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PMID:9772 | Dissolution rate of cadmium from dental gold solder alloys. | The dissolution rate of cadmium from six different dental gold solder alloys was determined in an in vitro potentiostatic study. The measurements were made in the potential range 740--880 mV and attempts have been made to extrapolate the results to a potential region that might in reality occur in the oral cavity. For comparison the dissolution rates of copper and zinc were also determined. Electrochemically the most interesting quantity was the logarithm of the dissolution rate because it is a linear function of the applied potential. This linear relationship was given by the Tafel equation. The dissolution rate of cadmium was shown to be rather small even under circumstances which may be said to represent very unfavourable conditions within the oral cavity. | Dissolution rate of cadmium from dental gold solder alloys. The dissolution rate of cadmium from six different dental gold solder alloys was determined in an in vitro potentiostatic study. The measurements were made in the potential range 740--880 mV and attempts have been made to extrapolate the results to a potential region that might in reality occur in the oral cavity. For comparison the dissolution rates of copper and zinc were also determined. Electrochemically the most interesting quantity was the logarithm of the dissolution rate because it is a linear function of the applied potential. This linear relationship was given by the Tafel equation. The dissolution rate of cadmium was shown to be rather small even under circumstances which may be said to represent very unfavourable conditions within the oral cavity. | [
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PMID:9769 | Preliminary report: parenteral Lorazepam in induced epileptic states in man. | The anticonvulsive effect of Lorazepam -- one of the newer diazepines -- has been tested in 10 patients with induced epileptic conditions under continuous polygraphic control. The quantitative analysis of the paroxysmal discharges -- i.e. the evolution of the "paroxysmal index" -- shows that 5 mg IV Lorazepam normalize the tracings in 2.3 minutes. Parenteral Lorazepam inhibits pharmacologically-induced electroencephalographic abnormalities in man. Its action is slightly delayed. No effect on cardiac or respiratory function, or muscle tone was noted. | Preliminary report: parenteral Lorazepam in induced epileptic states in man. The anticonvulsive effect of Lorazepam -- one of the newer diazepines -- has been tested in 10 patients with induced epileptic conditions under continuous polygraphic control. The quantitative analysis of the paroxysmal discharges -- i.e. the evolution of the "paroxysmal index" -- shows that 5 mg IV Lorazepam normalize the tracings in 2.3 minutes. Parenteral Lorazepam inhibits pharmacologically-induced electroencephalographic abnormalities in man. Its action is slightly delayed. No effect on cardiac or respiratory function, or muscle tone was noted. | [
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PMID:9773 | The correlation between salivary peroxidase activity, salivary flow rate, and the oxidation-reduction potentials of human saliva and dental plaque suspensions. | 18 subjects, 9 males and 9 females, were examined regarding salivary oxidation-reduction potential, salivary flow rate, salivary peroxidase activity, oxidation-reduction potential of dental plaque samples, and dental health. Both the peroxidase activity, expressed as the salivary lactoperoxidase, and the salivary oxidation-reduction potential increased with increasing salivary flow rate. The variation of these variables was obviously due to changes in salivary flow rate during the day. The remarkably slight differences in peroxidase activities, oxidation-reduction potentials and salivary flow rate in this study did not have any marked correlation with the clinical recordings of the test groups. | The correlation between salivary peroxidase activity, salivary flow rate, and the oxidation-reduction potentials of human saliva and dental plaque suspensions. 18 subjects, 9 males and 9 females, were examined regarding salivary oxidation-reduction potential, salivary flow rate, salivary peroxidase activity, oxidation-reduction potential of dental plaque samples, and dental health. Both the peroxidase activity, expressed as the salivary lactoperoxidase, and the salivary oxidation-reduction potential increased with increasing salivary flow rate. The variation of these variables was obviously due to changes in salivary flow rate during the day. The remarkably slight differences in peroxidase activities, oxidation-reduction potentials and salivary flow rate in this study did not have any marked correlation with the clinical recordings of the test groups. | [
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PMID:9774 | Rapid diagnosis of Enterobacteriaceae. I. Detection of bacterial glycosidases. | The paper describes a number of tests for the rapid detection of glycosidases including alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-fucosidase. The methods use heavy suspensions of viable but non-multiplying bacteria in a buffered solution of a chromogenic substrate. The results of the tests are readable within 4 h. The application of these tests to a collection of 633 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae demonstrates that some of the tests may be valuable additions to the present tests available for the identification of bacteria belonging to these families. beta-glucuronidase activity was observed only in strains of the Escherichia-Shigella group. 97 per cent of the Escherichia strains possessed beta-glucuronidase activity. beta-xylosidase activity was almost completely restricted to strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group in addition to Yersinia strains. None of the strains possessed alpha-fucosidase activity. | Rapid diagnosis of Enterobacteriaceae. I. Detection of bacterial glycosidases. The paper describes a number of tests for the rapid detection of glycosidases including alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-xylosidase and alpha-fucosidase. The methods use heavy suspensions of viable but non-multiplying bacteria in a buffered solution of a chromogenic substrate. The results of the tests are readable within 4 h. The application of these tests to a collection of 633 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae demonstrates that some of the tests may be valuable additions to the present tests available for the identification of bacteria belonging to these families. beta-glucuronidase activity was observed only in strains of the Escherichia-Shigella group. 97 per cent of the Escherichia strains possessed beta-glucuronidase activity. beta-xylosidase activity was almost completely restricted to strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group in addition to Yersinia strains. None of the strains possessed alpha-fucosidase activity. | [
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PMID:9775 | Proteolytic degradation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. | Staphylococcal alpha-toxin of mol.wt. 39,000 was degraded at an alkaline pH by staphylococcal extracellular proteases resulting in the formation of three relatively stable intermediates with mol.wt. 27,500, 23,500 and 12,000. The intermediate with mol.wt. 27,500 which existed in two charged forms, was isolated by column chromatography and found to be non-haemolytic. Furthermore, it could be obtained by proteolysis of alpha-toxin (mol.wt. 39,000) with chymotrypsin in low concentrations. This intermediate was further degraded by trypsin to the protein with mol.wt. 23,500 and 12,000. | Proteolytic degradation of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin of mol.wt. 39,000 was degraded at an alkaline pH by staphylococcal extracellular proteases resulting in the formation of three relatively stable intermediates with mol.wt. 27,500, 23,500 and 12,000. The intermediate with mol.wt. 27,500 which existed in two charged forms, was isolated by column chromatography and found to be non-haemolytic. Furthermore, it could be obtained by proteolysis of alpha-toxin (mol.wt. 39,000) with chymotrypsin in low concentrations. This intermediate was further degraded by trypsin to the protein with mol.wt. 23,500 and 12,000. | [
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PMID:9776 | Glycerol transport in human red cells. | The kinetics of 14C-glycerol exchange was studied in human red cells. Glycerol appeared to be transported by two mechanisms: (i) by facilitated diffusion with permeability depending on glycerol concentration, and (ii) by an unspecific pathway, presumably representing the diffusion of individual glycerol molecules through the membrane with permeability independent of glycerol concentration. The latter permeability was 8 X 10(-8) cm/s at 20 degrees C, it was independent of pH, and had an activation energy of 25 kcal/mol. The facilitated transport of glycerol was completely inhibited by Cu++, and the activation energy was low, about 10 kcal/mol. The transport system was competitively inhibited by H+, reacting with at least three hydrogen analogue, as well as dimethylsulfoxide (a hydrogen bonding molecule with no structural resemblance to glycerol), inhibited glycerol transport competitively. Steins "dimerizer hypothesis" was revised according to our findings. A kinetic scheme describing the reactions of a transport controlling site with glycerol is presented in the Appendix. It is demonstrated in the article that the scheme accounts for out experimental results. | Glycerol transport in human red cells. The kinetics of 14C-glycerol exchange was studied in human red cells. Glycerol appeared to be transported by two mechanisms: (i) by facilitated diffusion with permeability depending on glycerol concentration, and (ii) by an unspecific pathway, presumably representing the diffusion of individual glycerol molecules through the membrane with permeability independent of glycerol concentration. The latter permeability was 8 X 10(-8) cm/s at 20 degrees C, it was independent of pH, and had an activation energy of 25 kcal/mol. The facilitated transport of glycerol was completely inhibited by Cu++, and the activation energy was low, about 10 kcal/mol. The transport system was competitively inhibited by H+, reacting with at least three hydrogen analogue, as well as dimethylsulfoxide (a hydrogen bonding molecule with no structural resemblance to glycerol), inhibited glycerol transport competitively. Steins "dimerizer hypothesis" was revised according to our findings. A kinetic scheme describing the reactions of a transport controlling site with glycerol is presented in the Appendix. It is demonstrated in the article that the scheme accounts for out experimental results. | [
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PMID:9777 | Significance of the extracellular bicarbonate buffer system to anaerobic glycolysis in hypoxic muscle. | 1. The influence of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate buffer system on anaerobic energy production during severe hypoxia was studied in isolated right hemidiaphragms of rats.--2. When the tissue was incubated in a Ringer solution containing 25 mM HCO-3 aerated with 7% CO2 in N2 at pH 7.4, the lactate production and lactate content of the tissue increased.--3. At an extracellular (tissue bath) pH OF 6.9 the lactate production was stimulated when carbon dioxide and bicarbonate were changed to 19% and 25 mM, respectively. This stimulatory effect disappeared when these values were lowered to 7% and 7 mM.--4. At pH 7.4 the stimulatory effect of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system persisted when the buffer value was lowered from 60 to 3 mM by changing the system from an open (i.e. continuous gas equilibration) to a closed one (i.e. without any gas phase). Decreasing the glucose in the media from 22 to 0 mM reduced the lactate production and abolished the stimulatory effect of the carbon dioxide--bicarbonate system.--5. There was no direct effect of this system on the glycolytic enzymes (i.e. lactate production and activity of phosphofructokinase of homogenates). | Significance of the extracellular bicarbonate buffer system to anaerobic glycolysis in hypoxic muscle. 1. The influence of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate buffer system on anaerobic energy production during severe hypoxia was studied in isolated right hemidiaphragms of rats.--2. When the tissue was incubated in a Ringer solution containing 25 mM HCO-3 aerated with 7% CO2 in N2 at pH 7.4, the lactate production and lactate content of the tissue increased.--3. At an extracellular (tissue bath) pH OF 6.9 the lactate production was stimulated when carbon dioxide and bicarbonate were changed to 19% and 25 mM, respectively. This stimulatory effect disappeared when these values were lowered to 7% and 7 mM.--4. At pH 7.4 the stimulatory effect of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system persisted when the buffer value was lowered from 60 to 3 mM by changing the system from an open (i.e. continuous gas equilibration) to a closed one (i.e. without any gas phase). Decreasing the glucose in the media from 22 to 0 mM reduced the lactate production and abolished the stimulatory effect of the carbon dioxide--bicarbonate system.--5. There was no direct effect of this system on the glycolytic enzymes (i.e. lactate production and activity of phosphofructokinase of homogenates). | [
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PMID:9778 | Influence of adipose tissue blood flow on the lipolytic response to circulating noradrenaline at normal and reduced pH. | Hypercapnic acidosis (pH 7.0) inhibits the lipolytic response of canine subcutaneous adipose tissue to i.v. infused noradrenaline (NA) by 80 per cent or more. The response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, on the other hand, is only reduced by 10-40 per cent during acidosis. The fate of intravenously infused 3H-labelled NA (0.35 ug X kg-1 X min-1 for 30 min) was not significantly altered by acidosis. The rate of disappearance of unmetabolized NA from the arterial plasma after an infusion was the same at pH 7.4 and 7.0 and the calculated increase in circulating NA during infusions was 4 ng/ml at both pH:s. I.v. infusion of Na increases adipose tissue blood flow, an effect which is attenuated by acidosis. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between adipose tissue blood flow and the lipolytic response at normal pH. Preventing the NA-induced increase in blood flow by constant flow perfusion reduced the lipolytic response at normal pH. The degree of inhibition by acidosis of the lipolytic response to i.v. NA was significantly reduced (from 79 to 56 per cent, p less than 0.05) when the adipose tissue was perfused at constant flow. These data suggest that adipose tissue blood flow is important in determining the lipolytic response to i.v. NA, probably by influencing the delivery of NA to the tissue. The marked inhibition by acidosis of lipolysis due to i.v. infused NA therefore appears to be the combined effect of a direct antilipolytic effect of acidosis and a decreased delivery of NA to the adipose tissue due to the attenuated blood flow response. | Influence of adipose tissue blood flow on the lipolytic response to circulating noradrenaline at normal and reduced pH. Hypercapnic acidosis (pH 7.0) inhibits the lipolytic response of canine subcutaneous adipose tissue to i.v. infused noradrenaline (NA) by 80 per cent or more. The response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, on the other hand, is only reduced by 10-40 per cent during acidosis. The fate of intravenously infused 3H-labelled NA (0.35 ug X kg-1 X min-1 for 30 min) was not significantly altered by acidosis. The rate of disappearance of unmetabolized NA from the arterial plasma after an infusion was the same at pH 7.4 and 7.0 and the calculated increase in circulating NA during infusions was 4 ng/ml at both pH:s. I.v. infusion of Na increases adipose tissue blood flow, an effect which is attenuated by acidosis. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between adipose tissue blood flow and the lipolytic response at normal pH. Preventing the NA-induced increase in blood flow by constant flow perfusion reduced the lipolytic response at normal pH. The degree of inhibition by acidosis of the lipolytic response to i.v. NA was significantly reduced (from 79 to 56 per cent, p less than 0.05) when the adipose tissue was perfused at constant flow. These data suggest that adipose tissue blood flow is important in determining the lipolytic response to i.v. NA, probably by influencing the delivery of NA to the tissue. The marked inhibition by acidosis of lipolysis due to i.v. infused NA therefore appears to be the combined effect of a direct antilipolytic effect of acidosis and a decreased delivery of NA to the adipose tissue due to the attenuated blood flow response. | [
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PMID:9779 | Contrast media with and without calcium for cardioangiography in children. | The possible beneficial effects of added calcium ions to contrast media to diminish myocardial toxicity was evaluated in 93 cardiac catheterizations with cardioangiography, performed in 50 children and adolescents. Two contrast media with equal iodine content (370 mg/ml) and similar physical properties were used: Isopawue-370, containing 0.34 mg calcium/ml, and Renografin-76, not containing calcium. It is concluded that addition of calcium to contrast media for cardioangiography in children and adolescents does not alter their myocardial, fluid or electrolyte effects when injected selectively into the cardiac chambers or great vessels. | Contrast media with and without calcium for cardioangiography in children. The possible beneficial effects of added calcium ions to contrast media to diminish myocardial toxicity was evaluated in 93 cardiac catheterizations with cardioangiography, performed in 50 children and adolescents. Two contrast media with equal iodine content (370 mg/ml) and similar physical properties were used: Isopawue-370, containing 0.34 mg calcium/ml, and Renografin-76, not containing calcium. It is concluded that addition of calcium to contrast media for cardioangiography in children and adolescents does not alter their myocardial, fluid or electrolyte effects when injected selectively into the cardiac chambers or great vessels. | [
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PMID:9780 | Influence of the cation on the side-effects of urographic contrast media. | The incidence of side-effects produced by meglumine diatrizoate and meglumine-, meglumine-calcium-, and sodium-calcium-magnesium metrizoate, was compared in 800 urographies. Patients older than 60 years seem to have less side-effects than younger patients. The incidence of sensation of warmth seems to be higher in patients who have had previous urographies, compared to those who are examined for the first time. The incidence of this effect is higher for the sodium-calcium-magnesium salt of metrizoate, than for other salts of metrizoate. | Influence of the cation on the side-effects of urographic contrast media. The incidence of side-effects produced by meglumine diatrizoate and meglumine-, meglumine-calcium-, and sodium-calcium-magnesium metrizoate, was compared in 800 urographies. Patients older than 60 years seem to have less side-effects than younger patients. The incidence of sensation of warmth seems to be higher in patients who have had previous urographies, compared to those who are examined for the first time. The incidence of this effect is higher for the sodium-calcium-magnesium salt of metrizoate, than for other salts of metrizoate. | [
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PMID:9781 | Regulation of lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12. | A general survey of the regulation in lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12 is presented. No polygenic operon exists for the genes that code for enzymes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway. Lysyl-tRNA is not directly involved as a co-repressor in the pathway. Different regulation mechanisms must exist for the different enzymes. In the case of the last enzyme, diaminopimelate decarboxylase, its synthesis is induced in vivo by the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase under its non-inhibited allosteric conformation. | Regulation of lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12. A general survey of the regulation in lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12 is presented. No polygenic operon exists for the genes that code for enzymes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway. Lysyl-tRNA is not directly involved as a co-repressor in the pathway. Different regulation mechanisms must exist for the different enzymes. In the case of the last enzyme, diaminopimelate decarboxylase, its synthesis is induced in vivo by the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase under its non-inhibited allosteric conformation. | [
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PMID:9783 | Regulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis in Salmonella. | Several types of 4-fluorophenylalanine resistant mutants were isolated. In one type of mutant DAHP synthetase (tyr) and prephenate dehydrogenase were coordinately derepressed. The mutation was linked to aroF and tyrA and was cis- dominant by merodiploid analysis, thus confirming that it is an operator constitutive mutation (tyrOc). A second type of mutation showed highly elevated levels of tyrosine pathway enzymes which were not repressed by L-tyrosine. It was unlinked to tyrA and aroF, and was trans-recessive in merodiploids. These properties were attributed to a mutation in a regulator gene, tyrR (linked to pyr F), that resulted in altered or non-functional aporepressor. Hence tyrO, tyrA, and aroF constitute an operon regulated by tyrR. In a third type of mutation chorismate mutase P-prephenate dehydratase was highly elevated. It was not linked to pheA, was located in the 95--100 min region of the Salmonella chromosome, and was recessive to the wild type gene in merodiploids. A mutation was, therefore, indicated in a regulatory gene, pheR, which specified an aporepressor for regulating pheA. DAHP synthetase (phe), specified by aroG, was not regulated by pheR, but was derepressed in one of the tyrR mutants, suggesting that as in Escherichia coli tyrR may regulate DAHP synthetase(phe) and DAHP synthetase (tyr) with the same aporepressor. A novel mutation in chorismate mutase is described. | Regulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis in Salmonella. Several types of 4-fluorophenylalanine resistant mutants were isolated. In one type of mutant DAHP synthetase (tyr) and prephenate dehydrogenase were coordinately derepressed. The mutation was linked to aroF and tyrA and was cis- dominant by merodiploid analysis, thus confirming that it is an operator constitutive mutation (tyrOc). A second type of mutation showed highly elevated levels of tyrosine pathway enzymes which were not repressed by L-tyrosine. It was unlinked to tyrA and aroF, and was trans-recessive in merodiploids. These properties were attributed to a mutation in a regulator gene, tyrR (linked to pyr F), that resulted in altered or non-functional aporepressor. Hence tyrO, tyrA, and aroF constitute an operon regulated by tyrR. In a third type of mutation chorismate mutase P-prephenate dehydratase was highly elevated. It was not linked to pheA, was located in the 95--100 min region of the Salmonella chromosome, and was recessive to the wild type gene in merodiploids. A mutation was, therefore, indicated in a regulatory gene, pheR, which specified an aporepressor for regulating pheA. DAHP synthetase (phe), specified by aroG, was not regulated by pheR, but was derepressed in one of the tyrR mutants, suggesting that as in Escherichia coli tyrR may regulate DAHP synthetase(phe) and DAHP synthetase (tyr) with the same aporepressor. A novel mutation in chorismate mutase is described. | [
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PMID:9794 | Blocking of olive oil induced plasma protein escape from the intestinal circulation by histamine antagonists and by a diamine oxidase releasing agent. | Earlier studies have shown that feeding of olive oil to rats substantially increased the plasma protein in the intestinal lymph. The possibility of histamine mediating this response was examined. The plasma protein escape from intestinal circulation after olive oil feeding was measured in rats in terms of the amount of Evans Blue labelled plasma protein found in the intestinal lymph. Animals treated with histamine antagonists (H1-receptor antagonist pyrilamine, 16-22 mg/kg i.p., plus H2-receptor antagonist Burimamide, 12-16 mg/kg i.p.) did not show an increase in the quantity of lymphatic plasma protein. Heparin pretreatment which releases the histaminolytic enzyme, diamine oxidase, into the interstitial space also prevented the increased accumulation of labelled plasma protein in the lymph after olive oil ingestion. Based on these observations, histamine appears to act on the intestinal microcirculation during olive oil absorption and allows larger quantities of plasma proteins to leave the intestinal circulation. | Blocking of olive oil induced plasma protein escape from the intestinal circulation by histamine antagonists and by a diamine oxidase releasing agent. Earlier studies have shown that feeding of olive oil to rats substantially increased the plasma protein in the intestinal lymph. The possibility of histamine mediating this response was examined. The plasma protein escape from intestinal circulation after olive oil feeding was measured in rats in terms of the amount of Evans Blue labelled plasma protein found in the intestinal lymph. Animals treated with histamine antagonists (H1-receptor antagonist pyrilamine, 16-22 mg/kg i.p., plus H2-receptor antagonist Burimamide, 12-16 mg/kg i.p.) did not show an increase in the quantity of lymphatic plasma protein. Heparin pretreatment which releases the histaminolytic enzyme, diamine oxidase, into the interstitial space also prevented the increased accumulation of labelled plasma protein in the lymph after olive oil ingestion. Based on these observations, histamine appears to act on the intestinal microcirculation during olive oil absorption and allows larger quantities of plasma proteins to leave the intestinal circulation. | [
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PMID:9796 | Composition of the Zaysan virion. | The sedimentation coefficient of Zaysan virion ribonucleic acid (RNA), estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was 42 S. Pancreatic ribonuclease digested the viral RNA to acid-soluble fragments. Two viral structural proteins with apparent molecular weight of 50,000 and 30,000 daltons were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A dense, RNA-rich particle, containing the smaller polypeptide, was isolated after mild detergent treatment of Zaysan virus. | Composition of the Zaysan virion. The sedimentation coefficient of Zaysan virion ribonucleic acid (RNA), estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was 42 S. Pancreatic ribonuclease digested the viral RNA to acid-soluble fragments. Two viral structural proteins with apparent molecular weight of 50,000 and 30,000 daltons were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A dense, RNA-rich particle, containing the smaller polypeptide, was isolated after mild detergent treatment of Zaysan virus. | [
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PMID:9797 | Morphological, cytological and biological observations on viruses isolated from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. | New data on viruses isolated from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain are reported. Characteristic morphological, cytological, some physico-chemical and biological features of the isolated viruses are described. A possible role of these viruses in human and animal health disorders is discussed. The isolated viruses remain unclassified so far. | Morphological, cytological and biological observations on viruses isolated from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. New data on viruses isolated from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain are reported. Characteristic morphological, cytological, some physico-chemical and biological features of the isolated viruses are described. A possible role of these viruses in human and animal health disorders is discussed. The isolated viruses remain unclassified so far. | [
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PMID:9798 | Interfering activity of virulent and attenuated influenza virus strains. | The interfering activity of influenza virus variants A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N202), A/Victoria/35/72(H3N2-3), B/14/55 and B/USSR/69 differing in the level of their reactogenicity for adults and children was studied. An inverse relationship was established between reactogenicity of the strains and their interfering activity in the resistant chick embryo cell (CEC) cultures. Virulent strains did not interfere with vesicular stomatitis virus. Vaccine strains used for commercial live influenza vaccine safe for adults but reactogenic in children were intermediate and showed moderate interfering activity. The highest capacity for interference was demonstrated in cold-adapted thermosensitive variants non-pathogenic for both adults and children. The interfering activity of the attenuated strains increased progressively with increasing inocula. | Interfering activity of virulent and attenuated influenza virus strains. The interfering activity of influenza virus variants A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N202), A/Victoria/35/72(H3N2-3), B/14/55 and B/USSR/69 differing in the level of their reactogenicity for adults and children was studied. An inverse relationship was established between reactogenicity of the strains and their interfering activity in the resistant chick embryo cell (CEC) cultures. Virulent strains did not interfere with vesicular stomatitis virus. Vaccine strains used for commercial live influenza vaccine safe for adults but reactogenic in children were intermediate and showed moderate interfering activity. The highest capacity for interference was demonstrated in cold-adapted thermosensitive variants non-pathogenic for both adults and children. The interfering activity of the attenuated strains increased progressively with increasing inocula. | [
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PMID:9799 | Interference stimulated by tick-borne encephalitis virus: influence of divalent cations. | The effects of divalent cations (barium, cobalt, calcium, copper, magnesium, zinc and iron) on the interference of tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus with vaccinia virus in Detroit-6 cell cultures were investigated. An increase in interference was shown in the presence of cobalt, zinc, copper, and magnesium. Barium and iron displayed a marked inhibitory action. But an increase in interference was not parallel with an increased production of interferon. | Interference stimulated by tick-borne encephalitis virus: influence of divalent cations. The effects of divalent cations (barium, cobalt, calcium, copper, magnesium, zinc and iron) on the interference of tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus with vaccinia virus in Detroit-6 cell cultures were investigated. An increase in interference was shown in the presence of cobalt, zinc, copper, and magnesium. Barium and iron displayed a marked inhibitory action. But an increase in interference was not parallel with an increased production of interferon. | [
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PMID:9800 | Autoantibodies in sera of influenza patients. | Sera of the influenza patients and healthy controls were tested for some types of autoantibody (SMA, ANA, ABBA, AMA). They were detected in 83.8% of the patients' sera and in 16.6% of controls. SMA were present in 77.4%, ANA in 54.8%, and ABBA in 16.1% of the patient's sera. AMA were not detected. A majority of the sera contained more than one autoantibody type. The possible mechanisms of induction of the autoantibodies in virus infection and their possible role in disease are briefly discussed. | Autoantibodies in sera of influenza patients. Sera of the influenza patients and healthy controls were tested for some types of autoantibody (SMA, ANA, ABBA, AMA). They were detected in 83.8% of the patients' sera and in 16.6% of controls. SMA were present in 77.4%, ANA in 54.8%, and ABBA in 16.1% of the patient's sera. AMA were not detected. A majority of the sera contained more than one autoantibody type. The possible mechanisms of induction of the autoantibodies in virus infection and their possible role in disease are briefly discussed. | [
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PMID:9801 | Latent pseudorabies virus infection in pigs. | Latent infection with the TOP strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) was established in 6 weeks old piglets. Infectious virus was found in oropharyngeal swabs till day 10 post infection (p.i.); later on, attempts to detect the virus remained unsuccessful. However, PRV could be isolated by explantation of tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, nasal mucosa and gasserian ganglia. These tissues were removed between 160 and 181 days p.i., during cultivation, infectious PRV was released into the culture fluid from the 3rd to the 11th day of the explantation. PRV antigen was seen by immunofluorescence only in explants coming from gasserian ganglia. It was localized in both neurons and satellite cells. In piglets given hydrocortisone before explantation, the number of virus-producing explants was not enhanced as compared to that of virus-producing explants from untreated animals. | Latent pseudorabies virus infection in pigs. Latent infection with the TOP strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) was established in 6 weeks old piglets. Infectious virus was found in oropharyngeal swabs till day 10 post infection (p.i.); later on, attempts to detect the virus remained unsuccessful. However, PRV could be isolated by explantation of tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, nasal mucosa and gasserian ganglia. These tissues were removed between 160 and 181 days p.i., during cultivation, infectious PRV was released into the culture fluid from the 3rd to the 11th day of the explantation. PRV antigen was seen by immunofluorescence only in explants coming from gasserian ganglia. It was localized in both neurons and satellite cells. In piglets given hydrocortisone before explantation, the number of virus-producing explants was not enhanced as compared to that of virus-producing explants from untreated animals. | [
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PMID:9802 | Experimental live tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (Labgat E5 "14" virus clone): volunteers 1 and 2 years after single-dose immunization. | Groups of volunteers given intramuscularly 5 or 6.5 dex or perorally 6.5 dex newborn mouse icLD50 of the plaquesegregated "14" clone of the Langat E5 virus strain (tick-borne encephalitis comples) were followed for periods of 12 and 24-27 months. Circulating specific virus neutralizing antibodies persisted in them in the absence of apparent reaction as evidenced by clinical, electroencephalographic and cerebrospinal fluid findings. | Experimental live tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (Labgat E5 "14" virus clone): volunteers 1 and 2 years after single-dose immunization. Groups of volunteers given intramuscularly 5 or 6.5 dex or perorally 6.5 dex newborn mouse icLD50 of the plaquesegregated "14" clone of the Langat E5 virus strain (tick-borne encephalitis comples) were followed for periods of 12 and 24-27 months. Circulating specific virus neutralizing antibodies persisted in them in the absence of apparent reaction as evidenced by clinical, electroencephalographic and cerebrospinal fluid findings. | [
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PMID:9803 | Experimental infection of Macaca mulatta monkeys with Lednice (Yaba 1) virus. | Macaca mulatta monkeys were inoculated with Lednice (Yaba 1) virus strain 6118. The animals developed no clinical signs and the body temperature and values of complete haematological examination remained within normal limits. In spite of positive immunofluorescence in regional lymph nodes, no virus could be recovered from them by passages in mice. Viraemia was not demonstrated. The antibody response was directly proportional to the amount of virus inoculated, i.e. it was significant after a higher virus dose or after repeated inoculation. The results obtained are discussed in respect of and in comparison with serological findings in man. | Experimental infection of Macaca mulatta monkeys with Lednice (Yaba 1) virus. Macaca mulatta monkeys were inoculated with Lednice (Yaba 1) virus strain 6118. The animals developed no clinical signs and the body temperature and values of complete haematological examination remained within normal limits. In spite of positive immunofluorescence in regional lymph nodes, no virus could be recovered from them by passages in mice. Viraemia was not demonstrated. The antibody response was directly proportional to the amount of virus inoculated, i.e. it was significant after a higher virus dose or after repeated inoculation. The results obtained are discussed in respect of and in comparison with serological findings in man. | [
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PMID:9804 | A stable antibody-sensitized erythrocyte diagnostic preparation for detection of rhinovirus type 17 and its antibody. | A diagnostic preparation was obtained by sensitization of formalinized sheep erythrocytes with antibody to rhinovirus type 17. This preparation was agglutinated in the presence of relatively high concentrations of type 17 but not other types of rhinovirus. It could also be used for detection of antibody to rhinovirus type 17 in the antigen neutralization test, the antibody levels determined in this way being similar to those found by conventional virus neutralization tests in cell cultures. | A stable antibody-sensitized erythrocyte diagnostic preparation for detection of rhinovirus type 17 and its antibody. A diagnostic preparation was obtained by sensitization of formalinized sheep erythrocytes with antibody to rhinovirus type 17. This preparation was agglutinated in the presence of relatively high concentrations of type 17 but not other types of rhinovirus. It could also be used for detection of antibody to rhinovirus type 17 in the antigen neutralization test, the antibody levels determined in this way being similar to those found by conventional virus neutralization tests in cell cultures. | [
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PMID:9805 | Soldado virus from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting herring gull nests on Puffin Island, Northern Wales. | Three strains of Soldado (SOL) virus (Hughes serogroup) were isolated from nymphal and adult Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus Vermeil et Marguet collected in and near nests of the Herring Gull, Larus a. argentatus Pontoppidan, on Puffin Island, northern Wales. Reciprocal complement fixation (CF) titration results demonstrated recovered virus strains to be SOL virus and antigenically distinct from other Hughes serogroup members. All isolates killed mice and guinea pigs, and 1-2 day old domestic chicks when inoculated intracerebrally. | Soldado virus from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting herring gull nests on Puffin Island, Northern Wales. Three strains of Soldado (SOL) virus (Hughes serogroup) were isolated from nymphal and adult Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus Vermeil et Marguet collected in and near nests of the Herring Gull, Larus a. argentatus Pontoppidan, on Puffin Island, northern Wales. Reciprocal complement fixation (CF) titration results demonstrated recovered virus strains to be SOL virus and antigenically distinct from other Hughes serogroup members. All isolates killed mice and guinea pigs, and 1-2 day old domestic chicks when inoculated intracerebrally. | [
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PMID:9806 | Infection of Hela cells with a virulent and an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus studied by electron microscopy. | Hollow-core particles, forming crystals in nuclei, prevailed in HeLa cells infected with an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV). After infection with a virulent PRV strain, the cells contained mainly fully infectious dense-core particles. These findings might explain the lower susceptibility of HeLa and some other human cells to infection with attenuated strains of PRV as compared to virulent strains. | Infection of Hela cells with a virulent and an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus studied by electron microscopy. Hollow-core particles, forming crystals in nuclei, prevailed in HeLa cells infected with an attenuated strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV). After infection with a virulent PRV strain, the cells contained mainly fully infectious dense-core particles. These findings might explain the lower susceptibility of HeLa and some other human cells to infection with attenuated strains of PRV as compared to virulent strains. | [
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PMID:9807 | Respiratory syncytial virus-specific RNA synthesis in primary monkey kidney cell cultures. | Primary rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cell cultures were inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus and treated or untreated with actinomycin D before pulse labeling with uridine-5-3H. The virus-specific RNA synthesis was noted at its peak in the nucleoplasm and possibly less so in the cytoplasm of infected cells. At 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (p.i.), small fractions of available cells were synthesising virus-specific RNA with labeling index of 15% and 18% respectively. By 48 hours p.i. syncytia started appearing and a higher grain count in the cytoplasm of actinomycin D-treated infected cells was noted. | Respiratory syncytial virus-specific RNA synthesis in primary monkey kidney cell cultures. Primary rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cell cultures were inoculated with respiratory syncytial virus and treated or untreated with actinomycin D before pulse labeling with uridine-5-3H. The virus-specific RNA synthesis was noted at its peak in the nucleoplasm and possibly less so in the cytoplasm of infected cells. At 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (p.i.), small fractions of available cells were synthesising virus-specific RNA with labeling index of 15% and 18% respectively. By 48 hours p.i. syncytia started appearing and a higher grain count in the cytoplasm of actinomycin D-treated infected cells was noted. | [
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PMID:9808 | Cultivation of foot and mouth disease virus in bovine leukocyte cultures for use in the complement fixation test. | Bovine leukocyte cultures achieved good growth after 72 hours of cultivation. Foot-and mouth disease (FMD) virus type 0 multiplied in such cultures to a titre of 10(6) TCID50/0.1 ml. The cell culture-grown virus was found to be suitable for the complement fixation test (CFT) after purification and concentration with calcium phosphate. | Cultivation of foot and mouth disease virus in bovine leukocyte cultures for use in the complement fixation test. Bovine leukocyte cultures achieved good growth after 72 hours of cultivation. Foot-and mouth disease (FMD) virus type 0 multiplied in such cultures to a titre of 10(6) TCID50/0.1 ml. The cell culture-grown virus was found to be suitable for the complement fixation test (CFT) after purification and concentration with calcium phosphate. | [
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PMID:9809 | Non-infectious tick-borne encephalitis antigen. | After formalin treatment of sucrose-acetone antigens, prepared from different tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus strains, their haemagglutination (HA) activity was preserved or even higher than that of untreated antigens. Formalin-treated TBE antigen was non-infectious and thus may be recommended for routine work to avoid laboratory infections. | Non-infectious tick-borne encephalitis antigen. After formalin treatment of sucrose-acetone antigens, prepared from different tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus strains, their haemagglutination (HA) activity was preserved or even higher than that of untreated antigens. Formalin-treated TBE antigen was non-infectious and thus may be recommended for routine work to avoid laboratory infections. | [
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PMID:9816 | Molecular weight analysis of the polypeptides of cholera phage PL 163/10 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | Cholera phage PL 163/10, belonging to Mukerjee's Group I, was purified by alternate cycles of low and high speed centrifugation. Gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of four polypeptide chains of respective molecular weights of 10,370+/-515 (A), 30,000+/-1,303 (B), 40,000+/-1,049(C) and 64,000+/-2,433 (D) daltons. Electrophoresis of the sample alkylated with iodoacetic acid resolved the presence of only one polypeptide chain of an average molecular weight of 10,310+/-565 daltons. The polypeptides B, C and D could be interpreted as trimer, tetramer and hexamer respectively of the polypeptide A, which was the basic structural protein of this phage. | Molecular weight analysis of the polypeptides of cholera phage PL 163/10 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cholera phage PL 163/10, belonging to Mukerjee's Group I, was purified by alternate cycles of low and high speed centrifugation. Gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of four polypeptide chains of respective molecular weights of 10,370+/-515 (A), 30,000+/-1,303 (B), 40,000+/-1,049(C) and 64,000+/-2,433 (D) daltons. Electrophoresis of the sample alkylated with iodoacetic acid resolved the presence of only one polypeptide chain of an average molecular weight of 10,310+/-565 daltons. The polypeptides B, C and D could be interpreted as trimer, tetramer and hexamer respectively of the polypeptide A, which was the basic structural protein of this phage. | [
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PMID:9817 | Investigation on the biological activity of fowl plague virus ribonucleoprotein. | Fowl plague virus (FPV) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bands in sucrose density gradient in a heterogeneous peak with sedimentation coefficients from 45 to 70 S, whereas in cesium chloride gradient it has a homogeneous density of 1.33-1.34 g/cm3. FPV RNP contains 7.4-8% RNA. Upon inoculation of chick embryo cell cultures. FPV RNP shows no infectivity, does not induce virus-specific protein synthesis and does not participate in complementation or recombination interactions with ts mutants of FPV. The biological activity of FPV RNP demonstrable under certain experimental conditions is due to admixture of undestroyed virions and is completely eliminated by treatment of the preparation with gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum to FPV haemagglutinin, but not with antiserum to RNP proteins. | Investigation on the biological activity of fowl plague virus ribonucleoprotein. Fowl plague virus (FPV) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bands in sucrose density gradient in a heterogeneous peak with sedimentation coefficients from 45 to 70 S, whereas in cesium chloride gradient it has a homogeneous density of 1.33-1.34 g/cm3. FPV RNP contains 7.4-8% RNA. Upon inoculation of chick embryo cell cultures. FPV RNP shows no infectivity, does not induce virus-specific protein synthesis and does not participate in complementation or recombination interactions with ts mutants of FPV. The biological activity of FPV RNP demonstrable under certain experimental conditions is due to admixture of undestroyed virions and is completely eliminated by treatment of the preparation with gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum to FPV haemagglutinin, but not with antiserum to RNP proteins. | [
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PMID:9818 | Interaction of plasma membranes with influenza virus. VI. The possible role of the adenylate cyclase system. | The amounts of released soluble (s) antigen of influenza A/WSN virus were increased when the virus was allowed to interact with isolated plasma membranes in a medium containing substances enhancing the level of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (c'AMP) or activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase. By contrast, less s-antigen was released upon addition to the incubation medium of foetal calf serum or calf serum proteins which activate c'AMP phosphodiesterase and thus decrease the level of c'AMP. Changes in the amount of released s-antigen were parallelled by changes in the activities of membrane Ca-adenosine triphosphatase and creatine phosphokinase. | Interaction of plasma membranes with influenza virus. VI. The possible role of the adenylate cyclase system. The amounts of released soluble (s) antigen of influenza A/WSN virus were increased when the virus was allowed to interact with isolated plasma membranes in a medium containing substances enhancing the level of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (c'AMP) or activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase. By contrast, less s-antigen was released upon addition to the incubation medium of foetal calf serum or calf serum proteins which activate c'AMP phosphodiesterase and thus decrease the level of c'AMP. Changes in the amount of released s-antigen were parallelled by changes in the activities of membrane Ca-adenosine triphosphatase and creatine phosphokinase. | [
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PMID:9819 | Virion heat-sensitivity of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive mutants and interferon induction. | Kinetics of interferon induction with wild type adenovirus 5, and three temperature-sensitive mutants, ts 1, ts 18 and ts 19 were examined in chick embryo cells (CEC) at permissive (31 degrees C) and non-permissive (38 degrees C) temperatures. Interferon levels reached a maximum four days after infection with the wild type and all ts mutants at 31 degrees C. However, at 38 degrees C, ts 18 and ts 19 failed to induce interferon, while wild type and ts 1 induced normal levels which reached a maximum by three days after infection. Striking differences in virion heat sensitivities between wild type, ts 1, ts 18 and ts 19 at both 50 degrees C and 52 degrees C were detected. These results suggested that ts 18 and ts 19 might each have a mutation in a gene coding for a virion structural component. The production of infectious progeny by shift-up experiments on Hela cells showed that mutant ts 18 was affected immediately after shift-up at all times throughout the growth cycle. On the other hand, interferon production in CEC by mutant ts 18 was only affected by shift-up during the first five hours of incubation, which indicated involvement of an early gene function in elliciting interferon production. | Virion heat-sensitivity of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive mutants and interferon induction. Kinetics of interferon induction with wild type adenovirus 5, and three temperature-sensitive mutants, ts 1, ts 18 and ts 19 were examined in chick embryo cells (CEC) at permissive (31 degrees C) and non-permissive (38 degrees C) temperatures. Interferon levels reached a maximum four days after infection with the wild type and all ts mutants at 31 degrees C. However, at 38 degrees C, ts 18 and ts 19 failed to induce interferon, while wild type and ts 1 induced normal levels which reached a maximum by three days after infection. Striking differences in virion heat sensitivities between wild type, ts 1, ts 18 and ts 19 at both 50 degrees C and 52 degrees C were detected. These results suggested that ts 18 and ts 19 might each have a mutation in a gene coding for a virion structural component. The production of infectious progeny by shift-up experiments on Hela cells showed that mutant ts 18 was affected immediately after shift-up at all times throughout the growth cycle. On the other hand, interferon production in CEC by mutant ts 18 was only affected by shift-up during the first five hours of incubation, which indicated involvement of an early gene function in elliciting interferon production. | [
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PMID:9820 | Ts mutant of NWS influenza virus: behaviour in vitro and in vivo. | After passaging the NWS influenza virus at increasing temperatures in the hamster embryo fibroblast (HEF) cell line, a temperature-resistant (tr) mutant which grew well at 39 degrees C was isolated. Attempts were made to isolate temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants from the tr virus. After growth in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, 233 virus clones were isolated. Among these only one was incapable of replicating at 39 degrees C. The physiological studies, the shift-up experiment and the electron microscopic investigation suggested that the genetic defect responsible for its ts character influenced a late function of the virus genome. In the lungs of intranasally infected mice, the ts mutant replicated to a lesser extent than the tr virus. During its growth in vivo, the ts virus exhibited a high degree of genetic stability. | Ts mutant of NWS influenza virus: behaviour in vitro and in vivo. After passaging the NWS influenza virus at increasing temperatures in the hamster embryo fibroblast (HEF) cell line, a temperature-resistant (tr) mutant which grew well at 39 degrees C was isolated. Attempts were made to isolate temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants from the tr virus. After growth in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, 233 virus clones were isolated. Among these only one was incapable of replicating at 39 degrees C. The physiological studies, the shift-up experiment and the electron microscopic investigation suggested that the genetic defect responsible for its ts character influenced a late function of the virus genome. In the lungs of intranasally infected mice, the ts mutant replicated to a lesser extent than the tr virus. During its growth in vivo, the ts virus exhibited a high degree of genetic stability. | [
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PMID:9821 | Replication dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis virus in, and glycolytic activity of, human diploid cells. | Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (Western subtype) strains replicated very rapidly in human diploid embryonic lung (HDEL) cells, namely within the first 24 hours of infection. Greater amounts of both intra- and extracellular virus were produced after inoculation of a virulent than of an attenuated strain. With the virulent strain, more infectious virus was found in the medium than in the cells: the opposite was true for the attenuated strain. No cytopathic effect was observed during the period studied. The rates of glucose uptake and lactate production by cells were markedly influenced by the infection. Lactate production was retarded by both virus strains to a comparable degree. Glucose uptake was markedly increased, appreciably more so after infection by the virulent than the attenuated strain. A method for differentiating between attenuated and virulent strains based on the determination of glucose conthe medium was developed. | Replication dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis virus in, and glycolytic activity of, human diploid cells. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (Western subtype) strains replicated very rapidly in human diploid embryonic lung (HDEL) cells, namely within the first 24 hours of infection. Greater amounts of both intra- and extracellular virus were produced after inoculation of a virulent than of an attenuated strain. With the virulent strain, more infectious virus was found in the medium than in the cells: the opposite was true for the attenuated strain. No cytopathic effect was observed during the period studied. The rates of glucose uptake and lactate production by cells were markedly influenced by the infection. Lactate production was retarded by both virus strains to a comparable degree. Glucose uptake was markedly increased, appreciably more so after infection by the virulent than the attenuated strain. A method for differentiating between attenuated and virulent strains based on the determination of glucose conthe medium was developed. | [
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PMID:9822 | Affinity chromatography of mouse interferon: a modified purification procedure utilizing specifically purified antibodies. | Interferon preparations of a high degree of purity were obtained by a one-step procedure using affinity chromatography on specifically purified immunoadsorbent. The procedure consisted of binding interferon harvested from serum-free medium and purified by Zn-acetate precipitation and SP-Sephadex chromatography to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B (Column No. 1). In the next step, antiinterferon globulin was purified by affinity chromatography on Column No. 1 with the bound interferon. In this way, antibodies against purified interferon, which were free from non-antibody components, were obtained. The purified antibodies were then coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B forming Column No. 2. The latter had a binding capacity of 125 800 mouse interferon units per 4.8 ml of gel. This capacity was not altered during an 8-month period of use. The gel was capable to bind interferons obtained from fibroblasts and leukocytes and, partially, from serum. The resulting purified, products were similar, i.e. they were not influenced by volume, interferon activity, or purity of the starting material. The electrophoretic profiles of the products had a similar shape irrespective of the origin of the starting material. | Affinity chromatography of mouse interferon: a modified purification procedure utilizing specifically purified antibodies. Interferon preparations of a high degree of purity were obtained by a one-step procedure using affinity chromatography on specifically purified immunoadsorbent. The procedure consisted of binding interferon harvested from serum-free medium and purified by Zn-acetate precipitation and SP-Sephadex chromatography to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B (Column No. 1). In the next step, antiinterferon globulin was purified by affinity chromatography on Column No. 1 with the bound interferon. In this way, antibodies against purified interferon, which were free from non-antibody components, were obtained. The purified antibodies were then coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B forming Column No. 2. The latter had a binding capacity of 125 800 mouse interferon units per 4.8 ml of gel. This capacity was not altered during an 8-month period of use. The gel was capable to bind interferons obtained from fibroblasts and leukocytes and, partially, from serum. The resulting purified, products were similar, i.e. they were not influenced by volume, interferon activity, or purity of the starting material. The electrophoretic profiles of the products had a similar shape irrespective of the origin of the starting material. | [
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PMID:9823 | Use of cross-linking in studying the structure of RNA tumour viruses. | Treatment of intact avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) with dimethyl suberimidate dihydrochloride (DMS), a cross-linking agent specific for amino groups, was found to result in progressive cross-linking among viral proteins, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Free viral proteins were not cross-linked. The cross-linked protein complex with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000 daltons was studied in detail. | Use of cross-linking in studying the structure of RNA tumour viruses. Treatment of intact avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) with dimethyl suberimidate dihydrochloride (DMS), a cross-linking agent specific for amino groups, was found to result in progressive cross-linking among viral proteins, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Free viral proteins were not cross-linked. The cross-linked protein complex with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000 daltons was studied in detail. | [
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PMID:9824 | Eyach--an arthropod-borne virus related to Colorado tick fever virus in the Federal Republic of Germany. | From Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a tick-borne encephalitis focus in Baden-Württemberg, an agent pathogenic exclusively for suckling mice was isolated. Obviously a virus, it passed membrane filters with a pore width of 200 nm. It was resistant to ether and sodium deoxycholate, but not to chloroform. In the complement fixation test it showed a close, and in the neutralisation test a more one-sided relationship to Colorado tick fever virus. | Eyach--an arthropod-borne virus related to Colorado tick fever virus in the Federal Republic of Germany. From Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a tick-borne encephalitis focus in Baden-Württemberg, an agent pathogenic exclusively for suckling mice was isolated. Obviously a virus, it passed membrane filters with a pore width of 200 nm. It was resistant to ether and sodium deoxycholate, but not to chloroform. In the complement fixation test it showed a close, and in the neutralisation test a more one-sided relationship to Colorado tick fever virus. | [
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PMID:9825 | Effect of adamantane derivatives on the activity of orthomyxovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. | The effect of several adamantane derivatives on the activity of virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of fowl plague virus (FPV) and influenza B virus was studied in vitro. Some of the derivatives inhibited the activity of the polymerase by 60 per cent. A correlation was established between the previously demonstrated capacity of these inhibitors to suppress orthomyxovirus reproduction in vivo and their ability to reduce the activity of virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. | Effect of adamantane derivatives on the activity of orthomyxovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The effect of several adamantane derivatives on the activity of virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of fowl plague virus (FPV) and influenza B virus was studied in vitro. Some of the derivatives inhibited the activity of the polymerase by 60 per cent. A correlation was established between the previously demonstrated capacity of these inhibitors to suppress orthomyxovirus reproduction in vivo and their ability to reduce the activity of virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. | [
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PMID:9826 | Increased resistance of an interferon-resistant cell subline to the toxic effect of double-stranded RNA. | The toxicity of double-stranded (ds) f2-phage RNA for interferon-treated L cells and an interferon-resistant subline of L cells (CVS cells) was compared. The interferon-resistant subline proved to be about 20 times more resistant to ds RNA than the parent L cells. The degree of toxicity of ds RNA was dependent on the concentration of interferon to which the cells were exposed. | Increased resistance of an interferon-resistant cell subline to the toxic effect of double-stranded RNA. The toxicity of double-stranded (ds) f2-phage RNA for interferon-treated L cells and an interferon-resistant subline of L cells (CVS cells) was compared. The interferon-resistant subline proved to be about 20 times more resistant to ds RNA than the parent L cells. The degree of toxicity of ds RNA was dependent on the concentration of interferon to which the cells were exposed. | [
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PMID:9827 | [Some aspects of phylogenetic development of cellular immune reaction in vertebrates]. | The division of the immune system into humoral and cell-mediated immunity is established in vertebrates. Moreover single manifestations of cell-mediated immunity are observed in invertebrates, too. In protochordates, e.g., a genetically fixed ability to recognize "Self" and "Not-Self" could already be demonstrated, but the interpretation of this phenomenon as a preliminary stage of cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates is not established yet. Especially by the investigation of the transplantation tolerance, for example between mammalia and inferior vertebrates, essential results as to the development of the immune system in vertebrates could be obtained. It is quite sure that the experimental findings obtained till now are not sufficient for giming a complete picture of the phylogenesis of immunologic reactivity. But they very unanimously support the conception that nearly all of the nowadays living representatives of the vertebrates dispose of cell-mediated immunity, which is equal in its characteristic features. And the small lymphocyte takes the central part in the cell-mediated immune reactions of the vertebrates, and the complexity of the lymphoid organs, which is increasing in the course of phylogenesis leads to a quantitative but not to a qualitative change. | [Some aspects of phylogenetic development of cellular immune reaction in vertebrates]. The division of the immune system into humoral and cell-mediated immunity is established in vertebrates. Moreover single manifestations of cell-mediated immunity are observed in invertebrates, too. In protochordates, e.g., a genetically fixed ability to recognize "Self" and "Not-Self" could already be demonstrated, but the interpretation of this phenomenon as a preliminary stage of cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates is not established yet. Especially by the investigation of the transplantation tolerance, for example between mammalia and inferior vertebrates, essential results as to the development of the immune system in vertebrates could be obtained. It is quite sure that the experimental findings obtained till now are not sufficient for giming a complete picture of the phylogenesis of immunologic reactivity. But they very unanimously support the conception that nearly all of the nowadays living representatives of the vertebrates dispose of cell-mediated immunity, which is equal in its characteristic features. And the small lymphocyte takes the central part in the cell-mediated immune reactions of the vertebrates, and the complexity of the lymphoid organs, which is increasing in the course of phylogenesis leads to a quantitative but not to a qualitative change. | [
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PMID:9828 | Evaluation of serum ionic calcium measurement in a general hospital population. | Direct measurement of ionic calcium was evaluated in light of conflicting reports concerning the correlation of ionic calcium with total calcium and ionic calcium as predicted from total calcium and serum protein. Ionic calcium in the sera of normo- hypo-, and hypercalcemic adult hospitalized patients was measured anaerobically using an Orion model 98-20 calcium flow-thorugh electrode. Good correlation (r = .77) was found with the calculated ionic calcium value derived from total protein and total calcium, using the McLean-Hastings nomogram. Good correlation was also present between the measured ionic and total calcium (r = .80). In view of these correlations, the introduction of serum ionic calcium measurements into the general hospital laboratory repertoire is of questionable value. | Evaluation of serum ionic calcium measurement in a general hospital population. Direct measurement of ionic calcium was evaluated in light of conflicting reports concerning the correlation of ionic calcium with total calcium and ionic calcium as predicted from total calcium and serum protein. Ionic calcium in the sera of normo- hypo-, and hypercalcemic adult hospitalized patients was measured anaerobically using an Orion model 98-20 calcium flow-thorugh electrode. Good correlation (r = .77) was found with the calculated ionic calcium value derived from total protein and total calcium, using the McLean-Hastings nomogram. Good correlation was also present between the measured ionic and total calcium (r = .80). In view of these correlations, the introduction of serum ionic calcium measurements into the general hospital laboratory repertoire is of questionable value. | [
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PMID:9829 | Stability of several brands of ampicillin and penicillin V potassium oral liquids following reconstitution. | The stability-time profiles of the active ingredient of five generically equivalent brands of penicillin V potassium for oral solution, and of five generically equivalent brands of ampicillin for oral suspension, were studied. Three controlled conditions were employed-refrigerated, room and elevated temperature-and all the samples were assayed chemically for drug remaining at specific time intervals after reconstitution. The results showed that considerable variations in the initial concentrations of active component existed among the various ampicillin and penicillin products. In one penicillin product the official content requirement was not met. The data also showed that although the labels on each of the commerical penicillin products tested indicate that the reconstituted products may be stored in a refrigerator for 14 days without significant loss of potency, only one penicillin product still met 90% of label claim (minimal potency requirement of the United States Pharmacopeia for dry powder). All ampicillin products tested were stable when stored at the conditions recommended by the manufacturers, but the trihydrate forms exhibited greater stability than the anhydrous forms, probably because of the more rapid dissolution rate of anhydrous ampicillin. | Stability of several brands of ampicillin and penicillin V potassium oral liquids following reconstitution. The stability-time profiles of the active ingredient of five generically equivalent brands of penicillin V potassium for oral solution, and of five generically equivalent brands of ampicillin for oral suspension, were studied. Three controlled conditions were employed-refrigerated, room and elevated temperature-and all the samples were assayed chemically for drug remaining at specific time intervals after reconstitution. The results showed that considerable variations in the initial concentrations of active component existed among the various ampicillin and penicillin products. In one penicillin product the official content requirement was not met. The data also showed that although the labels on each of the commerical penicillin products tested indicate that the reconstituted products may be stored in a refrigerator for 14 days without significant loss of potency, only one penicillin product still met 90% of label claim (minimal potency requirement of the United States Pharmacopeia for dry powder). All ampicillin products tested were stable when stored at the conditions recommended by the manufacturers, but the trihydrate forms exhibited greater stability than the anhydrous forms, probably because of the more rapid dissolution rate of anhydrous ampicillin. | [
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PMID:9832 | Comparison of microelectrode, DMO, and methylamine methods for measuring intracellular pH. | The intracellular pH (pHi) of giant barnacle muscle fibers was measured with glass microelectrodes and also calculated from the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) and methylamine (MA). Simultaneously applying any two of these methods to muscle fibers of the same barnacle, we found the pH measured with an intracellular electrode (pH-Elec) to be about 0.06 higher than the DMO-derived pH (pH-DMO), and pH-DMO to be about 0.10 higher than the MA-derived pH (p-ma). in studies on the pHi of squid giant axons, we found that pH-Elec (7.35) and pH-DMO (7.36) were not significantly different. In the barnacle experiments, DMO required about 30 min to reach a steady-state distribution, while MA required more than 5 h. The deviations of pH-DMO and pH-MA from pH-Elec for the barnacle can be explained by a) an error in the assumed intracellular pKa' of DMO or MA, b) membrane permeability to the ionic form of DMO or MA, or c) intracellular compartmentalization. Included is a detailed study of the apparent dissociation constant of DMO as affected by temperature, and ionic strength and composition. | Comparison of microelectrode, DMO, and methylamine methods for measuring intracellular pH. The intracellular pH (pHi) of giant barnacle muscle fibers was measured with glass microelectrodes and also calculated from the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) and methylamine (MA). Simultaneously applying any two of these methods to muscle fibers of the same barnacle, we found the pH measured with an intracellular electrode (pH-Elec) to be about 0.06 higher than the DMO-derived pH (pH-DMO), and pH-DMO to be about 0.10 higher than the MA-derived pH (p-ma). in studies on the pHi of squid giant axons, we found that pH-Elec (7.35) and pH-DMO (7.36) were not significantly different. In the barnacle experiments, DMO required about 30 min to reach a steady-state distribution, while MA required more than 5 h. The deviations of pH-DMO and pH-MA from pH-Elec for the barnacle can be explained by a) an error in the assumed intracellular pKa' of DMO or MA, b) membrane permeability to the ionic form of DMO or MA, or c) intracellular compartmentalization. Included is a detailed study of the apparent dissociation constant of DMO as affected by temperature, and ionic strength and composition. | [
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PMID:9833 | Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during burn shock in the guinea pig. | The hemodynamic and metabolic responses of fatally burned, nonfatally burned, and unburned control guinea pigs were compared. The burns were induced in temporarily anesthetized animals by immersion to either the xyphoid process (70% fatal) or the midabdomen (100%survival) in boiling water for 3 s. Although cardiac output was reduced in all animals postburn, the survivors (MAG) has higher cardiac outputs at lower arterial pressures than the nonsurvivors (XPN). The postburn lactate levels in the XPN were higher than in the MAG, and the postburn values for pH, oxygen consumption, and core temperature were lower in the XPN. In each group, hyperglycemia was evident for 8 h postburn and terminal plasma glucose concentrations were usually elevated or similar to the prevalue. It was concluded that fatal and nonfatal burn shock were distinguished primarily by differences in tissue perfusion. | Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during burn shock in the guinea pig. The hemodynamic and metabolic responses of fatally burned, nonfatally burned, and unburned control guinea pigs were compared. The burns were induced in temporarily anesthetized animals by immersion to either the xyphoid process (70% fatal) or the midabdomen (100%survival) in boiling water for 3 s. Although cardiac output was reduced in all animals postburn, the survivors (MAG) has higher cardiac outputs at lower arterial pressures than the nonsurvivors (XPN). The postburn lactate levels in the XPN were higher than in the MAG, and the postburn values for pH, oxygen consumption, and core temperature were lower in the XPN. In each group, hyperglycemia was evident for 8 h postburn and terminal plasma glucose concentrations were usually elevated or similar to the prevalue. It was concluded that fatal and nonfatal burn shock were distinguished primarily by differences in tissue perfusion. | [
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PMID:9834 | Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and its relation to cerebrospinal fluid pH. | Internal carotid artery blood flow (IFBF) was determined in each of nine Macaca mulatta by means of a flow transducer implanted around an internal carotid artery. The monkeys were lightly anesthetized, intubated, and paralyzed. Normoxia and normocarbia were maintained stable throughout the experiment. ICBF was monitored while mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was lowered by withdrawal of blood. MABP was kept within the known limits of autoregulation in order not to compromise CBF. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna was analyzed for pH PCO2, and PO2 before and after a 30-min hypotensive period in which MABP was lowered from 116 +/- 4 to 70 +/- 2 mmHg (mean +/- SE). Corresponding HCO3- concentrations were calculated. The decrease in MABP did not result in a significant reduction in ICBF but elicited a 37% reduction in calculated cerebrovascular resistance, indicating normal autoregulation. Mena CSF pH was not significantly decreased (P less than 0.05); it changed from 7.320 +/- 0.010 to 7.317 +/- 0.010 after the induced hypotensive period. Thus CSF pH does not appear to have a significant role in cerebral blood flow autoregulation. | Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and its relation to cerebrospinal fluid pH. Internal carotid artery blood flow (IFBF) was determined in each of nine Macaca mulatta by means of a flow transducer implanted around an internal carotid artery. The monkeys were lightly anesthetized, intubated, and paralyzed. Normoxia and normocarbia were maintained stable throughout the experiment. ICBF was monitored while mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was lowered by withdrawal of blood. MABP was kept within the known limits of autoregulation in order not to compromise CBF. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna magna was analyzed for pH PCO2, and PO2 before and after a 30-min hypotensive period in which MABP was lowered from 116 +/- 4 to 70 +/- 2 mmHg (mean +/- SE). Corresponding HCO3- concentrations were calculated. The decrease in MABP did not result in a significant reduction in ICBF but elicited a 37% reduction in calculated cerebrovascular resistance, indicating normal autoregulation. Mena CSF pH was not significantly decreased (P less than 0.05); it changed from 7.320 +/- 0.010 to 7.317 +/- 0.010 after the induced hypotensive period. Thus CSF pH does not appear to have a significant role in cerebral blood flow autoregulation. | [
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PMID:9835 | Characteristics of phosphate transport in isolated proximal tubule. | The characteristics of inorganic phosphate transport in isolated perfused proximal tubules of the rabbit were examined using radioisotopic techniques. When tubules were perfused with an ultrafiltrate of rabbit serum, the mean lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate in the convoluted segment was 6.60 +/- 1.41 (SE) pmol/mm-min with a simultaneous back-to-lumen flux of 0.45 +/- 0.08. In the straight portion of the proximal tubule, the lumen-to-bath flux was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) at 2.22 +/- 0.48 pmol/min-min with a bath-to-lumen flux of 0.31 +/- 0.05. The lumen-to-bath flux was not affected by increases in the intraluminal phosphate concentration from 2.00 +/- 0.19 to 3.12 +/- 0.34 mM or by the isohydric replacement of bicarbonate in the ambient fluids with chloride. However, phosphate absorption was completely inhibited by ouabain 10(-5) M in the bath. These data indicate that phosphate absorption in these segments occurs by a mechanism other than independent diffusion and is saturated at phosphate concentrations characteristic of normal glomerular filtrate. There is no evidence for significant phosphate transport from bath to lumen. | Characteristics of phosphate transport in isolated proximal tubule. The characteristics of inorganic phosphate transport in isolated perfused proximal tubules of the rabbit were examined using radioisotopic techniques. When tubules were perfused with an ultrafiltrate of rabbit serum, the mean lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate in the convoluted segment was 6.60 +/- 1.41 (SE) pmol/mm-min with a simultaneous back-to-lumen flux of 0.45 +/- 0.08. In the straight portion of the proximal tubule, the lumen-to-bath flux was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) at 2.22 +/- 0.48 pmol/min-min with a bath-to-lumen flux of 0.31 +/- 0.05. The lumen-to-bath flux was not affected by increases in the intraluminal phosphate concentration from 2.00 +/- 0.19 to 3.12 +/- 0.34 mM or by the isohydric replacement of bicarbonate in the ambient fluids with chloride. However, phosphate absorption was completely inhibited by ouabain 10(-5) M in the bath. These data indicate that phosphate absorption in these segments occurs by a mechanism other than independent diffusion and is saturated at phosphate concentrations characteristic of normal glomerular filtrate. There is no evidence for significant phosphate transport from bath to lumen. | [
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PMID:9836 | Atypical facial pain as a defense against psychosis. | The author describes three women who presented psychotic symptoms 24--48 hours before scheduled neurosurgical procedures for atypical facial pain; all had had extensive dental reconstruction and attempted nerve blocks with no relief. Psychiatric hospitalization and administration of major tranquilizers resulted in control of symptoms and relief of pain. Two patients were followed for a year and have had return of psychiatric symptoms or facial pain; both have been maintained on medication and have returned to normal activities. The author suggests that the facial pain may have served as a defense against the emergence of psychosis. | Atypical facial pain as a defense against psychosis. The author describes three women who presented psychotic symptoms 24--48 hours before scheduled neurosurgical procedures for atypical facial pain; all had had extensive dental reconstruction and attempted nerve blocks with no relief. Psychiatric hospitalization and administration of major tranquilizers resulted in control of symptoms and relief of pain. Two patients were followed for a year and have had return of psychiatric symptoms or facial pain; both have been maintained on medication and have returned to normal activities. The author suggests that the facial pain may have served as a defense against the emergence of psychosis. | [
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PMID:9838 | The effect of lorazepam on the vasoconstriction of fear. | Volume-pulse digital plethysmography performed under ideal conditions on relatively fit adults has shown that lorazepam 4 mg intravenously abolishes the vasoconstriction of fear and restores the digital vasodilatation of the tranquil mind. The sedative effect of the drug is prolonged and is associated with several hours of anterograde amnesia from the time of its administration. The drug has no effect on the vasoconstrictor reaction to cold, pain, noise or other forms of adrenergic stimuli. Lorazepam seems to modify or prevent the psychomotor reactions which may complicate ketamine anaesthesia. | The effect of lorazepam on the vasoconstriction of fear. Volume-pulse digital plethysmography performed under ideal conditions on relatively fit adults has shown that lorazepam 4 mg intravenously abolishes the vasoconstriction of fear and restores the digital vasodilatation of the tranquil mind. The sedative effect of the drug is prolonged and is associated with several hours of anterograde amnesia from the time of its administration. The drug has no effect on the vasoconstrictor reaction to cold, pain, noise or other forms of adrenergic stimuli. Lorazepam seems to modify or prevent the psychomotor reactions which may complicate ketamine anaesthesia. | [
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PMID:9839 | Anaesthesia for Caesarean section with ketamine. | Fifty healthy mothers, with normal placental function, were anaesthetised with ketamine for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen, muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation. Surgery was conducted in the lateral tilt position. Arterial blood samples were drawn from the mothers, and from the vessels of a double clamped section of umbilical cord, for blood-gas analysis. Results obtained were compared with those of a previous series anaesthetised with thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and muscle relaxants. Eight infants were clinically depressed, judged on the basis of their modified Apgar score 2 minutes after delivery. The average time to sustained respiration (TSR) was 58.1 seconds. The mean maternal pH and base excess values in the ketamine group were significantly greather than those reported after thiopentone anaesthesia. Mean Uv and Ua pH levels were also significantly higher after ketamine; in contrast, the average fetal base excess values did not differ from those obtained previously with thiopentone. The mean (Ma-Uv) and (Ma-Ua), pH gradients were 0.019 and 0.025 pH units greater respectively in the ketamine group compared to the thiopentone (P less than 0.005). The average (Uv-Ua) PO2 gradient was 3.4 mmHg less after ketamine anaesthesia (P less than 0.005). A significant inverse correlation was observed relating the I-D interval to the Ma and Ua pH values. Maternal arterial base deficit values appeared to increase with delay in delivering the fetus. Prolongation of the uterine incision to delivery (U-D) interval was associated with a decrease in Ua pH and base excess values. (Ma-Ua) pH and base excess gradients increased with lengthening of the U-D interval. No convincing evidence of awareness during anaesthesia was found during the study. Five patients, appeared to be hallucinated in the immediate post-anaesthetic period. Unpleasant dreams were reported in 5 instances. In this study ketamine appeared to be unassociated with significant biochemical asphyxia, but may have been responsible for some element of drug induced neonatal depression. In view of our own experience and that of other workers, it is suggested that ketamine induction for Caesarean section should be re-evaluated using a lower dose of the drug. | Anaesthesia for Caesarean section with ketamine. Fifty healthy mothers, with normal placental function, were anaesthetised with ketamine for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen, muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation. Surgery was conducted in the lateral tilt position. Arterial blood samples were drawn from the mothers, and from the vessels of a double clamped section of umbilical cord, for blood-gas analysis. Results obtained were compared with those of a previous series anaesthetised with thiopentone, nitrous oxide, oxygen and muscle relaxants. Eight infants were clinically depressed, judged on the basis of their modified Apgar score 2 minutes after delivery. The average time to sustained respiration (TSR) was 58.1 seconds. The mean maternal pH and base excess values in the ketamine group were significantly greather than those reported after thiopentone anaesthesia. Mean Uv and Ua pH levels were also significantly higher after ketamine; in contrast, the average fetal base excess values did not differ from those obtained previously with thiopentone. The mean (Ma-Uv) and (Ma-Ua), pH gradients were 0.019 and 0.025 pH units greater respectively in the ketamine group compared to the thiopentone (P less than 0.005). The average (Uv-Ua) PO2 gradient was 3.4 mmHg less after ketamine anaesthesia (P less than 0.005). A significant inverse correlation was observed relating the I-D interval to the Ma and Ua pH values. Maternal arterial base deficit values appeared to increase with delay in delivering the fetus. Prolongation of the uterine incision to delivery (U-D) interval was associated with a decrease in Ua pH and base excess values. (Ma-Ua) pH and base excess gradients increased with lengthening of the U-D interval. No convincing evidence of awareness during anaesthesia was found during the study. Five patients, appeared to be hallucinated in the immediate post-anaesthetic period. Unpleasant dreams were reported in 5 instances. In this study ketamine appeared to be unassociated with significant biochemical asphyxia, but may have been responsible for some element of drug induced neonatal depression. In view of our own experience and that of other workers, it is suggested that ketamine induction for Caesarean section should be re-evaluated using a lower dose of the drug. | [
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PMID:9840 | Preoperative magnesium trisilicate in infants. | Three groups, each of forty children aged less than five years and prepared for elective surgery, had their gastric contents' volume and pH measured. The control group showed an incidence of 67-5 per cent with high acidity (pH equal to or less than 2-5). In the second and third groups magnesium trisilicate mixture was given within thirty minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. The second group, sampled after induction of anaesthesia, showed a marked reduction in acidity, while the third group, sampled at the termination of anaesthesia and surgery, demonstrated that in most cases the neutralization of gastric acidity was still effective. | Preoperative magnesium trisilicate in infants. Three groups, each of forty children aged less than five years and prepared for elective surgery, had their gastric contents' volume and pH measured. The control group showed an incidence of 67-5 per cent with high acidity (pH equal to or less than 2-5). In the second and third groups magnesium trisilicate mixture was given within thirty minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. The second group, sampled after induction of anaesthesia, showed a marked reduction in acidity, while the third group, sampled at the termination of anaesthesia and surgery, demonstrated that in most cases the neutralization of gastric acidity was still effective. | [
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PMID:9841 | A diagram to facilitate the understanding and therapy of mixed acid base disorders. | A diagram based on in-vivo relationships between arterial hydrogen ion activity (H+) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) in primary abnormalities of acid base homeostasis is presented. It is designed to facilitate the interpretation of pH data by including the 95% confidence limits described in patients with simple metabolic and respiratory acid base disorders. These bands have been formulated from observation of simple acid base abnormalities and indicate the appropriate respiratory or renal compensatory response to the primary pH defect. A plot which falls outside these limits therefore indicates the presence of a mixed acid base disorder. The diagram presents a physiological approach to clinical disorders of pH regulation demonstrating maintenance of intra-cellular fluid homeostasis during primary extracellular fluid disturbances. Diagnostic and therapeutic advantages are further illustrated and discussed in six case reports. | A diagram to facilitate the understanding and therapy of mixed acid base disorders. A diagram based on in-vivo relationships between arterial hydrogen ion activity (H+) and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) in primary abnormalities of acid base homeostasis is presented. It is designed to facilitate the interpretation of pH data by including the 95% confidence limits described in patients with simple metabolic and respiratory acid base disorders. These bands have been formulated from observation of simple acid base abnormalities and indicate the appropriate respiratory or renal compensatory response to the primary pH defect. A plot which falls outside these limits therefore indicates the presence of a mixed acid base disorder. The diagram presents a physiological approach to clinical disorders of pH regulation demonstrating maintenance of intra-cellular fluid homeostasis during primary extracellular fluid disturbances. Diagnostic and therapeutic advantages are further illustrated and discussed in six case reports. | [
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PMID:9844 | Molecular mechanisms of nerve block by local anesthetics. | Local anesthetics block nerve conduction by preventing the increase in membrane permeability to sodium ions that normally leads to a nerve impulse. Among anesthetics containing tertiary amine groups, the cationic, protonated form appears to be more active than the neutral form. However, the neutral forms, as well as uncharged molecules like benzocaine and the aliphatic alcohols, also depress sodium permeability. Studies of single myelinated nerves and squid axons show no direct interaction between calcium ions and local anesthetics, thus disproving theories based on competition between these two agents. Likewise, hypotheses attributing local anesthesia to changes in electrical potentials at the membrane-water interface are disproven by the demonstrated potencies of electrically uncharged anesthetics. Hypotheses that propose that local anesthetics act by expanding the nerve membrane and causing a change in protein conformation that blocks sodium permeability are vague in conception and difficult to test experimentally. Evidence from voltage-clamp studies of single nerve fibers indicates that anesthetic molecules interact with the sodium channels directly, from the inner side of the nerve membrane. Anesthetics bind within sodium channels which have opened during membrane depolarization, preventing the normal sodium ion flux. Anesthetic molecules can dissociate from open channels, but not from channels that remain closed when the nerve is kept at rest. The "gating" properties that regulate the opening and closing of sodium channels are reversibly modified during anesthesia. Specifically, the inactivation function responds more slowly and requires more negative membrane potential changes to reach the same values as in unanesthetized nerves. A second, slow inactivation is observed following external application of tertiary amine anesthetics. The selective binding of anesthetics to open sodium channels provides a simple explanation for Wedenski inhibition, in which the block increases with the frequency of nerve impulses. When impulses occur at higher frequencies more sodium channels are open over a period of time comparable to the time necessary for the anesthetic binding reaction, thus more channels are blocked. In addition the changes of the inactivation function result in a longer refractory period and, thus, a decrease of impulse height at higher frequencies. Charged anesthetic molecules may bind in the pore of the sodium channel. Their binding can be modulated by the electrical field in the membrane. The channel has a higher affinity for larger anesthetic molecules, but this may result from their greater hydrophobicity as well as from their size. The binding site favors molecules that contain more polar linkages between the amine group and the aromatic residue. Binding of amine anesthetics is weakly stereospecific and, surprisingly, shows no absolute requirement for the terminal alkyl ammonium moiety present in most local anesthetics... | Molecular mechanisms of nerve block by local anesthetics. Local anesthetics block nerve conduction by preventing the increase in membrane permeability to sodium ions that normally leads to a nerve impulse. Among anesthetics containing tertiary amine groups, the cationic, protonated form appears to be more active than the neutral form. However, the neutral forms, as well as uncharged molecules like benzocaine and the aliphatic alcohols, also depress sodium permeability. Studies of single myelinated nerves and squid axons show no direct interaction between calcium ions and local anesthetics, thus disproving theories based on competition between these two agents. Likewise, hypotheses attributing local anesthesia to changes in electrical potentials at the membrane-water interface are disproven by the demonstrated potencies of electrically uncharged anesthetics. Hypotheses that propose that local anesthetics act by expanding the nerve membrane and causing a change in protein conformation that blocks sodium permeability are vague in conception and difficult to test experimentally. Evidence from voltage-clamp studies of single nerve fibers indicates that anesthetic molecules interact with the sodium channels directly, from the inner side of the nerve membrane. Anesthetics bind within sodium channels which have opened during membrane depolarization, preventing the normal sodium ion flux. Anesthetic molecules can dissociate from open channels, but not from channels that remain closed when the nerve is kept at rest. The "gating" properties that regulate the opening and closing of sodium channels are reversibly modified during anesthesia. Specifically, the inactivation function responds more slowly and requires more negative membrane potential changes to reach the same values as in unanesthetized nerves. A second, slow inactivation is observed following external application of tertiary amine anesthetics. The selective binding of anesthetics to open sodium channels provides a simple explanation for Wedenski inhibition, in which the block increases with the frequency of nerve impulses. When impulses occur at higher frequencies more sodium channels are open over a period of time comparable to the time necessary for the anesthetic binding reaction, thus more channels are blocked. In addition the changes of the inactivation function result in a longer refractory period and, thus, a decrease of impulse height at higher frequencies. Charged anesthetic molecules may bind in the pore of the sodium channel. Their binding can be modulated by the electrical field in the membrane. The channel has a higher affinity for larger anesthetic molecules, but this may result from their greater hydrophobicity as well as from their size. The binding site favors molecules that contain more polar linkages between the amine group and the aromatic residue. Binding of amine anesthetics is weakly stereospecific and, surprisingly, shows no absolute requirement for the terminal alkyl ammonium moiety present in most local anesthetics... | [
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PMID:9845 | Further studies of the anti-recall effect of lorazepam: A dose--time--effect relationship. | The time of onset and duration of the anti-recall action of lorazepam were assessed under clinical conditions by measuring recall and recognition of visual stimuli 24 hours after intravenous administration of lorazepam. The visual stimuli were first presented 5-240 minutes after 2 mg and 5-360 minutes after 4 mg lorazepam. Retrograde amnesia was not produced. Lorazepam, 2 mg, produced a short anti-recall effect (anterograde amnesia) in 50 per cent of the cases, with a latency of 30 minutes and a duration of less than half an hour. Duration and frequency of the anti-recall effect were greater after 4 mg, while the latency was shorter. More than 70 per cent of the individuals tested were amnesic for the visual stimuli 15 minutes to 4 hours after 4 mg lorazepam. Sedation was satisfactory and long-lasting following both doses of lorazepam, but was not related to the anti-recall effect. | Further studies of the anti-recall effect of lorazepam: A dose--time--effect relationship. The time of onset and duration of the anti-recall action of lorazepam were assessed under clinical conditions by measuring recall and recognition of visual stimuli 24 hours after intravenous administration of lorazepam. The visual stimuli were first presented 5-240 minutes after 2 mg and 5-360 minutes after 4 mg lorazepam. Retrograde amnesia was not produced. Lorazepam, 2 mg, produced a short anti-recall effect (anterograde amnesia) in 50 per cent of the cases, with a latency of 30 minutes and a duration of less than half an hour. Duration and frequency of the anti-recall effect were greater after 4 mg, while the latency was shorter. More than 70 per cent of the individuals tested were amnesic for the visual stimuli 15 minutes to 4 hours after 4 mg lorazepam. Sedation was satisfactory and long-lasting following both doses of lorazepam, but was not related to the anti-recall effect. | [
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PMID:9846 | Influence of anesthetic agent on survival following hemorrhage. | One hundred and twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were each anesthetized with one of four anaesthetics and subjected to a standard hemorrhage protocol to determine the effects of anesthetics on survival following hemorrhage. The anesthetics studied were: halothane, 1.26 vol per cent; fluroxene, 4.5 vol per cent; pentobarbital, 50 mg/kg ip; ketamine, 125 mg/kg, im. Mean arterial pressure was conrolled at 40 torr during 60 minutes of hemorrhage. Cumulative survival rates were determined at the end of hemorrhage and 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, and 7 days after hemorrhage. Twenty-four-hour survival rates were: halothane, 50.0 per cent; fluroxene, 56.3 per cent; pentobarbital, 59.4 per cent; ketamine, 84.4 per cent. Seven-day survival rates were: halothane, 46.9 per cent; fluroxene, 18.7 per cent; pentobarbital, 53.1 per cent; ketamine; 81.3 per cent. Survival rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in animals anesthetized with ketamine compared with survival rates associated with the other anesthetics. Long-term (72-hr and seven-day) survival rates were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in animals anesthetized with fluroxene. Microscopic examination of livers and small intestines revealed significantly fewer (P less than 0.05) athologic changes in the splanchnic organs of hemorrhaged rats anesthetized with ketamine compared with animals anesthetized with the other drugs. | Influence of anesthetic agent on survival following hemorrhage. One hundred and twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were each anesthetized with one of four anaesthetics and subjected to a standard hemorrhage protocol to determine the effects of anesthetics on survival following hemorrhage. The anesthetics studied were: halothane, 1.26 vol per cent; fluroxene, 4.5 vol per cent; pentobarbital, 50 mg/kg ip; ketamine, 125 mg/kg, im. Mean arterial pressure was conrolled at 40 torr during 60 minutes of hemorrhage. Cumulative survival rates were determined at the end of hemorrhage and 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, and 7 days after hemorrhage. Twenty-four-hour survival rates were: halothane, 50.0 per cent; fluroxene, 56.3 per cent; pentobarbital, 59.4 per cent; ketamine, 84.4 per cent. Seven-day survival rates were: halothane, 46.9 per cent; fluroxene, 18.7 per cent; pentobarbital, 53.1 per cent; ketamine; 81.3 per cent. Survival rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in animals anesthetized with ketamine compared with survival rates associated with the other anesthetics. Long-term (72-hr and seven-day) survival rates were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in animals anesthetized with fluroxene. Microscopic examination of livers and small intestines revealed significantly fewer (P less than 0.05) athologic changes in the splanchnic organs of hemorrhaged rats anesthetized with ketamine compared with animals anesthetized with the other drugs. | [
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PMID:9851 | [Structure of the interalveolar wall]. | The wall, which unites as well as separates two contiguous pulmonary alveoli is composed of: - a conjuntival partition, the veritable skeleton of the wall, which is occupied, to the largest extent, by capillary blood vessels. Between the capillaries, conjunctival cells are dispursed: fibrocytes, fibroblasts and histiocytes, of which some can be mobilised, transformed into macrophages, and penetrate into the alveolar lumen; - modified epithelial cells, whose very thin, vast expansions cover the conjunctival partition; - a liquid film, 0.2 mu in thickness, which separates the epithelial cells, or pneumocytes from the alveolar air. Numerous physiological implications result from this organisation. | [Structure of the interalveolar wall]. The wall, which unites as well as separates two contiguous pulmonary alveoli is composed of: - a conjuntival partition, the veritable skeleton of the wall, which is occupied, to the largest extent, by capillary blood vessels. Between the capillaries, conjunctival cells are dispursed: fibrocytes, fibroblasts and histiocytes, of which some can be mobilised, transformed into macrophages, and penetrate into the alveolar lumen; - modified epithelial cells, whose very thin, vast expansions cover the conjunctival partition; - a liquid film, 0.2 mu in thickness, which separates the epithelial cells, or pneumocytes from the alveolar air. Numerous physiological implications result from this organisation. | [
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PMID:9852 | [Pulmonary edemas of drownings]. | Patients who are victims of near drowning in fresh water or salt water very frequently have acute edema of the lung which occurs either immediately, or after a free interval of variable duration. The mechanism of this edema is explained, in near drowning in salt water, by the hyperosmolarity of the alveolar fluid leading to a seeping of plasma from the capillaries in the alveoli. In the case of near drowning in fresh water, it is on the contrary the inhaled liquid which passes into the circulation, therby leading to immediate hypervolemia, but this overload is only transitory and is not responsible for the pulmonary edema which occurs later is not accompanied by a rise in pulmonary capillary pressure. It is therefore a lesional edema as is certified by the anatomopathological modifications found in the lungs of drowned patients. Therapeutic management must therefore take into consideration this physiopathology of acute edema of the lung in the drowned. | [Pulmonary edemas of drownings]. Patients who are victims of near drowning in fresh water or salt water very frequently have acute edema of the lung which occurs either immediately, or after a free interval of variable duration. The mechanism of this edema is explained, in near drowning in salt water, by the hyperosmolarity of the alveolar fluid leading to a seeping of plasma from the capillaries in the alveoli. In the case of near drowning in fresh water, it is on the contrary the inhaled liquid which passes into the circulation, therby leading to immediate hypervolemia, but this overload is only transitory and is not responsible for the pulmonary edema which occurs later is not accompanied by a rise in pulmonary capillary pressure. It is therefore a lesional edema as is certified by the anatomopathological modifications found in the lungs of drowned patients. Therapeutic management must therefore take into consideration this physiopathology of acute edema of the lung in the drowned. | [
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PMID:9853 | [Pulmonary edemas. Classification and mechanisms]. | Water exchanges in the lung under physiological conditions, are still badly known. Starling's classical equation is a too simplified view of the phenomenon. In addition, a certain number of its factors are badly determined. Such is the case with the hydrostatic pressure and the oncotic pressure of the interstitium. In pathological conditions secondary edema is opposed to lesions of the alveolocapillary membrane and hemodynamic edema where the increase in intravascular pressure increases a loss of liquid between the junctions of the endothelial cells. Between these two situations there are edemas, of which the mechanism is still subject to discussion, for example altitude edema, edema in heroin addicts, neurogenic edema. | [Pulmonary edemas. Classification and mechanisms]. Water exchanges in the lung under physiological conditions, are still badly known. Starling's classical equation is a too simplified view of the phenomenon. In addition, a certain number of its factors are badly determined. Such is the case with the hydrostatic pressure and the oncotic pressure of the interstitium. In pathological conditions secondary edema is opposed to lesions of the alveolocapillary membrane and hemodynamic edema where the increase in intravascular pressure increases a loss of liquid between the junctions of the endothelial cells. Between these two situations there are edemas, of which the mechanism is still subject to discussion, for example altitude edema, edema in heroin addicts, neurogenic edema. | [
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PMID:9854 | [High altitude acute pulmonary edema (author's transl)]. | HAAPE has been recognised only recently but is of real interest as much from the clinical as well as the dogmatic stand-point owing to the complexity of its physiopathological findings. It is encountered at altitudes higher than 4,000 meters either during a first contact or in natives returning from low altitude zones. There is an individual or even racial susceptibility. | [High altitude acute pulmonary edema (author's transl)]. HAAPE has been recognised only recently but is of real interest as much from the clinical as well as the dogmatic stand-point owing to the complexity of its physiopathological findings. It is encountered at altitudes higher than 4,000 meters either during a first contact or in natives returning from low altitude zones. There is an individual or even racial susceptibility. | [
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PMID:9855 | [Pulmonary edemas of infectious origin]. | Diffuse pulmonary edema, capable of arising in the absence of hemodynamic disorders is rare in infectious disease. They take on two different clinical appearances: a) acute edema of the lung with the syndrome of asphysia, b) a subacute dyspneic pneumonia with hypoxemia and hypo or normocapnia. These initial disorders can be followed by progressive respiratory failure secondary to the development of diffuse interstitial lesions with fibrosis and intra-alveolar hyaline deposits. The bronchiolo-alveolar lesions which induce a fibrin rich exudate are directly caused by the patogenic agent: myxovirus, essentially influenzae, and more rarely adeno or herpes virus. The role of bacteria and of certain parasites is more debateable. | [Pulmonary edemas of infectious origin]. Diffuse pulmonary edema, capable of arising in the absence of hemodynamic disorders is rare in infectious disease. They take on two different clinical appearances: a) acute edema of the lung with the syndrome of asphysia, b) a subacute dyspneic pneumonia with hypoxemia and hypo or normocapnia. These initial disorders can be followed by progressive respiratory failure secondary to the development of diffuse interstitial lesions with fibrosis and intra-alveolar hyaline deposits. The bronchiolo-alveolar lesions which induce a fibrin rich exudate are directly caused by the patogenic agent: myxovirus, essentially influenzae, and more rarely adeno or herpes virus. The role of bacteria and of certain parasites is more debateable. | [
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PMID:9856 | [Hemodynamic data in lesional pulmonary edemas]. | Pulmonary edema due to disorders in alveolo-capillary permeability (or lesional) are differentiated from hemodynamic pulmonary edema by the fact that they arise in spite of normal pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP). A hemodynamic study was carried out in 42 cases of lesional P.E. The PCP was normal whatever the date of the examination and the gravity of the P.E. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was only found in the presence of frank hypoxemia and disappeared with the correction of the latter. If there was no hemodynamic profile due to P.E. itself, its etiology sometimes induced a hyperkinetic or hypovolemic syndrome. Finally it was apparent that PCP was significantly higher- although normal- at the initial stage than after 6 hours of P.E.; that an elevation in PCP of only a few mm Hg by the perfusion of colloids aggravated the P.E., that despite the normal value for the PCP dehydration evidently improved hematosis. Thus this study confirms that numerous cases of P.E. can occur while the PCP remains normal. It also confirms the noxious nature of too abundant perfusions in these cases and the effectiveness of dehydration. | [Hemodynamic data in lesional pulmonary edemas]. Pulmonary edema due to disorders in alveolo-capillary permeability (or lesional) are differentiated from hemodynamic pulmonary edema by the fact that they arise in spite of normal pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP). A hemodynamic study was carried out in 42 cases of lesional P.E. The PCP was normal whatever the date of the examination and the gravity of the P.E. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was only found in the presence of frank hypoxemia and disappeared with the correction of the latter. If there was no hemodynamic profile due to P.E. itself, its etiology sometimes induced a hyperkinetic or hypovolemic syndrome. Finally it was apparent that PCP was significantly higher- although normal- at the initial stage than after 6 hours of P.E.; that an elevation in PCP of only a few mm Hg by the perfusion of colloids aggravated the P.E., that despite the normal value for the PCP dehydration evidently improved hematosis. Thus this study confirms that numerous cases of P.E. can occur while the PCP remains normal. It also confirms the noxious nature of too abundant perfusions in these cases and the effectiveness of dehydration. | [
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PMID:9858 | [Blood gas determination and calculation of shunts in nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. | Qs/Qt is usually determined by the "oxygen" method. The standard equation for calculation of percentage shunts is therefore: (see article) In the case for an FiO2 of I and when PaO2 is greater than 150 mm Hg, the equation can be expressed in terms of the difference in partial pressures of oxygen between the alveolus and the artery: (see article) The determination of Qs/Qt then necessitates, apart from calculation of PaO2 measurement of the O2 content of mixed venous blood, taken from the pulmonary artery. When an indwelling catheter for the sampling of mixed venous blood is not available, samples of superior vena cava blood can be used instead. The error thereby introduced into the calculation of Qs/Qt is debatable. Strictly, only the sampling of mixed venous blood permits precise determination of Qs/Qt. As long as the variations in Qs/Qt, more than its real value at a give time, are worth supervising, superior vena cava blood gives a rather satisfactory approximation. Various graphs relating Qs/Qt to PaO2 or to the alveolo-arterial difference have been proposed and are discussed. The other methods of determining Qs/Qt are also looked at. The value of determination of the shunt during non-hemodynamic edema, and especially in the patient under artificial ventilation with P.E.E.P., is emphasised. | [Blood gas determination and calculation of shunts in nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. Qs/Qt is usually determined by the "oxygen" method. The standard equation for calculation of percentage shunts is therefore: (see article) In the case for an FiO2 of I and when PaO2 is greater than 150 mm Hg, the equation can be expressed in terms of the difference in partial pressures of oxygen between the alveolus and the artery: (see article) The determination of Qs/Qt then necessitates, apart from calculation of PaO2 measurement of the O2 content of mixed venous blood, taken from the pulmonary artery. When an indwelling catheter for the sampling of mixed venous blood is not available, samples of superior vena cava blood can be used instead. The error thereby introduced into the calculation of Qs/Qt is debatable. Strictly, only the sampling of mixed venous blood permits precise determination of Qs/Qt. As long as the variations in Qs/Qt, more than its real value at a give time, are worth supervising, superior vena cava blood gives a rather satisfactory approximation. Various graphs relating Qs/Qt to PaO2 or to the alveolo-arterial difference have been proposed and are discussed. The other methods of determining Qs/Qt are also looked at. The value of determination of the shunt during non-hemodynamic edema, and especially in the patient under artificial ventilation with P.E.E.P., is emphasised. | [
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PMID:9859 | [Continuous measurement, using 2 isotopes, of extravascular pulmonary water. Application of a new method or the analysis of supply and pulmonary capillary filtration in normal man]. | Measurement of pulmonary interstitial fluid may be useful in clinical medicine for early diagnosis or measurement of interstitial and/or alveolar pulmonary edema. A modification of the double dilution method of CHINARD and GORESKY is proposed. Compared to previous methods, this technique, using two isotopes gamma emitters, is rapid, simple, reproductible and may be repeated. The values obtained in normal subjects at rest 3.5 +/- 0.5 ml/kg, are comparable with those of other authors. They increase considerably in cases of fluid load. | [Continuous measurement, using 2 isotopes, of extravascular pulmonary water. Application of a new method or the analysis of supply and pulmonary capillary filtration in normal man]. Measurement of pulmonary interstitial fluid may be useful in clinical medicine for early diagnosis or measurement of interstitial and/or alveolar pulmonary edema. A modification of the double dilution method of CHINARD and GORESKY is proposed. Compared to previous methods, this technique, using two isotopes gamma emitters, is rapid, simple, reproductible and may be repeated. The values obtained in normal subjects at rest 3.5 +/- 0.5 ml/kg, are comparable with those of other authors. They increase considerably in cases of fluid load. | [
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PMID:9860 | [Pulmonary water and thoracic impedance. Evaluation of a measurement technic]. | We measured transthoracic electrical impedance in 17 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs with a four-electrode system. A current (5 KHZ, 50 mu A) is injected and detected at axillary levels. Transthoracic impedance was 67 +/- 14 ohms (S.D.) with insignificant shifts in control animals. Pulmonary edemas were induced by saline and dextrose overloads with large but opposite variations in impedance. Fifty to hundred per cent increases in total lung water content (determined at autopsy) were induced by intravenous injection of alloxan or instillation of endotracheal saline. Significant but small decreases in impedance followed. Validity of experimental pulmonary edemas with or without blood resistivity and pulmonary blood volume changes is discussed. | [Pulmonary water and thoracic impedance. Evaluation of a measurement technic]. We measured transthoracic electrical impedance in 17 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs with a four-electrode system. A current (5 KHZ, 50 mu A) is injected and detected at axillary levels. Transthoracic impedance was 67 +/- 14 ohms (S.D.) with insignificant shifts in control animals. Pulmonary edemas were induced by saline and dextrose overloads with large but opposite variations in impedance. Fifty to hundred per cent increases in total lung water content (determined at autopsy) were induced by intravenous injection of alloxan or instillation of endotracheal saline. Significant but small decreases in impedance followed. Validity of experimental pulmonary edemas with or without blood resistivity and pulmonary blood volume changes is discussed. | [
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PMID:9861 | [Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]. | The effects of a fluid vascular overload (Dextran 40,000, 10 p. 100, 44 +/- ml/kg/45 min) were studied in 9 normal subjects in the upright position. The following were found: an increase in pulmonary blood volume (+30 p. 100), and in extravascular pulmonary water (+ 70 p. 100), a significant fall in pulmonary compliance and an increase in bronchial resistance. Radio-isotopic study of the regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion showed a clear inversion with decrease in perfusion at the bases and increase at the apices. From the theoretical standpoint, this inversion of distribution of perfusion can be due to hypoxic vasoconstriction in the lung bases, to an increase in flow and entry pressures recruiting apical vessels or to a perivascular compressive edema in the lower parts of the lungs. Different modifications complementing the initial experimental protocol tend to prove that it is this latter reason which is essentially at the origin of the inversion in regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion. | [Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]. The effects of a fluid vascular overload (Dextran 40,000, 10 p. 100, 44 +/- ml/kg/45 min) were studied in 9 normal subjects in the upright position. The following were found: an increase in pulmonary blood volume (+30 p. 100), and in extravascular pulmonary water (+ 70 p. 100), a significant fall in pulmonary compliance and an increase in bronchial resistance. Radio-isotopic study of the regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion showed a clear inversion with decrease in perfusion at the bases and increase at the apices. From the theoretical standpoint, this inversion of distribution of perfusion can be due to hypoxic vasoconstriction in the lung bases, to an increase in flow and entry pressures recruiting apical vessels or to a perivascular compressive edema in the lower parts of the lungs. Different modifications complementing the initial experimental protocol tend to prove that it is this latter reason which is essentially at the origin of the inversion in regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion. | [
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PMID:9862 | [Pulmonary edemas. Anatomic study]. | Whatever the etiology of pulmonary edema, i.e. increase in intrapulmonary water, edema passes through three, moreover intricate phases: 1- intracellular edema clearly visible in the type 1 pneumocyte. This intracellular edema appears at the same time as: 2- interstitial edema; that which appears when: 3- numerous vesicules of pinocytosis and separation of the capillary endothelial cells account for it; 4- intra-alveolar edema itself appears later and corresponds to the major clinical phase of pulmonary edema. There is nothing surprising about this as the cellular functions of pneumocytes are impervious as can be shown for example by studies carried out with tracers. This intracellular alveolar edema seems to have two different aspects depending on whether the experimental conditions create an acute or sub-acute pathology. In the acute form, the edema is poor in lipids and in proteins. In the sub-acute of chronic forms, it is on the contrary very rich in them. 5-In the last phase, a veritable desquamation of the pneumocytes then of the endothelial cells is produced which is very frequently lethal. If survival occurs, two sorts of lesions are found: -colonisation of the alveolar surface with type II pneumocytes; - occurrence of possible intersitial fibrosis. The remarkable fact is that such lesions are visible in a more or less identical manner in all cases of pulmonary edema, whether they be hemodynamic or lesional. The morphology does not confirm this physiopathological distinction which is moreover questionable as all pulmonary edema become lesional sooner or later. | [Pulmonary edemas. Anatomic study]. Whatever the etiology of pulmonary edema, i.e. increase in intrapulmonary water, edema passes through three, moreover intricate phases: 1- intracellular edema clearly visible in the type 1 pneumocyte. This intracellular edema appears at the same time as: 2- interstitial edema; that which appears when: 3- numerous vesicules of pinocytosis and separation of the capillary endothelial cells account for it; 4- intra-alveolar edema itself appears later and corresponds to the major clinical phase of pulmonary edema. There is nothing surprising about this as the cellular functions of pneumocytes are impervious as can be shown for example by studies carried out with tracers. This intracellular alveolar edema seems to have two different aspects depending on whether the experimental conditions create an acute or sub-acute pathology. In the acute form, the edema is poor in lipids and in proteins. In the sub-acute of chronic forms, it is on the contrary very rich in them. 5-In the last phase, a veritable desquamation of the pneumocytes then of the endothelial cells is produced which is very frequently lethal. If survival occurs, two sorts of lesions are found: -colonisation of the alveolar surface with type II pneumocytes; - occurrence of possible intersitial fibrosis. The remarkable fact is that such lesions are visible in a more or less identical manner in all cases of pulmonary edema, whether they be hemodynamic or lesional. The morphology does not confirm this physiopathological distinction which is moreover questionable as all pulmonary edema become lesional sooner or later. | [
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PMID:9863 | [Contribution of radiology in nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. | The radiological appearances of non-hemodynamic, lesional edema are univoco; interstitial-type pictures, alveolar-type pictures, either successively or combined, in terms of the intensity or duration of the alveolo-capillary membrane lesions. Inflation of the interstitial medium is reflected by the appearance of Kerley B lines, haziness of the vascular contours and sometimes an axillary bordering line due to subpleural edema. Capillary congestion with increase in permeability especially to proteins and the tearing of connective tissue explains these pictures. In the following stage, edema is alveolar with hazy diffuse, unorganised and confluent opacities. These opacities can predominate in the bases, or take on a butterfly-wing distribution. At this stage atelectatic lesions can be superadded due to inactivation of surfactant. Finally, in the later periods the appearance of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with fibrinous deposits and fibroblastic proliferation can be noted. The chest X-ray is the objective reflection of the disorders; in enables the making of a diagnosis, and the drawing up of a complete check of the lesions and supervision of its course. | [Contribution of radiology in nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. The radiological appearances of non-hemodynamic, lesional edema are univoco; interstitial-type pictures, alveolar-type pictures, either successively or combined, in terms of the intensity or duration of the alveolo-capillary membrane lesions. Inflation of the interstitial medium is reflected by the appearance of Kerley B lines, haziness of the vascular contours and sometimes an axillary bordering line due to subpleural edema. Capillary congestion with increase in permeability especially to proteins and the tearing of connective tissue explains these pictures. In the following stage, edema is alveolar with hazy diffuse, unorganised and confluent opacities. These opacities can predominate in the bases, or take on a butterfly-wing distribution. At this stage atelectatic lesions can be superadded due to inactivation of surfactant. Finally, in the later periods the appearance of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with fibrinous deposits and fibroblastic proliferation can be noted. The chest X-ray is the objective reflection of the disorders; in enables the making of a diagnosis, and the drawing up of a complete check of the lesions and supervision of its course. | [
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PMID:9864 | [Severity factors and diagnosis of nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. | This syndrome is characterised by changes in the pulmonary capillary bed allowing filtration of edema fluid rich in proteins. It provokes an alveolo-capillary block and a fall in compliance. Positive diagnosis is envisaged from the clinical circumstances implicating a change in the pulmonary capillaries (blast, shock, microemboli). The fall in pO2 is early and intense. The fall in compliance is later and leads to hypoventilation necessitating ventilatory assistance. Diffuse radiological opacification of both pulmonary fields is characteristics, in its appearance and also in its prolonged course. In the differential diagnosis one should try to eliminate acute pulmonary edema and refractory hypoxia of bronchogenic origin. Prognosis of the condition is fixed by the course (of the pO2, of possible hypoventilation, of the radiological pictures), under treatment. Although persistance of the syndrome for more than one or two weeks is of bad prognosis, cases have been known to progress for more than three weeks and to heal leaving no after-effects. The syndrome can be complicated by cardiac incompetence, organic renal failure, which again aggravate the prognosis. | [Severity factors and diagnosis of nonhemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. This syndrome is characterised by changes in the pulmonary capillary bed allowing filtration of edema fluid rich in proteins. It provokes an alveolo-capillary block and a fall in compliance. Positive diagnosis is envisaged from the clinical circumstances implicating a change in the pulmonary capillaries (blast, shock, microemboli). The fall in pO2 is early and intense. The fall in compliance is later and leads to hypoventilation necessitating ventilatory assistance. Diffuse radiological opacification of both pulmonary fields is characteristics, in its appearance and also in its prolonged course. In the differential diagnosis one should try to eliminate acute pulmonary edema and refractory hypoxia of bronchogenic origin. Prognosis of the condition is fixed by the course (of the pO2, of possible hypoventilation, of the radiological pictures), under treatment. Although persistance of the syndrome for more than one or two weeks is of bad prognosis, cases have been known to progress for more than three weeks and to heal leaving no after-effects. The syndrome can be complicated by cardiac incompetence, organic renal failure, which again aggravate the prognosis. | [
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PMID:9865 | [Reduction and anti-inflammatory technics in non-hemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. | All hypervolemia or any decrease in plasma oncotic pressure leads to deterioration in lesional pulmonary edema. The aim of albumin infusions is to restore the plasma oncotic pressure and to oppose the passage of water into the extravascular space. This therapy is however debatable owing to the abnormal increase in the permeability of the alveolo-capillary membrane to proteins. Diuretics enable one to lower the volemia and to maintain the pulmonary capillary pressure at its minimum level. However, strict hemodynamic supervision is absolutely necessary. Cortico-steroids have been recommended without serious physiopathological justification. However, they have a preventive action on interstitial edema in endotoxic shock. | [Reduction and anti-inflammatory technics in non-hemodynamic pulmonary edemas]. All hypervolemia or any decrease in plasma oncotic pressure leads to deterioration in lesional pulmonary edema. The aim of albumin infusions is to restore the plasma oncotic pressure and to oppose the passage of water into the extravascular space. This therapy is however debatable owing to the abnormal increase in the permeability of the alveolo-capillary membrane to proteins. Diuretics enable one to lower the volemia and to maintain the pulmonary capillary pressure at its minimum level. However, strict hemodynamic supervision is absolutely necessary. Cortico-steroids have been recommended without serious physiopathological justification. However, they have a preventive action on interstitial edema in endotoxic shock. | [
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PMID:9866 | [Justification, methods and indications for positive-pressure respiration in controlled and spontaneous ventilation in lesional pulmonary edeman]. | Proposed since 1938 as a treatment for pulmonary edema, continuous positive pressure ventilation (PPP) still called teleexpiratory positive pressure in France (PPTE) and "Positive End Expiratory Pressure" (PEEP) or even "Continuous Pressure Breathing" (CPPB) in Anglo-Saxon countries, has taken a place in the first line of therapy in refractory hypoxia and particulary when the latter originate from lesional pulmonary edema. The aim of PPP is to open up the alveolar territories by calling on their elastic properties, to fight against micro-atelectasis and bronchial collapse, to diminish the closing volume, to increase the FRC, thereby improve VA/Qc, decrease Qs/Qt and increase PaO2. Furthermore, in the particular case of pulmonary edema, PPP acts against the hydrostatic pressure by increasing the external component of the transmural pressure and by evening out pulmonary capillary blood flow. | [Justification, methods and indications for positive-pressure respiration in controlled and spontaneous ventilation in lesional pulmonary edeman]. Proposed since 1938 as a treatment for pulmonary edema, continuous positive pressure ventilation (PPP) still called teleexpiratory positive pressure in France (PPTE) and "Positive End Expiratory Pressure" (PEEP) or even "Continuous Pressure Breathing" (CPPB) in Anglo-Saxon countries, has taken a place in the first line of therapy in refractory hypoxia and particulary when the latter originate from lesional pulmonary edema. The aim of PPP is to open up the alveolar territories by calling on their elastic properties, to fight against micro-atelectasis and bronchial collapse, to diminish the closing volume, to increase the FRC, thereby improve VA/Qc, decrease Qs/Qt and increase PaO2. Furthermore, in the particular case of pulmonary edema, PPP acts against the hydrostatic pressure by increasing the external component of the transmural pressure and by evening out pulmonary capillary blood flow. | [
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PMID:9867 | [Treatment of fulminating lesional edemas using extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator]. | Recourse to extra-corporeal oxygenation is legitimate in certain cases of fulminating pulmonary edema, with refractory hypoxemia, particularly when the early onset of the hemodynamic condition and the severity of the hypoxemia do not permit the carrying out of dehydration. Veno-arterial diversion then permits: --the ensuring of half or two thirds of the oxygen consumption; --the restoration of systemic hemodynamics by arterial reinjection; --the very rapid reduction of pulmonary edema by "decompressing" the pulmonary artery. | [Treatment of fulminating lesional edemas using extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator]. Recourse to extra-corporeal oxygenation is legitimate in certain cases of fulminating pulmonary edema, with refractory hypoxemia, particularly when the early onset of the hemodynamic condition and the severity of the hypoxemia do not permit the carrying out of dehydration. Veno-arterial diversion then permits: --the ensuring of half or two thirds of the oxygen consumption; --the restoration of systemic hemodynamics by arterial reinjection; --the very rapid reduction of pulmonary edema by "decompressing" the pulmonary artery. | [
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PMID:9868 | [Present statues of lung transplantation (author's transl)]. | It is difficult to sum up the justifications for pulmonary transplantation in man as out of 34 cases carried out up to now only the patient DEROM, has survived 10 months. In fact, analysis shows that all of the other cases cannot be taken into consideration, as there were technical problems, or the receivers were nearly in the threws of death and this was the case of the patient SALVATOR. Two important problems remain to be resolved: First of all that of obtaining grafts in good condition. In fact the sole source of donors remains irreversible comas, and it is known that after 24 hours of artificial respiration the lung has undergone irreparable damage. It is therefore necessary to develop a reliable method for preservation. Present experimental results show that lungs preserved for 48 hours and regrafted into other animals are not only functional, in the immediate, but the scintigraphic scanning graphs after a month, are comparable with those in control animals. Studies of coagulation have demonstrated that pulmonary rejection is characterised before infiltration by mononuclear cells, by major coagulation disorders. In the treated animals, rejection crises are preceded a few days earlier by hypercoagulability and a fall in circulating platelets. These findings have enabled one, by the addition of appropriate anti-coagulant treatment, to overcome the rejection crises- without any other therapy than the basic classical treatment- (Immuran + corticosteroids). Under these conditions, the few specialised centres are therefore authorised to again attempt human pulmonary transplantation. | [Present statues of lung transplantation (author's transl)]. It is difficult to sum up the justifications for pulmonary transplantation in man as out of 34 cases carried out up to now only the patient DEROM, has survived 10 months. In fact, analysis shows that all of the other cases cannot be taken into consideration, as there were technical problems, or the receivers were nearly in the threws of death and this was the case of the patient SALVATOR. Two important problems remain to be resolved: First of all that of obtaining grafts in good condition. In fact the sole source of donors remains irreversible comas, and it is known that after 24 hours of artificial respiration the lung has undergone irreparable damage. It is therefore necessary to develop a reliable method for preservation. Present experimental results show that lungs preserved for 48 hours and regrafted into other animals are not only functional, in the immediate, but the scintigraphic scanning graphs after a month, are comparable with those in control animals. Studies of coagulation have demonstrated that pulmonary rejection is characterised before infiltration by mononuclear cells, by major coagulation disorders. In the treated animals, rejection crises are preceded a few days earlier by hypercoagulability and a fall in circulating platelets. These findings have enabled one, by the addition of appropriate anti-coagulant treatment, to overcome the rejection crises- without any other therapy than the basic classical treatment- (Immuran + corticosteroids). Under these conditions, the few specialised centres are therefore authorised to again attempt human pulmonary transplantation. | [
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PMID:9869 | [Vaso-active substances and pulmonary circulation]. | This study reveals the main vaso-active substances which pass through the lung, by studying in each case the extra-pulmonary of pulmonary origin, the effects of the lung on these substances: capture, discharge, transformation, and the effects of these substances on the lung. Eight groups of substances are studied: mediators of the sympatho-adrenergic system, substances interfering with adrenergic agents, acetyl-choline, serotonin, angiotensin, histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins. The lung behaves either as a neutral organ, or a filtering organ, or a filtering organ, or a secreting organ for these substances. In this way it strangely resembles the kidney. The pulmonary circulation is not completely comprised of simple reaction. It is capable of internal adjustement and redistribution under the effect of these substances. Pulmonary edema probably will always remain difficult to their mechanism of production, in so far as can be estimated from the multitude of substances. It is still rather a delicate matter to distinguish between edema-generating phenomena and phenomena which are secondary to the edema itself. | [Vaso-active substances and pulmonary circulation]. This study reveals the main vaso-active substances which pass through the lung, by studying in each case the extra-pulmonary of pulmonary origin, the effects of the lung on these substances: capture, discharge, transformation, and the effects of these substances on the lung. Eight groups of substances are studied: mediators of the sympatho-adrenergic system, substances interfering with adrenergic agents, acetyl-choline, serotonin, angiotensin, histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins. The lung behaves either as a neutral organ, or a filtering organ, or a filtering organ, or a secreting organ for these substances. In this way it strangely resembles the kidney. The pulmonary circulation is not completely comprised of simple reaction. It is capable of internal adjustement and redistribution under the effect of these substances. Pulmonary edema probably will always remain difficult to their mechanism of production, in so far as can be estimated from the multitude of substances. It is still rather a delicate matter to distinguish between edema-generating phenomena and phenomena which are secondary to the edema itself. | [
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] |
PMID:9870 | [Pulmonary edema due to shock, fat embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation and post extracorporeal circulation]. | The appearance of lesional edema in the region of the alveolar wall constitues the initial phenomenon of involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma during shock lung, fat embolism, DIC and post perfusion lung syndrome. The alveolar septum reacts in a monomorphous manner to these various agressions, although the responsible physiopathological factors are numerous and varied. The lung in E.C.C. represents a vertiable experimental post-agressive lung. It has been studied in man from the clinical, radiological, hemodynamic and anatomopathological standpoints. The modifications found enable one to better understand the etiological factors intervening in the other post-agressive lungs. | [Pulmonary edema due to shock, fat embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation and post extracorporeal circulation]. The appearance of lesional edema in the region of the alveolar wall constitues the initial phenomenon of involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma during shock lung, fat embolism, DIC and post perfusion lung syndrome. The alveolar septum reacts in a monomorphous manner to these various agressions, although the responsible physiopathological factors are numerous and varied. The lung in E.C.C. represents a vertiable experimental post-agressive lung. It has been studied in man from the clinical, radiological, hemodynamic and anatomopathological standpoints. The modifications found enable one to better understand the etiological factors intervening in the other post-agressive lungs. | [
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PMID:9871 | [Pulmonary surfactants. Generalities]. | The alveolar wall on contact with air can be compared with a biological air-liquide interface. As with all interfaces, there are therefore superficial forces which tend to reduce the surface to a minimum. In the case of a pulmonary alveolus with a spherical surface, these forces are at the origin of an internal pressure excess dependent on the radius of the alveolus and on the superficial tension related to the nature of the interface. Owing to the disparity in the alveolar radii, under these conditions the smaller alveoli would collapse to the benefit of a larger one, the pressure being lower and lower in the latter. In addition, at any time in the respiratory cycles, this surpression must be negligible in order to avoid rupture of the equilibrium of the forces exerted on the alveolar wall. Consequently, it is necessary that this air-alveolar wall interface should have a superficial tension on the one hand variable with the surface, and on the other hand always very low. Owing to the demonstration of large concentrations of phospholipid in this area, it can be thought that a superficial film is substituted at the air-biological liquid interface and owing to this fact effectively has superficial properties necessary for alveolar stability. The "surface-tensio-active" effect of this film lead to the giving of the name of "surfactant" to these constituents as a whole. | [Pulmonary surfactants. Generalities]. The alveolar wall on contact with air can be compared with a biological air-liquide interface. As with all interfaces, there are therefore superficial forces which tend to reduce the surface to a minimum. In the case of a pulmonary alveolus with a spherical surface, these forces are at the origin of an internal pressure excess dependent on the radius of the alveolus and on the superficial tension related to the nature of the interface. Owing to the disparity in the alveolar radii, under these conditions the smaller alveoli would collapse to the benefit of a larger one, the pressure being lower and lower in the latter. In addition, at any time in the respiratory cycles, this surpression must be negligible in order to avoid rupture of the equilibrium of the forces exerted on the alveolar wall. Consequently, it is necessary that this air-alveolar wall interface should have a superficial tension on the one hand variable with the surface, and on the other hand always very low. Owing to the demonstration of large concentrations of phospholipid in this area, it can be thought that a superficial film is substituted at the air-biological liquid interface and owing to this fact effectively has superficial properties necessary for alveolar stability. The "surface-tensio-active" effect of this film lead to the giving of the name of "surfactant" to these constituents as a whole. | [
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PMID:9872 | [Acute neurogenic pulmonary edema]. | Neurogenic edema, in the strict sense of the term, has at the present time practically not benefitted from precise hemodynamic investigations in human clinical practice, and owing to this fact, authors still classify them under the heading "mixed edema or of unknown pathogenesis". In contrast with this lack of information in man, animal experimental works are surprising by their coherence and the experimental facility of producing neurogenic edema (cranial hypertension by a small inflatable balloon and cisternal infection of fibrin). If one excludes the now ancient vagal theories (CAMERON 1949; CAMPBELL, 1949) which were never confirmed, all of the most recent experimental works (SARNOFF, 1952; DUCKER, 1968; LUISADA, 1967; MORITZ, 1974) confirm the adrenergic disorder of central origin during neurogenic A.P.E. which from the hemodynamic standpoint is like an authentic hemodynamic A.P.E. with raised left atrial pressure, pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure. | [Acute neurogenic pulmonary edema]. Neurogenic edema, in the strict sense of the term, has at the present time practically not benefitted from precise hemodynamic investigations in human clinical practice, and owing to this fact, authors still classify them under the heading "mixed edema or of unknown pathogenesis". In contrast with this lack of information in man, animal experimental works are surprising by their coherence and the experimental facility of producing neurogenic edema (cranial hypertension by a small inflatable balloon and cisternal infection of fibrin). If one excludes the now ancient vagal theories (CAMERON 1949; CAMPBELL, 1949) which were never confirmed, all of the most recent experimental works (SARNOFF, 1952; DUCKER, 1968; LUISADA, 1967; MORITZ, 1974) confirm the adrenergic disorder of central origin during neurogenic A.P.E. which from the hemodynamic standpoint is like an authentic hemodynamic A.P.E. with raised left atrial pressure, pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure. | [
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PMID:9873 | [Pulmonary edema in hangings]. | The authors present two cases of unsuccessful hanging which hat lead to a very severe neurological picture and especially the very rapid appearance of acute pulmonary edema resulting in a vertiable flooding of the alveoli. The victims, aged respectively 21 and 15 years, were free from any pre-existing cardiopathy. These cases of pulmonary edema, resistant to depletive therapy (bleeding, diuretics) and cardiotonic agents (Cedilanid) should only be jugulated after a one hour session of oxygen at 3 ATA with a baro-assisted respirator. The following are discussed with reference to these two cases: 1- The mode of occurrence of this type of pulmonary edema: - implication of sub-acute anoxic cerebral damage; - high negative alveolar pressures owing to a gasp-type ventilation with a closed glottis. 2- The opportunity for the very early treatment of the oxygen deficit contracted by the brain and myocardium. | [Pulmonary edema in hangings]. The authors present two cases of unsuccessful hanging which hat lead to a very severe neurological picture and especially the very rapid appearance of acute pulmonary edema resulting in a vertiable flooding of the alveoli. The victims, aged respectively 21 and 15 years, were free from any pre-existing cardiopathy. These cases of pulmonary edema, resistant to depletive therapy (bleeding, diuretics) and cardiotonic agents (Cedilanid) should only be jugulated after a one hour session of oxygen at 3 ATA with a baro-assisted respirator. The following are discussed with reference to these two cases: 1- The mode of occurrence of this type of pulmonary edema: - implication of sub-acute anoxic cerebral damage; - high negative alveolar pressures owing to a gasp-type ventilation with a closed glottis. 2- The opportunity for the very early treatment of the oxygen deficit contracted by the brain and myocardium. | [
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PMID:9874 | [Nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema due to toxins]. | Lesional pulmonary edema caused by substances which are directly caustic for the gastrointestinal pathways (strong acids and bases, inhaled vomit) are opposed by their immediate and long-term gravity with those due to cardiotropic medicamentatous toxins or volemic overloading which lead to curable pulmonary edema. Material and human factors, in favour of accidental intoxication are compensated for by the fact that many toxins produce vapours which are strongly irritant for the upper respiratory pathways: this prevents prolonged exposure and therefore wards off edema. Drug intoxication by ingestion can lead to pulmonary edema by relative or absolute volemic overload, by allergic accidents or by immaturity of the enzyme degradation systems. It seems to us that the notions of "neurological" and "metabolic" toxic edema should be abandoned. In lesional edema the treatment is that of the acute respiratory failure. The combination of pethidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine gives good immediate results. Owing to careful follow-up, hemodynamic pulmonary edema should most frequently be avoided. | [Nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema due to toxins]. Lesional pulmonary edema caused by substances which are directly caustic for the gastrointestinal pathways (strong acids and bases, inhaled vomit) are opposed by their immediate and long-term gravity with those due to cardiotropic medicamentatous toxins or volemic overloading which lead to curable pulmonary edema. Material and human factors, in favour of accidental intoxication are compensated for by the fact that many toxins produce vapours which are strongly irritant for the upper respiratory pathways: this prevents prolonged exposure and therefore wards off edema. Drug intoxication by ingestion can lead to pulmonary edema by relative or absolute volemic overload, by allergic accidents or by immaturity of the enzyme degradation systems. It seems to us that the notions of "neurological" and "metabolic" toxic edema should be abandoned. In lesional edema the treatment is that of the acute respiratory failure. The combination of pethidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine gives good immediate results. Owing to careful follow-up, hemodynamic pulmonary edema should most frequently be avoided. | [
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PMID:9875 | [Pulmonary edemas due to acute heroin poisoning]. | Their frequency is estimated with difficulty, although on autopsy pulmonary edema is found almost routinely. It is a major complication of overdoses (48 p. 100 of severe intoxications). Their formation can be suspected, when after the first phase of respiratory depressions, with coma, myosis, and a variable latent period, a second attack of respiratory insufficiency occurs with tachypnea, and cyanosis. The chest X-ray shows diffuse alveolar infiltration, sparing the apices. The heart being generally of normal size. Rapid disappearance of this infiltrate (24 to 48 hours) enables the elimination of two diagnoses: pneumonia due to inhalation of gastric fluid, an infectious pneumonia. Their pathogenesis remains very debatable: - in the majority of cases abrupt L.V.F. can be eliminated: -on the other hand it could be an allergic accident of the anaphylactic type, or local liberation of histamine, or a local toxic action on the pulmonary capillaries; - hypoxia, secondary to respiratory depression, could lead to pulmonary edema, by the same mechanism as at altitude; - finally, owing to the central neurological disorders a neurogenic theory can be put forward. Their treatment is essentially a combination of Nalorphine with oxygen therapy (by mask, or if necessary by assisted, controlled ventilation) with prevention of inhalation of gastric fluid (gastric emptying) or curative treatment of possible aspiration by antibiotics, and cortico-steroids. Diuretics can be useful, as well as cardiotonics. | [Pulmonary edemas due to acute heroin poisoning]. Their frequency is estimated with difficulty, although on autopsy pulmonary edema is found almost routinely. It is a major complication of overdoses (48 p. 100 of severe intoxications). Their formation can be suspected, when after the first phase of respiratory depressions, with coma, myosis, and a variable latent period, a second attack of respiratory insufficiency occurs with tachypnea, and cyanosis. The chest X-ray shows diffuse alveolar infiltration, sparing the apices. The heart being generally of normal size. Rapid disappearance of this infiltrate (24 to 48 hours) enables the elimination of two diagnoses: pneumonia due to inhalation of gastric fluid, an infectious pneumonia. Their pathogenesis remains very debatable: - in the majority of cases abrupt L.V.F. can be eliminated: -on the other hand it could be an allergic accident of the anaphylactic type, or local liberation of histamine, or a local toxic action on the pulmonary capillaries; - hypoxia, secondary to respiratory depression, could lead to pulmonary edema, by the same mechanism as at altitude; - finally, owing to the central neurological disorders a neurogenic theory can be put forward. Their treatment is essentially a combination of Nalorphine with oxygen therapy (by mask, or if necessary by assisted, controlled ventilation) with prevention of inhalation of gastric fluid (gastric emptying) or curative treatment of possible aspiration by antibiotics, and cortico-steroids. Diuretics can be useful, as well as cardiotonics. | [
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PMID:9876 | [Oxygen toxicity for pulmonary parenchyma. Ultrastructural study by electron microscopy. Physiopathologic data]. | The lungs of rats submitted to 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours of pure normobaric oxygen were examined by means of the scanning microscope. The images obtained give a dynamic aspect of the changes in the lesions with two distinct phases: a phase of reactivity at 48 hours, marked by the development of hyperactivity of the granular pneumocytes, a phase of destruction characterised by considerable changes in the alveolar epithelium and filling in of the alveolar lumen with various debris. From these morphological findings, different physio-pathological factors are discussed: the role of the increase in PaO2, the protection provided by the increase in the gradient (A - a) DO2, cerebral and adrenal medullary involvement especially in hypoxemic subjects. | [Oxygen toxicity for pulmonary parenchyma. Ultrastructural study by electron microscopy. Physiopathologic data]. The lungs of rats submitted to 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours of pure normobaric oxygen were examined by means of the scanning microscope. The images obtained give a dynamic aspect of the changes in the lesions with two distinct phases: a phase of reactivity at 48 hours, marked by the development of hyperactivity of the granular pneumocytes, a phase of destruction characterised by considerable changes in the alveolar epithelium and filling in of the alveolar lumen with various debris. From these morphological findings, different physio-pathological factors are discussed: the role of the increase in PaO2, the protection provided by the increase in the gradient (A - a) DO2, cerebral and adrenal medullary involvement especially in hypoxemic subjects. | [
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PMID:9877 | [Pulmonary edema due to inhalation of gas and vapors]. | In 1975, France will have manufactured 3.2 million tons of plastic materials which by pyrolysis, liberate chlorine, methyl chloride, hydrocyanic acid, hydrofluoric acid and other toxic gases. Now these materials are burnt in fires in "modern", buildings or vehicles , associated with fats (acrolein) and other gases and toxic industrial or household fumes which attack the lung. At sufficient dosage these agressive agents have first of all a "suffocating" action when in case of survival, a caustic and corrosive action. Pulmonary edema of the lesional type is met with at two stages in these cases. They are due to a direct action on the bronchial epithelium and an indirect action by disturbance of surfactant metabolism. It is an edema which is interstitial above all, and secondarily endo-alveolar. Study of the clinical, radiological, bronchoscopic and hemodynamic symptomatology. Differential diagnosis is not always easy. The possibility of burns of the respiratory pathways, blast, must be looked at. These elements can moreover be associated with lesions due to toxic inhalation. In case of survival the course is one of fibrosis with a restrictive syndrome. | [Pulmonary edema due to inhalation of gas and vapors]. In 1975, France will have manufactured 3.2 million tons of plastic materials which by pyrolysis, liberate chlorine, methyl chloride, hydrocyanic acid, hydrofluoric acid and other toxic gases. Now these materials are burnt in fires in "modern", buildings or vehicles , associated with fats (acrolein) and other gases and toxic industrial or household fumes which attack the lung. At sufficient dosage these agressive agents have first of all a "suffocating" action when in case of survival, a caustic and corrosive action. Pulmonary edema of the lesional type is met with at two stages in these cases. They are due to a direct action on the bronchial epithelium and an indirect action by disturbance of surfactant metabolism. It is an edema which is interstitial above all, and secondarily endo-alveolar. Study of the clinical, radiological, bronchoscopic and hemodynamic symptomatology. Differential diagnosis is not always easy. The possibility of burns of the respiratory pathways, blast, must be looked at. These elements can moreover be associated with lesions due to toxic inhalation. In case of survival the course is one of fibrosis with a restrictive syndrome. | [
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PMID:9878 | [Classification of corticoids]. | A pharmacological classification of corticoids can be carried out, based on the ratio of their glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activities. Their large number is due to the fact that they are practically all synthetic, and that minimal modifications in their structure gives rise to new drugs with variable gluco and mineralocorticoid activity. | [Classification of corticoids]. A pharmacological classification of corticoids can be carried out, based on the ratio of their glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activities. Their large number is due to the fact that they are practically all synthetic, and that minimal modifications in their structure gives rise to new drugs with variable gluco and mineralocorticoid activity. | [
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PMID:9879 | [Glucocorticoids and metabolism]. | After a brief historical account, the physiological effect of glucocorticoid hormones are analysed. Their main point of impact is neoglucogenesis from proteins. To this is added their direct action on carbohydrates, their intervention in the use of lipids, and in the movement of water and salts. Cortisone penetrates into the cell, is fixed by a cortisone receptor in order to be transferred into the nucleus and to act on the transformation of ADN-ARN. Its relationships with cyclic AMP are discussed. The hormonal correlations of glucocorticoids are numerous. (insulin, catecholamine, glucagon, growth hormone, androgen). Synthetic cordicoids have biological actions which are close to those of glucocorticoids, but vary depending on their structure. These physiological and pharmacological notions imply certain precautions in the use of this type of hormone derivative. | [Glucocorticoids and metabolism]. After a brief historical account, the physiological effect of glucocorticoid hormones are analysed. Their main point of impact is neoglucogenesis from proteins. To this is added their direct action on carbohydrates, their intervention in the use of lipids, and in the movement of water and salts. Cortisone penetrates into the cell, is fixed by a cortisone receptor in order to be transferred into the nucleus and to act on the transformation of ADN-ARN. Its relationships with cyclic AMP are discussed. The hormonal correlations of glucocorticoids are numerous. (insulin, catecholamine, glucagon, growth hormone, androgen). Synthetic cordicoids have biological actions which are close to those of glucocorticoids, but vary depending on their structure. These physiological and pharmacological notions imply certain precautions in the use of this type of hormone derivative. | [
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PMID:9880 | [Study of carbohydrate tolerance without and with corticotherapy]. | Using the glucose tolerance test by the intravenous route, from which the coefficients K (CONARD) of carbohydrate assimilation and (BERNIER) of fasting glycogenolysis, are deduced, the authors study the carbohydrate tolerance of neuro-surgical patients in acute and chronic phases, under corticosteroid therapy and without corticosteroid therapy. The role of corticosteroid therapy in the decrease in carbohydrate tolerance reported is discussed ; for comparative purposes, the authors present the study of carbohydrate assimilation in irreversible coma and in patients with advanced neuroplegia. | [Study of carbohydrate tolerance without and with corticotherapy]. Using the glucose tolerance test by the intravenous route, from which the coefficients K (CONARD) of carbohydrate assimilation and (BERNIER) of fasting glycogenolysis, are deduced, the authors study the carbohydrate tolerance of neuro-surgical patients in acute and chronic phases, under corticosteroid therapy and without corticosteroid therapy. The role of corticosteroid therapy in the decrease in carbohydrate tolerance reported is discussed ; for comparative purposes, the authors present the study of carbohydrate assimilation in irreversible coma and in patients with advanced neuroplegia. | [
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] |
PMID:9881 | [Corticoids in respiratory pathology]. | After briefly recalling the action of corticosteroids on the normal and pathological lung, the authors review the different etiologies where they can be used in respiratory pathology. | [Corticoids in respiratory pathology]. After briefly recalling the action of corticosteroids on the normal and pathological lung, the authors review the different etiologies where they can be used in respiratory pathology. | [
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PMID:9882 | [Immunological aspects of corticotherapy]. | The therapeutic effectiveness of corticoids in transplantation, in autoimmune conditions and in numerous diseases in which the pathogenic role of hypersensitivity reactions is invoked, is perfectly established on the empirical basis of clinical cases. The study of the effects of corticoids on the immunological response is on the contrary very fragmentary; it comes up against numerous difficulties, especially against the differences in susceptibility from one species to another. The lymphoid cells have cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors for corticosteroids. The fixation of corticosteroids on lymphocytes inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acids and raises the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. Corticosteroids decrease the mobility of polymorph leukocytes in the presence of a chemotactic stimulus, at high doses, they disturb phagocytosis by marcophages, oppose the degranulation of mast cells and polymorph leukocytes, and the cytotoxic action of sensitised T lymphocytes. In vivo, corticosteroids have little effect on the production of antibodies (primary of secondary response) do not modify the "immunological memory" by through an anti-inflammatory effect, abolish the peripheral manifestations of late hypersentsitivity reactions. Corticosteroids enable the treatment of acute rejection crises in transplantation, they have a symptomatic effect on type I and IV Gel and Cooms hypersensitivity reaction, their activity is less regular in the other phenomena of hypersensitivity. | [Immunological aspects of corticotherapy]. The therapeutic effectiveness of corticoids in transplantation, in autoimmune conditions and in numerous diseases in which the pathogenic role of hypersensitivity reactions is invoked, is perfectly established on the empirical basis of clinical cases. The study of the effects of corticoids on the immunological response is on the contrary very fragmentary; it comes up against numerous difficulties, especially against the differences in susceptibility from one species to another. The lymphoid cells have cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors for corticosteroids. The fixation of corticosteroids on lymphocytes inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acids and raises the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. Corticosteroids decrease the mobility of polymorph leukocytes in the presence of a chemotactic stimulus, at high doses, they disturb phagocytosis by marcophages, oppose the degranulation of mast cells and polymorph leukocytes, and the cytotoxic action of sensitised T lymphocytes. In vivo, corticosteroids have little effect on the production of antibodies (primary of secondary response) do not modify the "immunological memory" by through an anti-inflammatory effect, abolish the peripheral manifestations of late hypersentsitivity reactions. Corticosteroids enable the treatment of acute rejection crises in transplantation, they have a symptomatic effect on type I and IV Gel and Cooms hypersensitivity reaction, their activity is less regular in the other phenomena of hypersensitivity. | [
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PMID:9883 | [Hemodynamic effects of high-dosage corticoids. Their justification in the treatment of shock]. | In 61 patients in whom high doses of corticoids had been administered owing to various indications, the hemodynamic modifications caused by this injection were studied. The corticoids administered were : hydrocortisone hemisucccinate (150 mg/kg), methyl prednisolone sulfate (30 mg/kg), prednisone sodium m sulfobenzoate (50 mg/kg), prednisolone sodium m sulfobenzoate (35 mg/kg) and dexamethasone phosphate (2 mg and 6 mg/kg). The results study the modifications caused by each drug on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, systolic stroke volume and peripheral vascular resistance. The expression of the results is given as a percentage of the variation with statistical study. Methyl-prednisolone sulfobenzoate only leads to slightly marked hemodynamic effects : the four other compounds studied have definite hemodynamic effects, of variable intensity and duration. The most important variations are noted with dexametasone phosphate. From these results, the indications and results of the use of corticoids in states of shock are discussed. | [Hemodynamic effects of high-dosage corticoids. Their justification in the treatment of shock]. In 61 patients in whom high doses of corticoids had been administered owing to various indications, the hemodynamic modifications caused by this injection were studied. The corticoids administered were : hydrocortisone hemisucccinate (150 mg/kg), methyl prednisolone sulfate (30 mg/kg), prednisone sodium m sulfobenzoate (50 mg/kg), prednisolone sodium m sulfobenzoate (35 mg/kg) and dexamethasone phosphate (2 mg and 6 mg/kg). The results study the modifications caused by each drug on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, systolic stroke volume and peripheral vascular resistance. The expression of the results is given as a percentage of the variation with statistical study. Methyl-prednisolone sulfobenzoate only leads to slightly marked hemodynamic effects : the four other compounds studied have definite hemodynamic effects, of variable intensity and duration. The most important variations are noted with dexametasone phosphate. From these results, the indications and results of the use of corticoids in states of shock are discussed. | [
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PMID:9884 | [Corticoids and shock]. | After recalling the major role of catecholamines in the genesis of irreversible shock, the anti-shock action of glucocorticosteroids, owing to properties which are "alpha-blocking" , is discussed in this work. The works of LILLEHEI on the effectiveness of corticosteroids in different types of shock are summarized and discussed, as well as numerous works which have followed and a synopsis of which, done in 1967 in the "Annales de l'Anesthésiologie Francaise", is presented. Since then, following new experimental facts, whereas numerous contradictions have appeared in the clinical and experimental realms, the possible mechanisms of action of corticosteroids in shock are looked at, by emphasizing the relationships between corticosteroids and SHWARTZMAN's phenomenon, in particular. A hypothesis on a probable central action of glucocorticosteroids is proposed following experimental works carried out by H. LABORIT et Coll. (1975). Finally, the author presents a personal experiment in hemorrhagic shock in the rabbit where the adjunction of corticosteroids had no effect on the different parameters such as the decrease in PaCO2, hyperlactacidemia and the liberation of beta-glycuronidase in the blood, mortality being practically the same in the controls and in the animals submitted to corticosteroid therapy. | [Corticoids and shock]. After recalling the major role of catecholamines in the genesis of irreversible shock, the anti-shock action of glucocorticosteroids, owing to properties which are "alpha-blocking" , is discussed in this work. The works of LILLEHEI on the effectiveness of corticosteroids in different types of shock are summarized and discussed, as well as numerous works which have followed and a synopsis of which, done in 1967 in the "Annales de l'Anesthésiologie Francaise", is presented. Since then, following new experimental facts, whereas numerous contradictions have appeared in the clinical and experimental realms, the possible mechanisms of action of corticosteroids in shock are looked at, by emphasizing the relationships between corticosteroids and SHWARTZMAN's phenomenon, in particular. A hypothesis on a probable central action of glucocorticosteroids is proposed following experimental works carried out by H. LABORIT et Coll. (1975). Finally, the author presents a personal experiment in hemorrhagic shock in the rabbit where the adjunction of corticosteroids had no effect on the different parameters such as the decrease in PaCO2, hyperlactacidemia and the liberation of beta-glycuronidase in the blood, mortality being practically the same in the controls and in the animals submitted to corticosteroid therapy. | [
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PMID:9885 | [Corticosteroids and septic shock]. | According to the data in the literature, the authors attempted to sum-up present attitudes on the value of corticoids in the treatment of septic shock. If their cardiovascular effects after a period of enthusiasm, are presently rather controversial, their cellular and sub-cellular actions, on the lysosomal membranes, capillary permeability and perhaps the intimate mechanisms of cellular oxygenation seem to be more real. However, the contra-indications which persist in the results of clinical works have resulted in the fact that the exact place of cortico-steroids in the therapeutic arsenal of septic shock still remains to be specified. | [Corticosteroids and septic shock]. According to the data in the literature, the authors attempted to sum-up present attitudes on the value of corticoids in the treatment of septic shock. If their cardiovascular effects after a period of enthusiasm, are presently rather controversial, their cellular and sub-cellular actions, on the lysosomal membranes, capillary permeability and perhaps the intimate mechanisms of cellular oxygenation seem to be more real. However, the contra-indications which persist in the results of clinical works have resulted in the fact that the exact place of cortico-steroids in the therapeutic arsenal of septic shock still remains to be specified. | [
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] |
PMID:9886 | [Plasma cortisol in neurosurgical resuscitation]. | The authors study the values of spontaneous cortisonemia in neuro-surgical patients. They analysed the correlations between this parameter and certain clinical criteria (age, etiology, level of consciousness), the duration and nyctohemeral changes in spontaneous hypercortisonism. Furthermore, they presented the values of iatrogenic cortisonemias as a function of increasing doses of hydrocortisone and discussed the possible mechanisms for the disapperance of injected cortisone. | [Plasma cortisol in neurosurgical resuscitation]. The authors study the values of spontaneous cortisonemia in neuro-surgical patients. They analysed the correlations between this parameter and certain clinical criteria (age, etiology, level of consciousness), the duration and nyctohemeral changes in spontaneous hypercortisonism. Furthermore, they presented the values of iatrogenic cortisonemias as a function of increasing doses of hydrocortisone and discussed the possible mechanisms for the disapperance of injected cortisone. | [
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] |
PMID:9887 | [Indications for anti-inflammatory corticoids in anesthesia-resuscitiation]. | The use of anti-inflammatory corticoids in anesthesia and resuscitation is a long-standing fact, but their indications, owing to the risks to which they expose certain patients and owing to the uncertitude concerning their mechanism of action, are still badly defined. If certain indications (attacks of asthma, laryngeal oedema, certain peri-lesional oedemas) are considered as being categorial, the usefulness of anti-inflammatory corticotherapy is being more and more and more debated in other pathological conditions : infectious or chemical pneumonias, drowning, shocked lung, post-traumatic neuro-surgical conditions, cirrhosis. Very useful in precise indications, anti-inflammatory corticoids should not be prescribed, particularly in fragile patients whom we well know in resuscitation, without having weighed up the advantages and disadvantages related to this remarkable therapeutic instrument. | [Indications for anti-inflammatory corticoids in anesthesia-resuscitiation]. The use of anti-inflammatory corticoids in anesthesia and resuscitation is a long-standing fact, but their indications, owing to the risks to which they expose certain patients and owing to the uncertitude concerning their mechanism of action, are still badly defined. If certain indications (attacks of asthma, laryngeal oedema, certain peri-lesional oedemas) are considered as being categorial, the usefulness of anti-inflammatory corticotherapy is being more and more and more debated in other pathological conditions : infectious or chemical pneumonias, drowning, shocked lung, post-traumatic neuro-surgical conditions, cirrhosis. Very useful in precise indications, anti-inflammatory corticoids should not be prescribed, particularly in fragile patients whom we well know in resuscitation, without having weighed up the advantages and disadvantages related to this remarkable therapeutic instrument. | [
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PMID:9888 | [Complications and contraindications of corticotherapy]. | In a review of the classical complications of corticotherapy the aouthors tried, in the light of the literature, to take into consideration the ideas received as compared with the numerical conclusions of statistical studies on large series. Then they presented the patient treated with corticoids, faced with the surgical intervention. They tried to demonstrate that adrenal insufficiency, if present, is only exceptional and that all of the incidents, observed during and immediately after surgery must not be attributed to it. | [Complications and contraindications of corticotherapy]. In a review of the classical complications of corticotherapy the aouthors tried, in the light of the literature, to take into consideration the ideas received as compared with the numerical conclusions of statistical studies on large series. Then they presented the patient treated with corticoids, faced with the surgical intervention. They tried to demonstrate that adrenal insufficiency, if present, is only exceptional and that all of the incidents, observed during and immediately after surgery must not be attributed to it. | [
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PMID:9889 | [Problems posed by surgical patients submitted to long-term corticotherapy]. | Contrary to the long-standing attitude which consisted of descreasing the doses of cortisone, or even of weaning patients before undergoing a surgical intervention, the author emphasizes the necessity for a quantitative and qualitative increase in corticotherapy in order to avoid the risks of acute hypocorti-costeroidism. | [Problems posed by surgical patients submitted to long-term corticotherapy]. Contrary to the long-standing attitude which consisted of descreasing the doses of cortisone, or even of weaning patients before undergoing a surgical intervention, the author emphasizes the necessity for a quantitative and qualitative increase in corticotherapy in order to avoid the risks of acute hypocorti-costeroidism. | [
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PMID:9890 | [Determination of phenobarbital, mephenytoin and diphenylhydantoin in the surveillance of anticonvulsant treatment]. | The authors describe a method of simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone, mephenytoin and diphenylhydantoin in the blood. After extraction with ether, the methylation of these substances by trimethylanilinium hydroxide permits their rapid separation by gas chromatography. Heptabarbitone is used as internal standard and the chromatograph used is supplied with a thermoionic detector. The technique used is simple and rapid. Its reproducibility and sensitivity are satisfactory, permitting daily application to the supervision of anticonvulsant treatment, especially in Pediatrics. | [Determination of phenobarbital, mephenytoin and diphenylhydantoin in the surveillance of anticonvulsant treatment]. The authors describe a method of simultaneous estimation of phenobarbitone, mephenytoin and diphenylhydantoin in the blood. After extraction with ether, the methylation of these substances by trimethylanilinium hydroxide permits their rapid separation by gas chromatography. Heptabarbitone is used as internal standard and the chromatograph used is supplied with a thermoionic detector. The technique used is simple and rapid. Its reproducibility and sensitivity are satisfactory, permitting daily application to the supervision of anticonvulsant treatment, especially in Pediatrics. | [
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PMID:9891 | [Determination of isoniazid in blood plasma]. | The authors describe a new method of estimation of isoniazid in biological fluids, based on the formation and extraction of aluminium chelate obtained after combination of the isoniazid with salicylic aldehyde. The study of conditions of defecation and reaction permits one to eliminate interference with the metabolites, especially the acido-labile metabolites and obtain results comparable with those of microbiological methods. | [Determination of isoniazid in blood plasma]. The authors describe a new method of estimation of isoniazid in biological fluids, based on the formation and extraction of aluminium chelate obtained after combination of the isoniazid with salicylic aldehyde. The study of conditions of defecation and reaction permits one to eliminate interference with the metabolites, especially the acido-labile metabolites and obtain results comparable with those of microbiological methods. | [
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PMID:9893 | [Electrogastroenterographic study of the digestive motor effects of prolonged psychotropic treatment]. | Functional digestive complaints are frequent in psychiatri patients: simple constipation, which cannot be explained solely by the loss of the sensation of rectal fullness; occlusions, occasionally hemorragies; the late complication of dolichomegacolon (Bourgeois, 1973). In 160 subjects, an attempt to understand the physio-pathology were made by recording diurnal digestive motor activity using skin electrodes placed on the abdomen and extremities (electrogastroenterography or E.G.E.G.). A hypoactive E.G.E.G. was observed in 2/3 of 18 psychotic depressive patients, in 3/4 of 36 schizophrenies. The nocive effect of giving sedative phenothiazine and antiparkinsonian drugs (trihexyphenidyl or ethybenzatropine) during long periods is clear. Whereas non sedative phenothiazine and clotiapine gicen in small doses, do not have an undesirable effect. Sulpiride has been used in gastroduodenal dyskinesia. The dyskinesia noted by the E.G.E.G., sometimes found in the large intestin, were found in 55% of 30 patients with caracter disorders; they coincide with the high frequency of electro-encephalogram dysrythmies. Finally, in hysterical patients, one usually observes normal E.G.E.G., tracings which confirms the clinical observation that hysterical and psychosomatic symptoms, may succeed each other, but do not appear at the same time. In the same categories of patients, no longer treated in a classical psychiatric environment but in a group with institutional objectives, the same clinic results were obtained with fewer digestive disturbances. This tends to show the inutility and nocivity of excessive doses of psychotropic drugs given alone or in complexe association. | [Electrogastroenterographic study of the digestive motor effects of prolonged psychotropic treatment]. Functional digestive complaints are frequent in psychiatri patients: simple constipation, which cannot be explained solely by the loss of the sensation of rectal fullness; occlusions, occasionally hemorragies; the late complication of dolichomegacolon (Bourgeois, 1973). In 160 subjects, an attempt to understand the physio-pathology were made by recording diurnal digestive motor activity using skin electrodes placed on the abdomen and extremities (electrogastroenterography or E.G.E.G.). A hypoactive E.G.E.G. was observed in 2/3 of 18 psychotic depressive patients, in 3/4 of 36 schizophrenies. The nocive effect of giving sedative phenothiazine and antiparkinsonian drugs (trihexyphenidyl or ethybenzatropine) during long periods is clear. Whereas non sedative phenothiazine and clotiapine gicen in small doses, do not have an undesirable effect. Sulpiride has been used in gastroduodenal dyskinesia. The dyskinesia noted by the E.G.E.G., sometimes found in the large intestin, were found in 55% of 30 patients with caracter disorders; they coincide with the high frequency of electro-encephalogram dysrythmies. Finally, in hysterical patients, one usually observes normal E.G.E.G., tracings which confirms the clinical observation that hysterical and psychosomatic symptoms, may succeed each other, but do not appear at the same time. In the same categories of patients, no longer treated in a classical psychiatric environment but in a group with institutional objectives, the same clinic results were obtained with fewer digestive disturbances. This tends to show the inutility and nocivity of excessive doses of psychotropic drugs given alone or in complexe association. | [
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PMID:9898 | Effect of acid and salt concentration in fresh-pack pickles on the growth of Clostridium botulinum spores. | The addition of various amounts of acetic acid to pureed cucumbers inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores has shown that outgrowth is inhibited at pH 4.8 but not at pH 5.0. Inoculation experiments with whole cucumbers showed that as little as 0.9% acetic acid in the brine was sufficient to prevent outgrowth from spore inocula as high as 10(6)/cucumber. It was further shown that the rapid rate of acetic acid penetration into fresh-pack pickles prevents the growth of any C. botulinum spores that may be present. | Effect of acid and salt concentration in fresh-pack pickles on the growth of Clostridium botulinum spores. The addition of various amounts of acetic acid to pureed cucumbers inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores has shown that outgrowth is inhibited at pH 4.8 but not at pH 5.0. Inoculation experiments with whole cucumbers showed that as little as 0.9% acetic acid in the brine was sufficient to prevent outgrowth from spore inocula as high as 10(6)/cucumber. It was further shown that the rapid rate of acetic acid penetration into fresh-pack pickles prevents the growth of any C. botulinum spores that may be present. | [
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PMID:9896 | [On the ecology of marine chromatiaceae and chlorobiaceae (author's transl)]. | Number and genera (types) of phototrophic red and green sulfur bacteria have been determined in the upper layer of eleven marine sediment samples from the euphotic zone in the Mediterranean Sea. Origin and nature of the sediment samples are given as well as their pH, total nitrogen and sulfide content. The results show that the sediments studied did not provide good growth conditions for Chromatiaceae (Chromatium, Thiocystis, Thiocapsa) and Chlorobiaceae (Prosthecochloris). The total number of these bacteria varied in agreement with the total nitrogen content (organic matter) of the samples; the organic matter content is, therefore, of primary importance for the occurrence of the red and green sulfur bacteria in the samples. | [On the ecology of marine chromatiaceae and chlorobiaceae (author's transl)]. Number and genera (types) of phototrophic red and green sulfur bacteria have been determined in the upper layer of eleven marine sediment samples from the euphotic zone in the Mediterranean Sea. Origin and nature of the sediment samples are given as well as their pH, total nitrogen and sulfide content. The results show that the sediments studied did not provide good growth conditions for Chromatiaceae (Chromatium, Thiocystis, Thiocapsa) and Chlorobiaceae (Prosthecochloris). The total number of these bacteria varied in agreement with the total nitrogen content (organic matter) of the samples; the organic matter content is, therefore, of primary importance for the occurrence of the red and green sulfur bacteria in the samples. | [
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PMID:9899 | Isolation and characterization of an enzyme with esterase activity from Micropolyspora faeni. | The isolation and the characterization of one of the enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni that hydrolyzes the substrate N-benzoyl-DL-phenylalanine-beta-naphthyl ester and that seems to be of medical importance are described. This enzyme (enzyme 1) was isolated with an 86-fold purification by using the following seven steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration through Sephadex G-150, heat treatment, chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, rechromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex, gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, and affinity chromatography. Enzyme 1 has a molecular weight of approximately 500,000 and maximum activity at pH 7.8 to 8.0 and at 20 degrees C. The enzyme is stable between pH 7.5 and 10.5 and at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. Its activity is not inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It is, however, sensitive to diisopropyl phosphofluoride and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride. These properties and the ability to hydrolyze the esters of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan without endopeptidasic activity and no marked proteolytic activity suggest that the enzyme is an esterase. | Isolation and characterization of an enzyme with esterase activity from Micropolyspora faeni. The isolation and the characterization of one of the enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni that hydrolyzes the substrate N-benzoyl-DL-phenylalanine-beta-naphthyl ester and that seems to be of medical importance are described. This enzyme (enzyme 1) was isolated with an 86-fold purification by using the following seven steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration through Sephadex G-150, heat treatment, chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, rechromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex, gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, and affinity chromatography. Enzyme 1 has a molecular weight of approximately 500,000 and maximum activity at pH 7.8 to 8.0 and at 20 degrees C. The enzyme is stable between pH 7.5 and 10.5 and at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. Its activity is not inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It is, however, sensitive to diisopropyl phosphofluoride and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride. These properties and the ability to hydrolyze the esters of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan without endopeptidasic activity and no marked proteolytic activity suggest that the enzyme is an esterase. | [
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PMID:9897 | Therapeutic drug monitoring: measurements of antiepileptic and barbiturate drug levels in blood by gas chromatography with nitrogen - selective detector. | The nitrogen-specific detector for gas chromatography consists of a non-volatile rubidium silicate bead, around which nitrogen-containing compounds are pyrolyzed. Speed, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, small sample size and minumum sample handling are characteristics of the nitrogen detector that render it superior to conventional gas chromatographic detectors. The detector has been utilized to effect a simple and rapid quantitation of allobarbital, amobarbital, butabarbital, heptabarbital, pentabarbital, phenobarbital and secobarbital, plus the anticonvulsants diphenylhydantoin and primidone. Extraction of the drugs from acidified serum into organic solvent containing internal standard is followed by oncolumn methylation with methanolic trimethylphenyl ammonium hydroxide. The drugs, separated on a column of 3 percent OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q, 100-120 mesh are readily quantitated by simple calculations based on peak-height ratios. Therapeutic drug monitoring is discussed in relation to recent concepts of drug-protein binding, drug-drug interactions, drug biotransformation and problems of multiple drug therapy. | Therapeutic drug monitoring: measurements of antiepileptic and barbiturate drug levels in blood by gas chromatography with nitrogen - selective detector. The nitrogen-specific detector for gas chromatography consists of a non-volatile rubidium silicate bead, around which nitrogen-containing compounds are pyrolyzed. Speed, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, small sample size and minumum sample handling are characteristics of the nitrogen detector that render it superior to conventional gas chromatographic detectors. The detector has been utilized to effect a simple and rapid quantitation of allobarbital, amobarbital, butabarbital, heptabarbital, pentabarbital, phenobarbital and secobarbital, plus the anticonvulsants diphenylhydantoin and primidone. Extraction of the drugs from acidified serum into organic solvent containing internal standard is followed by oncolumn methylation with methanolic trimethylphenyl ammonium hydroxide. The drugs, separated on a column of 3 percent OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q, 100-120 mesh are readily quantitated by simple calculations based on peak-height ratios. Therapeutic drug monitoring is discussed in relation to recent concepts of drug-protein binding, drug-drug interactions, drug biotransformation and problems of multiple drug therapy. | [
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PMID:9900 | Oxidation of ethane by an Acremonium species. | Ethane oxidation was studied in ethane-grown resting cells (mycelia) of an Acremonium sp. and in cell-free preparations of such mycelia. From resting cell experiments evidence was found for a pathway of ethane oxidation via ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. In vitro studies indicated that ethane-oxidizing activity in such mycelia occurred predominantly in the microsomal fraction of crude homogenates. Microsomal preparations were inactive in the absence of added coenzyme. Marked stimulation of activity was obtained in such preparations with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and to a much lesser degree with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Ethane oxidation was inhibited by sodium azide and carbon monoxide. | Oxidation of ethane by an Acremonium species. Ethane oxidation was studied in ethane-grown resting cells (mycelia) of an Acremonium sp. and in cell-free preparations of such mycelia. From resting cell experiments evidence was found for a pathway of ethane oxidation via ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. In vitro studies indicated that ethane-oxidizing activity in such mycelia occurred predominantly in the microsomal fraction of crude homogenates. Microsomal preparations were inactive in the absence of added coenzyme. Marked stimulation of activity was obtained in such preparations with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and to a much lesser degree with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Ethane oxidation was inhibited by sodium azide and carbon monoxide. | [
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PMID:9901 | Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method. | A crude cell extract from a mixed bacterial culture growing on parathion, an organophosphate insecticide, hydrolyzed parathion (21 C) at a rate of 416 nmol/min per mg of protein. This rate of enzymatic hydrolysis, when compared with chemical hydrolysis by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 40 C, was 2, 450 times faster. Eight of 12 commonly used organophosphate insecticides were enzymatically hydrolyzed with this enzyme preparation at rates ranging from 12 to 1,360 nmol/min per mg of protein. Seven pesticides were hydrolyzed at rates significantly higher (40 to 1,005 times faster) than chemical hydrolysis. The pH optimum for enzymatic hydrolysis of the eight pesticides ranged from 8.5 to 9.5, with less than 50% of maximal activity expressed at pH 7.0. Maximal enzyme activity occurred at 35 C. The crude extract lost its activity at the rate of only 0.75%/day when stored at 6 C. Eight organic solvents, ranging from methanol to hexane, at low concentrations stimulated enzymatic hydrolysis by 3 to 20%, whereas at higher concentrations (1,000 mg/liter) they inhibited the reaction (9 to 50%). Parathion metabolites p-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, and diethylthiophosphoric acid, at up to 100-mg/liter concentrations, did not significantly influence enzyme activity. | Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method. A crude cell extract from a mixed bacterial culture growing on parathion, an organophosphate insecticide, hydrolyzed parathion (21 C) at a rate of 416 nmol/min per mg of protein. This rate of enzymatic hydrolysis, when compared with chemical hydrolysis by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 40 C, was 2, 450 times faster. Eight of 12 commonly used organophosphate insecticides were enzymatically hydrolyzed with this enzyme preparation at rates ranging from 12 to 1,360 nmol/min per mg of protein. Seven pesticides were hydrolyzed at rates significantly higher (40 to 1,005 times faster) than chemical hydrolysis. The pH optimum for enzymatic hydrolysis of the eight pesticides ranged from 8.5 to 9.5, with less than 50% of maximal activity expressed at pH 7.0. Maximal enzyme activity occurred at 35 C. The crude extract lost its activity at the rate of only 0.75%/day when stored at 6 C. Eight organic solvents, ranging from methanol to hexane, at low concentrations stimulated enzymatic hydrolysis by 3 to 20%, whereas at higher concentrations (1,000 mg/liter) they inhibited the reaction (9 to 50%). Parathion metabolites p-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, and diethylthiophosphoric acid, at up to 100-mg/liter concentrations, did not significantly influence enzyme activity. | [
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