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PMID:15314 | Continuous oesophageal pH recording and acid-clearing test. A study of reproducibility. | Ten investigations of acid reflux by means of 12-hour continuous pH monitoring at the distal end of the oesophagus, and 10 acid-clearing tests were performed within 6 weeks on the same volunteer with the purpose of examining the reproducibility of the results of these tests. Intragastric pH was studied over 12 hours and proved to be under 3 during the whole period of investigation. For the acid reflux test the coefficient of variation was 0.61-0.94, depending on the criteria for reflux. For the acid-clearing test the coefficient of variation was 0.22. For both tests the results of the separate investigations varied within normal ranges. | Continuous oesophageal pH recording and acid-clearing test. A study of reproducibility. Ten investigations of acid reflux by means of 12-hour continuous pH monitoring at the distal end of the oesophagus, and 10 acid-clearing tests were performed within 6 weeks on the same volunteer with the purpose of examining the reproducibility of the results of these tests. Intragastric pH was studied over 12 hours and proved to be under 3 during the whole period of investigation. For the acid reflux test the coefficient of variation was 0.61-0.94, depending on the criteria for reflux. For the acid-clearing test the coefficient of variation was 0.22. For both tests the results of the separate investigations varied within normal ranges. | [
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PMID:15315 | Theta-bearing cells in the bone marrow of thymus-deprived mice. Numbers and nature. | Theta-bearing cells in lymphomyeloid tissues of thymus-deprived and normal mice have been studied by the use of anti-theta antiserum and cytotoxicity tests in addition to functional tests. In contrast to the findings in peripheral lymphoid tissues, increased percentages and numbers of theta-bearing cells were found in the bone marrow of neonatally and nude mice as compared with normal and sham-thymectomized mice. In adult thymectomized mice, percentages comparable to those in sham-operated littermates were found. The findings were not due to irrelevant antibodies in the anti-theta antiserum, and neonatally thymectomized mice grafted with a thymic lobe showed percentages of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow comparable to those of sham-operated animals. Adrenalectomy did not lead to diminished percentages of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized mice, and the serum levels of hydrocortisone and corticosterone were within normal ranges in thymus-deprived mice. The mitogen responses and graft-versus-host activity of bone marrow cells from neonatally thymectomized mice suggest that most theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of these mice are functionally immature cells. | Theta-bearing cells in the bone marrow of thymus-deprived mice. Numbers and nature. Theta-bearing cells in lymphomyeloid tissues of thymus-deprived and normal mice have been studied by the use of anti-theta antiserum and cytotoxicity tests in addition to functional tests. In contrast to the findings in peripheral lymphoid tissues, increased percentages and numbers of theta-bearing cells were found in the bone marrow of neonatally and nude mice as compared with normal and sham-thymectomized mice. In adult thymectomized mice, percentages comparable to those in sham-operated littermates were found. The findings were not due to irrelevant antibodies in the anti-theta antiserum, and neonatally thymectomized mice grafted with a thymic lobe showed percentages of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow comparable to those of sham-operated animals. Adrenalectomy did not lead to diminished percentages of theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized mice, and the serum levels of hydrocortisone and corticosterone were within normal ranges in thymus-deprived mice. The mitogen responses and graft-versus-host activity of bone marrow cells from neonatally thymectomized mice suggest that most theta-positive cells in the bone marrow of these mice are functionally immature cells. | [
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|
PMID:15317 | Tris buffer attenuates acetylcholine responses in Aplysia neurons. | The commonly used buffering agent tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (tris) antagonizes the action of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine on neurons of Aplysia californica. Concentrations of 5 to 10 millimolar tris markedly reduced both excitatory and inhibitory responses. | Tris buffer attenuates acetylcholine responses in Aplysia neurons. The commonly used buffering agent tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (tris) antagonizes the action of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine on neurons of Aplysia californica. Concentrations of 5 to 10 millimolar tris markedly reduced both excitatory and inhibitory responses. | [
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|
PMID:15320 | Injuries from sea urchins. | Injuries from sea urchins result from penetration of the calcareous spines into the skin. Local pain of several days' duration is the most common symptom, but systemic reaction from toxins found in certain species can occur. There is no uniformly accepted successful treatment other than cleansing the wound. Attempts to remove the imbedded spines can increase the severity of the reaction. | Injuries from sea urchins. Injuries from sea urchins result from penetration of the calcareous spines into the skin. Local pain of several days' duration is the most common symptom, but systemic reaction from toxins found in certain species can occur. There is no uniformly accepted successful treatment other than cleansing the wound. Attempts to remove the imbedded spines can increase the severity of the reaction. | [
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|
PMID:15322 | The effect of a sodium citrate preparation compared with an aluminium-magnesium hydroxide preparation on the urinary pH of normal subjects. | The effects of a sodium citrate preparation in two dosage regimens (4 g 4 times daily and 8 g 4 times daily) and of an aluminium-magnesium hydroxide suspension (15 ml 4 times daily) on the urinary pH of 19 healthy subjects were compared. The sodium citrate preparation in both dosages proved to be superior to the aluminium-magnesium hydroxide suspension in elevating the urinary pH. Urinary pH values as high as 8 were reached with the sodium citrate preparation. Blood pH, blood gases and electrolyte changes were within normal limits. | The effect of a sodium citrate preparation compared with an aluminium-magnesium hydroxide preparation on the urinary pH of normal subjects. The effects of a sodium citrate preparation in two dosage regimens (4 g 4 times daily and 8 g 4 times daily) and of an aluminium-magnesium hydroxide suspension (15 ml 4 times daily) on the urinary pH of 19 healthy subjects were compared. The sodium citrate preparation in both dosages proved to be superior to the aluminium-magnesium hydroxide suspension in elevating the urinary pH. Urinary pH values as high as 8 were reached with the sodium citrate preparation. Blood pH, blood gases and electrolyte changes were within normal limits. | [
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|
PMID:15323 | Medical treatment of hypertension. | The management of hypertension with current hypotensive drugs on the South African pharmaceutical market is reviewed. The advent of the use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and vasodilators in the treatment of hypertension is promising. | Medical treatment of hypertension. The management of hypertension with current hypotensive drugs on the South African pharmaceutical market is reviewed. The advent of the use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and vasodilators in the treatment of hypertension is promising. | [
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|
PMID:15319 | [Endocrine polyadenomatosis with carcinoid tumor]. | The authors review 26 cases of multiple endocrine tumours with presence of a carcinoid tumour. In 44% the carcinoid was localised to the bronchus, in 20% of cases to the small intestine or duodenum. In 76% of cases during multiple endocrine tumours, the carcinoid appeared in embryological derivatives of the anterior part of the intestine. No carcinoid syndrome was reported. The difficulty of histological distinction has led to the description of carcinoid islet cell tumours. These facts fit in with the APUD concept. | [Endocrine polyadenomatosis with carcinoid tumor]. The authors review 26 cases of multiple endocrine tumours with presence of a carcinoid tumour. In 44% the carcinoid was localised to the bronchus, in 20% of cases to the small intestine or duodenum. In 76% of cases during multiple endocrine tumours, the carcinoid appeared in embryological derivatives of the anterior part of the intestine. No carcinoid syndrome was reported. The difficulty of histological distinction has led to the description of carcinoid islet cell tumours. These facts fit in with the APUD concept. | [
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|
PMID:15324 | Clothiapine in the management of schizophrenia. | Forty Black men diagnosed as schizophrenic and admitted to Ingutsheni Hospital during a period of 3 months, were allocated alternately to treatment with either clothiapine or chlorpromazine. Six patients were excluded from the trial because of an incorrect diagnosis and 34, 17 in each group, completed the trial. The 2 groups were comparable for both severity and symptoms of their illnesses. Degrees of regression of psychotic symptoms as assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, were comparable for the 2 groups. Adverse effects were not troublesome with clothiapine and there was no evidence of disturbed liver function, but haemoglobin values and white cell counts were sometimes decreased. EEG studies showed that clothiapine produced an increase in the slow activity but no paroxysmal acitvity. It was concluded that clothiapine is a valuable drug for the management of actue schizophrenia. | Clothiapine in the management of schizophrenia. Forty Black men diagnosed as schizophrenic and admitted to Ingutsheni Hospital during a period of 3 months, were allocated alternately to treatment with either clothiapine or chlorpromazine. Six patients were excluded from the trial because of an incorrect diagnosis and 34, 17 in each group, completed the trial. The 2 groups were comparable for both severity and symptoms of their illnesses. Degrees of regression of psychotic symptoms as assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, were comparable for the 2 groups. Adverse effects were not troublesome with clothiapine and there was no evidence of disturbed liver function, but haemoglobin values and white cell counts were sometimes decreased. EEG studies showed that clothiapine produced an increase in the slow activity but no paroxysmal acitvity. It was concluded that clothiapine is a valuable drug for the management of actue schizophrenia. | [
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|
PMID:15325 | Interpretation of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. | In this study, an assessment is given of errors resulting from the use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference determined on both room air and 100% oxygen in estimating changes in total shunt fraction of 41 patients hospitalized with long bone fractures. In 113 studies, changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in 29 patients were in the opposite direction to changes in shunt fraction. Based upon these studies, changes of less than 45 millimeters in the arterial oxygen tension determined with a patient breathing 100% oxygen are not reliable indicators of direction of change in shunt fraction. In 126 studies, the shunt fraction determined from arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents in 71 patients was greater when determined on 100% oxygen than when determined on room air, a possible indication of the induction of alveolar or small airway collapse. The errors in estimation of shunt fraction due to assuming a value for arteriovenous oxygen content difference become larger as total shunt fraction increases; in particular, use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference as a guide to serial changes in pulmonary dysfunction can be particularly misleading when the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is so large that the arterial hemoglobin is less than fully saturated on 100% oxygen. Use of mixed venous samples was found necessary, in these instances, to avoid large errors in estimation of total shunt fraction. | Interpretation of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. In this study, an assessment is given of errors resulting from the use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference determined on both room air and 100% oxygen in estimating changes in total shunt fraction of 41 patients hospitalized with long bone fractures. In 113 studies, changes in alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in 29 patients were in the opposite direction to changes in shunt fraction. Based upon these studies, changes of less than 45 millimeters in the arterial oxygen tension determined with a patient breathing 100% oxygen are not reliable indicators of direction of change in shunt fraction. In 126 studies, the shunt fraction determined from arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents in 71 patients was greater when determined on 100% oxygen than when determined on room air, a possible indication of the induction of alveolar or small airway collapse. The errors in estimation of shunt fraction due to assuming a value for arteriovenous oxygen content difference become larger as total shunt fraction increases; in particular, use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference as a guide to serial changes in pulmonary dysfunction can be particularly misleading when the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference is so large that the arterial hemoglobin is less than fully saturated on 100% oxygen. Use of mixed venous samples was found necessary, in these instances, to avoid large errors in estimation of total shunt fraction. | [
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|
PMID:15326 | The effect of furosemide on the flow and composition of bile in the dog. | The effect of furosemide, a potent inhibitor of active sodium transport, on the amount and composition of bile was studied in the dog. Ten milligrams per kilogram of body weight of furosemide were injected intravenously to anesthetized dogs with a previously constructed fistula of the common bile duct. In all dogs, a 2.5 times increase in bile flow was observed concomitant with a 15 times increase in urinary output. The amount of bile flow decreased gradually and returned to control levels 60 to 75 minutes after furosemide injection. The choleretic effect was associated with a high increase in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate anions and with a smaller increase in potassium, phosphorus and calcium. The total amount of bilirubin alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol was not significantly affected, while the calculated output of inorganic salts increased. The results indicate that inhibition of sodium reabsorption by furosemide simultaneously affects the liver and kidney and that the increase in electrolyte solution is most likely caused by the inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ductuli. Furosemide also may interfere with the sodium mediated secretory fraction at the canalicular level, but the predominant factor determining the increase in bile flow and electrolytes is inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the biliary ducts and ductuli. | The effect of furosemide on the flow and composition of bile in the dog. The effect of furosemide, a potent inhibitor of active sodium transport, on the amount and composition of bile was studied in the dog. Ten milligrams per kilogram of body weight of furosemide were injected intravenously to anesthetized dogs with a previously constructed fistula of the common bile duct. In all dogs, a 2.5 times increase in bile flow was observed concomitant with a 15 times increase in urinary output. The amount of bile flow decreased gradually and returned to control levels 60 to 75 minutes after furosemide injection. The choleretic effect was associated with a high increase in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate anions and with a smaller increase in potassium, phosphorus and calcium. The total amount of bilirubin alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol was not significantly affected, while the calculated output of inorganic salts increased. The results indicate that inhibition of sodium reabsorption by furosemide simultaneously affects the liver and kidney and that the increase in electrolyte solution is most likely caused by the inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ductuli. Furosemide also may interfere with the sodium mediated secretory fraction at the canalicular level, but the predominant factor determining the increase in bile flow and electrolytes is inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the biliary ducts and ductuli. | [
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|
PMID:15327 | Effect of intraduodenal acid on the pre- and postvagotomy basal gastric secretion and gastrin. | Acid instillation into the duodenum inhibits basal and stimulated gastric secretion. In man vagotomy suppresses this secretory inhibition. It is postulated that such inhibition responds to a dual mechanism: an hormonal one (enterogastrone) and a nervous one (vagus nerve). This study showed that preoperative duodenal acidification of duodenal ulcer patients results in a decrease in basal gastric secretion and in gastrin levels. On the contrary, in patients submitted to vagal denervation--either through truncal division or highly selective vagotomy--duodenal acidification does not inhibit gastric secretion; however, a drop occurs in basal gastrin levels. An intact gastric vagal innervation therefore, seems necessary for the preservation of the sensitivity of the parietal cell to the effect of hormonal inhibitors, it being immaterial whether duodenal innervation is present or not, as that duodenal acidification provokes a significant fall in serum gastrin levels as determined by radioimmunoassay. This hormonal decrease produced by duodenal acidification can be explained by the inhibition of gastrin release from the antrum. Agreement is expressed with the opinion of other authors that highly selective vagotomy does not appear to carry any advantage over truncal section of the vagus nerves from the standpoint of the inhibitory mechanism of gastric secretion from the duodenum. | Effect of intraduodenal acid on the pre- and postvagotomy basal gastric secretion and gastrin. Acid instillation into the duodenum inhibits basal and stimulated gastric secretion. In man vagotomy suppresses this secretory inhibition. It is postulated that such inhibition responds to a dual mechanism: an hormonal one (enterogastrone) and a nervous one (vagus nerve). This study showed that preoperative duodenal acidification of duodenal ulcer patients results in a decrease in basal gastric secretion and in gastrin levels. On the contrary, in patients submitted to vagal denervation--either through truncal division or highly selective vagotomy--duodenal acidification does not inhibit gastric secretion; however, a drop occurs in basal gastrin levels. An intact gastric vagal innervation therefore, seems necessary for the preservation of the sensitivity of the parietal cell to the effect of hormonal inhibitors, it being immaterial whether duodenal innervation is present or not, as that duodenal acidification provokes a significant fall in serum gastrin levels as determined by radioimmunoassay. This hormonal decrease produced by duodenal acidification can be explained by the inhibition of gastrin release from the antrum. Agreement is expressed with the opinion of other authors that highly selective vagotomy does not appear to carry any advantage over truncal section of the vagus nerves from the standpoint of the inhibitory mechanism of gastric secretion from the duodenum. | [
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|
PMID:15328 | Relationship between the prolongation of warm ischemia and the maximum available preservation period. | Fifty dog kidneys had hypothermic perfusion for 12 to 72 hours and then were transplanted. Prior to perfusion the kidneys were subjected to 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of warm ischemia. Fifteen minutes of warm ischemia was well tolerated (successful 72 hour preservation), but after 30 minutes successful preservation could be achieved for 24 hours only. Enzyme release and lactate formation were related to the prolongation of warm ischemia, and the highly significant concentration differences of these substances, between well functioning kidneys and those with small or no function, indicated the viability of the organ. | Relationship between the prolongation of warm ischemia and the maximum available preservation period. Fifty dog kidneys had hypothermic perfusion for 12 to 72 hours and then were transplanted. Prior to perfusion the kidneys were subjected to 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of warm ischemia. Fifteen minutes of warm ischemia was well tolerated (successful 72 hour preservation), but after 30 minutes successful preservation could be achieved for 24 hours only. Enzyme release and lactate formation were related to the prolongation of warm ischemia, and the highly significant concentration differences of these substances, between well functioning kidneys and those with small or no function, indicated the viability of the organ. | [
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|
PMID:15329 | Effect of endotoxin shock on skeletal muscle cell membrane potential. | Transmembrane potential changes were monitored in 21 dogs that were shocked by intravenous injectin of Difco purified endotoxin (055:B5). Corresponding serial measurements of electrolyte concentration in plasma and muscle biopsies were obtained to assess fluid and electrolyte changes. During shock the transmembrane potential was found to become significantly less negative (-55.2 mv.) from a control of -87.5 mv. (p less than 0.001). A significant efflux of K+ (p less than 0.02) from the cell was recorded, but intracellular Na+ and Cl- concentration rose. A plausable explanation for the fluid and electrolyte shifts, possibly due to a decrease in the muscle temperature and a resultant decline in metabolism, has been offered. | Effect of endotoxin shock on skeletal muscle cell membrane potential. Transmembrane potential changes were monitored in 21 dogs that were shocked by intravenous injectin of Difco purified endotoxin (055:B5). Corresponding serial measurements of electrolyte concentration in plasma and muscle biopsies were obtained to assess fluid and electrolyte changes. During shock the transmembrane potential was found to become significantly less negative (-55.2 mv.) from a control of -87.5 mv. (p less than 0.001). A significant efflux of K+ (p less than 0.02) from the cell was recorded, but intracellular Na+ and Cl- concentration rose. A plausable explanation for the fluid and electrolyte shifts, possibly due to a decrease in the muscle temperature and a resultant decline in metabolism, has been offered. | [
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|
PMID:15337 | [Effect of thymus cells on the radiosensitivity and differentiation trends of hematopoietic stem cells]. | A stimulating influence of thymus cells on the capability of irradiated (from 100 to 500 r) bone marrow of mice of producing colonies in spleen of syngenous recipient has been proven. The intensification of colony formation involves an increased radioresistance of stem cells. It is supposed that radioresistant thymus cells have a stimulating effect. Thymus cells exert their influence not only to the rate of survival of stem cells proliferating in the bone marrow of femur, but also increase their erythropoetic potention. | [Effect of thymus cells on the radiosensitivity and differentiation trends of hematopoietic stem cells]. A stimulating influence of thymus cells on the capability of irradiated (from 100 to 500 r) bone marrow of mice of producing colonies in spleen of syngenous recipient has been proven. The intensification of colony formation involves an increased radioresistance of stem cells. It is supposed that radioresistant thymus cells have a stimulating effect. Thymus cells exert their influence not only to the rate of survival of stem cells proliferating in the bone marrow of femur, but also increase their erythropoetic potention. | [
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|
PMID:15334 | Local mechanism of CO2 action of cat pial arterioles. | The effect of local hypercapnic acidosis or local hypocapnic alkalosis on pial arterioles were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Changes in PCO2 and pH of the extracellular fluid were induced by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with different concentrations of CO2, while PaCO2 was maintained constant. Hypercapnic acidosis dilated and hypocapnic alkalosis constricted pial arteioles markedly. The results indicate that a basis exists for considering CO2 as a mediator for local regulation of brain blood flow. The vasodilation associated with arterial hypercapnia was abolished by a reduction in CSF PCO2 equal in magnitude to the rise in arterial blood PCO2, suggesting that the action of CO2 is entirely local. | Local mechanism of CO2 action of cat pial arterioles. The effect of local hypercapnic acidosis or local hypocapnic alkalosis on pial arterioles were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Changes in PCO2 and pH of the extracellular fluid were induced by perfusing the space under the cranial window with artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with different concentrations of CO2, while PaCO2 was maintained constant. Hypercapnic acidosis dilated and hypocapnic alkalosis constricted pial arteioles markedly. The results indicate that a basis exists for considering CO2 as a mediator for local regulation of brain blood flow. The vasodilation associated with arterial hypercapnia was abolished by a reduction in CSF PCO2 equal in magnitude to the rise in arterial blood PCO2, suggesting that the action of CO2 is entirely local. | [
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|
PMID:15335 | Subclavian steal in Takayasu's arteritis. A hemodynamic study by means of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry. | Blood flow in the vertebral artery and the upper extremity was studied in five cases of Takayasu's arteritis with subclavian steal by use of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry and finger plethysmography. The diagnosis of subclavian steal was made by observation of flow reversal in the vertebral artery on the subclavian steal side during grip exercise and, in addition, the vertebral flow change with brachial artery occlusion. The blood flow increase of both internal cartotid and non-affected (non-subclavian steal side) vertebral arteries during a common carotid compression was almost normal in patients with Takayasu's arteritis in this study. During carotid compression on the side of the subclavian steal, ipsilateral vertebral blood flow greatly decreased, and the amplitude the ipsilateral finger plethysmogram decreased slightly or moderately. It is suggested that there are significantly important factors in suppressing sumptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemia in these patients with Takayasu's arteritis with subclavian steal. These factors are believed to be (1) good function of the circle of Willis, (2) good blood supply to the brain stem, and (3) collateral circulation to the distal subclavian artery not via the vertebral artery. | Subclavian steal in Takayasu's arteritis. A hemodynamic study by means of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry. Blood flow in the vertebral artery and the upper extremity was studied in five cases of Takayasu's arteritis with subclavian steal by use of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry and finger plethysmography. The diagnosis of subclavian steal was made by observation of flow reversal in the vertebral artery on the subclavian steal side during grip exercise and, in addition, the vertebral flow change with brachial artery occlusion. The blood flow increase of both internal cartotid and non-affected (non-subclavian steal side) vertebral arteries during a common carotid compression was almost normal in patients with Takayasu's arteritis in this study. During carotid compression on the side of the subclavian steal, ipsilateral vertebral blood flow greatly decreased, and the amplitude the ipsilateral finger plethysmogram decreased slightly or moderately. It is suggested that there are significantly important factors in suppressing sumptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemia in these patients with Takayasu's arteritis with subclavian steal. These factors are believed to be (1) good function of the circle of Willis, (2) good blood supply to the brain stem, and (3) collateral circulation to the distal subclavian artery not via the vertebral artery. | [
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|
PMID:15336 | Changes in agglomeration of human red blood cells in liquid storage in CPD media. | A procedure which may distinguish between old and new CPD blood units in liquid state is described. It is based on the observation of increased tendency to reversible agglomeration in old erythrocytes in liquid preservation. Erythrocytes clump together when they are mixed with low ionic strength solutions in pH range of 5.2 to 6.5. We found that liquid-stored erythrocytes show an augmented tendency to agglomerate in 0.24M sucrose, pH 7.2. The tendency increases with storage so that in the fourth week, more than 70% of the units show agglomeration under these conditions. The addition of minute amounts of sodium chloride may prevent agglomeration. As the cells age, higher salt concentration is required to prevent agglomeration. A short incubation of washed cells with adenosine may reverse the tendency of outdated erythrocytes to agglomerate, concomitantly with reestablishment of initial ATP level. However, depletion of the ATP of fresh cells with fluoride does not induce agglomeration. A 20 hour incubation of units at 37 C with CPD revealed an increased sensitivity of older units, with low ATP and positive agglomeration. This test may help in distinguishing between outdated and younger units in the blood bank. | Changes in agglomeration of human red blood cells in liquid storage in CPD media. A procedure which may distinguish between old and new CPD blood units in liquid state is described. It is based on the observation of increased tendency to reversible agglomeration in old erythrocytes in liquid preservation. Erythrocytes clump together when they are mixed with low ionic strength solutions in pH range of 5.2 to 6.5. We found that liquid-stored erythrocytes show an augmented tendency to agglomerate in 0.24M sucrose, pH 7.2. The tendency increases with storage so that in the fourth week, more than 70% of the units show agglomeration under these conditions. The addition of minute amounts of sodium chloride may prevent agglomeration. As the cells age, higher salt concentration is required to prevent agglomeration. A short incubation of washed cells with adenosine may reverse the tendency of outdated erythrocytes to agglomerate, concomitantly with reestablishment of initial ATP level. However, depletion of the ATP of fresh cells with fluoride does not induce agglomeration. A 20 hour incubation of units at 37 C with CPD revealed an increased sensitivity of older units, with low ATP and positive agglomeration. This test may help in distinguishing between outdated and younger units in the blood bank. | [
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|
PMID:15349 | Renal distal tubular secretory mechanisms in healthy Nigerian subjects. | The distal tubular secretory mechanisms of 30 healthy Nigerians were investigated. This entailed the collection of three different 24 hour urine samples; firstly basal values, secondly during the administration of 15 g of NH4Cl and finally when 5 g of KCl was given addition to 15 g NH4Cl. The basal 24 hour urinary volume was 1.36 litres with an average pH of 6.52 containing 42.74 mEq of combined acid and 114.5, 47.6 and 128.4 mEq Na+, K+ and CIce-ions respectively. During ammonium chloride ingestion the 24 hour urinary acid excretion rose to 72.35 mEq whilst the pH fell to 5.71. The values for Na+, K+ and CIce-were 183.2, 51.5 and 245 mEq respectively. When both NH4Cl and KCl were ingested urinary pH rose to 6.38, total acid excretion fell to 48.6 mEq whilst K+ excretion increased considerably to 172.1 mEq. This discussion stresses the point that though the healthy Nigerian may excrete lower values of H+ and K+ ions on the typical low protein diet; the renal distal secretory mechanism can respond appropriately when adequately challenged, as in this investigation. | Renal distal tubular secretory mechanisms in healthy Nigerian subjects. The distal tubular secretory mechanisms of 30 healthy Nigerians were investigated. This entailed the collection of three different 24 hour urine samples; firstly basal values, secondly during the administration of 15 g of NH4Cl and finally when 5 g of KCl was given addition to 15 g NH4Cl. The basal 24 hour urinary volume was 1.36 litres with an average pH of 6.52 containing 42.74 mEq of combined acid and 114.5, 47.6 and 128.4 mEq Na+, K+ and CIce-ions respectively. During ammonium chloride ingestion the 24 hour urinary acid excretion rose to 72.35 mEq whilst the pH fell to 5.71. The values for Na+, K+ and CIce-were 183.2, 51.5 and 245 mEq respectively. When both NH4Cl and KCl were ingested urinary pH rose to 6.38, total acid excretion fell to 48.6 mEq whilst K+ excretion increased considerably to 172.1 mEq. This discussion stresses the point that though the healthy Nigerian may excrete lower values of H+ and K+ ions on the typical low protein diet; the renal distal secretory mechanism can respond appropriately when adequately challenged, as in this investigation. | [
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|
PMID:15345 | [Participation of pancreatic ribonuclease in the digestion processes]. | The authors purified the alkaline ribonuclease obtained from the pancreas and the contents of the superior part of the dog's intestine. A comparative examination of physico-chemical properties and specificity of the separated enzymes was effected. The resulting data prove the pancreas to be the source of the alkaline ribonuclease contained in the superior portion of the intestine. | [Participation of pancreatic ribonuclease in the digestion processes]. The authors purified the alkaline ribonuclease obtained from the pancreas and the contents of the superior part of the dog's intestine. A comparative examination of physico-chemical properties and specificity of the separated enzymes was effected. The resulting data prove the pancreas to be the source of the alkaline ribonuclease contained in the superior portion of the intestine. | [
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|
PMID:15352 | [pH measurements in the vascular wall of dogs with electrically induced thrombosis of the femoral artery]. | Electrically induced thrombosis is often used for pathophysiologic and therapeutic experiments. The pH value of the vascular wall was measured to approach the features of this thrombosis. After inducing thrombosis by direct current, pH value of the intima of femoral artery was found decreased. The anode was inserted in the lumen. As to the behavior of the pH value, electric thrombosis and clinical thrombosis are similar. Electric thrombosis therefore seems to be valuable for comparing investigations. | [pH measurements in the vascular wall of dogs with electrically induced thrombosis of the femoral artery]. Electrically induced thrombosis is often used for pathophysiologic and therapeutic experiments. The pH value of the vascular wall was measured to approach the features of this thrombosis. After inducing thrombosis by direct current, pH value of the intima of femoral artery was found decreased. The anode was inserted in the lumen. As to the behavior of the pH value, electric thrombosis and clinical thrombosis are similar. Electric thrombosis therefore seems to be valuable for comparing investigations. | [
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|
PMID:15353 | [Gas levels and biochemical changes in cerebrospinal fluid after experimental brain injury: its effect on cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism as well as its management]. | 1. After brain damage experimentally induced by balloon compression, liquor of the cistern shows a metabolic acidosis with significantly increased lactate level and L/P quotient, and statistically distinct decrease of pH, oxygen tension, and bicarbonate level. 2. There is a considerable disproportion between the changes of acid-base metabolism, gas tension, and metabolic products in cerebrospinal fluid compared with much less expressed disturbances in the blood. 3. The advanced edematous phase shows distinct accumulation of water in the tissue, considerable increase of intracranial pressure, resp. decrease of effective perfusing pressure, loss of autoregulation, and decreased regional and global cerebral circulation, while the pathologic alterations of cerebral fluid are intensified. 4. Treatment of lactate acidosis in the liquor by intrathecal application of sodium bicarbonate results in improved cerebral circulation and metabolism of the cerebral tissue, having thus a good influence on cerebral damage and its sequels. | [Gas levels and biochemical changes in cerebrospinal fluid after experimental brain injury: its effect on cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism as well as its management]. 1. After brain damage experimentally induced by balloon compression, liquor of the cistern shows a metabolic acidosis with significantly increased lactate level and L/P quotient, and statistically distinct decrease of pH, oxygen tension, and bicarbonate level. 2. There is a considerable disproportion between the changes of acid-base metabolism, gas tension, and metabolic products in cerebrospinal fluid compared with much less expressed disturbances in the blood. 3. The advanced edematous phase shows distinct accumulation of water in the tissue, considerable increase of intracranial pressure, resp. decrease of effective perfusing pressure, loss of autoregulation, and decreased regional and global cerebral circulation, while the pathologic alterations of cerebral fluid are intensified. 4. Treatment of lactate acidosis in the liquor by intrathecal application of sodium bicarbonate results in improved cerebral circulation and metabolism of the cerebral tissue, having thus a good influence on cerebral damage and its sequels. | [
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|
PMID:15346 | [Glucose transport across the mucosa of the small intestine]. | The rate of glucose absorption in an isolated loop of the small intestine in rats was measured. The maximum rate of absorption was registered with 3 and 5 per cent concentrations, while 1 and 10 per cent solutions are absorbed at a slower rate. The absorption rate of 5 per cent glucose solution did not materially change for one hour after a sugar load. The small intestine mucosa transports glucose from a 5 per cent solution at an equal rate in rats and rabbits, i. e. 139+/-4 and 143+/-6 gamma/cm2/min. Maximum absorption takes place with pH of 6-8. Deviation of the pH value to acidity and alkalinity is attended by steep fall in the absorption rate. At pH of 3.0 and 11.5 the absorption virtually ceases altogether. Hexobarbital anesthesia depresses absorption of glucose in the intestine by a factor of 2-3.5. | [Glucose transport across the mucosa of the small intestine]. The rate of glucose absorption in an isolated loop of the small intestine in rats was measured. The maximum rate of absorption was registered with 3 and 5 per cent concentrations, while 1 and 10 per cent solutions are absorbed at a slower rate. The absorption rate of 5 per cent glucose solution did not materially change for one hour after a sugar load. The small intestine mucosa transports glucose from a 5 per cent solution at an equal rate in rats and rabbits, i. e. 139+/-4 and 143+/-6 gamma/cm2/min. Maximum absorption takes place with pH of 6-8. Deviation of the pH value to acidity and alkalinity is attended by steep fall in the absorption rate. At pH of 3.0 and 11.5 the absorption virtually ceases altogether. Hexobarbital anesthesia depresses absorption of glucose in the intestine by a factor of 2-3.5. | [
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|
PMID:15354 | [Fetal heart rate, dip area and acid base observations in breech and vertex deliveries (author's transl)]. | Fetal heart rate (FHR), dip area (DA) and the acid base status (AB) were investigated in breech deliveries (BD) (N= 167) and in group of spontaneously delivered vertex presentations (VP) (NFHR, DA=50; NAB=109). 90 minutes prior to delivery fetal heart rate and dip area were in both groups not significantly different. However as labor progressed the fetal heart rate as well as dip area increased in breech deliveries much more (FHR 163 (SD 16.2) beats/min, DA 1,07 (SD 0,80) cm2/min) than in VP (FHR 136 (SD 14,8) beats/min, DA 0,65 (SD 0,39) cm2/min) (2p less than 0,001). The base excess of the umbilical arterial blood was correlated to the DA measured from 10 minutes prior to birth till the delivery of the baby: BE = -8,2 --0,3 (DA) (2alpha less than 0,01). The frequency of acidotic babies was more in vaginally delivered breech presentations (pH less than 7,20 = 30, 2%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 43,7%) than in breech deliveries by caesarean section (pH less than 7,20 = 19,1%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 24,4%) and vertex presentations (pH less than 7,20 - 5,5%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 14,6%), respectively. The distance between the vertex and the umbilicus was 28 cm and between the breech and the umbilicus 9,4 cm. From this anatomical observation it is concluded that umbilical cord compression, preferentially umbilicai vein occlusion takes place in breech presentation at an earlier point on than in vertex presentation. The rise of fetal heart rate and the increase in dip area are showing in addition that the fetal buffer base in breech presentation will be reduced during the last time course of the second stage of labor. | [Fetal heart rate, dip area and acid base observations in breech and vertex deliveries (author's transl)]. Fetal heart rate (FHR), dip area (DA) and the acid base status (AB) were investigated in breech deliveries (BD) (N= 167) and in group of spontaneously delivered vertex presentations (VP) (NFHR, DA=50; NAB=109). 90 minutes prior to delivery fetal heart rate and dip area were in both groups not significantly different. However as labor progressed the fetal heart rate as well as dip area increased in breech deliveries much more (FHR 163 (SD 16.2) beats/min, DA 1,07 (SD 0,80) cm2/min) than in VP (FHR 136 (SD 14,8) beats/min, DA 0,65 (SD 0,39) cm2/min) (2p less than 0,001). The base excess of the umbilical arterial blood was correlated to the DA measured from 10 minutes prior to birth till the delivery of the baby: BE = -8,2 --0,3 (DA) (2alpha less than 0,01). The frequency of acidotic babies was more in vaginally delivered breech presentations (pH less than 7,20 = 30, 2%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 43,7%) than in breech deliveries by caesarean section (pH less than 7,20 = 19,1%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 24,4%) and vertex presentations (pH less than 7,20 - 5,5%, BE greater than -10 meq/l = 14,6%), respectively. The distance between the vertex and the umbilicus was 28 cm and between the breech and the umbilicus 9,4 cm. From this anatomical observation it is concluded that umbilical cord compression, preferentially umbilicai vein occlusion takes place in breech presentation at an earlier point on than in vertex presentation. The rise of fetal heart rate and the increase in dip area are showing in addition that the fetal buffer base in breech presentation will be reduced during the last time course of the second stage of labor. | [
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|
PMID:15347 | [Protein hydrolysis by pepsin and trypsin at a varying pH]. | The continuity of the pepsin and trysin action on the proteinic substrates with different pH was studied. A short-term incubation of protein with pepsin at high pH intensifies the tryptic effect on this protein, the initial rate of the protein hydrolysis then gains momentum and the possibility of its complete hydrolysis increases over the same period of time. With successive action of fibrin of the gastric and pancreatic secretions prinicipally the same relationship has been established. | [Protein hydrolysis by pepsin and trypsin at a varying pH]. The continuity of the pepsin and trysin action on the proteinic substrates with different pH was studied. A short-term incubation of protein with pepsin at high pH intensifies the tryptic effect on this protein, the initial rate of the protein hydrolysis then gains momentum and the possibility of its complete hydrolysis increases over the same period of time. With successive action of fibrin of the gastric and pancreatic secretions prinicipally the same relationship has been established. | [
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|
PMID:15355 | Nanoencapsulated fluorescence indicator molecules measuring pH and pO2 down to submicroscopical regions in the basis of the optode-principle. | To measure pO2 in gases or fluids and pH in solutions the fluorescence indicators pyrene butyric acid and beta-methylumbelliferone, respectively, were nanoencapsulated to obtain nano-probes for measurement in physiological structures of nano-range. For pH the fluorescence changes of beta-methylumbelliferone were monitored, for pO2 the fluoresence quenching of pyrene butyric acid by oxygen were registered. Drawing log (S1/S2) versus pH, one obtains a straight line between the pH from 6 to 8. A linear increase in pO2 between 0 and 400 torr yields a linear increase in the reciprocal fluorescence signal. | Nanoencapsulated fluorescence indicator molecules measuring pH and pO2 down to submicroscopical regions in the basis of the optode-principle. To measure pO2 in gases or fluids and pH in solutions the fluorescence indicators pyrene butyric acid and beta-methylumbelliferone, respectively, were nanoencapsulated to obtain nano-probes for measurement in physiological structures of nano-range. For pH the fluorescence changes of beta-methylumbelliferone were monitored, for pO2 the fluoresence quenching of pyrene butyric acid by oxygen were registered. Drawing log (S1/S2) versus pH, one obtains a straight line between the pH from 6 to 8. A linear increase in pO2 between 0 and 400 torr yields a linear increase in the reciprocal fluorescence signal. | [
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PMID:15356 | Effects of phospholipids in the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rat liver. | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2) was isolated from rat liver. The purified enzyme contains phospholipids with a rather large amount of phosphatidylinositol (26%). Incubation of the purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase with phospholipase A2 (E.C. 3.1.1.4) or with phospholipase D (E.C. 3.1.1.4) diminishes the phospholipid content by 70%, this treatment leading to a complete inactivation of the enzyme. After removal of the phospholipases, the lipid-depleted enzyme can be reactivated to a certain degree by incubation with a phospholipid extract from rat liver, with phosphatidylinositol alone, or with serum albumin. | Effects of phospholipids in the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rat liver. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2) was isolated from rat liver. The purified enzyme contains phospholipids with a rather large amount of phosphatidylinositol (26%). Incubation of the purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase with phospholipase A2 (E.C. 3.1.1.4) or with phospholipase D (E.C. 3.1.1.4) diminishes the phospholipid content by 70%, this treatment leading to a complete inactivation of the enzyme. After removal of the phospholipases, the lipid-depleted enzyme can be reactivated to a certain degree by incubation with a phospholipid extract from rat liver, with phosphatidylinositol alone, or with serum albumin. | [
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|
PMID:15368 | The effect Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) on the graft-versus-host reaction in mice (IV). | Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS) administered to mice during the graft-versus-host (GvH) reaction in a single dose of 100 mug stimulated the reaction if it was given on the same day as the parental spleen cells, or inhibited it if given four days before injection of the cells. The GvH reaction was intensified when LPS was injected in the dose of 20 mug on the fourth day after injection of the cells. The parental spleen cells responsible for the intestifying effect on GvH were sensitive to hydrocortisone, nonadherent, and probably develop in the course of the first week outside the donor spleen and settle in the spleen in a later stage of the GvH reaction. | The effect Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) on the graft-versus-host reaction in mice (IV). Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS) administered to mice during the graft-versus-host (GvH) reaction in a single dose of 100 mug stimulated the reaction if it was given on the same day as the parental spleen cells, or inhibited it if given four days before injection of the cells. The GvH reaction was intensified when LPS was injected in the dose of 20 mug on the fourth day after injection of the cells. The parental spleen cells responsible for the intestifying effect on GvH were sensitive to hydrocortisone, nonadherent, and probably develop in the course of the first week outside the donor spleen and settle in the spleen in a later stage of the GvH reaction. | [
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|
PMID:15389 | Age-dependent resistance of chicken of Salmonella in vitro: antibacterial activity of lysed granule fraction of splenic adherent cells. | Lysed granule fraction was prepared from splenic adherent cells from 0-day-old to 2-month-old chickens and was examined antibacterial activity to Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella sentfenberg. The activity of lysed granule fraction from 2-month-old chickens was exhibited at pH 5.0 but not exhibited at pH 6.0 or 7.0 to both serotypes of Salmonella. At pH 5.0, lysed granule fraction from 0-day-old chickens revealed little antibacterial activity to S. pullorum but the activity increased with increasing age. At 240 min of incubation, 60% and 95% of S. pullorum were inactivated in lysed granule fractions from 7-day-old and 2-month-old chickens, respectively. High antibacterial activity to S. senftenberg was observed in lysed granule fraction from 2-month-old chickens in which 99.6% of the bacteria was inactivated during 240 min; In lysed granule fractions from 0-day old and 7-day-old chickens, 90% of S. senftenberg was inactivated during 60 min but the number of bacteria increased conversely after incubation for 240 min. Changes in enzymatic activities of 4 enzymes in the lysed granule fractions from various ages of chickens were examined. beta-Glucronidase increased statistically significantly to 2.4 and 7.6 times from 0-day-old to 7-day-old and 2-month-old chickens, respectively. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased slightly but not significantly different, and enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase was scarcely detected. | Age-dependent resistance of chicken of Salmonella in vitro: antibacterial activity of lysed granule fraction of splenic adherent cells. Lysed granule fraction was prepared from splenic adherent cells from 0-day-old to 2-month-old chickens and was examined antibacterial activity to Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella sentfenberg. The activity of lysed granule fraction from 2-month-old chickens was exhibited at pH 5.0 but not exhibited at pH 6.0 or 7.0 to both serotypes of Salmonella. At pH 5.0, lysed granule fraction from 0-day-old chickens revealed little antibacterial activity to S. pullorum but the activity increased with increasing age. At 240 min of incubation, 60% and 95% of S. pullorum were inactivated in lysed granule fractions from 7-day-old and 2-month-old chickens, respectively. High antibacterial activity to S. senftenberg was observed in lysed granule fraction from 2-month-old chickens in which 99.6% of the bacteria was inactivated during 240 min; In lysed granule fractions from 0-day old and 7-day-old chickens, 90% of S. senftenberg was inactivated during 60 min but the number of bacteria increased conversely after incubation for 240 min. Changes in enzymatic activities of 4 enzymes in the lysed granule fractions from various ages of chickens were examined. beta-Glucronidase increased statistically significantly to 2.4 and 7.6 times from 0-day-old to 7-day-old and 2-month-old chickens, respectively. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased slightly but not significantly different, and enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase was scarcely detected. | [
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PMID:15390 | [Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation between T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)]. | On serum albumin agar (bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation. Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce growth (submerged) of T. rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic purposes. It could be read within 3-7 days. Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans. | [Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation between T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)]. On serum albumin agar (bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation. Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce growth (submerged) of T. rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic purposes. It could be read within 3-7 days. Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans. | [
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|
PMID:15392 | [Pathogenic factors in viral diseases of the central nervous system]. | The possible immunological significance of the different kinds of cells participating in the inflammatory reaction in cerebrospinal infections is to be considered. Presence of plasma cells and occasional perivenous microglial seams in early stages of the neurotropic virus diseases must be regarded as immunological manifestations. The brainstem nuclei are sites of predilection both in entero- and in arbovirus diseases. The aetiologically different neurotropic virus diseases obtain their individual character from the involvement of certain neurones. Neural pathways are to be taken into consideration mainly for the propagation of enteroviruses, but may have a part also in the propagation of arboviruses. With massive invasion by highly cytopathogenic viruses inflammatory reaction may fail to appear in the immature nervous tissue. Some encephalitides, of both viral and non-viral aetiology, in which the prevalence of plasma cells in the infiltrations bears evidence of an intense immune process, may be interpreted as immunologically determined late diseases. | [Pathogenic factors in viral diseases of the central nervous system]. The possible immunological significance of the different kinds of cells participating in the inflammatory reaction in cerebrospinal infections is to be considered. Presence of plasma cells and occasional perivenous microglial seams in early stages of the neurotropic virus diseases must be regarded as immunological manifestations. The brainstem nuclei are sites of predilection both in entero- and in arbovirus diseases. The aetiologically different neurotropic virus diseases obtain their individual character from the involvement of certain neurones. Neural pathways are to be taken into consideration mainly for the propagation of enteroviruses, but may have a part also in the propagation of arboviruses. With massive invasion by highly cytopathogenic viruses inflammatory reaction may fail to appear in the immature nervous tissue. Some encephalitides, of both viral and non-viral aetiology, in which the prevalence of plasma cells in the infiltrations bears evidence of an intense immune process, may be interpreted as immunologically determined late diseases. | [
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|
PMID:15393 | ATP-ase activity in the odontoblastic layer of rat incisor. Determination with a radiochemical and a colorimetric method. | The ATP-splitting enzyme activity in odontoblasts isolated from rat incisors has been studied by means of a radiochemical and a colorimetric micromethod. The results with the two methods were virtually identical. The reaction was linear with time for at least 45 min. The pH optimum was found to be 9.8 independently of the ATP concentration. Maximal substrate saturation occurred at a total ATP concentration of 3 mM. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions activated ATP degradation. F-ions did not affect the activity at low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory. Na+ and ions were slightly inhibitory. Urea inhibited the enzyme activity at concentrations above 1.5 M, while EDTA and EGTA were strong inhibitors at very low concentrations. When incubating in the presence of low concentrations of specific inhibitors for nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, levamisole and R8231, about 20% ATP degrading enzyme activity remained. In conclusion it is suggested that there are at least two ATP degrading phosphatases active at alkaline pH. | ATP-ase activity in the odontoblastic layer of rat incisor. Determination with a radiochemical and a colorimetric method. The ATP-splitting enzyme activity in odontoblasts isolated from rat incisors has been studied by means of a radiochemical and a colorimetric micromethod. The results with the two methods were virtually identical. The reaction was linear with time for at least 45 min. The pH optimum was found to be 9.8 independently of the ATP concentration. Maximal substrate saturation occurred at a total ATP concentration of 3 mM. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions activated ATP degradation. F-ions did not affect the activity at low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory. Na+ and ions were slightly inhibitory. Urea inhibited the enzyme activity at concentrations above 1.5 M, while EDTA and EGTA were strong inhibitors at very low concentrations. When incubating in the presence of low concentrations of specific inhibitors for nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, levamisole and R8231, about 20% ATP degrading enzyme activity remained. In conclusion it is suggested that there are at least two ATP degrading phosphatases active at alkaline pH. | [
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PMID:15394 | Characterization of kallikrein from human saliva isolated by use of affinity chromatography. | Kallikrein was isolated from paraffin stimulated saliva by use of two steps affinity chromatography. A610-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved by use of Sepharose 4B conjugated with soy bean trypsin inhibitor and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The isoelectric point of kallikrein was found to be pH 4.3 and the molecular weight was calculated to be about 38.000 by gel filtration on a AcA44 Ultrogel column. The enzyme had a pH optimum at pH 8.6 using BAEE and TAME as substrates. The michaelis constant for kallikrein on these two substrates was 4.0-10(-4) M and 5.5-10(-4)M. respectively. | Characterization of kallikrein from human saliva isolated by use of affinity chromatography. Kallikrein was isolated from paraffin stimulated saliva by use of two steps affinity chromatography. A610-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved by use of Sepharose 4B conjugated with soy bean trypsin inhibitor and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The isoelectric point of kallikrein was found to be pH 4.3 and the molecular weight was calculated to be about 38.000 by gel filtration on a AcA44 Ultrogel column. The enzyme had a pH optimum at pH 8.6 using BAEE and TAME as substrates. The michaelis constant for kallikrein on these two substrates was 4.0-10(-4) M and 5.5-10(-4)M. respectively. | [
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|
PMID:15395 | Characterization of trypsin-like enzymes from human saliva isolated by use of affinity chromatography. | Paraffin-stimulated whole mixed saliva was collected from 6 individuals and pooled. Three trypsin-like enzymes from saliva supernatant and two from the saliva sediment were isolated by use of affinity chromatography on a soybean trypsin inhibitor Sepharose 4 B column. The isoelectric points for these enzymes were pI 8.0, 6.8 and 6.4 from the supernatant and 6.4 and 6.2 from the sediment. The enzymes were characterized with respect to pH-optimum, pH-stability, temperature stability, substrate specificity and influence of metal ions and inhibitors. The Michaelis constants were determined for these enzymes on the substrates BAEE and TAME. | Characterization of trypsin-like enzymes from human saliva isolated by use of affinity chromatography. Paraffin-stimulated whole mixed saliva was collected from 6 individuals and pooled. Three trypsin-like enzymes from saliva supernatant and two from the saliva sediment were isolated by use of affinity chromatography on a soybean trypsin inhibitor Sepharose 4 B column. The isoelectric points for these enzymes were pI 8.0, 6.8 and 6.4 from the supernatant and 6.4 and 6.2 from the sediment. The enzymes were characterized with respect to pH-optimum, pH-stability, temperature stability, substrate specificity and influence of metal ions and inhibitors. The Michaelis constants were determined for these enzymes on the substrates BAEE and TAME. | [
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|
PMID:15396 | Myxofibrosarcoma. A study of 30 cases. | A series of 30 myxofibrosarcomas is described. These malignant soft tissue tumours are characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, a coarse plexiform capillary pattern, and they are mostly seen subcutaneously (26 out of 30) in the extremities (24 out of 30) and trunk (4 out of 30) elderly people. Histochemical studies, comprising staining with Alcian blue and toluidine blue at different pH's with and without preceding digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and with the Scott technique, indicated the presence of hyaluronic acid but not sulphated glycosaminoglycans as chondroitinsulphates. Myxofibrosarcoma is believed to belong to the general category of fibroblastic and histiocytic malignant soft tissue tumours. The median diameter of the tumours was 7 cm. They were divided into 4 grades according to cellularity, cell atypia and mitotic activity. The grade III and IV tumours showed pronounced atypia, often with the bi- and multinucleated giant tumour cells and occasionally with giant cells of Touton's type, suggesting a relationship to malignant fibroxanthoma. All of the patients were treated surgically and one received also pre- and post-operative irradiation. None of the 2 grade I myxofibrosarcomas recurred, while 2 out of 7 grade II tumours, 6 out of 10 grade III tumours, and 7 out of 11 grade IV tumours recurred once and up to 9 times. Metastasis appeared in 7 out of 30 patients; grade I tumours were not seen in any of these cases. By the time of follow-up after intervals ranging from 1 month up to 27 years, 14 patients had died; 6 of these had died post-operatively or of intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis between myxofibrosarcoma and other myxoid soft tissue tumours is discussed. | Myxofibrosarcoma. A study of 30 cases. A series of 30 myxofibrosarcomas is described. These malignant soft tissue tumours are characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, a coarse plexiform capillary pattern, and they are mostly seen subcutaneously (26 out of 30) in the extremities (24 out of 30) and trunk (4 out of 30) elderly people. Histochemical studies, comprising staining with Alcian blue and toluidine blue at different pH's with and without preceding digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and with the Scott technique, indicated the presence of hyaluronic acid but not sulphated glycosaminoglycans as chondroitinsulphates. Myxofibrosarcoma is believed to belong to the general category of fibroblastic and histiocytic malignant soft tissue tumours. The median diameter of the tumours was 7 cm. They were divided into 4 grades according to cellularity, cell atypia and mitotic activity. The grade III and IV tumours showed pronounced atypia, often with the bi- and multinucleated giant tumour cells and occasionally with giant cells of Touton's type, suggesting a relationship to malignant fibroxanthoma. All of the patients were treated surgically and one received also pre- and post-operative irradiation. None of the 2 grade I myxofibrosarcomas recurred, while 2 out of 7 grade II tumours, 6 out of 10 grade III tumours, and 7 out of 11 grade IV tumours recurred once and up to 9 times. Metastasis appeared in 7 out of 30 patients; grade I tumours were not seen in any of these cases. By the time of follow-up after intervals ranging from 1 month up to 27 years, 14 patients had died; 6 of these had died post-operatively or of intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis between myxofibrosarcoma and other myxoid soft tissue tumours is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:15399 | Disposition of three benzodiazepines after single oral administration in man. | Three benzodiazepines in equipotent doses: oxazepam 15 mg, dipotassium chlorazepate 10 mg and diazepam 5 mg, were administered in single, oral doses to seven healthy volunteers in a three-way cross-over study. The serum concentrations of oxazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam and diazepam were followed for 72 hours by gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The absorption of diazepam was most rapid and the mean time required to reach peak serum concentration was 45 minutes, followed by N-desmethyldiazepam 80 minutes and oxazepam 114 minutes. The serum concentration decay curves were biphasic with terminal mean half-lives of 48, 62 and 11 hours for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, respectively. The mean and individual serum concentration time data were fitted to a two-compartment open model with first order absorption using a non linear least square program. The mean serum data fitted the model well. The same rank order was obtained with mean absorption half-lives as when comparing mean peak times while slightly shorter terminal half-lives were obtained in the curve fitting of mean serum data. Due to irregularities in the serum concentration time curves only five out of the 21 sets of individual data could satisfy the convergence criterion. The obtained parameters in the curve fitting were also accompanied with very large asymptotic standard deviations. | Disposition of three benzodiazepines after single oral administration in man. Three benzodiazepines in equipotent doses: oxazepam 15 mg, dipotassium chlorazepate 10 mg and diazepam 5 mg, were administered in single, oral doses to seven healthy volunteers in a three-way cross-over study. The serum concentrations of oxazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam and diazepam were followed for 72 hours by gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The absorption of diazepam was most rapid and the mean time required to reach peak serum concentration was 45 minutes, followed by N-desmethyldiazepam 80 minutes and oxazepam 114 minutes. The serum concentration decay curves were biphasic with terminal mean half-lives of 48, 62 and 11 hours for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, respectively. The mean and individual serum concentration time data were fitted to a two-compartment open model with first order absorption using a non linear least square program. The mean serum data fitted the model well. The same rank order was obtained with mean absorption half-lives as when comparing mean peak times while slightly shorter terminal half-lives were obtained in the curve fitting of mean serum data. Due to irregularities in the serum concentration time curves only five out of the 21 sets of individual data could satisfy the convergence criterion. The obtained parameters in the curve fitting were also accompanied with very large asymptotic standard deviations. | [
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|
PMID:15400 | Biological studies on the effects of some therapeutic procedures used in psychiatry. | The glucose, lactate, and pyruvate levels, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and pH were studied in serum and CSF of patients with schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, symptomatic or circular psychosis under the effect of atropine coma, ES and pentetrazole convulsions, tranquilizer treatment and combined therapy. Convulsive therapy caused a disorder in cerebral carbohydrate metabolism while no similar changes were induced by atropine coma. Anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism was stimulated by combined therapy. This treatment had the best effect and the changes caused by it were slighter than in the case of convulsive therapy. The changes in EEG frequency corresponded to the biochemical changes. | Biological studies on the effects of some therapeutic procedures used in psychiatry. The glucose, lactate, and pyruvate levels, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and pH were studied in serum and CSF of patients with schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, symptomatic or circular psychosis under the effect of atropine coma, ES and pentetrazole convulsions, tranquilizer treatment and combined therapy. Convulsive therapy caused a disorder in cerebral carbohydrate metabolism while no similar changes were induced by atropine coma. Anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism was stimulated by combined therapy. This treatment had the best effect and the changes caused by it were slighter than in the case of convulsive therapy. The changes in EEG frequency corresponded to the biochemical changes. | [
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|
PMID:15401 | Solubilization of particle-linked urate oxidase by different agents. | Urate oxidase was mostly recovered in a 40 000 g for 20 min subcellular fraction from conventional homogenated. Different agents were able to solubilize the sedimentable enzyme when tested on this crude peroxisomal fraction. The agents increased also total enzyme activity which was recovered in supernatants after centfiguation. If the possible effect of absorption to pellets is to be discounted, the enzyme was practically 100% extracted by six alternated freezing and thawing high alkaline pH, the detergent Hyamine 2389 and high ionic strength of calcium chloride. Triton X-100 was very effective in extracting proteins from the fraction, while it left most of the enzyme activity insoluble. It is suggested that the forces responsible for the integrity of the crystalloid, which was observed by other authors at the electron microscope, and to which the enzyme is believed to be related, are the electrostatic nature. | Solubilization of particle-linked urate oxidase by different agents. Urate oxidase was mostly recovered in a 40 000 g for 20 min subcellular fraction from conventional homogenated. Different agents were able to solubilize the sedimentable enzyme when tested on this crude peroxisomal fraction. The agents increased also total enzyme activity which was recovered in supernatants after centfiguation. If the possible effect of absorption to pellets is to be discounted, the enzyme was practically 100% extracted by six alternated freezing and thawing high alkaline pH, the detergent Hyamine 2389 and high ionic strength of calcium chloride. Triton X-100 was very effective in extracting proteins from the fraction, while it left most of the enzyme activity insoluble. It is suggested that the forces responsible for the integrity of the crystalloid, which was observed by other authors at the electron microscope, and to which the enzyme is believed to be related, are the electrostatic nature. | [
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|
PMID:15402 | Effects of acetylsalicylate on alkalinization, acid secretion and electrogenic properties in the isolated gastric mucosa. | The effects of acetylsalicylate (ASA) on the in vitro secretory and electrical properties of Necturus and Rana temporaria gastric mucosa have been studied. The gastric antrum alkalinized the luminal surface, while in the fundus it is likely that acidificaiton and alkalinization occur simultaneously and that net secretion is due to the dominance of one or other of these processes. The histamine H2 receptor antagonist Metiamide was used to inhibit acid secretion for studies on fundic alkalinization in Rana temporaria. Submucosal application of 3 mM ASA for 30 min markedly reduced alkalinization in the antrum and the frog fundus. Following removal of ASA there was only partial recovery of this secretion. The drug caused slight inhibtion of spontaneous acid secretion in Necturus fundus but not of histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the frog fundus. Following salicylate removal, the rate of acid secretion increased to a higher level than before administration in both tissues. There was a small flux of ASA across the mucosa which was greatest in the acid secreting frog fundus (4.38mumol cm-2 min-1) and least in the antrum (2.19 mumol cm-2 min-1). Esposure of the gastric mucosa to ASA was generally associated with a fall in transmucosal electric potential difference and short-circuit current together with an increase in electrical resistance. It is proposed that the greater sensitivity of alkalinization to ASA is responsible for the apparent increase in the rate of acid secretion which occured. | Effects of acetylsalicylate on alkalinization, acid secretion and electrogenic properties in the isolated gastric mucosa. The effects of acetylsalicylate (ASA) on the in vitro secretory and electrical properties of Necturus and Rana temporaria gastric mucosa have been studied. The gastric antrum alkalinized the luminal surface, while in the fundus it is likely that acidificaiton and alkalinization occur simultaneously and that net secretion is due to the dominance of one or other of these processes. The histamine H2 receptor antagonist Metiamide was used to inhibit acid secretion for studies on fundic alkalinization in Rana temporaria. Submucosal application of 3 mM ASA for 30 min markedly reduced alkalinization in the antrum and the frog fundus. Following removal of ASA there was only partial recovery of this secretion. The drug caused slight inhibtion of spontaneous acid secretion in Necturus fundus but not of histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the frog fundus. Following salicylate removal, the rate of acid secretion increased to a higher level than before administration in both tissues. There was a small flux of ASA across the mucosa which was greatest in the acid secreting frog fundus (4.38mumol cm-2 min-1) and least in the antrum (2.19 mumol cm-2 min-1). Esposure of the gastric mucosa to ASA was generally associated with a fall in transmucosal electric potential difference and short-circuit current together with an increase in electrical resistance. It is proposed that the greater sensitivity of alkalinization to ASA is responsible for the apparent increase in the rate of acid secretion which occured. | [
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|
PMID:15403 | Lower body negative pressure and effects of autonomic heart blockade on cardiovascular responses. | Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output were recorded in eight healthy male volunteers during exposure to 80 mmHg of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in the supine position before and after beta-adrenergic and combined beta-adrenergic and parasympathetic blockade of the heart as induced by the i.v. administration of propranolol 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. and atropine 0.04 mg/kg b.wt. After propranolol, heart rate response to LBNP averaged 48% of that observed without blockade indicating that LBNP-induced cardioacceleration is of both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin. Tolerance to LBNP was reduced by beta-adrenergic blockade, since the decrease in mean arterial pressure during LBNP was exaggerated by such blockade. Although the addition of atropine markedly elevated mean arterial pressure and cardiac output in the control situation, tolerance to LBNP was not enhanced by this drug as judged from the arterial pressure response. Post-LBNP overshoot in mean arterial pressure was strikingly augmented by combined cardiac effector blockade and was in part due to a lingering elevation of total peripheral resistance, cardiac output remaining decreased for more than 110 s after release of LBNP. | Lower body negative pressure and effects of autonomic heart blockade on cardiovascular responses. Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output were recorded in eight healthy male volunteers during exposure to 80 mmHg of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in the supine position before and after beta-adrenergic and combined beta-adrenergic and parasympathetic blockade of the heart as induced by the i.v. administration of propranolol 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. and atropine 0.04 mg/kg b.wt. After propranolol, heart rate response to LBNP averaged 48% of that observed without blockade indicating that LBNP-induced cardioacceleration is of both sympathetic and parasympathetic origin. Tolerance to LBNP was reduced by beta-adrenergic blockade, since the decrease in mean arterial pressure during LBNP was exaggerated by such blockade. Although the addition of atropine markedly elevated mean arterial pressure and cardiac output in the control situation, tolerance to LBNP was not enhanced by this drug as judged from the arterial pressure response. Post-LBNP overshoot in mean arterial pressure was strikingly augmented by combined cardiac effector blockade and was in part due to a lingering elevation of total peripheral resistance, cardiac output remaining decreased for more than 110 s after release of LBNP. | [
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|
PMID:15405 | Partial correction of hypertension by angiotensin II blockade in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. | This case report describes a patient with malignant hypertension and phaeochromocytoma in whom blockade of angiotensin II receptors by the competitive antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin) resulted in a partial correction of the elevated BP. Plasma renin activity was high and rose further during the blockade. Competitive inhibition of angiotensin II by Saralasin does not abolish the pressor effect of catecholamines. It was therefore interesting to observe that in this patient with phaeochromocytoma, independently, both alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade and angiotensin II receptor blockade were effective in lowering BP. | Partial correction of hypertension by angiotensin II blockade in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. This case report describes a patient with malignant hypertension and phaeochromocytoma in whom blockade of angiotensin II receptors by the competitive antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin) resulted in a partial correction of the elevated BP. Plasma renin activity was high and rose further during the blockade. Competitive inhibition of angiotensin II by Saralasin does not abolish the pressor effect of catecholamines. It was therefore interesting to observe that in this patient with phaeochromocytoma, independently, both alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade and angiotensin II receptor blockade were effective in lowering BP. | [
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PMID:15407 | Neurochemical evidence for histamine acting as a transmitter in mammalian brain. | HA, besides its function in immune processes, is probably a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. It is synthesized by a specific decarboxylase localized in the cytoplasm of nerve endings. It is stored in synaptic vesicles. Its release might depend on nerve-impulse flow; specific receptors to this amine have been evidenced both electrophysiologically and by the activation of cyclic AMP formation. Lesion studies indicate that histamine-containing neurons might constitute an ascending bundle arising from the brainstem and widely projecting into the whole telencephalon. This disposition, together with neuropharmacological data, suggests that histaminergic neurons, like the monoaminergic ones, might be involved in the control of arousal mechanisms, an idea consistent with the observed fluctuations of the endogenous amine content during the day-night cycle. On the other hand, the investigation of the effect of stress situations on the turnover of HA in brain leads to the conclusion that histaminergic neurons are specifically affected. | Neurochemical evidence for histamine acting as a transmitter in mammalian brain. HA, besides its function in immune processes, is probably a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. It is synthesized by a specific decarboxylase localized in the cytoplasm of nerve endings. It is stored in synaptic vesicles. Its release might depend on nerve-impulse flow; specific receptors to this amine have been evidenced both electrophysiologically and by the activation of cyclic AMP formation. Lesion studies indicate that histamine-containing neurons might constitute an ascending bundle arising from the brainstem and widely projecting into the whole telencephalon. This disposition, together with neuropharmacological data, suggests that histaminergic neurons, like the monoaminergic ones, might be involved in the control of arousal mechanisms, an idea consistent with the observed fluctuations of the endogenous amine content during the day-night cycle. On the other hand, the investigation of the effect of stress situations on the turnover of HA in brain leads to the conclusion that histaminergic neurons are specifically affected. | [
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PMID:15417 | Purine nucleotides. | The existence of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve components in the autonomic nervous system is now well established. They are strongly represented in the gastrointestinal tract of all vertebrates and have been identified in a variety of other organs, including lung, trachea, bladder, esophagus, eye, seminal vesicles, and possibly parts of the vascular and central nervous systems. Their ultrastructural identification and transmission properties are known and their physiological role is beginning to be understood, at least in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence that ATP is the transmitter released from nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (purinergic) nerves includes: (a) synthesis and storage of ATP in nerves; (b) release of ATP from the nerves when they are stimulated; (c) exogenously applied ATP mimicking the action of nerve-released transmitter, both producing a specific increase in K+ conductance; (d) the presence of Mg-activated ATPase, 5'nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase, enzymes, which inactivate ATP; (e) drugs (including 2-substituted imidazolines, 2,2'-pyridylisatogen and dipyridamole), that produce similar blocking or potentiating effects on the response to exogenously applied atp and nerve stimulation. | Purine nucleotides. The existence of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve components in the autonomic nervous system is now well established. They are strongly represented in the gastrointestinal tract of all vertebrates and have been identified in a variety of other organs, including lung, trachea, bladder, esophagus, eye, seminal vesicles, and possibly parts of the vascular and central nervous systems. Their ultrastructural identification and transmission properties are known and their physiological role is beginning to be understood, at least in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence that ATP is the transmitter released from nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (purinergic) nerves includes: (a) synthesis and storage of ATP in nerves; (b) release of ATP from the nerves when they are stimulated; (c) exogenously applied ATP mimicking the action of nerve-released transmitter, both producing a specific increase in K+ conductance; (d) the presence of Mg-activated ATPase, 5'nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase, enzymes, which inactivate ATP; (e) drugs (including 2-substituted imidazolines, 2,2'-pyridylisatogen and dipyridamole), that produce similar blocking or potentiating effects on the response to exogenously applied atp and nerve stimulation. | [
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PMID:15419 | Glucocorticoid regulation of the serotonergic system of the brain. | Glucorticoids at concentrations above 10(-7) M stimulate the uptake of tryptophan by brain synaptosomes. Furthermore, in both developmental and drug-induced (reserpine and ethanol) increases of brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity, glucocorticoids are required in order for the increases to occur. If de novo enzyme synthesis is assumed to take place in such increases, we could adopt the working hypothesis that two loci of glucocorticoid action may exist in serotonergic neurons with respect to their specific function: one in the cell body presumably in a sequence of macromolecular events, and the other directly on nerve terminals. Thus, in its immediate action, the hormone may rapidly regulate 5-HT synthesis through an increased uptake of tryptophan by nerve terminals. In the slow action, the hormone may mainly play a permissive role in the induction of tryptophan hydroxylase by factors yet to be identified. | Glucocorticoid regulation of the serotonergic system of the brain. Glucorticoids at concentrations above 10(-7) M stimulate the uptake of tryptophan by brain synaptosomes. Furthermore, in both developmental and drug-induced (reserpine and ethanol) increases of brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity, glucocorticoids are required in order for the increases to occur. If de novo enzyme synthesis is assumed to take place in such increases, we could adopt the working hypothesis that two loci of glucocorticoid action may exist in serotonergic neurons with respect to their specific function: one in the cell body presumably in a sequence of macromolecular events, and the other directly on nerve terminals. Thus, in its immediate action, the hormone may rapidly regulate 5-HT synthesis through an increased uptake of tryptophan by nerve terminals. In the slow action, the hormone may mainly play a permissive role in the induction of tryptophan hydroxylase by factors yet to be identified. | [
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PMID:15421 | A neurobiological role for a protein activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. | This work supports the idea that PDEA is bound and stored in brain particulate fraction. The release of PDEA into cytosol where the activator-sensitive PDE is located, is the first event in the process of the regulation of cAMP metabolism and inactivation. PDEA is released by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the activator-binding sites. This process is Ca2+ independent and does not occur in the presence of cGMP and cGMP-dependent phosphorylation. The free, soluble PDEA activates the high Km PDE in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Ca2+. This protein decreases severalfold the Km for cAMP of the high Km activator-sensitive PDE. PDEA regulates cAMP metabolism when the concentration of cAMP is elevated by a transsynaptic activation of adenylate cyclase. The rate of synthesis and the release of PDEA might be a part of the process of receptor sub- and supersensitivity, which has been reported during denervation or as a result of chronic treatment with drugs. | A neurobiological role for a protein activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. This work supports the idea that PDEA is bound and stored in brain particulate fraction. The release of PDEA into cytosol where the activator-sensitive PDE is located, is the first event in the process of the regulation of cAMP metabolism and inactivation. PDEA is released by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the activator-binding sites. This process is Ca2+ independent and does not occur in the presence of cGMP and cGMP-dependent phosphorylation. The free, soluble PDEA activates the high Km PDE in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Ca2+. This protein decreases severalfold the Km for cAMP of the high Km activator-sensitive PDE. PDEA regulates cAMP metabolism when the concentration of cAMP is elevated by a transsynaptic activation of adenylate cyclase. The rate of synthesis and the release of PDEA might be a part of the process of receptor sub- and supersensitivity, which has been reported during denervation or as a result of chronic treatment with drugs. | [
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PMID:15422 | Cellular depolarization and cyclic nucleotide content in central nervous system. | There is ample evidence indicating that cAMP and cGMP content in mamalian brain is markedly influenced by cellular depolarization. The relationships between the two cyclic nucleotides and the complex process of cellular depolarization, which in turn leads to extensive functional and metabolic consequences are incompletely understood, however. Much data, which are reviewed in the present chapter, suggest that cellular depolarization leads to elevation of cAMP and cGMP levels by two different and unrelated mechanisms. With regard to cAMP, it seems reasonable to conclude that cellular depolarization in CNS causes a release of adenosine, and it is the subsequent action of this substance which accounts for a portion of the elevation of cAMP levels. At present, one cannot ascertain whether or not other factors contribute to the increase of cAMP content resulting from cellular depolarization. It is probable that it is not cellular depolarization, per se, but the influx of Ca2+ into intracellular spaces caused by cellular depolarization which increases the content of cGMP. The specific effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations on the cGMP response suggest a close relationship between the cyclic nucleotide and some process associated with release of one or more yet undefined neurotransmitters. Wether the involvement is in presynaptic or postsynaptic mechanisms also remains to be determined. | Cellular depolarization and cyclic nucleotide content in central nervous system. There is ample evidence indicating that cAMP and cGMP content in mamalian brain is markedly influenced by cellular depolarization. The relationships between the two cyclic nucleotides and the complex process of cellular depolarization, which in turn leads to extensive functional and metabolic consequences are incompletely understood, however. Much data, which are reviewed in the present chapter, suggest that cellular depolarization leads to elevation of cAMP and cGMP levels by two different and unrelated mechanisms. With regard to cAMP, it seems reasonable to conclude that cellular depolarization in CNS causes a release of adenosine, and it is the subsequent action of this substance which accounts for a portion of the elevation of cAMP levels. At present, one cannot ascertain whether or not other factors contribute to the increase of cAMP content resulting from cellular depolarization. It is probable that it is not cellular depolarization, per se, but the influx of Ca2+ into intracellular spaces caused by cellular depolarization which increases the content of cGMP. The specific effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations on the cGMP response suggest a close relationship between the cyclic nucleotide and some process associated with release of one or more yet undefined neurotransmitters. Wether the involvement is in presynaptic or postsynaptic mechanisms also remains to be determined. | [
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PMID:15426 | Long-term regulatory mechanisms for tyrosine hydroxylase in sympathetic ganglia and carotid body. | The delayed activation of TH elicited by hypoxia in carotid body indirectly suggests that the release of dopamine is part of the responses elicited by hypoxia. The TH activation appears to be independent from nicotinic receptor stimulation and can be abolished by dopaminergic receptor stimulation. Dexamethasone also increases the activity of TH. Since both hypoxia and dexamethasone fail to change the kinetic constants, the long-term increase of TH could be viewed as an expression of new synthesis of enzyme molecules. This assumption is supported by the evidence presented on the prompt kinetic change in PDE, which according to the model proposed by Uzunov et al. (42) expresses the participation of a prompt and sustained response of the second messenger in postsynaptic cells. It remains to be ascertained whether the change in the catalytic activity of PDE which metabolizes the second messenger can be suppressed by dopamine-receptor blockers. Immediate changes of PDE coupled with the delayed increase in TH activity may contribute to a better understanding of the neuronal mechanisms controlling the chemoreceptor function. It is hoped that the continuation of these studies will help to define the function of type I cells in the carotid body. | Long-term regulatory mechanisms for tyrosine hydroxylase in sympathetic ganglia and carotid body. The delayed activation of TH elicited by hypoxia in carotid body indirectly suggests that the release of dopamine is part of the responses elicited by hypoxia. The TH activation appears to be independent from nicotinic receptor stimulation and can be abolished by dopaminergic receptor stimulation. Dexamethasone also increases the activity of TH. Since both hypoxia and dexamethasone fail to change the kinetic constants, the long-term increase of TH could be viewed as an expression of new synthesis of enzyme molecules. This assumption is supported by the evidence presented on the prompt kinetic change in PDE, which according to the model proposed by Uzunov et al. (42) expresses the participation of a prompt and sustained response of the second messenger in postsynaptic cells. It remains to be ascertained whether the change in the catalytic activity of PDE which metabolizes the second messenger can be suppressed by dopamine-receptor blockers. Immediate changes of PDE coupled with the delayed increase in TH activity may contribute to a better understanding of the neuronal mechanisms controlling the chemoreceptor function. It is hoped that the continuation of these studies will help to define the function of type I cells in the carotid body. | [
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|
PMID:15427 | [Sexual development of boys, treated surgically for dystopia of testicles (author's transl)]. | A clinical follow-up examination was made in a group of 208 children and adolescents who had undergone surgical treatment for congenital cryptorchid testis (unilateral or bilateral) between 2 and 10 years before. The puberal growth and maturing process of the primary and secondary sex characteristics of this morbidity group was compared to that of normal juveniles. The examination was made according to clinical criteria: length and circumference of the penis, volume of testes, general development of the genitals, pubic hair. Compared to normal juveniles, the genital development of the children and adolescents of the follow-up examinations series was retarded. | [Sexual development of boys, treated surgically for dystopia of testicles (author's transl)]. A clinical follow-up examination was made in a group of 208 children and adolescents who had undergone surgical treatment for congenital cryptorchid testis (unilateral or bilateral) between 2 and 10 years before. The puberal growth and maturing process of the primary and secondary sex characteristics of this morbidity group was compared to that of normal juveniles. The examination was made according to clinical criteria: length and circumference of the penis, volume of testes, general development of the genitals, pubic hair. Compared to normal juveniles, the genital development of the children and adolescents of the follow-up examinations series was retarded. | [
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|
PMID:15432 | Study of the priming effect of interferon in L cells. II. Metabolic requirements for the development of primed state. | Actinomycin D at a concentration inhibitory for nucleolar RNA synthesis did not influence the development of priming. Higher concentrations of the drug and long-term alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide pretreatments, inhibitory for heterogenous nuclear RNA synthesis, prevented the establishment of the primed state. The inhibition of mitochondrial DNA and protein synthesis did not inhibit the priming effect of interferon. Attempts to prime cells with pretreatments other than interferon were not successful. | Study of the priming effect of interferon in L cells. II. Metabolic requirements for the development of primed state. Actinomycin D at a concentration inhibitory for nucleolar RNA synthesis did not influence the development of priming. Higher concentrations of the drug and long-term alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide pretreatments, inhibitory for heterogenous nuclear RNA synthesis, prevented the establishment of the primed state. The inhibition of mitochondrial DNA and protein synthesis did not inhibit the priming effect of interferon. Attempts to prime cells with pretreatments other than interferon were not successful. | [
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|
PMID:15433 | Influence of polypeptide molecular and side chain lengths and of side chain steric location on the kinetics of basic polypeptide-induced sensitization of primate cells to transfection. | Kinetics of sensitization of chimpanzee cell sheets to transfection by poliovirus RNA was determined for 5 basic polypeptides. With basic olypeptide hydrobromide at 100 microng/ml, initial sensitization rate was faster for poly-L-ornithine of average molecular weight (AMW) 15500 than of AMW 105000, and much faster for poly-L-lysine of AMW 1700 than of AMW 140000. Desensitization phases were observed with the 2 shorter polypeptides. Sensitization was much faster and sensitivity maxima were considerably higher for the polyornithines than for the polylysines. Poly-D-lysine of AMW 160000 sensitized cells slightly faster than poly-L-lysine of AMW 140000, but gave about the same sensitivity maximum. Analysis of the slow cell sensitization by poly-L-lysine of AMW 140000 revealed 2 steps: a fast step 1 (attachment) and a slow step 2 (processing). | Influence of polypeptide molecular and side chain lengths and of side chain steric location on the kinetics of basic polypeptide-induced sensitization of primate cells to transfection. Kinetics of sensitization of chimpanzee cell sheets to transfection by poliovirus RNA was determined for 5 basic polypeptides. With basic olypeptide hydrobromide at 100 microng/ml, initial sensitization rate was faster for poly-L-ornithine of average molecular weight (AMW) 15500 than of AMW 105000, and much faster for poly-L-lysine of AMW 1700 than of AMW 140000. Desensitization phases were observed with the 2 shorter polypeptides. Sensitization was much faster and sensitivity maxima were considerably higher for the polyornithines than for the polylysines. Poly-D-lysine of AMW 160000 sensitized cells slightly faster than poly-L-lysine of AMW 140000, but gave about the same sensitivity maximum. Analysis of the slow cell sensitization by poly-L-lysine of AMW 140000 revealed 2 steps: a fast step 1 (attachment) and a slow step 2 (processing). | [
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PMID:15434 | Susceptibility of various cell lines to virulent an attenuated strains of pseudorabies virus at supraoptimal temperature. | Replication of virulent and attenuated strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) at supraoptimal temperature was studied in rabbit lung (ZP), pig kidney (PS), and BHK-21 cells adapted and non-adapted to 40 degrees C and L, HeLa and human amniotic (Am) cells non-adapted to 40 degrees C. The temperature of 40 degreeC did not influence the type cytopathic effect (CPE) in either adapted or non-adapted cells. According to the susceptibility at 40 degrees C the cells could be divided into three groups: cells permissive for all PRV strains (adapted and non-adapted ZP and non-adapted BHK-21 and PS); cells non-permissive for all PRV strains (L, HeLa and Am); and cells permissive for virulent and non-permissive for attenuated PRV strains (adapted BHK-21 and PS). The virus titres in permissive cells at 40 degrees C did not differ from those obtained at 37 degrees C. The attenuated strain CK-PRV X was found to be a tsmutant of PRV with host range character. | Susceptibility of various cell lines to virulent an attenuated strains of pseudorabies virus at supraoptimal temperature. Replication of virulent and attenuated strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) at supraoptimal temperature was studied in rabbit lung (ZP), pig kidney (PS), and BHK-21 cells adapted and non-adapted to 40 degrees C and L, HeLa and human amniotic (Am) cells non-adapted to 40 degrees C. The temperature of 40 degreeC did not influence the type cytopathic effect (CPE) in either adapted or non-adapted cells. According to the susceptibility at 40 degrees C the cells could be divided into three groups: cells permissive for all PRV strains (adapted and non-adapted ZP and non-adapted BHK-21 and PS); cells non-permissive for all PRV strains (L, HeLa and Am); and cells permissive for virulent and non-permissive for attenuated PRV strains (adapted BHK-21 and PS). The virus titres in permissive cells at 40 degrees C did not differ from those obtained at 37 degrees C. The attenuated strain CK-PRV X was found to be a tsmutant of PRV with host range character. | [
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|
PMID:15435 | Effect of streptovirudin on parainfluenza 3 virus multiplication. | Streptovirudin (SV) in a concentration of 100 microng/ml reduced the multiplication of parainfluenza 3 virus by about 3.5 log units. When uninfected WISH cells were treated for 2 and 12 hours with 100 mug/ml of SV, 3H-thymidineincorporation was decreased, but no marked differences were observed in the incorporation of 3H-uridine. The level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) was found to decrease in SV-treated cells. | Effect of streptovirudin on parainfluenza 3 virus multiplication. Streptovirudin (SV) in a concentration of 100 microng/ml reduced the multiplication of parainfluenza 3 virus by about 3.5 log units. When uninfected WISH cells were treated for 2 and 12 hours with 100 mug/ml of SV, 3H-thymidineincorporation was decreased, but no marked differences were observed in the incorporation of 3H-uridine. The level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) was found to decrease in SV-treated cells. | [
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|
PMID:15436 | Sunday Canyon virus, a new ungrouped agent from the tick Argas (A.) cooleyi in Texas. | A new arbovirus was isolated from Texas, U.S.A., populations of the Cliff Swallow parasits Argas (Argas) cooleyi Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1960. The virus, named Sunday Canyon, is serological urelated to any of 185 arbovirus strains or 20 other viral agents with which it was compared. Morphologically it resembles Bunyamwera viruses and, in common with them, is sensitive to lipid solvents and acid pH, and apparently possesses RNA. Although considerably resistant to a temperature of 41.5 degrees C, it rapidly loses infectivity when incubated at 56 degrees C. It is lethal for newborn white mice and infective for the Vero and Antheraea eucalypti cell lines. Sundays Canyon virus is the second tick-associated, Bunyamwera virus-like agent known from North America and the third virus to be reported from A. cooleyi in Texas. | Sunday Canyon virus, a new ungrouped agent from the tick Argas (A.) cooleyi in Texas. A new arbovirus was isolated from Texas, U.S.A., populations of the Cliff Swallow parasits Argas (Argas) cooleyi Kohls and Hoogstraal, 1960. The virus, named Sunday Canyon, is serological urelated to any of 185 arbovirus strains or 20 other viral agents with which it was compared. Morphologically it resembles Bunyamwera viruses and, in common with them, is sensitive to lipid solvents and acid pH, and apparently possesses RNA. Although considerably resistant to a temperature of 41.5 degrees C, it rapidly loses infectivity when incubated at 56 degrees C. It is lethal for newborn white mice and infective for the Vero and Antheraea eucalypti cell lines. Sundays Canyon virus is the second tick-associated, Bunyamwera virus-like agent known from North America and the third virus to be reported from A. cooleyi in Texas. | [
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|
PMID:15437 | Appearance and some unusual features of Epstein-Barr virus antibody production in infectious mononucleosis and other health disorders. | The indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test and the complement-fixation reaction (CFR) were used in examination of over 1500 sera obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and other health disorders. The evidence obtained supports a direct aetiological relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and IM and points on a relationship of EBV to some other lymphadenopathies and health disorders. The incidence of the IgG type antibody against virus capsid antigen (EB-VCA) and soluble antigen (CF-SA) obtained from EBV genome-positive cells among different age groups of patients is described along with results of long-term examinations of serum samples from IM patients. The appearance and dynamics of production of both types of EBV antibody and their persistence in the organism varied. Long-lasting oscillations, in particular of the EB-VCA antibody levels were found in sera of patients with prolonged health disorders following IM. The diagnosis value of the IF test and the CFR is discussed. | Appearance and some unusual features of Epstein-Barr virus antibody production in infectious mononucleosis and other health disorders. The indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test and the complement-fixation reaction (CFR) were used in examination of over 1500 sera obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and other health disorders. The evidence obtained supports a direct aetiological relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and IM and points on a relationship of EBV to some other lymphadenopathies and health disorders. The incidence of the IgG type antibody against virus capsid antigen (EB-VCA) and soluble antigen (CF-SA) obtained from EBV genome-positive cells among different age groups of patients is described along with results of long-term examinations of serum samples from IM patients. The appearance and dynamics of production of both types of EBV antibody and their persistence in the organism varied. Long-lasting oscillations, in particular of the EB-VCA antibody levels were found in sera of patients with prolonged health disorders following IM. The diagnosis value of the IF test and the CFR is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:15438 | Characteristics of poliovirus type 3 strains after passage through monkey central nervous system. | Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally with Sabin's type 3 polivoirus strain, and with strains isolated from subjects vaccinated with Leon 12a1b and from their contacts. Sample of brain, spinal cord, kidneys, lymph nodes, blood and spinal fluid were taken. From these materials, (except of kidneys) 23 poliovirus strains of type 3 were isolated. Genetic markers rct 40.3, rct 41, d and IST were determined for these strains. The changes observed in genetic markers of strains passaged through the cental nervous system (CNS) of monkeys are described. | Characteristics of poliovirus type 3 strains after passage through monkey central nervous system. Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally with Sabin's type 3 polivoirus strain, and with strains isolated from subjects vaccinated with Leon 12a1b and from their contacts. Sample of brain, spinal cord, kidneys, lymph nodes, blood and spinal fluid were taken. From these materials, (except of kidneys) 23 poliovirus strains of type 3 were isolated. Genetic markers rct 40.3, rct 41, d and IST were determined for these strains. The changes observed in genetic markers of strains passaged through the cental nervous system (CNS) of monkeys are described. | [
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|
PMID:15439 | 6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706: influence of body weight and mineral oil administration of the antiviral activity in mice. | Sera obtained from mice treated with 6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706 showing high interferon activity, could be transferred to healthy animals to make them resistant to Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) infection. Body weight of mice directly influenced, within limits, the proportion of treated mice surviving challenge virus infection as well as interferon production. Mineral oil (liquid paraffin, B. P.) administered prior to 6-MFA increased both the level of interferon in serum and the protection rate of the treated animals. | 6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706: influence of body weight and mineral oil administration of the antiviral activity in mice. Sera obtained from mice treated with 6-MFA, an antiviral agent from Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 28706 showing high interferon activity, could be transferred to healthy animals to make them resistant to Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) infection. Body weight of mice directly influenced, within limits, the proportion of treated mice surviving challenge virus infection as well as interferon production. Mineral oil (liquid paraffin, B. P.) administered prior to 6-MFA increased both the level of interferon in serum and the protection rate of the treated animals. | [
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|
PMID:15440 | Disintegration of red clover mottle virus virions under different conditions of storage in vitro. | Red clover mottle virus was kept in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 4, --20 and --60 degrees C for 1 and 4 weeks and 3 months. The degree of virion disintegration was the highest at --20 degrees C and the lowest at 4 degrees C. Two cycles of freezing and thawing destroyed the virions. In frozen samples (at both --20 and --60 degrees C), the nucleoprotein sedimentation component M was disintegrated more than component B. | Disintegration of red clover mottle virus virions under different conditions of storage in vitro. Red clover mottle virus was kept in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 4, --20 and --60 degrees C for 1 and 4 weeks and 3 months. The degree of virion disintegration was the highest at --20 degrees C and the lowest at 4 degrees C. Two cycles of freezing and thawing destroyed the virions. In frozen samples (at both --20 and --60 degrees C), the nucleoprotein sedimentation component M was disintegrated more than component B. | [
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|
PMID:15441 | Effect of a proteolytic enzyme inhbitor on influenza virus replication. | N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane patially inhibited the multiplicatiion of fowl plague virus (FPV) in infected cells. The capacity of the inhibitor to suppress the muliplication of FPV depended on the host cell system. | Effect of a proteolytic enzyme inhbitor on influenza virus replication. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane patially inhibited the multiplicatiion of fowl plague virus (FPV) in infected cells. The capacity of the inhibitor to suppress the muliplication of FPV depended on the host cell system. | [
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|
PMID:15442 | Structure of inclusion bodies of cabbage black ring virus. | Inclusions in cells of Nicotiana glutinosa infected with a horse-radish strain of cabbage black ring virus (CBRV) were investigated on ultrathin sections. Large amorphous inclusions contained cellular constitutents showing usually no pathological alterations. Lamellar inclusions (bundles, circular inclusions, pinwheels), closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum, occurred frequently in areas of cytoplasm showing no vesiculation. Sac-like structures composed of concentric lamellae were observed in the cytoplasm or intruding into the vacuole. Spherosomes containing each a single crystal were found very often in the cytoplasm. Masses of virus particles in a parallel arrangement were usually located at the tonoplast. | Structure of inclusion bodies of cabbage black ring virus. Inclusions in cells of Nicotiana glutinosa infected with a horse-radish strain of cabbage black ring virus (CBRV) were investigated on ultrathin sections. Large amorphous inclusions contained cellular constitutents showing usually no pathological alterations. Lamellar inclusions (bundles, circular inclusions, pinwheels), closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum, occurred frequently in areas of cytoplasm showing no vesiculation. Sac-like structures composed of concentric lamellae were observed in the cytoplasm or intruding into the vacuole. Spherosomes containing each a single crystal were found very often in the cytoplasm. Masses of virus particles in a parallel arrangement were usually located at the tonoplast. | [
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|
PMID:15443 | An iridovirus from larvae of Culiseta annulata and Culex territans. | Field-collected 4th instar larvae of Culiseta annulata and Culex territans were found to be infected with mosquito iridescent virus (MIV). Ultrathin sections revealed the presence in infected cells of different types of immature virus particles of an average diameter of 180 and 190 nm respectively. | An iridovirus from larvae of Culiseta annulata and Culex territans. Field-collected 4th instar larvae of Culiseta annulata and Culex territans were found to be infected with mosquito iridescent virus (MIV). Ultrathin sections revealed the presence in infected cells of different types of immature virus particles of an average diameter of 180 and 190 nm respectively. | [
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|
PMID:15447 | Psychological aspects of cardiac arrhythmia. | A review of data from a wide spectrum of research studies suggests that psychological-emotional factors can significantly influence and alter the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. While the existing data are, in many cases, difficult to interpret because of theoretical and methodological problems, sufficient evidence does exist to warrant a concerted investigation into the total involvement of psychological factors in cardiac arrhythmia. | Psychological aspects of cardiac arrhythmia. A review of data from a wide spectrum of research studies suggests that psychological-emotional factors can significantly influence and alter the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. While the existing data are, in many cases, difficult to interpret because of theoretical and methodological problems, sufficient evidence does exist to warrant a concerted investigation into the total involvement of psychological factors in cardiac arrhythmia. | [
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|
PMID:15448 | Internal mammary artery graft for ischemic heart disease. Effect of revascularization on clinical status and survival. | Four hundred consecutive patients, 80 percent of whom had multiple vessel obstruction, received a single internal mammary artery graft (121 patients) alone or combined with vein grafts (279 patients) in 1971 and 1972. Four patients died during or within 30 days of the operation. Sixteen patients had intraoperative infarction; three died. Arteriography was performed postoperatively (mean 12 months) in 254 patients, and 248 of 261 internal mammary artery grafts (95 percent) and 195 of 237 vein grafts (82 percent) were patent. Follow-up was complete (mean interval 38 months); all 80 patients with single vessel disease are alive, and the 3 year survival rate for patients with double and triple vessel disease was 98.7 and 94.4 percent, respectively. Comparison of longevity of 741 patients who had received vein grafts in 1967 to 1970 with that of 400 patients with internal mammary artery grafts (1971 to 1972) indicates greater survival for the recent series (P less than 0.004). Factors responsible for improved survival include (1) reduced operative mortality, (2) fewer intraoperative infarctions, (3) more complete revascularization, and (4) higher patency rate of the internal mammary artery graft. | Internal mammary artery graft for ischemic heart disease. Effect of revascularization on clinical status and survival. Four hundred consecutive patients, 80 percent of whom had multiple vessel obstruction, received a single internal mammary artery graft (121 patients) alone or combined with vein grafts (279 patients) in 1971 and 1972. Four patients died during or within 30 days of the operation. Sixteen patients had intraoperative infarction; three died. Arteriography was performed postoperatively (mean 12 months) in 254 patients, and 248 of 261 internal mammary artery grafts (95 percent) and 195 of 237 vein grafts (82 percent) were patent. Follow-up was complete (mean interval 38 months); all 80 patients with single vessel disease are alive, and the 3 year survival rate for patients with double and triple vessel disease was 98.7 and 94.4 percent, respectively. Comparison of longevity of 741 patients who had received vein grafts in 1967 to 1970 with that of 400 patients with internal mammary artery grafts (1971 to 1972) indicates greater survival for the recent series (P less than 0.004). Factors responsible for improved survival include (1) reduced operative mortality, (2) fewer intraoperative infarctions, (3) more complete revascularization, and (4) higher patency rate of the internal mammary artery graft. | [
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|
PMID:15449 | Enkephalin, drug addiction and acupuncture. | From the results of clinical and basic research, there is clear evidence that acupuncture analgesia is closely associated with the nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci which have been used for analgesia during operations also can calm the withdrawal symptoms of morphine and heroin addicts. Acupuncture analgesia can be antagonized by the specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone. These findings suggest the factor or factors produced by acupuncture stimulation would also have agonist activity on opiate receptors. Moreover, the morphine receptors are most concentrated in those parts of the brain concerned with perception of pain and the pathway of acupuncture stimulation. Since the opiate receptors are associated with the synaptic fraction of brain cell membrane preparations, the natural ligand of these receptors may be a neurotransmitter. Enkephalin has stronger binding affinity to opiate receptors than morphine, which suggests that it is the natural ligand for these receptors. In other words, enkephalin might be the natural "pain killer" produced in the brain to suppress pain. If we summate all the information available now, it is possible to suggest that enkephalin may be the product of the nervous system released by acupuncture stimulation to create an analgesic effect as well as suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms. | Enkephalin, drug addiction and acupuncture. From the results of clinical and basic research, there is clear evidence that acupuncture analgesia is closely associated with the nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci which have been used for analgesia during operations also can calm the withdrawal symptoms of morphine and heroin addicts. Acupuncture analgesia can be antagonized by the specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone. These findings suggest the factor or factors produced by acupuncture stimulation would also have agonist activity on opiate receptors. Moreover, the morphine receptors are most concentrated in those parts of the brain concerned with perception of pain and the pathway of acupuncture stimulation. Since the opiate receptors are associated with the synaptic fraction of brain cell membrane preparations, the natural ligand of these receptors may be a neurotransmitter. Enkephalin has stronger binding affinity to opiate receptors than morphine, which suggests that it is the natural ligand for these receptors. In other words, enkephalin might be the natural "pain killer" produced in the brain to suppress pain. If we summate all the information available now, it is possible to suggest that enkephalin may be the product of the nervous system released by acupuncture stimulation to create an analgesic effect as well as suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms. | [
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|
PMID:15450 | The Silver-Russel syndrome: a case with sexual ambiguity, and a review of literature. | A 38-month-old patient with Silver-Russel syndrome (SRS) and ambiguous genitalia had a 46,XY karyotype on leukocyte and fibroblast cultures. This is the third SRS child with ambiguous genitalia described in the literature. In a review of the findings in 148 reported cases of the syndrome, abnormalities occurring in over 50% of the cases are short stature, craniofacial dysproportion, low birth weight, term gestation, body asymmetry, incurved fifth digits, normal intelligence, short fifth digits, and down-curved corners of the mouth (shark mouth). | The Silver-Russel syndrome: a case with sexual ambiguity, and a review of literature. A 38-month-old patient with Silver-Russel syndrome (SRS) and ambiguous genitalia had a 46,XY karyotype on leukocyte and fibroblast cultures. This is the third SRS child with ambiguous genitalia described in the literature. In a review of the findings in 148 reported cases of the syndrome, abnormalities occurring in over 50% of the cases are short stature, craniofacial dysproportion, low birth weight, term gestation, body asymmetry, incurved fifth digits, normal intelligence, short fifth digits, and down-curved corners of the mouth (shark mouth). | [
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|
PMID:15451 | Detection of heterozygotes for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by hairbulb tyrosinase assay. | Five heterozygotes for ty-neg OCA had absent or markedly reduced hairbulb tyrosinase activity, when compared to normally pigmented control subjects. Clinically, all five were fully pigmented and could not be distinguished from the normal control subjects. It is proposed that the quantitative hairbulb tyrosinase assay can be used to detect heterozygotes for ty-neg OCA. A mechanism to explain the low levels of activity in the hairbulbs from heterozygotes is discussed. | Detection of heterozygotes for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism by hairbulb tyrosinase assay. Five heterozygotes for ty-neg OCA had absent or markedly reduced hairbulb tyrosinase activity, when compared to normally pigmented control subjects. Clinically, all five were fully pigmented and could not be distinguished from the normal control subjects. It is proposed that the quantitative hairbulb tyrosinase assay can be used to detect heterozygotes for ty-neg OCA. A mechanism to explain the low levels of activity in the hairbulbs from heterozygotes is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:15452 | Very low arylsulfatase A and cerebroside sulfatase activities in leukocytes of healthy members of metachromatic leukodystrophy family. | Very low levels of arylsulfatase A (ASA) have been found in the leukocytes of healthy members of a metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) family. The cerebroside sulfate sulfatase (CSS) activities in the same individuals are about 10% of the control level. Arguments favoring a dominant mutation different from that of classical MLD are presented. This report reinforces the relationship between the two enzymatic activities. | Very low arylsulfatase A and cerebroside sulfatase activities in leukocytes of healthy members of metachromatic leukodystrophy family. Very low levels of arylsulfatase A (ASA) have been found in the leukocytes of healthy members of a metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) family. The cerebroside sulfate sulfatase (CSS) activities in the same individuals are about 10% of the control level. Arguments favoring a dominant mutation different from that of classical MLD are presented. This report reinforces the relationship between the two enzymatic activities. | [
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|
PMID:15456 | Factors determining human chorion laeve permeability in vitro. | An increased mean diffusion permeability across human chorion laeve in vitro was measured for meperidine (D = 5.26 x 10(-6) cm.2 sec.-1) and diazepam (D = 4.51 X 10(-6) cm.2 sec.-1). These values corresponded to large chloroform-buffer partition coefficients (49 and 29) measured for these two compounds. Diffusion permeability values of 3.98 and 2.18 x 10-6 cm.2 sec.-1 measured for urea and glucose corresponded to their relative insolubility in lipid, as indicated by chloroform-buffer partition coefficients of 0.05 and 0.0004, respectively. An increase in placental permeability in vitro to the weak organic acid 5,5-dimethyl, 2,4-oxazalidinedione at lower pH's corresponded to an increase in the fat-soluble nonionized fraction of this compound. These data support the concept that this tissue is most permeable to compounds of relatively small molecular size and/or with a high level of lipid solubility. The large diffusion permeability values measured for meperidine and diazepam suggest that these compounds will diffuse rapidly between mother and fetus at a maximal rate limited only by uterine blood flow. | Factors determining human chorion laeve permeability in vitro. An increased mean diffusion permeability across human chorion laeve in vitro was measured for meperidine (D = 5.26 x 10(-6) cm.2 sec.-1) and diazepam (D = 4.51 X 10(-6) cm.2 sec.-1). These values corresponded to large chloroform-buffer partition coefficients (49 and 29) measured for these two compounds. Diffusion permeability values of 3.98 and 2.18 x 10-6 cm.2 sec.-1 measured for urea and glucose corresponded to their relative insolubility in lipid, as indicated by chloroform-buffer partition coefficients of 0.05 and 0.0004, respectively. An increase in placental permeability in vitro to the weak organic acid 5,5-dimethyl, 2,4-oxazalidinedione at lower pH's corresponded to an increase in the fat-soluble nonionized fraction of this compound. These data support the concept that this tissue is most permeable to compounds of relatively small molecular size and/or with a high level of lipid solubility. The large diffusion permeability values measured for meperidine and diazepam suggest that these compounds will diffuse rapidly between mother and fetus at a maximal rate limited only by uterine blood flow. | [
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|
PMID:15457 | Effects of calcium on renin and aldosterone in the rat. | CaCl2 suppresses the plasma renin activity (PRA) response to Na+ deprivation in the rat. The purpose of the present study is:1) to determine if the effect of Ca2+ on PRA is modified by the anion delivered with Ca2+, and 2) to evaluate the effect of Ca2+ loading on aldosterone production. PRA and in vitro aldosterone production by adrenal quarters were measured after a 7-day balance study. On a low Na+ diet, PRA of animals drinking 1% CaCl2 (13.1 ng/ml per h +/- 1.3 SE), but not of animals drinking 1% calcium gluconate, was suppressed (P less than 0.05) compared to that of water-drinking controls (20.9 ng/ml per h +/- 2.1 SE). Aldosterone production of calcium gluconate and CaCl2-loaded animals was greater than that of controls (P less than 0.01). K+ balance of CaCl2 and calcium gluconate-drinking animals was more positive than that of controls (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, inhibition of PRA by CaCl2 but not by calcium gluconate indicates that the effect of Ca2+ on PRA is modified by the accompanying anion. Both CaCl2 and calcium gluconate stimulate aldosterone production, independent of changes in PRA, possibly due to an effect of Ca2+ on K+ balance. | Effects of calcium on renin and aldosterone in the rat. CaCl2 suppresses the plasma renin activity (PRA) response to Na+ deprivation in the rat. The purpose of the present study is:1) to determine if the effect of Ca2+ on PRA is modified by the anion delivered with Ca2+, and 2) to evaluate the effect of Ca2+ loading on aldosterone production. PRA and in vitro aldosterone production by adrenal quarters were measured after a 7-day balance study. On a low Na+ diet, PRA of animals drinking 1% CaCl2 (13.1 ng/ml per h +/- 1.3 SE), but not of animals drinking 1% calcium gluconate, was suppressed (P less than 0.05) compared to that of water-drinking controls (20.9 ng/ml per h +/- 2.1 SE). Aldosterone production of calcium gluconate and CaCl2-loaded animals was greater than that of controls (P less than 0.01). K+ balance of CaCl2 and calcium gluconate-drinking animals was more positive than that of controls (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, inhibition of PRA by CaCl2 but not by calcium gluconate indicates that the effect of Ca2+ on PRA is modified by the accompanying anion. Both CaCl2 and calcium gluconate stimulate aldosterone production, independent of changes in PRA, possibly due to an effect of Ca2+ on K+ balance. | [
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|
PMID:15454 | Immunopathological aspects of hepatitis type B. | Tissue samples from 180 unselected necropsy cases of various forms of hepatitis were examined by histopathology and immunofluorescence. The hepatitis forms studied included acute fulminant hepatitis (28 patients), subacute hepatitis (48 patients), acute fatal hepatitis (24 patients), chronic aggressive hepatitis (26 patients), liver cirrhosis (49 patients), and "minimal" hepatitis (5 patients). Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen were detected in 101 patients (56.1 per cent). In these, lesion-bound immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen were found in the liver and extrahepatic locations in 77 patients (76.2 per cent). The latter included activated germinal centers of lymph nodes and spleen, focal hyaline lesions of splenic and renal arterioles, necrotic and/or proliferative lesions of small and medium-sized arteries, and kidney glomeruli with mild proliferative and degenerative lesions. There was an inverse relation of the approximate amounts of hepatitis B surface antigen in the liver and the liver damage, the latter being directly proportional to the amount of HBS Ag immune complexes in the liver and indirectly proportional to their amount in extrahepatic locations and to the severity of lesions at these sites. | Immunopathological aspects of hepatitis type B. Tissue samples from 180 unselected necropsy cases of various forms of hepatitis were examined by histopathology and immunofluorescence. The hepatitis forms studied included acute fulminant hepatitis (28 patients), subacute hepatitis (48 patients), acute fatal hepatitis (24 patients), chronic aggressive hepatitis (26 patients), liver cirrhosis (49 patients), and "minimal" hepatitis (5 patients). Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen were detected in 101 patients (56.1 per cent). In these, lesion-bound immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen were found in the liver and extrahepatic locations in 77 patients (76.2 per cent). The latter included activated germinal centers of lymph nodes and spleen, focal hyaline lesions of splenic and renal arterioles, necrotic and/or proliferative lesions of small and medium-sized arteries, and kidney glomeruli with mild proliferative and degenerative lesions. There was an inverse relation of the approximate amounts of hepatitis B surface antigen in the liver and the liver damage, the latter being directly proportional to the amount of HBS Ag immune complexes in the liver and indirectly proportional to their amount in extrahepatic locations and to the severity of lesions at these sites. | [
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PMID:15458 | Metabolic features of isolated rat lung cells. I. Factors controlling glucose utilization. | Isolated rat lung cell suspensions were prepared by collagenase digestion of the lung stroma. These cells were functionally competent as judged, among other criteria, by their constant rates of oxygen uptake and glucose utilization. An important metabolic feature of these cells is that they display very high glycolytic rates. At least 60% of the glucose utilized was converted to lactate, regardless of the glucose concentration in the medium. The state of reduction of the nicotinamide system, as indicated by the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, was normal, thus indicating that the high glycolytic fluxes are not related to poor oxygenation of the preparation. Utilization of glucose displayed Michaelis-Menten saturation type kinetics with a Vmax of 331 nmol/10(6) cells per h and an apparent Km of 2.4 mM. These values were not affected by the presence of ouabain (0.1 mM), mannoheptulose (5 mM), or insulin (1 mU/ml), whereas phloridzin produced a drastic inhibition of glucose utilzation showing an apparent Ki of 0.4 mM. The substitution of sodium by K+ or Li+ as the predominant cations in the incubation medium does not alter rates of glucose utilization. Optimal pH for glucose utilization was within the physiological range with a more pronounced inhibitory effect at alkaline pH's. The intracellular concentration glucose was found to be low. This finding, in conjunction with a Q10 (27-37 degrees C) for glucose utilization above 2.0 and the differential effects of D- and L-glucose on production, seems to indicate that a stereospecific glucose transport system exists in lung cells. Several findings point to glucose transport into the lung cells as a probable rate-limiting step for its metabolism:1) the activity of the glycolytic enzymes largely exceeded the observed rate of glucose utilization;2) the decrease in enzyme activity during starvation was not accompanied by a decreased glycolytic flux, suggesting that factors other than enzyme activity, perhaps the supply of fuel, are rate limiting in the overall process of glucose breakdown;3) fructose was able to increase lactate production in the presence of saturating concentrations of glucose. These additive effects of glucose and fructose seem to support the point of view that it is not the glycolytic machinery but the supply of fuel which is rate limiting for glucose utilization by isolated rat lung cells. | Metabolic features of isolated rat lung cells. I. Factors controlling glucose utilization. Isolated rat lung cell suspensions were prepared by collagenase digestion of the lung stroma. These cells were functionally competent as judged, among other criteria, by their constant rates of oxygen uptake and glucose utilization. An important metabolic feature of these cells is that they display very high glycolytic rates. At least 60% of the glucose utilized was converted to lactate, regardless of the glucose concentration in the medium. The state of reduction of the nicotinamide system, as indicated by the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, was normal, thus indicating that the high glycolytic fluxes are not related to poor oxygenation of the preparation. Utilization of glucose displayed Michaelis-Menten saturation type kinetics with a Vmax of 331 nmol/10(6) cells per h and an apparent Km of 2.4 mM. These values were not affected by the presence of ouabain (0.1 mM), mannoheptulose (5 mM), or insulin (1 mU/ml), whereas phloridzin produced a drastic inhibition of glucose utilzation showing an apparent Ki of 0.4 mM. The substitution of sodium by K+ or Li+ as the predominant cations in the incubation medium does not alter rates of glucose utilization. Optimal pH for glucose utilization was within the physiological range with a more pronounced inhibitory effect at alkaline pH's. The intracellular concentration glucose was found to be low. This finding, in conjunction with a Q10 (27-37 degrees C) for glucose utilization above 2.0 and the differential effects of D- and L-glucose on production, seems to indicate that a stereospecific glucose transport system exists in lung cells. Several findings point to glucose transport into the lung cells as a probable rate-limiting step for its metabolism:1) the activity of the glycolytic enzymes largely exceeded the observed rate of glucose utilization;2) the decrease in enzyme activity during starvation was not accompanied by a decreased glycolytic flux, suggesting that factors other than enzyme activity, perhaps the supply of fuel, are rate limiting in the overall process of glucose breakdown;3) fructose was able to increase lactate production in the presence of saturating concentrations of glucose. These additive effects of glucose and fructose seem to support the point of view that it is not the glycolytic machinery but the supply of fuel which is rate limiting for glucose utilization by isolated rat lung cells. | [
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|
PMID:15459 | Glucose and lactate kinetics in burn shock. | We studied the glucose and lactate kinetics during burn shock by means of the primed constant infusion of [6-3H]glucose and Na-L-(+)-[U-14C]lactate. We found an early postburn hyperglycemia that was due to an increased rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose. Later, the ability of the tissues to extract glucose became impaired, and the plasma glucose concentration increased even more in spite of the return of Ra of glucose to the control level. The Ra of lactate rose rapidly postburn, whereas the rate of disappearance (Rd) of lactate stayed at the control level for 30 min. Consequently, plasma lactate rose approximately 350%. After 30 min, Rd of lactate increased to the same level as Ra; and Ra, Rd, plasma lactate concentration, and the percent of glucose derived from lactate remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. These results indicate an important role of lactate in burn shock metabolism and substrate kinetics. | Glucose and lactate kinetics in burn shock. We studied the glucose and lactate kinetics during burn shock by means of the primed constant infusion of [6-3H]glucose and Na-L-(+)-[U-14C]lactate. We found an early postburn hyperglycemia that was due to an increased rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose. Later, the ability of the tissues to extract glucose became impaired, and the plasma glucose concentration increased even more in spite of the return of Ra of glucose to the control level. The Ra of lactate rose rapidly postburn, whereas the rate of disappearance (Rd) of lactate stayed at the control level for 30 min. Consequently, plasma lactate rose approximately 350%. After 30 min, Rd of lactate increased to the same level as Ra; and Ra, Rd, plasma lactate concentration, and the percent of glucose derived from lactate remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. These results indicate an important role of lactate in burn shock metabolism and substrate kinetics. | [
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|
PMID:15455 | Treatment of Bacteroides endocarditis with carbenicillin. | A heroin addict developed acute bacterial endocarditis with Streptococcus viridans and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Although blood cultures became negative during penicillin G and clindamycin therapy there was little clinical response. Prompt clinical improvement was achieved with intravenous carbenicillin in a dose of 40 g daily. In vitro testing supported the superiority of carbenicillin therapy in this patient. | Treatment of Bacteroides endocarditis with carbenicillin. A heroin addict developed acute bacterial endocarditis with Streptococcus viridans and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Although blood cultures became negative during penicillin G and clindamycin therapy there was little clinical response. Prompt clinical improvement was achieved with intravenous carbenicillin in a dose of 40 g daily. In vitro testing supported the superiority of carbenicillin therapy in this patient. | [
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|
PMID:15460 | pH gradients in the developing teeth of young mice from autoradiography of [14C]DMO. | The distribution of the weak acid [14C]DMO was studied in mice, 10-19 days old, by an autoradiographic technique that does not translocate or remove the compound. Calculations of pH values in areas of the developing teeth of these animals were made by comparing the photometric density of the distribution of [14C]DMO, as an indicator of pH, with that of 14C]NAAP, as an indicator of water content, which was reported in the companion paper. The cellular layers, i.e., odontoblasts, ameloblasts, etc., had pH values of 7.1 +/- 0.1; the pH values in enamel, predentine, and dentine ranged from 7.3 to 8.5. It is suggested that an alkaline matrix promotes nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite. | pH gradients in the developing teeth of young mice from autoradiography of [14C]DMO. The distribution of the weak acid [14C]DMO was studied in mice, 10-19 days old, by an autoradiographic technique that does not translocate or remove the compound. Calculations of pH values in areas of the developing teeth of these animals were made by comparing the photometric density of the distribution of [14C]DMO, as an indicator of pH, with that of 14C]NAAP, as an indicator of water content, which was reported in the companion paper. The cellular layers, i.e., odontoblasts, ameloblasts, etc., had pH values of 7.1 +/- 0.1; the pH values in enamel, predentine, and dentine ranged from 7.3 to 8.5. It is suggested that an alkaline matrix promotes nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite. | [
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|
PMID:15461 | Computer simulation of ischemic rat heart purine metabolism. II. Model behavior. | The behavior of a model for the partial depletion of adenine nucleotides in the perfused rat heart has been compared for ischemic and high coronary flow anoxic conditions. The accumulation of noradrenaline in the interstitial fluid greatly activates adenylate cyclase ultimately resulting in the degradation of 11.02 micronmol/g dry wt of ATP to adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in 30 min. The high coronary flow rate during anoxic perfusion promotes washout of the noradrenaline from the interstitial fluid so that the hormone accumulates to only one fifth of its highest level in ischemia. This results in only slight activation of adenylate cyclase and in insignificant degradation of ATP in 2 min. The behavior of the model has been examined for two aerobic conditions--a transition from light to heavy work (2 min) and a transition from substrate-free to glucose perfusion (12 min), In both cases adenylate cyclase was not activated above its basal activity, and insignificant depletion of adenine nucleotides is predicted by the model. | Computer simulation of ischemic rat heart purine metabolism. II. Model behavior. The behavior of a model for the partial depletion of adenine nucleotides in the perfused rat heart has been compared for ischemic and high coronary flow anoxic conditions. The accumulation of noradrenaline in the interstitial fluid greatly activates adenylate cyclase ultimately resulting in the degradation of 11.02 micronmol/g dry wt of ATP to adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in 30 min. The high coronary flow rate during anoxic perfusion promotes washout of the noradrenaline from the interstitial fluid so that the hormone accumulates to only one fifth of its highest level in ischemia. This results in only slight activation of adenylate cyclase and in insignificant degradation of ATP in 2 min. The behavior of the model has been examined for two aerobic conditions--a transition from light to heavy work (2 min) and a transition from substrate-free to glucose perfusion (12 min), In both cases adenylate cyclase was not activated above its basal activity, and insignificant depletion of adenine nucleotides is predicted by the model. | [
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|
PMID:15462 | Psychoneuroendocrinology of affective disorder: an overview. | Neuroendocrine function has been reported by several workers to be abnormal in affective disorder. It has been shown that neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotinin) are involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. Several biological hypotheses of affective disorder have implicated a defect in neurotransmitter function, but these hypotheses have been found lacking in part over the years. The study of neuroendocrine abnormalities found in various types of affective disorder may clarify some aspects of this complex issue by reflecting neurotransmitter activity in this disorder. Such studies should help further explain affective illness. | Psychoneuroendocrinology of affective disorder: an overview. Neuroendocrine function has been reported by several workers to be abnormal in affective disorder. It has been shown that neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotinin) are involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. Several biological hypotheses of affective disorder have implicated a defect in neurotransmitter function, but these hypotheses have been found lacking in part over the years. The study of neuroendocrine abnormalities found in various types of affective disorder may clarify some aspects of this complex issue by reflecting neurotransmitter activity in this disorder. Such studies should help further explain affective illness. | [
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|
PMID:15463 | Spinal cord injury: a role for the psychiatrist. | The initial psychiatric evaluation of individuals with spinal cord injuries should focus on the patients' coping strategies; this information is an essential part of the treatment and rehabilitation plan. Psychiatrists can also work effectively with staff members in groups designed to ease the strain of working with severely disabled patients. Such patients may have psychiatric illnesses that are not secondary to the injury; careful selection of antidepressant or antipsychotic medication is essential. The author points out that the psychiatrist has much to offer in the treatment of individuals with spinal cord and other severely disabling injuries. | Spinal cord injury: a role for the psychiatrist. The initial psychiatric evaluation of individuals with spinal cord injuries should focus on the patients' coping strategies; this information is an essential part of the treatment and rehabilitation plan. Psychiatrists can also work effectively with staff members in groups designed to ease the strain of working with severely disabled patients. Such patients may have psychiatric illnesses that are not secondary to the injury; careful selection of antidepressant or antipsychotic medication is essential. The author points out that the psychiatrist has much to offer in the treatment of individuals with spinal cord and other severely disabling injuries. | [
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PMID:15464 | Characteristics of release of duodenal gastrin. | Duodenal gastrin release in the dog was studied after mucosal antrectomy with intact duodenal innervation, following which basal gastrin levels fell. Acetylcholine at pH 7 but not at pH 1.5 and insulin hypoglycemia but not 2-deoxyglucose release duodenal gastrin. Glycine (pH7), physiologic saline (pH 7), and balloon distention failed to release duodenal gastrin. These findings suggest differences in release characteristics between canine antral and duodenal gastrin, and point out species differences between man and dog in respect to release of duodenal gastrin. | Characteristics of release of duodenal gastrin. Duodenal gastrin release in the dog was studied after mucosal antrectomy with intact duodenal innervation, following which basal gastrin levels fell. Acetylcholine at pH 7 but not at pH 1.5 and insulin hypoglycemia but not 2-deoxyglucose release duodenal gastrin. Glycine (pH7), physiologic saline (pH 7), and balloon distention failed to release duodenal gastrin. These findings suggest differences in release characteristics between canine antral and duodenal gastrin, and point out species differences between man and dog in respect to release of duodenal gastrin. | [
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|
PMID:15465 | Intestinal brush border enzymes after short-term mesenteric ischemia. | The total activities of sucrase, trehalase, amino-peptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the isolated brush border of the entire small bowel are reduced to 35, 55, 33, and 21 per cent, respectively, of control values (p less than 0.001) 2 hours after a 45 minute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Since brush border proteins are also reduced by ischemia to 42 per cent of control, enzymatic activity when expressed as U/mg protein is significantly reduced only in the case of gamma-glutamyltransferase, to 48 per cent of control. | Intestinal brush border enzymes after short-term mesenteric ischemia. The total activities of sucrase, trehalase, amino-peptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the isolated brush border of the entire small bowel are reduced to 35, 55, 33, and 21 per cent, respectively, of control values (p less than 0.001) 2 hours after a 45 minute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Since brush border proteins are also reduced by ischemia to 42 per cent of control, enzymatic activity when expressed as U/mg protein is significantly reduced only in the case of gamma-glutamyltransferase, to 48 per cent of control. | [
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PMID:15467 | Rapid intubation with fazadinium. A comparison of fazadinium with suxamethonium and alcuronium. | The speed of onset and intubation conditions have been compared for suxamethonium 1 mg/kg, alcuronium 0-32 mg/kg and fazadinium 1 mg/kg and 1-25 mg/kg. Fazadinium 1 mg/kg was not significantly different in times to intubation from suxamethonium although the latter gave a highly significant greater number of patients with excellent conditions. The higher dose of 1-25 mg/kg fazadinium did not give significantly better intubating conditions than the lower dose. Although the times to intubation for the two dose levels of fazadinium did not differ statistically, the higher dose was significantly slower in onset than suxamethonium. Alcuronium was slower than either suxamethonium or fazadinium 1 mg/kg in producing satisfactory conditions. The nondepolarizing drug, fazadinium, may be a useful neuromuscular blocking agent in emergency cases where rapid intubation is required and when it is wished to avoid possible or probable adverse effects from the depolarising drug suxamethonium. | Rapid intubation with fazadinium. A comparison of fazadinium with suxamethonium and alcuronium. The speed of onset and intubation conditions have been compared for suxamethonium 1 mg/kg, alcuronium 0-32 mg/kg and fazadinium 1 mg/kg and 1-25 mg/kg. Fazadinium 1 mg/kg was not significantly different in times to intubation from suxamethonium although the latter gave a highly significant greater number of patients with excellent conditions. The higher dose of 1-25 mg/kg fazadinium did not give significantly better intubating conditions than the lower dose. Although the times to intubation for the two dose levels of fazadinium did not differ statistically, the higher dose was significantly slower in onset than suxamethonium. Alcuronium was slower than either suxamethonium or fazadinium 1 mg/kg in producing satisfactory conditions. The nondepolarizing drug, fazadinium, may be a useful neuromuscular blocking agent in emergency cases where rapid intubation is required and when it is wished to avoid possible or probable adverse effects from the depolarising drug suxamethonium. | [
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|
PMID:15473 | Depression of phase-transition temperature in a model cell membrane by local anesthetics. | Disordering, fluidizing and dilating effects of anesthetics upon cell membranes are well recognized. The fluidization can be precisely measured with phospholipid membranes. When phospholipids are dispersed in water, they form globules of bilayer structure. These model membranes undergo transition between crystalline (ordered and less fluid) and liquid crystalline (less ordered and fluid) phases according to the temperature, the degree of packing of each molecule, and the chemical environment. The phase transition occurs in a cooperative fashion and the turbidity of the dispersion changes abruptly, clear in liquid crystalline phase and turbid in crystalline phase. The present study was undertaken to quantitate the fluidizing effects of local anesthetics on dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) bilayer dispersion by measuring the turbidity change. Tetracaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and procaine were studied. They all depressed the phase-transition temperature. The binding of the drugs to the model membrane followed unsaturable kinetics, and the pH titration curve showed that only uncharged molecules were active. The freezing point depression was analyzed according to the Van't Hoff model. From this model, the partition coefficients of the uncharged molecules between DPL and water were estimated: lidocaine 76, procaine 159, bupivacaine 812, and tetracaine 1,405. The concentration of local anesthetics in the DPL phase needed to decrease the phase-transition temperature 1 degree C showed a constant value of 0.132 M. The concentration of local anesthetics in the DPL phase is a function of pH, partition coefficient, and volume ratio between the DPL and aqueous phases. The normalized values of the fluidizing action of these drugs at physiologic conditions correlated well with their nerve-blocking potencies. The present results indicate that the uncharged molecules fluidize the lecithin membrane by unsaturable nonspecific binding. The possible effect of the charged molecules upon the fluidity of natural membranes remains to be established. | Depression of phase-transition temperature in a model cell membrane by local anesthetics. Disordering, fluidizing and dilating effects of anesthetics upon cell membranes are well recognized. The fluidization can be precisely measured with phospholipid membranes. When phospholipids are dispersed in water, they form globules of bilayer structure. These model membranes undergo transition between crystalline (ordered and less fluid) and liquid crystalline (less ordered and fluid) phases according to the temperature, the degree of packing of each molecule, and the chemical environment. The phase transition occurs in a cooperative fashion and the turbidity of the dispersion changes abruptly, clear in liquid crystalline phase and turbid in crystalline phase. The present study was undertaken to quantitate the fluidizing effects of local anesthetics on dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) bilayer dispersion by measuring the turbidity change. Tetracaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and procaine were studied. They all depressed the phase-transition temperature. The binding of the drugs to the model membrane followed unsaturable kinetics, and the pH titration curve showed that only uncharged molecules were active. The freezing point depression was analyzed according to the Van't Hoff model. From this model, the partition coefficients of the uncharged molecules between DPL and water were estimated: lidocaine 76, procaine 159, bupivacaine 812, and tetracaine 1,405. The concentration of local anesthetics in the DPL phase needed to decrease the phase-transition temperature 1 degree C showed a constant value of 0.132 M. The concentration of local anesthetics in the DPL phase is a function of pH, partition coefficient, and volume ratio between the DPL and aqueous phases. The normalized values of the fluidizing action of these drugs at physiologic conditions correlated well with their nerve-blocking potencies. The present results indicate that the uncharged molecules fluidize the lecithin membrane by unsaturable nonspecific binding. The possible effect of the charged molecules upon the fluidity of natural membranes remains to be established. | [
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|
PMID:15474 | Mutagenicity of halogenated ether anesthetics. | An in vitro microbial assay system employing two histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA1535 and TA100, was used to test the mutagenicities of enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane and fluroxene. Enflurane, isoflurane and fluroxene in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 30 per cent and methoxyflurane in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 7 per cent were incubated with bacteria in the presence or absence of homogenates of liver prepared from rats pretreated with the enzyme inducer, Aroclor 1254. Enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, and urines from patients anesthetized with these agents were not mutagenic. Fluroxene, however, was highly mutagenic, and therefore poses a possible hazard for operating room personnel and patients. | Mutagenicity of halogenated ether anesthetics. An in vitro microbial assay system employing two histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA1535 and TA100, was used to test the mutagenicities of enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane and fluroxene. Enflurane, isoflurane and fluroxene in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 30 per cent and methoxyflurane in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 7 per cent were incubated with bacteria in the presence or absence of homogenates of liver prepared from rats pretreated with the enzyme inducer, Aroclor 1254. Enflurane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, and urines from patients anesthetized with these agents were not mutagenic. Fluroxene, however, was highly mutagenic, and therefore poses a possible hazard for operating room personnel and patients. | [
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|
PMID:15471 | Mechanisms of chronotropic effects of volatile inhalation anesthetics. | The chronotropic effects of all currently available volatile anesthetics were investigated in isolated rat atrial preparations. Anesthetic ethers, diethyl ether, methoxyflurane, and enflurane elicited a dose-dependent positive chronotropic effect. Fluroxene produced a slight depression at low concentrations. The halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics, halothane, chloroform, and trichloroethylene, did not show a uniform pattern. Halothane's effect was small and biphasic. Chloroform caused a dose-dependent decrease in heart rate, and trichloroethylene caused a marked positive chronotropic effect. The dose-response curves in all anesthetics remained unaltered in the presence of either 3 x 10(-7) M dl-propranolol or 1 x 10(-6) M atropine. It is concluded that volatile anesthetics elicit significant direct chronotropic actions on rat atrial preparations. The mechanism of their actions does not involve stimulation of beta-adrenergic or cholinergic receptors. | Mechanisms of chronotropic effects of volatile inhalation anesthetics. The chronotropic effects of all currently available volatile anesthetics were investigated in isolated rat atrial preparations. Anesthetic ethers, diethyl ether, methoxyflurane, and enflurane elicited a dose-dependent positive chronotropic effect. Fluroxene produced a slight depression at low concentrations. The halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics, halothane, chloroform, and trichloroethylene, did not show a uniform pattern. Halothane's effect was small and biphasic. Chloroform caused a dose-dependent decrease in heart rate, and trichloroethylene caused a marked positive chronotropic effect. The dose-response curves in all anesthetics remained unaltered in the presence of either 3 x 10(-7) M dl-propranolol or 1 x 10(-6) M atropine. It is concluded that volatile anesthetics elicit significant direct chronotropic actions on rat atrial preparations. The mechanism of their actions does not involve stimulation of beta-adrenergic or cholinergic receptors. | [
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PMID:15475 | [Study of a new anesthetic agent: Etomidate (R 26490). Unusual electroencephalic aspects]. | Etomidate or R 26490 is a new hypnotic agent produced by JANSSEN and al. in 1971. The first human experimentation was performed in 1972. The authors used Etomidate for 300 anaesthetics given for neuroradiological investigations. Two protocols were used for study: 25 anaesthetics were given with Etomidate as sole anaesthetic to outline its specific properties; 275 angiographies were performed with a combination of Etomidate and fentany1. In protocol no 1, the mean consumption was for 1,85 mg/kg/h, in protocol no2, the mean consumption was of 0,9 mg/kg/h. Pharmacological study of this drug defines it as a short acting hypnotic agent of low toxicity. Clinical observation shows cardiovascular and respiratory stability. However, frequent myoclonias were noted, when Etomidate was given as a sole anaesthetic. EEG recording and evoked response encephalography helped to outline some effects of Etomidate on central nervous system. | [Study of a new anesthetic agent: Etomidate (R 26490). Unusual electroencephalic aspects]. Etomidate or R 26490 is a new hypnotic agent produced by JANSSEN and al. in 1971. The first human experimentation was performed in 1972. The authors used Etomidate for 300 anaesthetics given for neuroradiological investigations. Two protocols were used for study: 25 anaesthetics were given with Etomidate as sole anaesthetic to outline its specific properties; 275 angiographies were performed with a combination of Etomidate and fentany1. In protocol no 1, the mean consumption was for 1,85 mg/kg/h, in protocol no2, the mean consumption was of 0,9 mg/kg/h. Pharmacological study of this drug defines it as a short acting hypnotic agent of low toxicity. Clinical observation shows cardiovascular and respiratory stability. However, frequent myoclonias were noted, when Etomidate was given as a sole anaesthetic. EEG recording and evoked response encephalography helped to outline some effects of Etomidate on central nervous system. | [
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|
PMID:15472 | Arrhythmic doses of epinephrine and dopamine during halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia in goats. | The cardiac arrhythmicity of epinephrine and dopamine was compared in awake goats and during approximate equivalent levels of halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia. The arrhythmic threshold dose for epinephrine and dopamine was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced during halothane anesthesia when compared to values determined in awake animals. Enflurane anesthesia had no significant affect on the arrhythmic threshold dose for either catecholamine. However, methoxyflurane and fluroxene anesthesia significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated the arrhythmic threshold dose for dopamine. Epinephrine produced greater elevations in mean arterial pressure than dopamine with all anesthetics except enflurane, and dopamine produced significantly (p less than 0.05) higher heart rates in the awake animals and those anesthetized with halothane and enflurane. The authors conclude that, in terms of arrhythmic potential, there is no advantage in the use of dopamine rather than epinephrine for the reversal of halothane-induced myocardial depression during halothane or enflurane anesthesia. | Arrhythmic doses of epinephrine and dopamine during halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia in goats. The cardiac arrhythmicity of epinephrine and dopamine was compared in awake goats and during approximate equivalent levels of halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia. The arrhythmic threshold dose for epinephrine and dopamine was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced during halothane anesthesia when compared to values determined in awake animals. Enflurane anesthesia had no significant affect on the arrhythmic threshold dose for either catecholamine. However, methoxyflurane and fluroxene anesthesia significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated the arrhythmic threshold dose for dopamine. Epinephrine produced greater elevations in mean arterial pressure than dopamine with all anesthetics except enflurane, and dopamine produced significantly (p less than 0.05) higher heart rates in the awake animals and those anesthetized with halothane and enflurane. The authors conclude that, in terms of arrhythmic potential, there is no advantage in the use of dopamine rather than epinephrine for the reversal of halothane-induced myocardial depression during halothane or enflurane anesthesia. | [
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|
PMID:15476 | [Effects of Etomidate on ventilation and blood gases]. | 17 surgical patients, agent 49 to 87, are studied. Their anaesthetic induction was performed by an intravenous injection of Etomidate on a 0,23 mg/kg body weight basiis. Respiratory frequency and minute ventilation were put on continuous recording, PO2, PCO2 and arterial blood pH were measured 1,3 and 5 minutes after injection of the drug. Anaesthetic induction, occuring 10 seconds after injection of the drug, was followed by an increase in respiratory frequency (32 p 100) and a rather modest increase of minute ventilation (9,2 p. 100). Among blood gases measurements, only PaO2 showed a decrease of 6,7 p. 100, when PO2 and pH remained practically unchanged. The small increase in minute ventilation, compared with a relatively important increase in respiratory frequency, suggests some decrease in efficient alveolar ventilation without however affecting blood gases in an important fashion. | [Effects of Etomidate on ventilation and blood gases]. 17 surgical patients, agent 49 to 87, are studied. Their anaesthetic induction was performed by an intravenous injection of Etomidate on a 0,23 mg/kg body weight basiis. Respiratory frequency and minute ventilation were put on continuous recording, PO2, PCO2 and arterial blood pH were measured 1,3 and 5 minutes after injection of the drug. Anaesthetic induction, occuring 10 seconds after injection of the drug, was followed by an increase in respiratory frequency (32 p 100) and a rather modest increase of minute ventilation (9,2 p. 100). Among blood gases measurements, only PaO2 showed a decrease of 6,7 p. 100, when PO2 and pH remained practically unchanged. The small increase in minute ventilation, compared with a relatively important increase in respiratory frequency, suggests some decrease in efficient alveolar ventilation without however affecting blood gases in an important fashion. | [
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PMID:15477 | [Hemodynamic effects of Etomidate]. | Hemodynamic variations due to Etomidate administration were studies in 10 patients submitted to artificial ventilation. Etomidate was given at a 0.37 mg/kg B.W. dosage. Cardiac rate, mean arterial B.P., C.V.P., mean arteial pulmonary pressure, mean pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output were investigated. From values found, systolic output, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary arteriolar resistance were calculated. Results show that Etomidate has little effect on hemodynamics. There is only a 5 p. 100 increase in cardiac rate, a 16p. 100 decrease in cardiac output, 1 18 p. 100 decrease in systolic output and a 12p. 100 decrease in mean arterial B.P. Variations of mean capillary pressure, of systemic vascular resistance and of pulmonary arteriolar resistance are not significant. | [Hemodynamic effects of Etomidate]. Hemodynamic variations due to Etomidate administration were studies in 10 patients submitted to artificial ventilation. Etomidate was given at a 0.37 mg/kg B.W. dosage. Cardiac rate, mean arterial B.P., C.V.P., mean arteial pulmonary pressure, mean pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output were investigated. From values found, systolic output, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary arteriolar resistance were calculated. Results show that Etomidate has little effect on hemodynamics. There is only a 5 p. 100 increase in cardiac rate, a 16p. 100 decrease in cardiac output, 1 18 p. 100 decrease in systolic output and a 12p. 100 decrease in mean arterial B.P. Variations of mean capillary pressure, of systemic vascular resistance and of pulmonary arteriolar resistance are not significant. | [
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|
PMID:15478 | [Use of the diazepam-pentazocine (pentazepam) combination in anesthesiology]. | The authors report on 50 surgical or endoscopic cases in which local or regional anaesthesia was completed with a combination of diazepam and pentazocine (Pentazapam). This "diazanalgesia" was performed either as a routine or as a complement to regional anaesthesia (mostly an epidural) in which restlessness or insufficient analgesia were noted. Both drugs are injected separately. Diazepam being used to combat anxiety and pentazocine to allay pain. Sedation was considered to be sufficient in 43 cases out of 50 and analgesia in 47 cases out of 50. In all but one case, recovery was calm. In 24 cases, the patients regained consciensness quickly. There was only little effect on respiratory frequency, blood gases, blood pressure or cardiac rate. Thus, pentazepam combination can be considered as a useful method of "wake diazanalgesia" as far as it is used to complement a local or regional anaesthesia. This technique seems particularly useful in the aged or bad risk patient because of its moderate cardiovascular or respiratory aciton. | [Use of the diazepam-pentazocine (pentazepam) combination in anesthesiology]. The authors report on 50 surgical or endoscopic cases in which local or regional anaesthesia was completed with a combination of diazepam and pentazocine (Pentazapam). This "diazanalgesia" was performed either as a routine or as a complement to regional anaesthesia (mostly an epidural) in which restlessness or insufficient analgesia were noted. Both drugs are injected separately. Diazepam being used to combat anxiety and pentazocine to allay pain. Sedation was considered to be sufficient in 43 cases out of 50 and analgesia in 47 cases out of 50. In all but one case, recovery was calm. In 24 cases, the patients regained consciensness quickly. There was only little effect on respiratory frequency, blood gases, blood pressure or cardiac rate. Thus, pentazepam combination can be considered as a useful method of "wake diazanalgesia" as far as it is used to complement a local or regional anaesthesia. This technique seems particularly useful in the aged or bad risk patient because of its moderate cardiovascular or respiratory aciton. | [
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|
PMID:15479 | [Toxico-pharmacologic study of a curarimimetic, AH 8165, in relation to storage time]. | The toxicological and pharmacological study of a non depolarizing curariform drug AH 8165 was performed under various conditions of storage, duration and temperature (duration: 1 month 2 years; temperature: 4 degrees C to 70 degrees C). It shows that this drug ought to be kept a low temperature for storage (in the range of + 4 degrees C). In the sam way, this study demonstrates a better stability of this drug when stored lyophilized form instead of a solute. The interest of standardized animal experimentation in studying the activity of a therapeutic substance depending on the duration of storage is shown. | [Toxico-pharmacologic study of a curarimimetic, AH 8165, in relation to storage time]. The toxicological and pharmacological study of a non depolarizing curariform drug AH 8165 was performed under various conditions of storage, duration and temperature (duration: 1 month 2 years; temperature: 4 degrees C to 70 degrees C). It shows that this drug ought to be kept a low temperature for storage (in the range of + 4 degrees C). In the sam way, this study demonstrates a better stability of this drug when stored lyophilized form instead of a solute. The interest of standardized animal experimentation in studying the activity of a therapeutic substance depending on the duration of storage is shown. | [
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|
PMID:15480 | [Effects of Alfatesine (ct 1341) on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man. Global and regional changes]. | The effects of Alfatesine on local cerebral blood flow and on cerebral oxygen consumption were studied in 5 normal subjects and in 6 patients suffering from diffuse vascular repercussion of cerebral distress. There is a 75 p. 100 fall in cerebral blood flow in the gray substance and a parallel fall in oxygen consumption. At rest, the caracteristic anaesthetic action modifies the caracteristical distribution of blood flows in the cortex. A relative hyperemia appears in the area of the central sulcus. Those focal changes could not be found in the group of pathogical patients. | [Effects of Alfatesine (ct 1341) on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man. Global and regional changes]. The effects of Alfatesine on local cerebral blood flow and on cerebral oxygen consumption were studied in 5 normal subjects and in 6 patients suffering from diffuse vascular repercussion of cerebral distress. There is a 75 p. 100 fall in cerebral blood flow in the gray substance and a parallel fall in oxygen consumption. At rest, the caracteristic anaesthetic action modifies the caracteristical distribution of blood flows in the cortex. A relative hyperemia appears in the area of the central sulcus. Those focal changes could not be found in the group of pathogical patients. | [
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|
PMID:15481 | [Correction of the alphamimetic effects of metaraminol by nicergoline]. | In this work, the authors are studying the cardio-vascular effects of nicergoline. To do so, the drug is made to compete with metaraminol whose dominant alphamimetic effects are known. This experimentation was performed in 7 patients in coma stage III or IV and whose vascular receptors were active. Those 7 patients were submitted continuous metaraminol perfusion and a steady state vasoconstriction was thus obtained. A single intravenous injection of 10 mg nicergoline resulted in vasodilation with a fall in vascular resistance and a moderate fall in mean blood pressure. Cardiac output remained unchanged. This work confirme thus the alphasympatholytic effects of nicergoline. | [Correction of the alphamimetic effects of metaraminol by nicergoline]. In this work, the authors are studying the cardio-vascular effects of nicergoline. To do so, the drug is made to compete with metaraminol whose dominant alphamimetic effects are known. This experimentation was performed in 7 patients in coma stage III or IV and whose vascular receptors were active. Those 7 patients were submitted continuous metaraminol perfusion and a steady state vasoconstriction was thus obtained. A single intravenous injection of 10 mg nicergoline resulted in vasodilation with a fall in vascular resistance and a moderate fall in mean blood pressure. Cardiac output remained unchanged. This work confirme thus the alphasympatholytic effects of nicergoline. | [
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|
PMID:15482 | [Continuous measurement of arterial pressure by means of an arterial catheter. Its value in secondary transport]. | It is of no much use to try to assess the cardiovascular condition of patients with impending or confirmed shock by taking the blood pressure with the classical arm cuff, especially if arterfacts such as noise, vibrations, shaking etc... are interfering. Instant continuous measurement of blood pressure by means of arterial cannulation avoids those drawbacks and is a sure and efficient method of assessment of an often unstable, precarious and sometimes aggravated cardio-vascular condition by the very transportation. The S.A.M.U. of Montpellier used this technique in 15 cases. The authors are reporting their experience and also are evoking some technical problems that may occur. | [Continuous measurement of arterial pressure by means of an arterial catheter. Its value in secondary transport]. It is of no much use to try to assess the cardiovascular condition of patients with impending or confirmed shock by taking the blood pressure with the classical arm cuff, especially if arterfacts such as noise, vibrations, shaking etc... are interfering. Instant continuous measurement of blood pressure by means of arterial cannulation avoids those drawbacks and is a sure and efficient method of assessment of an often unstable, precarious and sometimes aggravated cardio-vascular condition by the very transportation. The S.A.M.U. of Montpellier used this technique in 15 cases. The authors are reporting their experience and also are evoking some technical problems that may occur. | [
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|
PMID:15484 | [Use of constant perithoracic negative pressure in the transport of newborn infants with severe forms of idiopathic respiratory distress]. | The authors used for transportation of neonates in severe idiopathic respiratory distress the continuous perithoracic negative pressure method suggested by OUTBRIGE and STERN in neonate intensive care. The authors are describing the material used and are presenting their first encouraging results. This technique improves conditions and therapeutic efficiency in thus treated infants. The easy handling and accessibility of apparatus constitue an efficient and not too aggressive mean of treatment of those particularly frail and difficult to treat infants during transportation. | [Use of constant perithoracic negative pressure in the transport of newborn infants with severe forms of idiopathic respiratory distress]. The authors used for transportation of neonates in severe idiopathic respiratory distress the continuous perithoracic negative pressure method suggested by OUTBRIGE and STERN in neonate intensive care. The authors are describing the material used and are presenting their first encouraging results. This technique improves conditions and therapeutic efficiency in thus treated infants. The easy handling and accessibility of apparatus constitue an efficient and not too aggressive mean of treatment of those particularly frail and difficult to treat infants during transportation. | [
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|
PMID:15485 | [Do enzyme determinations have any prognostic value in neurotraumatology?]. | In 34 cases of skull traumas and in 14 cases of acute cerebral accidents, CK, GOT, GPT, LDH and its isoenzymes were assessed in the patient's serum and CSF. Results show that the increase of the enzymatic level in the CSF seems due to cerebral tissue damage for the main part, when in the serum the increase is influenced by combined traumas. The CSF dosages allow to define a threshold of severeness, unlike serum dosages without any pronostic value. | [Do enzyme determinations have any prognostic value in neurotraumatology?]. In 34 cases of skull traumas and in 14 cases of acute cerebral accidents, CK, GOT, GPT, LDH and its isoenzymes were assessed in the patient's serum and CSF. Results show that the increase of the enzymatic level in the CSF seems due to cerebral tissue damage for the main part, when in the serum the increase is influenced by combined traumas. The CSF dosages allow to define a threshold of severeness, unlike serum dosages without any pronostic value. | [
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|
PMID:15486 | [Value of cerebral metabolic exploration in post-traumatic coma states in the acute phase]. | The authors report the values of mean hemispheric blood-flow and cerebral arterial consumption they found in 34 neurosurgical comatous cases in acute state. In basal conditions, mean values of mean hemispheric bloodflow and oxygen consumption are lowered. There seems to be a relation between the values found and the comatous stage on one hand, the prognosis on the other hand. The cerebral response to hypercapnia (16 assays) allows to separate 2 groups, one with a noticeable improvement of cerebral bloodflow, the other with only a minimal response. There was no significant variation of cerebral oxygen consumption in both group. Cerebral response to CO2 seems to be clearly related to the stage of coma (low in the most severe cases) but pronostic incidence remained uncertain. A hypertensive test by means of Aramine (18 assays) allows to separate 3 groups : 1 group (8 cases) where the mean hemispheric bloodflow remained stable during hypertension as did the cerebral oxygen consumption -(autoregulation remained unchanged), 1 group (4 cases) where mean hemispheric bloodflow and cerebral oxygen consumption were lowered (excessive autoregulation), 1 group (6 cases) where mean hemispheric bloodflow increases clearly while under Aramine perfusion (loss of autoregulation). Those dynamic tests, either hypercapnic or hypertensive, allow, in comparing oxygen consumption variations with cerebral bloodflow variations, the distinction between : patients where metabolic autoregulation seems maintained (good prognosis) - (10 cases), patients where metabolic regulation is lost with either "luxury perfusion" (14 cases) - poor prognosis, or "insufficient perfusion" (10 cases). The authors are discussing the treatment concerning those last mentioned patients. | [Value of cerebral metabolic exploration in post-traumatic coma states in the acute phase]. The authors report the values of mean hemispheric blood-flow and cerebral arterial consumption they found in 34 neurosurgical comatous cases in acute state. In basal conditions, mean values of mean hemispheric bloodflow and oxygen consumption are lowered. There seems to be a relation between the values found and the comatous stage on one hand, the prognosis on the other hand. The cerebral response to hypercapnia (16 assays) allows to separate 2 groups, one with a noticeable improvement of cerebral bloodflow, the other with only a minimal response. There was no significant variation of cerebral oxygen consumption in both group. Cerebral response to CO2 seems to be clearly related to the stage of coma (low in the most severe cases) but pronostic incidence remained uncertain. A hypertensive test by means of Aramine (18 assays) allows to separate 3 groups : 1 group (8 cases) where the mean hemispheric bloodflow remained stable during hypertension as did the cerebral oxygen consumption -(autoregulation remained unchanged), 1 group (4 cases) where mean hemispheric bloodflow and cerebral oxygen consumption were lowered (excessive autoregulation), 1 group (6 cases) where mean hemispheric bloodflow increases clearly while under Aramine perfusion (loss of autoregulation). Those dynamic tests, either hypercapnic or hypertensive, allow, in comparing oxygen consumption variations with cerebral bloodflow variations, the distinction between : patients where metabolic autoregulation seems maintained (good prognosis) - (10 cases), patients where metabolic regulation is lost with either "luxury perfusion" (14 cases) - poor prognosis, or "insufficient perfusion" (10 cases). The authors are discussing the treatment concerning those last mentioned patients. | [
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|
PMID:15487 | Characteristics of two new reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates of turkeys. | Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus strains MN81 and MN67 isolated from epiornithics of RE in turkeys were partially characterized. Strains MN81 and MN67 replicated in chicken embryo fibroblast,duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo-fibroblast cultures and produced syncytial cytopathic effects in duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo fibroblast cultures. The virions of MN81 and MN67 measured approximately 100 nm in diameter, resembled RE virus strain T, and could be distinguished from avian leukosis viruses morphologically. The buoyant density of strain MN81 was found to be 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose gradients. Strains MN81 and MN67 were inactivated by heat, acid pH, ether, and chloroform treatments. These strains were serologically unrelated to avian leukosis virus but were related to RE virus strains T, CS, DIA, and SN. | Characteristics of two new reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates of turkeys. Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus strains MN81 and MN67 isolated from epiornithics of RE in turkeys were partially characterized. Strains MN81 and MN67 replicated in chicken embryo fibroblast,duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo-fibroblast cultures and produced syncytial cytopathic effects in duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo fibroblast cultures. The virions of MN81 and MN67 measured approximately 100 nm in diameter, resembled RE virus strain T, and could be distinguished from avian leukosis viruses morphologically. The buoyant density of strain MN81 was found to be 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose gradients. Strains MN81 and MN67 were inactivated by heat, acid pH, ether, and chloroform treatments. These strains were serologically unrelated to avian leukosis virus but were related to RE virus strains T, CS, DIA, and SN. | [
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|
PMID:15488 | Body position and mode of ventilation influences arterial pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in halothane-anesthetized horses. | Effects of body position and type of ventilation were determined on arterial blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2) and pH during and immediately following clinical halothane anesthesia in 36 young, physically conditioned horses. Horses in dorsal recumbency had a lower PaO2 than did similarly breathing horses in a lateral position. Predictably controlled positive-pressure ventilation inproved arterial oxygenation and permitted maintenance of a normal PaCO2. Most horses, regardless of type of ventilation and operative body positioning, were hypoxemic in the immediate postanesthetic period. | Body position and mode of ventilation influences arterial pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in halothane-anesthetized horses. Effects of body position and type of ventilation were determined on arterial blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2) and pH during and immediately following clinical halothane anesthesia in 36 young, physically conditioned horses. Horses in dorsal recumbency had a lower PaO2 than did similarly breathing horses in a lateral position. Predictably controlled positive-pressure ventilation inproved arterial oxygenation and permitted maintenance of a normal PaCO2. Most horses, regardless of type of ventilation and operative body positioning, were hypoxemic in the immediate postanesthetic period. | [
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|
PMID:15489 | Effects of electroanesthesia and a phenothiazine tranquilizer on thermoregulation in the sheep. | The effects of giving propiopromazine alone and of electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment on thermoregulation (body temperature regulation) were studied in 3 sheep at ambient temperatures of 5, 25, and 35 C. Measures of thermoregulation during a 120-minute treatment and 120-treatment recovery period included rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, respiratory evaporative heat loss, metabolic heat production, multiple skin temperatures, and shivering. During cold exposure (5 C), both the propiopromazine administration and the electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment resulted in hypothermia which was attributed to increased peripheral and respiratory heat losses, a transient inhibition of shivering thermogenesis, and a reduction in metabolic heat production. At 35 C ambient temperature, both resulted in hyperthermia caused principally by a reduction in respiratory evaporative heat loss. The effects of electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment on thermoregulation appeared to be additive at both the cold (5 C) and the hot (35 C) environments, in that simultaneous administration resulted in a more profound thermoregulatory impairment. Nevertheless, shifts in body temperature during electroanesthesia are partly attributable to phenothiazine premedication. | Effects of electroanesthesia and a phenothiazine tranquilizer on thermoregulation in the sheep. The effects of giving propiopromazine alone and of electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment on thermoregulation (body temperature regulation) were studied in 3 sheep at ambient temperatures of 5, 25, and 35 C. Measures of thermoregulation during a 120-minute treatment and 120-treatment recovery period included rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, respiratory evaporative heat loss, metabolic heat production, multiple skin temperatures, and shivering. During cold exposure (5 C), both the propiopromazine administration and the electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment resulted in hypothermia which was attributed to increased peripheral and respiratory heat losses, a transient inhibition of shivering thermogenesis, and a reduction in metabolic heat production. At 35 C ambient temperature, both resulted in hyperthermia caused principally by a reduction in respiratory evaporative heat loss. The effects of electroanesthesia-propiopromazine treatment on thermoregulation appeared to be additive at both the cold (5 C) and the hot (35 C) environments, in that simultaneous administration resulted in a more profound thermoregulatory impairment. Nevertheless, shifts in body temperature during electroanesthesia are partly attributable to phenothiazine premedication. | [
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PMID:15490 | Microimmunodiffusion test for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in bovine serum. | A microimmunodiffusion test (MIDT) specific for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in bovine serum has been developed. The antigen used in the MIDT was prepared from IBR virus-infected Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells grown in tissue culture. The antigen was stable, and relatively high yields were obtained readily. Results of the MIDT were obtained within 48 hours and agreed with those of the serum-neutralization test. | Microimmunodiffusion test for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in bovine serum. A microimmunodiffusion test (MIDT) specific for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in bovine serum has been developed. The antigen used in the MIDT was prepared from IBR virus-infected Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells grown in tissue culture. The antigen was stable, and relatively high yields were obtained readily. Results of the MIDT were obtained within 48 hours and agreed with those of the serum-neutralization test. | [
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|
PMID:15491 | The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with anaerobic thoracic empyema. | The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been associated with many pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis and bacterial and viral pneumonia: however, it has not been reported with anaerobic infections or empyema in the absence of pneumonia. We report a patient with empyema due to Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides oralis, and Peptostreptococcus who developed the syndrome. Eight hours before the start of therapy, his serum sodium concentration was 127 mEq per liter; serum osmolality, 255 mOsm per kg; urine osmolality, 522 mOsm per kg; urinary sodium concentration, 39 mEq per liter. The creatinine clearance and the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test were normal, and there was no evidence of dehydration. No other causes of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone were apparent. With drainage and antimicrobial drug therapy, the empyema cleared, and the syndrome resolved in 8 days. The patient has been well, without evidence of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, for 9 months. Anaerobic infections and/or empyema without pneumonia can be associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. | The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with anaerobic thoracic empyema. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been associated with many pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis and bacterial and viral pneumonia: however, it has not been reported with anaerobic infections or empyema in the absence of pneumonia. We report a patient with empyema due to Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides oralis, and Peptostreptococcus who developed the syndrome. Eight hours before the start of therapy, his serum sodium concentration was 127 mEq per liter; serum osmolality, 255 mOsm per kg; urine osmolality, 522 mOsm per kg; urinary sodium concentration, 39 mEq per liter. The creatinine clearance and the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test were normal, and there was no evidence of dehydration. No other causes of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone were apparent. With drainage and antimicrobial drug therapy, the empyema cleared, and the syndrome resolved in 8 days. The patient has been well, without evidence of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, for 9 months. Anaerobic infections and/or empyema without pneumonia can be associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. | [
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|
PMID:15492 | [Study on L-malic acid catabolism by "Lactobacillus casei" cells immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattice (author's transl)]. | Study on L-malic acid catabolism by Lactobacillus casei cells immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattice has shown that the pH profil of malic acid decarboxylase activity does not differ significantly from that of free cells. The apparent enzymatic constant value as determined by the Warburg manometric method is 5 X 10(-3) M for free cells and 1.25 X 10(-2) M for immobilized cells. Malic acid decarboxylase activity can be preserved in immobilized cells over a 12 month period when the reaction vessel is fed continuously with the growth medium. It is noteworthy that the reaction vessel is similar to a constant activity reactor whose apparent enzymatic constant value, of 6,25 X 10(-3) M, does not differ significantly from that of free cells. Labelling of the cells with 14C-glycin has shown that the immobilized cells released 14 per cent of the radioactivity over a 65 hour period, indicating that the cells are possibly in a non proliferating state. After 9 months of working, a large fraction of viable bacterial cells can be isolated again. The use of such a reactor for producing metabolites is proposed. | [Study on L-malic acid catabolism by "Lactobacillus casei" cells immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattice (author's transl)]. Study on L-malic acid catabolism by Lactobacillus casei cells immobilized into polyacrylamide gel lattice has shown that the pH profil of malic acid decarboxylase activity does not differ significantly from that of free cells. The apparent enzymatic constant value as determined by the Warburg manometric method is 5 X 10(-3) M for free cells and 1.25 X 10(-2) M for immobilized cells. Malic acid decarboxylase activity can be preserved in immobilized cells over a 12 month period when the reaction vessel is fed continuously with the growth medium. It is noteworthy that the reaction vessel is similar to a constant activity reactor whose apparent enzymatic constant value, of 6,25 X 10(-3) M, does not differ significantly from that of free cells. Labelling of the cells with 14C-glycin has shown that the immobilized cells released 14 per cent of the radioactivity over a 65 hour period, indicating that the cells are possibly in a non proliferating state. After 9 months of working, a large fraction of viable bacterial cells can be isolated again. The use of such a reactor for producing metabolites is proposed. | [
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|
PMID:15494 | [Cross reactions of higher type-specific capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella in antipneumococcal sera]. | Qualitative and quantitative precipitin reactions are given of the polysaccharides K60, K61, K65, K67-69, K70, K71, K73, and K83, also of depyruvylated K1. As expected, the last reacts more strongly in antipneumococcal (anti-Pn) VIII and X than does intact K1. K65 and K67 precipitate much of the same large fraction of anti-PnXXIII as does K47, showing that K65 and K67 also possess lateral non-reducing end-groups of L-rhamnose. The massive reaction of K83 in anti-PnII confirms the chemically demonstrated non-reducing end-groups of D-glucuronic acid in the repeating unit, Such groups, or 1,2-linked D-glcA, will probably also be found in K71. | [Cross reactions of higher type-specific capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella in antipneumococcal sera]. Qualitative and quantitative precipitin reactions are given of the polysaccharides K60, K61, K65, K67-69, K70, K71, K73, and K83, also of depyruvylated K1. As expected, the last reacts more strongly in antipneumococcal (anti-Pn) VIII and X than does intact K1. K65 and K67 precipitate much of the same large fraction of anti-PnXXIII as does K47, showing that K65 and K67 also possess lateral non-reducing end-groups of L-rhamnose. The massive reaction of K83 in anti-PnII confirms the chemically demonstrated non-reducing end-groups of D-glucuronic acid in the repeating unit, Such groups, or 1,2-linked D-glcA, will probably also be found in K71. | [
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|
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