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Role Class Model
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Role Class Model
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In computer science, the role class model is a role analysis pattern described (but not invented ) by Francis G. Mossé in his article on Modelling Roles. The role class pattern provides the ability for a class to play multiple roles and to embed the role characteristic in a dedicated class.
In our society, as we built it, roles are everywhere. Anyone trying to work in a team to create something has a role. In cinematography, many different persons take part in the creation of a film: the film director, the producer, actors, play writer(s), etc.
Even our State organisations are based on various roles. In a Republic, you have a President, Ministers, Deputies, etc.
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Role Class Model
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Role Class Model
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Dealing with these situations is one of the problems encountered most during object-oriented analysis. Francis G. Mossé has identified 5 role analysis patterns that can be used to solve most role related problems: Role Inheritance, Association Roles, Role Classes, Generalised Role Classes and Association Class Roles. They all have various degrees of constraints, flexibility or power, which together offer a complete solution to most role-related problems.
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Role Class Model
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Intent
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A model that allows a class to play one or more roles at the same time. A role - as defined by Francis Mossé in Modelling Roles - is a concept of a purpose that a class could have in a certain context.
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Role Class Model
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Context
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The following example is given: Many persons work on a film, each of them with a different role. At the difference of other concepts, a person is not restricted to one role. One could be both the director and a character in a film. Modelling roles for such a concept would require that a class could play more than a single role.
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Role Class Model
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Context
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A solution using inheritance to conceptualise a role - cf. the Inheritance Role Model - is not possible, as this would allow a person to play only a single role. As one can see in Figure 1 below, the inheritance role model says that a character, who is a person, is playing in a film. But there is no way to say that the person playing the character is also the director. Because, the inheritance makes a character a person in general, not a particular person.
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Role Class Model
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Problem
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As explained in Context, using inheritance to play more than one role cannot be considered, because a class could not play two roles at the same time in such a context (cf. the Inheritance Role Model).
The expectation is to have a model where a class could be seen as more than one concept or role, and where attributes specific to one of those concepts can be specified.
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Role Class Model
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Solution
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A solution to the previous problem could be to use the Association Role Model, which could create an association between a person and a film. However, specific information on each role could not be stored in such a case. The role class model provides the flexibility of the association with role-specific attributes and even class operations, if needed.
This meta model - in Figure 2 - shows the role class like an element linking the Client and the BaseClass. For the Client interacting with the Role is like interacting with the Base Class itself, but from the perspective, it is expecting. The advantage having the role as a class is that attributes can be bound to it.
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Role Class Model
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Solution
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Another situation where the Role pattern is interesting is when you've the following situation: Then you realise that as a contract holder, the Person has specific attributes. The holder UML role becomes a dedicated class ContractHolder with these specific attributes. Note that in that case that the multiplicity near Person and Contract are always 1. It means that you've one ContractHolder object for each association between a Contract and a Person.
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Role Class Model
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Solution
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Real-world example Cinema A simple application of the role class model in a real example is in the 7th art (see Figure 3), the cinematography. This art involves a creation (the Film) and people to create it. Each person has a different role in the film, they could be actors and play characters, they could be director or scenarist, etc. A person is not limited to one role in a film, they can be both actors and directors and even more. For example, the film Scoop (2006) has been directed by Woody Allen, he is also the scenarist and he plays the role of Sid Waterman.
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Role Class Model
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Solution
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In Figure 4, one can see in more detail the role that each person can play in a film. From the film, it is possible to ask the list of crews and cast that help elaborated it. Each person has one or more roles (e.g. actor, director, producer, cameraman, etc.) in the film and can participate in more than one film. A person could even be an actor in a film and a producer in another. One advantage of using a role class in the case of the actor role is that the character qualities can be stored within the role. This is true for the actor role, this is also true for other roles, however maybe not all.
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Role Class Model
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Solution
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Only a few of the possible role have been modelled in Figure 4. One remark easily visible is that not all the role needs attributes and using the role class model for all of them is unnecessary (like for the Director role). In addition, there is a lot of redundancy between each role class. Redundancy in computer science means more work in maintenance, which is not wished.
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Role Class Model
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Strengths and weaknesses
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The employment of this model depends on the business process. The analysis pattern "Role Class Model" offers a possibility to employ a model with linking between a base class and the client. In addition inheritance is not a part of the solution because of the flexibility of zero or multiple roles (role-specific attributes and operations).
Strength implies also its counterpart's weakness. The problem of the role class model is the redundancy, for example the method getName is visible in all of the role classes described in Figure 4. If this is considered inconvenient, the role class generalisation model as defined in Modelling Roles is a possible way to go.
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Role Class Model
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Related links
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Actor-Role Pattern, A JPA Implementation https://web.archive.org/web/20071105232543/http://www.ibstaff.net/fmartinez/?p=16
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7-cubic honeycomb
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7-cubic honeycomb
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The 7-cubic honeycomb or hepteractic honeycomb is the only regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 7-space.
It is analogous to the square tiling of the plane and to the cubic honeycomb of 3-space.
There are many different Wythoff constructions of this honeycomb. The most symmetric form is regular, with Schläfli symbol {4,35,4}. Another form has two alternating 7-cube facets (like a checkerboard) with Schläfli symbol {4,34,31,1}. The lowest symmetry Wythoff construction has 128 types of facets around each vertex and a prismatic product Schläfli symbol {∞}(7).
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7-cubic honeycomb
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Related honeycombs
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The [4,35,4], , Coxeter group generates 255 permutations of uniform tessellations, 135 with unique symmetry and 134 with unique geometry. The expanded 7-cubic honeycomb is geometrically identical to the 7-cubic honeycomb.
The 7-cubic honeycomb can be alternated into the 7-demicubic honeycomb, replacing the 7-cubes with 7-demicubes, and the alternated gaps are filled by 7-orthoplex facets.
Quadritruncated 7-cubic honeycomb A quadritruncated 7-cubic honeycomb, , contains all tritruncated 7-orthoplex facets and is the Voronoi tessellation of the D7* lattice. Facets can be identically colored from a doubled C~7 ×2, [[4,35,4]] symmetry, alternately colored from C~7 , [4,35,4] symmetry, three colors from B~7 , [4,34,31,1] symmetry, and 4 colors from D~7 , [31,1,33,31,1] symmetry.
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Nitro (wireless networking)
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Nitro (wireless networking)
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Nitro from Conexant (originally developed by Intersil) is a proprietary 802.11g performance enhancement technology introduced in 2003 as part of the PRISM chipset. The first implementation was designed to help compensate for the performance loss of higher-speed 802.11g devices when they share a wireless network with slower 802.11b devices.
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Nitro (wireless networking)
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Nitro (wireless networking)
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Later implementations are marketed as Nitro MX Xtreme which adds proprietary frame-bursting, compression and point-to-point side session technology for a claimed 140 Mbit/s throughput transmission speed. The point-to-point side session technology, called DirectLink, creates a connection between clients or from a client to a media source, such as a media server, and avoids the access point. It does this while staying in 802.11 Infrastructure mode so the client can continue to utilize access point-based security and power-savings.
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Nitro (wireless networking)
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Alternatives
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Nitro is one of several competing incompatible proprietary extension approaches that were developed to increase performance of 802.11g wireless devices, such as 125 High Speed Mode from Broadcom, Super G (or "108 Mbit/s" technology) from Atheros, and MIMO-based extensions from Airgo Networks.
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Mesotherapy
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Mesotherapy
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Mesotherapy (from Greek mesos, "middle", and therapy from Greek therapeia) is a form of alternative medicine which involves intradermal or subcutaneous injections of pharmaceutical preparations, enzymes, hormones, plant extracts, vitamins, and/or other ingredients such as hyaluronic acid. It has no proven clinical efficacy and poor scientific backing. Mesotherapy injections allegedly target adipose fat cells, apparently by inducing lipolysis, rupture and cell death among adipocytes. The stated aim of mesotherapy is to provide the skin with essential nutrients, hydration, and other beneficial compounds to rejuvenate and revitalize its appearance. The effects of the treatment may vary depending on the individual.Pressurized mesotherapy is a needle-free method that uses an accelerated jet of air to insert the ingredients into the skin tissue. A study on the effect of using a lipolytic substance inserted with needles compared to pressurized injection showed significant fat layer reduction for both methods but even better results with the pressurized injection system.
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Mesotherapy
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Usage
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In the United States, deoxycholic acid, under the brand name Kybella, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for reducing moderate-to-severe fat below the chin. When injected into submental fat, deoxycholic acid helps destroy adipocytes (fat cells), which are metabolized by the body over the course of several months. Deoxycholic acid has not been approved for injection elsewhere in the body.
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Mesotherapy
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Usage
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There is no conclusive research proof that any chemical compounds work to target adipose (fat cells) specifically. Cell lysis, resulting from the detergent action of deoxycholic acid, may account for any clinical effect.
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Mesotherapy
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History
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Michel Pistor (1924–2003) performed clinical research and founded the field of mesotherapy. The French press coined the term mesotherapy in 1958. The French Académie Nationale de Médecine recognized mesotherapy as a specialty of medicine in 1987. The French Society of Mesotherapy recognizes its use as treatment for various conditions but makes no mention of its use in plastic surgery. Popular throughout European countries and South America, mesotherapy is practiced by approximately 18,000 physicians worldwide.
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Mesotherapy
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Criticism
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Physicians have expressed concern over the efficacy of mesotherapy, arguing that the treatment hasn't been studied enough to make a determination. Mesotherapy for the treatment of cosmetic conditions hasn't been the subject of standard clinical trials; however, the procedure has been studied for pain relief for several ailments, such as tendonitis, tendon calcification, dental procedures, cancer, cervicobrachialgia, arthritis, lymphedema, and venous stasis.Despite the lack of clinical trials, there have been case studies and medical papers written on mesotherapy as a cosmetic treatment.Rod Rohrich, M.D., chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center is quoted as saying: "There is simply no data, no science and no information, to my knowledge, that mesotherapy works." The American Society of Plastic Surgeons issued a position statement not endorsing mesotherapy.In the United States, the FDA cannot control the act of practitioners injecting various mixtures into patient's bodies, because this practice falls under the jurisdiction of state medical boards. Robin Ashinoff, speaking for the American Academy of Dermatology, wrote "A simple injection is giving people false hope. Everybody's looking for a quick fix. But there is no quick fix for fat or fat deposits or for cellulite." The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery informed its members in February 2005 that "further study is warranted before this technique can be endorsed.""No one says exactly what they put into the (syringe)," said Naomi Lawrence, a derma-surgeon at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. "One drug they often use, phosphatidylcholine, is unpredictable and causes extreme inflammation and swelling where injected. It is not a benign drug."Mesotherapy is currently banned in a number of South American countries. Even Brazil, which tends to be less strict than the US in drug approvals, has banned the drug for these purposes.In Australia, an alternative therapy salon was investigated by the Health Department after several clients developed skin abscesses on the calves, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, shoulders, face and neck after undergoing mesotherapy, with one patient also developing a mycobacterial infection.Following undesirable effects observed on several patients of a French practitioner, an official ratification was published in France in April 2011 to ban mesotherapy as a method for removing fat deposits. This ban was canceled in June 2011 by the French Council of State because the investigation proved that these undesirable effects weren't due to mesotherapy itself, but were due to unhygienic conditions.
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Mesotherapy
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Clinical studies
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In a prospective study, 10 patients underwent four sessions of facial mesotherapy using multivitamins at monthly intervals. This study found that there was no clinically relevant benefit for skin rejuvenation.Deoxycholic acid received FDA approval as an injectable to dissolve submental fat June 2015. This was based on the results of a phase III randomized trial of 2600 patients in which 68.2% of patients showed a response by measurement of the fat deposit; 81% had mild temporary adverse reactions of bruising, swelling, pain, numbness, erythema, and firmness around the treated area.
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Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome
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Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome
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Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by intellectual disabilities, psychomotor developmental delays, macrocephaly, and Parkinson's disease which starts before the age of 45 (early onset PD). Additional symptoms include epilepsy, strabismus, and frontal bossing.
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Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome
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Causes
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This disorder is either caused by alterations or deletions of the RAB39B gene in chromosome Xq28 which are inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.
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Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome
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Epidemiology
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More than 12 cases from 3 families from Australia and the U.S. have been described in medical literature.
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Castle (shogi)
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Castle (shogi)
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In shogi, castles (Japanese: 囲い, romanized: kakoi) are strong defensive configurations of pieces that protect the king (Japanese: 玉).
In contrast to the special castling move in western chess, shogi castles are structures that require making multiple individual moves with more than one piece.
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Castle (shogi)
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Introduction
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Usually the pieces involved in constructing castles are golds (Japanese: 金), silvers (Japanese: 銀), and pawns (Japanese: 歩). Typically, they also require moving the king from its starting position – often to the left or right side of the board.
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Castle (shogi)
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Introduction
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The simplest castle involves two pieces and requires three moves, but it is more common to move at least three different pieces. For example, a simple Mino castle requires moving the king, the rook (Japanese: 飛), a silver, and two golds for a total of six moves. Others such as the Static Rook Bear-in-the-hole castle are more complex, which requires moving the king, a pawn, the bishop (Japanese: 角), a lance (Japanese: 香), a silver, and two golds for a total of twelve moves.
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Castle (shogi)
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Introduction
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The lack of a castle and with the king in its start position is known by the term sitting king (Japanese: 居玉, romanized: igyoku), which is typically regarded negatively. However, there are a few strategies (often involving early attacks) that allow a sitting king (such as the Ureshino opening).
There are many types of castles and variations on those types which can be used, but it is important to understand which ones are useful in the current situation and how to compensate for their weak points.
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Castle (shogi)
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Introduction
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As an example from a professional game, Shino Kumakura (Black, on bottom) used a very hard castle, a variant of a Left Mino castle with an extra dragon and gold reinforcement that was created after an aborted attempt at making an Bear-in-the-hole castle. She used this castle in a Static Rook Counter-Ranging Rook position (that is, her rook remained in its starting position in the opening). Her opponent, Fusako Ajiki (White) was using an Incomplete Mino castle (on the right side of her board) that has been attacked forcing the silver previously on 72 to move to 61. Ajiki's castle was used (as is typical) with Fourth File Rook, a type of Ranging Rook position.
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Castle (shogi)
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Castle development
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There are piece development relations between castles. For instance, a basic Mino castle can be developed into a Silver Crown castle, a Gold Fortress castle can be developed into a Complete Fortress castle, a Boat castle into a Bear-in-the-hole castle, a Gold Excelsior castle into a Right Fortress castle, and so on.
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Castle (shogi)
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Castles and opening types
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Certain castles are generally paired with certain openings. For example, if White is playing a Ranging Rook opening like Fourth File Rook, then White often uses a Mino (or related) castle on their right side of the board. A Fourth File Rook opening can be met with Black playing a Static Rook opening, which may often lead to Black building a Static Rook Bear-in-the-hole castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Fortress
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The Fortress castle (Japanese: 矢倉囲い, romanized: yagura gakoi) is considered by many to be the strongest defensive position in shogi in Double Static Rook games.A common Fortress structure is the Gold Fortress (Japanese: 金矢倉, romanized: kin yagura). It has a strongly protected king; a well-fortified line of pawns; and the bishop, rook, and a pawn all support a later attack by the rook's silver or knight. It is difficult to break down with a frontal assault, though it is weaker from the side. It is typically used against Static Rook openings that involve advancing the rook's pawn. However, one's opponent may just as easily adopt this defense, giving neither side an advantage.
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Castle (shogi)
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Fortress
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Although the Gold Fortress is the most common form of Fortress, there are many variations of Fortress. A Fortress may be developed into a Fortress Bear-in-the-hole castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Helmet
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The Helmet or Headpiece (Japanese: カブト, romanized: kabuto) castle is a structure often used to protect the king while playing a Reclining Silver strategy usually in combination with a Bishop Exchange opening. The Helmet castle is structurally related to the Fortress castle and is also known as the Helmet Fortress (カブト矢倉 or Japanese: 兜矢倉, romanized: kabuto yagura).
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Castle (shogi)
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Helmet
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If bishops have already been exchanged, then the silver that originated at 79 will have moved up to 77 via 88. And, for Reclining Silver, the right silver that originated at 39 will have reached the central file at 56 (through 38 and 47) with pawn on the fourth file moving up to 46 to make way for the silver.
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Castle (shogi)
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Crab
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The Crab castle (Japanese: カニ囲い, romanized: kanigakoi) three generals 金銀金 gold-silver-gold lined up next to each other on rank 8 (or rank 2 for White) starting from the sixth to the central file. The king is moved one square to the left behind the middle silver.The crab name comes from the way the king at 69 can only move from side to side (79, 59).
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Castle (shogi)
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Crab
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The Crab castle is used in Static Rook positions and also appears in handicap game positions played by Black (such as the 2-Piece handicap).
Furthermore, it may be possible to utilize the Crab castle in a Ranging Rook position in Double Ranging Rook games.
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Castle (shogi)
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Crab
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When playing the Fortress opening, a Crab castle is usually constructed as a strong intermediate castle in the development of a Fortress castle. In these positions, the three pawns above the castle generals are advanced with the bishop in its start positions and the right silver is developed to the 48 square adjacent to the other generals so that the pieces are lined up as 角金銀金銀 bishop-gold-silver-gold-silver.
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Castle (shogi)
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Bonanza
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The Bonanza castle (ボナンザ) is a castle that used to be built by the computer shogi engine Bonanza. It has some similarities with the Incomplete Fortress castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Snowroof
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Snowroof (also Snow Roof Fortress or Zigzag, Japanese: 雁木, romanized: gangi) castle has the left silver positioned on 67 and the two golds positioned on 78 and 58.
Typically, the right silver is also moved up to 57 as well making a four general castle.
Since a silver is placed on the 67 square, the sixth file pawn must be pushed forward to 66. Thus, Snowroof positions are characterized by having a closed bishop diagonal just as in traditional Ranging Rook positions and Fortress positions played by Black.
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Castle (shogi)
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Snowroof
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In Snowroof, the bishop may be kept in situ (Japanese: 居角, romanized: ikaku) on the 88 square. In this case, the 86 square is not defended allowing the opponent to trade off rook pawns at any time in contrast to the Fortress castle and the Helmet castle (used in Bishop Exchange openings). If the eighth file pawn trade happens, the side pawn on 76 cannot be captured as it is defended by the 67-silver. Alternately, the bishop may be moved up to 77 so that it defends 86 preventing the eighth file pawn trade. However, once the bishop is on the 95–59 diagonal, then the Snowroof player's bishop may be traded off if the opponent pulls their bishop back to attack along the 31–97 diagonal. Thus, the Snowroof player must weigh the pros and cons of a rook pawn trade vs a bishop trade. Yet another common possibility has the bishop moving B-77, B-59 aiming for a position on the 37 or 25 squares so that it may be utilized on these diagonals.
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Castle (shogi)
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Snowroof
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Silver Horns Snowroof Silver Horns Snowroof (Japanese: ツノ銀雁木, romanized: tsuno gin gangi) is a recent variant that positions the right silver on 47 instead of the usual 57.
This allows the possibility of moving the silver to the 56 square in a Reclining Silver position.
The silver horns name comes from the similar positioning of the two silvers on rank 7 flanking the central file on the sixth and fourth file that is found in the Central Rook Silver Horns variation. The horns metaphor is describing the way the two silvers extend out from the corners of the gold positioned on the 58 square.
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Castle (shogi)
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Right King
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Right King (右玉 migi gyoku) Bishop Exchange Right King examples Yoshiharu Habu (White) used a Right King castle in a 2016 Ōi tournament game on September 12 against opponent Kazuki Kimura (Black). The opening was Bishop Exchange Double Reclining Silver.
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Castle (shogi)
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Right King
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Although Habu had initially moved his king leftwards to the 42 square earlier in the game, he later moved his king rightwards (K-52, K-61, K-72) to form a Right King position. Additionally, his left silver that was earlier on the 33 square has moved after a pawn trade on the fourth file to the 53 square (via S-44) further strengthening the Right King castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Right King
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Kimura is using a Gold Fortress castle with his king on the 79 square.
Silver Horns Snowroof Right King examples Black's Silver Horns Snowroof Right KingBlack's Silver Horns Snowroof Right King 48-Gold variant
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Castle (shogi)
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Central House
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Central House (shogi) (Japanese: 中住まい, romanized: nakazumai) is a castle characterized by the king being one rank above a sitting king position, that is, in the case of Black the king is moved to 58. While the positions of golds and silvers are not particularly fixed, the golds are often moved to 78 and 38, while the silvers are often moved to 68, 48 or 38.
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Castle (shogi)
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Central House
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Putting more emphasis on a wide defense than on solidness, the goal of the player using this castle is to prevent the opponent from dropping pieces into their camp. Usually the player is also aiming for the same goal of dropping into the opponent's promotion zone. Therefore, the castle is often used Double Wing Attack openings and in the Aerial Battle variation of the Side Pawn Capture opening. In some rare cases, it is also used with Fortress openings and Double Ranging Rook as well as other uncommon openings (such as Takishita's Spread Golds opening).
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Castle (shogi)
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Central House
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It's considered to be weak against attacks from above the king's position.
It used to be a popular castle among non-professional players playing "bench" shogi in the streets.
This castle is also called Spread Golds (Japanese: 金開き, romanized: kinbiraki), which is also another name for the Duck castle.
Central House game example A Kōji Tanigawa vs Kenji Waki game in an All Nihon Pro tournament from August 1993 shows Tanigawa (Black) using a Central House castle. The opening is the N-33 variation of the Side Pawn Capture opening.
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Castle (shogi)
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Nakahara
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Nakahara (shogi) (Japanese: 中原囲い, romanized: Nakahara gakoi) The castle is named after Makoto Nakahara, for which he won the Kōzō Masuda Award in 1996. The Nakahara castle was originally part of the Nakahara Double Wing Attack, and consisted simply of the silver moving up from its initial position. Since the obtained position with the gold at 59 and the king at 69 resembled old-style Double Attack, Nakahara asked Yasujirō Kon, the teacher of his own teacher (Toshio Takayanagi), to teach him the basics of it. With this knowledge, Nakahara went on to apply it to modern strategy. A similar castle has been since discovered in an early game during the Edo period.
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Castle (shogi)
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Nakahara
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While Nakahara developed it originally as a castle for sente (black), it is nowadays used almost exclusively by gote (white), particularly as this castle is played often along with the R-85 variation of Side Pawn Capture. The typical configuration involves S-22, G-32, K-41, G-51, and S-62. Although feeble in appearance, the main characteristic of this castle is that as the formation is low the king has plenty of routes to escape from attacks coming from right or left. While according to Nakahara this castle is less flexible compared to a Central House castle, thanks to its having a gold in the 1st. rank it is strong against both rook drops and knight attacks. Moreover, because it is easy to build up Nakahara thought it would be safe to presume that its use would become widespread.
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Castle (shogi)
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Nakahara
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In recent years attention has been paid to its use for sente (black) in Side-Pawn Capture openings, and some research has been conducted about the solidness of the king, and following this research the Right Nakahara variation, where the position of the pieces on left and right of the king are reversed, has become rarely used.
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Castle (shogi)
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Duck
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Duck or Duck Legs (アヒル ahiru) or Spread Golds (Japanese: 金開き, romanized: kinbiraki) is a Static Rook castle used in the surprise Duck opening.
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Castle (shogi)
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Paperweight
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Paperweight castle (Japanese: 文鎮囲い, romanized: bunchingakoi) is a Static Rook castle used against Ranging Rook opponents in the Subway Rook opening (Japanese: 地下鉄飛車, romanized: chikatetsubisha).
It is named after the long row of pieces on rank 8, which is like the shape of traditional Japanese paperweights used to hold down parchment paper for brushwork calligraphy.
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Castle (shogi)
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Truck
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Truck castle (Japanese: トラック囲い, romanized: torakkugakoi) is an uncommon Static Rook castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Boat
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The Boat castle (Japanese: 舟囲い or Japanese: 船囲い, romanized: funagakoi) is a Static Rook castle used against Ranging Rook, where the king moves next to the bishop and moves the right hand gold diagonally forward above the king's throne. This castle can also be an intermediary towards making stronger castles, such as Left Mino, Silver Crown or Bear-in-the-hole. This castle is often considered weak although Static Rook has the option of engaging in a rapid attack through various means, especially against Fourth File Rook and by making use of the left silver.
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Castle (shogi)
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Boat
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A rapid attack is not guaranteed to be successful, since Ranging Rook will try to trade off the bishops and bring the game into a full-scale battle. This can lead static rook into a difficult game, because their Boat castle is too weak compared to the opponent's Mino castle. As such, Static Rook would rather resort to making stronger castles, such as Bear-in-the-hole or Left Mino.
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Castle (shogi)
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Boat
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Daddy's Dearest Daddy's Dearest or Girl-In-The-House (Japanese: 箱入り娘, romanized: hakoiri musume, lit. 'daughter inside box') is a development from the Boat castle with the fifth file gold moving to the sixth file getting closer to the king.
Diamond The Diamond or Lozenge castle (Japanese: 菱囲い, romanized: hishigakoi) can be developed from a Boat castle by moving the left silver up to 68 and incorporating the right silver above the gold on 57. The Diamond is relatively stronger than the Boat.
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Castle (shogi)
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Strawberry
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The Strawberry castle (Japanese: イチゴ囲い, romanized: Ichigo) is a simple way of castling that appears in Double Wing Attack openings. The Strawberry castle is used for Static Rook positions and has golds positioned on the 78 and 58 squares (like in the Snowroof castle) while the left silver remains in the start position so that it defends the bishop. The king is moved up and leftward to the 68 square. It is structurally identical to the Helmet castle before the bishops are exchanged.
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Castle (shogi)
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Yonenaga King
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Yonenaga King castle (Japanese: 米長玉, romanized: Yonenaga gyoku) is used for Static Rook vs Ranging Rook games. This castle is named after Kunio Yonenaga.
This castle is similar to an Edge King Silver Crown.
The Yonenaga King variant show here is almost the same as a Left Silver Crown castle but with the king moved leftward one file to the edge. Thus, it may called by the name Yonenaga King Silver Crown (Japanese: 米長玉銀冠, romanized: Yonenaga gyoku ginkanmuri).
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Castle (shogi)
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elmo
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Elmo (Japanese: エルモ, romanized: erumo or Left Mountain Japanese: 左山, romanized: hidari yama) castle is a Static Rook castle used against Ranging Rook positions. It is found in the computer shogi game records of the elmo shogi engine. The elmo engine (which is an eval function and a book file used with the YaneuraOu search engine) was the undefeated winner of the 2017 World Computer Shogi Championship beating the previously dominant Ponanza engine.
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Castle (shogi)
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elmo
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This castle is characterized by the position of the king on K-78 (K-32 if played as White), silver on S-68 and gold on G-79 (or S-42 & G-31 for White).
Subsequently, the castle has been used by professional shogi players in 2018 and recently featured in a book on a new Anti-Ranging Rook Rapid Attack strategy.
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Castle (shogi)
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Elephant Eye
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Silver Elephant Eye (Japanese: 銀象眼, romanized: gin zōgan) and Gold Elephant Eye (Japanese: 金象眼, romanized: kin zōgan) may be used in bishop handicap games.
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Castle (shogi)
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Skewered Cutlet
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Skewered Cutlet castle (Japanese: 串カツ, romanized: kushikatsu) is used for Static Rook vs Ranging Rook games. It is named after a kushikatsu.
The Skewered Cutlet is structurally similar to the Static Rook Bear-in-the-hole, but unlike the latter, the positions of the king and the lance are reversed. This makes it look as if the king is skewered by the lance beneath, hence the origin of the name.
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Castle (shogi)
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Skewered Cutlet
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Among its advantages is that since the king is away from the bishop's diagonal, it can easily escape towards the top from side attacks, and furthermore, that it can be formed in one less move than Bear-in-the-hole. In contrast, the lance is unable to defend the king, and since the king is on the lance file it prevents the lance from attacking (hence, none of its two typical functions can be used), and as a result it's weak to edge attacks, so it's a castle better known by its weaknesses than its strong points.
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Castle (shogi)
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Skewered Cutlet
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Once the Skewered Cutlet castle has been formed, five further moves are required for it to convert into a Bear-in-the-hole castle. In contrast, it takes only two moves to convert into a Millennium castle, so care needs to be taken to use it properly depending on the circumstances.
Because of the king's position at 98, it's also possible to move to a Yonenaga King.
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Castle (shogi)
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Bear-in-the-hole
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The Bear-in-the-hole castle Japanese: (穴熊, romanized: anaguma, lit. 'hole-bear') is a very common and often used in professional shogi.
This castle can be executed on either side of the board.
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Castle (shogi)
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Mino
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The Mino castle (Japanese: 美濃囲い, romanized: minōgakoi) is a defensive position that is considered easier for beginners, but still popular with professionals. (Mino is a historical province of Japan.) The King is placed in a safe position, while the three generals work well to back each other up.
Silver Crown The Silver Crown castle (Japanese: 銀冠, romanized: ginkanmuri) is often a further development from Mino (via a High Mino castle).
Silver Crown is stronger than both Mino and High Mino from above.
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Castle (shogi)
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Wall
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Wall castle (Japanese: 壁囲い, romanized: kabegakoi), also known as Quick Castle (Japanese: 早囲い, romanized: hayagakoi), is used for Static Rook vs Ranging Rook games. According to Hosking, it can also be called Edo Castle as it often appeared in Ranging Rook positions during the Edo period.The castle requires only three moves, and so, can be formed very quickly if under attack. And, for this reason, yet another name for this castle is Three-Move castle (Japanese: 三手囲い, romanized: sante gakoi). However, this name also refers to another simple castle constructed by three moves (see section below).
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Castle (shogi)
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Wall
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(In Japanese, the term 早囲い hayagakoi also refers to Quick Fortress castle.) The Wall castle can develop later into the stronger Gold Mino with two moves. (That is, it requires five moves in total.) Wall game examples Although the Wall castle is often found in very old shogi games from the Edo period, it may occasionally be found in modern professional games.
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Castle (shogi)
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Wall
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Yasumitsu Satō (Black) used the Wall castle in a 2017 NHK tournament on October 22 as shown in the adjacent diagram. The castle is paired with an Opposing Rook attacking formation.
Iijima is using a Bear-in-the-hole castle that has not yet been completed yet along with a Static Rook formation.
This game features aggressive attacks very early in the game, which partly explains the presence of the Wall castle instead of more complex Ranging Rook castles like Mino.
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Castle (shogi)
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Cozy castle
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The Cozy castle or Ōsumi castle (Japanese: 大住囲い or 大隅囲い, romanized: Ōsumi gakoi) can be formed with only three moves (like the Wall castle), for example, in the case of Black (sente) castling to the right, K-48, K-38, G-48.
This castle also goes sometimes by the names of Three-Move castle (Japanese: 三手囲い, romanized: sante gakoi) or 早囲い hayagakoi. (Thus, this name is ambiguous since it can also refer to the Wall castle and rapid method of forming a Fortress castle.)
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Castle (shogi)
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Small/Rapid Castle
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The Small or Rapid castle is another simple castle that can be formed by only four moves. This castle itself is not very common, but it can transition into a Gold Mino.
Another quick castle built in four moves has the silver on 48 and the gold on 59.
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Castle (shogi)
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Flatfish
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The Flatfish castle (Japanese: 平目囲い or Japanese: ヒラメ囲い, romanized: hiramegakoi) is used in the Flatfish opening.
It is structurally similar to a Mino castle but with the two golds positioned adjacent to each other on the same bottom rank rather having the centermost gold on the same rank as the silver.
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Castle (shogi)
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Millennium
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Millennium (shogi) (Japanese: ミレニアム, romanized: mireniamu) is a newer castle developed in response to the Fujii System (Japanese: 藤井システム, romanized: Fujii shisutemu) opening. It's a static rook strategy used against ranging rook strategies. The name "Millennium" is due to the fact that it first started to be deliberately played among professional players around the year 2000. It's also known as Kamakura castle, Kamaboko castle, or Tochka (Pillbox). Kunio Yonenaga is said to have been the first player to use it in the modern era (although, his using it was probably not deliberate). Hiroyuki Miura first started to use it, and his popularization of the tactic among pro players awarded him the Kōzō Masuda Award for innovation in shogi strategy in 2002. It is also suggested that the popularity of the castle occurred thanks to the internet activity among amateur players.
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Castle (shogi)
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Millennium
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At the time, the Fujii System was making its fury felt, which unlike Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook made threats against the king difficult by way of the bishop and the knight, which consolidated it as a strong tactic. However, it is not as solid as the Bear-in-the-hole due to the number of moves it takes, and because of the time it takes to set up it could be taken advantage of by Ranging Rook hence showing a counter-measure against the formation of Bear-in-the-hole, a perfect countermeasure to the Fujii System had not been arrived at. Furthermore, as countermeasures against the Fujii System were established for both Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook strategies and Rapid Attack-type strategies, the use of this castle became less common after 2006.
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Castle (shogi)
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Millennium
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The Millennium castle is characterized by the King being positioned in the place of the left knight, and surrounded by three (or four) golds and silvers. In terms of solidness, it is slightly inferior to Bear-in-the-hole, as solid as a Skewered Cutlet castle (Kushikatsu), and stronger than a Mino castle. Furthermore, the most important difference with Bear-in-the-hole is that since the king is not on the rival's bishop diagonal this makes it easy for the left knight to attack and capture.
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Castle (shogi)
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Millennium
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From the point of view of defending the edge (i.e., the ninth file), compared to the Skewered Cutlet castle which defends it with silver and knight, the Millennium castle defends with silver and lance. By placing the king on the eight file (White's second file), it's more durable against edge attacks, and in contrast due to the distance from the center it can reach places that the Bear-in-the-hole and Skewered Cutlet castles cannot. Because of the king's position on rank 1, it can be said to be far or deep away from attacks from above, but it can hardly be said to be strong against this type of attacks, so this is also a weakness. Further, compared to the Bear-in-the-hole castle, due to its close proximity to the center, it shows weakness against attacks with promoted pawns. Some variations exist in order to make it stronger against attacks from above.
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Castle (shogi)
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Aerokin
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This castle usually develops when one player tries to attack the other's Silver Crown from the side with rooks (or dragons).
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Castle (shogi)
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Gold Excelsior
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Gold Excelsior or Peerless Golds (Japanese: 金無双, romanized: kinmusō) is a castle used in Double Ranging Rook openings. It has an alternate name of Two Golds or Twin Golds (Japanese: 二枚金, romanized: nimaikin) or Silver Wall.
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Castle (shogi)
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Gold Excelsior
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From the point of view of Black, this castle is formed by moving the king to 38, the left gold to 58 and the right gold to 48. The most predominant feature is, of course, the fact that the two golds stand side by side, this also being the origin of the adjective "peerless" or "unrivalled" in the Japanese name of the castle (Japanese: 無双, romanized: musō). Because of this peculiarity, this castle makes it difficult to play a Central Rook strategy, as the position of the left gold prevents the rook from ranging back and forth freely along the central file.
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Castle (shogi)
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Gold Excelsior
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All in all, as attacks from above are frequently the case in Double Ranging Rook games, the right silver is often moved to 28 so that it provides a way of defending against such attacks. This is not recommended, however, against horizontal attacks as the silver in that position easily turns into a wall that blocks the king's escaping route (hence the name "Silver Wall"). Therefore, the silver should either stay on 39, or move to 37.
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Castle (shogi)
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Gold Excelsior
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Compared to Mino castles, the Gold Excelsior is stronger against attacks from above (especially those from the first and second file). It's somewhat weaker than Mino, however, against side attacks. Gold Excelsior is also weak against attacks from the fourth file, which is often called "the rabbit's ear." In the case of Static vs. Ranging Rook games, in which side attacks are typical, Mino castles are superior. In contrast, against side attacks in Double Ranging Rook games, Gold Excelsior is superior. However, positions where a silver wall is formed have been falling out of favor recently due to their weaknesses against Fortress castles, and hence Mino has become more predominant even in Double Ranging Rook games. Since Mino is particularly weak in the first and seconds files, it has problems against Opposing Rook, but is superior against Fourth File Rook and Third File Rook. Insofar as the silver does not need to moved up, Golden Excelsior is formed one move faster than Mino (hence why the king in Double Ranging Rook games is often left at 39 when playing Mino), and hence is effective in rapid attacks.
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Castle (shogi)
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Gold Excelsior
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In the case of switching to a Fortress castle, Golden Excelsior can go to Incomplete Fortress in just one tempo, but it would lose one tempo to form a Complete Fortress. Therefore, leaving the right gold on 49 and make a boat castle variant (same gold formation, just opposite side) as an intermediate for the Fortress castle on the right hand side.
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Castle (shogi)
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Mid-Rank King castles
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Aerial Tower Aerial Tower (Japanese: 空中楼閣, romanized: kūchū rōkaku) is a Mid-Rank King (Japanese: 中段玉, romanized: chūdan gyoku) type of castle in which the king is positioned on the middle ranks 4–6.
Fourth Rank Edge King Fourth Rank Edge King (Japanese: 四段端玉, romanized: yondan hashigyoku) is a Mid-Rank type of castle.
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Castle (shogi)
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Mid-Rank King castles
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Fourth Rank Edge King examples In a Double Static Rook game from an April 1970 Meijin title match, challenger Renshō Nada (Black) used a Fourth Rank Edge King castle (which requires many moves to construct). Yasuharu Ōyama initially used a Snowroof-like structure for his castle that later developed in response to Nada's position. Ōyama has dropped a pawn inside of Nada's camp on the 67 square, which Nada cannot easily attack. Later in the game, Nada was able to move his king to an entering king state. However, ultimately, after an exhausted attack on Ōyama's king, Nada resigned on the 185th move.
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Castle (shogi)
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Mid-Rank King castles
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Another Double Static Rook Nada vs Ōyama game features a somewhat different castle form by Black that resembles a Fourth Rank Edge King castle. Black's castle was originally a Snowroof castle. White started with a Gold Fortress castle that developed into a Complete Fortress and then a Fortress Bear-in-the-hole.
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Α-Aminoadipate pathway
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Α-Aminoadipate pathway
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The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine. In the eukaryotes, this pathway is unique to the higher fungi (containing chitin in their cell walls) and the euglenids. It has also been reported from bacteria of the genus Thermus.
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Α-Aminoadipate pathway
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Pathway overview
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Homocitrate is initially synthesised from acetyl-CoA and 2-oxoglutarate by homocitrate synthase. This is then converted to homoaconitate by homoaconitase and then to homoisocitrate by homoisocitrate dehydrogenase. A nitrogen atom is added from glutamate by aminoadipate aminotransferase to form the α-aminoadipate from which this pathway gets its name. This is then reduced by aminoadipate reductase via an acyl-enzyme intermediate to a semialdehyde. Reaction with glutamate by one class of saccharopine dehydrogenase yields saccharopine which is then cleaved by a second saccharopine dehydrogenase to yield lysine and oxoglutarate.
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Α-Aminoadipate pathway
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α-Aminoadipic acid
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α-Aminoadipic acid is the conjugate acid of α-aminoadipate, the latter of which is the prevalent form at physiological pH. A 2013 study identified α-Aminoadipic acid (2-aminoadipic acid) as a novel predictor of the development of diabetes and suggested that it is a potential modulator of glucose homeostasis in humans.
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Carbonyl bromide
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Carbonyl bromide
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Carbonyl bromide, also known as bromophosgene, is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula COBr2. It is a colorless liquid. It is a bromine analogue of phosgene. It is a carbon oxohalide. Carbonyl bromide is a decomposition product of halon compounds used in fire extinguishers.
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Carbonyl bromide
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Synthesis and reactions
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Carbonyl bromide is formed by the oxidation carbon tetrabromide with sulfuric acid: CBr4 + H2SO4 → COBr2 + SO2 + Br2 + H2OIn contrast to phosgene, carbonyl bromide cannot be produced efficiently by halogenation of carbon monoxide. The bromination of carbon monoxide follows this equation: CO + Br2 ⇌ COBr2But the process is slow at room temperature. Increasing temperature, in order to increase the reaction rate, results in a further shift of the chemical equilibrium towards the educts (since ΔRH < 0 and ΔRS < 0).Carbonyl bromide slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and elemental bromine even at low temperatures. It is also sensitive to hydrolysis, breaking down into hydrogen bromide, water and carbon dioxide.
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Supergranulation
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Supergranulation
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Supergranulation is a particular pattern of convection cells on the Sun's surface called supergranules. It was discovered in the 1950s by A.B.Hart[1] using Doppler velocity measurements showing horizontal flows on the photosphere (flow speed about 300 to 500 m/s, a tenth of that in the smaller granules). Later work (1960s) by Leighton, Noyes and Simon established a typical size of about 30000 km for supergranules with a lifetime of about 24 hours.
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Supergranulation
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Origin
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Supergranulation has long been interpreted as a specific convection scale, but its origin is not precisely known. Although the presence of granules in the solar photosphere is a well-documented phenomenon, there is still much debate on the true nature or even the existence of higher-order granulation patterns. Some authors suggest the existence of three distinct scales of organization: granulation (with typical diameters of 150–2500 km), mesogranulation (5000–10000 km) and supergranulation (over 20000 km). Granules are typically considered as being signs of convective cells forming a hierarchic structure: supergranules would be thus fragmented in their uppermost layers into smaller mesogranules, which in turn would split into even smaller granules at their surface. The solar material would flow downward in dark "lanes" separating granules with the divisions between supergranules being the biggest concentrations of cold gas, analogous to rivers connecting smaller tributaries. It should however be stressed that this picture is highly speculative and might turn out to be false in the light of future discoveries. Recent studies show some evidence that mesogranulation was a ghost feature caused by averaging procedures.
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Sutimlimab
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Sutimlimab
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Sutimlimab, sold under the brand name Enjaymo, is a monoclonal antibody that is used to treat adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD). It is given by intravenous infusion. Sutimlimab prevents complement-enhanced activation of autoimmune human B cells in vitro.The most common side effects include headache, high blood pressure, urinary tract infection (infection of the structures that carry urine), upper respiratory tract infection (nose and throat infection), nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nose and throat), nausea, abdominal pain, infusion-related reactions and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of hands and feet in response to cold and stress).This drug is being developed by Bioverativ, a Sanofi company. Sutimlimab was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2022, and in the European Union in November 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
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Sutimlimab
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Medical uses
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Sutimlimab is indicated to decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion due to hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) in adults with cold agglutinin disease (CAD).
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Sutimlimab
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Adverse effects
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The most common side effects include respiratory tract infection, viral infection, diarrhea, dyspepsia (indigestion), cough, arthralgia (joint stiffness), arthritis, and swelling in the lower legs and hands.
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Sutimlimab
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Pharmacology
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Mechanism of action Sutimlimab targets the C1s enzyme and inhibits its enzymatic propagation of the classical complement pathway, thereby, preventing the formation of the C3-convertase enzyme.
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