boot order, save, and exit. Hmmm...
I have learned a bit while trying to help these guys with their Gateway laptops, and will try to summarize it from memory here:
These particular Gateway laptops are using AC97 sound that **should** be picked up by Puppy's defaults.
Code:
INTEL 18X0 8086:24C5 (REV3)
Running the Sound Wizard -- or even selecting the Sound Wizard without actually using it -- broke the sound on my buddy's Gateway. I strongly recommend you do this only when running as a Live CD (no save file) to see what hardware is detected before any installation begins.
The last part of Turk Nailik's modprobe.conf file looks like this:
165 alias snd-card-0 snd-intel8x0m
166 alias sound-slot-0 snd-intel8x0m
My buddy's modprobe.conf file did not have the m's until after I had selected the sound wizard and broken his sound. Then his modprobe.conf file looked exactly like Turk Nailik's and the machine was silent.
I **think** this is showing what Puppy **believes** you have for your sound chipset(s) / sound modem / whatever (don't know the correct terminology). Since Turk Nailik had run his sound wizard, thus modifying his modprobe.conf file and breaking any chance of sound, was Puppy showing the actual chipset in his machine or a different (incorrectly set by the Sound Wizard) one?
Patriot's .pet does fix the sound issue on my Dell Mini-9, without requiring me to manually modify my own modprobe.conf file, but I did not use it on my buddy's Gateway, so that remains unconfirmed in this particular case with these Gateways. I will say that I do not believe that running Patriot's .pet has any real downside to it; I doubt it will break anything and know it will fix some sound issues, as it did on my Dell machine.
And yes, Ricky, it may be that opening and saving the BIOS might set or reset something important -- although I am much too new to understand what or why. Both of us opened and saved our BIOS files and both of these machines have sound. Thank you very much for pointing that out!
My buddy has since re-claimed his Gateway laptop, so I have nothing further to test with.
I have been trying to get sound working on the new wife's Gateway 7326GZ with similar Intel hardware and having the same problems.
I might have a few more bits of info to try and track down the problem.
Sound worked longer ago using 4.0.3 (found old cd, booted and sound works)
No sound under 4.3 full (or Tuxx's 4.31.1)
BUT I do get sound using 4.3 small!!!
It seems it may have some thing to do not just with the sound but also the modem which seems to use the same hardware.
In full it loads the hfs modem module, but small loads intel8x0m (same in 4.0.3)
I tried blacklisting all the hfs modules, still no sound.
Added intel8x0m. No sound.
Added other modules that were different between 4.0.3 and 4.3 : slamr and slusb. No sound.
Checked modem. Still showed ttyhfs0. Erased, rebooted and re-probed and found ttysl0?? Modem seems to work, but no Sound.
For grins I re-ran ALSA config. I hear the speakers click when module installs, but no sound.
Took out the slamr and slub modules I added earlier, and ran ALSA config again, same result.
Does anything here make sense??
What is different between 4.0.3 and 4.3?? The "zdrv" file? Why does having extra drivers cause the wrong one(s) to load? Are the extra drivers broken?
Is it something else all together? I have came to the limit of my knowledge, can anyone give a hand?
Side note - may be important - Sound worked in and earlier version of Fedora (F8?) but is also broken in F10 and F11 as well. Is there a common problem here? ALSA broken?
I might dig up my old F8 disks and give it a spin as well to see what is different and report back.
I'll never get her to drop M$ if I can't crack this. And 4.3 (and 4.31.1) are so slick!!
No sound under 4.3 full (or Tuxx's 4.31.1)
BUT I do get sound using 4.3 small!!!
That report is KEY. Anyone care to put a, ahem ... bug in Barry's ear about this?_________________hangout: ##b0rked on irc.freenode.net
diversion:http://alienjeff.net - visit The Fringe
quote: "The foundation of authority is based upon the consent of the people." - Thomas Hooker
BUT cannot find a modem. This doesn't bother me too much since I never use it, but would be nice if it worked in an emergency.
Apparently the reason sound worked in small was because the hfs modem modules were not included, so they were not installed. The sound card seems to need snd_intel9x0m loaded and it conflicts with some of the hfs modules and will not load. (I found this error when I tried modprobe -v snd_intel8x0)
Now, I am sure there is a better / more permanent way doing this (give preference to one module over another??) but I am not familiar enough with how all of the drivers interact to find a better way on my own.
Maybe some one could suggest a better solution to Barry for the next release??
Thanks to all of you in this thread for your perseverance on this complex issue. As instigator of the Conexant modem support, I feel a responsibility to join in. Your information gives me a lot to work with.
I would like to take this up in the 4.3 Bugs thread, since the problems may be aggravated by the 4.3 addition of those drivers, as well as the patching of the ALSA driver to accommodate Conexant HDA modems.
I am concerned that there is an apparent conflict in Puppy's choice of modem drivers. But I see only the ID of the sound card here and need to know the ID of the modem. That ID triggers the driver selection. It could be that the same ID is accociated with both the Intel and HSF drivers. Could someone post (in 4.3 Bugs) what PupScan (in 4.3, with the zp430305.sfs file included) shows for the PCI interfaces for sound and modems? Also please note which sound and modem drivers are actually loaded (lsmod) in the various cases.
I am also interested in attempting to automate handling of situations requiring special "model =" updates to modprobe.conf. But that appears to be of lower priority, if I understand the conclusions you all have come to. Thank you for any further help you can provide to work this out for everyone.
Richard
lwill,
You imply that the MODDULESCONFIG edit is needed. I am not currently submitting that technique for 4.3.1, so am curious whether it is really necessary. Will your ALSA fix alone solve the problem?
My take from your experience with that mod (reported via PM to me) is that intel8x0m got loaded first and the HSF modules (mysteriously) came later. Although I can't explain why the HSFs were loaded, since we were overriding their use, the result suggests there is a requirement for the modules to load in that sequence. There may be a better way to do that. What happens without that mod? And (with the mod) does it still work after a reboot? Since HSF disables intel8x0m, that might prevent its loading after the first time.
To help me understand this more, could you post the lsmod output from the successful Fedora run, as well as that from the good puppy run? I remain concerned about getting this HSF-and-sound thing right. Thanks.
Richard
You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forumYou cannot attach files in this forumYou can download files in this forum |
Q:
I'm Programming a sticky note that won't stick
I want to make a sticky note for my site that changes it's length depending on how much text it has, these are the graphics
http://www.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/a/9/a9bb813fajYqH.png
http://img2.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/e/a/eafa194f44yHh.png
http://www.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/4/f/4fcc68191cLbT.png
I looked at some examples and this is my css code for the div
#sticky-note
{
background-image:url('http://www.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/a/9/a9bb813fajYqH.png'),
url('http://img2.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/e/a/eafa194f44yHh.png'),
url('http://www.smackjeeves.com/images/uploaded/comics/4/f/4fcc68191cLbT.png');
background-position: top, center, bottom;
background-repeat:no-reapeat, repeat-y, no-repeat;
padding: 10px;
max-width: 170px;
text-align: center;
}
but it doesn't work, i want the middle graphic to repeat vertically and the top and bottom ones to stay the same at the top, help
A:
Use three separate divs, a header that contains the top part, a footer with the bottom, and a content one that stretches the middle.
|
The importance of appropriate controls, animal feed, and animal models in interpreting results from low-dose studies of bisphenol A.
Interpreting results of studies that report only negative effects is problematic. A number of published studies to determine whether chemicals with estrogenic activity can cause effects at low doses have not taken into account the possibility that the commercial animal feed being used can mask effects of even potent estrogenic drugs such as diethylstilbestrol (DES). In addition, the sensitivity of the strain of animal being used for the specific category of chemical being tested has not always been described. For environmental chemicals, such as the estrogenic polycarbonate plastic monomer bisphenol A, DES is an appropriate positive control for estrogenic effects, and using an appropriate low dose of DES can eliminate the possibility of false-negative conclusions of safety when the above or other variables contribute to the negative outcome. Only when simultaneous positive effects of low doses of a positive control chemical such as DES and negative effects of environmentally relevant low doses of the test chemical are demonstrated within the same experiment are conclusions of no effect of the test chemical warranted, and this has not been reported for bisphenol A in any study. Instead, more than 90 refereed journal publications have reported effects due to exposure to low doses of bisphenol A in a wide variety of animals (for references see: http://rcp.missouri.edu/endocrinedisruptors/vomsaal/vomsaal.html). However, due to lack of attention to the importance of appropriate positive controls, a small number of studies reporting negative effects of bisphenol A have created a false sense of controversy regarding low-dose effects of bisphenol A. |
By F1 writer and broadcaster James Allen
Bullish Trulli predicts massive year for Toyota
One of the most striking things about the way the testing has been going has been the performance of Toyota. In the hands of both drivers the car has proved reliable as well as fast over long runs, the ideal triple crown, really.
You sense that this could be the year of the breakthrough for Toyota which is still looking for its first win in F1. Jarno Trulli certainly seemed to think that is the case, when I caught up with him this evening.
“We hope so, we are optimistic,” he said. “Only the race results will tell us the truth, but so far this is one of the best cars that Toyota has made so I’m confident that we can be right at the top.”
Trulli and team mate Timo Glock have been matching the testing performances of BMW and Ferrari so far this winter and according to Trulli, the picture is accurate.
“We can be there with them,” he said. “We are always competitive, always at the top of the list. Our aim is to be in the top three or four at the start of the season and see what we can do from there. I’m more and more confident. Only Melbourne will tell us for sure but we are in pretty good shape.
“The car is consistent on long runs, we’ve done several and we have found the car consistent in every condition.
“When the car is quick nothing is tricky. So far this car has been quite competitive from the beginning. I think the aerodynamics guys got it right from the beginning. The front wing change has been useful. With slick tyres it’s fine but it’s a new experience for us and for Bridgestone and we need to find the right compounds because everyone was struggling in Jerez.
“Slicks can be an advantage for me because on grooved tyres I had some problems, especially with front graining, which I really didn’t like.”
Trulli is a formidable qualifier, as we know and he could well feature at the front of the grid in Melbourne. When the car is working well he’s raced very well too as his string of podiums three years ago showed. Since then it’s been a bit of a struggle, with certain tracks like Magny Cours and Budapest working well for the team, while it has traditionally struggled at bumpy circuits. Trulli thinks that this will still be the case, but in a milder form and thinks that the baseline of this car is just generally a lot higher than it has been before.
Trulli is sublime on his day when his car is set up to absolute perfection. The set up operating window which allows him to demonstrate his incrediblw raw pace is incredibly narrow however, which is why it’s unlikely you’ll ever see Trulli display the consistency required to win a championship. Poles and possibly races win are a possibility however.
As for Glock, he certainly appears to have greater consistency than the aforementioned in terms of pace and performance and delivered some good drives towards the back end of last year. May not have the raw pace of Trulli, but of the course of a season, you’d expect him outgun him. Still relatively early days however. This season will tell a lot. |
Zen Photon Garden - Ray Tracing in the Browser - tsenkov
http://zenphoton.com/
======
boulem
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgcgBRAdQBNQE2AZf/AAAB4wEAAW...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAMAhwBUQJzAkT/AAACIAFWAb...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAMAhwBUQJzAkT/AAACIAFWAb0BVv8AAAG8AVcBWwJB/wAAAVsBbwCdAXH/AAABVwFzAU0Bs/8AAAJaAWUDVgFs/wAAAl0BbQJdAbr/AAADPwDKAlsA0f8AAAJdAMgCZQBk/wAAAioAyAGiAMb/AAABYADBAF8AtP8AAAFYALcBWQCK/wAA)
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwBBAowA7ALwAML/AAACjwDrAo...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
~~~
dpcx
The first of those was enough to crash Chrome. Caution!
~~~
boulem
it crashed many times when i was making it lol ^^
~~~
D9u
None crashed chromium on #! ... Which OS are you using?
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mistercow
Sierpinski!
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgXgB8AaYA2wJdANlWUlUCXgDZAg...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgXgB8AaYA2wJdANlWUlUCXgDZAgUBalZSVQIFAWoBpgDdVlJVAgUBagK7AWlWUlUCBwFrAUEBbFZSVQFBAWwCCABCVlJVAgoAQgK4AWlWUlUB3QCKAgcA2FZSVQIIANgCMQCKVlJVAjEAigHaAIpWUlUBewEfAaEBZ1ZSVQGjAWsBzwEfVlJVAdABHgF4AR1WUlUCNAEfAosBHlZSVQKLASACXAFqVlJVAlwBagI1ASJWUlUB8wBjAhwAY1ZSVQIcAGQCBQCLVlJVAgcAiwHwAGZWUlUBwQCxAe4AsFZSVQHwALIB1gDbVlJVAdYA2wG/ALJWUlUCIQCwAksAr1ZSVQJLALECNQDZVlJVAjUA2QIeALFWUlUBjgD+AbkA/lZSVQG5AP4BoAEeVlJVAaABHgGLAP1WUlUBXwFBAYwBQ1ZSVQGMAUQBcgFqVlJVAXIBaQFeAURWUlUBuwFGAekBR1ZSVQIiAUcCRwFGVlJVAngBRgKiAUVWUlUCogFHAooBaFZSVQKKAWgCdQFFVlJVAkkBRgIzAWlWUlUCNQFpAhwBRVZSVQHpAUkB0AFtVlJVAdABbAG5AURWUlUCAABRAgoAYlZSVQIIAGECEwBRVlJVAhMAUQH/AFJWUlUB4wB5AfAAiVZSVQHwAIgB+wB4VlJVAfsAeAHlAHlWUlUCEQB2Ah8AiVZSVQIfAIkCKQB2VlJVAikAdgITAHdWUlUBzQCbAdgAr1ZSVQHMAJ0B5wCcVlJVAecAngHYALFWUlUCKQCeAjUArlZSVQIqAKECQACgVlJVAkAAoAI2AK5WUlUBswDFAckAxFZSVQHJAMQBuwDZVlJVAbEAxgG6ANVWUlUB5wDFAfoAxVZSVQISAMUCJgDEVlJVAj8AxAJVAMRWUlUCVQDEAkoA2FZSVQJKANgCQgDEVlJVAicAxgIbANhWUlUCHADYAhMAyFZSVQH9AMYB8QDYVlJVAfEA2wHlAMdWUlUBmQDsAa0A7FZSVQGtAO0BoQD8VlJVAaEA/QGZAO1WUlUBggEOAZYBDlZSVQGuAQ0BwgEOVlJVAcIBDgG3AR5WUlUBtwEeAbABD1ZSVQGWAQ0BigEcVlJVAYoBHAGBARBWUlUBagExAYIBMVZSVQGCATEBcwFDVlJVAXMBQgFnATJWUlUBwwE1Ad0BNFZSVQHdATYB0QFFVlJVAdEBRQHDATdWUlUBUAFXAWcBV1ZSVQF9AVYBlwFXVlJVAbEBVwHCAVdWUlUB3wFXAfYBV1ZSVQH2AVcB6wFpVlJVAesBawHdAVlWUlUBwwFXAboBalZSVQG6AWoBrwFYVlJVAZcBWAGLAWpWUlUBiwFqAX4BWFZSVQFnAVcBWgFpVlJVAVoBagFOAVhWUlUCEgFXAiYBV1ZSVQI/AVcCUgFVVlJVAmoBWAJ/AVZWUlUClwFWAqwBVlZSVQKrAVYCnwFoVlJVAp8BaAKVAVhWUlUCfgFVAnIBaFZSVQJyAWkCaAFYVlJVAlEBVwJFAWlWUlUCRQFpAj0BWVZSVQInAVgCGwFqVlJVAhsBagIPAVpWUlUCKAE1Aj0BM1ZSVQJ/ATIClwEyVlJVApcBMgKJAUVWUlUCiQFFAn4BNFZSVQI7ATMCMQFFVlJVAjEBRQImATZWUlUCTAD8AnQA+1ZSVQJ0APsCXwEeVlJVAl8BHgJJAP1WUlUCUwDrAmoA6lZSVQJqAOsCXwD5VlJVAl8A+QJUAO1WUlUCQQEPAlEBDVZSVQJRAQ4CSAEcVlJVAkgBHAI+ARBWUlUCbgENAn8BDFZSVQJ/AQwCcwEdVlJVAnMBHQJsAQ1WUlU=)
Welp, that was way better than being productive. Shame it doesn't save the
exposure level in the share link.
~~~
scanlime
It's supposed to save the exposure in that link, and when I click the link it
does open with a non-default exposure value. Hmm!
------
rickyconnolly
You either die a hero...
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAzAgIBhwHtAV7/AAAB7QFeAc...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
~~~
Recoil42
Or live long enough to become the villain…
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAyAiQBFQHsAQAA/wACCQEDAd...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
------
araes
Piecewise, type-1, Wolter optics. From a useability perspective, I'd love the
ability to either draw freehand lines, or splines. Also, a button / key to
constantly keep the drawn lines visible would be nice. Amazingly cool little
project though.
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgdwEuACQA+wBdAPsA/wAAXQD7AK...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
~~~
araes
Past the edit time, but one other one. The end of all things. Takes a few
million rays to look reasonable.
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgiwCfAAMBuAAoAaeCAHwAKwGnAE...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgiwCfAAMBuAAoAaeCAHwAKwGnAE8Bl4IAfABPAZcAeAGNggB8AHkBjQCoAX+CAHwAqAF/AN4Be4IAfADfAXsBDQFrggB8AQ4BawE6AVmCAHwBOwFZAXMBUYIAfAFzAVEBngFLggB8AZ8BSwHSAUCCAHwB0wFAAfwBQIIAfAH8AUACKAFCggB8AigBQgJRAUeCAHwCUgFHApABV4IAfAKRAVcCswFiggB8ArMBYwLhAXGCAHwC4QFxAxQBgYIAfAMVAYIDSQGaggB8A0wBmgORAZ2CAHwDkQGdA7sBqIIAfAO7AagD3wG3ggB8A98BuwP/AcuCAHwB0gFrAeYBWikA1QHmAVoB7wFQKQDVAe8BTgH2AUIpANUB9gFCAfcBPCkA1QH3ATwB8wE8KQDVAfMBPAHqAUIpANUB6gFCAd4BQykA1QHeAUMB1gE5KQDVAdMBOQHPAS4pANUB0AEuAcwBHykA1QHMAR8BywERKQDVAcsBDwHOAQYpANUBzgEGAdkA9ikA1QHZAPYB5QDuKQDVAeUA7gH4AOopANUB+ADqAgIA6CkA1QICAOgCFADqKQDVAhQA6gIlAPMpANUCJgDzAjABACkA1QIwAQACNQEPKQDVAjUBEAI2ARwpANUCNwEfAjUBKSkA1QI1ASkCLQEzKQDVAi0BNAIhATwpANUCIgE9Ah4BQykA1QIeAUMCEwFFKQDVAhMBRQILATopANUCCwE6AgcBPSkA1QIIAT0CDgFPKQDVAg4BTwIWAVkpANUCFwFaAiEBZikA1QIhAWkCKAFsKQDVAZkB0QGaAYR2ADUBmgGEAbEBhHYANQGxAYQBsQHQdgA1AbkBYgG6AZF2ADUBuQFjAdEBY3YANQHRAWMB0gGQdgA1AcMBYgHDAVJ2ADUBwwFSAckBUnYANQHJAVIByQFidgA1AeIBVAHiAWx2ADUB4wFUAekBVnYANQHpAVYB6gFsdgA1AfMBZQH0AYJ2ADUB8wFnAgQBZ3YANQIEAWcCBAGCdgA1AeIBrAHhAeZ2ADUB4gGtAf4BrXYANQH+Aa4B/gHmdgA1AhABXAISAXR2ADUCEgFeAhkBXnYANQIZAV4CGwF0dgA1AisBbQIsAYh2ADUCLAFsAj0BbHYANQI9AWwCPgGNdgA1Ak0BYAJOAXR2ADUCTgFeAlcBX3YANQJXAV8CWQF1dgA1AjoBUAI6AVh2ADUCOgFPAj4BT3YANQI+AU8CPwFYdgA1AioBVgIrAV52ADUCLAFWAjEBVnYANQIxAVYCMgFfdgA1AfsBWgH8AWF2ADUB/AFcAgABWnYANQIAAVoCAAFgdgA1AbEBSgGyAVh2ADUBsAFKAaYBS3YANQGmAUsBpwFXdgA1ApEBoAKUAfJ2ADUCjwGfAscBoXYANQLHAaECyAH0dgA1AjUBywI3Ai52AAACNwHKAmgBynYAAAJoAcoCawIwdgAAAR0BnAEcAfp2AAABHwGbAVUBmXYAAAFVAZkBVAH2dgAAAnEBXgJyAXp2AAACcQFeAoUBYHYAAAKFAWAChwF7dgAAAhgBvQIZAdd2AAACGAG9AigBvXYAAAIoAb0CKQHZdgAAArYBXwK2AVB2AAACtgFQAr8BUXYAAAK/AVECvwFldgAAAXMBPAF0AUx2AAABcgE8AX8BPHYAAAF/ATwBgQFLdgAAAkkBkgJKAat2AAACSwGWAmEBlnYAAAJhAZYCYQG1dgAAAb4BkAG/AaZ2AAABwAGTAc0BlHYAAAHNAZQBzgGxdgAAAWgBlQFpAax2AAABagGVAYUBlnYAAAGFAZYBhgGsdgAAAm8BSgJvAU52AAACcQFKAncBSnYAAAJ3AUoCeAFPdgAAAkoBRAJNAUF2AAACTgFBAlMBQnYAAAJTAUICUwFGdgAAAZgBRgGYAUt2AAABmQFHAZ4BR3YAAAGeAUcBngFMdgAAAS0BWQEsAWh2AAABLQFYAT4BWXYAAAE+AVkBQAFqdgAAASwBfgEtAY92AAABKwF+AT8Bf3YAAAE/AX8BQAGLdgAAAXMBawFzAXp2AAABdAFsAX8BbHYAAAF/AWwBgAF4dgAAAoYAJAPqAEwdAOECaQBHA5EAZR0A4QJdAF0DKABzHQDhAj0AagLQAHkdAOECKABxApQAfR0A4QI+AIICaQCFHQDhAiwAhQJHAI0dAOEA9gClASQAox0A4QDJAJcBBQCWHQDhAG0AhADcAIcdAOEAEwB1ALUAdh0A4QA4AGIAegBiHQDhAVkASwGsAEcdAOEBDQAyAc8ALx0A4QDMABQB+AARHQDhAz0A/gNrAQwdAOEDUADoA7YBHB0A4QOOAOED9QEmHQDh)
~~~
bentcorner
That's beautiful.
------
gciii
'Through the open door...'
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgYwAJAZgAUgF/AaH/AAABmgBSAl...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgYwAJAZgAUgF/AaH/AAABmgBSAlAAX/8AAAJQAF8CNQGr/wAAAZYAUQFIACj/AAABRAAnASsB7v8AAAErAe4BfwGf/wAAAUYAJwFMACv/AAABRQAnAUYAJv8AAAFFACcBQwAn/wAA)
------
eru
The user interface could perhaps benefit from re-using the same pseudo-random
seed when you are moving the mouse pointer to draw your line.
Edit: I'll try hacking up the code.
~~~
eru
Done. See
[https://github.com/scanlime/zenphoton/pull/4](https://github.com/scanlime/zenphoton/pull/4)
------
ambiate
Spider web hoorah. Runs surprisingly well on my ~2003 processor in Ubuntu with
Firefox 14. In comparison, Gmail with hangouts is slower than this display.
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwBhAY0ArQE4AUz/AAACIwG0Ah...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwBhAY0ArQE4AUz/AAACIwG0AhIBSv8AAAHRATgA8QG//wAAAbkBrwIEAb3/AAACIAGxAkEBi/8AAAI5AXUCWgE//wAAAkIBMwIGAVf/AAAB3gFtAfwBm/8AAAJ3AacCpwGE/wAAApYBbQKTATn/AAACfgEjAmEBEP8AAAIvAPECAwDf/wAAAcYA4gGQAQr/AAABgAFCAYUBaf8AAAGFAYIBoQGf/wAAAbkB1QIfAfH/AAACdAHrArMBrf8AAALoAXwC8gFP/wAAAu4BJgLFAOX/AAACigCtAf8Ag/8AAAG3AHYBWACG/wAAAS0AwgDjAU//AAAA3wF+APoBx/8AAAEYAewBcAIb/wAAAhwCKwKLAe7/AAAC1QGxAyQBXv8AAAMvAOsDLgC1/wAAAyYAiAKmAEf/AAACJgA/AXwANf8AAADhAIoAlAEW/wAAAIUBiACMAd//AAABBQImAZsCH/8AAAKKAjADPAHV/wAAARwCLAJ1Ajv/AAADRwGgA5AA/P8AAAOaAIUDOAAh/wAAAl0ABgGKAAf/AAABHAASAKYAIv8AAAB6AFUANwDm/wAAADwBRABMAbL/AAAAXQHnAKQCH/8AAACtAj4A2gJN/wAAAyoCPQOCAf7/AAADzQHQA/ABjP8AAAPwAYwECwFh/wAAA6QCOgQdAbj/AAAAkQAI//MAmf8AAAACAaMAjQJN/wAAAB4CCwB4AcH/AAAAFQFXAHcBFv8AAAATAIQAeQCx/wAAAGkAEADiAFz/AAAC9wAEArgATv8AAAOkABUDMwCE/wAAA+cAlgNVAPL/AAAD2wGWAv4BTv8AAAO9AigC2QG9/wAAAmUCPwJIAdv/AAABMgImAWQBuP8AAACrATkBNgEp/wAAAQsArwGZAOX/AAAB5wB2Ag4Az/8AAAK5AJUCgwDi/wAAAz0BMwLbAUn/AAACzQGvAkYBbP8AAAG9AecBpQGJ/wAAAXYBcAGeAUL/AAABvgE7Ae8BIf8AAAIiAV0CGwFB/wAAAksBSgImATP/AAACRgEQAisBFP8AAAINAPwB/QEe/wAAAd8A/QHbASn/AAABlgE1AcIBQP8AAAFtAEwA5gCT/wAAAJYBIwCpAYz/AAACmABWAjwAR/8AAAJKAEcCTABl/wAAApUAWQJ/AGz/AAABpABTAbIAbf8AAAF8ADwBXQBP/wAAAT8AdQFpAH7/AAABKACxAO0Aof8AAADdAKoAmwEV/wAAAJsBFQCWAUD/AAAAlQEZAHQBH/8AAABmAVIAoQFF/wAAAJoBRQBSAUr/AAAATwFRAJUB+/8AAACQAfkAUAFe/wAAAJAB/QBOAeT/AAAATgHkAFABWf8AAABFAS4A3QCP/wAAAJEAMgDiAJD/AAAAmQA8ADkAkP8AAAA5AJAARAEu/wAAAy4B2wNYAX3/AAA=)
------
scanlime
Somewhat relatedly, after zenphoton.com I made a tool called High Quality Zen
(HQZ) which uses a similar algorithm to do high quality off-line rendering. I
made this video with it:
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obbew_7_Xo8](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obbew_7_Xo8)
------
martindale
I was unfortunately not able to reproduce the double-slit experiment.
~~~
darkarmani
I tried as well. It appears that these photons don't exhibit wavelike
properties.
------
bajsejohannes
Failed to make a laser:
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAFABkBCwAZATgA/wAADwErAy...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAFABkBCwAZATgA/wAADwErAyoBMQD/AAANARcDKwEUAP8AAysA9AMqASAA/wADKAFCAyoBIgD/AA==)
~~~
luminiferous
Not a laser, but I did make a parabolic reflector:
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAPAc4BCwHOATEA/wABygEQAd...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAPAc4BCwHOATEA/wABygEQAdgA5gD/AAHKAS4B2wFbAP8AAc4BHwHKATsA/wAB0ADtAh0AnQD/AAHWAVUCCwGPAP8AAf0BhwJVAcQA/wACDgClAnMAYgD/AAJHAb4C1wH6AP8AAmEAZwMMACMA/wACxwH1A2wCLAD/AAL4ACcDfwACAP8AA2gCKgNTAicA/wADUwInAYIAwgD/AAGCAML/4wAlAP8A)
EDIT: this is broken. Here is fixed:
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEghQANAekBFwHqAS4A/wAB5wEbAf...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEghQANAekBFwHqAS4A/wAB5wEbAfMA/gD/AAHoAS4B8gFHAP8AAe0BAwIpAMoA/wAB7AFBAhIBbgD/AAIHAWQCSQGWAP8AAg4A2QJ7AJgA/wACOQGNArMByAD/AAJqAJwDBwBYAP8AAqgByAM6Af0A/wAC9gBbA3kAKQD/AAMvAfoDuAIjAP8AAeMBGwHnAT4A/wA=)
~~~
tim_hutton
Two parabolic mirrors, to refocus the beam:
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgXAAkAbIBEwGxASYA/wABsQEoAb...](http://zenphoton.com/#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)
------
TallboyOne
how dreamy. I love it
Reminds me of Zdzislaw Beksinski
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAWAaQA5AI+AYL/AAACLwC4Aa...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAWAaQA5AI+AYL/AAACLwC4AagBxv8AAAHeAJECRAH8/wAAAtMAvQJcAfX/AAACXAH1APQBlf8AAAD0AZUBxwBf/wAAAccAXwLUALL/AAACwwC0AikBHv8AAAMJAIsDSv/9/wAAAw0AjQQDANT/AAAC6QDLAnMCBP8AAAJJAgYA1AGz/wAAANkBhgGtAFX/AAAB2wBNAuUAoP8AAAGRAEwAuQGI/wAAAvcAkgHOAD3/AAADCQC+AoECHf8AAAJZAh4AtgHI/wAAAX4APACcAYj/AAADCAB9Ac8AKv8AAAMsALoClAIx/wAAAkcCOwCXAd7/AAA=)
~~~
tankbot
Love this one! My mind sees a cave with light at the end but I'm not skilled
enough to bring it to life.
------
btipling
Pretty cool app to be creative with too:
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAEAAYBUAQAAT7/AAAAAwDiBA...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAEAAYBUAQAAT7/AAAAAwDiBAUA3P8AAAADAPoEDADx/wAAAAABOAQTASj/AAA=)
------
ximeng
I thought about doing this but adding prisms to split the light and add
colour, amazing that almost anything you can think of gets done somewhere on
the internet if you wait long enough.
------
drunken_thor
I made blocks
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAVAckBIAIYAd//AAABxgEfAU...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgfwAVAckBIAIYAd//AAABxgEfAUEBCf8AAAE+AQ4BuQIO/wAAAb0CDQIYAd7/AAABOwEMALQBZf8AAAC6AWYBJQJC/wAAAbkCEAFBAkz/AAACtwCUAnsBIv8AAAJ7ASICzQEp/wAAAroAlALMASX/AAACvACVAxkBCf8AAALOASgDFwEJ/wAAAcUANgIaAA9eIzUBxwA2AZgAC14jNQGYAAwB5P/xXiM1AhsAEQHq/+5eIzUByAA2AdgArV4jNQIbABMCIACQXiM1AdkAqQIfAI5eIzUB2QCpAbMAeV4jNQGZAA8BtQB7XiM1)
------
aeontech
I love this thing... coolest art toy I've seen in months.
[http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgggAPAgsBJQJgAKb/AAACmQCAAi...](http://zenphoton.com/#AAQAAkACAAEgggAPAgsBJQJgAKb/AAACmQCAAi8AY/8AAAHWAEIB7wCc/wAAAsUARwMYASf/AAACWwDlAjkAxv8AAAHqASgCAAEu/wAAAdYBEwHVARr/AAACDwFAAhMBQP8AAAIYAToCGgE6/wAAAiYBRwImAUX/AAACfgGrAu8Bd5RqAAHmAWkCmwG3lGoAAR0A/gEjAR0A6gAA8ADYAQAArx1BoAGnAP4BsADGHUGg)
------
rasur
Amazed and Impressed that it worked in TenFourFox (17.0.7) on a G5 Mac.. and
much less CPU intensive than I was expecting. Good work!
------
elorant
Talking about CPU intensive. Just opening the page consumes 50% of my CPU.
While drawing it reached 70%.
~~~
anonymous
On my machine - firefox 21 running on linux - it completely obliterates my RAM
and the machine starts swapping.
Edit: tried it with a separate profile with no extensions installed. Same
story. Just drawing ten walls and letting it sit there not doing anything,
it's actively leaking memory. Right now, with just that page open, the firefox
process has RSIZE of 450MB and VSIZE of 1.4GB.
Edit²: tried with chrome Version 29.0.1521.3 dev. Same thing.
------
deckiedan
Wow - beautiful! Thanks for sharing.
------
andyjohnson0
Previous thread from April:
[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5594351](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5594351)
------
inv
[http://bit.ly/17JXnWm](http://bit.ly/17JXnWm)
------
touristtam
thanks for sharing. :)
"Quelques grammes de finesse dans un monde de brutes"
------
londont
This is beautiful!
------
blahbl4hblah
It would be great if people actually checked the version of IE that you are
using instead of just punting to an "oh noes!" screen.
~~~
ygra
It's checking for features, not the version and browser. And as for features,
UInt8ClampedArray is missing from IE (it was seemingly a late addition to
Typed Arrays and might not have been picked up in time).
That being said, it appears that there is a slower alternative that works just
as well, but someone would have to code up a workaround for IE in this case. I
would have done it if I knew any JS (or CoffeeScript in this case).
------
bliker
prism?
|
Q:
Publishing a report including a relative path to an image file via `publish`
I've read, tested this documentation and this example and tried on my own, but have not yet found a solution for the described issue.
According to the documentation, either the image file is on the same path of the used MATLAB script, in which case one could easily add it as described
% <<Filename.png>>
or one needs to add the full path:
% <<C:\\Fullpath\Filename.png>>
otherwise one would get an empty document (at least when publish is creating .html files).
As the documented code should be shared I need a relative path to avoid later issues.
Is there any solution or workaround within MATLAB?
Some of my former attempts:
% <<.\Filename.png>> # with and without "" or ''
% <<..\Filename.png>> # with and without "" or ''
% <<..\..\Filename.png>> # with and without "" or ''
The image does not appear.
A:
Assuming this directory structure:
This code,
function q51539865
%% Image From URL
%
% <<https://i.stack.imgur.com/zSPip.jpg>>
%
%% Image From Relative Path
%
% <<../InnerPath/zSPip.jpg>>
%
Produces the following web page:
When inspecting the 2nd image we see:
|
payment issues
It's my second year in business and just found this site this year. I'm currently serviceing 60 to 70 yards a week with one helper. Business is growing quickly but i'm starting to have some customer collection issues. I will try to resolve this next season with contract only customers but I'm not sure that will fix the problem completely. 99% are good and look out for me but I'm really gettin soured by that 1%. Somehow it eased my mind a bit after reading a ton of similiar posts by people having the same issues. I thought it was just me. I had a customer come out this week and slam me and my service and it looks like now it may turn in to a no pay. Property was seviced a 100% and on time. Then I learned she was not currently working. Why don't they just be upfront and honest. I did nothing wrong she just does'nt want to pay. Still it really got under my skin.
It's my second year in business and just found this site this year. I'm currently serviceing 60 to 70 yards a week with one helper. Business is growing quickly but i'm starting to have some customer collection issues. I will try to resolve this next season with contract only customers but I'm not sure that will fix the problem completely. 99% are good and look out for me but I'm really gettin soured by that 1%. Somehow it eased my mind a bit after reading a ton of similiar posts by people having the same issues. I thought it was just me. I had a customer come out this week and slam me and my service and it looks like now it may turn in to a no pay. Property was seviced a 100% and on time. Then I learned she was not currently working. Why don't they just be upfront and honest. I did nothing wrong she just does'nt want to pay. Still it really got under my skin.
Click to expand...
I had the same problem when I started... but it was more than 1%. More like 30 to 40%. Solved that with service agreements. If you don't come off as a legit business then you get no respect. Not saying you. If you just show up give a price and then start servicing then they have no incentive to pay. No fear of retribution so to speak.
The agreements for me have been a scumbag reducer. Scumbags won't sign an agreement because they know you have a legal document to go after them...even if you never do it still puts the fear in them that you can. I found that if you eliminate the bi-weekly and have an agreement you eliminate most if not all scumbags and no payers.
Not the customers I want. Slower growth but better growth and more profitable in the long run.
It's my second year in business and just found this site this year. I'm currently serviceing 60 to 70 yards a week with one helper. Business is growing quickly but i'm starting to have some customer collection issues. I will try to resolve this next season with contract only customers but I'm not sure that will fix the problem completely. 99% are good and look out for me but I'm really getting soured by that 1%. Somehow it eased my mind a bit after reading a ton of similar posts by people having the same issues. I thought it was just me. I had a customer come out this week and slam me and my service and it looks like now it may turn in to a no pay. Property was serviced a 100% and on time. Then I learned she was not currently working. Why don't they just be upfront and honest. I did nothing wrong she just does'nt want to pay. Still it really got under my skin.
Click to expand...
That is human nature. Hard to face up to the fact you can not afford something.
You will also catch people that upset you. I am only so good with these types of people for so long before I say something.
You should go visit with one of your better clients after such an event to help you remain focused. There is nothing you can do to avoid these people as long as you are in a client relationship. Just be thankful you are not in a cubicle sitting next to them everyday
I would not see contracts service agreements (SA) as the cure all either. I have very few frankly and they do not mean much IMHO. The benifit of SA is if they are a good client, they want lots of service and you are willing to give a flat monthly rate to them.
Having said that, this year I have noticed more and more people are right out sayin, we can not afford more than bi-weekly service. Mowing lawns is something they could do themselves, it is a luxury. Many People have not had a raise in 4 years and prices are going up. The squeeze is on.
That is human nature. Hard to face up to the fact you can not afford something.
You will also catch people that upset you. I am only so good with these types of people for so long before I say something.
You should go visit with one of your better clients after such an event to help you remain focused. There is nothing you can do to avoid these people as long as you are in a client relationship. Just be thankful you are not in a cubicle sitting next to them everyday
I would not see contracts service agreements (SA) as the cure all either. I have very few frankly and they do not mean much IMHO. The benifit of SA is if they are a good client, they want lots of service and you are willing to give a flat monthly rate to them.
Having said that, this year I have noticed more and more people are right out sayin, we can not afford more than bi-weekly service. So basically they are saying hey look... I don't have the money to care for my lawn but I'm too lazy to do it myself....so I will pay you to do it for half the money for double the work. Mowing lawns is something they could do themselves, it is a luxury. Many People have not had a raise in 4 years and prices are going up. The squeeze is on. The squeeze is on for everyone. My local fuel prices went up significantly in the past few months. Food prices are on the rise. Point is if you can't afford the service don't expect me to do the service for half of what it should be because you are too lazy to do it yourself.
Some People are just A-Holes and want to cheat everyone.
Click to expand...
Not arguing with you...just my point of view. I also find that when you bundle everything in a service agreement you sell more services and you get the most out of each customer.
So for me a service agreement is very valuable in that it for the most part eliminates the scumbags while also increasing revenue per customer acquisition. Plus it puts me in control of time of services such as bush trimming weeding, fert applications etc. I don't have to show up and see the fert guy there spraying when I'm there to mow.
I don't have to wait for the customer to decide to clean up the bushes when they are now out of control. I don't have to wait for the customer to decide the leaves need cleaning up when they reach the bottom of the window sills.
More control for me, better scheduling, more profit per customer.... steady monthly income...better budgeting of money and time and on and on....yeah I see no benefit with service agreements.
To the point of people admitting they do not have money. Most people will do not say that directly, they complain or moan about service or something. I was just noting that it seems more and more people have just come right out and stated it.
I am not saying that SA's do not have value, I have them too. I just do not push them on people right off the bat. Not everyone wants a bundle and I do not push the issue.
To the point of people admitting they do not have money. Most people will do not say that directly, they complain or moan about service or something. I was just noting that it seems more and more people have just come right out and stated it.
I am not saying that SA's do not have value, I have them too. I just do not push them on people right off the bat. Not everyone wants a bundle and I do not push the issue.
Click to expand...
Quote: I would not see contracts service agreements (SA) as the cure all either. I have very few frankly and they do not mean much IMHO. End Quote.
Ok..maybe I mistook what you said.
I try to do more pre-qualifying over the phone. I ask some questions and then I tell them basically how it works and most times that tells me whether we are going to be a fit for each other.
Eliminates the wasted time and running on estimates for a price shopper or cheap @SS. My service agreements are flexible on what services you want. If they don't want fert because they are happy with their fert guy then so be it. Its not a deal breaker for me.
If they like to take care of their own landscaping....no problem. Prices go up and down...monthly cost depends on the services they choose. That way everyone is on the same page. I will also state again that most think an agreement is assurance you are going to get paid..not really and unless its for a large amount of money I'm not going to wast the time going to court.
Plus I don't let a customer get to the point of owing me money that the amount would justify taking them to court.
Quote: I would not see contracts service agreements (SA) as the cure all either. I have very few frankly and they do not mean much IMHO. End Quote.
Ok..maybe I mistook what you said.
I try to do more pre-qualifying over the phone. I ask some questions and then I tell them basically how it works and most times that tells me whether we are going to be a fit for each other.
Eliminates the wasted time and running on estimates for a price shopper or cheap @SS. My service agreements are flexible on what services you want. If they don't want fert because they are happy with their fert guy then so be it. Its not a deal breaker for me.
If they like to take care of their own landscaping....no problem. Prices go up and down...monthly cost depends on the services they choose. That way everyone is on the same page. I will also state again that most think an agreement is assurance you are going to get paid..not really and unless its for a large amount of money I'm not going to wast the time going to court.
Plus I don't let a customer get to the point of owing me money that the amount would justify taking them to court.
Dave...
Click to expand...
Here is my thinking. First thing I want to do is get them as a paying client. If they have over grown beds, shrubs and lot of work to do. There are many reasons for this but I try not to judge. I want to get paid to clean them up at a fair price.
Additional services often generate more profit than mowing for sure. If I bundle those the price seems higher to the client. If I do it seperately then they are not as bothered. I then can go back to them and present a bundle after the site is up to standard. They are comfortable with us, we are comfortable with them ( paying) and I have not had to scramble or invest a lot up front on a contract.
I then will offer a maintenance price but typically in the second or third season. I also like to get then rolling in mid summer.
On the otherhand, I go to an estate house or ranch and the place is well cared for, little neglected and there is only maintenance.... then I will propose a service agreement.
I have residential units that gross more than small commecial clients. We are pushing 6 to 10K a year. |
Introduction {#S0001}
============
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide is projected to rise to 552 million (representing 10% of the global adult population) by 2030 up from 366 million in 2011 \[[@CIT0001]\]. The burden is worse in the developing world which represents over 80% of cases \[[@CIT0001], [@CIT0002]\].
In DM management, lifestyle measures, oral glucose-lowering drugs and insulin are the conventional therapies. The latter two are, however, expensive or even unavailable to many patients in developing countries \[[@CIT0003]\], and are sometimes associated with adverse effects \[[@CIT0004]\]. Consequently, some patients opt for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to manage their DM. The prevalence of CAM use among people living with DM is estimated to be as high as 80% in Africa \[[@CIT0005], [@CIT0006]\].
Pattern of CAM use in Africa {#S0002}
============================
Commonly used CAM therapies among diabetic patients in Africa include herbal medicines, nutritional products, spiritual healing and relaxation techniques \[[@CIT0007]--[@CIT0010]\]. These CAM therapies are extensively used by patients as adjuvant or as replacement treatment to the conventional prescribed drugs \[[@CIT0011]--[@CIT0014]\]. CAM use in Africa is amplified by the presence of traditional healers, with estimates of one traditional healer present to every 200 people \[[@CIT0015]\]. These traditional healers make selective use of CAM, biomedical knowledge and language to enhance the perceived effectiveness of their treatments \[[@CIT0015]\].
The use of CAM in Africa has been associated with cultural beliefs, age of patient, duration of DM, degree of complications, and advice from family and friends \[[@CIT0016], [@CIT0017]\]. Most importantly, the inaccessibility and shortcomings in conventional healthcare provision in Africa contribute to the high use of CAM \[[@CIT0003]\].
A major concern is that diabetic patients may replace clinically proven conventional diabetes treatments with CAM agents \[[@CIT0018], [@CIT0019]\]. These patients rarely disclose their CAM practices to their health care providers (HCPs) \[[@CIT0020]\], an issue which warrants particular attention. There is a potential risk of drug interaction when these agents are used as adjuvants to allopathic medicine. They may also interfere negatively with glycemic control, and cause adverse effects and additional complications \[[@CIT0006], [@CIT0015], [@CIT0019], [@CIT0021]\]. It is a well-known fact that most CAM agents contain active ingredients for which appropriate doses and side effects have not been determined. They are therefore likely to be administered at inconsistent doses, with the potential for fatal health effects and mortalities \[[@CIT0017]\].
Challenges in controlling CAM in Africa {#S0003}
=======================================
A number of constraints exist in the control of CAM use in Africa. For instance, there is lack of integration of CAM therapies into African mainstream health care systems. This is despite the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to "integrate traditional and CAM therapies into national health care systems" \[[@CIT0006]\].
Another major concern is the lack of regulation on CAM use in Africa and other developing countries, and therefore exposing the population to potential harm. There exists limited quality assurance with most CAM regulatory processes falling outside the scope of most government drug and therapeutic agencies in Africa. For instance, the registration of herbalists in Kenya is done by the Ministry of Social services, but in essence most of the traditional herbalists are not even aware of this.
There is also limited research on CAM use by people with diabetes in developing countries including Kenya. Some CAM products may also be beneficial and safe; but the lack of randomized controlled trials makes their use controversial \[[@CIT0021]\].
HCPs are also not aware that so many of their diabetic patients use CAM therapies. HCPs should therefore have this in mind, and routinely take a thorough history to document any such therapies and discuss these practices with their patients in order to safeguard their health. HCPs should educate their patients on the importance of adherence, controlling blood sugars and avoidance of potentially dangerous CAM.
Conclusion {#S0004}
==========
CAM is widely used among diabetic patients as an adjunct to conventional therapy in developing countries. This could result in ineffective diabetes management and cause adverse effects, especially since the CAM use is rarely disclosed to HCPs. Empirical evidence, integration and stringent national regulatory safe-guards should guide the safe and appropriate CAM use and sales. Legislation to govern CAM use is therefore necessary and inevitable. Above all, conventional medications should be easily accessible. HCPs should also be aware of CAM use, and educate their patients accordingly. There is a need for urgent multi-sectorial action to streamline CAM use among patients in Africa and other developing countries.
Competing interests {#S0005}
===================
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors' contributions {#S0006}
======================
The authors worked jointly in preparing this manuscript. Both authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
|
Get your Prospectus
Placement Process Followed
The placement committee with the objective of 100% opportunity for the students in the institute starts their placement activity with the pre final year students.
The placement office liaises with the industry and corporate offices which conducts their recruitment activity with the colleges. A good number of reputed companies have conducted campus recruitment in our college and many more have expressed their desire to come for assessment of the college as per their norms. The corporate offices are requested to provide us with their requirement, job description and their norms.
The job descriptions are put in the notice board of the placement office. The Placement & Corporate Relations Cell also has the database of the eligible students with them. The students who are really passionate for the job profile are expected to register their name in the Placement & Corporate Relations Cell.
Based on the number and interest of the corporate the placement activity venues are finalized. As and when the corporate request us for campus drive pool along with the various colleges the management with open heart generously share the infrastructure facilities with the corporate. The college also provides facilities to conduct the online test, group discussion and interview inside the colleges.
Placement with Paid training by students and consulting fee attached placements are not allowed.
Each student is allowed to attend the interview till receiving the letter of intent from one corporate. This is strictly followed in the college to pave way to all the students are exhibited to the placement opportunity. This ensures that the student to join in one company.
We also collect the feedback from the employer and our alumni students placed in the corporate. This enables us to evaluate the students through the employer and evaluate the employer through our students.
About Us
Since its inception in 2004, Kanpur Institute of Technology has been successfully shouldering the monumental responsibility of producing capable technocrats and managers. |
Introduction {#S1}
============
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase integrates signal transduction networks coordinating cell growth, nutrient status, protein synthesis and autophagy ^[@R1]^. mTOR exists in two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 ^[@R2]^. The mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase complexes both share mTOR, mLST8 (GβL), Deptor and Tti1/Tel2, however mTORC1 also specifically contains Raptor and PRAS40, while mTORC2 contains the subunits Rictor, mSIN1 and Protor1/2 ^[@R3]^. The regulatory signals impinging on mTORC1 activity have been the focus of many studies, however by contrast, the mechanisms of mTORC2 regulation are not well understood. mTORC2 is activated by growth factor receptors and PI3K signaling ^[@R4]^. Association with the ribosome itself has additionally been demonstrated to result in mTORC2 activation ^[@R5],\ [@R6]^. mTORC2 has been shown to activate several downstream substrates, however its most well characterized function is the phosphorylation of serine 473 of AKT within the hydrophobic turn motif resulting in full activation of AKT ^[@R7]^. In GBM, the mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant, EGFRvIII is known to activate mTORC2, in addition to PTEN loss ^[@R8]-[@R10]^. In an EGFR-PI3K driven *Drosophila* glial tumor model mTORC2 activity was required for GBM formation, and Rictor overexpression in a GEMM was sufficient to induce gliomagenesis ^[@R11],\ [@R12]^.
Rictor is a 200 kD protein initially identified as the defining component of mTORC2 and lacks any significant sequence homology between yeast and mammals ^[@R4],\ [@R13]^. Moreover, Rictor lacks any structural domains of known function but contains a C-terminus which is conserved among vertebrates. The degree of Rictor association with mTOR appears to be inversely correlated to Raptor expression and varies in different cell types ^[@R7],\ [@R13]^. Rictor is overexpressed in several cancers leading to hyperactive mTORC2 and has been shown to play a causal role in glioma formation ^[@R12],\ [@R14]-[@R17]^. Rictor expression has been demonstrated to be regulated transcriptionally and via protein degradation ^[@R18],\ [@R19]^, however recent studies have suggested that Rictor expression may also be regulated post-transcriptionally ^[@R20]^.
Here we describe a feed-forward cascade involving activation of AKT/HSF1 resulting in HSF1-induced HuR expression. Rictor is demonstrated to be a target of HuR leading to enhancement of Rictor mRNA translation and elevated mTORC2 activity. Rictor mRNA is demonstrated to be subject to translational control and shown that HuR binds to the Rictor 3′ UTR enhancing translational efficiency. Data is shown which demonstrate that HuR is a direct target of HSF1. Knockdown of AKT, HSF1 or HuR results in down-regulation of Rictor expression and impedes GBM growth, migration and invasive properties. Uncoupling HuR expression from its native promoter via viral expression maintained Rictor expression under conditions of AKT or HSF1 loss. Furthermore, an examination of clinical GBM specimens supports the proposed signaling relationships.
Results {#S2}
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Rictor is regulated at the level of mRNA translation {#S3}
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To begin investigating the mechanism(s) of Rictor expression in GBM we examined steady-state mRNA and protein levels in U138 GBM cells following stimulation. This line expresses low levels of Rictor and we reasoned that signaling which induces expression would be readily discernable. We treated cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and monitored mRNA and protein levels at time points following stimulation. As shown in [figure 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, EGF treatment did not alter the steady-state levels of Rictor mRNA, suggesting enhanced transcription or effects on mRNA stability do not regulate Rictor expression, however we did observe a marked increase in protein levels ([Fig. 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, *top left panel*). mTORC2 formation ([Fig. 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, *lower left panel*) and activity (p-S^473^-AKT levels, *top left panel*) were markedly induced concomitant with Rictor induction following EGF exposure. mSin1 levels appeared unaffected by EGF treatment. To examine the possibility that degradation of Rictor was inhibited by EGF exposure, we monitored the turnover of Rictor in the absence and presence of EGF. As shown in [figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, EGF treatment did not alter Rictor degradation. We also performed polysome analysis on the Rictor mRNA following EGF stimulation and as shown in [figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Rictor mRNA displayed a marked shift to polysome-containing sucrose density gradient fractions consistent with an increase in the translational efficiency of this transcript and the accumulation of Rictor protein following EGF exposure. We then examined new Rictor protein synthesis in ^[@R35]^S-metabolically labeled U138 cells following EGF treatment. As shown in [figure 1 E](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Rictor protein synthesis increased ∼4-fold in EGF-treated cells by 4 hours relative to control non-treated cells. These data demonstrate that the Rictor mRNA is subject to translational regulation following EGF treatment.
HuR binds to the 3′ UTR of Rictor mRNA and promotes translation {#S4}
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To understand the mechanism by which Rictor mRNA translation is regulated we examined the structure of the Rictor transcript. In a computational survey of RNA-binding protein motifs, we identified four consensus HuR binding sites located within the 3′ UTR of the Rictor mRNA which were conserved in human and mouse transcripts ([Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). These sites were found to be significantly more U-rich than AU-rich and adhered to the consensus sequences derived from studies by López de Silanes *et al* ^[@R21]^ and separately by Tenenbaum and coworkers ^[@R22]^ ([Fig. 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). As HuR is known to enhance mRNA stability and translation ^[@R23]^ we determined whether HuR would bind to these sequences. In an RNA pull-down assay, extracts from U138 cells treated without or with EGF, were mixed with biotinylated HuR binding site motif(s) RNA sequences as shown in [Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. HuR was preferentially precipitated by each of the HuR binding site motifs (1-4) in a manner dependent on EGF stimulation. HuR was not detected in samples which were precipitated by a nonspecific control RNA. Similarly, in HuR immunoprecipitates we were able to detect Rictor 3′ UTR sequences by rt-PCR, which was enhanced in extracts treated with EGF ([Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). To investigate whether these Rictor 3′ UTR HuR binding motifs were involved in regulating translational efficiency, we generated heterologous reporter mRNA transcripts in which the full-length Rictor 3′ UTR was fused to luciferase and the HuR binding motifs mutated ([Figure 2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The effects of these mutations on mRNA translation were subsequently assessed. As shown in [figure 2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, the full-length Rictor 3′ UTR containing mRNAs were shifted to polysomal fractions by EGF stimulation consistent with enhanced HuR binding. However, mutating motifs 1 and 2 reduced the amount of reporter mRNA which was polysome associated and mutating all four HuR binding motifs completely abolished EGF-stimulated mRNA reporter polysome association. Taken together these data demonstrate that HuR binds to the Rictor 3′ UTR to stimulate translational efficiency.
mTORC2/AKT/HSF1 signaling stimulates HuR transcription in GBM {#S5}
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Overexpression of Rictor in glioblastoma cells has been demonstrated to increase the nucleation of mTORC2 resulting in elevated kinase activity ^[@R12],\ [@R16]^. We sought to identify a signaling mechanism linking the mTORC2/AKT axis to the regulation of HuR. AKT has been shown to directly activate HSF1 via phosphorylation of serine 326 ^[@R24]^. Additionally, Chou *et al* have recently demonstrated that HSF1 appears to regulate *β*-catenin expression via effects on HuR in breast cancer cells ^[@R25]^. These relationships suggested that mTORC2/AKT signaling may activate HSF1/HuR leading to enhanced translation of Rictor which in turn, would enhance mTORC2 activity in a feed-forward loop promoting GBM proliferation and motility. We examined these cascades in three GBM cell line models of elevated mTORC2 activity. mTORC2 is known to be activated by EGF or IGF stimulation, overexpression of the mutated constitutively active EGFRvIII allele, as well as, by overexpression of Rictor ^[@R8],\ [@R12],\ [@R16],\ [@R26]^. As shown in [Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, in U138 cells stimulated with EGF or IGF, phospho-S^473^-AKT, phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR and Rictor levels were enhanced following stimulation (see also [Supplemental Figure S1A](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In H4 cells in which Rictor is overexpressed ^[@R16]^, phospho-S^473^-AKT, phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and HuR expression was enhanced relative to the levels of these proteins in parental H4 cells. Similarly, in U87 cells overexpressing the mutant EGFRvIII allele, phospho-S^473^-AKT, phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR and Rictor levels were elevated compared to parental U87 cells. We confirmed that knockdown of another obligate component of mTORC2, mSin1, blocked AKT activity and the proposed downstream loop signaling following EGF exposure ([Supplemental figure. S1B](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). While these data supported the notion of an mTORC2/phospho-S^473^-AKT/phospho-S^326^-HSF1/HuR/Rictor feed-forward cascade, the mechanism by which activated HSF1 leads to increases in HuR expression was unclear in GBM cells. To examine whether HuR was a direct transcriptional target of HSF1 we searched the HuR promoter for canonical or noncanonical heat shock elements (HSEs) ^[@R27]^. We identified tandem noncanonical HSEs beginning at position -475 within the HuR promoter and these sequences were conserved in the mouse HuR promoter ([Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, Mendilo *et al* identified this region of the HuR promoter as a binding target of HSF1 in a ChIP-Seq study ^[@R28]^. To determine whether these HSEs were capable of mediating transcriptional responses directed by HSF1, we determined both RNA *Pol* II and HSF1 occupancy via ChIP assays followed by quantitative PCR. As shown in [Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"} (*left panel*), *Pol* II content within the HuR promoter containing the tandem HSEs was increased in U138 cells following EGF or IGF stimulation. There was marked enhancement of *Pol* II content within the HuR promoter in H4~Rictor~ - or U87EGFRvIII-overexpressing cells relative to parental cells. Similar results were obtained analyzing HSF1 occupancy of the HuR promoter as EGF or IGF stimulation, Rictor- or EGFRvIII-overexpression all resulted in increases in HSF1 occupancy ([Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, *right panel*). The phosphorylation state of functionally bound HSF1 was assessed in a series of *in vitro* DNA-pull down assays ([Figure 3D](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Consistent with the chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, EGF or IGF stimulation, Rictor- or EGFRvIII-overexpression resulted in higher levels of bound phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and total HSF1 compared to unstimulated U138 cells or parental H4 and U87 cells.
AKT, HSF1 and HuR are required for Rictor expression and their loss inhibits GBM cell line growth, motility and invasiveness {#S6}
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We next investigated whether loss of AKT, HSF1 or HuR altered Rictor and mTORC2 activity. DBTRG-05MG cells, which harbor elevated mTORC2 activity (B. Holmes and J. Gera, unpublished results), were stably transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing shRNAs targeting AKT, HSF1, HuR, Rictor or a control scrambled sequence non-targeting control. Cells expressing the shRNAs were immunoblotted for the signaling constituents predicted in the feed-forward loop. As shown in [Figure 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"} (see also [Supplemental Figure S2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), knockdown of AKT resulted in a decline of phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR and Rictor consistent with a pathway involving a concerted AKT/phospho-S^326^-HSF1/HuR/Rictor cascade. Knockdown of HSF1 resulted in down-regulation of HuR, Rictor and phospho-S^473^-AKT levels, while knockdown of HuR led to reduced expression of Rictor, phospho-S^473^-AKT and phospho-S^326^-HSF1. Knockdown of Rictor abrogated mTORC2 activity and resulted in reduced phospho-S^473^-AKT levels, consistent with previous results ^[@R16]^, but also reduced phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and HuR expression. We additionally determined the effects of knockdown of each of these signaling components on growth, migration and invasive characteristics in the lines. As shown in [Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, growth of AKT, HSF1, HuR and Rictor shRNA-expressing lines was markedly reduced compared to control non-targeting shRNA-expressing cells. The migratory capacity ([Figure 4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) was also significantly reduced in these knockdown lines as loss of AKT, HSF1, HuR and Rictor impeded the ability of cells to migrate on either vitronectin or fibronectin in Boyden chambers. The ability of AKT, HSF1, HuR or Rictor knockdown cells to migrate was reduced by ∼ 60-70% relative to control scrambled non-targeting shRNA expressing cells. As shown in [Figure 4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, AKT, HSF1, HuR and Rictor knockdown cells were also inhibited in their ability to invade Matrigel relative to control cells.
Effects of modulating AKT or HSF1 activity on HuR/Rictor signaling in GBM {#S7}
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We next sought to investigate the effects of modulating the activities of AKT and HSF1 via genetic approaches on the proposed feed-forward signaling loop. A constitutively active allele of AKT was stably expressed in U138 (AKT-E40K), while a dominant negative AKT-KD (AKT-K179M) was expressed in DBTRG-05MG and U87EGFRvIII cells. As shown in [figure 5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, expression of the constitutively active AKT resulted in a marked increase in phospho-S^326^ HSF1, HuR and Rictor levels as compared to control cells containing the empty vector. Conversely, in DBTRG-05MG and U87EGFRvIII expressing the dominant negative AKT, substantially reduced levels of phospho-S^326^ HSF1, HuR and Rictor were observed. We also examined the effects of a constitutively active HSF1 mutant (HSF1-CA) when ectopically expressed in U138 cells. As shown in [figure 5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, cells expressing this HSF1 mutant demonstrated elevated levels of HuR and Rictor (*upper panel*). Moreover, when U138 expressing the constitutively active HSF1 allele were subjected to AKT knockdown via siRNA treatment, these cells maintained elevated levels of phospho-S326 HSF1, HuR and Rictor relative to control cell expressing vector alone. We further examined the translational state of Rictor mRNAs via polysome analyses from control (vector only) and HSF1-CA expressing cells treated with AKT siRNAs, and as shown in [figure 5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"} (*lower panel*), a majority of the Rictor mRNA was associated non-ribosomal/monosomal material from control cells, whereas, in HSF1-CA expressing cells a marked shift in Rictor mRNA translational state was observed with most of the transcripts associated with polysomes.
Constitutive HuR expression prevents loss of Rictor under conditions of AKT or HSF1 knockdown {#S8}
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To gain further insight as to whether an mTORC2/phospho-S^473^-AKT/phospho-S^326^-HSF1/HuR/Rictor signaling cascade was operative in GBM, we investigated whether HuR expression driven from a viral vector would prevent Rictor loss under conditions of AKT or HSF1 knockdown. DBTRG-05MG cells were stably transduced with a lentiviral construct which expresses HuR and cells treated with siRNAs targeting AKT, HSF1 or control scrambled non-targeting siRNAs. As shown in [figure 6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, viral driven expression of HuR (Lv-HuR) maintained Rictor abundance under conditions of AKT or HSF1 loss. Treatment of cells constitutively expressing viral driven HuR with siRNAs targeting AKT, abolished phospho-S^473^-AKT and total AKT levels, as well as, phospho-S^326^-HSF1 levels, but did not result in reduced Rictor expression (see [Figure 6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, knockdown of HSF1 in cells expressing viral driven HuR resulted in inhibition of phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and total HSF1, however Rictor expression was maintained. Taken together these data are consistent with a feed-forward loop in which mTORC2 activity leads to signaling through an AKT/HSF1/HuR/Rictor cascade in GBM cells.
Alterations in mTORC2/AKT/HSF1/HuR signaling affect tumor xenograft growth and Rictor mRNA translation {#S9}
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To determine if shRNA mediated knockdown of AKT, HSF1, or HuR would affect the *in vivo* growth rates of murine xenografts, we subcutaneously implanted DBTRG-05MG cells expressing these shRNAs into SCID mice and monitored tumor growth. As shown in [figure 7A](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, cells expressing non-targeting shRNAs exhibited rapid growth with a latency period of 14 days. Conversely, tumors expressing shRNAs targeting AKT, HSF1, or HuR grew significantly slower and with longer latency periods (\*, *P* \< 0.05; latency periods; shRNA-AKT, 28 days; shRNA-HSF1, 30 days; shRNA-HuR, 23 days). We also expressed shRNAs targeting Rictor in DBTRG-05MG cells and knockdown resulted in significantly slower growth and longer latency period (shRNA-Rictor, 23 days), confirming our previous results in other GBM cell lines ^[@R16]^. Tumors from mice at autopsy were subjected to polysome analyses to determine the relative translational state of the Rictor mRNA. As shown in [Figure 7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, in tumors expressing the non-targeting control shRNA 80% of Rictor mRNA was polysome associated and well translated, however in tumors expressing AKT, HSF1 or HuR shRNAs, Rictor mRNA shifted markedly to non-ribosomal/monosomal fractions indicating reduced translational efficiency and consistent with the reduced growth rates of these tumors.
mTORC2/AKT/HSF1/HuR/Rictor signaling in GBM patients {#S10}
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To assess whether these signaling relationships were valid in clinical GBM samples we analyzed an independent set of 34 flash-frozen GBM and 5 normal brain samples. Each tumor sample was confirmed histologically, tumor extracts prepared, and the total relative abundance of phospho-S^473^-AKT, phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR and Rictor determined by Western analyses. These data are summarized in [table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and [supplemental figure S5](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. As shown, elevated mTORC2 activity, as determined by immunoblotting for phospho-S^473^-AKT levels, was observed in 22 of 34 tumor samples (65%, *P* \< 0.05) consistent with the degree of hyperactivity previously observed ^[@R8],\ [@R16]^. Phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR and Rictor expression was elevated in 74% (25 of 34, *P* \< 0.05), 62% (21 of 34, *P* \< 0.05) and 74 % (25 of 34, *P* \< 0.05) of samples, respectively. Significant direct correlations were observed between samples harboring elevated phospho-S^473^-AKT and increased phospho-S^326^-HSF1, and those containing elevated phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and increased HuR levels (*P* values less then 0.05 for both correlations). A highly significant direct correlation was found between elevated HuR containing samples and those tumors expressing high levels of Rictor (*P* \< 0.01). These data strongly support the feed-forward signaling pathway observed in the GBM cell line experiments and provide evidence of these signaling relationships in patient samples.
Discussion {#S11}
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Our current understanding suggests that mTORC2 can be regulated by RTKs, ribosomes, TSC1-TSC2, Rac1, and the expression levels of Rictor ^[@R2],\ [@R4]^. Very recent data suggests that the polyubiquitination status of GβL may additionally regulate the homeostasis of mTORC2 formation and activation ^[@R29]^. Our data suggest that mTORC2 is also subject to autoregulation via feed-forward signaling through an AKT/HSF1/HuR/Rictor cascade in GBM (see [Figure 7C](#F7){ref-type="fig"}).
Although Rictor is necessary for the stability and activity of mTORC2 and reports have described the role of phosphorylation and acetylation events in these processes, little is known regarding control of Rictor expression via post-transcriptional control mechanisms ^[@R4],\ [@R30]^. The 3′ UTR of Rictor is relatively long suggesting that it contains post-transcriptional regulatory sequences. Furthermore, the 3′ UTR contains several segments of AU-or U rich *cis*-regulatory sequences implicated in mRNA turnover and translational control ^[@R31],\ [@R32]^. Our analysis identified several HuR binding sites (see [figure 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) and additional regulatory domains are likely to be present in such a large 3′ UTR, possibly controlling mRNA stability under particular conditions. Our data supporting the ability of the Rictor transcript to be subject to translational control is reinforced by recent data from Yasuda and colleagues, who investigated the role of Mdm20 in actin remodeling via Rictor-mediated mTORC2 activity ^[@R20]^. Mdm20 was suggested to regulate the expression of Rictor at the level of *de novo* protein synthesis.
Our study implicates HSF1/HuR signaling in the regulation of Rictor expression and mTORC2 activity. Recent data support an HSF1/HuR cascade in the regulation of β-catenin levels in breast cancers ^[@R25]^. Gabai *et al*, also observed that HSF1 controls the expression of HIF-1α via effects on HuR ^[@R33]^. HSF1\'s affects on HuR were determined to be at the level of transcription. We identified tandem non-canonical HSEs within the promoter of HuR and showed that these sites were capable of association with activated HSF1 and promoted HuR expression as determined by increased *Pol* II occupancy (see [Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). These sequences were also identified as HSF1 binding sites in a high-resolution survey of HSF1 genome occupancy in breast cancer cells ^[@R28]^. These data support the notion that HuR is a direct target of activated HSF1 in GBM.
One prediction of the model presented here is that modulation of a single pathway component should similarly affect other components of the signaling loop. In agreement with this notion, the genetic inhibition of mSin1, AKT, HSF1, HuR or Rictor expression individually, resulted in the down-regulation of all other components within the signaling loop (see [Supplemental figure S1B](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Figures 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, enhancement of an individual components activity resulted in a concomitant increase in downstream signaling loop components activity or expression. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC2, ectopic expression of Rictor or constitutively activated alleles of AKT or HSF1 led to marked increases in downstream components activity or expression (see [Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [Figures 5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"} & B). The capacity of a single genetic ablation of a pathway component to influence the entire signaling cascade suggests that targeting a single component may yield enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.
All of the components of the signaling cascade we have delineated have established roles in GBM growth and migration. Rictor/mTORC2 have important roles regulating these functions and additionally regulate the metabolic reprograming of these tumors ^[@R2],\ [@R16]^. AKT and HSF1 have been shown to mediate glioma growth and survival ^[@R34],\ [@R35]^, while HuR appears to be overexpressed in GBM and its dysregulation results in the enhanced translation of mRNAs promoting growth, motility and drug resistance ^[@R36]^. Feed-forward signaling loops are well represented in cell signaling networks and provide a positive mechanism for reinforcing and stimulating network activity. Many of the downstream effectors of the feed-forward loop components described here have overlapping targets and the coordinated activation of this loop may serve to stimulate the expression of common targets at multiple levels of gene regulation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms regulating Rictor expression and mTORC2 activity in GBM.
Materials & Methods {#S12}
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Cell Lines, GBM samples, Transfections and Viral Transductions {#S13}
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All GBM cell lines were obtained from ATCC except U87EGFRvIII, which was kindly provided by Dr. Paul Mischel (LICR-UCSD). Lines were routinely tested to confirm the absence of mycoplasma and authenticated by STR profiling (ATCC). Flash-frozen normal brain and glioblastoma samples were obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network under an approved Institutional Review Board protocol and informed consent obtained from each individual. Each sample was histopathologically reviewed and those containing greater than 95% tumor were utilized. Samples were homogenized in RIPA buffer using a Polytron homogenizer (Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA) followed by sonication to generate extracts for protein and RNA analysis. DNA transfections were performed using Effectene transfection reagent according to the manufacturer (Qiagen). For siRNA knockdowns, DBTRG-05MG, U87 or U87EGFRvIII cells were transfected with 10 nmol/L siRNA pools targeting AKT1, HSF1, HuR, Rictor, mSIN1 or a non-targeting scrambled control sequence. ON-TARGETplusSMARTpool siRNAs were obtained from GE Dharmacon and transfected using Lipofectamine RNAimax (Life Technologies). Lentiviral shRNA production and infection was performed as described ^[@R16]^.
Constructs and Reagents {#S14}
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The luciferase-human Rictor 3′ UTR constructs were generated by insertion of the full-length human Rictor 3′ UTR into the *Xba*I site of pGL3-promoter (Promega). Mutagenesis was performed using the QuikChange Lightning Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent Technologies) with the appropriate mutagenic primers. TRC pLKO.1 library constructs expressing multiple shRNA-targeting AKT1, HSF1, HuR, Rictor or non-targeting controls were from GE Dharmacon. The constructs utilized had the following TRC designations: shAKT-1, TRCN0000010162; shAKT-2, TRCN0000010163; shHSF1-1, TRCN0000007480; shHSF1-2, TRCN0000007481; shHuR-1, TRCN0000017273; shHuR-2, TRCN0000017274; shRictor-1, TRCN0000074288; shRictor-2, TRCN0000074289; shmSin1, TRCN0000003150. The constitutively active AKT-E40K and dominant negative AKT-KD (AKT-K179M) constructs have been previously described ^[@R37],\ [@R38]^. The constitutively active HSF1 construct (HSF1-CA) was originally described by Voellmy and co-workers ^[@R39]^ and was kindly provided by Dr. Eugene Kandel (Roswell Park Cancer Institute). The HuR overexpression construct contained the full-length human HuR ORF cloned into pLenti-C-Myc-DDK-P2A-Puro (Lv-HuR) and was from Origene. Antibodies to the following proteins were used: phospho-S^473^-AKT (\#9271, CST), AKT (\#9272, CST), Rictor (\#A300-459A, Bethyl Laboratories), actin (\#ab3280, Abcam), phospho-Y^1068^-EGFR (\#2234, CST), *β*-tubulin (\#2146, CST), phospho-S^326^-HSF1 (ADI-SPA-902-D, Enzo Life Sciences), HSF1 (ADI-SPA-901-D, Enzo Life Sciences), HuR (07-468, EMD Millipore), RNA Pol II (\#39097, Active Motif) and mSin1 (\#07-2276, EMD Millipore). AG1478 was obtained from Selleckchem. EGF was from Life Technologies and all other reagents were from Sigma.
Polysome Analysis {#S15}
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Separation of polysomes was performed as described ^[@R40]^. Briefly, cell extracts were prepared and layered onto 15% to 50% sucrose gradients and spun at 38,000 rpm for 2 h at 4°C in a SW40 rotor (Beckman Instruments). Gradients were fractionated using a gradient fractionator system (Brandel Instruments) using a flow rate of 3 mL/min. The polysome profile of the gradients was monitored via UV absorbance at 260 nm. RNA was isolated and pooled into nonribosomal/monosomal and polysomal fractions. RNAs (100 ng) were subsequently used in quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses.
Metabolic labeling, Immunoblotting and Quantitative real time PCR {#S16}
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U138 cells were pulsed-labeled with \[^[@R35]^S\]methionine/cysteine at a final concentration of 100 μCi/ml. Cells were harvested following the indicated treatments and lysates prepared in RIPA buffer. Rictor protein was immunoprecipitated overnight with α-Rictor antibody and collected with protein G-Sepharose (GE Healthcare). The immunoprecipitate was washed four times and resuspended in SDS sample buffer and separated by SDS-PAGE. Gels were dried and visualized using a phosphorimager. Collectively, immunoprecipitation controls included equal numbers of cells plated per flask and equal amounts of quantitated total protein lysate per sample with equivalent amounts of antibody. Western blotting and quantitative real time PCR was performed as described ^[@R38]^.
Co-immunoprecipitations, Chromatin immunoprecipitations, RNA and DNA *in vitro* pull-down assays {#S17}
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mTOR-Rictor co-immunoprecipitations were performed as described utilizing 0.3% CHAPS-buffer to maintain mTORC2 complex integrity during lysis ^[@R7]^. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed as previously described ^[@R41]^. For RNA-pull down assays ^[@R38]^, extracts were prepared and biotinylated RNA oligonucleotides containing HuR binding site motif(s) added. The protein and biotinylated RNA complexes were recovered and the complexes were washed five times and resolved by gel electrophoresis. *In vitro* DNA-pull down assays were performed as described ^[@R41]^ using a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing the human HuR noncanonical HSE attached to streptavidin-Sepharose beads via a 5′ biotinylated plus strand according to the manufacture\'s recommendation (Invitrogen). Beads with bound proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting.
Cell proliferation and migration assays {#S18}
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Cells growth was determined via XTT assays (Roche). Cell migration assays were performed using modified Boyden chambers (Chemicon) as previously described ^[@R42]^. For invasion assays through Matrigel, 2 × 10^[@R4]^ cells were placed into the top well of Boyden chambers containing growth factor-reduced Matrigel extracellular basement membrane over a polyethylene terephthalate membrane (8-mm pores; BD Biosciences). Following 24 h culture, Matrigel was removed and invaded cells were fixed and stained. Cells adhering to the bottom of the membrane were counted.
Xenograft studies {#S19}
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All experiments were performed under an approved Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol. Xenografts of shRNA-expressing cell lines were injected s.c. into the flanks of 4-6 week old female C.B.-17-scid (Taconic) mice as previously described ^[@R16]^. Two shAKT-1 and one shHuR-1 mice were excluded as they did not establish tumors. Sample sizes were chosen based on similar well-characterized experiments to ensure adequate power to detect a pre-specified effect size. Mice were randomly assigned to groups and the investigator blinded to assignments until final tumor analyses. Tumors were measured every 3-4 days and volumes calculated using the formula length × width × height × 0.5236. Tumors were harvested at autopsy for polysome analyses.
Statistical analysis {#S20}
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Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student\'s *t* tests and ANOVA models using Systat 13 (Systat Software, Chicago, IL). *P* values of less the 0.05 were considered significant. Significance in group comparisons was determined using a one-way analysis of variance and data generated showed normal distribution with similar variances, and analysis was completed assuming equal variances. To assess correlations of molecular markers in glioblastomas Spearman\'s rank correlation was used.
Supplementary Material {#S21}
======================
We thank Drs. Eugene Kandel, Jacob Fleischmann, Norimoto Yanagawa, Sanjai Sharma and Paul Mischel for cell lines and reagents. We also thank Dr. Alan Lichtenstein for comments on the manuscript and Jheralyn Martin and Janine Masri for technical assistance. This work was supported, in whole or in part, by VA MERIT I01BX002665 and NIH R01CA109312 grants.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests
Author Contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: BH, RNN, JG. Performed the experiments: BH, ABS, RSF, KAL, TB. Analyzed the data: BH, RNN, JG. Wrote the paper: BH, RNN, JG.
[Supplementary Information](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} accompanies the paper on the *Oncogene* website (<http://www.nature.com/onc>)
![Rictor mRNA is regulated at the level of translation\
(**A**) Steady-state Rictor mRNA levels in U138 cells in the absence or presence of EGF (100 ng/ml) for the indicated time points (h) (*left panel*). U138 cells were treated as indicated with EGF or in combination with the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 (5 μM; negative control). Mean + S.D. are shown, n = 3. **(B)** Rictor protein accumulation in U138 stimulated with EGF or both AG1478 treatment as indicated (*top panel)*. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analyses for the indicated proteins and blots were quantified by densitometry and results depicted in the *right panel*. Mean + S.D. are shown, n = 3. mTORC2 formation is enhanced by EGF stimulation (*lower panel*). U138 cells were treated with EGF and lysates immunoprecipitated with α-mTOR antibodies. Immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted for the indicated proteins. Experiments were repeated three times with similar results. (**C**) Rictor protein stability is not affected by EGF stimulation. U138 cells were subjected to cycloheximide (CHX)-chase experiments and Rictor protein levels examined at the indicated time points in the absence or presence of EGF (100 ng/ml) (*left panel*). Band intensities were quantified by densitometry and displayed graphically (*right panel*). (**D**) Polysome distribution of Rictor and actin mRNAs. U138 cells were treated with EGF (100 ng/ml, 8 h) and extracts subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation and divided into 11 1-ml fractions which were pooled into nonribosomal, monosomal fraction (N, white bars) and a polysomal fraction (P, black bars). Purified RNAs were used in real time quantitative rt-PCR analyses to determine the distributions of Rictor and actin mRNAs across the gradients. Polysome tracings are shown above values obtained from the rt-PCR analyses which are displayed graphically below. rt-PCR measurements were performed in quadruplicate and the mean and + S.D. are shown. **(E)** New Rictor protein synthesis in U138 following EGF stimulation (100 ng/ml). Cells were pulsed with ^[@R35]^S-methionine/cysteine for 1 h and chased with cold amino acids for the indicated time points. Rictor immunoprecipitates were analyzed by autoradiography and the fold increase new Rictor synthesis following stimulation relative to controls without EGF is shown. Mean +S.D. are shown, n =3.](nihms902937f1){#F1}
{ref-type="fig"}, asterisks), were treated with EGF (100 ng/ml, 8 h) and lysates subjected to polysome analyses as in [Fig. 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. Purified RNAs were used in real time quantitative rt-PCR analyses to determine the distributions of Luc-Rictor and actin mRNAs across the gradients. Values obtained from the rt-PCR analyses are displayed graphically below. rt-PCR measurements were performed in quadruplicate and the mean and + S.D. are shown.](nihms902937f2){#F2}
![mTORC2 activation leads to HSF1-stimulated HuR transcription\
(**A**) Signaling effects of mTORC2 stimulation by EGF, IGF, Rictor or EGFRvIII overexpression. The GBM lines were treated with EGF (100 ng/ml, 8 h) or (IGF 100 nM, 8 h) as shown and lysates immunoblotted for the indicated proteins. Asterisk corresponds to the truncated phosphorylated Y^1068^ mutant EGFRvIII. **(B)** Sequence and alignment of tandem noncanonical heat-shock elements (HSEs) identified within the promoter region of HuR (-475 to -441). Previously identified noncanonical HSE (ncHSE) are shown below the human and mouse sequences. Underlined nucleotides differ from those noncanonical HSEs which have been described ^[@R28]^. (**C**) ChIP analyses of HuR promoter activity and HSF1 association in the indicated GBM cell lines. RNA polymerase II (*Pol* II) association with HuR promoter (*left panel*) and HSF1 association with HuR promoter (*right panel*) were determined and ChIP-quantitative PCR data are expressed as a ratio of HuR to tubulin. Mean and + S.D. are shown, n = 3. (**D**) Sepharose beads were conjugated with the ncHSEs HuR DNA (HuR-beads) or beads without linked DNA and incubated with nuclear extracts from the indicated cell lines. Following recovery by centrifugation and washing of the beads, bound material was analyzed by immunoblot for phospho-S^326^-HSF1 and total-HSF1. These experiments were performed twice with similar results.](nihms902937f3){#F3}
{#F4}
{#F5}
{#F6}
{ref-type="fig"}) for the cells expressing the indicated shRNAs. The distribution of Rictor and actin mRNAs across the gradients was determined and quantified via rt-PCR as before (\*, *P* \< 0.05). (**C**) Proposed model of feed-forward regulation of Rictor expression and mTORC2 activity via AKT/HSF1/HuR signaling.](nihms902937f7){#F7}
######
Relative protein levels of phospho-S^473^AKT, phospho-S^326^-HSF1, HuR, and Rictor in normal and glioblastoma samples.
*Samples* *pS473-AKT expression* [§](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} *pS326-HSF1 expression* [\#](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} *HuR expression*[¥](#TFN7){ref-type="table-fn"} *Rictor expression*[≠](#TFN10){ref-type="table-fn"}
----------- -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
Normal
1 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.5
2 1.7 2.1 1.3 1.1
3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4
4 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.9
5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.2
GBM
1 54.3[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 26.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 37.5[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 65.9[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
2 15.7[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 19.7[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 8.1 10.2[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^
3 26.9[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 17.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ \-[‡](#TFN9){ref-type="table-fn"} 49.4[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
4 36.2[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 43.8[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 9.62 54.1[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
5 48.4[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 34.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 42.7[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 26.8[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
6 3.5 0.7 2.7 1.8
7 26.9[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 16.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 53.1[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.3[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
8 5.5 2.4 3.9 6.9
9 32.4[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 45.9[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 57.3[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 48.2[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
10 23.6[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.7[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 42.8[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 37.4[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
11 17.6[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 11.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 13.1[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 9.7[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^
12 39.1[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 56.2[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 64.5[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 25.8[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
13 4.3 13.5[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 8.2 3.4
14 32.7[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 26.9[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.2[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 41.9[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
15 56.8[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 32.8[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 46.9[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 41.0[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
16 3.8 \-[†](#TFN6){ref-type="table-fn"} 4.2 2.1
17 7.8 10.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 11.3[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 7.5
18 42.7[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 38.6[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 52.6[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 31.1[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
19 27.9[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 24.8[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 30.4[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
20 43.6[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 48.1[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 39.7[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 37.9[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
21 6.7 5.3 4.6 3.6
22 46.1[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 26.7[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 38.6[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 42.8[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
23 7.2 5.4 \-[‡](#TFN9){ref-type="table-fn"} 2.4
24 78.4[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 69.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 52.8[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 34.8[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
25 53.2[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 66.8[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.8[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 53.1[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
26 69.2[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 13.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 42.5[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 16.4[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^
27 7.2 5.2 3.7 2.6
28 76.3[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 84.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 63.8[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 58.4[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
29 7.0 2.4 6.4 5.8
30 16.2[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 14.7[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^ 9.1 12.5[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^+^
31 43.8[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 38.6[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 5.5 49.2[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
32 62.5[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 39.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 46.4[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 58.6[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
33 28.4[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 51.3[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 33.5[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 32.9[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
34 48.1[\*](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 50.7[ˆ](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 43.7[″](#TFN8){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^ 29.6[«](#TFN11){ref-type="table-fn"}^++^
Note: Five normal brain and 34 independent quick-frozen GBM samples were assessed for phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated HSF1, HuR and Rictor levels by Western analyses as described in Experimental Procedures and quantified by densitometry. 22 of 34 tumor samples (65%) had markedly higher mTORC2 activity as determined by monitoring expression levels of phospho-S^473^-AKT relative to normal brain. HSF1 activity was determined by monitoring phospho-Ser^326^-HSF1.
phospho-S^473^-AKT expression \> 2-fold above mean of normal brain.
Markedly increased mTORC2 activity; ++ \> 20-fold increase above mean of normal brain (dark gray shaded row); + \> 10-fold increase above mean of normal brain (light gray shaded row).
phospho-S^326^-HSF1 expression \> 2-fold above mean of normal brain.
Markedly increased phospho-S^326^-HSF1 expression; ++ \> 20-fold increase above mean of normal brain + \> 10-fold increase above mean of normal brain
Undetectable phospho-Ser^326^-HSF1.
HuR expression \> 2-fold above mean of normal brain
Markedly increased HuR expression; ++ \> 20-fold increase above mean of normal brain + \> 10-fold increase above mean of normal brain
Undetectable HuR expression.
Rictor expression \> 2-fold above mean of normal brain
Markedly increased Rictor expression; ++ \> 20-fold increase above mean of normal brain + \> 10-fold increase above mean of normal brain.
|
---
abstract: |
As object recognition becomes an increasingly common task in machine learning, recent research demonstrating neural networks’ vulnerability to attacks and small image perturbations show a need to fully understand the foundations of object recognition in order to build more robust models. Our research focuses on understanding the mechanisms behind how neural networks generalize to spatial transformations of complex objects. While humans excel at discriminating between objects shown at new positions, orientations, and scales, past results demonstrate that this may be limited to familiar objects - humans demonstrate low tolerance of spatial-variances for purposefully constructed novel objects. Because training artificial neural networks from scratch is similar to showing novel objects to humans, we seek to understand the factors influencing the tolerance of artificial neural networks to spatial transformations.
We conduct a thorough empirical examination of seven Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures. By training on a controlled face image dataset, we measure changes in accuracy of the model across different degrees of 5 transformations: position, size, rotation, resolution transformation due to Gaussian blur, and resolution transformation due to resample. We also examine how learning strategy affects generalizability by examining the effect different amounts of pre-training have on model robustness. Overall, we find that the most significant contributor to transformation invariance is pre-training on a large, diverse image dataset. Moreover, while AlexNet tends to be the least robust network, VGG and ResNet architectures demonstrate higher robustness for different transformations. Along with kernel visualizations and qualitative analyses, we examine differences between learning strategy and inherent architectural properties in contributing to invariance of transformations, providing valuable information towards understanding how to achieve greater robustness to transformations in CNNs.
author:
- |
Megha Srivastava\
Stanford\
Computer Science Department\
[[email protected]]{}
- |
Kalanit Grill-Spector\
Stanford\
Psychology Department\
[[email protected]]{}
bibliography:
- 'egpaper\_final.bib'
title: The Effect of Learning Strategy versus Inherent Architecture Properties on the Ability of Convolutional Neural Networks to Develop Transformation Invariance
---
Introduction
============
Biologically-inspired networks, such as deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have demonstrated success in many image classification and recognition tasks. However, recent works such as the development of adversarial inputs that fool the networks have demonstrated weaknesses in CNNs, necessitating the need to better measure and improve the robustness and generalizability of artificial neural networks. Although researchers have shown similarities between the architectures and learned features of CNNs with certain properties of human and primates’ visual systems, it is not clear to what degree the biologically-inspired artificial neural networks derive their success from large training datasets versus intrinsic network properties.
We focus on how neural networks for object recognition and discrimination perform when seeing complex objects that have undergone spatial transformations. The human visual system is typically adept at this task independent of spatial transformation - we can recognize and discriminate complex objects that are presented at previously unseen positions, orientations, and resolutions.
However, CNNs’ robustness to spatial transformations is not well understood. The shift-equivariance properties of the convolution layers, together with the dimensionality reduction of pooling layers removing spatial information, provide these networks invariance to small amounts of shifts. However, other architecture properties such as depth and learning strategies of these networks may also affect the tolerance of CNNs to spatial transformations when performing object recognition. Because data collected for computer vision tasks may not always span different spatial variations, it is important to understand how learning strategy and inherent architecture properties affect CNN spatial transformation invariance.
Our goal is to empirically study the role of learning strategy and CNN architecture properties on the performance of CNNs in complex object recognition over previously unseen spatial transformations. Specifically, the input to our models consists of images of human faces - a representative complex object. We study CNN architectures of varying depth and complexity, including recent networks that are commonly used in the Computer Vision community, and examine how the ability to generalize recognition of human faces to new positions, size, rotations, and resolutions is affected by the CNN architecture and learning strategy.
Our approach consists of (i) selecting a subset of CNN model architectures to implement, (ii) use *transfer learning* [@TLTutorial] to realize various learning strategies ranging from training the network on a set of faces from scratch to fine-tuning a pre-trained network, and (iii) study CNN performance when generalizing to new positions, sizes, rotation, and resolutions of faces not seen previously. With our results, we demonstrate how different CNN models vary in their ability to learn spatial transform generalizability as an intrinsic architecture property versus training exposure and learning strategy.
Related Work
============
Our research provides a comprehensive and empirical examination of spatial invariance properties of CNNs. Although there exist recent works on improving CNN transformation robustness, none have thoroughly examined the degree to which CNNs are capable of generalizing to different types of spatial transformations, nor comment on generalizability gained from intrinsic network property versus training exposure and learning strategy. Broadly speaking, past research can divided into 1. Small-scale investigations on transformation invariance over large, standard computer vision datasets containing images with varied transformations, and 2. The development of CNNs with improved spatially transformation generalizability. These works complement recent psychology research on human spatial generalizability to novel objects.
The closest work to our research is by Bunne, et. al. [@bunne2018studying], which analyzed how two pre-trained CNN architectures, AlexNet [@krizhevsky2012imagenet] and ResNet [@he2016deep], behave under a series of 9 transformations by studying the softmax outputs of a network for specific classes. They found that the two networks were able to learn a small degree of invariance, but large changes in transformations, such as a large rotation of picture of a broom, resulted in higher *softmax* outputs for images such as a brush. However, the authors use pre-trained networks trained on large datasets such as images from the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, which contain millions of images containing multiple objects in a variety of positions and sizes. This results in decreased clarity on whether the source of any invariance is simply due to pre-training, versus an actual CNN model architecture property. For example, is the higher likelihood of a brush over a broom after significant rotation simply due to ImageNet containing more images of brushes that are rotated than brooms in different rotations? Therefore, for our work, we focus on understanding the effect of different degrees of pre-training, including training the different models from scratch.
Similarly, Jaderberg et. al. [@jaderberg2015spatial] introduced the Spatial Transformer, which provides existing CNNs the capability to spatially transform feature maps over individual data items. The module allows input images to be transformed into canonical class examples, on which prediction is then run across. However, no claim is made regarding the success of Spatial Transformation Network when the dataset itself does not contain images at a variety of spatial transformations, as they train over an MNIST dataset containing digits in a variety of positions, sizes, and rotations. They demonstrate success over distorted versions of MNIST datasets, but do not measure how much exposure during training time to new transformations is required. Our work, which seeks to empirically determine the amount of transformation perturbation required for a significant drop in performance, can possibly help inform the amount of transformation within input data needed for generalizability. Furthermore, our approach can help us understand the degree at which pre-processing methods such as random cropping aid in spatial transformation generalizability.
Other computational research in this area includes, Lenc et. al. [@lenc2015understanding], which examined equivarience properties in AlexNet and found that deeper layer representations were more tuned to specific transformations, and Kauderer-Abrams et.al. [@kauderer2017quantifying], which determined data augmentation had the most significant effect on translation invariance for small models up to only four layers. Recent research has proposed separating transformation values from object representation, so that deep networks learn invariant features separately. For example, Cohen et. al. [@cohen2014transformation] proposed the use of G-Convolutions that exploit symmetry to achieve spatial invariance, Cohen et. al. [@cohen2016group] used group representation theory to represent objects independent of spatial pose, Anselmi et. al. [@anselmi2016unsupervised] proved the ability to create invariant signatures for image patches in classification, and Hinton et. al., proposed the use of capsules to more learn high-information vector outputs that more efficiently enable spatial invariance than the scalar-value inputs of high-layer neurons in CNNs. Sabour et. al. [@sabour2017dynamic] built upon the success of these capsule networks for invariance by proposing a dynamic routing strategy between capsules, while Shen et. al. [@shen2017patch] proposed the use of patch before feeding features to the next layer in a CNN as a way to learn location invariance. Finally, both Simonyan et. al. and Szegedy et. al. [@szegedy2016rethinking] focused on very deep networks, with more than 20 layers, and how the added computational complexity aids in learning invariant properties.
Interestingly, recent psychology research has demonstrated that humans have difficulty generalizing to new spatial transformations when recognizing foreign objects that hold no social or semantic significance. Remus et. al. [@Remus] found that while exposing foreign objects at a single position is not enough for humans to develop position-invariance when discriminating between objects, showing two positions improves generalizability significantly. We believe there are many useful links between understanding how object recognition and spatial invariance develops in both the human visual system and artificial networks, and therefore want to similarly examine the thresholds for generalizability to different spatial transforms in CNNs.
Thus, none of the described past research provides a thorough understanding of the difference between training strategy and network properties in developing invariance, and the precise degree of tolerance towards spatial transformation variations the network has. By running experiments on networks trained from scratch, we better understand the effect of not only model architecture, but also training strategy. In the effort to properly understand how object recognition is learned, it is important to understand the exact degree different architectures can tolerate transformations and what training strategy is most effective.
Methods
=======
Using a dataset of human faces under different spatial transformations (translation, size, resolution, rotation, and pose), our research studies how the performance of convolutional neural networks at generalizing to new spatial transformations that were not present among the faces in the training set is affected by the structural complexity of the network and the training method. We approach our task with the following steps, which we proceed to describe in more details later in this section:
1. Vary CNN structural complexity by implementing 7 widely-used CNN architectures: [AlexNet, ResNet18, ResNet50, SqueezeNet, VGG11, VGG19, and AlexNet with a Spatial Transformer module]{}.
2. Utilize transfer learning on a large, standard image dataset like ImageNet by adopting three different learning strategies: [training network from scratch with random initializations, training network after initializing with pre-trained model, and pre-trained model with last layer re-trained from scratch and all other layers frozen]{}
3. Train on a fixed [position/size/rotation/resolution]{} and, after hyperparameter tuning, measure network accuracy on images at parametrically increasing shifts of [position/size/rotation/resolution]{}, thereby examining generalizability. For each experiment, only one transformation among [position/size/rotation/resolution]{} changes between training and testing.
4. Run experiments across our 7 model implementations, 3 training strategies, and 5 different transformations (two different resolutions), resulting in a total of 90 experiment runs
We detail our method and choices for each of the above four steps below.
We chose 7 CNN architectures to implement, which vary not only in depth but also in architecture design. Our goal was to choose networks that are popularly used, as the impact of our work is most relevant to those using state-of-the-art networks who seek to understand the causes of spatial transformation invariance in their vision task. We first chose AlexNet [@krizhevsky2012imagenet], a popular 8-layer network with solid performance on the ImageNet Challenge. We then chose two variants of the VGG network, VGG-11 and VGG-1, which differ from AlexNet by being deeper, allowing us to understand whether architecture depth impacts spatial transformation invariance [@simonyan2014very]. We furthermore chose two implementations of ResNet, which for several years have achieved state of the art accuracy metrics, and thus important to examine. The goal of ResNet is for the CNN to learn a residual value by skipping connections across layers, thus making deeper networks to perform better [@he2016deep]. We seek to determine whether the skipped connections allow the network to be more invariant to spatial transformations. Finally, we choose to implement SqueezeNet, which achieves high accuracy comparably to AlexNet with significantly fewer parameters, in order to understand whether the decrease in number of parameters allows the remaining network parameters to develop a greater amount of spatial invariance [@iandola2016squeezenet].
Next, we developed three different learning strategies to adopt in our training:
1. training from scratch with all layers randomly initialized,
2. train after initialization with pre-trained model, and
3. pre-trained model with all but the last layer frozen and the last layer trained from scratch after random initialization.
All pre-training occured over an ImageNet data subset, which contains a large amount of natural image scenes in a variety of spatial transformations, unlike out fixed face dataset as described below. The three different learning strategies allow us to understand the necessity of pre-training on a large image dataset with natural scene images containing a variety of spatial transformations to achieve spatial invariance. By including a network trained from scratch, we differ from past research because we seek to answer whether spatial invariance can be achieved even when the training data consists of only one fixed transformation value.
Given a chosen CNN implementation and the three different learning strategies, we measure network accuracy and generalizability to one of 5 transformations: position (or translation) invariance, size (or scale) invariance, rotation invariance, resolution invariance from Gaussian blur, and resolution invariance from resampling. First, we train our model on fixed values of the 5 transformations. Then, given our fixed dataset of 101 faces described in the dataset section below, we generate modified images at fixed, staggered degrees of transformations for each of the 5 transformations. For translation invariance, we generate new positions up to a maximum of 140 pixel shift in any direction, defined by a circle with radius equal to the amount of shift, with steps of 10 pixels. At each step of 10 pixels shift up to 140 pixels, we measure the network accuracy on these new positions given the original trained model. Therefore, we are able to visualize how increase in position shift by pixels affects network accuracy, providing comprehensive information on translation invariance of the different models.
For conducting size invariance experiments, we generated new sizes from scales of 0.4 to 2.4 of the given original size, allowing us to measure invariance for both increased and decreased sizes. For rotation invariance, we generated new rotations of the faces by rotating them by steps of 15 degrees, from 15 degrees to 345 degrees. Lastly, for the two resolution invariances, we generated new images by either applying a Gaussian blur with 5 kernel amounts, or resampling at 5 different amounts.
Finally, we run our experiments to measure generalizability for each of the 5 possible transformations across models and training types. During training the set of images, with fixed transformation values (i.e. center position, original size, no decrease in resolution), for each of the 101 faces is randomly divided in a 80:20 ratio with 12 images being put into training set and 3 into validation set. Therefore, there is class balance for all faces in the training and validation set. The validation set is then replicated for the different transformations for the corresponding images that we previously generated. This ensures that the only difference between the different validation sets for a given transformation is the degree of transformation, as the face images and orientations are consistent across the validation set.
During training, we did not adopt any cross-validation since out set of faces is fairly uniform and we ensured a balanced training and validation split on a per-face basis. Furthermore, we aimed to determine good values of hyper-parameters, including Adam vs. SGD with momentum optimization, learning rate, momentum, step size, gamma, and batch size, and discuss results of the hyper-parameter tuning in the Experiments section. After training, we plot how accuracy is affected by staggered shifts of all 5 different transformations, and analyze these plots in the Experiments section. Finally, we visualize the network kernels at the early convolutional layers in order to determine whether transformation invariance might be due to the presence of “edge detectors” as lower layer kernel features, as suggested about the human visual system [@hubel].
Dataset and Features
====================
The specific data set we used was collected in our lab, the Vision and Perception Neuroscience Laboratory in Stanford’s Psychology Department. With a fixed camera configuration and gray background, photos were taken of 101 subject with faces rotated at 15 degree increments from -105 to +105 along the vertical axis. The subjects used were college-aged students at Stanford University, and each face, regardless of rotation, is centered with the image frame and surrounded by a gray background. All images are in grayscale with original size 2272 px by 1704 px, and resolution 72 pixels/inch. Depending on the network we use, we crop the images to fit the input image size - in all cases, the original image is larger than the input size and therefore no loss of image information is incurred. A sample from our dataset is shown in the figure below:
![Images of faces at different orientations corresponding to the same subject[]{data-label="fig:datasetfaces"}](figures/datasetfaces.png){width="0.8\linewidth"}
In order to measure invariance towards different spatial transformations, we perturb the images to achieve the desired transformations as described in the previous section. All transformations of our data are made with standard Python image libraries.
Experiments, Results and Discussion
===================================
Model Training with Hyper-parameter Tuning {#Exp:MT}
------------------------------------------
The first step in our experiments involved training the various models for later use in evaluating the impact of spatial transformations. As noted earlier, we considered seven network models (AlexNet [@krizhevsky2012imagenet], SqueezeNet 1.1 [@iandola2016squeezenet], VGGNet-11, VGGNet-19 [@simonyan2014very], ResNet-18, ResNet-50 [@he2016deep], and AlexNet with a Spatial Transformer module [@jaderberg2015spatial; @STNTutorial] which we refer to as [*AlexSTNet*]{}. We trained models for various architecture on images of faces using our dataset which consisted of 15 poses for each of the 101 faces with poses ranging from -105 degree to 105 degree in steps of 15 degrees.
For all but the AlexSTNet architecture we learnt three different models depending on the level of pre-training on ImageNet. In each case the final fully connected layer was replaced with a new randomly initialized one with 101 outputs, and the three learnt models differed in how the other layers were handled. In Experiment 1, all the other layers were pre-initialized on ImageNet but then finetuned on the face imaget. In Experiment 2, all the other layers were pre-trained on ImageNet but then their weights were frozen and thus unaffected by training on face data set. In Experiment 3, there was no pre-training and new weights were learnt starting from random initialization. For AlexSTNet we were unable to successfully pre-train the network on ImageNet and so only conducted an Experiment 4 which like Experiment 3 involves no pre-training.
During training we aimed to find good values of following hyper-parameters: optimization algorithm (SGD with momentum vs Adam), learning rate, momentum (in case of SGD), step size, gamma, and batch size. To do so, we plotted the progression of both accuracy and loss vs. epoch number, and modified the hyperparameters based on visual assessment of the shape and gap between the curves for training vs. validation data.
Table \[tab:hp\] shows the values of hyperparameters that were found to yield good results, while Figure \[fig:vn11\] show the resulting accuracy and loss vs. epoch number curves for VGGNet-11. For reasons of space we have shown here the curves only for VGGNet-11 but all the plots are included in Figures \[apfig:astn\] through \[apfig:rn50\] in the Appendices. Generally we see that in almost all cases the training resulted in generally good validation accuracy, in most cases above 90%.
Expt. \# Model Final Hyperparameters
---------- -------------- ------------------------------
1 All SGD, lr=0.001, momentum=0.1,
step\_size=7, gamma=0.1,
batch\_size=4
2 AlexNet Adam, lr=0.000075,
SqueezeNet step\_size=10, gamma=0.9,
batch\_size=8
2 ResNet-18 Adam, lr=0.0001,
ResNet-50 step\_size=10, gamma=0.9,
VGGNet-11 batch\_size=8
2 VGGNet-19 Adam, lr=0.0002,
step\_size=10, gamma=0.9,
batch\_size=8
3 AlexNet Adam, lr=0.0001,
SqueezeNet step\_size=20, gamma=0.9,
batch\_size=8
3 ResNet-18 Adam, lr=0.00001,
ResNet-50 step\_size=20, gamma=0.9,
VGGNet-19 batch\_size=8
3 VGGNet-11 Adam, lr=0.0001,
step\_size=20, gamma=0.9,
batch\_size=8
4 AlexNet Adam, lr=0.00003,
with Spatial step\_size=20, gamma=0.9,
Transformer batch\_size=8
: Hyperparameters found for different experiments and network architectures.[]{data-label="tab:hp"}
Testing with Diverse Spatial Transforms
---------------------------------------
The second part of our experimental work focused on studying how the models trained as described in the previous subsection perform when tested against images of the faces that have been subjected to various spatial transformation. Recall, our models were trained using face images only at one position, size, resolution, and rotation. Note also that the face images in our dataset are not present in ImageNet, and the set of labels (corresponding to the identity of faces) has no correspondence to ImageNet labels. So the experiments described here show the invariance to various spatial transformations on complex objects that were previously not seen except under one spatial transformation.
We studied the following five spatial transformations, and the metric we used was accuracy which is an appropriate metric considering the goal of this namely, namely the invariance exhibited by the models to spatial transformations.
### Translation
Here we subjected the original images to translations in random directions with the amount of shift selected randonly between 0 and the maximum possible such that the face still stayed within the original image boundaries. Form \[fig:translate\] we make several key observations. Firstly, models trained under Experiment 1, where layers pre-trained on ImageNet were finetuned, did the best while those from Experiments 2 (pre-trained layers were frozen) and Experiment 3 (no pre-training) did increasingly worse. Secondly, accuracy falls with amount of translation. Thirdly, in Experiment 3, SqueezeNet, ResNet-18, and ResNet-50 performed much better than AlexNet, VGGNet-11, VGGNet-18, and even AlexNet with the Spatial Transformation module [@jaderberg2015spatial]. These observations lead to the following conclusions. Firstly, preetraining on ImageNet helped quite a lot in attaining translation invariance, suggesting that exposure to objects under different translations as in ImageNet heloped. Second, certain network architectures, specifically SqueezeNet, ResNet-18, and ResNet-50, have structural properties that give them translation invariance to larger amounts of shift. Note that one would expect all convolution networks to exhibit invariances to small amounts of shift due to the combined effects of convolutional layers and pooling. It is also surprising that the AlexNet with a Spatial Transformation module did not perform as well, suggesting that Spatial Transformation module does not provide any intrinsic invariance due to its structure and its primary advantage may be that it learns invariances faster or more easily as suggested in [@jaderberg2015spatial].
### Resizing
Here we resized the faces while keeping them centered in the image, resizing them both up and down by various amounts. Specifically we scaled them by factors of 2.25 (which is the maximum possible), 1.717, 1.31, 1, 0.763, and 0.582. As seen in \[fig:resize\], the more the face is resized, the worse off is the accuracy, and this occurs irrespective or pre-traing. So unlike translation, pre-training does not appear to help that much, and there are no systematic trends due to network architecture. However, a noteworthy observation is the asymmetry, i.e. there is a steeper degradation when scaling down by a factor than when scaling up by the same factor, possibly because of the loss of resolution that happens when image is made smaller.
### Rotation
Here we rotated the faces to various angles in the 0 to 360 degree range while keeping them centered in the image. Specifically we scaled them by 15, 30, 60, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 300, 330, and 345 degrees counter-clockwise. While the general trend of larger deviation from the original resulting in worse performance holds here as well \[fig:rotation\], two observations stand out. Firstly, after a steep fall off in the first 50 degrees or so of rotation on either side, the performance then plateaus. Secondly, the two ResNets seem to perform distinctly better than the other architectures in the case when all layers are trained from scratch, suggesting that they have some degree of structural advantage for rotational invariance.
### Resolution Reduction
In this test we reduced the resolution of the original images by varying amount by discarding pixels. This was accomplished by rescaling the faces to smaller sizes and then scaling them back to the original size, in the process causing loss of resolution. Specifically we reduced resolution by factors of 2, 4, 8, and 16. Interestingly, as seen in \[fig:resample\] the performance was distinctly better in Experiment 3 as compared to Experiments 1 and 2, suggesting that pre-training om ImageNet hurt invariance to this transformation. Moreover in Experiment 3, AlexNet, AlexNet with Spatial Transformation module, and VGG-19 performed significantly better that the others.
### Gaussian Smoothing
In this test we subjected the image to Gaussuan smoothing with standard deviations of 2, 4, 8, and 16. As seen in \[fig:gaussian\], the performance degrades with smoothing in all cases, but in Experiment 3 AlexNet, AlexNet with Spatial Transformation module, VGG-11, and VGG-19 did distinctly better than the others, which is a trend we saw in Resolution Reduction as well above. These observation further suggests that pre-training hurt invariance to resolution loss, and that AlexNet and VGG family of architectures appears to have some strucutral advantage.
Visualization
-------------
Finally, we examined kernel visualizations in order to see if there is a more interpretable understanding to explain the differences between learning strategies’ effects on robustness to transformation. Due to time constraints, we were unable to examine techniques to visualize more complex layers, such as those in SqueezeNet or the higher layers of AlexNet, and so we present visualizations of the 1st Convolutional Layer Kernels in AlexNet. Figure 7 visualizes the kernels when the layers pre-trained on ImageNet are fine-tuned, Figure 8 visualizes the kernels when the layer pre-trained on ImageNet are frozen, and finally Figure 9 visualizes the kernels when the entire network is trained from random initialization.
Our visualizations show that in both pre-training strategies, the first layer kernels show strong edges at different orientations, corresponding to V1 layer neurons in the human visual system. The high similarity between Figures 7 and 8 suggest that fine-tuning the pre-trained layers does not effect the 1st-layer kernels, and weight changes must be occurring at higher layers. However, Figure 9 shows kernels with a high degree of noise, with faint orientations perceived only in some of the kernels. These visualizations suggest that unless the network is exposed to a dataset of objects in a variety of spatial transformations, the network is not incentivized to learn kernels such as “edge detectors” over more local features specific to the fixed transformation value of the training set. This highlights the possible dependence of spatial transformation invariance on 1st layer features of artificial networks.
![ Visualization of 1st Convolutional Layer Kernels for AlexNet when Fine-Tuning pre-trained Layers []{data-label="fig:kernel_ftalex"}](figures/kernel_ftalex.png){width="0.8\linewidth"}
![Visualization of 1st Convolutional Layer Kernels for AlexNet when pre-trained Layers are Frozen[]{data-label="fig:kernel_ffalex"}](figures/kernel_ffealex.png){width="0.8\linewidth"}
![Visualization of 1st Convolutional Layer Kernels for AlexNet when all layers trained from random initialization[]{data-label="fig:kernel_newalex"}](figures/kernel_newalex.png){width="0.8\linewidth"}
Conclusions
===========
Overall, our results demonstrate several interesting trends described earlier relating to the impact of pre-training, which in some cases appears to be beneficial (e.g. invariance to translation) but in others cases detrimental (e.g. invariance to resolution), as well as the differences across the various architectures in their intrinsic invariance to various spatial transformation (e.g. our observation that ResNet performs better than others under rotation).
Although we attempted to implement the Spatial Transformer Network module for architectures other than AlexNet, we ran into software issues and were unable to find implementations to build upon, suggesting a high degree of complexity for the design. However, as discussed previously, it is not clear whether Spatial Transformer Networks still rely on pre-training, and understanding whether the amount of pre-training needed is reduced is future work.
Furthermore, human experimental results demonstrate that exposure to only one fixed position is not sufficient for transformation invariance on a foreign object [@Remus]. This agrees with our conclusion of the importance of pre-training - which we can liken to visual experience or evolution for humans. However, the results do show that two or more positions are sufficient in improving human visual invariance. We ran preliminary experiments in which the models are trained on two positions and sizes rather than one, but robustness in the non pre-trained setting was still low. More analysis of this multiple transformation value exposure strategy will be useful in drawing a link between artificial neural network and human visual generalizabiltiy.
As CNNs become increasingly widespread in society, it is important to understand whether they solve object recognition tasks in a similar way as humans do, and whether a deeper understanding of the human visual system can improve biologically-inspired neural networks’ robustness. We examine spatial invariances, an important property in how we visually understand our world, and demonstrate the importance of consider the effect of training strategy, and not just inherent architecture properties, on the invariance abilities of different commonly-used CNN architectures.
Appendices
==========
Loss and Accuracy vs. Epoch \# Plots for Different Network Architectures and Experiments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figures \[apfig:astn\] through \[apfig:rn50\] are the complete set of the accuracy and loss vs. epoch number curves for various network architectures under different training scenarios as discussed in Section \[Exp:MT\].
![Loss and Accuracy vs. Epoch \# plots for AlexNet with Spatial Transformation module while training from scratch.[]{data-label="apfig:astn"}](figures/exp4_stnalexnet.png){width="0.7\linewidth"}
Contributions & Acknowledgements
================================
The psychological research on human invariance to spatial transformations that motivated this research was conducted in the Vision & Perception Neuroscience Lab at Stanofrd University. The research used PyTorch software [@PyTorch] and drew upon code from samples in PyTorch tutorials [@STNTutorial; @TLTutorial] and PyTorch Vision models [@PyTorchVision] that were pre-trained on ImageNet.
References/Bibliography
=======================
|
Solvent-controlled oxidative cyclization for divergent synthesis of highly functionalized oxetanes and cyclopropanes.
An efficient solvent-controlled oxidative cyclization of Michael adducts of malonates with chalcones with the combination of iodosobenzene and tetrabutylammonium iodide is reported. Highly functionalized oxetanes and cyclopropanes were divergently synthesized in moderate to excellent yields with high diastereoselectivity. |
Amazon warehouse worker stole $160,000 in electronics
An Amazon employee stole more than $160,000 in merchandise from the company's distribution center in Cayce, South Carolina, earlier this spring. Todd Anthony Cofield, Jr. turned himself in to the authorities last Thursday after allegedly taking 726 iPod touch players and 49 HP laptops between April 20 and May 31. He now faces charges of grand larceny.
Cofield hid his actions by falsifying documents related to the unloading of freight trailers that contained the electronics. Security guards from FedEx Freight and Amazon managed to discover that the items were missing and reported the theft to the local police. |
Q:
Pigeon Hole Principle problem
Say that you a set A that is broken up into subsets $A_1,A_2,...,A_n$, where each subset has size x.
1) Prove that if $n<3^{x-1}$, then x is greater than 1.
2) Prove that if $n<\frac{3^{x-1}}{2^x}$, then $x\geq 3$
I am quite stumped on how to solve this but I was thinking of using the pigeonhole principle
A:
Hint 1: If $x \leq 1$, what does that say about $x-1$? What does that say about $3^{x-1}$?
Hint 2: If $x \leq 2$, then what? We can assume $x \geq 0$ since "each subset has size $x$". There are three possibilities, $x=0,1,2$. What is $3^{x-1}/2^x$ for each possibility? Does it leave any possible value for $n$?
|
Q:
IMPDP in Oracle 11g - From One Schema to other Schema
I used to running command to get Oracle database backup in old way using 'exp' and 'imp fromuser touser. Now, i am trying to user new command to take backup 'expdp' and 'impdp'.
Steps:
1) Got backup using expdp with schema parameter on production server. my username is 'xxx' (Not sure its fully exported with procedures, function and view).
2) Now, on my dev server first i made other user called 'yyy'. I gave directory access to user 'yyy' and trying to run command impdp as below.
C:\impdp yyy/yyy remap_schema=xxx:yyy directory=abc dumpfile=123.dmp logfile=123.log
Now, i am getting error like below.
Import: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Thursday, 24 January, 2013 9:53:58
Copyright (c) 2003, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
ORA-31626: job does not exist
ORA-31633: unable to create master table "yyy.SYS_IMPORT_FULL_05"
ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_SYS_ERROR", line 95
ORA-06512: at "SYS.KUPV$FT", line 978
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
Do i missing any steps? like i have to create job or anything, not sure. basically i got backup from one user and need to restore on other user in Oracle.
Please help me.
A:
User yyy will need appropriate privledges necessary to create the objects.
See: privileges required to import objects into your own schema.
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e22490/original_import.htm#BABFHCBI
Also:
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e22490/dp_overview.htm#CJAIBFJG
Many Data Pump Export and Import operations require the user to have the DATAPUMP_EXP_FULL_DATABASE role and/or the DATAPUMP_IMP_FULL_DATABASE role. These roles are automatically defined for Oracle databases when you run the standard scripts that are part of database creation. (Note that although the names of these roles contain the word FULL, these roles are actually required for all export and import modes, not only Full mode.)
The DATAPUMP_EXP_FULL_DATABASE role affects only export operations. The DATAPUMP_IMP_FULL_DATABASE role affects import operations and operations that use the Import SQLFILE parameter. These roles allow users performing exports and imports to do the following:
•Perform the operation outside the scope of their schema
|
THE PRINCIPLES of tax reform, individual or corporate, are clear: Congress should improve efficiency by levying lower rates on a broader base of income; that is, with a minimum of incentive-distorting loopholes and deductions. Reform should encourage economic growth but mitigate income and wealth inequality. The resulting revenue should enable the federal government to meet public needs without adding to the national debt.
The last time the political stars aligned to produce such legislation was 1986. The tax code has accumulated new inefficiencies and irrationalities since, notwithstanding many reform proposals by Republicans, Democrats and even some bipartisan coalitions over the years. Now the GOP sweep of the White House and both chambers of Congress may set the stage for the most extensive rewrite of taxation since then — one that, unlike the 30-years-ago version, which was bipartisan, the Republican Party will dominate.
President-elect Donald Trump and his team are sending mixed signals. During the campaign, he put forward an irresponsible plan to slash revenue by an estimated $620 billion per year (roughly 19 percent of fiscal 2015 receipts) over 10 years, with no credible offset in the form of spending cuts. Meanwhile, the top 0.1 percent of taxpayers would experience an average tax cut of nearly $1.1 million, while households in the middle fifth of the income distribution would receive an average tax cut of $1,010, according to the Tax Policy Center . On Wednesday, however, Mr. Trump’s choice for secretary of the Treasury, Steven Mnuchin, spoke reassuringly, but cryptically, of middle-class relief with “no absolute tax cut for the upper class.” Rate cuts for the rich could be offset by eliminating itemized deductions, such as the break for mortgage interest or state and local taxes, Mr. Mnuchin said, though most experts say that won’t actually work for the rates Mr. Trump proposed.
Possibly the Trump camp is moving toward the somewhat more plausible blueprint laid out by House Speaker Paul D. Ryan (R-Wis.) in June. It would reduce federal revenue by a mere $3.1 trillion over 10 years, according to a Tax Policy Center analysis. This is better than Mr. Trump’s plan, but still hardly fiscally responsible absent big spending cuts to federal programs — which the GOP also proposes, but which are notoriously harder to pass than tax cuts. Meanwhile, most of the House GOP plan’s benefits would accrue to the well-to-do, in part because the plan eliminates what’s left of the estate tax, one of federal law’s few modest restraints on wealth inequality.
Recently, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Kevin Brady (R-Tex.), said he wants reform to be revenue neutral, albeit as measured by “dynamic scoring,” i.e., accounting for revenue due to projected economic growth. That, too, was a welcome note of relative moderation — but even under fairly robust dynamic scoring, the House GOP plan still costs the government $2.5 trillion over 10 years, according to the Tax Policy Center.
Come 2017, a Republican president and Congress could use their powers to rewrite the tax code in accordance with the standard set in 1986. For now, they seem bent on cutting taxes massively for those who least need the help — at the risk of greater debt, cuts in vital services or both. |
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Triazole linked Thiazolidenone Glycosides.
In a one pot procedure a series of novel triazole linked thiazolidinone derivatives 8a-g and 9a-g was prepared by condensation of (3aR,5S,6R,6aR)-6-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro[2,3-d] [1,3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde 7 with mercapto acids and primary amines in the presence of ZnCl2 under both microwave irradiation and conventional heating conditions. Compound 7 was prepared from diacetone D-glucose with oxidation followed by reduction, click reaction, primary acetonide deprotection and with oxidative cleavage. Characterization of new compounds has been done by means of IR, NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The nematicidal and antibacterial activity of the compounds has also been evaluated. |
Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message, please visit this page: About CDC.gov.
Learning Objectives
identify the primary drug for treatment of chronic beryllium disease (CBD), and
describe possible sequelae of CBD.
Introduction
Although CBD is treatable, there is no cure for CBD. The goal of treatment is to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Who Should Be Treated?
For patients with impairing CBD, corticosteroid therapy continues to be the primary treatment modality (Glazer and Newman 2003). Patients who are sensitized to beryllium but do not yet have the disease do not need any treatment. However, they do need regular exams to detect early signs of disease, as well as early and aggressive treatment of respiratory infections. Patients who have early beryllium disease but do not yet have symptoms may not require treatment. However, they need to be medically monitored. Some people who are detected at the early stages may go many years without needing treatment. Patients with beryllium disease who have abnormal or deteriorating pulmonary functions are usually treated with prednisone.
Treatment with Prednisone
Patients with evidence of early lung damage are treated with 40 mg of prednisone on a daily or alternate day regimen for 6 months. Prednisone is tapered by no more than 10 mg every other month to the lowest dose possible without evidence of renewed disease activity. Treatment with prednisone often stabilizes the disease and improves symptoms. Disease activity is monitored by the same tests that demonstrated deterioration. The lowest dose of prednisone that prevents disease progression should be maintained (Rossman 1996; Maier et al. 2001).
Monitoring the Disease
Unfortunately, lifelong therapy is usually required, since the disease recrudesces with reduction of the corticosteroid dose. Oral methotrexate and azathioprine have been used as corticosteroid-sparing agents by some clinicians (Glazer and Newman 2003; Muller-Quernheim et al. 1999). Before initiating corticosteroid therapy, a baseline chest radiograph, high resolution CT, complete pulmonary function tests (including lung volumes, spirometry, and diffusing capacity), and exercise testing, with arterial blood gas measurements, should be performed. Patients should be monitored for therapy-induced side effects on an ongoing basis.
Adjuvant Therapy
Adjuvant therapy with bronchodilators, diuretics, and oxygen should be considered as well. Supplemental oxygen may be necessary to correct hypoxemia associated with CBD. Right ventricular failure and its complications are late-stage sequelae. Pneumothorax can occur (Glazer and Newman 2003; Rossman 1996). Supportive therapy may also include pulmonary rehabilitation to maintain muscle strength and tone, vaccinations to prevent influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, and antibiotics for acute infections.
Possible Sequelae and Management Considerations
Pulmonary fibrosis, which is common in long-term disease, is poorly responsive to corticosteroids. As with chronic lung disease of other etiologies, one should evaluate for bacterial respiratory infections and should treat infections promptly with antibiotics when indicated, especially for those on immunosuppressive therapy. Patients should be immunized against Pneumococcus and influenza and counseled to avoid exposures to other substances that cause lung injury, including cigarette smoke (Glazer and Newman 2003; Rossman 1996). Right ventricular failure and its complications are late-stage sequelae.
Importance of Early Detection and Treatment
In contrast to most occupationally related lung disease, the early detection of CBD is useful for several reasons. First, measures can be put in place to limit further beryllium exposure. Secondly, treatment can lead not only to regression of the signs and symptoms, but also should prevent further progression of the disease. The management of CBD is based on the hypothesis that suppression of the hypersensitivity reaction (the granulomatous process) will prevent the development of fibrosis. However, once fibrosis has developed, therapy cannot reverse the damage (Rossman 1996).
Preventive Measures
Primary preventive measures include skin protection and minimizing airborne exposures to prevent sensitization. Because beryllium sensitization (BeS) and CBD are immune-mediated processes, future exposures should be minimized for all affected patients and all workers. Some reports suggest that removal from exposure has lead to clinical improvement in select patients (Glazer and Newman 2003; Glazer and Newman 2004; Sood et al. 2004). It appears that BeS can occur after a short period of exposure, but beryllium disease may require a longer latency and/or period of exposure (Henneberger et al. 2001). The lack of a clear dose response for the development of CBD implies that early identification of sensitization and removal from exposure may reduce the development of CBD (Judd et al. 2003; Kelleher et al. 2001).
Dermatologic Management
Primary preventive measures such as avoiding skin contact with beryllium to prevent sensitization are key. Careful irrigation and debridement are recommended for wounds potentially contaminated with beryllium. Beryllium particles imbedded in the skin often must be removed before skin wounds will heal. Complete excision is curative for beryllium-contaminated injury sites that demonstrate delayed healing, ulceration, and granuloma formation. The main treatment for contact dermatitis associated with beryllium salt exposure is cessation of exposure (Berlin et al. 2003).
Key Points
Primary preventive measures such as skin protection from and minimizing airborne exposures to beryllium are key to preventing sensitization. |
Purification, characterization, and localization of follipsin, a novel serine proteinase from the fluid of porcine ovarian follicles.
Follipsin, an enzyme that accumulates in the follicular fluid of porcine ovaries during follicular maturation, was purified to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme consists of two different polypeptide chains having M(r) = 45,000 and 32,000 each, associated covalently. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, benzamidine, leupeptin, and antipain, indicating that follipsin is a serine proteinase. Using synthetic peptide substrates containing 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide, follipsin was shown to preferentially hydrolyze Arg-X bonds but not Lys-X bonds. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the 45- and 32-kDa polypeptides were highly homologous with those of the heavy and light chains, respectively, of human plasma kallikrein and human factor XIa. Immunological analyses and substrate specificity studies, together with other existing evidence, indicated that follipsin is distinct from kallikrein and factor XIa, thus being a novel type of serine proteinase. Follipsin is immunohistochemically localized in follicular fluid as well as in stroma cells of porcine ovaries. The results strongly suggest that follipsin originates from interstitial cells of the ovarian stroma. |
Management and clinical outcomes of transfusion-dependent thalassaemia major in an Australian tertiary referral clinic.
To evaluate the management, clinical outcomes and adherence to chelation therapy in adult transfusion-dependent patients with thalassaemia major. We reviewed all transfusion-dependent adults with thalassaemia major (n = 44) attending the Haematology Department at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, in 2005. Data were collected retrospectively (2000-2005) and prospectively (2005) for cross-sectional clinical audit from clinical reviews, patient questionnaires, pharmacy dispensing records and routine laboratory investigations. Iron overload and its complications; complications of transfusion; adherence to subcutaneous and oral chelation therapy (expressed as a percentage based on the ratio of the amount dispensed to the prescribed dose). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 18%; hypothyroidism, 16%; hypogonadism, 32%; cardiomyopathy, 9%; and osteopenia/osteoporosis, 83%. Serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis C and hepatitis B was present in 41% and 14% of patients, respectively, and 23% of patients had active hepatitis C infection. Predictors of complications included increasing number of years of transfusion, increasing age, coprescription of desferrioxamine and deferiprone, and poor adherence to desferrioxamine treatment. There was a wide range of adherence to therapy with desferrioxamine (0-100% of prescribed dose; mean, 46%; median, 49%) and deferiprone (29%-214% of prescribed dose; mean, 117%; median 112.5%). The health outcomes in our patients were similar to or better than those of patients in other cohorts, but, despite the availability of effective chelating agents, our patients had marked iron overload and a high incidence of complications. |
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity.
The syndrome resulting from combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema has not been comprehensively described. The current authors conducted a retrospective study of 61 patients with both emphysema of the upper zones and diffuse parenchymal lung disease with fibrosis of the lower zones of the lungs on chest computed tomography. Patients (all smokers) included 60 males and one female, with a mean age of 65 yrs. Dyspnoea on exertion was present in all patients. Basal crackles were found in 87% and finger clubbing in 43%. Pulmonary function tests were as follows (mean+/-sd): total lung capacity 88%+/-17, forced vital capacity (FVC) 88%+/-18, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 80%+/-21 (% predicted), FEV1/FVC 69%+/-13, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity of the lung 37%+/-16 (% predicted), carbon monoxide transfer coefficient 46%+/-19. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 47% of patients at diagnosis, and 55% during follow-up. Patients were followed for a mean of 2.1+/-2.8 yrs from diagnosis. Survival was 87.5% at 2 yrs and 54.6% at 5 yrs, with a median of 6.1 yrs. The presence of pulmonary hypertension at diagnosis was a critical determinant of prognosis. The authors hereby individualise the computer tomography-defined syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema characterised by subnormal spirometry, severe impairment of gas exchange, high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension, and poor survival. |
How to Install Motorola Moto X Force USB Drivers on Windows PC
Windows operating systems might not be on par with other computer operating systems regarding brute performance, but they were designed to be easy to use, and part of what makes them so darn easy is additional code that presents things to us like in button form instead of the raw code. Each thing you design on an operating system makes it slower just like with websites (which is why we keep ours so bland).
One of the ways Windows is made easy is by coming up with its idea if having USB Drivers which act as the program that detects your mobile device and knows that it is connected to the computer which then allows for the transferring of data or the use of applications. Without the correct USB Drivers operating on the computer for your device when you connect it to the computer it won’t be detected, and then you can’t do anything with it.
Windows is programmed to take as much of the burden of having to install the USB drivers away from you as possible, and it actually attempts to identify what your device is and then install them for you which is why you sometimes get messages in the system tray stating that it recognizes your device. However, for the occasions that it doesn’t happen or you need to use apps and programs on the computer you need to install the drivers manually instead by following the guide below.
Installing the Motorola Moto X Force USB Drivers on Windows PC
Click the Motorola custom help pagelink and then navigate to the red button that is available toward the bottom of the page that says “Download for Windows.” The Motorola Device Manager file is now downloading on the computer. Wait until it completes before clicking anything.
Now click on the file where it shows the Motorola Device Manager executable file name and the setup wizard for that opens up on the display.
Have a read of what it says it is going to install, including the drivers for your device and then click on the Next button available at the bottom.
Click on the button for accepting the terms and conditions and then click on the Install button at the bottom.
The Motorola Device Manager is now configuring the new software for the computer. Don’t touch anything until the green progress bar makes its way all the way across to the other side of the screen and the download completes.
Click on the Close button once you get the congratulations message that is there to let you know that the installation of the Device manager was successful, and it is now installed on the PC ready for you to use.
Check the recently added menu in Windows 10 for the new Motorola Device Manager app and click to open it.
Everyone else should open the Downloads folder and find the Motorola Device Manager app available there. (Note that people who have manually changed the default download location in Windows need to open up the folder that they have selected to be the new default download location. By default that is the Downloads folder in Windows).
After you open the app, connect the Motorola Moto X Force smartphone to the computer with the USB cable and the USB driver installation will complete.
In conclusion, that is how to install the Motorola Moto X Force USB Drivers on a computer that is running the Windows operating system by installing the Motorola Device Manager. |
Romanian senator wants to change self-defense law after being robbed
Romanian senator Niculae Badalau, of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), wants to change the law on self-defense, after thieves robbed his mansion last weekend.
Badalau and his wife and daughter were at home sleeping when the robbery took place.
“I think that when someone breaks into your home, your family is threatened. You should be able to take extreme measures. I think this is normal,” Badalau said on Tuesday, November 6, according to local Digi24.
He added that his wife and daughter are traumatized following this incident.
The senator’s family were sleeping upstairs when the thieves broke in, apparently using a key, and robbed the place. They got away with jewelry and several other objects, including a loaded gun that the senator hadn’t secured. Badalau, who has had a gun license for 17 years, thus lost the right to carry a gun and was fined RON 5,000 (EUR 1.075).
[email protected]
(photo source: Facebook / Niculae Badalau) |
Desperate to prove he is not insane, mass killer Anders Breivik today claimed questions about his mental health were part of racist plot to discredit his extreme anti-Muslim ideology.
Breivik, who has admitted to killing 77 people in a bombing and youth camp massacre, said that no one would have asked for a psychiatric examination had he been a "bearded jihadist."
"But because I am a militant nationalist, I am being subjected to grave racism," he said. "They are trying to delegitimise everything I stand for."
Breivik rejects criminal guilt for the rampage on July 22, saying the victims had betrayed their country by embracing immigration.
Even the defence admits there is no chance of an acquittal, so the key issue to be determined in the trial is whether Breivik is criminally insane.
Two psychiatric examinations reached opposite conclusions on that point. Breivik himself insists he is sane, and accuses the prosecutors of trying to make him look irrational.
"I know I'm at risk of ending up at an insane asylum, and I'm going to do what I can to avoid that," he told the Oslo court.
Breivik became defensive as prosecutors quizzed him about sections of the 1,500-page manifesto he posted online before the attacks. It describes uniforms, medals, greetings and codes of conduct for the "Knights Templar" militant group that he claims to belong to. Prosecutors don't believe it exists.
In one section, read by prosecutor Svein Holden, Breivik speculated that in his future society, the loyalty of potential knights might be tested by asking them to undergo surgical amputation and castration. Breivik chastised the prosecutor for what he called "low blows" and said the segment was taken out of context.
Breivik, 33, showed no remorse as he continued his shocking testimony about his shooting spree at the annual summer youth camp of the governing Labor Party.
Calling the rampage "necessary," Breivik compared being shunned by those close to him to the grief of the bereaved.
"The only difference was that for my part it was a choice," he said.
The self-styled crusader apologised to the family of a pub owner who was among the eight people killed in the blast outside the government offices in Oslo, saying it was not his intention to kill "civilians."
Holden asked him if he wanted to express a similar apology to the families of the other victims, including the 69 killed on the youth camp on Utoya island.
"No I don't," Breivik said. "Utoya is a political indoctrination camp."
"I see all multicultural political activists as monsters, as evil monsters who wish to eradicate our people, our ethnic group, our culture and our country," he said.
Jon Hestnes, who heads a support group for victims' families and survivors, said afterwards it was "gruesome" to listen to Breivik's apology.
"It's an insult to the 76 other people who actually died because of that man," he said.
"He's not in our world. He isn't, and he doesn't have humanity at all. The way I slap little mosquitoes in the summer, that's how he is about human lives."
Speaking calmly, Breivik said he used a handgun to kill victims if the distance was less than 10 metres. Otherwise he used his rifle.
Asked why he spared one man who survived the shooting spree, Breivik said he thought it was because the man's appearance made him look "right wing-oriented." |
All,
I am looking into migrating the Configuration page:
http://sling.staging.apache.org/documentation/configuration.html
The only remaining issue seems to be the links in the Well Known Properties
section:
http://sling.staging.apache.org/documentation/configuration.html#well-known-properties
The page they link to is just a skeleton, should they link to the
sling.properties section on the Launchpad page instead?
http://sling.staging.apache.org/documentation/the-sling-engine/the-sling-launchpad.html#slingproperties
Also, I can't seem to find any references to the last three properties:
- sling.install.bundles
- sling.install.
- org.apache.sling.osgi.log.*
It seems like the have been changed as follows:
sling.install. -> org.apache.osgi.bundles
org.apache.sling.osgi.log.* -> org.apache.sling.commons.log.*
Does that sound right? Or am I missing something?
Thanks,
Dan |
Today I have an interesting detail or two about Star Wars: The Mandalorian. The details pertain to the ship the Mando pilots in the series. While the visual details we have heard are not really reportable as its hard to write about something without having seen it, and I hope to see it soon. But but until then here is what I have gleaned about the Mandalorian’s ship.
Sources keep saying the show is about 5 years after Return of the Jedi at this point. So we may be out a year or two further in the time line than we once thought. The reason this is notable is that the ship the Mandalorian flies is rumored to be a Clone Wars era craft. So in other words, the ship is pretty old at this point in the story and has seen some action.
We believe the ship is called The Razorcrest. However, there is always the off chance that is the title of the ship design itself. We have that name confirmed with two sources and one calls it a Razorcrest and the other The Razorcrest. So right now, it is hard to pin that down. The name is pretty badass, so I hope it is the name of the ship itself.
An interesting rumor about the ship is that it apparently has the ability to carbon freeze. I could be wrong, but I don’t think he’s freezing Jorgan Fruit Cakes for safe transport across the galaxy. Carbon freezing always makes me a bit queasy as I like it to be special for Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back where they test it on Han so they can see it if it will work on Luke. The Clone Wars had the Jedi use the process to sneak behind enemy lines with the justification that said mission is how Anakin/Darth Vader even came up with the plan. Well, in this era, Han Solo is a war hero and a legend so I suppose word got around? Or did it always have the carbon freezing chamber? I don’t know. Don’t shoot the messenger.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojXGTWQKI94
I have to conclude that ship doesn’t look like anything we’ve seen before from Mandalore, at least in The Clone Wars if it can house that in the back. I look forward to getting more details on the ship and some more conclusive answers regarding if the ship is a Razorcrest or The Razorcrest.
Star Wars: The Mandalorian will premiere on the Disney+ streaming service this year. I have been hearing for sometime there will be 8 episodes in the vicinity of 40-45 minutes each. So that’s a lot of time to spend with the Mando and get to know all about his armor and his ship. |
Q:
Regex to validate strings having only characters (without special characters but with accented characters), blank spaces and numbers
I am using Ruby on Rails 3.0.9 and I would like to validate a string that can contain only characters (case insensitive characters), blank spaces and numbers.
More:
special characters are not allowed (eg: !"£$%&/()=?^) except - and _;
accented characters are allowed (eg: à, è, é, ò, ...);
The regex that I know from this question is ^[a-zA-Z\d\s]*$ but this do not validate special characters and accented characters.
So, how I should improve the regex?
A:
I wrote the ^(?:[^\W_]|\s)*$ answer in the question you referred to (which actually would have been different if I'd known you wanted to allow _ and -). Not being a Ruby guy myself, I didn't realize that Ruby defaults to not using Unicode for regex matching.
Sorry for my lack of Ruby experience. What you want to do is use the u flag. That switches to Unicode (UTF-8), so accented characters are caught. Here's the pattern you want:
^[\w\s-]*$
And here it is in action at Rubular. This should do the trick, I think.
The u flag works on my original answer as well, though that one isn't meant to allow _ or - characters.
|
Eight downloadable titles coming between now and the end of April, four available for launch day.
Downloadable add-ons aren't the only PlayStation Store content that will be available for European PlayStation 3 owners after the system's midnight launch tonight. Four full games--Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection, Blast Factor, Lemmings, and Gran Turismo HD Concept--are going to be available for download as well, Sony has confirmed today.
Sony has also given "introductory prices" to a pair of those games. Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection will be available for £6.99 (approx. $14), while Blast Factor will sell for £3.49 ($7). Gamers have until May 23 to purchase the games at the introductory price levels. The console maker has not said how much Lemmings would cost. Gran Turismo HD Concept was released last year in the US and Japan as a free download.
The first wave of titles will be joined by another four downloadable games in March and April, specifically Super Rub-A-Dub, flOw, Go! Puzzle, and Go! Sudoku. Sony has not announced prices for the follow-up batch of titles. |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Pleural effusion and pneumothorax are well-established indications for chest tube placement. Two widely known corrective procedures are using a pigtail catheter drainage or performing a chest tube thoracostomy. The pigtail catheter drainage is more widely used as it is easier to perform in emergent situations and is a much lesser invasive procedure \[[@B2]--[@B4]\]. Cerebral air embolism is a rare complication that can be induced by pulmonary barotrauma, trauma of the chest or head, and iatrogenic causes such as invasive procedures or surgery \[[@B5]\]. This risk is further increased if the patient is on positive pressure ventilation (PPV) as the pressure in the airway is much higher. Despite its rarity, there are many reports written on cerebral air embolism. However, reports on the occurrence of cerebral air embolism while the patient is on positive pressure ventilation (PPV) remain scarce.
2. Case Report {#sec2}
==============
This is a case of a 50-year-old male with no significant past medical history, who initially presented with shortness of breath and hypoxia. He was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) and was treated for bilateral pneumonia that required prolonged mechanical ventilation via a tracheostomy. He further developed necrotizing pneumonia and subsequently multiorgan failure that led to hospitalization for 6 weeks. He was weaned from mechanical ventilation to the point he was tolerating CPAP mode. However, he started requiring higher fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO~2~). A chest X-ray (CXR) showed a small pneumothorax and was shown to increase in size in a repeat CXR the following day. This led to the decision to place a pleural pigtail chest tube to relieve the pneumothorax.
During the procedure, the patient suddenly became unresponsive and had an episode of apnea. However, his vital signs remained stable (BP 125/68 mmHg, P 84 BPM, T 37.0 C, RR 25 breaths/min, and SpO~2~ 95%). Additional labs included ABG (pH 7.37, PaCO~2~ 58 mm Hg, and PaO~2~ 67 mmHg), WBC 14,700/mm^3^, Hgb 8.4 g/dL, Plts 256 × 10^9^/L, Na 126 mmol/L, K 5.1 mmol/L, Cl 99 mmol/L, HCO~3~ 30.8 mmol/L, BUN 26 mmol/L, Cr 0.52 mmol/L, and Gluc 108 mmol/L. Another CXR did not show worsening of the existing pneumothorax and confirmed that the pleural pigtail catheter was in the appropriate position. However, an urgent computed tomography (CT) scan of the head showed low-density opacities that are consistent with air in a watershed pattern on the right hemisphere with edema ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
The patient was returned on mechanical ventilation with assist control (AC) mode on high oxygen flow. He was placed in Trendelenburg position and was treated conservatively. Funduscopic examination showed no abnormality in the retina such as an air embolism. A follow-up computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the head and neck was done and showed that the air embolism had resolved. However, the patient\'s neurological status did not improve. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain confirmed large bilateral cerebral infarcts, which was greater on the right. Additionally, the MRI also showed infarcts developing within the pons and midbrain. Despite attempts to stabilize the patient, he expired two hours after insertion of the pleural pigtail catheter.
3. Discussion {#sec3}
=============
Small-bore pigtail chest tubes (Seldinger type) potentially carry a high risk for complications such as hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pain. Being a procedure that involves insertion of a foreign body, there is also risk of injuring the visceral organs, which could lead to patient demise \[[@B6], [@B7]\].
Most systemic air embolism complications that have been reported were secondary to procedures such as percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy, thoracentesis, chest trauma, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation \[[@B8]\]. However, cerebral air embolism as a complication of pigtail chest tube insertion for treatment of a pneumothorax is rare \[[@B3]\].
Many mechanisms of the occurrence of cerebral air embolism have been speculated. Air entering the circulation has to come from the atmosphere, airway tracts, or the air from the pneumothorax space. A few studies present that puncturing the lung parenchyma during the insertion of the chest tube can facilitate a gas bubble entry to the pulmonary venous system. The needle can directly puncture the pulmonary vein and expose it to the atmosphere, which has a pressure that greatly exceeds that of the pulmonary venous system \[[@B1]--[@B10]\]. In other cases, gas may enter the venous system from the nearby air-containing space when the needle penetrates both the air space and the vein. This can create a connection that facilitates the entry of a gas bubble into the venous circulation during the insertion of a chest tube. This can especially occur in patients who are requiring PPV, as PPV increases the patient\'s airway pressure \[[@B9]--[@B11]\].
In our case, one of these mechanisms may have occurred. However, since our patient was on positive mechanical ventilation, it was more likely that a gas bubble entered the venous system from a nearby air-containing space airway or pneumothorax space.
Air bubbles in the systemic arterial circulation can block any arterioles with a diameter of 30--60 *μ*m. However, the diagnosis of an air embolism is often difficult. Although the diagnosis can be made by the demonstration of air in the intravascular space, the air may also rapidly dissolve in the blood while awaiting diagnostic imaging \[[@B3], [@B12]\].
Air embolism is typically a retrospective clinical diagnosis. It is mostly based upon a high suspicion and the exclusion of other life-threatening processes. It is important to suspect cerebral air embolism in a patient who is having neurological symptoms during a pleural catheter procedure. A brain CT scan can confirm the diagnosis by showing air bubbles in the cerebral arteries. Also, a funduscopic examination may show the air bubbles in the vasculature of the eyes \[[@B10], [@B13]\].
If cerebral air embolism is suspected, the patient must start on high-flow oxygen therapy to increase tissue oxygenation, which helps in reducing the embolic volume by eliminating nitrogen \[[@B14]\]. When suspecting venous air embolization, the patient must be placed into the left lateral decubitus position with the head down or in Trendelenburg position in order to prevent air from entering the systemic arterial circulation by remaining in the superior aspect of the left ventricle and, away from the aorta \[[@B3], [@B15]\]. Giving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) helps in reducing the volume of air emboli by increasing the solubility of oxygen in the blood and altering the permeability of blood-brain barrier, which decreases cerebral edema \[[@B9], [@B16]\]. In our case, the patient did not receive HBOT because he underwent mechanical ventilation after developing poor mental function and he also had an existing pneumothorax that was unresolved at that point.
4. Conclusion {#sec4}
=============
Cerebral air embolism as complication of pigtail catheter is rare, but it is fatal. It should be suspected when the patient starts having neurological symptoms while undergoing chest tube insertion or other known chest procedures, especially while the patient is on positive pressure ventilation.
Competing Interests
===================
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
{#fig1}
[^1]: Academic Editor: Alan D. L. Sihoe
|
Changes
** Add more references/details to the discussion and media coverage around August 5 after Cloudflare shut the site down, and make clear that Frederick Brennan explicitly thinks the site should be shut down (there's a tweet by him but that tweet doesn't say everything) ✔ |
[Intuition and psychiatry].
The topic intuition can be approached efficiently by introspective studies based on the systemal method and intersubjectivity with a language structured logically. Thus it is possible to provide a general model of intuition. This model is formed from three subsets: descriptive, dynamic and structural. It can be progressively corrected, refined and enriched. Its value grows with reciprocal and successive validations by different observers. Its consequences and applications in psychopathology are discussed. |
(818) 343-7744
Piano Restoration Seal Beach
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We offer polyester as well as lacquer finishes. Both products have their advantages and we will inform you so you can choose the best one for your piano. We are truly the premier Piano Restoration Seal Beach!
We also offer complete Re-Veneering with exotic woods such as Bubinga, Pyramid Mahogany, Burl Walnut. |
Q:
Specify schema in mongoose
I was wondering what the best way to define this schema is:
Newsitem can only have 1 userID and 1 task ID.
A Task can belong to many newsitems.
A user can belong to many newsitems
I've searched for examples, but I'd say they are not a lot of examples. How can I do this with mongoose & mongodb ? I'd say that both User to newsitem and Task to Newsitem are one to many relations.
A:
In Mongodb you can reference a collection within a schema so when you find() a document in newsitem mongoose does a find() in user and task, so instead of returning the newsitem document it returns the newsitem with the user and the task.
Mongoose population
|
from array import array
from itertools import izip_longest
def grouper(n, iterable, fillvalue=None):
"grouper(3, 'ABCDEFG', 'x') --> ABC DEF Gxx"
args = [iter(iterable)] * n
return izip_longest(fillvalue=fillvalue, *args)
"""
Bit-twiddling devices.
"""
def unpack_nibbles(l):
"""
Unpack bytes into pairs of nibbles.
Nibbles are half-byte quantities. The nibbles unpacked by this function
are returned as unsigned numeric values.
>>> unpack_nibbles("a")
[6, 1]
>>> unpack_nibbles("nibbles")
[6, 14, 6, 9, 6, 2, 6, 2, 6, 12, 6, 5, 7, 3]
:param list l: bytes
:returns: list of nibbles
"""
data = array("B")
for d in l:
i = ord(d)
data.append(i & 0xf)
data.append(i >> 4)
return data
def pack_nibbles(a):
"""
Pack pairs of nibbles into bytes.
Bytes are returned as characters.
:param `array` a: nibbles to pack
:returns: packed nibbles as a string of bytes
"""
packed = array("B",
(((y & 0xf) << 4) | (x & 0xf) for x, y in grouper(2, a)))
return packed.tostring()
|
Q:
Cyclic Inequality $(x^8+1)(x^4+1)(y^8+1)(y^4+1)(z^8+1)(z^4+1)≥((x^2+1)(y^2+1)(z^2+1))^2$
I have been challenged to prove the following:
If $xy+yz+zx=3$ for positive $x,y,z$, then $(x^8+1)(x^4+1)(y^8+1)(y^4+1)(z^8+1)(z^4+1)≥((x^2+1)(y^2+1)(z^2+1))^2$.
Initial attempts at AM-GM are not very helpful for me, I don't think.
$x^8+1≥2x^4,$ and $x^4+1≥2x^2$, so $(x^8+1)(x^4+1)≥4x^2(2x^2-1)$. It is easy to show $(x^8+1)(x^4+1)≥4x^2(2x^2-1)≥(x^2+1)^2$ if $x≥\sqrt{\frac{3}{7}},$ but that's insufficient.
I doubt that this problem turns into a Vieta bash due to the nature of having $x^8$ on the LHS. Initial attempts at Newton's sums were giving what looked like annoying numbers and something more bashy than what I would guess is a more elegant solution.
A:
We begin with the following observation $$(x^8+1)(x^4+1)=((x^4)^2+1^2)((x^2)^2+1^2)\geq(x^4\cdot x^2+1\cdot1)^2=(x^6+1)^2.$$
By the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality $$\prod_{cyc}(x^8+1)(x^4+1)\geq\prod_{cyc}(x^6+1)^2.$$
Thus, it's enough to prove that
$$\prod_{cyc}(x^4-x^2+1)\geq1$$ and since $$x^4-x^2+1\geq\left(\frac{x^2+1}{2}\right)^2,$$ it's enough to prove that
$$\prod_{cyc}(x^2+1)\geq8$$ and since by the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality again $$\prod_{cyc}(x^2+1)(1+y^2)\geq\prod_{cyc}(x+y)^2,$$ it's enough to prove that
$$(x+y)(x+z)(y+z)\geq8,$$ which is true because
$$(x+y)(x+z)(y+z)\geq\frac{8}{9}(x+y+z)(xy+xz+yz)=\frac{8}{3}(x+y+z)=$$
$$=\frac{8}{3}\sqrt{(x+y+z)^2}\geq\frac{8}{3}\sqrt{3(xy+xz+yz)}=8$$
Finally, equality is achieved when $$x=y=z=1$$
|
Settlements & Verdicts
Philadelphia Personal Injury Law Firm
The firm’s 41 year old female client (an independent cleaning contractor) went to the Defendants’ vacation home located in the Poconos to perform interior cleaning services. After arriving in the morning and cleaning the inside of the home the client exited the front door of the home, took a few steps and slipped and fell to the ground. The client sustained severe injuries to her right ankle diagnosed as a tri-malleolar fracture and underwent two separate surgeries. The Defendants’ contested liability but the case was resolved by Lawren J. Nelson, Esq. in the amount of $155,000.00. Read more here.
The Philadelphia personal injury lawyers at Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP represented the injured man who fell into an open manhole while walking down a Philadelphia sidewalk at nighttime. The Philadelphia personal injury law firm of Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP assisted the injured man in filing suit against multiple Defendants. Trial attorney Lawren Nelson reached a confidential six figure settlement with the final defendant on the fourth day of trial.
Six Figure Settlement Against U.S. Government For Injured Pennsylvania Resident
The Philadelphia personal injury lawyers at Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP recently settled such an action under the Federal Tort Claims Act for six figures for a woman in Pennsylvania injured by a U.S. mail truck. Our client arrived at a community mail box to retrieve her mail as a U.S. mail truck was leaving. The driver negligently placed the vehicle in reverse and ran her over causing significant physical injuries to the woman. Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLPPhiladelphia personalinjury attorneys assisted the woman in filing a lawsuit under the Federal Tort Claims Act to help her recover compensation for her injuries.
Six Figure Personal Injury Settlement for Rear End Car Collision in Montgomery County
Six Figure Settlement in Philadelphia Personal Injury Lawsuit due to Slip and Fall Accident
Philadelphia personal injury lawyers at Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP recently obtained a six figure settlement for a woman who slipped and fell on a piece of loose carpeting while walking down the stairs in her rental home. While descending a second floor staircase in her Philadelphia rental home, a 41 year old woman slipped on a piece of loose carpeting which caused her to fall into her living room. She suffered serious physical injuries to her knees which required multiple surgeries. Trial attorney Lawren J. Nelson settled the matter prior to trial for $315,000.00.
The experienced Philadelphia personal injury lawyers at Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP represented a Chester County, Pennsylvania, 43 year old man who suffered severe injuries after riding his bicycle into a hole on a poorly maintained roadway. In addition to head trauma which required plastic surgery, the man suffered serious orthopedic injuries. We are pleased to report that Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP trial attorney Lawren J. Nelson obtained a confidential six figure settlement for the injured man.
Six Figure Confidential Settlement for Injuries Obtained by Philadelphia Personal Injury Law Firm
Our client arrived at the community mail box to retrieve her mail as the US Postman drove off. While getting her mail she did not notice that the mail truck had stopped, and a few seconds later, the mailman negligently placed his vehicle in reverse and ran over our client. She suffered a broken wrist, shoulder injuries requiring surgery and fractured ribs. Our Philadelphia personal injury law firm filed claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act and after lengthy negotiations resolved the claim with the US Government for a six figure undisclosed/confidential amount.
Our firm represented a 79-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital with a history of passing out. She was released two days later without the discharging doctor reading the Carotid Doppler Study, which was available to him prior to discharge. Seven days later the plaintiff suffered a severe stroke rendering her partially disabled. Our firm tried the case before a specially-appointed Arbitrator, and an award in favor of the plaintiff was entered for $2.5 million.
$2.4 Million & $1.5 Million Settlements for Truck Accident
Our Philadelphia personal injury lawyersobtained settlements of $2.4 million and $1.5 million for two clients that were involved in a collision on I-95 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Our clients had pulled onto the shoulder of I-95 in an attempt to aid another motorist when a pick-up truck hydroplaned, veered off of the roadway, and struck our clients’ vehicle.
Our client, while digging a hole in a shopping center parking lot with his co-workers, suffered a severe electrical shock when he struck underground wires. He seemed to be getting better, but he unexpectedly died 18 months later. An electro-cardiologist retained on behalf of the client opined that electrical shock caused heart damage, which eventually led to his untimely death. This matter settled the day before trial for $1.5 million.
$1 Million Settlement for Product Liability Lawsuit
Our client sustained serious injuries to his arm and wrist while he was working on a horizontal milling machine. A product liability suit was initiated against the manufacturer of the machine, and the case settled prior to trial for $1 million.
$750,000 Verdict for Forklift Accident
Our client suffered a calcaneus (heel) fracture when he was struck by a forklift while standing on a loading platform. The jury returned a verdict with delay damages exceeding $750,000.
$ 690,000.00 Lump Sum Settlement for Long Term Disability Claim
Our client, a general surgeon, was denied long term disability benefits from a private disability insurance company. Under the terms of the policy, our client was entitled to disability benefits if he sustained an injury or sickness, was unable to perform the substantial and material duties of his occupation and was under the care of a physician. The insurance company initially denied benefits stating he was not regularly engaged in his occupation at the time that he became disabled. We filed an appeal with the insurance company and proved that our client deserved to receive the benefits enumerated in his long term disability insurance policy.
In September of 2005, a $250,000 settlement was obtained for 63 year old female, school teacher from Lehigh County Pennsylvania who sustained serious injuries after slipping and falling in a supermarket. Plaintiff was caused to slip and fall after she stepped in a puddle of liquid laundry detergent on the store’s floor. Her injuries consisted of knee contusions and a disorder known as “cervical dystonia” which was treated with botox injections at a world renowned medical center located in Bethesda, Maryland. Plaintiff and her husband brought a lawsuit against the supermarket for her injuries and damages. The Defendant, supermarket, contested liability and damages in this case which was ultimately settled at a pre-trial mediation conference.
$ 205,000.00 Recovery (plus monthly benefits of $12,000.00 until age 65) for Long Term Disability Claim
Our client, a corporate transactions lawyer (a very stressful occupation), was suffering from heart disease. He had quadruple by-pass surgery and aortic valve replacement, and was also suffering from other disabilities. He was denied long term disability benefits from his insurance company after filing a claim. The insurance company stated he could only collect disability benefits if he was unable to perform the duties of an everyday lawyer. We argued that under the terms of his own policy our client just needed to prove he was unable to perform the specific duties of his practice which he performed prior to the time of his disability. Our client’s physician stated that the stress of his own occupation made his symptoms worse. We filed an appeal with the insurance company and proved that our client deserved to receive the benefits enumerated in his long term disability insurance policy.
$171,000 Recovery for Premises Liability Case
In a premises liability case, our client was assaulted outside of a sports bar in Philadelphiaby another patron and sustained injuries that included multiple facial fractures. A $171,000 award was obtained and paid by the bar for failure to provide adequate security.
$110,000 Verdict for Premises Liability Lawsuit
In a premises liability case, our client was injured in a local Philadelphia supermarket when several large cans of green beans fell onto her foot, causing infection and, later, the amputation of two of her toes. A jury award inclusive of costs and interest was secured on behalf of the client in the amount of $110,000. The jury found that the supermarket had negligently stacked the display of cans in the aisle, causing them to fall onto the client’s foot.
$30,000 Settlement for “Bad Faith” Insurance Lawsuit
Our client’s computer (with an estimated value of less than $2,000) was stolen from his apartment while he was away on vacation. His insurance company refused to honor his claim, even though the insurance policy specifically covered these losses. A “bad faith” insurance lawsuit was filed against the insurance company, and a settlement was secured against the carrier for $30,000, more than 15 times the value of his computer!
Six Figure Recovery for Defective Product Lawsuit
The Philadelphia personal injury lawyers at Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP secured a substantial six-figure recovery from a major automobile manufacturer for a woman who sustained back injuries while exiting her vehicle after it unexpectedly caught fire. This fire, which destroyed her automobile, was caused by a defective wiring harness behind the dashboard of the vehicle.
Other Six Figure Recoveries
The Philadelphia personal injury law firm of Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP has also secured numerous six-figure recoveries for individuals who sustained damages and injuries related to car accidents, including uninsured and underinsured motorist claims, and premises liability matters involving defects on other’s property. We have also been very successful in securing large settlements and recoveries for clients who have been wrongfully denied disability benefits from their insurance carriers.
Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP is currently handling a class action lawsuit against automobile manufacturer Hyundai for alleged defective designs concerning the sensors that deploy the front passenger airbags in its Elantra model.
If you want to learn more about settlements won by the highly regarded Philadelphia personal injury law firm of Edelstein Martin & Nelson, LLP, or if you want to find out how they can help you receive the settlement you deserve for injuries suffered in car accidents, medical malpractice, product liability, construction accidents, dog bites, or premises liability, contact us in Philadelphia today.
EDELSTEIN MARTIN & NELSON - WILMINGTON
Our Truck Accident Lawyers in Wilmington represent injured victims and workers. Our law firm has a well-earned reputation for providing aggressive and high quality representation, and we know injury law. If you are a victim of personal injuries or workplace injuries, please contact our truck accident attorneys in Wilmington for a free consultation |
package socket
import (
"bufio"
"errors"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"github.com/st3fan/dovecot-xaps-daemon/aps"
"github.com/st3fan/dovecot-xaps-daemon/database"
"net"
"os"
"strings"
)
type command struct {
name string
args map[string]interface{}
}
func NewSocket(socketpath string, db *database.Database, topic string) {
// Delete the socketpath if it already exists
if _, err := os.Stat(socketpath); err == nil {
err := os.Remove(socketpath)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln("Could not delete existing socketpath: ", socketpath, err)
}
}
log.Debugln("Listening on UNIX socketpath at", socketpath)
listener, err := net.Listen("unix", socketpath)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln("Could not create socketpath: ", err)
}
defer os.Remove(socketpath)
// TODO What is the proper way to limit Dovecot to this socketpath
err = os.Chmod(socketpath, 0777)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln("Could not chmod socketpath: ", err)
}
for {
conn, err := listener.Accept()
if err != nil {
log.Println("Failed to accept connection: ", err.Error())
os.Exit(1)
}
log.Debugln("Accepted a connection")
go handleRequest(conn, db, topic)
}
}
func parseListValue(value string) ([]string, error) {
var list []string
values := strings.Split(value[1:len(value)-1], ",")
for _, value := range values {
stringValue, err := parseStringValue(value)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
list = append(list, stringValue)
}
return list, nil
}
func parseStringValue(value string) (string, error) {
return value[1 : len(value)-1], nil // TODO Escaping!
}
func parseCommand(line string) (command, error) {
cmd := command{args: make(map[string]interface{})}
parts := strings.SplitN(line, " ", 2)
if len(parts) != 2 {
return cmd, errors.New("Failed to parse: no name found")
}
cmd.name = parts[0]
for _, pair := range strings.Split(parts[1], "\t") {
nameAndValue := strings.SplitN(pair, "=", 2)
if len(nameAndValue) != 2 {
return cmd, errors.New("Failed to parse: no name/value pair found")
}
switch {
case strings.HasPrefix(nameAndValue[1], `"`) && strings.HasSuffix(nameAndValue[1], `"`):
value, err := parseStringValue(nameAndValue[1])
if err != nil {
return cmd, err
}
cmd.args[nameAndValue[0]] = value
case strings.HasPrefix(nameAndValue[1], "(") && strings.HasSuffix(nameAndValue[1], ")"):
value, err := parseListValue(nameAndValue[1])
if err != nil {
return cmd, err
}
cmd.args[nameAndValue[0]] = value
default:
return cmd, errors.New("Failed to parse: invalid value in key/value pair")
}
}
return cmd, nil
}
func handleRequest(conn net.Conn, db *database.Database, topic string) {
defer conn.Close()
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
for scanner.Scan() {
log.Debugln("Received request:", scanner.Text())
command, err := parseCommand(scanner.Text())
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln("Error parsing socket data: ", err)
}
switch command.name {
case "REGISTER":
handleRegister(conn, command, db, topic)
case "NOTIFY":
handleNotify(conn, command, db)
default:
writeError(conn, "Unknown command")
}
}
err := scanner.Err()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln("Error while reading from socket: ", err)
}
}
//
// Handle the REGISTER command. It looks as follows:
//
// REGISTER aps-account-id="AAA" aps-device-token="BBB"
// aps-subtopic="com.apple.mobilemail"
// dovecot-username="stefan"
// dovecot-mailboxes=("Inbox","Notes")
//
// The command returns the aps-topic, which is the common name of
// the certificate issued by OS X Server for email push
// notifications.
//
func handleRegister(conn net.Conn, cmd command, db *database.Database, topic string) {
// Make sure the subtopic is ok
subtopic, ok := cmd.getStringArg("aps-subtopic")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing aps-subtopic argument")
}
if subtopic != "com.apple.mobilemail" {
writeError(conn, "Unknown aps-subtopic")
}
// Make sure we got the required parameters
accountId, ok := cmd.getStringArg("aps-account-id")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing aps-account-id argument")
}
deviceToken, ok := cmd.getStringArg("aps-device-token")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing aps-device-token argument")
}
username, ok := cmd.getStringArg("dovecot-username")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing dovecot-username argument")
}
mailboxes, ok := cmd.getListArg("dovecot-mailboxes")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing dovecot-mailboxes argument")
}
// Register this email/account-id/device-token combination
err := db.AddRegistration(username, accountId, deviceToken, mailboxes)
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Failed to register client: "+err.Error())
}
writeSuccess(conn, topic)
}
//
// Handle the NOTIFY command. It looks as follows:
//
// NOTIFY dovecot-username="stefan" dovecot-mailbox="Inbox"
//
// See if the the username has devices registered. If it has, loop
// over them to find the ones that are interested in the named
// mailbox and send those a push notificiation.
//
// The push notification looks like this:
//
// { "aps": { "account-id": aps-account-id } }
//
func handleNotify(conn net.Conn, cmd command, db *database.Database) {
// Make sure we got the required arguments
username, ok := cmd.getStringArg("dovecot-username")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing dovecot-username argument")
}
mailbox, ok := cmd.getStringArg("dovecot-mailbox")
if !ok {
writeError(conn, "Missing dovecot-mailbox argument")
}
isMessageNew := false
events, ok := cmd.getListArg("events")
if !ok {
log.Warnln("No events found in NOTIFY message, please update the xaps-dovecot-plugin!")
isMessageNew = true
}
// check if this is an event for a new message
// for all possible events have a look at dovecot-core:
// grep '#define EVENT_NAME' src/plugins/push-notification/push-notification-event*
for _, e := range events {
if e == "MessageNew" {
isMessageNew = true
}
}
// we don't know how to handle other mboxes other than INBOX, so ignore them
if mailbox != "INBOX" {
log.Debugln("Ignoring non INBOX event for:", mailbox)
writeSuccess(conn, "")
return
}
// Find all the devices registered for this mailbox event
registrations, err := db.FindRegistrations(username, mailbox)
if err != nil {
writeError(conn, "Cannot lookup registrations: "+err.Error())
}
// Send a notification to all registered devices. We ignore failures
// because there is not a lot we can do.
for _, registration := range registrations {
aps.SendNotification(registration, !isMessageNew)
}
writeSuccess(conn, "")
}
func (cmd *command) getStringArg(name string) (string, bool) {
arg, ok := cmd.args[name].(string)
return arg, ok
}
func (cmd *command) getListArg(name string) ([]string, bool) {
arg, ok := cmd.args[name].([]string)
return arg, ok
}
func writeError(conn net.Conn, msg string) {
log.Debugln("Returning failure:", msg)
conn.Write([]byte("ERROR" + " " + msg + "\n"))
}
func writeSuccess(conn net.Conn, msg string) {
log.Debugln("Returning success:", msg)
conn.Write([]byte("OK" + " " + msg + "\n"))
}
|
634 N.W.2d 486 (2001)
262 Neb. 696
Lyle WILCOX and Jean Wilcox, Appellants,
v.
CITY OF McCOOK, Nebraska, a municipal corporation, and Southwest Nebraska Youth Services, Inc., a Nebraska nonprofit corporation, Appellees.
No. S-00-481.
Supreme Court of Nebraska.
October 19, 2001.
*487 J. Bryant Brooks, of Brooks Law Offices, P.C., McCook, for appellants.
G. Peter Burger, of Burger & Bennett, P.C., McCook, for appellee City of McCook.
John A. Gale, of McCarthy, Gale, Moore, Bacon & Hall, North Platte, for appellee Southwest Nebraska Youth Services, Inc.
HENDRY, C.J., WRIGHT, CONNOLLY, GERRARD, STEPHAN, McCORMACK, and MILLER-LERMAN, JJ.
HENDRY, C.J.
INTRODUCTION
Lyle Wilcox and Jean Wilcox appeal from the district court's decision dismissing their petition in error. In their petition, the Wilcoxes requested that the district court reverse the McCook City Council's decision of May 17, 1999, approving a special exception application.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 1999, Southwest Nebraska Youth Services, Inc. (Southwest), submitted an application for a special use exception. This application concerned a building located in McCook, Nebraska, within an area zoned residential medium density. Southwest intended to use the building as a multiple-family dwelling, medical-health facility, and school for state wards and other youths. The McCook zoning ordinances list multiple-family dwellings, medical-health facilities, and schools as special exceptions in residential medium density zones.
Previously, in 1998, the McCook City Council denied a separate special use exception application by Southwest concerning the same building. The 1998 application proposed to use the building as an "intermediate school ... multiple family dwelling" and provide "governmental services" for state wards and other youths, including services for domestic and sexual abuse victims. The city council denied the 1998 application by a vote of two in favor, two against, and one abstaining.
Southwest's second application was submitted to the city council in 1999. The city sent out notices to all adjoining landowners concerning Southwest's 1999 special exception application. Some of the landowners initiated a petition drive against Southwest's application. The record indicates they collected approximately 108 signatures against Southwest's proposal. On May 17, 1999, after public notice and public hearings, the city council met and considered Southwest's second application. The council voted three in favor, one against, and one abstaining. Immediately after the vote, a question was raised as to *488 whether a simple majority was sufficient to pass the application pursuant to Neb.Rev. Stat. § 19-905 (Reissue 1997). Notwithstanding this concern, the mayor announced the application had passed.
On June 3, 1999, the city council published notice in the McCook Daily Gazette newspaper that the next council meeting would be held on June 7, 1999. Listed on the agenda for the meeting was a motion by a council member to reconsider "the special exception request for Southwest Nebraska Youth Services, Inc." This council member had voted "no" on Southwest's application at the May 17 meeting. Also included on the agenda for the June 7 meeting was a proposal that the city council consider "additional restrictions" on Southwest's use of the property.
At the June 7, 1999, meeting, the city council reconsidered Southwest's application. After including some additional restrictions concerning hours of operation and other related matters, the city council approved the application with four votes in favor of the proposal and one against.
On June 10, 1999, 3 days after the special exception request had been reconsidered and approved, the Wilcoxes filed a petition in error under Neb.Rev.Stat. § 25-1901 (Cum.Supp.2000). The Wilcoxes are adjoining landowners to the proposed youth center.
In their petition, the Wilcoxes asked the district court to reverse the city council's May 17, 1999, decision. The petition alleged four grounds in support of the requested relief. First, the Wilcoxes asserted that the 1999 application was barred by the previous 1998 application under a theory of res judicata. Second, they contended that Southwest's proposed use did not comply with the permitted special exception uses listed in the McCook zoning ordinances. Third, they argued that the application failed to receive a three-fourths majority vote at the May 17 meeting as required by § 19-905. Finally, the Wilcoxes argued they were not provided due process by the city council. The petition did not ask for any relief from the city council's decision of June 7.
The appellees, Southwest and the City of McCook, filed answers in which the city asserted the issues raised by the Wilcoxes were "rendered moot by the vote in favor of the application by three-fourths (3/4ths) of the City Council on June 7, 1999." No amendments to the Wilcoxes' petition were requested or made.
The court rendered its decision on the Wilcoxes' petition in error on April 3, 2000. The court made various findings of fact, determined the matter in the appellees' favor, and dismissed the petition.
The Wilcoxes appealed. We moved the case to our docket pursuant to our authority to regulate the caseloads of this court and the Nebraska Court of Appeals. See Neb.Rev.Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 1995).
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The Wilcoxes assert the district court erred in (1) failing to find that Southwest's 1999 application for a special exception was barred by res judicata, (2) failing to find that the Wilcoxes' right to due process was violated, and (3) failing to address whether the intended use of the property by Southwest was a permitted special exception.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A jurisdictional question which does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate court to reach a conclusion independent of the lower court's decision. Prucha v. Kahlandt, 260 Neb. 366, 618 N.W.2d 399 (2000).
*489 ANALYSIS
Before reaching the legal issues presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs. v. Struss, 261 Neb. 435, 623 N.W.2d 308 (2001). While it is not a constitutional prerequisite for jurisdiction, the existence of an actual case or controversy is necessary for the exercise of judicial power. Hron v. Donlan, 259 Neb. 259, 609 N.W.2d 379 (2000).
The appellees argue that the Wilcoxes' appeal from the city council's decision on May 17, 1999, is moot. "A moot case is one which seeks to determine a question which does not rest upon existing facts or rights, in which the issues presented are no longer alive." Hron, 259 Neb. at 263, 609 N.W.2d at 383. See, also, Eastroads v. Omaha Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 261 Neb. 969, 628 N.W.2d 677 (2001).
The appellees contend that because of the subsequent actions taken by the city council on June 7, 1999, the issues presented by the May 17 decision are no longer alive. See Hron, supra. The record shows that the Wilcoxes' petition in error only challenges the May 17 decision by the city council. "[T]he issues in a given case will be limited to those which are pled." Alegent Health Bergan Mercy Med. Ctr. v. Haworth, 260 Neb. 63, 73, 615 N.W.2d 460, 468 (2000). Accord Sherrets, Smith v. MJ Optical, Inc., 259 Neb. 424, 610 N.W.2d 413 (2000). The record further shows that on June 7, the May 17 decision by the city council was reconsidered and the city council approved Southwest's application, with some additional restrictions.
Accordingly, any determination regarding the May 17, 1999, decision would be purely advisory. "In the absence of an actual case or controversy requiring judicial resolution, it is not the function of the courts to render a judgment that is merely advisory." US Ecology v. State, 258 Neb. 10, 18, 601 N.W.2d 775, 780 (1999) (citing Putnam v. Fortenberry, 256 Neb. 266, 589 N.W.2d 838 (1999)). We therefore determine that the Wilcoxes' appeal is moot.
We recognize that the court may choose to review an otherwise moot case under the public interest exception if it involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other rights or liabilities may be affected by its determination. Hron v. Donlan, supra. This exception requires a consideration of the public or private nature of the question presented, the desirability of an authoritative adjudication for future guidance of public officials, and the likelihood of future recurrence of the same or a similar problem. State ex rel. Lamm v. Nebraska Bd. of Pardons, 260 Neb. 1000, 620 N.W.2d 763 (2001); Hauser v. Hauser, 259 Neb. 653, 611 N.W.2d 840 (2000).
While the questions presented in this case are of a public nature, we find that application of the public interest exception would not be appropriate. The issues presented in this appeal do not inherently evade appellate review. See Putnam, 256 Neb. at 274, 589 N.W.2d at 844 ("[i]t is generally inappropriate for an appellate court to review a moot case that does not evade review as a result of a transitory setting"). Thus, we decline to apply the public interest exception to reach the merits of this case.
CONCLUSION
The Wilcoxes' petition in error did not raise any issue involving an actual case or controversy necessary for the district court to exercise judicial power. Accordingly, the decision of the district court *490 is vacated, and the appeal is dismissed as moot.
ORDER VACATED, AND APPEAL DISMISSED.
|
Exhibitions
A Museum of Modern NatureHowever inorganic our lives can feel, we’re usually closer to nature than we think. This show examines the evolution of our ecosystems and suggests how we can maintain and nurture connections with the planet. Wellcome Collection, NW1, 22 June to 8 October
Portraying a NationWorks by two very different German artists, Otto Dix and August Sander, go on show from Friday at Tate Liverpool. While Dix painted decadent society in the pre-first world war period and showed the horrors of the conflict itself, Sander was a photographer who captured striking images of ordinary Germans from across the nation.Tate Liverpool, 23 June to 15 October
Glastonbury festivalFrom Barry Gibb’s teatime legends set to Block 9’s 10th birthday and the giant Arcadia spider, to Radiohead, Foo Fighters, Stormzy, the xx, Katy Perry and more buzzy new names than you can shake a welly at, there is something for everybody at Worthy Farm. Plus, Julien Temple’s new drive-in movie area – complete with vintage cars and flicks chosen by Johnny Depp. Worthy Farm, Somerset, 21-25 June
Edinburgh international film festivalThis year’s festival opens with God’s Own Country, a new Brit drama that’s already drawn comparisons with Brokeback Mountain. Starring Josh O’Connor, it tells the story of a young farmer who develops a relationship with a migrant worker. Plus, Morrissey biopic England is Mine, Q&As from Oliver Stone and Kevin Bacon, and much more.Various venues, 21 June to 2 July
Change of Art festivalIt’s been over a year since the horrifying murder of MP Jo Cox in her West Yorkshire constituency. This event seeks to commemorate this sombre anniversary with a celebration of the kind of diversity championed by Cox. Accordingly, there will be food from Matt Tarantini; a photography exhibition by Daniele Lamarche; comedy from Bridget Christie and Sindhu Vee; Bangladeshi music from Sidra Muntaha; and readings on everything from feminism to multiculturalism. Human Rights Action Centre, EC2, 17 June |
Google's decision to provide AI tools for use with US military drones has been hugely controversial within the company (at least a dozen googlers quit over it) and now the New York Times has obtained internal memos revealing how senior officials at the company anticipated that controversy and attempted (unsuccessfully) to head it off.
One memo was written by Google Cloud's chief AI scientist, Fei-Fei Li, in response for a request on advice for how to spin the deal: "Avoid at ALL COSTS any mention or implication of AI… Weaponized AI is probably one of the most sensitized topics of AI — if not THE most. This is red meat to the media to find all ways to damage Google."
Google and its parent company Alphabet still get the vast majority of their earnings from advertising, and there is strong internal pressure to diversify the company's revenue, especially in light of the techlash and the changing public attitudes towards surveillance capitalism.
But googlers who were drawn to the company in part due to its "Don't Be Evil" motto and reputation for mixing a public mission in with service to its shareholders are widely opposed to supplying services to the US military, especially when it comes to the drone program, which has killed a literally uncounted number of civilians — as well as military targets far from the battlefield.
Executives for Alphabet's Deepmind division have outright refused to work on any military contracts. Googlers have been sticking "DO THE RIGHT THING" stickers all over the company's New York City offices and an engineer tried to get a conference room renamed after Clara Immerwahr, the German chemist who committed suicide when she learned that her husband, Fritz Haber, had developed chemical weapons for Wehrmacht.
Google has hosted a series of debates between Google Cloud CEO Diane Greene, TCP co-inventor Vint Cerf (a former defense contractor who serves a Google's Chief Internet Evangelist) and Meredith Whittaker (previously) a privacy activist who is a senior AI researcher at Google.
I've written before that tech workers are an undervalued resource in the fight for better tech. They work in an extremely tight labor market and have more power than we're accustomed to employees exerting in the 21st century, and many of them were attracted to tech out of a sense of civic duty to build something that would make the world a better place.
Others are starting to target tech workers in their pitch for better tech, from Congressional committees to Freedom From Facebook to Yelp, companies and campaigners are reaching out to techies as allies.
When news of the deal leaked out internally, Ms. Greene spoke at the weekly companywide T.G.I.F. meeting. She explained that the system was not for lethal purposes and that it was a relatively small deal worth "only" $9 million, according to two people familiar with the meeting. That did little to tamp down the anger, and Google, according to the invitation email, decided to hold a discussion on April 11 representing a "spectrum of viewpoints" involving Ms. Greene; Meredith Whittaker, a Google A.I. researcher who is a leader in the anti-Maven movement; and Vint Cerf, a Google vice president who is considered one of the fathers of the internet for his pioneering technology work at the Defense Department. Because there was so much interest, the group debated the topic three times over one day for Google employees watching on video in different regions around the world. According to employees who watched the discussion, Ms. Greene held firm that Maven was not using A.I. for offensive purposes, while Ms. Whittaker argued that it was hard to draw a line on how the technology would be used.
How a Pentagon Contract Became an Identity Crisis for Google [Scott Shane, Cade Metz and Daisuke Wakabayashi/New York Times] |
A Labour peer and university boss has said her institution is “decolonising” its curriculum, that student should skip educational events that offend them, and that counter-terror laws silence Muslim and black students.
Adopting the language of her hard-left students, Baroness Amos, who is Director of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), said young people should avoid controversial debates that could be “painful or difficult experiences.”
Speaking at a conference about tackling sexual harassment on campus, she also said SOAS had established a working group on “decolonisation” – which means reducing the prominence of Western history and thought and the number of white writers.
“We have a decolonisation working group. We are looking at how to decolonise knowledge and in particular, decolonise our literature and pedagogy,” the baroness said, according to The Times.
“Given that we are specialists in certain regions of the world – Asia, Africa, the Middle East – and looking at the perspective of those regions, it should be easier for us,” she added.
Similarly, Oxford University has made examinations on non-British and non-European history compulsory, and the National Union of Students (NUS) back a campaign called ‘Why is my curriculum white?’
Confusingly, the Labour peer also argued that universities must create “safe spaces”, where some views are banned, as part of the their “responsibility towards free speech,” the Telegraph reports.
She said: “We need to support difficult and robust debate about difficult and complex issues. But we also have to respect the right of students not to attend if they so wish [and] to attend and engage in the vast debate if they so wish.
“We need to ensure that we create the space for students to be able to disagree and question.”
She also argued that black and Muslim students were being silenced by the government’s counter-terror Prevent program, now that university workers are compelled to report students suspected of extremism and terror to authorities.
“You see the chilling effect for example of Prevent duty – where students are operating in an environment where they feel under intense scrutiny, if they are Muslim or if they are from a black or ethnic community,” she claimed. |
Mandarin Oriental, New York
Mandarin Oriental, New York is a five-star hotel located in Manhattan's Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle in New York City, managed by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. A part of the multi-use Time Warner Center development, the hotel opened in December 2003. In addition to its 248 guestrooms and suites, the hotel provides services for 64 residences. Mandarin Oriental has received many national and international awards, and operates one of only two Forbes Five-Star spas in Manhattan.
Location
The Mandarin Oriental is located more than above ground in the north tower of the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle. The Time Warner Center contains of mixed-use space and is to date the largest such development in New York City history. In addition to the hotel and private condominiums, the complex includes The Shops at Columbus Circle, numerous upscale restaurants, Time Warner’s headquarters, CNN live broadcast production studios, office and residential space, and a performance hall for Jazz at Lincoln Center.
Hotel
The AAA Five-Diamond awarded hotel contains 202 guestrooms and 46 suites on floors 35 to 54 of the Time Warner Center with views of Central Park and the Hudson River.
Vivienne Tam, a noted New York fashion designer, designed the hotel’s signature fan, which is displayed in the hotel lobby. Dale Chihuly created two glass pieces installed in the hotel. The first is a chandelier, created in a unique collaboration with Waterford Crystal, weighing approximately 2,100 pounds and comprising 683 hand blown glass and crystal pieces. The second installation, located in the 35th floor lobby, is Chihuly’s first foray into glass gardens.
A 250-year-old parchment calligraphy book, conveying a story of happiness and good fortune, and a collection of carved ornaments from furnishings of the same period are housed in the Presidential Suite.
The current General Manager of Mandarin Oriental New York is Susanne Hatje, since 2013. She has been serving the industry for 25 years and the group for 18 years. Prior to this position, she was the Group Director of Residences at Mandarin Oriental.
Spa
The Spa is one of only two Forbes Five-Star spas in Manhattan (The other is the Peninsula New York Spa), is located on the 35th and 36th floors of the hotel and spans . It offers traditional treatments, such as massages, manicures and pedicures in addition to a list of unique signature therapies, including a vitamin infused facial, the “Clearing Factor” and a Thai yoga massage.
In 2017, Adam D. Tihany, Grant Achatz and Nick Kokonas jointly re-designed the Spa.
Restaurants and bars
Asiate: contemporary cuisine with Asian influences on the 35th floor overlooking Central Park
The Aviary NYC: a high-end cocktail lounge adjacent to Asiate with views overlooking Columbus Circle
The Office NYC
Additional services and facilities
Fitness center and indoor pool: a fitness center and lap pool
Meeting and event space: a pillar-less ballroom overlooking Central Park and three executive meeting rooms
Residences
The Residences at Mandarin Oriental, New York are a collection of 64 condominiums located directly above the hotel on floors 64–80. The individual units range from to full-floor apartments with over of private space. The full-service apartments have complete access to the hotel’s amenities & services – including the concierge, housekeeping, room service and fitness center.
Awards
Top 50 Large Hotels in US/Canada (Travel + Leisure World’s Best Awards, August 2009)
Top Mainland US Hotels (Celebrated Living Platinum List, Summer 2009)
One of the Best Hotels in the World (Travel + Leisure Guide to The World’s Best Hotels, January 2009)
One of the World’s Best Places to Stay (Condé Nast Traveler Gold List, January 2009)
Asiate selected No. 1 in Décor (Zagat Survey New York City Restaurants, 2008, 2009, 2010)
Asiate selected “Forbes 2008 All-Star Eatery” in New York City (Forbes, December 2008)
Asiate selected best restaurant for a “Power Breakfast” in New York City (New York Magazine, June 2008)
The Spa recognized as a Top Hotel Spa in The Americas & Caribbean (Condé Nast Traveller Spa Awards (UK), February 2008)
Mandarin Oriental, New York, awarded the Five Diamond Award (AAA, November 2008)
Mandarin Oriental, New York, and The Spa received the Five-Star Award (Forbes Travel Guide, 2010)
General source:
See also
Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group
References
External links
Official website
[www.aviarynyc.com official website of the designer Adam D. Tihany, on redesigning the Spa Aviary.]
Category:Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group
Category:Columbus Circle
Category:Skyscraper hotels in Manhattan
Category:Hotels established in 2003
Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2003 |
So how should we go about it? Democrats might well be poised to ride a “blue wave” back to power in November. But no matter the outcome in the midterms, Americans of all political stripes should start working today to inoculate American democracy not just against Trump but also against the more virulent strains of authoritarian populism to come.
To start, Congress should codify countless broken norms into unbreakable laws. For example, it should be illegal for presidents to fire law enforcement officials who are investigating them (absent an independent assessment of professional misconduct). Special counsels should also be legally protected from presidential interference.
We also need two new constitutional amendments. First, to declare that the president is not above the law and can therefore be indicted while in office; and second, to ensure that a president cannot pardon anyone that is involved in an ongoing investigation related to the president, their family, their campaign or their business interests. If Republicans resist, it will lay bare their cynical protection of criminal behavior and impunity in the White House — and voters should overrule them.
Future presidential candidates should be legally required not only to release their tax returns, but also to fully divest from businesses that pose a significant conflict of interest. Even if that bill could not pass a Republican-held Senate or get past a Trump veto, states should attempt to make ballot access contingent on that low baseline of ethical compliance and basic financial transparency. And, the disgrace of having Trump’s unqualified son-in-law and daughter overseeing huge, consequential portfolios cries out for stronger anti-nepotism laws.
A transformation of norms into laws occurred after Watergate. A more expansive Trumpian update is overdue.
The Trump era is also alerting us to the dangers of long-standing systemic flaws of American democracy that predate Trump but now require urgent and sweeping reform. For example, American turnout rates are a national sickness. In the 2014 midterms, voter turnout was about 42 percent. That put the United States 185th out of 196 countries in terms of recent legislative elections turnout, finishing below Nigeria, Afghanistan and El Salvador.
The problem persists in presidential elections, albeit to a lesser extent. About 62 million Americans voted for Trump; roughly 100 million American adults didn’t vote at all.
Low turnout is partially due to apathy, a lack of voter education and a cultural fixation on entertainment above politics. But it’s also by design.
Gerrymandering reduces turnout by carving out uncompetitive districts that make voters (rightly) feel powerless. The average margin of victory in 2016 House races was a 37.1 percent landslide. And while both parties are guilty of extreme gerrymandering, Republicans have been the worst offenders recently, a practice that likely netted them as many as 22 additional seats in the House. Their current majority is held by a margin of 21 seats.
Gerrymandering is easily fixed with citizen-led, bipartisan, independent commissions charged with drawing fair, compact, competitive districts absent any whiff of partisan opportunism.
Furthermore, voter suppression efforts have intensified, led by a president who routinely peddles the lie that voter fraud is widespread (it’s not). Suppression reduces minority turnout and makes minority voters six times more likely to wait more than an hour to cast their ballot.
And states — as policy laboratories that can test different democratic vaccines to see which works best — should begin trials to boost turnout. From automatic voter registration, to expanding early voting, to providing more resources to areas with long wait times, to expanding voting by mail, or making Election Day a government holiday, there are readily available, proven solutions that only lack the legislative majorities to implement them. |
Shinzo Abe will become the first sitting Japanese prime minister to visit Pearl Harbour, he said on Monday, announcing his plans to journey to the site of the attack that drew the United States into World War Two.
Mr Abe said in a news conference that he and President Barack Obama will later this month travel to the the naval base decimated by his country's air raids 75-years ago,
"This will be a visit to console the souls of the victims," he said. "I would like to show to the world the resolve that horrors of war should never be repeated."
Mr Abe will hold his final summit meeting with the outgoing US president during the trip to Hawaii, Mr Obama's birthplace. |
Electrical inhomogeneity in left ventricular hypertrophy.
Recent studies designed to assess the relationship between aortic compliance and heterogeneity of heart electrical activity has shown that hypertrophy aggravates repolarization disturbances in the myocardium. Numerous mechanisms of electrical instability and inhomogeneity associated with left ventricular hypertrophy are now under investigation. Most of the studies have been found to be focused on ventricular Gradient, QT dispersion, amplitudes of isointegral maps during ventricular repolarization, abnormally low-QRST areas, dispersion of the QT interval, and spatial QRS-T(angle). These studies point to marked repolarization abnormalities in left ventricular hypertrophy and the dispersion of the QT interval as a valuable index for inhomogeneity of repolarization and the subsequent heart rate variability. The heart rate-corrected QT dispersion and QT apex dispersion seem to be significantly longer in the patients with left ventricular hypertrophy than in normal individuals. The review study has also identified QRST isointegral map as a valuable technique in assessment of the electro-cardiac events in LVH. |
Greenpeace Against Adriatic Oil Drilling
International environmental organisation Greenpeace have spoken out about oil and gas exploration and exploitation in Croatia’s Adriatic Sea…
Greenpeace CEO Kumi Naidoo told journalists in the Adriatic town of Opatija yesterday that the global organisation supported local Croatian groups who opposed drilling in the Adriatic.
Naidoo said that this was ‘a fight for preserving the planet’ and urged the companies awarded licences recently to withdraw.
“If you don’t do it, don’t think this is just local resistance, that you can’t be found in your countries, we have you on our target list,” Naidoo said, adding that the planet would survive but mankind would disappear because of fossil fuels and global warming.
Naidoo warned the Croatian people not to be fooled by false promises. and that if drilling for oil happens in Croatia’s Adriatic then they can wave goodbye to tourism.
Tourism makes up a huge part of Croatia’s GDP
“In Africa at the start of similar projects citizens were promised great benefits, but eventually only several senior state officials and executives of the companies doing the job benefitted, while the local population was left to deal with the consequences,” said Greenpeace’s CEO.
Naidoo believes that the Adriatic coast could be the centre for producing solar electricity, which he says would create more jobs without endangering the environment.
“Scientists have established that 80 percent of fossil fuels must stay in the earth to prevent disastrous climate change,” he said.
Local opposition groups protesting in Croatia
U.S-based Marathonoil, Austria’s OMV, Italian multinational ENI, London-based Medoilgas, and INA, owned by the Croatian government and Hungary’s MOL, have all been awarded licences to explore and exploit 29 block areas, ranging from 1,000 – 1,600 square kilometres, eight in the northern part of the coast and 21 in central and southern Dalmatia.
The contracts are expected to include 5-year concessions to explore, and 25-year concessions to exploit.
Croatia’s Minister of Economy Ivan Vrdoljak says that 100 million kuna will be paid to the government immediately once the contracts are signed and that the total value of the investment is around 4 billion kuna. |
Lisa Barlow, whose name I have changed to protect her privacy, is at her kitchen table in Washington DC when she realizes that each Sunday, fifteen passenger trains depart for New Haven, CT. She’s a successful copy editor and has a meeting in New Haven early Monday morning. She has no plans Sunday, so doesn’t care when she arrives or how long it takes. She travels coach so has thirty tickets to choose from: fifteen departures each with two price options.
Should she choose the more-expensive flexible ticket over the locked-in value ticket? Does she want to leave earlier or later? Brunch in DC or lunch in New Haven? She can’t decide.
She scrolls the screen up and down, up and down, faster and faster. Her eyes dart about the webpage. She feels a rising tension in her chest. Her breathing shortens. Her thoughts race in and out of her mind like the breath in her lungs. She touches her face and notices the telltale sign: it’s numb. She reaches into her pocket, where she safeguards a small pill for moments like these. A pharmacologic reset button.
Barlow has had panic attacks since High School—the first over a social drama, the second after her science teacher told her that if she refused to dissect a pig, she’d amount to nothing. She suspects her attacks have something to do with her parents, whose difficult marriage often forced her to choose between them. This, a therapist explained, was an “impossible choice,” one with permanent consequences yet no clear answer. Now as an adult, when faced with a decision that has no clear answer—even something as simple as booking a train ticket—her brain is programmed to panic.
Barlow is a capable and confident professional whose job it is to make hundreds of decisions each day. Why couldn’t she see the difference between which parent to be with and what train to take? There must have been something else going on.
Anxiety as a Learning Problem
Michael Browning is a practicing psychiatrist who directs Oxford’s Computational Psychiatry laboratory. I met Browning as a fourth year medical student. I’d taken a break from Yale to work for six months at Warneford Hospital, a beautiful limestone building from 1826. Browning’s latest paper, Anxious individuals have difficulty learning the causal statistics of aversive environments, had been published in Nature Neuroscience just months before I arrived and I was excited to learn cutting-edge neuroscience in the city of dreaming spires.
Browning is a pleasant-looking fellow—normal height, normal build, balding (which I personally hope is normal). My first day, Browning walked me around the lab, introducing me to the other graduate students and post-docs. “This is Daniel Barron, he’s come here from some university in the U.S. to work on some sort of project,” he would say in his Scottish accent with a flat expression. He showed me where the “bog” (bathroom) was, where we had tea, where I could put my cowboy boots and hat if, as a Texan, I felt inclined to wear them on a rainy day.
Although Browning enjoyed cardiology and nephrology as a medical student, he became a computational psychiatrist because he found mental illnesses more compelling. Cardiologists treat the heart like a pump and they measure and calculate how well the pump is working. Nephrologists treat the kidney like a filter and measure and calculate how well the filter is working. Psychiatrists don’t really know how to view the brain. And we don’t know how to measure or calculate how well the brain is working. This is what Browning wants to do.
After his psychiatry residency, Browning began treating patients with major depression and bipolar disorder and noticed how extremely common anxiety is in these patients. Knowing someone has a cognitive symptom—like a panic attack when booking a train ticket—is clinically useful because it suggests a treatment goal (i.e. book tickets without panicking), something to target with clinical interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
CBT helps patients learn to look at anxiety-provoking situations in a new, less threating way. That you can successfully treat anxiety with CBT indicates that CBT is helpful. But on a more fundamental level, it also indicates that patients can learn how to not be anxious. Browning also noted that, reversing this logic, it also means that anxiety involves a learning process gone awry.
Learning on the (Coffee) Run
Measuring how we learn is hard. Experimentally, we can observe people’s behavior; e.g. did someone answer a question correctly? or did they complete a task as they were taught? This treats the brain like a black box, wherein cognitive “stuff” happens and decisions magically appear.
Learning theory provides a way to peer into this black box with mathematics. Learning theory describes how the brain builds models of the world, with the goal of understanding how to behave. According to learning theory, people develop models about the world based on the outcomes of their actions (“I did X and Y happened, so X gives me Y”).
Imagine that one afternoon, you want a really good cup of coffee. To get it, you need to walk to one of two nearby coffee shops: one is an international chain, the other is run by some local hipsters. The chain coffee shop has a lot going for it: there’s a standard menu; the coffee is made nearly the same way every time; the same music plays at corporate-specified volume; the wifi always works. The last time you went, you left with a fairly good cup of coffee and so, in learning theory terms, we’d say this coffee run ended with only a small prediction error, meaning what you expected is roughly what you got. If someone asked you how often this happens, you’d give a ballpark 75% of the time because you feel that overall the chain store is a pretty stable, safe bet even if you don’t always leave with a really good cup of coffee.
Now consider the hipster coffee shop: the seasonal menu is locally sourced so your favorite made-from-scratch pastry may or may not be available; rotating “coffee artists” put their own spin on every drink; sometimes there’s jazz, sometimes heavy metal; sometimes the wifi works, often it doesn’t. When the stars align, you have the absolute best coffee experience. But because every few weeks the hipsters change things up, you often leave with no pastry and whatever Lars felt like making you. This leads to a large prediction error and, crucially, you’re never quite sure what to expect. From a learning theory perspective the hipster coffee shop is a volatile environment.
Now imagine that you have three consecutive bad experiences at both places: where do you go next? Because the chain store has a 75% overall likelihood of being pretty good, those three strikes don’t affect your belief in the chain store that much and you’re likely to go back. But the hipster coffee shop is more volatile, so after three strikes, you could decide that the place has gone to shit and ne’er return.
In both cases there was a prediction error (although you expected a good cup of coffee, you got a bad one three times), but because the hipster coffee shop is a more volatile place, you weighed the new information more heavily and learned from it more in terms of your overall belief. How much prediction errors sculpt your belief is called the learning rate. Your learning rate for each coffee shop depends on the volatility.
The Brain as a Learning Machine
When he started at Oxford, Browning was keen to measure how people learn. Timothy Behrens and several colleagues had recently designed a reward game wherein participants tried to win a pot of money. To get this money, they had to click on a green or blue rectangle, which would inch them closer (or not) to that money. Because it was unclear which rectangle (blue or green) they needed to choose, players learned which was more likely to lead to a reward by trial and error, while playing the game. Like learning which coffee shop to go to by frequenting different coffee shops multiple times.
Also similar to the coffee shop analogy, Behrens developed two versions of the game: a stable version where blue rectangles led to a reward 75% of the time and a volatile version wherein the reward sometimes followed blue, sometimes green. Everyone played both versions of the game, allowing Behrens to see how quickly they could learn each version.
To win, people would have to mentally model how volatile the game was at any point in time. Behrens wanted to see how well the human brain stacked up to an “ideal learner”, or a computer trained to make the winning decision at every step. That seemed like a lot of computational heavy-lifting.
But Behrens discovered—quite surprisingly—that people performed quite well, on par with the ideal learner. Behrens also discovered that he could measure how people played the game differently, depending on how volatile the task was. As the game switched from the steady, 75% version to the more volatile version, people adjusted their learning rate in a mathematically-rigorous way. Human brains could actually compute how chain coffee shops differed from hipster coffee shops.
Behrens had created a scenario that allowed him to treat the brain as a decision-making machine. By measuring how someone played his game, Behrens could tell whether someone’s brain was working ideally.
Of course, Browning’s patient’s brains weren’t working ideally. They were anxious. Since he suspected that anxiety was related to learning, he wondered whether he could use Behren’s game to measure where and how his patient’s decision-making machine had broken down.
Measuring is Complex
Browning wanted a measure of how people learn; something tidy that he could discuss with a patient: “Mrs. Robinson, we’re concerned about your learning rate.”
During my medicine rotations, I remember screening patients for known causes of pump malfunction, risk factors of heart disease like hypertension, cholesterol and smoking. There was something deeply triumphant about telling a patient, “you have a low risk of heart disease”, as if we had together avoided catastrophe. This idea of whittling down heart disease to three risk factors is a classic reductionist overture. And it is, by design, a deceit.
Heart disease is complex and, of course, can’t be completely explained by hypertension, cholesterol, and smoking. In fact, we don’t (and might never) understand everything about everyone’s heart disease—genes, exercise, stress from work or love, something in the water, and so on could each play some crucial yet-undefined role. Without question, looking at only three risk factors misrepresents the complexity of heart disease—but, studies have shown that it is a useful simplification.
Clinicians seem comfortable reducing heart disease to three risk factors—we are, after all, only talking about a pump. But we tend to cringe when we consider our inner lives, our own emotions and mental states through the same reductionist lens.
Imagine that you’re Barlow’s psychiatrist. She comes to your office not long after refusing to dissect the pig. She’s shaken and buries her face in her hands crying, “what if I amount to nothing!” You learn about her childhood, her impossible choice between parents. You connect with her, you empathize with her, you want to help.
Now consider your next step: are you going to ask her to sit in front of a computer and click on blue and green rectangles to win a pot of fake money? How much confidence would you have in such a clinical measure? Do you think you could persuade Barlow that her learning rate as measured by the box game has much bearing on her anxiety?
I’d question my devotion to reductionism here too. The box game seems too abstract and too removed from the raw, clinical realities of panic.
But recall that cardiologists once felt this way—the connection between heart attacks, blood pressure and cholesterol isn’t obvious. The very existence of blood pressure wasn’t obvious—even though people had seen blood spurting out of people’s veins for millennia, no one thought to measure blood pressure until the 18th century.
Three hundred years ago, people would have occasional chest pain and then, one day, just drop dead. I wonder what it was like going to a doctor three hundred years ago, worried about this weird, occasional pain you have in your chest. I imagine the doctor would have traced your history: “Tell me more about your pain.” Maybe during this conversation, the doctor would place leeches on your arm to “clean” your blood, maybe he would even cut your arm to get rid of “extra” blood. Without other tools or interventions, your visit was primarily a conversation; a good clinician was probably a good conversationalist. The advent of the stethoscope and sphygmomanometer—both of which require the patient and clinician to be silent—nudged this relationship from dialogue towards data. Perhaps we lost something in that silence: that subtle and artful conversation that took place while the doctor was attaching leeches to your forearm.
Cardiologists didn’t become useful because they thought of cleverer questions to ask their patients, but because they developed tools to reduce complex diseases to things they could measure and study and treat.
Simply figuring out that death had causes—that it wasn’t simply the Fates or Wheel of Fortune—was itself a monumental intellectual leap. Careful investigation reduced death to specific causes like heart attacks caused by heart disease. And it was only decades-long studies of thousands of patients (e.g the Framingham Heart Study) that helped us reduce heart disease from vague, subjective symptoms to specific, measurable risk factors. Data made us comfortable with reductionism because data led us to solutions that matter.
So Browning wants to gather data because he wants to reduce anxiety to a useful measure. Yet reductionism comes at a price. In Barlow’s case, the price might be losing a lot of what is real: her stories. To measure anxiety, we might jettison the richness and complexity of Barlow’s interaction with her mother. But maybe this richness isn’t as important we’d like to believe. No one seems to long for the golden age of “leeching conversation.”
An Anxious Machine
While Behren’s experiment was underway, Browning had begun to work with Sonia Bishop, a computational neuroscientist also at Oxford. Bishop was keen to measure how anxiety affects learning, specifically how anxious people think about future negative events.
Together, they modified Behrens’s reward game—instead of winning money for choosing the correct rectangle, you’d get an electric zap if you choose incorrectly. To see how volatility affected learning rate, they occasionally changed the likelihood of getting shocked. They called this an “aversive learning task” and used it to measure how people with varying levels of anxiety navigate unsavory situations.
They discovered that, like Behren’s original study, non-anxious people could sense when the game was more volatile and adapt their strategy like an “ideal learner”—the more stable the task, the less an unexpected zap affected their beliefs about future events. But the more anxious a person was, the less they recognized and adapted their learning rate during the volatile game. Anxious people, it seemed, were unable to recognize and learn from volatility (which makes me wonder whether hipster coffee shops collect anxious customers).
In their Nature Neuroscience paper, Browning and his colleagues wondered whether being cognitively blind to volatility could make the world seem less predictable and negative outcomes less avoidable—perhaps like seeing every unclear decision as one of Barlow’s impossible choices? This in turn might further reinforce someone’s overall level of anxiety, creating a spiral into deepening anxiety and other mental illnesses like depression.
While Browning’s study needs to be extended and replicated, the proposed relationship between volatility and learning rate has clear clinical implications. It reduces clinical focus from cognitive symptoms (e.g. to dissect or not dissect a pig?), to a specific, measurable process that has gone awry. And instead of treating someone’s fear of pig dissection (which is simply one instantiation of an underlying “impossible choice” problem), clinicians could measure how well people perceive and learn from volatility and how this changes with treatment.
The Fire
“So I had a house fire two weeks ago,” Barlow told me when I asked whether previous therapists had measured her anxiety, maybe with clinical symptom scales. Two days before the end of a four month kitchen remodel, her contractor had left a couple of oily rags on the floor. Overnight, some varnish cured and the rags burst into flames. “I lost a bunch of stuff—I probably have those scales, but they might have been ruined.”
“Wait. I’m sorry, what?” I said, taken aback that, after speaking for nearly an hour about her emotional highs and lows, Barlow somehow forgot to tell me that her house had recently caught fire. The same person who was paralyzed by the prospect of buying a train ticket was taking an apartment fire in stride.
“The real damage was from the water and smoke,” she mentioned coolly, “the fire department kind of power washed my apartment.” As she talked, I thought of my own kitchen remodel last year—choosing from the seemingly infinite types of cabinets, knobs, and light fixtures, etc. An impossible number of choices. I mentioned this mountain of decisions and she laughed, “I had a hard time picking out the paint color for the walls and now, I might have to choose where the walls go. But really, no I don’t think I have those measures,” she said, shifting seamlessly back from catastrophe to clinical scales.
Barlow said her therapists typically just ask whether she was feeling better, a question that I often ask my own patients. Every time I do, I’m a bit annoyed with myself—someone with heart disease might walk up a steep flight of stairs and feel a dull pain in their chest, but they certainly wouldn’t feel how much cholesterol was in their blood or how narrow their coronary arteries had become. Clinical tests exist because symptoms rarely reflect the underlying disease process, which is often invisible to us.
Like cholesterol or blood pressure, Browning reminded me that learning rate presents a potential therapeutic target. One could imagine a CBT intervention aimed at helping anxious people better understand volatility in a shifting environment. Or perhaps a medication could modify the brain’s inherent learning rate, allowing someone to better separate “impossible choices” from simple errands. But also like cholesterol or blood pressure, learning rate captures something invisible and unintuitive, something that we’d never see or include in our clinical decision without a tool to measure it.
Perhaps Browning is on to something. Perhaps measuring learning rate could benefit clinical practice. I’m hopeful, but if the history of measuring and treating heart disease is any indication, finding tidy measures of anxiety will take large, collaborative efforts over many years. Measurements of learning are still in the experimental stage, so it’s best to maintain a healthy skepticism, to have a healthy learning rate. “There’s a lot of promise,” Browning cautioned, “What there isn’t is a lot of data.” Hopefully, we’ll have a better answer in a few years. |
830 P.2d 1090 (1991)
Nicholas W. GOLUBA, Jr., and June E. Goluba, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
James W. GRIFFITH, Jr., and Mary Farver Griffith, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 90CA1479.
Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. IV.
December 5, 1991.
Rehearing Denied January 9, 1992.
Certiorari Denied June 1, 1992.
Nicholas W. Goluba, Jr., Glenwood Springs, for plaintiffs-appellees.
Peter Van Domelen, P.C., Peter Van Domelen, Basalt, for defendants-appellants.
Opinion by Judge HUME.
Defendants, James W. Griffith, Jr., and Mary Farver Griffith, appeal from the final judgment and decree establishing a public roadway 32 feet wide across their lands in Eagle County. Plaintiffs, Nicholas W. Goluba, Jr., and June E. Goluba, own the adjacent property to the north and, together with other members of the public, have used the roadway historically for access from the county road to the area north of defendants' property. We affirm.
After a trial to the court in December 1985, the trial court determined that the road had been used adversely by the general public since 1915 with no objection by the previous owners until 1979, when defendants' predecessors acquired the property. At the time this action was commenced, members of the public continued to use the road. Accordingly, the trial court concluded that the road was a public highway pursuant to § 43-2-201(1)(c), C.R.S. (1984 Repl.Vol. 17) and that the highway had not been abandoned. The trial court further concluded that defendants' property interest was subject to the *1091 public highway. Defendants have not appealed from those rulings.
In its order of April 1, 1986, the trial court expressly reserved jurisdiction until an accurate description of the location and width of the public highway could be prepared and submitted to the court for incorporation into a final decree. The order also provided that, if the parties were unable to agree upon an accurate description, the court would conduct a supplemental hearing and take additional evidence to establish the highway's location and width.
Subsequently, the parties agreed upon a description of the center line of the highway but were unable to agree upon the highway's width. Pursuant to the previous order, a hearing was held on May 10, 1990, at which the trial court considered additional evidence.
In its final judgment, the court determined that ten feet on either side of the center line should accommodate the historical use of the traveled portion of the roadway and permit safe passing of vehicles going in opposite directions. The court further determined that, to accommodate the historical use of the highway, an additional six feet on either side of the traveled portion were required for support, drainage, maintenance, and repairs. Accordingly, the trial court decreed that the highway's width extended 16 feet from either side of the center line.
Defendants contend that the judgment must be reversed because the evidence did not establish adverse use of a roadway 32 feet wide for its entire course. We do not agree with this contention.
The width of a public highway acquired by prescription must be limited in the decree to that established by the public use. Lovvorn v. Salisbury, 701 P.2d 142 (Colo.App.1985); Goerke v. Town of Manitou, 25 Colo.App. 482, 139 P. 1049 (1914). However, a highway's width is not limited to the actual beaten path but extends to such width as is reasonably necessary to accommodate the established public use. Olson v. Bonham, 212 Neb. 548, 324 N.W.2d 260 (1982); Leo M. Bertagnole, Inc. v. Pine Meadow Ranches, 639 P.2d 211 (Utah 1981); see also Annotation, Width and Boundaries of Public Highway Acquired by Prescription or Adverse User, 76 A.L.R.2d 535, at § 5 (1961); 39A C.J.S. Highways § 20(b), at 704-705.
Thus, the width of a highway acquired by adverse use is a question of fact to be determined by the character and extent of the use, and, depending upon the evidence, it may be more or less than the width of a public highway as defined by statute. See Olson v. Bonham, supra; 39A C.J.S. Highways § 20(b), at 706.
The sufficiency, probative effect, and weight of the evidence, and the inferences and conclusions to be drawn therefrom are within the province of the trial court. People in Interest of A.J., 757 P.2d 1165 (Colo.App.1988). Thus, the findings of the trier of fact must be accepted on review unless they are so clearly erroneous as not to find support in the record. Page v. Clark, 197 Colo. 306, 592 P.2d 792 (1979).
Here, the evidence at trial established, and the trial court found in its first decree, that, historically, members of the public traveled the road on foot, on horseback, by carriage, and in motor vehicles. The road was used by ranchers to check, tend, and move their stock. The road was also used for commercial purposes including the transportation of agricultural products, logs, poles, and lumber.
In its final decree, the trial court also found that vehicles using the highway passed each other from time to time and that some of the vehicles, including lumber transporters and agricultural wagons, had overhung their wheels outside the beaten path. The court also found that, although the traveled portion of the highway varied from six to fourteen feet, a distance even twice the width of the existing tire tracks would be inadequate to accommodate the historical use of the highway.
At the May 1990 hearing, plaintiffs' two road design experts testified that a right-of-way 50 feet wide was the absolute minimum necessary to maintain the highway to accommodate the historic uses found by *1092 the trial court. However, the trial court determined that no evidence showed an historical need for a width greater than 16 feet on either side of the center line.
We conclude that the trial court's findings and conclusions are supported by the range of evidence in the record, the permissible inferences to be drawn therefrom, and the applicable law.
Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.
PLANK and MARQUEZ, JJ., concur.
|
Q:
Notation: Character of a Finite Field
This is my first post on StackExchange. I had a quick question about notation (appearing in research literature) that I was unable to find by repeated searches, and I was hoping that someone would be able to help.
I am dealing with finite fields $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $q$ is a power of a prime $p$, and a multiplicative character $\chi: \mathbb{F}_q^* \to \mathbb{C}^*$. I want to consider a character satisfying $\chi(\mathbb{F}_q^*)=1$, notation I am not familiar with. If anyone could help me define this or direct me to a source that can, it would be much appreciated.
Thank you very much!
Edit: Please see the comments below for the context of the notation.
A:
To summarize: the notation $\chi(\Bbb F_q^*)=1$ means that the image of $\Bbb F_q^*$ (the base field, minus $0$ of course) is simply $\{1\}$. The set of these $\chi$s, denoted $\hat{B}$, forms an abelian group under pointwise multiplication.
|
SACRAMENTO (CBS13) — Hundreds of calls have poured into the Sacramento County elections office from registered voters who are concerned their chosen political parties may be left off the ballot.
The calls came in response to 80,000 mailers that began arriving in mailboxes this week.
Barbara Wells quickly became suspicious when she got hers.
“I just thought something’s not right here,” she said.
The letter explained her voter registration status as choosing no party preference and how it let her choose which presidential primary she could vote in.
“The way I was reading this letter, I would have to chose one of the following options if I wanted to be able to vote,” she said.
But out of the three options, the Republican party was not one of them.
“I almost drew a box and said ‘Republican’ next to it,” she said.
The letter triggered hundreds of confused calls to the county elections office.
“I would say most of them are confused,” said county voter registrar Jill LaVine. “It’s like, ‘Wait a minute, you don’t have all the parties listed on here. Why can’t I choose the party I want to be in.”
The letter, it turns out, is no error. Since Wells is registered as a nonpartisan voter, she can only vote in the Democratic, American Independent and Libertarian primaries—the three parties that have allowed crossover voting.
The Republican, Green, and Peace and Freedom parties all do not allow non-partisan voters.
That decision affects nearly 1 in 4 voters who have chosen the no party preference option in California.
“If their party is not there, they still can vote in that party, but they’ll have to re-register in that party choice,” LaVine said.
So if Wells wanted to vote in the Republican primary, she would have to register as a Republican. |
Grassroots conservatives alleged that the Republican National Committee pulled out from a deal to reform RNC rules at the last minute as a potential “floor fight” – a contested vote on the floor – looms over next week’s Republican national convention.
Former Virginia attorney general Ken Cuccinelli, the leader of a bloc of social conservative activists, told reporters on Thursday night that he expected multiple minority reports to proposed rules of the Republican party. Any minority report, which requires the signatures of one-quarter of the rules committee, would automatically be debated and voted upon on the floor of the convention.
Several test votes on the rules committee demonstrated that there was sufficient support for a minority report. Twenty-eight members are needed to sign on to a minority report, and 32 indicated their support for a key priority of Cuccinelli and his allies to award “bonus delegates” for states that held closed presidential primaries, open only to registered Republicans.
Cuccinelli, who previously led the delegate-counting efforts for Ted Cruz’s presidential campaign before the Texas senator dropped out, said “sincere efforts were made by RNC and Trump people and coalition of grassroots conservatives to come to agreement to make the party run better for the grassroots”. However, Cuccinelli added: “This morning after a deal had been tentatively reached the RNC pulled out of it.” The 2013 Republican nominee for governor of Virginia insisted that he had only decided to speak to reporters about it in order to correct what he described as inaccurate reporting on the subject.
The prominent conservative activist said that negotiations fell apart on the issue of “bonus delegates”. He said that his alliance of activists and the RNC failed to agree on a mathematical formula in back and forth negotiations.
Cuccinelli said the negotiations involved his conservatives conceding a number of points including any changes to RNC governance, such as a ban on registered lobbyists serving on the RNC.
Sean Spicer, the chief strategist for the RNC, disputed Cuccinelli’s version. He noted, “negotiating isn’t giving in to what everyone wants. There’s a bigger package in play and the RNC wanted to ensure all the sides were represented.” The top GOP operative added that the RNC represented GOP activists from across the country who had elected its members.
He described negotiations as “more of a ping-pong effect, back and forth, so I don’t know, nothing was outright rejected. I think we just got a point where we thought this is futile.” Spicer did note that the RNC held firm on the ban on lobbyists serving on the committee, noting that state parties should be free to decide who they could elect to the national committee.
This conflict is different from the effort by opponents of Donald Trump’s nomination to “unbind delegates” and allow Republican activists to vote for the presidential candidate of their choice without regard to the result of the presidential primary in their state. The topic did not come up in negotiations and Cuccinelli took pains to say “we are not touching the binding issue”.
Instead, it was simply focused on party governance and efforts to reduce the power of the national party and enhance the role of conservative activists in the future.
As a result of the impasse, the RNC’s rule committee is expected to pull late nights on Thursday and Friday working through proposal after proposal to modify the GOP’s rules. |
Month: May 2013
Now for those commencement addresses.I’ve picked a few that I thought had some good messages. Hope you enjoy them. Nih Nai, valedictorian, Moore (Okla.) High School(Nai delivered his address Saturday night, five days after the tornado destroyed much of his town, to the 412-person Moore Class of 2013.) “We’re damaged, but we survived. We’re hurt, but we are resilient. We’re graduating, but we are not done with our successes.” John Green, author, Butler University“You are probably going to be a nobody for a while. You are going to make that journey from strength to weakness, and while it won’t be an easy trip, it is a heroic one. For in learning how to be a nobody, you will learn how not to be a jerk. And for the rest of your life, if you are able to remember your hero’s journey from college grad to underling, you will be less of a jerk. You will tip well. You will empathize. You will be a mentor, and a generous one. “Let me submit to you that this is the actual definition of a good life. You want to be the kind of person who other people — people who may not even be born yet — will think about … at their own commencements. I am going to hazard a guess that relatively few of us thought of all the work and love that Selena Gomez or Justin Bieber put into making this moment possible for us. We may be taught that the people to admire and emulate are actors and musicians and sports heroes and professionally famous people, but when we look at the people who have helped us, the people who actually change actual lives, relatively few of them are publicly celebrated. We do not think of the money they had, but of their generosity. We do not think of how beautiful or powerful they were, but how willing they were to sacrifice for us — so willing, at times, that we might not have even noticed that they were making sacrifices.” Ben Bernanke, Federal Reserve System chairman, Bard College“Innovation, almost by definition, involves ideas that no one has yet had, which means that forecasts of future technological change can be, and often are, wildly wrong. A safe prediction, I think, is that human innovation and creativity will continue; it is part of our very nature. Another prediction, just as safe, is that people will nevertheless continue to forecast the end of innovation. The history of technological innovation and economic development teaches us that change is the only constant. During your working lives, you will have to reinvent yourselves many times. Success and satisfaction will not come from mastering a fixed body of knowledge but from constant adaptation and creativity in a rapidly changing world.” Cal Ripken, baseball player, University of Maryland“When my dad was in his development role in the minor leagues with the Orioles, he coined a phrase that said, ‘We try to put 40-year-old heads on 20-year-old bodies. It just doesn’t work.’ What that meant was that dad and the other coaches tried to implant all the years of their own playing experiences into the young players’ heads. But that wisdom can’t be simply transferred; it also has to be experienced and earned by each individual. Sorry, folks: there are no shortcuts on this one. “Now let me turn to what I consider the key to taking talent and skill to the highest level. It’s attitude. Are you positive or negative as you approach life’s challenges? When I first started playing professional baseball, I quickly dismissed all this attitude talk. I thought it was a waste of time. All that mattered to me was getting my reps in practice and how I did in the games. The games were not contests between two teams — they were my individual exams. If I got three hits and we lost, I was happy. If we won and I went oh-for, I was mad. I was obsessed with my stats. They were my ticket to the show. I couldn’t stand the umpires, because from my view, every mistake they made would cost me. I had problems with the official scorekeepers because their decisions cost me hits and added errors to my record. “But even with this attitude, I was moving up in the organization. Then it hit me — in fact, quite literally. I got hit with a 94 mile per hour pitch in the side of my helmet in Baltimore. I was struggling mightily in the early part of my rookie season, and I was miserable. That shot to the head knocked some sense into me. Earlier in the week, my veteran teammate and All-Star Ken Singleton had pulled me aside and showed me a tape of me throwing a helmet and just said, ‘We don’t do that here. That’s not what it’s all about. That’s the wrong attitude.’ So after getting beaned and while laying on the X-ray table, I started to think more about what Ken said. The conclusion I came to was that it wasn’t all about me, and the world certainly was not my enemy. I realized that I was affected with a negative attitude. That ball striking me helped flip the switch, and I made a choice to have a positive attitude. My talent and skill had supported me to that point. My change in attitude helped me achieve being named Rookie of the Year that year and MVP the next. As I continued playing the game I loved, I stopped blaming. I was accountable. I was more in control. My rational mind started working instead of my reactive mind. I started finding solutions before they became issues. “When you truly have a positive attitude, you capture that energy of what can be accomplished as opposed to why it can’t be done. Your failures even become valuable experiences. Where would the world be without Thomas Edison’s failures and his positive attitude in dealing with them? He himself said, ‘I failed my way to success.’ ”
Michelle Obama, First Lady, Bowie State (Md.) University“When it comes to getting an education, too many of our young people just can’t be bothered. Today, instead of walking miles every day to school, they’re sitting on couches for hours playing video games, watching TV. Instead of dreaming of being a teacher or a lawyer or a business leader, they’re fantasizing about being a baller or a rapper. Right now, one in three African American students are dropping out of high school. Only one in five African Americans between the ages of 25 and 29 has gotten a college degree. One in five. We need to once again fight to educate ourselves and our children like our lives depend on it, because they do. “When it comes to your own kids, if you don’t like what they’re watching on TV, turn it off. If you don’t like the video games they’re playing, take them away. Take a stand against the media that elevates today’s celebrity gossip instead of the serious issues of our time. Take a stand against the culture that glorifies instant gratification instead of hard work and lasting success. And as my husband has said often, please stand up and reject the slander that says a black child with a book is trying to act white. Reject that.” Julie Andrews, actor/author, Colorado University“I’ve been thinking about today, and what I could say to you. It suddenly occurred to me that one of the last speeches you will hear in college will be this one. That scared me half to death. I mean, what can I tell you? I never finished high school. I never, sadly, attended college. As a youngster, I was traveling the length and breadth of the British Isles, singing my head off in the Music Halls — a theater brat, with a freaky four-and-a-half-octave range. You might assume that after a life in theater and film, I wouldn’t be nervous in a situation like this, but I can assure you that I am or was, before your very warm welcome. Today is about celebration, but despite that, you might just also be feeling a little nervous — and, perhaps even fearful. Believe me, feeling nervous is par for the course. “I remember saying once to my husband, Blake, on the eve of my return to Broadway after a 35-year absence, ‘You know, I’m really feeling VERY frightened about this,’ and I began to tear up. He simply replied, ‘Darling, did you actually expect to feel anything else?’ I remembered — yet again — that fear is a part of life. The trick is to recognize it and then press on anyway. In fact, the real trick is to stop focusing on oneself and start focusing on others. There was a time in my late 20s when I worried all the time what audiences thought. Will they like me? Am I up to par? And it suddenly dawned on to me that everyone in the audience had paid good money to come see a show they really wanted to see, and possibly, they were there after a day of dealing with a lot of stress. Maybe it was tax time, perhaps someone had a family member who was ill, or had a fight with a loved one — I could think of a hundred scenarios. I realized that I was in a position to brighten their day, to make a difference, to give them three hours of surcease, of transcendence, and hopefully, joy. From that moment on, I began to develop a mindset of giving. I stopped looking inward, I began to grow up and I started looking outward, with an eye toward making a difference wherever and whenever I could. “Today, I invite you to start looking at life the same way. “There are so many opportunities for giving in this world. Don’t engage in random acts of kindness; engage in planned acts of kindness. Use your knowledge and your heart to stand up for those who can’t stand. Speak for those who can’t speak.” Jon Lovett, former presidential speech writer, Pitzer (Calif.) College“The problem I am going to describe involves a bad word. Not the worst word, but a bad word, though I’ve made sure that I only have to say it now and then one more time at the end. So if you want to distract any little kids for a second, please do so. One of the greatest threats we face is, simply put, bulls–t. We are drowning in it. We are drowning in partisan rhetoric that is just true enough not to be a lie; in industry-sponsored research; in social media’s imitation of human connection; in legalese and corporate double-speak. It infects every facet of public life, corrupting our discourse, wrecking our trust in major institutions, lowering our standards for the truth, making it harder to achieve anything. And it wends its way into our private lives as well, changing even how we interact with one another: the way casual acquaintances will say, ‘I love you;’ the way we describe whatever thing as ‘the best thing ever;’ the way we are blurring the lines between friends and strangers. … Life tests our willingness, in ways large and small, to tell the truth. And I believe that so much of your future and our collective future depends on your doing so. So I’m going to give you three honest, practical lessons about cutting the BS. “Number one: Don’t cover for your inexperience. You are smart, talented, educated, conscientious, untainted by the mistakes and conventional wisdom of the past. But you are also very annoying. Because there is a lot that you don’t know that you don’t know. Your parents are nodding. You’ve been annoying them for years. Why do you think they paid for college? So that you might finally, at long last, annoy someone else. “You have to be confident in your potential, and aware of your inexperience. And that’s really tough. There are moments when you’ll have a different point of view because you’re a fresh set of eyes, because you don’t care how it’s been done before, because you’re sharp and creative, because there is another way, a better way. But there will also be moments when you have a different point of view because you’re wrong, because you’re 23 and you should shut up and listen to somebody who’s been around the block. It’s hard to tell the difference. Me, I love getting this one wrong. I got it wrong a ton when I started out as a speechwriter to Hillary Clinton. I got it wrong again when I became a presidential speechwriter. “But there is another side to this coin, which brings me to lesson number two: Sometimes you’re going to be inexperienced, naïve, untested and totally right. And then, in those moments, you have to make a choice: is this a time to speak up, or hang back? I worked for then-Senator Clinton during her campaign for president — and I believed in her, still do. But I vividly remember feeling like things weren’t right in that campaign; a lot of the young staffers felt that way. It wasn’t a secret that there were problems in how the campaign was run. The campaign pollster for example, rolled out so many slogans it was impossible to keep track. Here’s a sample: Let the Conversation BeginReady for Change, Ready to LeadWorking for Change, Working for You“… And then, my favorite: Big Challenges, Real Solutions: Time to Pick a President. Which he had printed on the side of a bus, but it was basically too small to read. “So, I’m putting these slogans into speeches and I look over at an Obama campaign rally on cable news and they have one slogan. It’s just the word CHANGE in big letters. That seemed better. But I was timid; and a lot of us just assumed, or wanted to assume, that more experienced people must know what they’re doing. But that wasn’t true. So the campaign ended, my candidate lost, and I ended up as a presidential speechwriter anyway, which was cool. But the lesson I drew from that campaign, other than the fact that it’s always a mistake to run against Barack Obama, is the subway rule: ‘If you see something, say something.’ And I’ve tried to honor that ever since.” Bud Selig, commissioner of baseball, St. Norbert (Wisc.) College“The Braves moved to Atlanta after the 1965 season, leaving many heartbroken fans in Milwaukee behind. I shared the sadness that swept our community. But I have never been one to sit back and wallow instead of searching for a solution, and the disappointment I once felt gave way to a sense of determination. While I was only 30 years old and the odds were tremendously stacked against us, I decided to do what I could to bring a big league club back to my hometown. My dream was to make Milwaukee and Wisconsin feel Major League once again. Trying and failing was one thing; quitting, however, was unacceptable. There were many disappointments along the way, but there was never defeat. All of our efforts became worthwhile on the night of March 31, 1970, when the American League’s Milwaukee Brewers were born. One of my most prized mementos that crystallized this long effort came from a man who made his name right here, the great Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi. He sent the first telegram I received on the morning of April 1st, 1970, that to this day is framed and hanging in my office, which said, ‘Congratulations on finally obtaining the team after so many years. I wish you great success.’ With this example in mind, I urge each of you to chase your dreams. … You have the ability to be a force for change.” Brian Williams, anchor/managing editor, NBC Nightly News, Elon University“Break the cycle of entitlement and expectations. [Applause.] Hear that applause? Those are older people. And here’s this generational shift that led to this groundswell of applause. All the people that applauded, we were basically under the assumption we were losers unless proven otherwise in this country. It was just a grinding existence as we were coming up. You guys came along a little different. ‘Hey Mom and Dad, I breathed today!’ And we would order the ice cream cake. That’s just a generational mindset shift. It wasn’t your fault. We did it because we just felt, ‘We can’t let them fail at anything.’ So our educational system and the self-esteem and self-celebration created by a generation not your own, let’s just check it and be aware of it as we go forth into the social realm and jobs. Same with the use of first person. I know it is the basis of social media. My worst fear is that selflessness is perhaps what made us better in the past. I’m genuinely sorry that the focus on self has meant haters in your life that we’ve all had to deal with, with no barrier to entry. You are the first generation for which hate via a send button is assumed, it’s ubiquitous, it’s expected and its corrosive effects are baked into you. That’s not fair. “You are the first generation with the kind of routine obsession of pouring over imagery, pictures of yourself. Hundreds perhaps. Thousands of them that you feel best represent you to the outside world. Where do you look the best? Where do you look even better? What’s any of that going to mean long term? We have changed. We have gone off on our own with our devices. In just the course of one generation, and we haven’t put our arms around what this change means yet. We call our online world a community, but that just makes us feel better. It’s not. This is: people to your left and right with hopes and dreams and fears. You may enter into a family with anyone here. You may fight a war with anyone here. That is a definition of a community. So, stop yourself before you say something to your followers. Consider being a leader instead.”
Dalai Lama, Tibetan promoter of world peace, Tulane University“I’ve had no modern education, so my knowledge compared to yours amounts to zero, but I have observed that many of the problems we face today are of our own creation. Because we created them, we must also have the ability to reduce or overcome them. You young people are educated, fresh and bright; you have the future in front of you. My generation belongs to the 20th century and our century is over, we are almost ready to say goodbye. The 20th century saw many great achievements, but it was also an era of bloodshed. The world did not become a better place as a result of that violence. Those of you who are less than 30 years old, who truly belong to the 21st century, please think on a more global level. Try to create a more peaceful, more compassionate world by taking into account the welfare of others.” Enda Kenny, prime minister of Ireland, Boston College.“Graduates, this is your time. Be not afraid. Today, then, you have reached what we call in Irish Ceann Scríbe. Turas amháin déanta, turas eile ás bhúr gcomhair amach. One journey completed, another directly ahead. “Today then: Let go, let fly, forget. You’ve listened long enough. Now strike your note.” |
So cute, huh! Well...I just HAD to have one! With a busy little 2 year old who likes to draw on EVERYTHING, it was kind of a must have.
Now...who wants a tutorial??? It is SOOOO easy, it's almost not right. Here's what you need.
1. A table/coffee table/whatever you want to turn into a chalkboard
2. A base color of paint
I used Krylon Dual Spray Paint in Cherry Red. I love this stuff! It's spray paint AND primer in one! My wood was pretty dark and I didn't want to do a zillion coats of spray paint. This stuff worked PERFECTLY!
3. Painters Tape
I got the wide one. Since it's spray paint it gets everywhere! This stuff creates a nice ledge to deflect the chalkboard paint and keep it from "floating" all over the rest of the table.
4. Chalkboard Paint
I used trusty ol' Krylon. I didn't even know they made chalkboard SPRAY paint! It was a very pleasant surprise! They also have chalkboard paint in 1 quart cans...and I've seen tutorials where you just add powdered grout to whatever color of paint you want to use to make your own chalkboard paint. But...this was inexpensive and easy to use.
Now, let the fun begin! First, I started spray painting in the garage. Then, I remembered that a certain handsome man who lives in my home and signed our wedding certificate told me to
NEVER EVER EVERRRRR
pretty please don't spray paint in the garage EVER AGAIN. So, I moved it outside.
- do a really light sanding of the table with a fine grit sand paper to make the first coat of paint stick best.
- don't make the coats too thick or they'll start to drip and get messy.
- do light, even swipes across the furniture
- make sure the coat is all or at least MOSTLY (okay...so I'm impatient!) dry before applying another.
Step 2: Tape off the edges of the table with your painters tape. Make sure it's really pressed down well or the chalk board paint will seep into the crack!
Step 3: Spray on the chalk board spray paint! Use the same tips for spray painting as above.
Step 4: Wait for the paint to dry COMPLETELY...(yes, COMPLETELY). The can says 24 hours but mine was dry within 11 hours (yup...still impatient).
Step 5: Once it's completely dry, take a piece of chalk and rub it over the whole table. Then with a chalkboard eraser or a soft cloth wipe it off really well. This preps the chalkboard paint.
Step 6: You're DONE! Go buy some chalk and have fun! Yes, you WILL have to fight for a turn to draw on the table first. For real. And I won. |
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This job is open to
Clarification from the agency
Announcement number
Control number
Duties
Summary
You will serve as a in the DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY.
THIS IS AN EXPEDITED HIRING AUTHORITY ANNOUNCEMENT. The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) FY 2009 provides that the Secretary of Defense can designate acquisition positions as shortage positions and recruit and appoint highly qualified persons to these positions.
Supervisory status
Promotion Potential
Job family (Series)
Similar jobs
Requirements
Conditions of Employment
Must be a US Citizen.
Must be determined suitable for federal employment.
Must participate in the direct deposit pay program.
New employees to the Department of the Navy will be required to successfully pass the E-Verify employment verification check. To learn more about E-Verify, including your rights and responsibilities, visit www.dhs.gov/E-Verify/.
Within the Department of Defense (DoD), the appointment of retired military members within 180 days immediately following retirement date to a civilian position is subject to the provisions of 5 United States Code 3326.
You may be required to successfully complete a pre-appointment physical examination.
You may be required to obtain and maintain an interim and/or final security clearance prior to entrance on duty. Failure to obtain and maintain the required level of clearance may result in the withdrawal of a job offer or removal.
This position may be covered under the Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act (DAWIA) and requires additional education, training and experience. Positions may be in any DAWIA Career Field at Level I, II, or III.
This position may be designated Critical Acquisition Position (CAP). You must be a member of the Acquisition Corps, become a member, or obtain a waiver at the time of selection and sign a three-year tenure agreement prior to assuming the position.
Successful completion of a pre-employment drug test (including marijuana) may be required. A tentative offer of employment will be rescinded if you fail to report to the drug test appointment or pass the test. You may be subject to random testing.
You may be required to complete ethics orientation within three months of appointment and submit a Confidential Financial Disclosure Report, OGE-450, within 30 days of appointment.
Supervisors in the executive branch have a heightened personal responsibility for advancing government ethics. Those selected for a supervisory position will be required to review the 14 General Principles of Ethical Conduct at 5 CFR 2635.101.
Position selected for may or may not be under a bargaining unit.
Positions may require a Financial Management Level I, II, or III certification per the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 2012, Section 1599d. The certification level must be achieved within prescribed timelines.
Warrant authority above the small purchase threshold may be required .
Positions may be subject to work an uncommon tour, including nights, weekends, and holidays to meet mission requirements. Overtime or night differential pay and/or unusual duty hours may be required.
Positions may be eligible for part time, full time or ad-hoc telework at the discretion of management
Qualifications
In addition to the basic education requirements, applicants must meet the following minimum qualifications:
GS-07 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-05 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector applying basic architectural techniques, procedures, and methods to complete limited architectural designs and projects.
GS-09 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-07 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector as a professional Architect interpreting preliminary design drawings and data from site visits to create architectural plans and designs.
GS-11 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-09 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector prescribing standard practices, techniques, and equipment in establishing design parameters for in-house or contracted work for developing and designing to preserve historic buildings.
GS-12 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-11 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector inspecting completed construction projects to ensure architectural components are built and installed in compliance with contract provisions, specifications, and approved shop drawings.
GS-13 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-12 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector conducting investigations and studies to recommend and implement appropriate action to correct undesirable conditions involving structure, finished materials, mechanical and electrical systems, safety and security provisions, and accessibility for those with disabilities.
GS-14 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-13 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector planning, executing, and overseeing a variety of project management and architectural activities.
GS-15 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must also demonstrate at least one year of specialized experience at or equivalent to the GS-14 grade level or pay band in the Federal service or equivalent experience in the private or public sector directing, managing, and resolving controversial engineering, scientific, environmental, and/or socio-economic issues involving architecture, building and construction activities, design standards and criteria, and/or contractual arrangements.
Education
Applicants must meet the following basic education requirements of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Qualifications Standards Manual:
Successful completion of a bachelor's or higher degree in architecture
OR
Bachelor's or higher degree from an accredited college or university in architecture; or related field which includes 60 semester hours of course work in architecture or related disciplines of which at least (1) 30 semester hours were in architectural design and (2) 6 semester hours were in each of the following: structural technology, properties of materials and methods of construction, and environmental control systems
OR a combination of college-level education, training, and/or technical experience that furnished (1) a thorough knowledge of the arts and sciences underlying professional architecture, and (2) a good understanding, both theoretical and practical, of the architectural principles, methods, and techniques and their applications to the design and construction or improvement of buildings. The adequacy of your background is demonstrated by at least one of the following: (I) Related Curriculum- Degree from an accredited college or university in architectural engineering may be accepted as satisfying in full the basic requirements, provided the completed course work in architectural engineering provided knowledge, skills, and abilities substantially equivalent to those provided in the courses specified in response A. (II) Experience- An applicant lacking a degree in architecture must have at least 1 year of experience in an architect's office or in architectural work for each year short of graduation from a program of study in architecture. In the absence of college courses, 5 years of such experience is required. This experience must have demonstrated that the applicant has acquired a thorough knowledge of the fundamental principles and theories of professional architecture.
Applicants who meet the basic education requirement above are automatically qualified for the GS-05 grade.
Applicants may substitute education for experience in the following situations:
GS-07 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must demonstrate that you have successfully completed a 5-year program of study of at least 160 semester hours leading to a Bachelor of Architecture (or architectural engineering curricula) or higher degree in an accredited college or university OR have a bachelor's or higher degree in architecture (or architectural engineering curriculam) and one year of appropriate experience as a technician equivalent to the GS-05 grade level or higher OR demonstrate that you have successfully completed one full year of graduate level education OR you have successfully completed a bachelor's degree with superior academic achievement.
GS-09 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must demonstrate that you have successfully completed a master's or equivalent graduate degree OR have successfully completed two full years of progressively higher graduate level education leading to a master's degree
GS-11 (or equivalent pay band): Your resume must demonstrate you are registered to practice architecture by one of the State registration boards, using standards in compliance with the basic minimum provisions recommended by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards OR you have successfully completed a Ph.D. or equivalent doctoral degree OR you have successfully completed three full years of progressively higher level graduate education leading to a Ph.D. or equivalent degree.
NOTE: Education and experience may be combined for all grade levels for which both education and experience are acceptable.
Applications will be accepted from students who expect to complete qualifying education within 9 months from the date of application. If you expect to complete your education within 9 months, please respond to the questionnaire items as if you had already completed your education. We are required to verify that the education has been completed successfully before any applicant can be appointed (report to work).
Additional information
This position is covered by the Department of Defense Priority Placement Program.
Referral Lists may be issued on an as needed basis as vacancies occur. Multiple vacancies may be filled by this announcement
A tentative offer of employment will be rescinded if the selectee fails to meet the pre-employment requirements, including failure to report to any of the scheduled appointments.
If you are unable to apply online and request information about the Alternate Application process, please contact the Department of Navy's Employment Information Center.
In addition to meeting all minimum qualification and eligibility requirements, ICTAP applicants must be well qualified for the position to receive consideration for special priority selection. A well-qualified ICTAP applicant is one who possesses the competencies and experience to perform the duties of the position successfully with orientation to learn/understand the activities, procedures, policies and processes. Demonstrated work experience in the occupation is typically qualifying for placement. This criterion cannot be met by education and training.
For more information about ICTAP eligibility please review the following link: https://www.usajobs.gov/Help/working-in-government/unique-hiring-paths/federal-employees/ictap/
Recruitment incentives may be authorized to eligible new hires.
This public notice announcement is for anticipated vacancies to be filled under the Expedited Hiring Authority (EHA) for acquisition positions located at Department of Navy installations identified in this public notice. Positions may be filled as permanent, term or temporary with a full-time or part-time work schedule. Pay will vary by geographic location. There may or may not be actual/projected vacancies at the time you submit your application. Please read this Public Notice in its entirety prior to submitting your application for consideration.
There may or may not be actual vacancies filled from this register. As such, Notices of Results (NORs) may or may not be sent to applicants who apply to this announcement.
Applicants rated ineligible on this vacancy announcement need to reapply and update their application package to be considered on future vacancies filled through this announcement.
Applicants selected and hired on this vacancy announcement need to reapply to be considered on future vacancies filled through this announcement.
How You Will Be Evaluated
You will be evaluated for this job based on how well you meet the qualifications above.
In order to qualify for this position, your resume must provide sufficient experience and/or education, knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the duties of the specific position for which you are being considered. Your resume is the key means we have for evaluating your skills, knowledge, and abilities as they relate to this position. Therefore, we encourage you to be clear and specific when describing your experience.
When the application process is complete, we will review your resume to ensure you meet the hiring eligibility and qualification requirements listed in this announcement. You will be rated based on the information provided in your resume and responses to the Occupational Questionnaire, along with your supporting documentation to determine your ability to demonstrate the following competencies:
If selected, you may be required to provide supporting documentation.
If after reviewing your resume and supporting documentation, a determination is made that you inflated your qualifications and/or experience, your score may be adjusted to more accurately reflect your abilities or you may be found ineligible/not qualified.
Please follow all instructions carefully. Errors or omissions may affect your rating or consideration for employment.
All qualifications requirements must be met by the referral cut-off date.
Vacancies filled from this announcement may be filled at any grade level listed and in equivalent pay systems (e.g., NH, NJ, NK, etc.). Selectees may be appointed to a position with promotion potential (e.g. selected at the GS-5 grade with potential to the GS-11). If selected below the full performance level, incumbent may be noncompetitively promoted to the next higher grade level after meeting all regulatory requirements, and upon the recommendation of management. Promotion is neither implied nor guaranteed.
Term appointments may be extended up to 8 years at the discretion of management and in accordance with applicable regulations. Additionally, you may be noncompetitively converted to a permanent career-conditional or career appointment under specific conditions.
Temporary appointments may be extended up to 3 years at the discretion of management and in accordance with applicable regulations.
Temporary actions taken under this announcement may be made permanent without further competition.
Temporary actions taken under this announcement may be terminated at any time before the established not-to-exceed date.
Background checks and security clearance
Security clearance
Drug test required
Required Documents
A COMPLETE RESUME IS REQUIRED. Your resume must show relevant experience (cover letter optional) where you worked, job title, duties and accomplishments, employer's name and address, supervisor's name and phone number, starting and end dates (Mo/Yr), hours per week & salary. If you are a current Federal employee or previous Federal employee, provide your pay plan, series and grade level i.e. GS-0201-09. Note: Only the last resume received will be reviewed.
YOU ARE REQUIRED TO DOCUMENT IN YOUR APPLICATION PACKAGE EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS YOUR ELIGIBILITY AND QUALIFICATION CLAIMS. You are required to upload the applicable documents with your application package. These documents will assist the staffing specialist in determining your eligibility and qualifications.
DOES THIS POSITION REQUIRE A LICENSE OR CERTIFICATE?
You must submit a copy of your license or certificate in your application package.
ARE YOU QUALIFYING BASED ON EDUCATION or A COMBINATION OF EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE?
You must submit a copy of your college transcript or an appropriate course listing. Education must be accredited by an accrediting institution recognized by the U.S. Department of Education in order for it to be credited towards qualifications. Therefore, provide only the attendance and/or degrees from schools accredited by accrediting institutions recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. Applicants can verify accreditation at the following website: http://www.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html. All education claimed by applicants will be verified by the appointing agency accordingly. If selected, an official/sealed transcript will be required prior to appointment.
ARE YOU A VETERAN CLAIMING SOLE SURVIVORSHIP PREFERENCE OR 5-POINT VETERANS' PREFERENCE?
You must provide legible copy/copies of the following: DD-214 (member 4 copy), "Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty," showing all dates of service, as well as character of service (Honorable, General, etc.) or Statement of Service/Proof of Service (in lieu of a DD-214) from your command or local Personnel Support Detachment (PSD). The Statement of Service/Proof of Service must provide all dates of service, the expected date of discharge and anticipated character of service (Honorable, General, etc.). Veterans should upload their DD-214 once they receive it upon separation.
ARE YOU A DISABLED VETERAN or CLAIMING 10-POINT VETERANS' PREFERENCE?
Disabled veterans, veterans, widows, spouses or the mother of a veteran who are eligible for 10-point veterans' preference must provide legible copies of the following: Applicable supporting documents as noted on Standard Form-15 (SF-15). To obtain a copy of SF-15, go to http://www.opm.gov/forms/pdf_fill/SF15.pdf.
ARE YOU AN ACTIVE DUTY SERVICE MEMBER? Active Duty Service Members are required to submit a statement of service printed on command letterhead and signed by the command. The statement of service must provide the branch of service, rate/rank, all dates of service, the expected date of discharge and anticipated character of service (Honorable, General, etc.).
Documents submitted as part of the application package, to include supplemental documents, may be shared beyond the Human Resources Office. Some supplemental documents contain personal information such as SSN and DOB and some documents such as military orders and marriage certificates may contain personal information for someone other than you. You may sanitize these documents to remove said personal information before you submit your application. You may be asked to provide an un-sanitized version of the documents if you are selected to confirm your eligibility.
If you are relying on your education to meet qualification requirements:
Benefits
A career with the U.S. Government provides employees with a comprehensive benefits package. As a federal employee, you and your family will have access to a range of benefits that are designed to make your federal career very rewarding. Learn more about federal benefits.
Eligibility for benefits depends on the type of position you hold and whether your position is full-time, part-time, or intermittent. Contact the hiring agency for more information on the specific benefits offered.
How to Apply
Click the Apply Online button to create an account or log in to your existing USAJOBS account.
To apply for this position, you must provide a complete Application Package which includes:
1. Complete resume with relevant experience where you worked, job title, duties and accomplishments, employer's name and address, supervisor's name and phone number, starting and end dates (Mo/Yr), hours per week and salary. If you are a current or previous federal employee, provide your pay plan, series and grade level (e.g. GS-0201-09).
2. Complete assessment questionnaire. For a quick preview of the assessment questionnaire click here: https://apply.usastaffing.gov/ViewQuestionnaire/10340519
3. Supporting documentation
Failure to submit a complete application package will result in an ineligible rating and loss of consideration.
Your complete application (resume, assessment questionnaire, and all supporting documents) must be received by 11:59 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST) on 11/01/2019. Applications received after 11/01/2019 may result in an ineligible rating and loss of consideration. If more than one resume is received, only the last resume received and processed will be reviewed.
NOTE: To check the status of your application or return to a previous or incomplete application, log into your USAJOBS account: https://mydon.usajobs.gov/Account/Login select Application Status, and click on the more information link under the application status for this position. Your uploaded documents may take several hours to clear the virus scan process so please plan appropriately.
You are encouraged to apply online. Applying online will allow you to review and track the status of your application.
Do not email or send hard copy resumes/applications to the Contact Information or Agency Information listed in this vacancy announcement. All resumes/applications received at the addresses listed in the Contact Information or Agency Information will be destroyed and will not be considered for this vacancy announcement.
It is the applicant's responsibility to verify that all information in their resume and documents are legible and accurate. HR will not modify answers/documents submitted by an applicant.
Agency contact information
Department of Navy EIC
Phone
Email
Address
Next steps
When the application process is complete, your application will be reviewed to determine if you meet the hiring eligibility and qualification requirements for which you requested consideration. You will be rated based on the information provided in your resume and responses to the questionnaire, along with your supporting documentation to determine your level of knowledge, skill, and ability related to the job requirements.
Qualified applicants will be referred to the hiring manager. The selecting official may choose to conduct interviews, and once the selection is made, you will receive a notification of the decision.
Eligible DoD career or career conditional employees shall be granted statutory return rights to their former position for a period of 5 years if continuously employed in a foreign or non-foreign area provided by Executive Order 10895 and DoDI 1400.25, v 1230.
Fair & Transparent
The Federal hiring process is setup to be fair and transparent. Please read the following guidance.
Equal Employment Opportunity Policy
The United States Government does not discriminate in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy and gender identity), national origin, political affiliation, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, genetic information, age, membership in an employee organization, retaliation, parental status, military service, or other non-merit factor.
Reasonable Accommodation Policy
Federal agencies must provide reasonable accommodation to applicants with disabilities where appropriate. Applicants requiring reasonable accommodation for any part of the application process should follow the instructions in the job opportunity announcement. For any part of the remaining hiring process, applicants should contact the hiring agency directly. Determinations on requests for reasonable accommodation will be made on a case-by-case basis.
A reasonable accommodation is any change to a job, the work environment, or the way things are usually done that enables an individual with a disability to apply for a job, perform job duties or receive equal access to job benefits.
Under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, federal agencies must provide reasonable accommodations when:
An applicant with a disability needs an accommodation to have an equal opportunity to apply for a job.
An employee with a disability needs an accommodation to perform the essential job duties or to gain access to the workplace.
An employee with a disability needs an accommodation to receive equal access to benefits, such as details, training, and office-sponsored events.
You can request a reasonable accommodation at any time during the application or hiring process or while on the job. Requests are considered on a case-by-case basis.
Please wait while map is being generated.
Beginning of a dialog window for the agency announcing this job. It begins with a heading 2 called "Learn more about Field Operating Offices of the Office of the Secretary of the Army". Escape will cancel and close the window.
Learn more about
U.S. Navy - Agency Wide
The Navy and Marine Corps team offers innovative, exciting and meaningful work linking military and civilian talents to achieve our mission and safeguard our freedoms. Department of the Navy provides competitive salaries, comprehensive benefits, and extensive professional development and training. From pipefitters to accountants, scientists to engineers, doctors to nurses-the careers and opportunities to make a difference are endless. |
Monthly Archives: June 2016
Japan’s economy has been stagnant for two decades. In 2012, Shinzo Abe was elected Prime Minister on his promise of stimulating the economy via a scheme that economists labeled “Abenomics.” Basically, he promised fiscal stimulus, monetary easing and structural reforms. He implemented all three, but Japan’s economy remains in the doldrums. Now the IMF is
As stock market indexes fail to punch out new highs, the bulls keep looking for positive developments so that they can keep investors buying stocks. Some stock bulls have noted that one of the bright spots in the US economy has been auto sales, forecast to hit 17.7 million vehicles this year and breaking last
For years, China watchers have warned that banks there are vulnerable to failure because of bad debt that the banks refuse to recognize. Now the IMF says that China’s corporate debt, which stands at 145 percent of Gross Domestic Product, “is a potential risk to the global economy.”
One of the primary tenets of Austrian economic theory is that economies cannot be “managed,” that interference, be it deficit spending, regulations, taxing policies, central bank quantitative easing programs or negative interest rates, will send false signals that will distort decisions made by the private sector, the real driver of economic growth. The bigger the
A telemarketing firm recently began promoting 1-1/2 oz Snow Falcon silver coins, minted by the Royal Canadian Mint. We advise our clients to stay away from any silver bullion coins larger than one ounce. Not only would 1-1/2 oz silver coins not be practical if the need ever came to use them as money, but
CMI Gold & Silver Inc. buys, sells and trades all the popular forms of gold and silver. Our sell prices are among the lowest of all established dealers. Our buy prices are nearly always the highest. Specials pricing for trades. Call us. Friendliest service on the internet. |
Porphyria variegata.
A form of porphyria inherited as a Mendelian dominant characteristic can cause both cutaneous lesions on the exposed skin and attacks of acute porphyria following certain drugs, for instance barbiturates. Because it presents in a variety of forms it has been named porphyria variegata. This form of porphyria is very common among the White and Coloured South Africans because of 'founder effect'. A high proportion of the present population are descendants of a small number of early settlers, one of whom introduced the gene for this condition. The disease has been traced over 17 generations to Gerrit Jansz who came from Deventer in Holland and who married Ariaantje, an orphan from Rotterdam, in 1688. In the quiescent state porphyria variegata is best diagnosed by the examination of a solution of the stool in ultraviolet light which shows the pink fluorescence of porphyrin. In the acute attack porphobilinogen and porphyrin are greatly increased in the urine. Porphyria variegata also occurs outside of South Africa but in these countries it is less common than acute intermittent porphyria. The diagnosis and treatment is described and the story that the insanity of King George III of England was due to porphyria variegata is refuted. |
<?php
/**
* @file
* Node Displays module integration.
*/
/**
* Implements hook_sexybookmarks_init() on behalf of nd.module.
*/
function nd_sexybookmarks_init() {
$nd_fields = isset($GLOBALS['conf']['nd_fields']) ? $GLOBALS['conf']['nd_fields'] : array();
if (!isset($nd_fields['sexybookmarks'])) {
$nd_fields['sexybookmarks'] = array(
'title' => 'SexyBookmarks',
'exclude' => array(),
'type' => DS_FIELD_TYPE_CODE,
'status' => DS_FIELD_STATUS_CUSTOM,
'properties' => array(
'formatters' => array(
'ds_eval_code' => 'Default',
),
'code' => '<?php
return theme(\'sexybookmarks\', array(
\'profile\' => variable_get("node_sexybookmarks_profile_{$object->type}", \'default\'),
\'url\' => url("node/{$node->nid}", array(\'absolute\' => TRUE)),
\'title\' => $node->title,
));
?>',
'token' => 0
),
);
variable_set('nd_fields', $nd_fields);
}
}
|
Autonomous guided vehicles, such as material handling robots, are widely used in many applications. As explained in U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,546, a prior art mobile drive unit for an inventory system includes a docking head, a drive module, a docking actuator, and a control module. Additionally, the mobile drive unit may include one or more sensors configured to detect or determine the position or location of the mobile drive unit and one or more sensor for determining whether the drive unit is engaged or docked with the inventory system.
The drive module propels the mobile drive unit and, when engaged with the drive module, also propels the inventory system. Conventional drive modules include a drive assembly that includes or couples to an axle, a pair of opposing, motorized or driven wheels on the axle, and a pair of front stabilizing wheels and a pair of rear stabilizing wheels. The drive module also includes rechargeable batteries for powering the drive assembly. Preferably, the maximum velocity of a robot is approximately 1.3 meters per second.
A popular drive assembly includes a brushless motor and integrated gears, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,127,763, entitled “Motor Housing With Integrated Gears.” The drive assembly of the 763 patent includes a brushless motor, a motor shaft coupled to the rotor of the motor, a motor shaft pinion, also referred to as a first pinion, formed on the motor shaft, a parallel gear set, and an output shaft. The parallel gear set includes (i) an intermediate gear, also referred to as a first gear, that is engaged with the motor shaft pinion, (ii) an intermediate pinion, also referred to as a second pinion, coupled to the first gear by a common shaft, and (iii) an output shaft gear that is engaged with the intermediate pinion and coupled to the output shaft.
An aspect of a prior art drive assembly is the ability to monitor position or rotation of the shafts. Typically, encoders (such as an incremental encoder, an absolute encoder, or both) are positioned to determine the position and/or the magnitude of rotation of the motor shaft and the output shaft. Information from the encoders is fed to a control system. Overall drive system function sometimes requires a minimum moment of inertia. |
Q:
Android LocationClient class is deprecated but used in documentation
If we go through the documentation of the LocationClient, we can see that the class is deprecated.
But the deprecated class is used in the documentation to get the current location.
I think this is little bit misleading or am i looking at incorrect documentations?
A:
Again Google has released a new API but they haven't updated the documentation :$ After spend some time trying to figure out how it works I got it, here you have a full example using the new/latest Location Service API... Enjoy developing :)
import android.location.Location;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.TextView;
import com.google.android.gms.common.ConnectionResult;
import com.google.android.gms.common.api.GoogleApiClient;
import com.google.android.gms.location.LocationListener;
import com.google.android.gms.location.LocationRequest;
import com.google.android.gms.location.LocationServices;
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements
GoogleApiClient.ConnectionCallbacks,
GoogleApiClient.OnConnectionFailedListener,
LocationListener {
private final String TAG = "MyAwesomeApp";
private TextView mLocationView;
private GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient;
private LocationRequest mLocationRequest;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
mLocationView = new TextView(this);
setContentView(mLocationView);
mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.Builder(this)
.addApi(LocationServices.API)
.addConnectionCallbacks(this)
.addOnConnectionFailedListener(this)
.build();
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
// Connect the client.
mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
// Disconnecting the client invalidates it.
mGoogleApiClient.disconnect();
super.onStop();
}
@Override
public void onConnected(Bundle bundle) {
mLocationRequest = LocationRequest.create();
mLocationRequest.setPriority(LocationRequest.PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY);
mLocationRequest.setInterval(1000); // Update location every second
LocationServices.FusedLocationApi.requestLocationUpdates(
mGoogleApiClient, mLocationRequest, this);
}
@Override
public void onConnectionSuspended(int i) {
Log.i(TAG, "GoogleApiClient connection has been suspend");
}
@Override
public void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult connectionResult) {
Log.i(TAG, "GoogleApiClient connection has failed");
}
@Override
public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {
mLocationView.setText("Location received: " + location.toString());
}
}
and do not forget to add this permissions to your AndroidManifest.xml file:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>
Note: if you just need to get the last location (without updates), you can use LocationServices.FusedLocationApi.getLastLocation(mGoogleApiClient) from OnConnected
A:
Some of the documentation is old in Google (some examples you mentioned still use the deprecated LocationClient).
You have to use the new GoogleApiClient as described in the location Services examples:
private GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient;
mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.Builder(context)
.addApi(LocationServices.API)
.addConnectionCallbacks(this)
.addOnConnectionFailedListener(this)
.build()
and when the new client is connected, you can use the fused location api for example like this:
LocationServices.FusedLocationApi.requestLocationUpdates(theNewClient,
locationRequest, locationListener);
A:
It looks like this was covered in the developer blog. For LocationClient, you'd use this in conjunction with LocationServices which then leads us to GeofencingApi.
|
# Copyright 2013-2020 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
from spack import *
class PyZipp(PythonPackage):
"""Backport of pathlib-compatible object wrapper for zip files."""
homepage = "https://github.com/jaraco/zipp"
url = "https://pypi.io/packages/source/z/zipp/zipp-0.6.0.tar.gz"
version('0.6.0', sha256='3718b1cbcd963c7d4c5511a8240812904164b7f381b647143a89d3b98f9bcd8e')
version('0.5.1', sha256='ca943a7e809cc12257001ccfb99e3563da9af99d52f261725e96dfe0f9275bc3')
depends_on('[email protected]:', type=('build', 'run'))
depends_on('py-setuptools', type='build')
depends_on('[email protected]:', type='build')
depends_on('py-more-itertools', type=('build', 'run'), when='@0.6.0:')
|
[The inferior epigastric artery as a coronary artery bypass graft].
From January 1992 through December 1993, 31 patients underwent myocardial revascularization with the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) graft. There were one emergency case and four coronary reoperation cases. IEA grafts were taken down through the left side paramedian incision and dilated with papaverine hydrochloride solution. The distal anastomoses were made to left anterior descending (3 cases), diagonal (14 cases), obtuse marginal (9 cases), postero-lateral (I case) and right coronary artery (4 cases). The proximal anastomoses were made to the aorta (22 cases), the hood of a new vein graft (4 cases) and the hood of an old vein graft (4 cases). When IEA was not long enough to reach the ascending aorta, it was anastomosed to the internal thoracic artery (2 cases) or the gastroepiploic artery (1 case) graft. There was one hospital death, and early patency rate (within one month) was 90% (19/21). The postoperative angiography performed at 1.3 years or 2 years showed excellent IEA graft patency. These results suggested that the IEA is suitable as a coronary artery bypass graft. Further long-term patency must be evaluated. |
Reading the tea leaves: anticarcinogenic properties of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate.
Green tea is an extremely popular beverage worldwide. Derivatives of green tea, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been proposed to have anticarcinogenic properties based on preclinical, observational, and clinical trial data. To summarize, clarify, and extend current knowledge, we conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed database and other secondary data sources, as appropriate, regarding the chemopreventive potential of EGCG. Apparently, EGCG functions as an antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage in healthy cells, but also as an antiangiogenic agent, preventing tumors from developing a blood supply needed to grow larger. Furthermore, EGCG may stimulate apoptosis in cancerous cells by negatively regulating the cell cycle to prevent continued division. Finally, EGCG exhibits antibacterial activity, which may be implicated in the prevention of gastric cancer. Although in vitro research of the anticarcinogenic properties of EGCG seems promising, many diverse and unknown factors may influence its in vivo activity in animal and human models. Some epidemiological studies suggest that green tea compounds could protect against cancer, but existing data are inconsistent, and limitations in study design hinder full interpretation and generalizability of the published observational findings. Several clinical trials with green tea derivatives are ongoing, and further research should help to clarify the clinical potential of EGCG for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy applications. |
The idiocy isn’t what is being dubbed a racist party, but the fact that a costume party is dubbed racist.
A comment on this (Leon) that I thought summed things up nicely was:
“It is people who criticize a bunch of kids dressing as racists who make incidents of real racism greatly diminished.”
There is an alarming trend of perverting language in the political correct circles that is mystifying
A kiss without a contract, triple signed and witnessed, is now being called rape, or it’s seeming legal equivalent “sexual assault”. There are concent posters all over UofT that outline the legalistic contracting required for sexuality in this PC age. I was too inhibited when I was an undergrad to have had much sexual activity, but I’m glad that I’m not an undergrad now subject to the current guidelines. It’s definitely not okay to take advantage of somebody who is drunk, but this has been flipped on its head. Sex after consentual codrunkenness now appears to be sexual assult in some places.
I keep hearing about instance after instance of such events. It seems like most of the people who are pushing the political correctness agenda really desperately need dictionaries. Just because you can label two things as identical, doesn’t mean that they are. A perfect example of this is the use of “sexual assault” now instead of rape. The two are now identified as identical, even though sexual assault is a much broader term that includes groping.
There was lots in the recent US election media circus about how Trump’s bragging of pussy grabbing and aggressive kissing, acts that were facilitated by stardom. One of the debate moderators explicitly called that sexual assault. I don’t like the phrase sexual assault, because it is ambiguous, and has connotations of rape, while not necessarily being rape. It seems to be a phrase designed to have the emotional impact of rape, while being something lesser.
Whether or not that Trump was bragging about sexual assault is probably dependent on state law. Ambiguous language identifies unequal events with the same weight, and seems to be a characteristic of political correct speech and activism. For example, calling pussy grabbing rape would be an obvious example of the misuse of language. That’s why PC correct speech uses sexual assault instead. A side effect of such PC correct speech is that actual rape, a horribly abusive event, is trivialized. The irony in the Trump case was that the media could have focused on actual rape. For example, Trump and his pedophile buddy Jeffrey Epstein, are codefendents in an actual rape case (which I understand has now unfortunately been dropped due to technicalities). Characteristic of many of the charges laid against Epstein, this one is also of a child, in this case a 13 year old.
“I’ve known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy. He’s a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side.”
It remains to see if Trump is a sexual predator on par with Bill Clinton. My gut feeling why pussy grabbing got so much attention, but Trump’s case with Epstein did not was because Bill is also a good friend of Epstein, and had been down to Epstein’s pedophile island many times. Raising attention to that would have distracted from Hillary’s campaign (perhaps even raised the issue that she’d also “partied” there, in ways currently unspecified).
I digress.
How can political correctness be combatted? One way is calling out explicit misuse of language. Be very careful to use accurate words, and not to conflate things in order to push an agenda.
Because the political correctness movement is anti-intellectual, I suspect that purely linguistic techniques to fighting it are doomed. Are there active social techniques that would be effective?
I came up with one idea that I amused myself with. Perhaps it is time to start hosting some explicitly politically incorrect parties, just to push back. Imagine a Halloween party that you are not allowed into, unless you are offending some minority group. Suggested costume ideas include Hilter, blackface, transvestites or red-indians. If you aren’t insulting somebody, then you can’t come in. If you don’t think that Hilter is offensive enough, perhaps the host would allow you in if you dressed as some other psychopathic killer like Kissinger or Churchill, but that risks turning the party into an political party instead of an anti-PC party. Costume prize adjudication would be biased against those that are in a visible minority group, so you should get extra points if you are a cis gendered white male. Bonus points to the hosts of the party should they hold it on a university campus. |
A Peek into F# 4.1 - douche
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/dotnet/2016/07/25/a-peek-into-f-4-1/
======
KirinDave
I wish I could convince more people of the importance of F#. It sits in such a
unique place.
Its Ocaml heritage gives it tons of advantages over other functional languages
rolled from scratch when it's time to write server or application code, it has
a class library equivalent to the Java stdlib behind it, and its focus on data
processing has made it a good choice for people doing data science.
~~~
catnaroek
If it only had an actual module system - that is, an ML-style one...
~~~
KirinDave
That is by far it's worst feature. I totally agree.
------
saosebastiao
I'm not a fan of the new syntax for struct tuples, struct records, and struct
unions. I feel like it could have been avoided with a lesser evil if they had
followed the same approach that Scala is using for anonymous functions in the
upgrade to 2.12.
Specifically, _don 't introduce new syntax_, but force your users to deal with
the fact that your bytecode is now incompatible with previous versions and now
requires a new minimum version for the VM. They can recompile...it's not
really that big of a deal. It is far more of a big deal to rewrite all of your
code than it is to upgrade your VM and recompile.
~~~
akra
I definitely agree with you for tuples especially smaller tuples. As tuples
get larger however performance can swing the other way. As someone who codes
some F# for my day job it seems that while tuples should be easier in a
functional language like F# for backwards compatibility struct tuples will be
more awkward to use than in C# 7. I think they should of just bit the bullet
for tuples up to a certain size.
For records and unions however I think the attribute is fine. Most of the time
for types of more than 3 fields say structs can be worse in performance than
classes anyway. Records and unions tend to be assigned more and live longer
than tuples most of the time. For unions for obvious reasons structs are not
recursive in nature which with unions is required somewhat (see
[https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/ms229017%28v=vs.110...](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/ms229017%28v=vs.110%29.aspx)). Definitely wouldn't want structs to
be the default here.
~~~
MichaelGG
This tuple stuff is a mess. From the RFC: >This is based partly on the
assumption that the proposed C# 7.0 tuples will use struct representations for
at least some small tuple types.
This is what F# had to begin with! They were sort of pushed into using a heap-
allocated type via System.Tuple, in the name of compatibility with the rest of
.NET. Frustrating!
It's also sad to see no mention of really improved tooling, to put F# on the
level of C#. MSCorp paid some lip service, well overdue since the F# guys are
the ones that gave them generics which was the biggest thing technical
advancement .NET had over Java.
~~~
phillipcarter
> It's also sad to see no mention of really improved tooling, to put F# on the
> level of C#.
Could you clarify what you mean here? Perhaps I could have written more about
it in the blog post, but sitting the language service atop the Roslyn
Workspace layer is critical work that:
1\. Gives F# a "modern" editor experience out of the box.
2\. Gives F# an entry point into the large amount of Roslyn-based IDE
features. Workspaces are how they "talk" to the language, so that means that
they can now "talk" to F# as well. This is not possible with tooling today.
This also has another big impact: F# will be able to use the CPS-based project
system that is being built for C# and VB right now:
[https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-project-
system](https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn-project-system)
~~~
MichaelGG
Hmm, how much does this provide? Will this make, say, F# interactive
competitive with C# interactive? (Which blew past it, despite F#'s near-decade
lead.)
I'm tentatively hopeful I suppose.
------
codelike
F# is definitely a great language. It would be amazing if the interop with
Entity Framework was improved, too, with regards to code-first development.
Not having a nice and easy way to define virtual properties on records and
classes is something I miss a lot:
[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26775760/how-to-
create-a-...](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26775760/how-to-create-a-
virtual-record-field-for-entity-framework-lazy-loading)
Not sure how difficult it would be to implement a [CliVirtual] attribute
([https://fslang.uservoice.com/forums/245727-f-language/sugges...](https://fslang.uservoice.com/forums/245727-f-language/suggestions/6672675-an-
clivirtual-attribute)), but that would definitely help and make the EF-models
more readable.
But in general, F# is great. I hope more people will use it.
------
partycoder
I am very glad that Microsoft continues to actively support F# and I hope to
see it making its way into more projects in the future.
------
ElliotH
It's pretty cool being able to get this setup on my Mac and easily play around
from the command line. It makes it much more accessible as a language than
when it was more closely tied to the Windows/Visual Studio ecosystem.
~~~
douche
I've probably spent more time messing with F# on my Mint laptop than I have on
my Windows desktop...
Part of that is that F# doesn't really have the level of tooling that I've
come to expect from C# in VS, with ReSharper.
I would like a static analysis tool for F# that tells you when you are doing
something that is legal, but dumb, as ReSharper does.
~~~
smoothdeveloper
Consider using
[https://github.com/fsprojects/FSharpLint](https://github.com/fsprojects/FSharpLint)
I'm not sure if it is integrated to ionide yet.
~~~
cloudroutine
it is for atom, not yet for vscode
|
Benzene is the smallest of the organic aromatic hydrocarbons. It contains sigma bonds (represented by lines) and regions of high-pi electron density, formed by the overlapping of p orbitals (represented by the dark yellow shaded area) of adjacent carbon atoms, which give benzene its characteristic planar structure.
Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) , simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon and parent compound of numerous important aromatic compounds . Benzene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and is primarily used in the production of polystyrene . It is highly toxic and is a known carcinogen ; exposure to it may cause leukemia . As a result, there are strict controls on benzene emissions.
The structure of benzene has been of interest since its discovery. German chemists Joseph Loschmidt (in 1861) and August Kekule von Stradonitz (in 1866) independently proposed a cyclic arrangement of six carbons with alternating single and double bonds. Kekule subsequently modified his structural formula to one in which oscillation of the double bonds gave two equivalent structures in rapid equilibrium . In 1931 American chemist Linus Pauling suggested that benzene had a single structure, which was a resonance hybrid of the two Kekule structures.
Characteristics of benzene
Modern bonding models (valence-bond and molecular orbital theories) explain the structure and stability of benzene in terms of delocalization of six of its electrons, where delocalization in this case refers to the attraction of an electron by all six carbons of the ring instead of just one or two of them. This delocalization causes the electrons to be more strongly held, making benzene more stable and less reactive than expected for an unsaturated hydrocarbon. As a result, the hydrogenation of benzene occurs somewhat more slowly than the hydrogenation of alkenes (other organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds), and benzene is much more difficult to oxidize than alkenes. Most of the reactions of benzene belong to a class called electrophilic aromatic substitution that leave the ring itself intact but replace one of the attached hydrogens. These reactions are versatile and widely used to prepare derivatives of benzene.
Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today
Experimental studies, especially those employing X-ray diffraction, show benzene to have a planar structure with each carbon-carbon bond distance equal to 1.40 angstroms (Å). This value is exactly halfway between the C=C distance (1.34 Å) and C—C distance (1.46 Å) of a C=C—C=C unit, suggesting a bond type midway between a double bond and a single bond (all bond angles are 120°). Benzene has a boiling point of 80.1 °C (176.2 °F) and a melting point of 5.5 °C (41.9 °F), and it is freely soluble in organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water. |
One source of an understanding of the state of the art of fiber optic sensors is a publication, entitled "Fiber Optic and Laser Sensors II" PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering, Volume 478, 385-12 through 385-18, May 1-2, 1984. As noted therein, two general classes of sensors are known, the first being based on an optical reflection technique and the second being a microbend technique.
The former technique is not force-responsive, i.e., it is not operative based on mechanical stress applied to an optical fiber.
The latter technique looks to the use of a relatively inflexible optical fiber and the detection of directing of light from the fiber core into the fiber cladding upon distortion of the force-responsive optical fiber. Fiber optic sensors of force-responsive variety using a relatively inflexible optical fiber and based on the microbending technique are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,420,251, 4,408,829, 4,860,586 and 4,918,305.
A further version of a force-responsive fiber optic sensor is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,796, which looks not to microbending of a relatively inflexible optical fiber, but to the use of a quite flexible optical fiber, being comprised of a core and cladding, both formed of an elastomeric material. A similar fiber optic sensor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,461.
In the particular area of air bag control, which is a preferred area of interest of the subject invention, note is taken of U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,862. Therein, an air bag actuation is caused to occur when an optical fiber is broken and light communication between a transmitter and a receiver is fully interrupted. |
Clowney probably one of the best physical specimens to come out of college football.
The One thing that some NFL people are watching for are how is he as a every down player. As discussed on ESPN today he's hasn't been an every down DE more as a special pass rusher. Now curious to see how he does in this game against Fed's fast pace spread especially considering how hot it is going to be. Is he going to wear down playing as a every down DE in these conditions. Is he going to be the same monster after one quarter or half?
Secondly this could be Hurst time to shine. Hurst is going to be lined up against this Beast.
Hurst former 5* one of the top OL coming out of high school, enrolled early. Instead of going to prom etc he was playing scout team against Robert Quinn. Quinn at the time before the implosion was beginning to get major hype. at 6'5 275 he broke Julius Peppers 40 time for a DL at UNC running a 4.5 some even rumored him down in the 4.48. Quinn was thought as the next monsters DE (Peppers, Mario). Most mocked him #1 overall in the next draft. ESPN had features wonder what his sack total would be that year etc etc. After Hurst had been matching up against Quinn that spring and most of summer, Quinn was suspended and off the team. Hurst got thrown into the starting lineup against LSU first game as a true freshman against some Very talented potential AA tiger DE's. He held his own in the game helping Yates have a monster game. Hurst Continued to go on and matchup for 2 seasons against the Q Coples the top Drafted DE in the next draft.
Clowney is a Monster but Hurst has seen and matched up more top DE's than Any OT in the country Including SEC OT's. Hurst has matched up against what ESPN thought was the best physical specimens said to come out 2 out of the last 3 years every day in practice for 2 and a half years. Plus continued on with Kareem Martin who is no fluke himself.
I'm actually more worried about this than Clowney. While Clowney is a once a decade player coming out. We have Hurst as noted above whose a NFL level LT whose faced top tier DL in practice his whole career at UNC including 2 super athletes Coples and Quinn.
Sutton is up against a Red shirt Freshman whose was a 3* recruit coming out. Though he has supposedly looked good in practice, he hasn't proven anything unlike Hurst yet.
Our first game is normally pretty sluggish hoping they come in prepared to get the job done today. Also watch out for Chaz sutton on the other side vs your RT He's no slouch either.
The Cocks traditionally start out the season stupidly slow but then Steve Spurrier has only lost one season opener in his head coaching career, and that was at Duke against SC in 1989. The only legit weakness as of now on the defense is the LBs...they are stupidly athletic but completely raw and overagressive. I foresee a huge year from Kelcey Quarles as well. He'll be playing on Sundays in 2014 along with JD barring injuries. Same for Vic Hampton, Jimmy Legree, and Chaz Sutton. That defense isn't a one man show as the media wants it to be. |
Q:
Is it correct to say "You are a path shower"
First of all, I am not a native English speaker and not very good in English too. I had a technical problem in my software project and thus took help of somebody. She helped me to find the right way to resolve my issue. Can I say her, "You are a path shower" to show my appreciation to her ?
UPDATE:
She always guides me when I am in trouble. Considering this, what more can I say her.
A:
It does not sound very natural to me, here are a few more alternatives -
You are a saviour!
Or
You are a life saver.
Or
Thank you for enlightening me.
A:
Try telling her, "You're a great mentor."
A:
Try something like:
"You are a guiding light" [A bit too effusive for my taste, but hey...!]
"You are an excellent explainer"
"You really saved my bacon!"
"Your {insight was / insights were} invaluable"
|
Ask your question
Entering your question as a complete sentence will provide more accurate results than keywords or phrases.
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nd series locks ”
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As of August 26, 2013, the ND75/95 in 626 finish comes standard (no additional charge) with indicator rose with black lettering and indicator arrow.For locks that shipped prior to August 26, 2013, ...
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If a blank rose is preferred over an indicator rose, the customer will need to order the lock less inside rose and order the inside rose (03-042) separately. Example: Lock Less each rose: Use ...
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Only the Schlage ND-Series can be prepped to accept non-Schlage cores.
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Non-Schlage cores are NOT included
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Heathrow - Finalist for Business in the Community's Responsible Business of the Year award
In 2016 Heathrow Airport handled a record 75.7 million passengers, a 1% increase on 2015
Heathrow 2.0 strategy was launched, listing more than 200 targets
By 2025, it plans to create an ultra-low emissions zone for all vehicles working on the site
More than 1,600 local apprenticeships and 3,200 local people helped into work during the last ten years.
Finalist for Business in the Community's Responsible Business of the Year award
Heathrow Airport’s revised strategy puts sustainability at the heart of all decision-making. With ambitious expansion plans, it is building a model to be envied – and copied – by other airports around the world.
Already the third busiest airport in the world (and the busiest in Europe), last year Heathrow Airport handled a record 75.7 million passengers, a 1% increase on 2015. The UK Government decision to approve the expansion of Heathrow gives the company that operates and maintains the place a chance to deliver a hub airport the country needs to compete in the world. But there is also a chance to create something we can be proud of too. There is a strong recognition that that is only possible if the growth is sustainable and the way in which the airport is operated is responsible, both now and in the future.
What does sustainable growth look like?
Well, back in February 2017, a new Heathrow 2.0 strategy was launched, listing more than 200 targets across a range of social, environmental and economic issues. It is divided into four key pillars, with goals to help create: a great place to work; a great place to live; a thriving sustainable economy; and a world worth travelling.
Chief executive John Holland-Kaye describes the strategy as a “step-change” for the business which “accelerates the shift in our industry towards a sustainable future for aviation”.
“
By focusing on the long-term, and through working together, we can deliver a world-leading economy – innovative, competitive, successful and sustainable. And we can create a future where our business, our people, our communities, our country and our world, can all thrive.
”
- John Holland-kaye,CEO, Heathrow
Central to Heathrow’s plan is to ensure that the growth in flights and infrastructure resulting from the planned third runway expansion will be carbon-neutral, with emissions offset by the restoration of peatlands in the UK., alongside other carbon-offsetting schemes.
Pioneering an ultra-low emissions zone
Part of the low-carbon effort will focus on airside pollution. By 2025, it plans to create an ultra-low emissions zone for all vehicles working on the site. It already has a fleet of more than 30 electric vehicles and around £400,000 was invested in 2016 to install electric vehicle chargers, with a further £1m funding approved. By 2020, the promise is that all Heathrow-owned cars and small vans will be electric.
There is also a commitment that half of all journeys to Heathrow will be made by public transport. Subsidised local public transport, ongoing car-sharing schemes and direct rail links will continue to support this mission, reducing emissions while flight numbers have increased.
Meanwhile, energy demand management works are ensuring that Heathrow is meeting its 2020 target of using 6.5kWh of electricity per passenger. The installation of 100,000 LED lights across the airport has been crucial. From April 2017, it has gone even further, purchasing its electricity from 100% renewable sources.
Among the company’s flagship goals which seek to address the what it says are the biggest sustainability issues it faces, Heathrow plans to create 10,000 apprenticeships by 2030, investing in the Heathrow Academy, which has already facilitated more than 1,600 local apprenticeships and put 3,200 local people into work during the last ten years.
Creating a more diverse workforce
It also has a goal to better reflect local ethnic and gender diversity at every level of the organisation by 2025.
Achieving all of these goals is not going to be easy. While there is a convincing practical and financial business case for sustainability at Heathrow, embedding sustainability in decision-making can be a challenge in economically regulated industries, the business admits. It hopes to overcome this challenge by including the sustainability strategy into business plans of all functions and seeking to make relevant, cost-effective impact all over the company.
By identifying senior champions throughout the business to own and lead each objective, individuals are embedding these into their own and their teams’ annual performance objectives. For example, Heathrow’s infrastructure procurement director has implemented a sustainability target for the whole department and a group of sustainability champions have been trained to embed sustainability through the specific procurement process.
“Tackling these issues is critical to our licence to operate and grow…we need to make sure that expansion is seen as the model for responsible growth in aviation, and that where we lead, other airports around the world choose to follow,” adds Holland-Kaye. |
Q:
Why the sequence-operation algorithms predicates are passed by copy?
I'm wondering why functors are passed by copy to the algorithm functions:
template <typename T> struct summatory
{
summatory() : result(T()) {}
void operator()(const T& value)
{ result += value; std::cout << value << "; ";};
T result;
};
std::array<int, 10> a {{ 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 }};
summatory<int> sum;
std::cout << "\nThe summation of: ";
std::for_each(a.begin(), a.end(), sum);
std::cout << "is: " << sum.result;
I was expecting the following output:
The summation of: 1; 1; 2; 3; 5; 8; 13; 21; 34; 55; is: 143
But sum.result contains 0, that is the default value assigned in the ctor. The only way to achieve the desired behaviour is capturing the return value of the for_each:
sum = std::for_each(a.begin(), a.end(), sum);
std::cout << "is: " << sum.result;
This is happening because the functor is passed by copy to the for_each instead of by reference:
template< class InputIt, class UnaryFunction >
UnaryFunction for_each( InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryFunction f );
So the outer functor remains untouched, while the inner one (which is a copy of the outer) is updated and is returned after perform the algorithm (live demo), so the result is copied (or moved) again after doing all the operations.
There must be a good reason to do the work this way, but I don't really realize the rationale in this design, so my questions are:
Why the predicates of the sequence-operation algorithms are passed by copy instead of reference?
What advantages offers the pass-by-copy approach in front of the pass-by-reference one?
A:
It's mostly for historic reasons. At '98 when the whole algo stuff made it into the standard references had all kind of problems. That got eventually resolved through core and library DRs by C++03 and beyond. Also sensible ref-wrappers and actually working bind only arrived only in TR1.
Those who tried use algos with early C++98 having functions using ref params or returns can recall all kind of trouble. Self-written algos were also prone to hit the dreaded 'reference to reference' problem.
Passing by value at least worked fine, and hardly created many problems -- and boost had ref and cref early on to help out where you needed to tweak.
A:
This is purely a guess, but...
...lets for a moment assume it takes by reference to const. This would mean that all of your members must be mutable and the operator must be const. That just doesn't feel "right".
... lets for a moment assume it takes by reference to non-const. It would call a non-const operator, members can just be worked on fine. But what if you want to pass an ad-hoc object? Like the result of a bind operation (even C++98 had -- ugly and simple -- bind tools)? Or the type itself just does everything you need and you don't need the object after that and just want to call it like for_each(b,e,my_functor());? That won't work since temporaries can not bind to non-const references.
So maybe not the best, but the least bad option is here to take by value, copy it around in the process as much as needed (hopefully not too often) and then when done with it, return it from for_each. This works fine with the rather low complexity of your summatory object, doesn't need added mutable stuff like the reference-to-const approach, and works with temporaries too.
But YMMV, and so likely did those of the committee members, and I would guess it was in the end a vote on what they thought is the most likely to fit the most use-cases.
|
Kings Get Head
After a deal with NOLA fell through earlier in the summer, Sacramento’s reached an agreement with Luther Head. Yahoo has more: “After a dubious failed physical that nullified an agreement with the New Orleans Hornets in mid-July, free agent guard Luther Head has agreed to a non-guaranteed deal with the Sacramento Kings, league sources told Yahoo! Sports. If Sacramento finds that Head’s ankle is healthy, he has a good chance to make the roster and play a reserve role for the Kings, sources say. Head is guaranteed $992,000 for the 2010-11 season, if he’s on the Kings roster on Dec. 1, one source says. And yet like the rest of the league, the Kings were unwilling to guarantee the deal because Hornets president Hugh Weber declared that Head had flunked his physical in July. …The Kings are also inviting former Celtics and Knicks forward J.R. Giddens to training camp with a non-guaranteed deal, Yahoo! Sports’ Marc Spears reports.” |
{
"iisSettings": {
"windowsAuthentication": false,
"anonymousAuthentication": true,
"iisExpress": {
"applicationUrl": "http://localhost:14428",
"sslPort": 44309
}
},
"profiles": {
"IIS Express": {
"commandName": "IISExpress",
"launchBrowser": true,
"environmentVariables": {
"ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
}
},
"MvcApp": {
"commandName": "Project",
"launchBrowser": true,
"applicationUrl": "https://localhost:5001;http://localhost:5000",
"environmentVariables": {
"ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
}
}
}
} |
Biochemical abnormalities of the ocular surface epithelium undoubtedly are present in a number of disease states, and may lead to the specific signs and symptoms characteristic of the disease. Present therapeutic measures directed toward alleviating the problem are relatively ineffective. In rare cases, such abnormalities may be most apparent in the glycolytic metabolism of the tissues, preventing adequate maintenance of the ocular surface epithelial cells. Furthermore, conjunctival inability to transform into corneal epithelium may also contribute to failure of the epithelialization in some cases, and this inability may be related to differences between the glycolytic metabolism of corneal and conjunctival epithelium. We propose, therefore, to study the role of glucose and glycogen metabolism in normal and diseased epithelial tissues demonstrating an inability to re-epithelialize. Furthermore, it is possible that healthy donor cornea retained on grafts at the time of keratoplasty may substantially improve the prognosis in some cases where host epithelium may be diseased. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the usefulness of epithelial grafting. |
The Year in Ideas
Some of the best points from our commentators this year.
The Idaho Education Association (IEA) is a special target of [Idaho Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom] Luna’s union-busting Senate bill because it has traditionally been supported by Democratic candidates. As we’ve been seeing in Wisconsin over the past week, the governor and fellow Republicans are using the budget crisis as an excuse to reach an ideological goal — to cut down the power of the teachers’ union.
In my experience, the most effective advocate for improvement in Idaho’s public education has always been the Idaho Education Association. The push for smaller class sizes was led in the ’80s by Jim Shackelford, then executive director of IEA. The union supports more Democratic candidates than Republican because, my experience tells me, most Republican legislators do not care passionately about education.
The constituencies that have the most to win or lose from this legislation — students, teachers and parents — were not consulted in preparing these proposed changes.
It’s a top-down operation. It’s a Students Come Last, Teachers Goodbye, Idaho at the Bottom, sad kind of story. Let’s pull a Wisconsin and descend on Boise.
The United States faces a leadership gap, and a self-inflicted one at that. American society — particularly the young — now disrespects politicians in the worst way possible — they tune them out. It reminds me of the hit song by Sting, “If I Ever Lose My Faith In You,” when he sings, “You could say I lost my belief in our politicians, they all seem like game-show hosts to me.” Having disrespected political leaders in power is not good for either our culture or system of government.
Often we ignore those with whom we disagree, and the public is disengaging from day-to-day politics in increasing numbers. As American society becomes a culture of special interests … we get public officials elected less for their overall judgment and experience and more for their reliable support on a handful of issues.
When voters clamor for leaders they think America needs, and then get them (Obama and other extremists come to mind), and that chosen leadership fails, buyer’s remorse sets in… But the elections of 2012 offer us an opportunity to elect wise, mature, seasoned leaders to exercise the sound judgment in public affairs that America so desperately needs.
Of course it’s admirable to defend the police — they are put in deadly situations and have to make snap decisions that sometimes turn out badly. But to take the legal position that our police never make mistakes defies common sense.
This really is a question of leadership. For five years, it’s been hard to find an elected official willing to take responsibility for or even explain the city’s legal strategy. There are times — say, when seven-figure damages are looming — when electeds need to insert themselves and micromanage city legal staff. We elected them to be accountable, especially for big moral and financial decisions like this one.
You can be doing great on 85 percent of your job as mayor, and Spokane may still kick you to the curb. You can pay the bills on time and keep the toilets flushing, but if you get that one big thing wrong, you’re dead to us. For Mary Verner, that one big thing is Otto Zehm.
As mayor, she bought the city’s strategy, which included lies, cover-ups and blaming Zehm… Meanwhile, Spokane has seen the video refuting the lies and made up its mind: We killed one of our most vulnerable citizens. Spokane has a moral imperative to do the right thing here, and the only person who can rise above the fray and make that happen is the mayor.
Mary Verner has failed to make peace with Otto’s ghost — and he’ll haunt her all through this election.
Will Mr. Condon learn his way around the building, become expert on the downtown and neighborhood issues, land-use issues, budget issues and social problems? Will he be a good listener? Will he ask the critical follow-up questions — the strategic questions?
Once in office, will he speak for the people, or for special and partisan interests? Recall that he advertised himself as “nonpartisan,” yet he accepted 60,000 partisan dollars from the state Republican committee. He should keep in mind that the same electorate that voted him in nearly passed the Community Bill of Rights — perhaps the most leftist bit of legislation I’ve ever seen.
Finally, unlike many Republicans today, will he actually take governing seriously? Simply saying, “We can do better,” as he did in his campaign ads, was somehow enough to get him elected. Succeeding as mayor is a completely different animal. |
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3441-18T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DWAYNE GILLISPIE,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________
Submitted May 6, 2020 – Decided May 20, 2020
Before Judges Fuentes and Haas.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Ocean County, Indictment No. 04-07-1211.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Steven M. Gilson, Designated Counsel, on
the brief).
Bradley D. Billhimer, Ocean County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (William Kyle Meighan, Senior
Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Dwayne Gillispie appeals from the January 30, 2019 Law
Division order denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR). We affirm.
Defendant was indicted for a number of crimes, including two counts of
capital murder.1 On March 3, 2005, a jury convicted defendant of all of the
charges, but could not reach a unanimous verdict on capital punishment. On
June 16, 2005, the judge sentenced defendant to two consecutive life sentences
without parole on the first-degree murder charges and to an aggregate,
consecutive ten-year term on several other charges, subject to an eighty-five
percent period of parole ineligibility pursuant to the No Early Release Act,
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The judgment of conviction (JOC) was entered that same
day.
Defendant appealed his conviction and sentence and, on August 18, 2009,
we reversed his conviction and remanded the matter for a new trial. State v.
Gillispie, No. A-0799-05 (App. Div. Aug. 18, 2009). However, the Supreme
Court reversed our decision on June 9, 2011, reinstated defendant's conviction,
and remanded the matter to this court for disposition of the issues that were not
addressed in our prior opinion. State v. Gillispie, 208 N.J. 59 (2011).
1
Defendant was indicted along with his co-defendant Gregory Buttler.
However, both men were tried separately.
A-3441-18T2
2
On January 26, 2012, we affirmed defendant's conviction, but remanded
the matter to the trial court for resentencing pursuant to State v. Natale, 184 N.J.
458 (2005). State v. Gillispie, No. A-0799-05 (Jan. 26, 2012). The Supreme
Court denied certification on June 21, 2012. State v. Gillispie, 210 N.J. 480
(2012). In the interim, the trial judge amended defendant's sentence for unlawful
possession of a weapon on May 4, 2012, so that it ran concurrently, rather than
consecutively, to his other sentences. All other aspects of the sentence remained
unchanged.
On May 2, 2017, almost twelve years after defendant's June 16, 2005
conviction and sentence, and well over five years after the Supreme Court
reinstated his conviction on June 9, 2011, defendant filed his PCR petition.
Defendant alleged that his attorney provided him with ineffective assistance at
trial by "deterring" him from testifying, and by failing to locate an alibi witness.
After conducting oral argument, Judge Guy P. Ryan rendered a thorough
written opinion denying defendant's petition because it was untimely under Rule
3:22-12(a)(1). That Rule states that "no petition shall be filed . . . more than
[five] years after the date of entry . . . of the [JOC] that is being challenged"
unless the defendant "alleges facts showing that the delay . . . was due to
defendant's excusable neglect and that there is a reasonable probability that if
A-3441-18T2
3
the defendant's factual assertions are found to be true[,] enforcement of the time
bar would result in a fundamental injustice[.]"
In assessing excusable neglect for failing to file a timely petition, a court
"consider[s] the extent and cause of the delay, the prejudice to the State, and the
importance of the [defendant's] claim in determining whether there has been an
'injustice' sufficient to relax the time limits." State v. Norman, 405 N.J. Super.
149, 159 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting State v. Afanador, 151 N.J. 41, 52 (1997)).
More than "a plausible explanation for [the defendant's] failure to file a timely
PCR petition" is required. Ibid. The five-year period for filing a PCR petition
begins with the entry of the JOC and is not stayed or tolled by appellate or other
review proceedings. State v. Dugan, 289 N.J. Super. 15, 19-20 (App. Div.
1996). Ignorance of the process does not establish excusable neglect. State v.
Murray, 162 N.J. 240, 246 (2000).
After applying these standards, Judge Ryan found that the trial court
entered the JOC that started the limitations period on June 16, 2005. Four years
and two months later, this court reversed defendant's conviction on August 18,
2009. The judge noted that even if the period between our decision and the
Supreme Court's reinstatement of defendant's convictions on June 9, 2011 is not
considered, defendant did not file his PCR petition until May 2, 2017, almost
A-3441-18T2
4
six years after the Court's decision. While defendant alleged that he was
confused about the five-year time limitation, the judge concluded that defendant
failed to establish excusable neglect for his failure to abide by the clear terms of
Rule 3:22-10(a)(1). This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant raises the following contention:
DEFENDANT'S PCR PETITION SHOULD NOT
HAVE BEEN TIME-BARRED; THEREFORE, THIS
MATTER MUST BE REMANDED FOR THE PCR
COURT TO ADDRESS THE MERITS OF
DEFENDANT'S INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE-OF-
COUNSEL CLAIMS.
We have considered defendant's contention in light of the record and the
applicable law and conclude it is without sufficient merit to warrant discussion
in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We affirm substantially for the reasons
set forth in Judge Ryan's comprehensive written opinion.
Affirmed.
A-3441-18T2
5
|
711 F.2d 279
229 U.S.App.D.C. 1
CARTER/MONDALE PRESIDENTIAL COMMITTEE, INC., Petitioner,v.FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, Respondent.
No. 82-1754.
United States Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued March 17, 1983.Decided June 24, 1983.
Petition for Review of an Order of the Federal Election commission.
Douglas B. Huron, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Eileen M. Stein, Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for petitioner.
Richard B. Bader, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Federal Election Com'n, Washington, D.C., with whom Charles N. Steele, Gen. Counsel, Miriam Aguiar and Anne A. Weissenborn, Attys., Federal Election Com'n, Washington, D.C., were on the brief for respondent. Kim L. Bright, Atty., Federal Election Com'n, Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for respondent.
Before WALD and MIKVA, Circuit Judges, and SWYGERT,* Senior Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge WALD.
WALD, Circuit Judge:
1
The Carter-Mondale Presidential Committee, Inc. ("the Committee") appeals a final determination by the Federal Election Commission ("FEC") that the Committee must repay $104,300.78 to the United States Treasury to cover primary campaign expenses [229 U.S.App.D.C. 2] that do not qualify under the Presidential Primary Matching Payment Account Act ("the Act"), 26 U.S.C. §§ 9031-9042. We find that we do not have jurisdiction to review the FEC's final repayment determination because the Committee failed to file its petition for review "within 30 days after the agency action by the [FEC] for which review is sought." Id. § 9041(a). Therefore, we do not reach the issue of statutory interpretation raised by the Committee: whether the FEC properly interpreted id. § 9038(b)(2) to require the Committee to repay federal matching funds in an amount equal to the total of all funds, federal plus nonfederal, spent for nonqualified expenses, or whether the Committee need return only the proportion of nonqualified expenses that were paid for with federal funds.1
I. BACKGROUND
2
It should not normally be difficult to decide whether a litigant has filed its petition for review within the 30-day jurisdictional time limit of 26 U.S.C. § 9041(a). Unfortunately, in this case the FEC's communications with the Committee failed to identify explicitly the point at which the time to appeal from the final decision began to run. Considerable confusion could be avoided in the future if the FEC would follow common agency practice and inform affected parties--by regulation or in the letter communicating its final determination--when the 30-day period for a petition for review begins to run. Because the FEC gave no such notice here, we find it necessary to outline the administrative proceedings in some detail to explain why we conclude that the Committee petitioned too late.
3
The sequence of events began on November 20, 1979, when the FEC decided that President Carter was eligible to receive matching federal payments for his campaign for the Democratic Party's 1980 presidential nomination.2 Subsequently, his Committee received $5,117,854.00 in federal funds for the primary campaign. After President Carter received the Democratic Party's nomination, the FEC commenced its audit of the Committee as required by id. § 9038(a).
4
On November 7, 1980, the FEC's Audit Division sent the Committee an interim audit report and notified the Committee that it had 30 days in which to respond. The Committee submitted a response to the interim audit report on December 1, 1980, see Supplemental Appendix ("S.A.") at 1-7, and provided additional information on December 10. See S.A. at 8-21. In these letters, the Committee took issue with the Audit Division's allocation of expenses against state spending limits, which resulted in the Division's calculation that some expenditures were not "qualified campaign expenses" because they were over state limits. The Committee did not, however, contest the issue of the percentage of nonqualified expenses that it must repay even though the interim audit recommended that the amount of nonqualified expenses be "repaid in full," see Interim Report at 14, [229 U.S.App.D.C. 3] record item 1; the Committee only noted that the interim audit report recommendations, if adopted, "would represent in effect a 100% penalty for alleged overspending" on the order of $150,000.00, see S.A. at 20.
5
On January 19, 1981, the FEC sent the Committee the "Report of the Audit Division." The FEC's cover letter noted that the FEC had approved the audit report and had made a determination, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 9038(b), that the Committee had to repay $129,443.70 within 90 days. See Joint Appendix ("J.A.") at 4. The letter further explained that under 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2(b) (1981) the Committee had 30 days to submit legal or factual materials in opposition to the FEC's repayment determination, and that the FEC would consider such materials in making a "final determination," the term used in id. § 9038.2 to describe the last step in the FEC's repayment evaluation process. See J.A. at 4 (emphasis added).
6
On February 18, 1981, the Committee sent the FEC a "request for reconsideration" of the repayment determination. The Committee's submission included a detailed section-by-section analysis that contested a number of findings in the FEC Audit Report. See J.A. at 23-36. The Committee also requested an extension of time in which to submit more materials3 and "reiterate[d] its request for a hearing."4 See J.A. at 34. Again, the Committee did not take issue with the FEC's statement that the Committee would have to repay the full amount of nonqualified campaign expenses.
7
On June 9, 1981, the FEC voted unanimously to deny the Committee's requests "for an oral hearing on the issue of repayment of matching funds" and for an extension of time to supplement its response to the "Final Audit Report." J.A. at 37. An FEC letter of June 12 communicated these denials to the Committee and explained that the Committee's challenge to the repayment determination brought into play 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2(e), which gave a protesting candidate 20 days to repay after receipt of the FEC's "final repayment determination," with the possibility of a 90-day extension upon application. See J.A. at 38-39.
8
On July 7, 1981, the FEC sent the Committee its "final determination that the Committee's repayment obligation [for exceeding state limits], pursuant to 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2(c), totals $117,826.15." J.A. at 40 (emphasis added). The FEC also included a statement of reasons as required by id. § 9038.2(d). The FEC had revised its previous calculation of the amount owed slightly downward because it had accepted two of the Committee's arguments about not applying certain expenses against state expenditure [229 U.S.App.D.C. 4] limits. In addition, the FEC explained that the Committee could further reduce this sum by documenting the amount paid for long distance telephone calls made from Iowa, New Hampshire, and Maine to national headquarters. Finally, the FEC reminded the Committee that according to id. § 9038.2(e), the Committee must repay the $117,826.15, subject to the documented phone call adjustment, within 20 days, although it could seek a 90-day extension of the repayment period. See J.A. at 40, 49.
9
On July 29, 1981, the Committee requested the 90-day extension for repayment as well as an extension of time to produce its long distance telephone records. See J.A. at 50. In a letter dated August 18, the FEC granted both requests. It gave the Committee until August 27 to produce the telephone records, after which "[a] final calculation of the Committee's repayment obligation will be made," J.A. at 51 (emphasis added). Repayment of that obligation would be "due no later than November 6, 1981." Id.
10
In a letter dated August 19, and therefore probably sent before the Committee received the FEC's letter granting the two requests for extensions, the Committee outlined its own view of the repayment timetable. First, the Committee pointed out that although the FEC's July 7, 1981 letter claimed to be a "final determination" pursuant to 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2(c), it could not be final until the interstate telephone expense data, which had been sent recently to the FEC, were "confirmed and subtracted from the interim repayment total ... of July 7th." J.A. at 52. Second, the Committee asserted that the 90-day repayment period should begin only after "all pending matters in connection with the underlying Report are resolved." J.A. at 53. The Committee explained that pending matters included not only the deduction of the long distance telephone charges, but also the Committee's appeal of its FOIA request for the FEC General Counsel's report on audit issues. Third, the Committee stated that it intended to make another filing with the FEC for reconsideration of the "proposed audit findings," including "the Committee's purported repayment liability." Id.
11
There is no evidence in the record that the FEC replied to the Committee's declaration of procedural independence. However, on October 27, 1981, the FEC notified the Committee that its long distance telephone documentation had been accepted and that the total repayment amount due was $104,300.78--the amount that the Committee now challenges. See J.A. at 55-56.
12
On December 10, 1981, the Committee sent a letter to the FEC concerning repayment terms. The letter noted that the Committee had already tendered $75,000.00 to the FEC, but that it "seriously dispute[d]" any additional amount. Then, and for the first time in any materials in the record, the Committee made the core assertion of this appeal:
13
[E]ven if it is assumed that a certain amount ... was improperly spent, we believe that the proper repayment obligation should reflect only that portion of the amount in question which is attributable to Federal matching funds. See 26 U.S.C. 9038(b)(2).
14
J.A. at 60. The next paragraph of the letter "offers" the FEC the Committee's repayment plan:
15
[W]e are prepared to tender to the [FEC] the balance in dispute ..., provided that the [FEC] agrees that we retain the right to continue to contest issues arising out of the audit determination, and provided further that the [FEC] agrees to certify for payment to our Committee any amounts which are finally determined not to have been owed by us in connection with the audit.
16
Id.
17
On February 4, 1982, the FEC provided an ambiguous reply. The FEC "agree[d] that repayment by the Committee of the full amount determined by the [FEC] to be repayable will not substantively moot any disputed issues involved in the [FEC's] repayment determination." J.A. at 61. But the FEC stated that it did "not waive any substantive or procedural rights with regard [229 U.S.App.D.C. 5] to any action which may be taken later by the Committee concerning repayment." Id. Finally, however, the FEC stated that it "also agrees that pending final administrative or judicial resolution of the issues in dispute the Committee may make repayment with the understanding that any amount of that repayment later deemed in excess of the requirements of Section 9038(b) will be paid to the Committee." Id. (emphasis added).
18
On February 25, the Committee tendered $15,000.00 to the FEC (raising the total paid to $90,000.00). It wrote that "in accordance with the agreement embodied in our exchange of correspondence," repayment would "not substantively moot any disputed issues," and that the Committee could repay " 'pending final administrative or judicial resolution of the issues in dispute' " without waiving a right to a refund of excess payments. See J.A. at 62.
19
The next communication from the FEC to the Committee in the record is dated June 10, 1982. It recounts that in January 1982, the Committee "presented to the [FEC] ... a package of twelve letters and report amendments which, according to the [FEC's] Audit Division, represented a proposal by the [Committee] to reduce its outstanding [repayment] obligations." J.A. at 65.5 The FEC letter then explains that this submission was "out of time," and that FEC regulations do not provide for accepting "additional documentation after a final repayment determination." Id. at 66. In the course of this explanation, the FEC notes the procedural framework for agency review that was noticeably absent from its February 4 letter. It reminds that: the FEC made its "final determination" on repayment in July 1981; the notification was accompanied by the required written statement of reasons; the Committee sought and received a 90-day extension for repayment, making it due by November 6, 1981; and the Committee received notification on November 2, 1981 [presumably the Oct. 27, 1981 letter], that the repayment amount had been reduced because the Committee had documented specific telephone charges as identified in the FEC's final determination. See id. at 65-66. In closing, the FEC added that it had not altered its previous decision to deny the Committee an oral hearing. See id. at 66.
20
On June 22, the Committee wrote the FEC that it understood that "all agency action with respect to the [FEC's] audit ... is now complete," and asked to be informed if this assumption was incorrect. J.A. at 67. On July 6, 1982, the Committee filed this petition for review of the FEC's action.
II. ANALYSIS
21
The first issue is whether we have jurisdiction. According to 26 U.S.C. § 9041(a),6 a party must file a petition for review in this court "within 30 days after the agency action by the [FEC] for which review is sought." This statutory time limit is "jurisdictional and unalterable." Cities of Batavia, Naperville v. FERC, 672 F.2d 64, 72-73 (D.C.Cir.1982) (footnote omitted) (60-day time limit to petition for review of an order under the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. § 825l (b), is jurisdictional). See also Fed. [229 U.S.App.D.C. 6] R.App.P. 26(b) (a court may not enlarge the time prescribed by law for filing a petition from an order of an agency except as specifically authorized by law); Pennsylvania v. ICC, 590 F.2d 1187, 1192-93 (D.C.Cir.1978) (60-day time limit to petition for review of a final order under the Hobbs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2344, is jurisdictional).7
22
To determine which FEC actions may be "subject to review" (and thus trigger the jurisdictional time limit), we look to 26 U.S.C. § 9041(b). First, that subsection incorporates the definition of "agency action" in 5 U.S.C. § 551(13), to "include[ ] the whole or a part of an agency rule, order, license, sanction, relief, or the equivalent or denial thereof, or a failure to act." Certainly the FEC action challenged by the Committee--the calculation of the Committee's repayment obligation--qualifies under that definition.8 Second, § 9041(b) also instructs that 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706 establish the procedures for judicial review of FEC "agency action." Under that chapter, judicial review is limited to "final agency action" unless the preliminary action has been made "directly reviewable." 5 U.S.C. § 704;9 see FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 [229 U.S.App.D.C. 7] U.S. 232, 238, 101 S.Ct. 488, 492, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980). Therefore, the crucial question in this case is: When did this agency action become final so as to trigger the 30-day period in which the Committee had to petition for review?
23
The FEC contends that its July 7, 1981 letter--which informed the Committee of the FEC's "final determination" of the Committee's repayment obligation, subject only to subtractions for certain documented phone calls--was final agency action for purposes of judicial review. The FEC argues that the finality of its July action was not undermined by the Committee's opportunity to reduce minimally the amount owed through "mechanical[ly]" documenting some phone calls. Government's Brief at 13 n. 14. The FEC also points out that even this adjustment was completed in October 1981.10 The Committee responds that the repayment determination was not final for purposes of judicial review until June 10, 1982--the date of the FEC letter that rejected additional documents from the Committee and denied again the Committee's request for an oral hearing.
24
The Supreme Court recently discussed "final agency action" in some detail in FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. 232, 101 S.Ct. 488, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980) (relying heavily on Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967)). First, the Court in Standard Oil noted that " '[t]he cases dealing with judicial review of administrative actions have interpreted the 'finality' element in a pragmatic way' " and taken a " 'flexible view' " of the matter. 449 U.S. at 239-40, 101 S.Ct. at 493 (quoting 387 U.S. at 149-50, 87 S.Ct. at 1515-16).11 [229 U.S.App.D.C. 8] The Court then noted the indicia of finality on which it had relied in Abbott Laboratories: the administrative action challenged should be a " 'definitive' statement[ ]" of an agency's position; the action should have a " 'direct and immediate ... effect on the day-to-day business' of the complaining parties"; the action should have " 'the status of law' "; " 'immediate compliance with the[ ] terms [should be] expected' "; and the question should be a legal one " 'fit for judicial resolution.' " 449 U.S. at 239-40, 101 S.Ct. at 493 (quoting 387 U.S. at 151-54, 87 S.Ct. at 1516-19).12
25
Although less detailed than Standard Oil, the Supreme Court's explanation of the finality doctrine in Port of Boston Marine Terminal Ass'n v. Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, 400 U.S. 62, 91 S.Ct. 203, 27 L.Ed.2d 203 (1970), is significant because, like the case before us, it involved the application of a jurisdictional time limit for petitions for review. In Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, a shipper attempted to attack collaterally a Federal Maritime Commission ("FMC") order that it had not appealed; one of the shipper's arguments was that the FMC order was not final because "it had no independent effect on anyone." Id. at 70-71, 91 S.Ct. at 209-10. The Court, however, found that the FMC's order was indeed final, and that the shipper had missed its opportunity to seek review in the court of appeals within the statutory 60-day time limit. Id. at 71-72, 91 S.Ct. at 209-10. It explained that:
26
[T]he relevant considerations in determining finality are whether the process of administrative decision-making has reached a stage where judicial review will not disrupt the orderly process of adjudication and whether rights or obligations have been determined or legal consequences will flow from the agency action.
27
Id. at 71, 91 S.Ct. at 209. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).13
28
If we are to interpret finality in a "pragmatic" fashion, however, we need to consider whether finality should be analyzed differently when the determination forecloses review altogether rather than merely delays the appeal. In most finality cases the question is whether a party can appeal an agency action now or must wait until some subsequent agency action occurs. Thus, in Abbott Laboratories, the Court introduced its analysis of ripeness--of which its discussion of finality was a part--by explaining that it had "to evaluate both the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration." 387 U.S. at 149, 87 S.Ct. at 1515 (emphasis added). Here, on the other hand, we must balance the FEC's interest in prompt review of a final repayment obligation against the hardship to the Committee from foreclosing its right to judicial review of that final obligation. The Committee claims that it was only trying to [229 U.S.App.D.C. 9] exhaust the administrative process, to avoid rushing to court, and that by cutting off its right to review altogether we ill-serve the interests underlying the finality doctrine because we create an incentive to petition prematurely.
29
Yet, so far as we can tell, the different consequences of finality determinations in these two situations have not led courts to devise different criteria for assessing when agency action is final. Cf. Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, 400 U.S. at 70-72, 91 S.Ct. at 209-10. This seems reasonable: Insofar as a finality determination establishes a point on the time line of an administrative process, that point should signal if an appeal is too late as well as if one is too early. It is logical that when Congress created time limits in which to appeal, such as the 30-day period here, it wanted the time to run from the first day a party is presumed to know it may file a petition for review. If we instead found that there was some interlude between the earliest date a petition may be filed and the date from which to start counting the 30-day period, we would undermine the very purpose of Congress' statutory time limit. Moreover, the criteria for evaluating the finality of agency action should be suitable for providing notice both to parties who are eager and waiting to appeal, and to parties who want to continue discussions with an agency up to the last minute.
30
We now apply the Court's guidance on finality to the FEC's calculation of the Committee's repayment obligation. We conclude, as explained below, that the repayment obligation became final for purposes of judicial review no later than October 27, 1981. Indeed, the FEC has a cogent argument that its repayment determination of July 7, 1981, started the 30-day period running, even though the final dollar figure was dependent on the documentation and subtraction of certain telephone calls.14 We need not select between July 7 and October 27 (when the adjustment for phone calls was completed), however, because the date the Committee eventually filed its petition (July 6, 1982) was long past the 30-day period triggered by either time.
31
Our evaluation of when the repayment determination became final is based on an examination of how the audit process was performed and whether it produced a result that satisfies the Court's tests for finality. We believe that the FEC regulations outline a clear process for determining a definitive repayment obligation that has the status of law, and that the FEC took pains to explain each step as it moved toward final administrative resolution of the issues on which the Committee might seek judicial review.15
32
[229 U.S.App.D.C. 10] Under the regulations in effect at the time, see 11 C.F.R. § 9038.1 (1982), the administrative review process began with an audit of a committee's campaign expenses. The FEC divided the audit process into interim and final audit reports to give committees an opportunity to respond before any repayment determination was made and released to the public.16 The FEC sent the Committee the interim report on November 7, 1980, and the Committee submitted responses on December 1 and 10.
33
The next step was the FEC's release of its formal "Report of the Audit Division" on January 19, 1981. At that time the FEC explained to the Committee where it stood in the regulatory process: The FEC's audit had resulted in a repayment determination under 26 U.S.C. § 9038(b) and 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2, but under id. § 9038.2(b) the Committee had 30 more days for another reply before the FEC would make a final determination. Again, the Committee responded with detailed comments. The Committee also wanted more time and an oral hearing, which had once been but was no longer available under FEC regulations. When the FEC communicated its denial of these requests on June 12, 1981, it again delineated the Committee's progress through the process: Under id. § 9038.2(e) the Committee would have 20 days to pay (with a possible 90-day extension) after the FEC's "final determination."
34
About a month later (July 7) and eight months after the FEC gave the Committee its interim audit report, the FEC made its final repayment determination. An agency's characterization of finality is not necessarily decisive.17 But in this case the characterization fits neatly a pattern of agency action indicating the FEC had completed its process and imposed a formal repayment obligation on the Committee. The FEC's July 7 letter pointed out that the determination was pursuant to id. § 9038.2(c), included the FEC's reasons as required by id. § 9038.2(d), and noted that the timetable for repayment was set by id. § 9038.2(e). The only way a reduction in the sum owed could be achieved was through the ministerial task of providing documentation for a select set of phone calls. This one avenue for adjustment was left open because in the final negotiations the FEC accepted an argument as to the status of these calls. There was no indication that this minor concession in any way represented a reopening of full-scale discussions about what were "qualified campaign expenses." At this point the FEC clearly expected the Committee to repay matching funds equal in amount to the nonqualified expenses--all the repayment figures produced by the FEC were calculated this way. Nothing in the record over the eight month audit period suggests that the Committee [229 U.S.App.D.C. 11] contested the FEC's interpretation of 26 U.S.C. § 9038(b)(2) or advocated the different type of repayment calculation that it now advances.
35
In sum, we conclude that the FEC's process was designed to arrive at exactly the type of final action that is ready for judicial review. Application of the Standard Oil-Abbott Laboratories criteria and the Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic principles reaffirms that the process in fact produced a final agency action. The repayment amount, including a reasoned explanation about how the FEC arrived at it, is indeed a "definitive statement" of obligation that the FEC is directed to make by statute. Because the administrative review process was complete, judicial review of the determination of obligation certainly could not disrupt the FEC's decisionmaking. The fact that money was supposed to be repaid to the U.S. Treasury within 20 days (with a possible 90-day extension) certainly created a "direct and immediate effect" and the expectation of "immediate compliance." Since this calculation is mandated by 26 U.S.C. § 9038, it also has "the status of law." Moreover, the legal question the Committee wants us to answer--how much of the nonqualified expenses must it repay under id. § 9038--was "fit for judicial resolution" after the FEC's final determination.18 Finally, Congress has expressed a strong interest in resolving federal matching fund audits expeditiously.19
36
The Committee seeks to dissuade us from this conclusion by arguing that this case is similar to those where courts have preserved an appeal right by concluding that agency action is not final because the "agency [left] room for genuine and reasonable doubt as to the applicability of its orders or regulations." Recreation Vehicle Industry Ass'n v. EPA, 653 F.2d 562, 569 (D.C.Cir.1981). In Recreation Vehicle, EPA "left unclear the applicability of its truck regulations to the motor home industry." Id. at 568. This court would not permit EPA to "take advantage of the obscurity of intentions in order to defeat rights statutorily conferred," where the party claiming jurisdiction made a prompt request for clarification that lent credence to its claim that it was confused about the applicability of the regulations. Id.
37
Sam Rayburn Dam Electric Cooperative v. FPC, 515 F.2d 998 (D.C.Cir.1975), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 907, 96 S.Ct. 2229, 48 L.Ed.2d 832 (1976), involved a similar problem. In Sam Rayburn Dam, the first of two FPC orders was unclear about whether petitioner's rates would be materially affected, and therefore the petitioner did not move for reconsideration until the second order revealed it would in fact be "aggrieved." [229 U.S.App.D.C. 12] The court recognized that petitioner's claim of confusion was reasonable, it had nothing to gain from delaying its protest, and its "speedy filing of an application for rehearing" after it knew it was aggrieved was significant evidence of good faith. 515 F.2d at 1007. The court did not want to:
38
permit an administrative agency to enter an ambiguous or obscure order, wilfully or otherwise, wait out the required time, then enter an "explanatory" order that would extinguish the review rights of parties prejudicially affected.
39
Id.
40
The Committee urges that there is analogous confusion here that undermines any finding of final action before June 1982. It contends that the FEC's "final repayment determination" (of either July or October, 1981) could not have been final agency action because the FEC itself did not seem to treat it as such. In particular, the Committee points to the ambiguous letter of February 4, 1982, sent in response to the Committee's proposal for repayment terms. This letter sought both to preserve the FEC's "substantive or procedural rights" and to reassure the Committee that it could get its money back after "final administrative or judicial resolution of the issues in dispute." J.A. at 61. It is, of course, possible to read the FEC's reference to judicial review (even though under the FEC's argument the 30-day period for petitioning for review had already run) as simply a recognition that the Committee had a right to seek judicial review--even if it only culminated in a decision that the court did not have jurisdiction. The FEC has never satisfactorily explained what it had in mind when it referred to final administrative resolution.
41
Nonetheless, we conclude for a number of reasons that the FEC's actions here, and its February 4, 1982 letter in particular, do not warrant any adjustment in our finding that the repayment obligation was final for purposes of review by October 1981. First, the February 4 letter could not possibly have influenced the Committee's decision to appeal within 30 days of the FEC's "final determination" in July 1981 or its final calculation in October 1981 because it was sent long afterwards. Second, the FEC's actions prior to the February 4 letter (and after it, too) followed closely the FEC's audit and repayment assessment process, as set out in its regulations; there was no reason for the Committee to be confused about what was happening during the eight month administrative review of 1980-81 that culminated in the FEC's statement about the Committee's "final" repayment obligation. Third, the FEC's final repayment determination, unlike the agency actions in Recreation Vehicle and Sam Rayburn Dam, made it crystal clear that the FEC had imposed an obligation and that the Committee was supposed to pay it; this was not a situation where the scope of regulations was unclear or the application of an order was ambiguous. Fourth, while we can only speculate on whether the Committee was trying to reorder the audit and repayment process to its own end, the Committee's actions surely did not approximate the prompt request for clarification in Recreation Vehicle or the speedy action to remedy the late filing in Sam Rayburn Dam. The Committee did not even raise the legal question about the portion of nonqualified expenses it must repay until December 1981, and its communications regarding the repayment process read more like pronouncements than inquiries. Fifth, we note that even the FEC's February 4 letter warned that the agency was not forfeiting any procedural or substantive rights.
42
True, the FEC's enigmatic statements in the February 4 letter were an ill-concocted blend of boilerplate and courtesy in the face of the Committee's insistent efforts to establish its own audit and repayment process through unilateral declarations. If Congress' time limits on petitions for review are to have any jurisdictional bite, however, petitioners should not be allowed to overrun them by barraging an agency with missives on its own theories of how the administrative process should operate. The FEC's faltering response, made after the time for appeal had run, does not by itself provide a sufficient justification to stop the statutory [229 U.S.App.D.C. 13] clock. See Boston Gas Co. v. FERC, 575 F.2d 975, 978-79 (1st Cir.1978).
III. CONCLUSION
43
We have no jurisdiction to review the FEC's final repayment determination because the Committee failed to file its petition for review "within 30 days after the agency action by the [FEC] for which review is sought," 26 U.S.C. § 9041(a); therefore, the Committee's petition is
44
Dismissed.
*
Sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d)
1
The Committee proposes that the FEC calculate the amount of federal funds spent on nonqualified expenses by computing the ratio of federal matching funds to total campaign funds and then applying that ratio to the amount of nonqualified expenses. (E.g., if 25% of a committee's funds were from federal matching payments and the committee had $2000 of nonqualified campaign expenses, then the committee would repay $500 to the government.) This is the repayment approach Congress designed for a committee that has a surplus. 26 U.S.C. § 9038(b)(3)
2
The Presidential Primary Matching Payment Account Act ("the Act"), enacted in 1974, provides matching funds for some contributions to presidential primary election campaigns. Candidates who meet the eligibility requirements of 26 U.S.C. § 9033 are entitled to matching funds to help pay for "qualified campaign expenses," see id. § 9032(9). Under id. § 9035, campaign expenditures are not "qualified" if they exceed certain spending limits, which include both an overall campaign spending ceiling as well as limits on campaign expenditures in each state. Campaign expenditures over these limits create a repayment obligation under id. § 9038(b)(2). Most of the disagreements between the FEC and the Committee during the audit and repayment calculation process involved the assignment of expenses against state limits
3
The Committee sought an extension of time in which to reply to the FEC's final audit report (which formed the basis for the initial repayment determination) because it wanted to comment further after examining the FEC General Counsel's memorandum on the audit report. After being denied access to the General Counsel's paper, the Committee had filed a Freedom of Information Act request for it on February 13, 1981. See J.A. at 24, 34
4
It is not clear from the record when the Committee first requested an oral hearing. In the Committee's February 18, 1981 response, it complained that the FEC's regulations used to contain a provision for a hearing on the repayment determination and asserted that such a hearing was justified now even though the "new" regulations no longer contained an "explicit hearing right." See J.A. at 34-35 (citing 11 C.F.R. § 134.2(b) (1979), superseded on May 7, 1979)
On April 30, 1981, counsel for the various presidential candidate committees sent a joint letter to the FEC urging it to change a number of its policies, including its denial of opportunity for oral hearings. See J.A. at 74-80. The FEC treated this joint letter as a general comment on its procedures, not as a filing in any one case, and sent a general response on May 14. See J.A. at 71-73.
As noted in the text, the FEC notified the Committee by letter of June 12, 1981, that it had denied the Committee's request for an oral hearing. This notice was sent almost a month before the FEC's "final determination" of the Committee's repayment obligation. Thus, there was no reason for the Committee to believe it need not file a petition for review of the "final determination" because of the possibility of a future oral hearing. The FEC's decision two years later to provide an opportunity for an oral presentation in its regulations does not excuse the Committee's delay here. See 48 Fed.Reg. 5224, 5249, 14347, 16237 (1983) (effective Apr. 4, 1983) (to be codified at 11 C.F.R. § 9038.2(c)(3)).
5
The Committee apparently proposed to convert payments it owed former Committee personnel into in-kind contributions or exempt travel expenses. It then hoped to convince the FEC that these amounts should be subtracted from the expenditure totals for Iowa, Maine, and New Hampshire because the amounts would no longer represent payments by the Committee. By reducing the totals spent in these three states, the Committee thought it could decrease the sum it spent over state expenditure limits by about $2,600 and thereby reduce its repayment obligation. See J.A. at 65
6
26 U.S.C. § 9041 states:
(a) Review of agency action by the Commission.--Any agency action by the Commission made under the provisions of this chapter shall be subject to review by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upon petition filed in such court within 30 days after the agency action by the Commission for which review is sought.
(b) Review procedures.--The provisions of chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, apply to judicial review of any agency action, as defined in section 551(13) of title 5, United States Code, by the Commission.
7
The "Committee does not dispute that the 30-day filing period set forth in [s] 9041 is jurisdictional in nature." Committee's Reply Brief at 10. However, because we have an independent responsibility to examine jurisdictional issues, we also note why we believe the time limit in this case is distinguishable from a nonjurisdictional filing requirement like the one involved in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e). See Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, 455 U.S. 385, 392-98, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 1132-35, 71 L.Ed.2d 234 (1982). In determining whether the filing requirement in Zipes was jurisdictional, the Court analyzed "[t]he structure of Title VII [of the Civil Rights Act of 1964], the congressional policy underlying it, and the reasoning of our cases." Id. at 393, 102 S.Ct. at 1132. The statutory structure is the key element here because we do not have any useful legislative history or case law with which to supplement it. Section 9041 includes both the grant of jurisdiction to this court and the time period for filing in this court; in contrast, Zipes points out that Title VII contains separate provisions that grant jurisdiction in the district courts and that specify the time for filing charges with the EEOC. 455 U.S. at 393-94, 102 S.Ct. at 1132-33. As this difference in statutory structure suggests, the statutes reflect different congressional policies. Title VII integrates the efforts of laymen who may be victims of discrimination, the EEOC, and the courts. The laymen initiate the process and the EEOC is available in part to provide support for meritorious claims. In contrast, § 9041, like the other jurisdictional time limits cited in text, prescribes judicial review procedures that follow a detailed administrative review process between two legally sophisticated parties (a campaign committee and the FEC)
8
The term order is further defined as "the whole or a part of a final disposition, whether affirmative, negative, injunctive, or declaratory in form, of an agency in a matter other than rule making but including licensing." 5 U.S.C. § 551(6)
The Supreme Court's notation in FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. 232, 238 n. 7, 101 S.Ct. 488, 492 n. 7, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980), on the legislative history of the term "agency action," underscores our conclusion that the FEC's final repayment determination qualifies:
"The term 'agency action' brings together previously defined terms in order to simplify the language of the judicial-review provisions ... and to assure the complete coverage of every form of agency power, proceeding, action, or inaction. In that respect the term includes the supporting procedures, findings, conclusions, or statements or reasons or basis for the action or inaction."
Id. (quoting S.Doc. No. 248, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. 255 (1946)).
9
5 U.S.C. § 704 makes judicial review available for two categories of agency action: "[a]gency action made reviewable by statute" and "final agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court." While only the second category contains a reference to finality, we conclude, as explained below, that Congress also assumed that "[a]gency action made reviewable by statute" would be final action
The legislative history of § 704 reveals that Congress intended to codify existing law on judicial review of agency actions. See, e.g., Senate Judiciary Comm., Committee Print on the Administrative Procedure Act 27 (1945) ("1945 Sen. Print"), reprinted in Senate Judiciary Comm., 79th Cong., 2d Sess., Administrative Procedure Act: Legislative History 11, 37 (Comm. Print 1946) ("APA Leg.Hist."); S.Rep. No. 752, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 43 (1945) (Appendix B, Attorney General's Statement), APA Leg.Hist. at 185, 230; Attorney General's Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act 101 (1947) (Since the Department of Justice played a significant role in drafting the APA, its contemporaneous interpretation deserves "some deference," Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC, 435 U.S. 519, 546, 98 S.Ct. 1197, 1213, 55 L.Ed.2d 460 (1978).). The existing law at that time included a court-imposed finality requirement as a prerequisite for judicial review. See Final Report of the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Procedure, Administrative Procedure in Government Agencies, S.Doc. No. 8, 77th Cong., 1st Sess. 85 (1941) ("Legislation which limits judicial review to 'final' orders merely enacts the self-imposed policy of the courts."); Attorney General's Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act 101, 102 (1947) ("Moreover, many regulatory statutes, either expressly or as they are interpreted, have provided for review of (and only of) 'final' agency orders, with the result that the judicial construction of such provisions will carry over ....") (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
We recognize that the finality mandate in § 704 is tempered with a caveat that Congress may decide to make a "preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action" "directly reviewable." We conclude, however, that Congress did not craft 26 U.S.C. § 9041 to fit that exception. The statutory language merely states that judicial review is available; it does not delineate a set of "directly reviewable" actions or include any language that might raise doubts about maintaining the finality requirement. Nothing in the legislative history of the APA suggests that a statute that simply states, as does § 9041(a), that any agency action is reviewable, has displaced the finality test. On the contrary, the Senate Judiciary Committee explained that one purpose of § 704 was "to negative any intention to make reviewable merely preliminary or procedural orders where there is a subsequent and adequate remedy at law available, as is presently the rule." 1945 Sen. Print 27, APA Leg.Hist. 37 (citations omitted). Moreover, the incorporation of the judicial review procedures of chapter 7 of title 5 through 26 U.S.C. § 9041(b) raises the inference that Congress expected the finality limitation of 5 U.S.C. § 704 to apply. Finally, we note that even if § 9041(b) did not refer to the judicial review procedures of the APA, courts commonly impose a finality requirement where statutes simply provide for judicial review of agency actions. See, e.g., Association of National Advertisers, Inc. v. FTC, 627 F.2d 1151, 1178 (D.C.Cir.1979) (Leventhal, J., concurring), cert. denied, 447 U.S. 921, 100 S.Ct. 3011, 65 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1980); Rombough v. FAA, 594 F.2d 893, 895 n. 4 (2d Cir.1979); Greene County Planning Bd. v. FPC, 455 F.2d 412, 425-26 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 849, 93 S.Ct. 56, 34 L.Ed.2d 90 (1972).
10
The FEC adjusted the amount the Committee was to repay on October 22, 1981, and notified the Committee of the reduction on October 27
11
In Abbott Laboratories, the Court found that "the publication of certain regulations by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs was ... final agency action subject to judicial review in an action for declaratory judgment brought prior to any Government action for enforcement." FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. at 239, 101 S.Ct. at 493. Abbott Laboratories relied in turn on United States v. Storer Broadcasting Co., 351 U.S. 192, 76 S.Ct. 763, 100 L.Ed. 1081 (1956) (FCC regulation stating that an applicant already owning five television licenses could not acquire another was final action; a specific license application need not be before the FCC); Frozen Food Express v. United States, 351 U.S. 40, 76 S.Ct. 569, 100 L.Ed. 910 (1956) (ICC order that specified commodities not within a statutory exemption was final action; carrier of nonexempt commodities who believed they should be exempt need not wait until the ICC took action against him); Columbia Broadcasting Sys. v. United States, 316 U.S. 407, 62 S.Ct. 1194, 86 L.Ed. 1563 (1942) (FCC regulation asserting that the agency would not license stations that maintained certain contracts was final action although no license had been denied or revoked)
12
After applying these indicia, the Court in Standard Oil concluded that the FTC's "issuance of a complaint averring reason to believe that [Standard Oil] has violated the [FTC] Act" was not "final agency action." 449 U.S. at 243-46, 101 S.Ct. at 494-96. Rather, the Court explained, the FTC's action was only a "threshold determination that further inquiry is warranted and that a complaint should initiate proceedings." Id. at 241, 101 S.Ct. at 493
13
The Court's consideration of whether an "obligation [has] been determined," certainly an important test for finality in this case, appears to be of long standing. See Chicago & S. Air Lines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103, 112-13, 68 S.Ct. 431, 436-37, 92 L.Ed. 568 (1948) ("[A]dministrative orders are not reviewable unless and until they impose an obligation, deny a right or fix some legal relationship as a consummation of the administrative process.") (citations omitted). Accord Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 680 F.2d 810, 815 (D.C.Cir.1982); Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 502 F.2d 443, 448 (D.C.Cir.1974) (per curiam); Air Calif. v. United States Dep't of Transp., 654 F.2d 616, 619-22 (9th Cir.1981)
14
Compare American Dairy of Evansville, Inc. v. Bergland, 627 F.2d 1252, 1260-61 (D.C.Cir.1980) (Administrative Law Judge's order denying requests for advance notice and termination of a retroactive notice provision was final even though he retained jurisdiction to allow the Secretary of Agriculture to take "corrective action" if desired) and Hattersley v. Bollt, 512 F.2d 209, 213-15 (3d Cir.1975) (district court's judgment that a party is a joint tortfeasor and liable in contribution to another is a final, appealable order even though the judgment does not assess the precise monetary amount owed; the judgment establishes parameters of liability and only a later ministerial act is required to implement the judgment) with Sun Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. Benefits Review Bd., 535 F.2d 758, 760-61 (3d Cir.1976) (per curiam) ("well-established rule [for appeals from district courts] ... that where liability has been decided but the extent of damage remains undetermined, there is no final order" applies to administrative proceedings where the board remanded for nonministerial redetermination of amount of workers' hearing loss and amount of damages) (footnote omitted) and Wrist-Rocket Mfg. Co. v. Saunders Archery Co., 516 F.2d 846, 848-49 (8th Cir.) (court lacked jurisdiction to review the district court's determination of liability until the district court determined amount of damages), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 870, 96 S.Ct. 134, 46 L.Ed.2d 100 (1975)
15
We do not suggest that an agency's exhaustion of its administrative review process necessarily produces a final agency action fit for judicial review. See FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. at 243-45, 101 S.Ct. at 494-95 (exhaustion should not be mistaken for finality; an agency's refusal to reconsider action does not render it "definitive"). Rather, we emphasize the FEC's administrative process because it is clearly designed to produce a definitive obligation in accordance with 26 U.S.C. § 9038. The FEC's regulations, as well as the FEC's continual references to them throughout its repayment review, gave the Committee ample notice that the FEC intended to and did produce a final, reviewable action
16
Cf. Reagan Bush Comm. v. FEC, 525 F.Supp. 1330, 1334-35, 1338 (D.D.C.1981) (explaining the FEC's informal practice of using interim audits in its review of expenditures under the Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act, 26 U.S.C. §§ 9001-9013, which provides for the financing of general election campaigns). The interim audit is now formally included in the regulations on the FEC's audit and repayment process. See 48 Fed.Reg. 5224, 5247-48, 14347, 16237 (1983) (effective Apr. 4, 1983) (to be codified at 11 C.F.R. § 9038.1)
17
See, e.g., Fidelity Television, Inc. v. FCC, 502 F.2d 443, 448 (D.C.Cir.1974) (per curiam) ("principle of finality in administrative law is not ... governed by the administrative agency's characterization of its action, but rather by a realistic assessment of the nature and effect of the order") (footnote and citations omitted); Isbrandtsen Co. v. United States, 211 F.2d 51, 55 (D.C.Cir.) (requirements of finality are not satisfied by agency's label), cert. denied, 347 U.S. 990, 74 S.Ct. 852, 98 L.Ed. 1124 (1954)
However, the fact that an agency's label for its action is not necessarily conclusive does not mean that the label is devoid of significance for a court. See Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. FPC, 506 F.2d 33, 39 & n. 20, (D.C.Cir.1974) ("Often the agency's own characterization of a particular order provides some indication of the nature of the announcement.") (citing Columbia Broadcasting Sys. v. United States, 316 U.S. 407, 416, 62 S.Ct. 1194, 1199, 86 L.Ed. 1563 (1942), which relied in part on the form of regulations in determining that they were subject to review); Pennzoil Co. v. FERC, 645 F.2d 394, 399 (5th Cir.1981) (FERC statement that an opinion is interlocutory and that it would be clarified later influences court's determination of finality).
18
Our conclusion that the FEC's determination of the Committee's repayment obligation was final agency action is buttressed in two respects by Reagan Bush Comm. v. FEC, 525 F.Supp. 1330 (D.D.C.1981). Reagan Bush Committee noted that under the Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act, 26 U.S.C. §§ 9001-9013, the final repayment determination, which is the analogue to the FEC's July 1981 final repayment determination here, may be appealed to this court. Id. at 1335. We see no reason why the point of finality should differ for final repayment determinations under the primary and general election funding acts. Second, the district court issued its decision in Reagan Bush Committee on November 17, 1981--within 30 days of the FEC's notice of its final calculation of the repayment amount (October 27). The availability of this judicial statement on when a party may appeal an FEC final repayment decision tends to undermine any argument the Committee might make that it was unaware of the need to appeal
19
"Congress was troubled by the inability of the FEC to make prompt disclosure of the audit reports it prepared following the 1976 election, and it was this concern that ultimately prompted the [FEC] ... to streamline the audit process." Reagan Bush Comm. v. FEC, 525 F.Supp. 1330, 1341 (D.D.C.1981). Chairman Pell of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration expressed his frustration with the delays during hearings in 1978:
"[I]f [the audit report] is delayed this year and goes on another six months, another year, we are into another campaign before we are through with the ... campaign, so there is no purpose in the whole operation, because nobody is interested in history. And this will become history before we are through."
Id. (quoting Transcript of Proceedings, Senate Comm. on Rules and Administration, Mar. 15, 1978, at 14, 16).
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Q:
Array Index Out of bounds exception JAVA
I tried running this code that is a move-to-front encoder, but I get this exception:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 0
at MTFencoder.main(MTFencoder.java:10)
Could someone explain why this happens?
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.io.IOException;
public class MTFencoder {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String filename = args[0];
WordList wordList = new WordList();
try {
String line;
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename));
StringTokenizer st;
int index;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
st = new StringTokenizer(line);
while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
String currentword = st.nextToken();
if (wordList.hasElement(currentword)) {
index = wordList.Index(currentword);
wordList.remove(currentword);
wordList.add(currentword);
System.out.println(Integer.toString(index));
} else {
wordList.add(currentword);
System.out.println("0" + currentword);
}
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}
class Node {
private String word;
private Node next;
public Node(String w) {
word = w;
next = null;
}
public String getWord() {
return word;
}
public Node getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(Node n) {
next = n;
}
}
class WordList {
Node head;
public WordList() {
}
public void add(String w) {
Node n = new Node(w);
n.setNext(head);
head = n;
}
public int length() {
Node tmp = head;
int count = 0;
while (tmp != null) {
count++;
tmp = tmp.getNext();
}
return count;
}
public boolean hasElement(String w) {
Node tmp = head;
while (tmp != null) {
if (tmp.getWord().equals(w)) return true;
tmp = tmp.getNext();
}
return false;
}
public void remove(String w) {
if (!hasElement(w)) return;
if (head.getWord().equals(w)) {
head = head.getNext();
return;
}
Node tmp = head;
while (!(tmp.getNext().getWord().equals(w))) tmp = tmp.getNext();
tmp.setNext(tmp.getNext().getNext());
}
public void dumpList() {
for (Node tmp = head; tmp != null; tmp = tmp.getNext())
System.out.println(" >> " + tmp.getWord());
}
public int Index(String w) {
int counter = 1;
Node temp = head;
while (!(temp.getWord().equals(w))) {
counter++;
temp = temp.getNext();
}
return counter++;
}
}
A:
The program expects command line arguments. You aren't passing it.
The program needs to be run as java MTFencoder fileyouwanttoprocess. You aren't passing the filename parameter.
This is line 10
String filename = args[0];
args[0] is the first command line argument - you aren't passing command line arguments.
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Undergraduate Course Catalog 2011-2012
The Department of Social Work, in keeping with the mission of Lewis University, strives to advance knowledge and wisdom, values fidelity, affirms the equal dignity of every person, encourages collaboration and service, and seeks to promote social justice for diverse communities, families, and individuals. The Department of Social Work aims to graduate competent, responsible entry-level generalist social work professionals and to prepare students for advanced study in social work. To that end, Social Work courses have a comprehensive theoretical base, reflect research in the field, and teach evidence-based practice skills grounded in social work ethics.
Lewis University’s history, mission, and values provide an institutional and contextual framework supporting a generalist education of those seeking future employment in the Social Work profession. The revered ideals of an American liberal education and the five values of the Mission Statement of Lewis University (fidelity, knowledge, association, wisdom, and justice) promote and encourage values practiced by Social Workers; namely: service to humanity, concern for social justice and the dignity of the person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, competence, the pursuit of human rights, and scientific inquiry. The Department of Social Work identifies certain standards that must be taught throughout the curriculum. Students will recognize the value of: identifying as a Social Worker; ethics; critical thinking and communication; the significance and appreciation of diversity; the requirements of social justice; the need for research and for studying aspects of human behavior; and the necessity for regulatory policies, context-based practice, and engagement and intervention with individuals, families, and communities. The graduate of the Lewis University Social Work program will be poised to earn the license to practice Social Work and to gain further knowledge of the field through graduate education. |
Parenting and social competence in school: The role of preadolescents' personality traits.
In a study of 230 preadolescent students (mean age 11.3 years) from the wider area of Athens, Greece, the role of Big Five personality traits (i.e. Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Extraversion) in the relation between parenting dimensions (overprotection, emotional warmth, rejection, anxious rearing) and social competence in school was examined. Multiple sets of regression analyses were performed. Main effects of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were identified. Limited evidence for moderation and some support of gender-specific parenting was found. Agreeableness and Extraversion interacted with paternal overprotection, whereas Neuroticism interacted with maternal and paternal rejection in predicting social competence. Mean differences in gender and educational grade were reported. The relationship between environmental effects (such as parenting during early adolescence) and social adjustment in school is discussed in terms of the plasticity and malleability of the preadolescents' personality characteristics. |
Q:
Expanding [optionals], groupings, and the | or operator in text
I am trying to expand sentences that incorporate [ ] to indicate optionals, ( ) to indicate grouping, and | to indicate the or operator and enumerate all possibilities. So for example:
"Hey [there] you [hood]." should return four sentences:
Hey there you hood.
Hey there you.
Hey you hood.
Hey you.
The end goal would look like:
Input: "(His|Her) dog was [very|extremely] confused."
Output: His dog was very confused.
His dog was extremely confused.
His dog was confused.
Her dog was very confused.
Her dog was extremely confused.
Her dog was confused.
I am doing it using regex matching and recursion. I have searched both CPAN and SO under the phrases:
Expanding text
expanding sentences
expanding conditionals
expanding optionals
expanding groupings
with no luck.
Thanks.
I have edited this question largely to better reflect its evolution and removed large portions which were made obsolete as the question evolved. The question above is the question that most of the answers below are attempting to address.
My current state is the following:
After wrestling with the problem above for a day I have two solutions very close to what I want. One is my own and the second is PLT's below. However, I have decided to try a fundamentally different approach.
Using regular expressions and manually parsing these sentences seems like a very ugly way of doing things. So I have decided to instead write a grammar for my "language" and use a parser-generator to parse it for me.
This gives me an additional layer of abstraction and avoids the following scenario described by Damian Conway in Perl Best Practices: [about regexps]
cut-and-paste-and-modify-slightly-and-oh-now-it-doesn't-work-at-all-so-let's-modify-it-some-more-and-see-if-that-helps-no-it-didn't-but-we're-commited-now-so-maybe-if-we-change-that-bit-instead-hmmmm-that's-closer-but-still-not-quite-right-maybe-if-I-made-that-third-repetition-non-greedy-instead-oops-now-it's-back-to-not-matching-at-all-perhaps-I-should-just-post-it-to-PerlMonks.org-and-see-if-they-know-what's-wrong
It also makes it much easier if the grammar of these expressions were to change and I needed to support other constructs later on.
Last update:
I solved my problem using an open source toolkit. This will transcribe a JSGF version of my input and generate a finite-state transducer. From there you can walk through the FST to generate all possible outcomes.
A:
Ok, another complete revision of the answer. This will work as intended. :) It now also expands nested parens. Newline is still the delimeter, but I added a way to quickly change it to something more complicated if the need arises.
Basically, I started with replacing brackets with parens + pipe, since [word ] and (|word ) are equivalent.
I then extracted all the encapsulating parens, e.g. both (you |my friend) and (you |my (|friendly ) friend ). I then expanded the nested parens into regular parens, e.g. (you |my (|friendly ) friend ) was replaced with (you |my friendly friend |my friend ).
With that done, the words could be processed with the original subroutine.
Remains to be tested on more complicated expansions, but it works fine during my testing.
Here's the revised code:
use strict;
use warnings;
sub addwords {
my ($aref, @words) = @_;
my @total;
for my $start (@$aref) {
for my $add (@words) {
push @total, $start . $add;
}
}
return @total;
}
sub expand_words {
my $str = shift;
my @sentences = ('');
for my $word (word_split($str)) {
if ($word =~ /^([(])([^)]+)[)]$/) {
my @options = split /\|/, $2;
push @options, '' if ($1 eq '[');
@sentences = addwords(\@sentences, @options);
} else {
@sentences = addwords(\@sentences, $word);
}
}
return @sentences;
}
sub fix_parens {
my $str = shift;
$str =~ s/\[/(|/g;
$str =~ s/\]/)/g;
return $str;
}
sub fix_nested {
my @array = @_;
my @return;
for (my $i=0; $i <= $#array; ) {
my $inc = 1;
my ($co, $cc);
do {
$co = () = $array[$i] =~ /\(/g;
$cc = () = $array[$i] =~ /\)/g;
if ( $co > $cc ) {
$array[$i] .= $array[$i + $inc++];
}
} while ( $co > $cc );
push @return, expand_nest($array[$i]);
$i += $inc;
}
return @return;
}
sub expand_nest {
my $str = shift;
my $co = () = $str =~ /\(/g;
return $str unless ($co > 1);
while ($str =~ /([^|(]+\([^)]+\)[^|)]+)/) {
my $match = $1;
my @match = expand_words($match);
my $line = join '|', @match;
$match =~ s/([()|])/"\\" . $1/ge;
$str =~ s/$match/$line/ or die $!;
}
return $str;
}
sub word_split {
my $str = shift;
my $delimeter = "\n";
$str = fix_parens($str);
$str =~ s/([[(])/$delimeter$1/g;
$str =~ s/([])])/$1$delimeter/g;
my @tot = split /$delimeter/, $str;
@tot = fix_nested(@tot);
return @tot;
}
my $str = "Hey [there ](you|my [friendly ]friend) where's my [red|blue]berry?";
my @sentences = expand_words($str);
print "$_\n" for (@sentences);
print scalar @sentences . " sentences\n";
Will produce the output:
Hey you where's my berry?
Hey you where's my redberry?
Hey you where's my blueberry?
Hey my friend where's my berry?
Hey my friend where's my redberry?
Hey my friend where's my blueberry?
Hey my friendly friend where's my berry?
Hey my friendly friend where's my redberry?
Hey my friendly friend where's my blueberry?
Hey there you where's my berry?
Hey there you where's my redberry?
Hey there you where's my blueberry?
Hey there my friend where's my berry?
Hey there my friend where's my redberry?
Hey there my friend where's my blueberry?
Hey there my friendly friend where's my berry?
Hey there my friendly friend where's my redberry?
Hey there my friendly friend where's my blueberry?
18 sentences
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Former President Obama may have an Oscar in his future.
Continue Reading Below
The first film released from the Netflix deal with Higher Ground Productions, run by the former first lady Michelle Obama and the 44th president, made the “shortlist” Monday from the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. Their documentary, “American Factory,” is one of three business-focused films that earned “shortlist” status for the 92 annual Academy Awards.
Oscars Doc 'Shortlist' Advocate American Factory The Apollo Apollo 11 Aquarela The Biggest Little Farm The Cave The Edge of Democracy For Sama The Great Hack Honeyland Knock Down the House Maiden Midnight Family One Child Nation
NETFLIX ENJOYING GLOBAL SUBSCRIBER GROWTH
For the second year in a row, the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts & Science released a “shortlist” of nine categories. While none are for the ever-important Best Picture or the star-studded Best Actor or Actress, the list for “Best Documentary Feature” offered 15 potential nominees. The list will be narrowed down to the final five on Jan. 13.
CLICK HERE TO GET FOX BUSINESS ON THE GO
One hundred fifty-nine films were submitted in the category. Members of the Documentary Branch of the Academy voted to determine the shortlist and will vote from this list for the nominees.
The three films with a business bent are:
American Factory
The first film from Higher Ground Productions looks at a Chinese billionaire opens a new factory on the site of a former General Motors plant. The film follows the hope and optimism of the factory but the challenges and China clashes of matching high-tech China with working-class America. Released in August for a short theatrical run, box office figures are not available. It is now available on Netflix.
The Biggest Little Farm
A couple decide to create a sustainable farm on 200 acres just outside of Los Angeles and this film tracks the triumphs and travails. The director is one of the farmers who famously did not sell this doc to Netflix. It has made more than $4 million since its May 10th theatrical release and is available on Amazon Prime, Hulu, YouTube, Google Play and Vudu.
The Great Hack
Details the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal. Box office figures are not available but it is another Netflix doc.
The last business-centered documentary film to take home the Oscar was 2011’s “Inside Job” about the Great Recession and the financial meltdown. It was narrated by Oscar-winning actor Matt Damon.
The Oscars will air live on ABC on Feb. 9th.
CLICK HERE TO READ MORE ON FOX BUSINESS |
Q:
Using Git to Figure out How Long a Line of Text Has Been In a File
Suppose we have a file1.txt in a git repository. Suppose this file has a line of text: an old line of text.
Is there a way to figure out, through git (or some other Unix utility?) how many days this line of text has been in this file?
A:
You can use
datefrom=$(git log --pretty=format:'%cd' --date=format:'%Y-%m-%d' -S 'line to find' -- file1.txt)
That will result in date of commit that introduced that string.
log searches commit history
-S option finds first introduction of a string
--pretty=format:'%ad' prints committer date
--date=format obviously formats the date
Now from this: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/215934/whats-a-smart-way-to-count-the-number-of-days-since-x you get:
echo $(( (`date +%s` - `date +%s -d $(datefrom)`) / 86400 ))
which results in number of days from introducing commit.
Ofcourse you can put everything in one command and make an alias,
or you can create git-command-name script and put it into user/bin folder and git will recognize it as git command that you can invoke with
git command-name 'line to find'
|
Introduction {#sec1_1}
============
Hypertension (HT) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and is closely related to adverse events such as stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiac failure \[[@B1]\]. Despite modern antihypertensive therapies, in 10-35% of HT patients, blood pressure (BP) remains high or is barely controlled with combination therapy \[[@B2]\]. These patients are classified as having resistant hypertension (RH) and have a higher risk of complications. Hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been suggested as the major mechanism of RH \[[@B3]\].
Recent studies \[[@B4],[@B5],[@B6],[@B7]\] have revealed the correlation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency with various diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, contrast-induced nephropathy and diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D receptors are broadly expressed by cardiovascular tissues such as endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells and play a role in renin gene expression \[[@B8],[@B9]\]. Although a few studies \[[@B10],[@B11]\] investigated 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the HT population, the correlation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with RH has not been studied before. Hence the objective of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and RH.
Subjects and Methods {#sec1_2}
====================
Study Population {#sec2_1}
----------------
This is a cross-sectional prospective trial conducted at the Hypertension Outpatient Clinic of Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, from September 2013 to April 2014. In total, 150 subjects were included in the study. The participants were allocated to three groups: an RH group (n = 50), a controlled hypertension (CHT, n = 50) group and a normotensive (NT, n = 50) group.
The following data were collected: socio-demographic details, medical history, risk factors, family history, antihypertensive drugs and accompanying therapies (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids and oral contraceptive pills). Non-compliance with therapy was assessed for each patient by pill count, patient self-report and also their relatives. Height (in metres) and body weight (in kilograms) were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m^2^). A semiquantitative questionnaire adapted from the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study was used to classify the physical activity status of the subjects \[[@B12]\].
Exclusion criteria were secondary HT, any disease of bone metabolism, primary hyperparathyroidism, abnormal liver function (an elevation of transaminase level of more than 3 times the upper limit of normal), chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR \<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2^), gastrectomy, intestinal malabsorption and cancer or vitamin D supplementation. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study according to the Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
Measurement of Office and Ambulatory BP {#sec2_2}
---------------------------------------
BP was measured in a quiet environment with a mercury sphygmomanometer with the patient in a sitting position after 5 min of rest. Systolic and diastolic BP were defined with Korotkoff phase I and V sounds, respectively. The mean of three different readings measured at 5-min intervals was recorded. For each patient, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements (ABPM) were performed with a Contec PM50 device. ABPM were performed at 15-min intervals between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. and at 30-min intervals between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m.
Subjects who had suboptimal BP control (\>140/90 mm Hg for office BP or \>135/85 mm Hg for mean ambulatory daytime BP) despite using 3 antihypertensive agents including a diuretic or need for 4 or more drugs to control BP were allocated to the RH group \[[@B2]\]. Patients who had office or mean ambulatory daytime BP below these values with 3 or less antihypertensive drugs were allocated to the CHT group. Patients who did not use any kind of anti-hypertensive drug and whose office BP and ambulatory BP were normal constituted the NT group. White-coat HT was defined as the occurrence of BP values higher than normal when measured in the medical environment, but within the normal range during daily life. Masked HT was defined as a clinical condition in which a patient\'s office BP level is \<140/90 mm Hg but ambulatory or home BP readings are in the hypertensive range. To exclude white-coat and masked HT, ABPM and office measurements were evaluated together.
Laboratory Evaluation {#sec2_3}
---------------------
For routine biochemical measurements, venous blood samples were obtained after 12-hour fasting. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography method and a Zivak ONH 100 A device. Values \<20 ng/ml (\<50 nmol/l) were considered very low, values between 21 and 29 ng/ml (51-74 nmol/l) were considered low, and values \>30 ng/ml (\>75 nmol/l) were considered normal \[[@B13]\]. Serum parathormone (PTH) levels were measured using radioimmunoassay technique and a level of 10-65 pg/ml was considered normal. The study was conducted during the winter season to minimize the effect of seasonal variation in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
Statistical Analysis {#sec2_4}
--------------------
The continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation for parameters with normal distribution and medians (interquartile range) for parameters without normal distribution, and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. Analysis of normality was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ANOVA tests were used for the comparison of continuous variables between the three groups followed by Tukey\'s test. The χ^2^ test was used to compare categorical variables between the groups. Pearson\'s correlation was used to analyse the relationship between continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent correlates of RH. A power analysis (GPower program) \[[@B14]\] was conducted with an effect size set to 0.25 (medium effect size), and the α level set to p \< 0.05. A total number of 146 subjects should be recruited to the study to reach an acceptable statistical power of 0.80. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to show the sensitivity and specificity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the optimal cut-off value for predicting RH. The SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA) software package was used in all analyses, and a two-sided p value \<0.05 was considered significant.
Results {#sec1_3}
=======
The demographic characteristics, BP measurements and medications used are summarized in table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The frequency of gender differences, age and BMI were not different between the study groups. The office systolic and diastolic BP, the ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP measurements were higher in the RH group (office: 137.7 ± 10.8/88.5 ± 14.1 mm Hg, ABPM: 132.3 ± 11.4/83.6 ± 12.1 mm Hg) than in CHT (office: 126.5 ± 6.8/72.5 ± 9.5 mm Hg, ABPM: 124.3 ± 5.2/74.3 ± 8.1 mm Hg) and NT groups (office: 125.8 ± 6.2/71.6 ± 8.2 mm Hg, ABPM: 118.2 ± 5.4/70.8 ± 6.3 mm Hg; p \< 0.001, p \< 0.001, p = 0.021 and p = 0.013, respectively). The mean number of anti-hypertensive drugs used was significantly higher in the RH group (3.9 ± 0.4) compared to the CHT group (1.72 ± 0.7, p \< 0.01). The use of an angiotensin receptor blocker, beta-blocker and diuretics in the RH group was significantly higher when compared to the CHT group \[angiotensin receptor blocker: 28 (56%) vs. 16 (32%), p = 0.013; beta-blocker: 30 (60%) vs. 18 (36%), p = 0.014; diuretic: 50 (100%) vs. 17 (34%), p \< 0.001, respectively; table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}\]. There was no statistical difference between RH and CHT groups regarding the frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, calcium channel blocker, alpha-blocker, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and statin use. Patients in both RH and CHT groups were highly compliant with the medical therapy without a significant difference (98 vs. 96%, respectively, p = 0.55).
The biochemical parameters of the study groups are given in table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was significantly lower in the RH group compared to CHT and NT groups (17.02 ± 5.4, 24.9 ± 4.8, and 28.0 ± 5.7 ng/ml, respectively, p \< 0.001). PTH level was not statistically different between RH, CHT and NT groups (39.2 ± 9.8, 37.7 ± 8.1, and 38.8 ± 7.8 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.652).
Univariate correlation analysis showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were negatively correlated with office systolic BP (r = −0.329, p \< 0.001), office diastolic BP (r = −0.395, p \< 0.001), systolic ambulatory BP (r = −0.844, p = 0.004), and diastolic ambulatory BP (r = −0.567, p = 0.005; table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). However, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not significantly correlated with PTH levels (for RH, r = −0.268, p = 0.06; for CHT, r = −0.175, p = 0.195; for NT, r = −0.124, p = 0.319). Multivariate regression analysis showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels remained as the only independent correlate of RH in the study population (β 0.660, 95% CI 0.572-0.760, p \< 0.001; table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}).
The ROC curve analysis performed to assess the predictive value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for RH and using 21.50 ng/ml optimal cut-off value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for RH gave a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 79% (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.94; fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion {#sec1_4}
==========
In this study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with RH than in CHT and NT patients. In addition, patients with CHT had lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels than NT subjects. This relationship was observed regardless of age, BMI, PTH and calcium levels.
In this study, there was no significant correlation between PTH levels and RH but previous studies revealed that there was a relationship between either high serum PTH levels and/or elevated BP \[[@B15]\] and HT development \[[@B16],[@B17]\]. Therefore, our study is not in line with the studies which show secondary hyperparathyroidism as one of the reasons why vitamin D deficiency causes BP to increase. Our finding that lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with RH independent of PTH levels confirmed those of previous studies \[[@B18],[@B19]\]. He and Scragg \[[@B18]\] reported an inverse correlation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and a positive correlation of PTH levels with systolic and diastolic BP. However, in multivariate regression analysis only PTH levels were found to be independently correlated with BP. He and Scragg \[[@B18]\] concluded that PTH may mediate most of the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and increase in BP. However, Zhao et al. \[[@B19]\] determined that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with BP and incidence of HT and pre-HT independent of PTH measurements. In addition, an independent association of vitamin D levels with carotid intima media thickness has been shown, which was not present with PTH levels \[[@B20]\]. There are also some factors that influence PTH levels such as daily intake of calcium, phosphate and sodium. However, it is hard to investigate the effect of these parameters on PTH levels and BP \[[@B21],[@B22]\].
RH worsens the prognosis of hypertensive patients, leading to higher rates of end organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, kidney failure, endothelial dysfunction, carotid artery stiffness, and atherosclerosis \[[@B23]\]. Pathophysiology and precipitating factors of RH have not been clearly established \[[@B24]\], but it is believed that the pathophysiology is multifactorial and RAS plays a major role. Overactivation of the RAS and aldosterone production is generally recognized in severe HT and in the accelerated phase of HT \[[@B25]\]. Salt- and volume-independent RAS up-regulation (detected as increased levels of renin and angiotensin II levels) and cardiac hypertrophy were determined in vitamin D receptor-null mice \[[@B26]\]. However, in the same study, a stimulation of renin expression in cells either treated with PTH or transfected with the PTH receptor was not observed. Similarly, the independent effect of vitamin D on RAS in humans has been shown by Forman et al. \[[@B27]\]: lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with increased levels of angiotensin II and inadequate response of renal blood flow to angiotensin II in a population of NT subjects with strictly controlled dietary conditions. In several cross-sectional studies, a negative correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and BP has been shown \[[@B11]\]. In some prospective trials, lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were found to be an independent predictor of HT after adjustment for the confounding factors such as demographic properties and PTH levels \[[@B10],[@B28]\]. This association could partially explain the pathophysiology of the association of lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and RH.
Despite broad epidemiological data that describe the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and arterial HT \[[@B29]\], it is still not clear whether or not vitamin D status has an influence on the therapeutic reduction of BP. Beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on vascular health especially in diabetic patients have been reported.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, a single large dose of vitamin D (100,000 IU vitamin D~2~) significantly decreased systolic BP by 14 mm Hg compared with placebo \[[@B30]\]. Witham et al. \[[@B31]\] have shown that a higher dose of vitamin D~3~ (200,000 IU) is associated with better lowering of systolic BP when compared with a lower dose of vitamin D~3~ (100,000 IU) and placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is not clear whether vitamin D supplementation is beneficial in the general population for the treatment of HT.
The limitations of our study include its cross-sectional design with a relatively small sample size and the fact that data regarding the therapeutic use of vitamin D supplementation in HT patients could not be obtained. Also, the daily intake of calcium and phosphate, which may influence vitamin D and PTH levels, was not investigated.
Conclusion {#sec1_5}
==========
In this study, there was an independent correlation between lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the presence of RH. Although it is hard to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of RH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, our findings support previous studies about the possible clinical use of vitamin D deficiency and development of HT. Further studies are warranted to investigate the therapeutic use of vitamin D supplementation in patients with RH.
Disclosure Statement {#sec1_6}
====================
None.
{#F1}
######
General characteristics of RH, CHT and NT groups
RH (n = 50) CHT (n = 50) NT (n = 50) p
---------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------
Age, years 60.8 ± 8 62.06 ± 8 61.2 ± 7 0.744
Female/male, n (%) 28 (56)/22 (44) 30 (60)/20 (40) 27 (54)/23 (46) 0.827
BMI 27.01 ± 2.9 27.4 ± 2.6 26.8 ± 2.8 0.524
Systolic BP (office), mm Hg 137.7 ± 10.8 126.5 ± 6.8 125.8 ± 6.2 \<0.001
Diastolic BP (office), mm Hg 88.5 ± 14.1 72.5 ± 9.5 71.6 ± 8.2 \<0.001
Systolic BP (ABPM), mm Hg 132.3 ± 11.4 124.3 ± 5.2 118.2 ± 5.4 0.021
Diastolic BP (ABPM), mm Hg 83.6 ± 12.1 74.3 ± 8.1 70.8 ± 6.3 0.013
Physical activity (MET-min/week) 7.1 ± 2.5 7.7 ± 2.6 7.4 ± 2.4 0.528
Medications, n (%)
ACEI 39 (78) 34 (68) 0.184
ARB 28 (56) 16 (32) 0.013
Beta-blocker 30 (60) 18 (36) 0.014
CCB 29 (58) 20 (40) 0.191
Alpha-blocker 13 (26) 6 (12) 0.062
Diuretic 50 (100) 17 (34) \<0.001
Statin 7 (14) 9 (18) 0.393
NSAID 16 (32) 15 (30) 0.5
Values are presented as means ± SD unless specified otherwise. ACEI = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; MET = metabolic equivalent of task; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
######
Biochemical parameters of RH, CHT and NT groups
RH (n = 50) CHT (n = 50) NT (n = 50) p
---------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
Glucose, mg/dl 80.3 ± 10 83.1 ± 11.4 82.2 ± 11.3 0.456
Creatinine, mg/dl 0.84 ± 0.09 0.85 ± 0.12 0.85 ± 0.11 0.777
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m^2^ 89.3 ± 6.6 85.6 ± 5.7 87.5 ± 7.2 0.951
Phosphate, mg/dl 3.4 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.6 0.412
Calcium, mg/dl 8.6 ± 0.7 8.4 ± 0.6 8.7 ± 0.7 0.096
Triglycerides, mg/dl 139 ± 38 151 ± 41 142 ± 34 0.432
HDL-C, mg/dl 49.7 ± 10.5 45.3 ± 11.6 46.5 ± 9 0.387
LDL-C, mg/dl 122 ± 24 127 ± 28 120 ± 29 0.491
Cholesterol, mg/dl 193.8 ± 31.2 207.8 ± 43.4 203.7 ± 50.3 0.673
PTH, pg/ml 39.2 ± 9.8 37.7 ± 8.1 38.8 ± 7.8 0.652
25-Hydroxyvitamin D, ng/ml 17.02 ± 5.4 24.9 ± 4.8 28.0 ± 5.7 \<0.001
\<20 ng/ml, n (%) 17 (34) 5 (10) 2 (4)
21--29 ng/ml, n (%) 28 (56) 29 (58) 26 (52)
\>30 ng/ml, n (%) 5 (10) 16 (32) 22 (44)
HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
######
Univariate correlates of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the study population
Variable r p
------------------------------- --------- ---------
Age (years) --0.053 0.519
BMI 0.151 0.65
Systolic BP (office) (mm Hg) --0.329 \<0.001
Diastolic BP (office) (mm Hg) --0.395 \<0.001
Systolic BP (ABPM) (mm Hg) --0.844 0.004
Diastolic BP (ABPM) (mm Hg) --0.567 0.005
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2^) 0.2 0.425
Glucose (mg/dl) --0.084 0.305
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.130 0.112
Calcium (mg/dl) 0.160 0.160
Phosphate (mg/dl) --0.124 0.131
PTH (pg/ml) --0.143 0.81
######
Independent predictors of RH in multivariate logistic regression analysis
Variable β 95% CI p
---------------------------------- ------- -------------- ---------
Age (years) 0.963 0.903--1.028 0.258
Sex 1.413 0.437--4.570 0.564
BMI 1.178 0.970--1.431 0.9
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2^) 0.920 0.834--1.151 0.705
PTH (pg/ml) 0.985 0.923--1.051 0.646
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/ml) 0.660 0.572--0.760 \<0.001
LDL-C (mg/dl) 1 0.978--1.023 0.985
Physical activity (MET-min/week) 0.871 0.688--1.102 0.249
Calcium (mg/dl) 1.367 0.806--2.318 0.246
Phosphate (mg/dl) 0.855 0.372--1.965 0.712
LDL-C = Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET = metabolic equivalent of task.
|
Genesis (DC Comics)
"Genesis" was a comic book crossover storyline published by DC Comics that ran through a self-titled four-issue weekly miniseries and various tie-in issues, all cover-dated October 1997. The main miniseries was written by John Byrne and drawn by Ron Wagner.
Plot
The storyline revolves around the concept of the "Godwave", an interstellar phenomenon created by the Source that spread across the universe, creating gods on its first pass before reaching the edge of the universe and bouncing back, creating demigods and metahumans on its second pass.
The Godwave threatens reality when it reaches back to its starting point, altering or neutralizing the abilities of various metahumans and making ordinary humans feel like something is missing. The superheroes of Earth and the New Gods of New Genesis battle Darkseid to prevent him from accomplishing his plan to seize the power of the Godwave. Darkseid and his forces stage an invasion of Earth before travelling to the Source Wall where they are confronted by the heroes.
Tie-ins
Action Comics #738The Adventures of Superman #551Aquaman vol. 5 #37Azrael #34Batman #547Green Lantern vol. 3 #91Impulse #30Jack Kirby's Fourth World #8Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 4 #97Lobo #44The Power of SHAZAM! #31Resurrection Man #6Robin vol. 4 #46Sovereign Seven #27The Spectre vol. 3 #58Starman #35Steel #43Superboy and the Ravers #14Supergirl vol. 4 #14Superman vol. 2 #128Superman: The Man of Steel #72Teen Titans vol. 2 #13Wonder Woman vol. 2 #126Xero #6Young Heroes in Love #5
References
External links
Category:Comics by John Byrne |
Have you ever taken a bite from an apple and felt your mouth get itchy? Did a tasty banana cause your tongue to swell? If so, chances are you have oral allergy syndrome, or pollen-food allergy syndrome as it’s also known. It happens because your immune system can’t tell the difference between proteins in these foods and pollen. The symptoms are usually itching, tingling, and swelling, mostly to the mouth, lips, and throat.
You Can Have It and Not Know It
Oral allergy syndrome is common, says Robert Eitches, MD, attending physician at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He says he has about 500 patients who have it.
But many who have it don’t know they do. A lot of people with pollen allergies know they can’t tolerate these foods, but they don’t make the connection between them and their allergies, he says.
People find out when their allergy testing is negative for foods but positive for something like birch pollen, grass pollen, or ragweed pollen, Eitches says.
"We’re just learning about the syndrome over the last 5 or 10 years," Eitches says. "I think it’s been around longer than we realized. It’s become more obvious in the last 2 or 3 years."
Who Gets It?
Oral allergy syndrome mostly affects teens and adults, though younger children sometimes get it, too.
In most cases the reactions are mild and don’t last long. Symptoms usually show up right after you eat. But it could take up to an hour.
What If My Reactions Are Severe?
Treat it like a pollen allergy. Antihistamines, epinephrine (for severe reactions) and immunotherapy are three courses of action. But there isn’t a specific medication to treat oral allergy syndrome.
In rare cases, it can cause a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include:
Shortness of breath
Tightness in your throat
Hives
Vomiting
Nausea
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Call 911 if you have any of these signs.
Your doctor can tell you if you’re at risk for anaphylaxis. He may prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector. |
I know the question sounds like that of someone who have no belief in God but the truth is I do, and the question: “Can God Cure HIV AIDS?” Is not intended to raise doubt but bring awareness of God in the healing of diseases. |
Crystal structure of a C-terminal deletion mutant of human protein kinase CK2 catalytic subunit.
Protein kinase CK2 (formerly called: casein kinase 2) is a heterotetrameric enzyme composed of two separate catalytic chains (CK2alpha) and a stable dimer of two non-catalytic subunits (CK2beta). CK2alpha is a highly conserved member of the superfamily of eukaryotic protein kinases. The crystal structure of a C-terminal deletion mutant of human CK2alpha was solved and refined to 2.5A resolution. In the crystal the CK2alpha mutant exists as a monomer in agreement with the organization of the subunits in the CK2 holoenzyme. The refined structure shows the helix alphaC and the activation segment, two main regions of conformational plasticity and regulatory importance in eukaryotic protein kinases, in active conformations stabilized by extensive contacts to the N-terminal segment. This arrangement is in accordance with the constitutive activity of the enzyme. By structural superimposition of human CK2alpha in isolated form and embedded in the human CK2 holoenzyme the loop connecting the strands beta4 and beta5 and the ATP-binding loop were identified as elements of structural variability. This structural comparison suggests that the ATP-binding loop may be the key region by which the non-catalytic CK2beta dimer modulates the activity of CK2alpha. The beta4/beta5 loop was found in a closed conformation in contrast to the open conformation observed for the CK2alpha subunits of the CK2 holoenzyme. CK2alpha monomers with this closed beta4/beta5 loop conformation are unable to bind CK2beta dimers in the common way for sterical reasons, suggesting a mechanism to protect CK2alpha from integration into CK2 holoenzyme complexes. This observation is consistent with the growing evidence that CK2alpha monomers and CK2beta dimers can exist in vivo independently from the CK2 holoenzyme and may possess physiological roles of their own. |
We’ve all seen cell phone towers. At about 200 feet tall, they let us upload things and talk to people from a distance. Now, Notre Dame and the city of South Bend are collaborating to help you do this with cutting-edge technology.
Studies show people ages 18 to 33 use their cell phones about 85 times every day. That’s about five hours!
The city of South Bend and researchers at Notre Dame recognize the importance of cell phone usage, so they're teaming up for an opportunity to make it even better.
“We think that we can be competitive and bring the "testbed" here, and what that means to the everyday person is that some really exciting things are going to be happening in the wireless space around them,” said J. Nicholas Laneman, Co-Director of the Wireless Institute and Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame.
“So this is a prototype base station, or access point, for Wi-Fi. The technology that we’re developing in collaboration with our industry partners allows Wi-Fi devices to talk to the access point simultaneously,” said Laneman.
This just means their technology would make it so you won't have to try again and again uploading posts or sending messages in crowded areas like football games or concerts.
“This testbed will put both Notre Dame and South Bend on the map,” said Laneman.
Doctor Laneman also says it’s a chance to show what both parties can bring to the table.
“Companies and also researchers can take their technologies out of the lab and test it at city scale,” said Laneman. |
Get the story to fuel your conversation today.
Glenn Greenwald's Testimony to Congress Killed By Obama
Four days ago, Representative Alan Grayson (D-Fla.) announced that he was convening an informal bipartisan Congressional hearing to talk about the National Security Agency’s surveillance program. Today, the hearing was canceled because President Obama scheduled a meeting for the same time with House Democrats. Glenn Greenwald, Edward Snowden's original correspondent and main advocate, as well as the most prominent person testifying, was quick to insinuate that the decision was politically calculated.
In an email to Politico, Greenwald responded that "Obama developed a sudden and newfound interest in House Democrats and scheduled a meeting with them for that same time."
Greenwald is not exactly subtle, and the message of the email is very pointed about the president's "sudden and newfound" interest. So is the president simply trying to save face from a hearing that would probably make him look bad among liberals? Could we go so far, as some critics inevitably will, to call it a cover-up?
A cover-up seems like a definite stretch, although the White House was clearly trying to save face. Unfortunately for them, though, it was a terrible attempt almost Greenwald-esque in its subtlety. And now it could completely backfire.
The informal hearing was previously a minor news story, albeit an interesting one. With the support of Representative Justin Amash (R-Mich.), whose amendment limiting NSA surveillance came surprisingly close to passing the House last week, a dozen or so Democratic and Republican congressmen would meet with prominent conservative and liberal critics of the program. In Grayson's words, the hearing would rebuke the "constant misleading information" provided by the intelligence community.
The informal setting would create more opportunities for discussion than a regular hearing, and it would amplify the voices nearly drowned out by those invoking the defense of national security against any criticisms of NSA surveillance. And bipartisan anything is a nice change for Washington these days. On the whole though, the hearing was a media appearance, one more prone to political posturing than substantive policy debate.
To start, the politicians were not going to say anything new. Although the two factions of this debate have transcended party lines, last week's vote made it very clear where each individual representative stands on the issue. Furthermore, the premise of the hearing would inherently draw those who tended to support the civil liberties perspective.
Those testifying were not going to say anything new either. While the perspective of the intelligence community has remained dominant in congressional proceedings, the opposition to the program has already made their case clear through the media and other outlets. The hearing would serve to amplify their concerns, not introduce them in the first place.
Finally, Glenn Greenwald was probably not going to say anything new. His statements over the past few weeks, from the initial revelations to recent comments on low-level NSA analysts, demonstrate a very strategic calculus about the publication of new information. He releases information incrementally, often with prior warning in order to first grab the public's attention.
Of course, there is a chance that the hearing would provide a platform for new revelations, particularly given the comments of this past weekend. Yet Greenwald already has a platform through the internet. Whether through the Internet or the hearing, he will release new information this week if he chooses to. The effect on audience size would not significantly differ either way.
The hearings, then, would have criticized the NSA programs and, by extension, the Obama administration, but they would have remained a minor story. Except that the White House has now made a huge strategic communications error by baldly attempting to sidetrack the hearing.
At best, it distances Obama from civil liberties advocates in his own party. At worst, it is a naked political blunder that draws significant attention to a previously embarrassing, but minor, hearing. In either case, it does not provide any sort of strategic benefit, unless all of the attention focused upon the NSA and the Snowden revelations fades during the August recess.
The chances of that happening, of course, are low, particularly since Greenwald can choose to release more information whenever he likes. Besides, with enough interest, Congressional representatives can simply hold another hearing once Congress resumes.
Like many of the events since the initial NSA revelations, the administration's actions have demonstrated a reluctance to take responsibility for its programs and a fear to engage the public by defending its position in open debate.
Today's political maneuvers may have escaped media attention amidst the Bradley Manning decision, but the White House cannot simply block out these criticisms and avoid responsibility forever. Dissent has a way of making itself heard. Three years after Wikileaks and nearly two months after PRISM, you would think the White House would have learned that by now. |
Q:
How to handle 404 in application context level
I have 2 applications/projects deployed in tomcat 7 web server. There context paths are different like "project1", "project2". When I hit URLs with these context path, corresponding application loads and works fine.
Valid URLs are:
http://localhost:8080/project1
http://localhost:8080/project2
Now when I hit any wrong URL with correct host name and incorrect context path like /project3, it give me error message
404 not found and shows a weird screen to the user.
I want to show a proper page with proper message to the end user. How can I do that in web server level?
A:
You can adapt Tomcat's conf/web.xml file to show some other page than the default for the 404 error - see here for an example.
Extract:
<error-page>
<error-code>404</error-code>
<location>/NotFound.jsp</location>
</error-page>
|
Increase of the adhesion ability and display of a rumen fungal xylanase on the cell surface of Lactobacillus casei by using a listerial cell-wall-anchoring protein.
Lactobacillus, which has great adhesion ability to intestinal mucosa and is able to hydrolyse plant cell walls, can be used more efficiently as a feed additive. To increase the adhesion ability and display a fungal xylanase on the cell surface of Lactobacillus casei, the Listeria monocytogenes cell-wall-anchoring protein gene, mub, was introduced into L. casei ATCC 393 cells and used as a fusion partner to display the rumen fungal xylanase XynCDBFV on the cell surface of the transformed strains. The transformed strain L. casei pNZ-mub, which harboured mub gene, displayed recombinant Mub on its cell surface and showed greater adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells than the parental strain. The transformed strain L. casei pNZ-mub/xyn, which harboured mub-xynCDBFV fusion gene, acquired the capacity to break down oat spelt xylan and exhibited greater competition ability against the adhesion of L. monocytogenes to Caco-2 cells, in comparison with the parental strain. Mub has a potential to be used as a fusion partner to display heterologous proteins on the cell surface of Lactobacillus. Moreover, this is the first report of the successful display of xylanase on the cell surface of Lactobacillus. |
1. Field
Embodiments may generally relate to methods and systems for managing instant messaging. More particularly, some embodiments are concerned with providing a consultation instant message (IM) session in association with a callable workgroup.
2. Description
Telecommunication systems may allow for the grouping of multiple users into a “workgroup”. A workgroup may refer to a group of people working together to achieve common business objectives. Workgroups may be formed along organizational divisions and subdivisions within an enterprise.
Conventional IM systems and methods allow a user to participate in an IM session with one or more participants and separately participate with other users in another separate IM session. In order to consult or avail themselves of the input from other users, an IM participant conventionally actively engages in an IM session with all of the participants they seek input from. For example, an IM participant may engage in an IM session with three other users to gather input from the three other users.
As such, there exists a need for a system, method, and computer executable program for managing callable workgroup instant messages, including a consultation IM session. |
Determinants and Prevention of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury.
Ventilator-induced lung injury develops from interactions between the lung parenchyma and applied mechanical power. In acute respiratory distress syndrome, the lung is smaller size with an inhomogeneous structure. The same mechanical force applied on a reduced parenchyma would produce volutrauma; the concentration of mechanical forces at inhomogeneous interfaces produces atelectrauma. Higher positive end-expiratory pressures favor volutrauma and reduce atelectrauma; lower values do the opposite. Volutrauma and atelectrauma harms and benefits, however, seem to be equivalent at 5 to 15 cm H2O. At values greater than 15 cm H2O, the risk of damage outweighs the benefits of major atelectrauma prevention. |
MADRID (Reuters) - Spain hopes to sign off on a bilateral agreement with Britain over Gibraltar before October so as not to hinder a Brexit transition deal, Spanish Foreign Minister Alfonso Dastis told Reuters on Wednesday.
Spanish Foreign Minister Alfonso Dastis reacts during an interview with Reuters at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Madrid, Spain, April 4, 2018. REUTERS/Susana Vera
Failure to reach an agreement on Gibraltar, a British territory on Spain’s southern coast, could disrupt a planned 21-month transition period for Britain following its official withdrawal from the European Union on March 29, 2019.
Gibraltar is due to leave along with the United Kingdom on that date, though 96 percent of its population voted in the 2016 referendum to remain in the EU and the territory is anxious to preserve free movement of people across its border with Spain.
Talks between London and Madrid have been underway since January, Dastis said, with teams of Spanish and British civil servants meeting three or four times so far in encounters arranged in both countries.
“Things are progressing well so therefore we’d like to be optimistic,” Dastis said in an interview.
Both the EU and Britain have said they hope to get the exit deal agreed by October.
Dastis said he hoped the bilateral accord on Gibraltar could be signed off before October and form a part of that final deal, which is also expected to comprise a framework for future trade relations between the EU and the United Kingdom.
“Our aspiration is that the bilateral agreement (with Spain) can be signed off the same time as the general agreement,” he said.
The EU has said the transition deal can only be finalised if Britain honors its commitments on Gibraltar and on the Irish border, another thorny diplomatic issue for London.
AIRPORT, TAX DATA
Talks are centering around possible joint use of Gibraltar airport and a more comprehensive sharing of fiscal data between Britain and Spain for Gibraltar residents to prevent tax avoidance, Dastis said.
The airport is built on a disputed isthmus of land that connects Gibraltar to Spain and that Madrid does not recognize as British territory. It handles around half a million passengers per year with regular flights to British cities.
Spain has sought joint use for the airport on two previous occasions.
“It seems to us a good idea to make a third attempt. You could apply the saying ‘third time lucky’,” he said.
The peninsula, a British territory since 1713 and known to its 30,000 residents as “the Rock”, is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations. Spain has long claimed sovereignty over the territory.
Shortly after the 2016 Brexit referendum, Spain’s then-foreign minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo ruffled British feathers by saying he hoped Britain’s exit from the EU would usher in co-sovereignty of Gibraltar - or as he put it at the time, “the Spanish flag on the Rock”.
Spain still wants to reclaim Gibraltar, but the government is not trying to use Brexit to further that goal, Dastis said.
“We recognize that Gibraltar was ceded to Britain more than 300 years ago but our aim is to recover it,” he said.
“However, we do not want to convert the conversation between the European Union and Britain into a hostage-type situation.” |
Q:
Django datetimefield como text
Estou criando uma aplicação no django onde terei um formulário para criação de agendamento de consultas, meu model está assim:
class Agenda(models.Model):
"""Criação da agenda de consultas da Clinica"""
data_consulta = models.DateTimeField()
paciente = models.ForeignKey(Paciente, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
servico = models.ForeignKey(Servico, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING)
observacoes = models.TextField()
status = models.ForeignKey(StatusConsulta, null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING)
form_pagamento = models.ForeignKey(FormPagamento, null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING)
consulta_realizada = models.BooleanField()
data_criacao = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
def __str__(self):
return self.servico.servico
class Meta:
verbose_name = "Agenda"
Criei uma classe AgendaForm para para gerar o formulário:
class AgendaForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Agenda
fields = ['paciente', 'servico', 'data_consulta', 'observacoes', 'status', 'form_pagamento']
labels = {'paciente': 'Paciente', 'servico': 'Serviço',
'observacoes': 'Observações', 'status': 'Status', 'form_pagamento': 'Forma de Pagamento'}
Já no meu views.py tenho o método que irá retornar a minha view:
def novoAgendamento(request):
"""Cadastra novos agendamentos"""
if request.method != 'POST':
form = AgendaForm
context = {'form': form}
return render(request, 'core/cadastraConsulta.html', context)
e por último a minha view:
{% extends 'core/base.html' %}
{% block content %}
<h1>Agenda Consulta</h1>
<form action="{% url 'core:novoAgendamento' %}" method="post">
<table>
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_table }}
</table>
<button>Salvar</button>
</form>
{% endblock content %}
E o django gera o formulário pra mim, o problema é que o campo data da consulta ao invés de mostrar um campo do tipo datetime mostra um campo do tipo text
<input type="text" name="data_consulta" id="id_data_consulta" required />
Alguém sabe o que preciso mudar para que o campo saia com o formato correto? Lembrando que no django admin funciona normalmente do jeito que preciso.
A:
Por padrão, o forms.DateTimeField vai usar o widget DateTimeInput que tem como input_type 'text'. Uma maneira de resolver isso, seria assim:
class DateInput(forms.DateInput):
input_type = 'date'
class AgendaForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Agenda
widgets = {
'data_consulta': DateInput()
}
Referência para o código acima
|
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