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Lattice model (finance)	Interest rate derivatives	Once calibrated, the interest rate lattice is then used in the valuation of various of the fixed income instruments and derivatives. The approach for bond options is described aside—note that this approach addresses the problem of pull to par experienced under closed form approaches; see Black–Scholes model § Valuing bond options. For swaptions the logic is almost identical, substituting swaps for bonds in step 1, and swaptions for bond options in step 2.
Lattice model (finance)	Interest rate derivatives	For caps (and floors) step 1 and 2 are combined: at each node the value is based on the relevant nodes at the later step, plus, for any caplet (floorlet) maturing in the time-step, the difference between its reference-rate and the short-rate at the node (and reflecting the corresponding day count fraction and notional-value exchanged). For callable- and putable bonds a third step would be required: at each node in the time-step incorporate the effect of the embedded option on the bond price and / or the option price there before stepping-backwards one time-step. (And noting that these options are not mutually exclusive, and so a bond may have several options embedded; hybrid securities are treated below.) For other, more exotic interest rate derivatives, similar adjustments are made to steps 1 and onward. For the "Greeks", largely as for equity, see under next section.
Lattice model (finance)	Interest rate derivatives	An alternative approach to modeling (American) bond options, particularly those struck on yield to maturity (YTM), employs modified equity-lattice methods. Here the analyst builds a CRR tree of YTM, applying a constant volatility assumption, and then calculates the bond price as a function of this yield at each node; prices here are thus pulling-to-par. The second step is to then incorporate any term structure of volatility by building a corresponding DKC tree (based on every second time-step in the CRR tree: as DKC is trinomial whereas CRR is binomial) and then using this for option valuation.
Lattice model (finance)	Interest rate derivatives	Since the 2007–2012 global financial crisis, swap pricing is (generally) under a "multi-curve framework", whereas previously it was off a single, "self discounting", curve; see Interest rate swap § Valuation and pricing. Here, payoffs are set as a function of LIBOR specific to the tenor in question, while discounting is at the OIS rate. To accommodate this in the lattice framework, the OIS rate and the relevant LIBOR rate are jointly modeled in a three-dimensional tree, constructed such that LIBOR swap rates are matched. With the zeroeth step thus accomplished, the valuation will proceed largely as previously, using steps 1 and onwards, but here with cashflows based on the LIBOR "dimension", and discounting using the corresponding nodes from the OIS "dimension".
Lattice model (finance)	Hybrid securities	Hybrid securities, incorporating both equity- and bond-like features are also valued using trees. For convertible bonds (CBs) the approach of Tsiveriotis and Fernandes (1998) is to divide the value of the bond at each node into an "equity" component, arising from situations where the CB will be converted, and a "debt" component, arising from situations where CB is redeemed. Correspondingly, twin trees are constructed where discounting is at the risk free and credit risk adjusted rate respectively, with the sum being the value of the CB. There are other methods, which similarly combine an equity-type tree with a short-rate tree. An alternate approach, originally published by Goldman Sachs (1994), does not decouple the components, rather, discounting is at a conversion-probability-weighted risk-free and risky interest rate within a single tree. See Convertible bond § Valuation, Contingent convertible bond.
Lattice model (finance)	Hybrid securities	More generally, equity can be viewed as a call option on the firm: where the value of the firm is less than the value of the outstanding debt shareholders would choose not to repay the firm's debt; they would choose to repay—and not to liquidate (i.e. exercise their option)—otherwise. Lattice models have been developed for equity analysis here, particularly as relates to distressed firms. Relatedly, as regards corporate debt pricing, the relationship between equity holders' limited liability and potential Chapter 11 proceedings has also been modelled via lattice.The calculation of "Greeks" for interest rate derivatives proceeds as for equity. There is however an additional requirement, particularly for hybrid securities: that is, to estimate sensitivities related to overall changes in interest rates. For a bond with an embedded option, the standard yield to maturity based calculations of duration and convexity do not consider how changes in interest rates will alter the cash flows due to option exercise. To address this, effective duration and -convexity are introduced. Here, similar to rho and vega above, the interest rate tree is rebuilt for an upward and then downward parallel shift in the yield curve and these measures are calculated numerically given the corresponding changes in bond value.
Barker's notation	Barker's notation	Barker's notation refers to the ERD notation developed by Richard Barker, Ian Palmer, Harry Ellis et al. whilst working at the British consulting firm CACI around 1981. The notation was adopted by Barker when he joined Oracle and is effectively defined in his book Entity Relationship Modelling as part of the CASE Method series of books. This notation was and still is used by the Oracle CASE modelling tools. It is a variation of the "crows foot" style of data modelling that was favoured by many over the original Chen style of ERD modelling because of its readability and efficient use of drawing space.
Barker's notation	Barker's notation	The notation has features that represent the properties of relationships including cardinality and optionality (the crows foot and dashing of lines), exclusion (the exclusion arc), recursion (looping structures) and use of abstraction (nested boxes).
Memory refresh	Memory refresh	Memory refresh is the process of periodically reading information from an area of computer memory and immediately rewriting the read information to the same area without modification, for the purpose of preserving the information. Memory refresh is a background maintenance process required during the operation of semiconductor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the most widely used type of computer memory, and in fact is the defining characteristic of this class of memory.In a DRAM chip, each bit of memory data is stored as the presence or absence of an electric charge on a small capacitor on the chip. As time passes, the charges in the memory cells leak away, so without being refreshed the stored data would eventually be lost. To prevent this, external circuitry periodically reads each cell and rewrites it, restoring the charge on the capacitor to its original level. Each memory refresh cycle refreshes a succeeding area of memory cells, thus repeatedly refreshing all the cells in a consecutive cycle. This process is conducted automatically in the background by the memory circuitry and is transparent to the user. While a refresh cycle is occurring the memory is not available for normal read and write operations, but in modern memory this "overhead" time is not large enough to significantly slow down memory operation.
Memory refresh	Memory refresh	Electronic memory that does not require refreshing is available, called static random-access memory (SRAM). SRAM circuits require more area on a chip, because an SRAM memory cell requires four to six transistors, compared to a single transistor and a capacitor for DRAM. As a result, data density is much lower in SRAM chips than in DRAM, and SRAM has higher price per bit. Therefore, DRAM is used for the main memory in computers, video game consoles, graphics cards and applications requiring large capacities and low cost. The need for memory refresh makes DRAM timing and circuits significantly more complicated than SRAM circuits, but the density and cost advantages of DRAM justify this complexity.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	While the memory is operating, each memory cell must be refreshed repetitively, within the maximum interval between refreshes specified by the manufacturer, which is usually in the millisecond region. Refreshing does not employ the normal memory operations (read and write cycles) used to access data, but specialized cycles called refresh cycles which are generated by separate counter circuits in the memory circuitry and interspersed between normal memory accesses.The storage cells on a memory chip are laid out in a rectangular array of rows and columns. The read process in DRAM is destructive and removes the charge on the memory cells in an entire row, so there is a row of specialized latches on the chip called sense amplifiers, one for each column of memory cells, to temporarily hold the data. During a normal read operation, the sense amplifiers after reading and latching the data, rewrite the data in the accessed row before sending the bit from a single column to output. This means the normal read electronics on the chip can refresh an entire row of memory in parallel, significantly speeding up the refresh process. A normal read or write cycle refreshes a row of memory, but normal memory accesses cannot be relied on to hit all the rows within the necessary time, necessitating a separate refresh process. Rather than use the normal read cycle in the refresh process, to save time an abbreviated cycle called a refresh cycle is used. The refresh cycle is similar to the read cycle, but executes faster for two reasons: For a refresh, only the row address is needed, so a column address doesn't have to be applied to the chip address circuits.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	Data read from the cells does not need to be fed into the output buffers or the data bus to send to the CPU.The refresh circuitry must perform a refresh cycle on each of the rows on the chip within the refresh time interval, to make sure that each cell gets refreshed.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	Types of refresh circuits Although in some early systems the microprocessor controlled refresh, with a timer triggering a periodic interrupt that ran a subroutine that performed the refresh, this meant the microprocessor could not be paused, single-stepped, or put into energy-saving hibernation without stopping the refresh process and losing the data in memory. So in modern systems refresh is handled by circuits in the memory controller, which may be embedded in the chip itself. Some DRAM chips, such as pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM), have all the refresh circuitry on the chip, and function like static RAM as far as the rest of the computer is concerned.Usually the refresh circuitry consists of a refresh counter which contains the address of the row to be refreshed which is applied to the chip's row address lines, and a timer that increments the counter to step through the rows. This counter may be part of the memory controller circuitry, or on the memory chip itself. Two scheduling strategies have been used: Burst refresh - a series of refresh cycles are performed one after another until all the rows have been refreshed, after which normal memory accesses occur until the next refresh is required Distributed refresh - refresh cycles are performed at regular intervals, interspersed with memory accesses.Burst refresh results in long periods when the memory is unavailable, so distributed refresh has been used in most modern systems, particularly in real time systems. In distributed refresh, the interval between refresh cycles is refresh cycle interval refresh time number of rows For example, DDR SDRAM has a refresh time of 64 ms and 8,192 rows, so the refresh cycle interval is 7.8 μs.Recent generations of DRAM chips contain an integral refresh counter, and the memory control circuitry can either use this counter or provide a row address from an external counter. These chips have three standard ways to provide refresh, selected by different patterns of signals on the "column select" (CAS) and "row select" (RAS) lines: "RAS only refresh" - In this mode the address of the row to refresh is provided by the address bus lines, so it is used with external counters in the memory controller.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	"CAS before RAS refresh" (CBR) - In this mode the on-chip counter keeps track of the row to be refreshed and the external circuit merely initiates the refresh cycles. This mode uses less power because the memory address bus buffers don't have to be powered up. It is used in most modern computers.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	"Hidden refresh" - This is an alternate version of the CBR refresh cycle which can be combined with a preceding read or write cycle. The refresh is done in parallel during the data transfer, saving time.Since the 2012 generation of DRAM chips, the "RAS only" mode has been eliminated, and the internal counter is used to generate refresh. The chip has an additional sleep mode, for use when the computer is in sleep mode, in which an on-chip oscillator generates internal refresh cycles so that the external clock can be shut down.
Memory refresh	How DRAM refresh works	Refresh overhead The fraction of time the memory spends on refresh, the refresh overhead, can be calculated from the system timing: refresh overhead time required for refresh, ms refresh interval, ms For example, an SDRAM chip has 213 = 8,192 rows, a refresh interval of 64 ms, the memory bus runs at 133 MHz, and the refresh cycle takes 4 clock cycles. The time for a refresh cycle is length of refresh cycle 1.33 10 Hz 30 ns time required for refresh length of refresh cycle rows 30 ns 8192 0.246 ms refresh overhead 0.246 ms 64 ms .0038 So less than 0.4% of the memory chip's time will be taken by refresh cycles. In SDRAM chips, the memory in each chip is divided into banks which are refreshed in parallel, saving further time. So the number of refresh cycles needed is the number of rows in a single bank, given in the specifications, which in the 2012 generation of chips has been frozen at 8,192.
Memory refresh	Refresh interval	The maximum time interval between refresh operations is standardized by JEDEC for each DRAM technology, and is specified in the manufacturer's chip specifications. It is usually in the range of milliseconds for DRAM and microseconds for eDRAM. For DDR2 SDRAM chips it is 64 ms.: 20 It depends on the ratio of charge stored in the memory cell capacitors to leakage currents. Despite the fact that the geometry of the capacitors has been shrinking with each new generation of memory chips, so later generation capacitors store less charge, refresh times for DRAM have been improving; from 8 ms for 1M chips, 32 ms for 16M chips, to 64 ms for 256M chips. This improvement is achieved mainly by developing transistors that cause significantly less leakage. Longer refresh time means a smaller fraction of the device's time is occupied with refresh, leaving more time for memory accesses. Although refresh overhead occupied up to 10% of chip time in earlier DRAMs, in modern chips this fraction is less than 1%.Because the leakage currents in semiconductors increase with temperature, refresh times must be decreased at high temperature. DDR2 SDRAM chips have a temperature-compensated refresh structure; refresh cycle time must be halved when chip case temperature exceeds 85 °C (185 °F).: 49 The actual persistence of readable charge values and thus data in most DRAM memory cells is much longer than the refresh time, up to 1–10 seconds. However transistor leakage currents vary widely between different memory cells on the same chip due to process variation. In order to make sure that all the memory cells are refreshed before a single bit is lost, manufacturers must set their refresh times conservatively short.This frequent DRAM refresh consumes a third of the total power drawn by low-power electronics devices in standby mode.
Memory refresh	Refresh interval	Researchers have proposed several approaches for extending battery run-time between charges by reducing the refresh rate, including temperature-compensated refresh (TCR) and retention-aware placement in DRAM (RAPID). Experiments show that in a typical off-the-shelf DRAM chip, only a few weak cells really require the worst-case 64 ms refresh interval, and even then only at the high end of its specified temperature range.
Memory refresh	Refresh interval	At room temperature (e.g. 24 °C (75 °F)), those same weak cells need to be refreshed once every 500 ms for correct operation. If the system can avoid using the weakest 1% of pages, a typical DRAM only needs to be refreshed once a second, even at 70 °C (158 °F), for correct operation of the remaining 99% of the pages.
Memory refresh	Refresh interval	Some experiments combine these two complementary techniques, giving correct operation at room temperature at refresh intervals of 10 seconds.For error-tolerant applications (e.g. graphics applications), refreshing non-critical data stored in DRAM or eDRAM at a rate lower than their retention period saves energy with minor quality loss, which is an example of approximate computing.
Memory refresh	SRAM and DRAM memory technologies	SRAM In static random-access memory (SRAM), another type of semiconductor memory, the data is not stored as charge on a capacitor, but in a pair of a cross-coupled inverters, so SRAM does not need to be refreshed. The two basic types of memory have advantages and disadvantages. Static memory can be considered permanent while powered on, i.e. once written the memory stays until specifically changed and thus, its use tends to be simple in terms of system design. However, the internal construction of each SRAM cell requires six transistors, compared to the single transistor required for a DRAM cell, so the density of SRAM is much lower and price-per-bit much higher than DRAM.
Memory refresh	SRAM and DRAM memory technologies	CPU-based refresh Some early microprocessors (e.g. the Zilog Z80) provided special internal registers that could provide the Row-Address Strobe (RAS) to refresh dynamic memory cells, the register being incremented on each refresh cycle. This could also be accomplished by other integrated circuits already being used in the system, if these already generated cycling accesses across RAM (e.g. the Motorola 6845). In CPUs such as the Z80, the availability of a RAS refresh was a big selling-point due to its simplifying hardware design. Here, RAS refresh is signalled by a unique combination of address and control wires during operationally redundant clock cycles (T-States), i.e. during instruction decode/execution when the buses may not be required. Instead of the bus being inactive during such T-states, the refresh register would be presented on the address bus along with a combination of control wires to indicate to the refresh circuitry.
Memory refresh	SRAM and DRAM memory technologies	In early versions of the Z80, the ubiquity of 16 kB RAM chips (i.e. having 128 rows) and something of a lack of foresight resulted in the R register only incrementing over a 7 bit-wide range (0–127, i.e. 128 rows); the 8th bit could be set by the user, but would be left unchanged by the internal cycling. With the rapid advent of 64 kbit+ DRAM chips (with an 8 bit RAS), extra circuitry or logic had to be built around the refresh signal to synthesize the missing 8th bit and prevent blocks of memory being lost after a few milliseconds. In some contexts, it was possible to utilise interrupts to flip the 8th bit at the appropriate time and thus cover the entire range of the R register (256 rows). Another method, perhaps more universal but also more complex in terms of hardware, was to use an 8-bit counter chip, whose output would provide the refresh RAS address instead of the R register: the refresh signal from the CPU was used as the clock for this counter, resulting in the memory row to be refreshed being incremented with each refresh cycle. Later versions and licensed "work-alikes" of the Z80 core remedied the non-inclusion of the 8th bit in automatic cycling, and modern CPUs have greatly expanded on such basic provisioning to provide rich all-in-one solutions for DRAM refresh.
Memory refresh	SRAM and DRAM memory technologies	Pseudostatic DRAM Pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM or PSDRAM) is dynamic RAM with built-in refresh and address-control circuitry to make it behave similarly to static RAM (SRAM). It combines the high density of DRAM with the ease of use of true SRAM. PSRAM (made by Numonyx) is used in the Apple iPhone and other embedded systems.Some DRAM components have a "self-refresh mode", which involves much of the same logic that is needed for pseudo-static operation, but this mode is often equivalent to a standby mode. It is provided primarily to allow a system to suspend operation of its DRAM controller to save power without losing data stored in DRAM, rather not to allow operation without a separate DRAM controller as is the case with PSRAM. An embedded variant of PSRAM is sold by MoSys under the name 1T-SRAM. It is technically DRAM, but behaves much like SRAM, and is used in the GameCube and Wii consoles.
Memory refresh	Other memory technologies using refresh	Several early computer memory technologies also required periodical processes similar in purpose to the memory refreshing. The Williams tube has the closest similarity, since, as with DRAM, it is essentially a capacitive memory in which the values stored for each bit would gradually decay unless refreshed. In magnetic-core memory, each memory cell can retain data indefinitely even with the power turned off, but reading the data from any memory cell erases its contents. As a consequence, the memory controller typically added a refresh cycle after each read cycle in order to create the illusion of a non-destructive read operation. Delay-line memory requires constant refreshing because the data is actually stored as a signal in a transmission line. In this case, the refresh rate is comparable to the memory access time.
The International MS Journal	The International MS Journal	The International MS Journal is a medical journal published by Cambridge Medical Publications carrying reviews on multiple sclerosis. The journal, edited by Douglas Goodin, is also the host of MSForum.net
Homicidal chauffeur problem	Homicidal chauffeur problem	In game theory, the homicidal chauffeur problem is a mathematical pursuit problem which pits a hypothetical runner, who can only move slowly, but is highly maneuverable, against the driver of a motor vehicle, which is much faster but far less maneuverable, who is attempting to run him down. Both runner and driver are assumed to never tire. The question to be solved is: under what circumstances, and with what strategy, can the driver of the car guarantee that he can always catch the pedestrian, or the pedestrian guarantee that he can indefinitely elude the car? The problem is often used as an unclassified proxy for missile defense and other military targeting, allowing scientists to publish on it without security implications.The problem was proposed by Rufus Isaacs in a 1951 report for the RAND Corporation, and in the book Differential Games.The homicidal chauffeur problem is a classic example of a differential game played in continuous time in a continuous state space. The calculus of variations and level set methods can be used as a mathematical framework for investigating solutions of the problem. Although the problem is phrased as a recreational problem, it is an important model problem for mathematics used in a number of real-world applications.
Homicidal chauffeur problem	Homicidal chauffeur problem	A discrete version of the problem was described by Martin Gardner (in his book Mathematical Carnival, chapter 16), where a squad car of speed 2 chases a crook of speed 1 on a rectangular grid, where the squad car but not the crook is constrained not to make left-hand turns or U-turns.
Queue area	Queue area	Queue areas are places in which people queue (first-come, first-served) for goods or services. Such a group of people is known as a queue (British usage) or line (American usage), and the people are said to be waiting or standing in a queue or in line, respectively. (In the New York City area, the phrase on line is often used in place of in line.) Occasionally, both the British and American terms are combined to form the term "queue line".Examples include checking out groceries or other goods that have been collected in a self service shop, in a shop without self-service, at an ATM, at a ticket desk, a city bus, or in a taxi stand.
Queue area	Queue area	Queueing is a phenomenon in a number of fields, and has been extensively analysed in the study of queueing theory. In economics, queueing is seen as one way to ration scarce goods and services.
Queue area	Types	Physical History The first written description of people standing in line is found in an 1837 book, The French Revolution: A History by Thomas Carlyle. Carlyle described what he thought was a strange sight: people standing in an orderly line to buy bread from bakers around Paris. Typical applications Queues can be found in railway stations to book tickets, at bus stops for boarding and at temples.Queues are generally found at transportation terminals where security screenings are conducted.
Queue area	Types	Large stores and supermarkets may have dozens of separate queues, but this can cause frustration, as different lines tend to be handled at different speeds; some people are served quickly, while others may wait for longer periods of time. Sometimes two people who are together split up and each waits in a different line; once it is determined which line is faster, the one in the slower line joins the other. Another arrangement is for everyone to wait in a single line; a person leaves the line each time a service point opens up. This is a common setup in banks and post offices.
Queue area	Types	Organized queue areas are commonly found at amusement parks. The rides have a fixed number of guests that can be served at any given time (which is referred to as the rides operational capacity), so there has to be some control over additional guests who are waiting. This led to the development of formalized queue areas—areas in which the lines of people waiting to board the rides are organized by railings, and may be given shelter from the elements with a roof over their heads, inside a climate-controlled building or with fans and misting devices. In some amusement parks – Disney theme parks being a prime example – queue areas can be elaborately decorated, with holding areas fostering anticipation, thus shortening the perceived wait for people in the queue by giving them something interesting to look at as they wait, or the perception that they have arrived at the threshold of the attraction.
Queue area	Types	Design When designing queues, planners attempt to make the wait as pleasant and as simple as possible. They employ several strategies to achieve this, including: Expanding the capacity of the queue, thus allowing more patrons to have a place. This can be achieved by: Increasing the length of the queue by making the queue longer Increasing the size of the lanes within the queue Increasing the length of the queue by designing the line in a "zig-zag" shape that holds a large number of guests in a smaller area. This is used often at amusement parks. Notable rides have a large area of this kind of line to hold as many people as possible in line. Portions of the line can be sectioned off and bypassed by guests if the queue is not crowded.
Queue area	Types	"In-line" entertainment can be added. This is popular at amusement parks like Walt Disney World, which uses TV screens and other visuals to keep people in the queue area occupied. Secondary queue areas for patrons with special tickets, like the FastPass system used at Disney parks, or the Q-bot as used in Legoland Windsor.
Queue area	Types	Psychology People experience "occupied" time as shorter than "unoccupied" time, and generally overestimate the amount of time waited by around 36%.The technique of giving people an activity to distract them from a wait has been used to reduce complaints of delays at: Baggage claim in the Houston, Texas airport, by moving the arrival gates further away so passengers spend more time walking than standing around waiting Elevators, by adding mirrors so people can groom themselves or watch other people Retail checkout, by placing small items for purchase so customers can continue shopping while waitingOther techniques to reduce queueing anxiety include: Hiding the length of a line by wrapping it around a corner.
Queue area	Types	Having only one line, so there is no anxiety about which line to choose and a greater sense of fairness. Even though the average wait over time is the same, customers tend to notice lines that are moving faster than they are compared to other lines moving more slowly. Putting up signs that deliberately overestimate the wait time, to always exceed customer expectations.Cutting in line, also known as queue-jumping, can generate a strong negative response, depending on the local cultural norms.
Queue area	Types	Virtual Physical queueing is sometimes replaced by virtual queueing. In a waiting room there may be a system whereby the queuer asks and remembers where their place is in the queue, or reports to a desk and signs in, or takes a ticket with a number from a machine. These queues typically are found at doctors' offices, hospitals, town halls, social security offices, labor exchanges, the Department of Motor Vehicles, the immigration departments, free internet access in the state or council libraries, banks or post offices and call centres. Especially in the United Kingdom, tickets are taken to form a virtual queue at delicatessens and children's shoe shops. In some countries such as Sweden, virtual queues are also common in shops and railway stations. A display sometimes shows the number that was last called for service.
Queue area	Types	Restaurants have come to employ virtual queueing techniques with the availability of application-specific pagers, which alert those waiting that they should report to the host to be seated. Another option used at restaurants is to assign customers a confirmed return time, basically a reservation issued on arrival. Virtual queueing apps are available that allow the customers to view the virtual queue status of a business and they can take virtual queue numbers remotely. The app can be used to get updates of the virtual queue status that the customer is in.
Queue area	Types	Alternate activities A substitute or alternative activity may be provided for people to participate in while waiting to be called, which reduces the perceived waiting time and the probability that the customer will abort their visit. For example, a busy restaurant might seat waiting customers a bar. An outdoor attraction with long virtual queues might have a side marquee selling merchandise or food. The alternate activity may provide the organisation with an opportunity to generate additional revenue from the waiting customers.
Queue area	Types	Mobile All of the above methods, however, suffer from the same drawback: the person arrives at the location only to find out that they need to wait. Recently, queues at DMVs, colleges, restaurants, healthcare institutions, government offices and elsewhere have begun to be replaced by mobile queues or queue-ahead, whereby the person queuing uses their phone, the internet, a kiosk or another method to enter a virtual queue, optionally prior to arrival, is free to roam during the wait, and then gets paged at their mobile phone when their turn approaches. This has the advantage of allowing users to find out the wait forecast and get in the queue before arriving, roaming freely and then timing their arrival to the availability of service. This has been shown to extend the patience of those in the queue and reduce no-shows.
Livestock dehorning	Livestock dehorning	Dehorning is the process of removing the horns of livestock. Cattle, sheep, and goats are sometimes dehorned for economic and safety reasons. Disbudding is a different process with similar results; it cauterizes and thus destroys horn buds before they have grown into horns. Disbudding is commonly performed early in an animal's life, as are other procedures such as docking and castration. In some cases, it can be unnecessary.
Livestock dehorning	Livestock dehorning	Many breeds of cattle and sheep are naturally hornless. The polled gene can occur naturally in particular breeds or easily manipulated during breeding to lack horns, therefore do not need to be dehorned or disbudded. Although polling is common among cattle and sheep, a variety of livestock species cannot easily be bred to lack horns naturally. In one case, the poll gene in goats was linked to hermaphrodism in a single study several decades ago, although fertile polled goats have been bred.Horns are removed because they can pose a risk to humans, other animals and to the bearers of the horns themselves (horns are sometimes caught in fences or prevent feeding). Dehorning is only recommended with local anesthesia and sedation by a veterinarian or a trained professional, although a 2011 study showed that only 10% of dairy farmers follow guidelines. Removal of larger horns is usually performed during spring and autumn to avoid fly season. In very large horns, "tipping" (removal of the tip of the horn) may be recommended to minimize bleeding. Dehorning is not routinely performed, since it is a difficult and painful process for the animal. Instead, most breeders disbud their animals while young, when the process is quick and easy. Dehorning is controversial because of the pain it causes.
Livestock dehorning	Rationale	Removal Reasons invoked in support of dehorning animals include the following: Horns may cause injuries to handlers or other animals. Horned animals take up more space, causing issues at the feed bunk and during transportation. Horned animals may require specialized equipment, such as feeders and angulate crushes. In some breeds and in some individuals, horns may grow towards the head, eventually causing injury. Horns may become broken, causing blood loss and potential for infection. Horned animals may become trapped in fences or vegetation, causing self-injury. Horned animals may become more aggressive than those without horns, especially around feed.
Livestock dehorning	Rationale	Remaining horned Arguments against dehorning include the following: Dehorning (removing fully grown horns) without the use of anesthesia is extremely painful to the animal. A 2011 study that surveyed 639 farmers found that 52 percent of farmers reported that disbudding caused pain lasting more than six hours, that only 10 percent of the farmers used local anesthesia before cauterization, 5 percent provided calves with postoperative analgesia, and that farmers "indicated limited willingness to pay the cost of analgesia or to call a veterinarian to perform the procedure." Horned livestock are better able to defend themselves and their young from predators such as wolves and dogs.
Livestock dehorning	Rationale	Horns provide a secure point for roping or holding the animal's head. Horns are traditional in some breeds, and breed standards may require their presence (for example, Texas Longhorn, Highland and White Park cattle). In some areas horns are of cultural significance, often being decorated or even trained into strange shapes. Some types of yokes used by draught oxen require the presence of horns. In very hot climates, horns are useful for thermoregulation and cooling due to the presence of blood vessels at the tip of the horn
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	Dehorning can be performed on older animals and is normally performed with local anesthesia (cornual nerve block) by a veterinarian or a trained professional. Removal of larger horns is usually performed during spring and autumn to avoid fly season. Sedation may be recommended, especially for larger animals that require increased restraint. Use of longer-term pain medicine, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is being researched in the US to ensure food safety.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	For mature cattle that were not dehorned when they were young, another common practice is to cut off only the pointed end of the horn. This practice is called horn tipping; it is less stressful on the animal because there is no blood loss and the horn is cut off where there are no longer any nerve endings. This practice does not eliminate the bruising damage done by the horns when cows fight, but it does eliminate the risk of puncture wounds and eye loss from pointed horns.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	Disbudding minimizes discomfort and risk, and is performed when horns are small "buds" by one of several methods: Cauterization is the process of killing the growth ring of the horn using heat. This process is done when cattle are very young, no more than three or four weeks old—that way the horns are not very big. The earlier in the calf's life cauterization is done, the less pain and stress is inflicted on the calf. Cauterization is usually done with a dehorning hot iron after the area is numbed with local anesthesia.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	A curved knife can be used to cut the horn off when the calf is younger than a couple of months old. It is a simple procedure where the horn and the growth ring is cut off to remove the horn.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	For under eight months of age, but after the horns are starting to grow attached to the skull, a cup dehorner or Gigli saw (a type of surgical cutting wire) is used. There are several different types of cup dehorners, but they all serve the same function of removing the horn and growth ring. Since the horn is tougher it takes more force to remove it so tools that provide some leverage are need. Gigli saw wire is used on horns of older calf's horns that have grown too large for the cup dehorners.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	The most recent development in dehorning technology is use of a caustic dehorning paste. The paste is used on calves at less than two days old. The hair around the horn is trimmed back and then the paste is spread all over the horn bud and around the base of the horn on the growth cells. The paste kills the growth ring of the horn and then the horn falls off like a scab when it is healed. However, this method bears a risk of the paste causing injury to the animal's eyes or other tissues if used during periods of rain.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	Restraint methods The animal to be dehorned is usually restrained, often with a dehorning table, or sedated. This ensures that the dehorning procedure can be done safely and properly. Young calves are run through a head gate (similar to a cattle crush) or haltered. Calves more than a few months old are held in a head gate and their head restrained with a dehorning table or chin bar. Smaller animals like sheep and goats may be restrained by hand or with use of halters.
Livestock dehorning	Procedure	Pain control In 2007, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) survey suggested that most cattle in the U.S. were disbudded or dehorned without the use of anesthesia at that time. The survey showed that more than nine out of ten dairy farms practiced dehorning, but fewer than 20 percent of cattle dairy operations used analgesics or anesthesia during the process. While animal rights groups, like the Humane Society of the United States, condemn the practice of dehorning, ending it would mean increased horn-related injuries to cattle and humans. Polled genetics, long a staple in beef cattle breeding are becoming more popular among dairy farmers, with more polled calves being born to dairy cattle every year. Genetic testing can now determine if cattle carry genes for growing horns.
Livestock dehorning	Public debate	In 2018 a referendum was held in Switzerland on providing additional subsidies to farmers that did not dehorn their livestock (75–90% of livestock in Switzerland had their horns removed). The referendum was a result of farmer Armin Capaul collecting over 100,000 signatures for a vote on the issue. However, the proposal was opposed by the government and rejected by voters.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	This article documents the timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	January 2020	10 January The Ministry of Health set up the Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board. It consists of 26 members specialized in Chest Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. The number of board members increased later to 31 with the joining of expert academics in Virology, Internal medicine and Intensive care medicine. The board works out guidelines for the treatment by medicals and measures to be followed by the public, and updates them in context of the disease's course in the country.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	January 2020	24 January On 24 January 2020, Turkey's health ministry installed thermal cameras at the airports. The ministry also decided to subject any passengers arriving from China to additional screenings and quarantine anyone showing the symptoms of the coronavirus infection.The screenings were later expanded to include countries that reported a high number of confirmed cases. Other precautionary measures on the airports included infrared guns, disinfection at all customs gates and the handing out of free surgical masks and instruction leaflets. 31 January On 31 January, the Turkish government sent a plane to airlift 34 Turkish citizens and several others from Wuhan. The others include seven Azeris, seven Georgians and one Albanian. China ordered 200 million masks from Turkey in addition to Turkey's yearly production of 150 million masks.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	February 2020	3 February On 3 February, Turkey announced a stop of all the flights from China. The border with Iran was closed after the Iranian authorities didn't adhere to the advice of Turkey to quarantine the Iranian city of Qom. On the same day, Turkey announced its decision to stop all flights to and from Iran. 29 February On 29 February, Turkey announced the termination of all flights to and from Italy, South Korea and Iraq. Soon after, the border with Iraq was also closed. The ministry also established field hospitals near the Iraq and Iran borders.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	8 March Turkish cities carried out massive disinfection work in public places and mass transit vehicles. In Istanbul, the municipality decided to install hand sanitizers at stations of metrobuses. The Ministry of National Education also announced that they were using special disinfectants to keep schools clean against the virus threat. Minister Ziya Selçuk said that every surface open to contact at the schools is being sanitised, noting that vocational schools producing 100 tons of disinfectants daily supply the disinfectants for schools. 11 March In the early hours of 11 March 2020 (UTC+03:00), Health Minister Fahrettin Koca announced that a Turkish man who had contracted the virus while travelling in Europe was the country's first coronavirus case.The patient had been placed in isolation at an undisclosed hospital, and family members of the patient were put under observation.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	12 March Minister Ziya Selçuk organized a press conference on 12 March and announced that disinfection would be carried out in all schools after the closure. He said that the weekly curriculum would be structured and the necessary training and education support would be provided by EBA on the Internet and TRT on television, and they had taken whatever measures that were necessary to prevent interruptions and delays in educational programs.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	On 12 March, after a meeting between President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the rest of the Turkish government, Press Secretary İbrahim Kalın announced that primary schools, middle schools, and high schools in Turkey will be closed starting from 16 March 2020 for a week. Universities will also be closed for three weeks. Sports matches will be played behind closed doors in stadiums until the end of April. The president also postponed all his overseas visits.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	13 March On 13 March, Health Minister Fahrettin Koca made an announcement via his official Twitter account, confirming that a relative of the first person infected with coronavirus had fallen ill with the disease and was taken under observation and necessary measures were taken. In the evening, it was announced that three other people in the same family had tested positive for coronavirus, and thus the number of confirmed cases in Turkey rose to five. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey announced that no visitors would be accepted to parliament between 13 and 31 March. On 13 March, Turkey announced its decision to stop all flights to and from Germany, France, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, Austria and the Netherlands starting from Saturday at 08.00 am until 17 April. On the same day, Minister of Justice Abdulhamit Gül announced that meetings in all open and closed prisons, the use of family meeting rooms and transfers between prisons were delayed for two weeks. 14 March On 14 March, following a meeting between President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, the two countries temporarily stopped land and air transportation. On the same day, Turkey and Georgia announced their mutual decision to close the Sarp Border Gate. Later in the evening, Koca announced that the number of confirmed cases rose to six, with a pilgrim who recently returned from Umrah testing positive. 15 March On 15 March, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism announced that between 16 and 30 March all libraries in Turkey will be closed. According to the statement made by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, 5,392 out of 10,300 citizens who returned from Umrah were quarantined in state dormitories in Ankara and 4,938 were quarantined in Konya. The Ministry of the Interior announced that pavilions, discotheques, bars and night clubs will be closed temporarily starting from 10:00 on 16 March. On the same day, Fahrettin Koca announced that the number of confirmed cases increased to 18, with 7 of the new cases originating from Europe and 3 cases originating from the United States. 16 March On 16 March, the Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs announced a nationwide ban on prayer gatherings in mosques, including Friday prayers, due to the pandemic. Later that day, the Ministry of the Interior also sent a notice on coronavirus precautions to the 81 provinces of Turkey, temporarily closing all public gathering places such as cafes, gyms, Internet cafés and movie theaters, except shops and restaurants not offering music, starting 24:00 that evening. Fahrettin Koca announced that Egypt, England, Ireland, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were added to the list of countries for which the flight ban was imposed. Koca also announced that the number of confirmed cases rose to 47, with new cases originating from Middle East, Europe and the United States. The Directorate of Communications announced that President Erdoğan will head a comprehensive coordination meeting on Wednesday to discuss plans for combating the new type of coronavirus and inform the public about the results afterwards.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	17 March On 17 March, Minister Selçuk visited TRT studios where content related to the new distance education format was prepared, and stated that the new process was being reviewed to the finest detail, and that the planning and infrastructure preparations would be completed by the week of 23 March. Selçuk stated that the first lesson using this training technique would be given by him.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	Later that day, Minister Koca reported the first death from the coronavirus, an 89-year-old patient, while the number of confirmed cases rose to 98. 18 March On 18 March, President Erdoğan urged the public to stay at home and not to visit hospitals outside emergency cases. Erdoğan further stated that public banks will deliver pensions to retirees above the age of 76 to their homes, with the minimum amount of payment for retired people being ₺1,500.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	A ₺100 million economic measures package was also announced by the government to address financial issues of companies and low-income households. With this package the government promised to raise the Credit Guarantee Fund (KGF) limit, postpone tax liabilities, SGK premium payments and credit debts of employers in sectors most affected by the crisis, and make a resource transfer of ₺2 billion to families in need, among other measures.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	Later that day, Minister Koca announced the second death from coronavirus, a 61-year-old male patient. Koca further stated that the number of confirmed cases rose to 191 with 93 new cases.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	The Turkish Medical Association, TTB Specialist Associations, Public Health Experts Association, Turkish Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Association, Turkish Thoracic Society, and Turkish Intensive Care Association had a meeting on 17 March to evaluate the developments regarding the COVID-19 outbreak. In their paper, released on 18 March, they concluded that the pandemic poses significant dangers for healthcare workers and patients, adding that deficiencies in information and precautions have caused confusion, and insufficient information on drug use, lack of access to tests, and various other issues have made it difficult to combat the pandemic.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	19 March On 19 March, it was reported that former commander in chief of the Turkish Army Aytaç Yalman died of coronavirus disease on 15 March 2020, aged 79. Later that day, one person had tested positive for coronavirus, and 45 co-workers and their family members were quarantined in Çeşme district of İzmir Province. Youth and Sports Minister Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that football, volleyball, basketball and handball leagues were postponed. The Measuring, Selection and Placement Center postponed 9 exams, including TUS and MSÜ, which were planned to be held soon. The Directorate of Religious Affairs issued a circular to be sent to the provincial muftis, and stating that mosques would be kept closed on Friday. In a statement published on his Twitter account, Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca announced that an 85-year-old woman had lost her life, adding that there were 168 new confirmed cases.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	The announced economic measures package, set to be provided by the government, was criticized by institutions and individuals, including economists and politicians. The lack of a detailed action plan was the center of criticism. Additionally, at a time when people were encouraged to stay at home, the government was criticized for allowing airline passenger transport and tax reductions that support tourism. Critics asked for lowering the down payment of housing loans and emphasized on the need to provide employment support to different sectors.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	20 March On 20 March, Ministry of Health issued an order to declare all hospitals with at least two specialists in infections, pulmonology, internal medicine and clinical microbiology, including private and foundation hospitals, as coronavirus pandemic hospitals. Minister Koca reported that total number of confirmed cases and deaths rose to 670 and 9, respectively. Through a presidential statement, it was announced that all kinds of scientific, cultural, and artistic meetings or activities were postponed until the end of April.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	The Human Rights Association, Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, Association of Lawyers for Liberty, Contemporary Lawyers Association, and Health and Social Service Workers Union of Civil Society in the Penal System, also published a statement on the COVID-19 outbreak and urged for immediate action in prisons. In their article, they emphasized on informing the public, especially family and lawyers of prisoners, about quarantine practices and the health status of prisoners.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	Free public transportation for people 65 years of age or older was temporarily suspended in Balıkesir, Konya and Malatya. Horse racing games were postponed until a second announcement is made in the future. 21 March On 21 March, Minister Koca has reported that the number of confirmed cases rose to 947 with a death toll of 21, following the death of 12 elderly patients. The Ministry of the Interior reported that, with the circular it sent to the 81 provincial governorships, military farewell ceremonies were temporarily suspended. In addition, it was announced that the activities of barber shops, hair dressers and beauty parlours were to cease by 6:00 pm. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry banned barbecuing in gardens, parks and promenades. The Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure announced that as of 5:00 pm flights to 46 more countries had stopped, thereby cutting air transport with 68 countries in total. The Ministry of Interior announced a total curfew for those who are over the age 65 or chronically ill. The announcement further stated that starting from midnight, restaurants, dining places and patisseries were to be closed to the public for sitting, and were only allowed to offer home delivery and take-away. Fenerbahçe Basketball announced that some players in its team and administrative staff had symptoms of the coronavirus disease. Free public transportation for people over 65 was temporarily suspended in Ankara, Antalya and İzmir. 22 March With a presidential order, all bankruptcy and financial executives processes were stopped until 30 April, however obligations regarding alimony and child support payments remained in force. Additionally, through a new statement issued by the president, public institutions and organizations were ordered to allow for alternating and flexible schedules and enforce remote working if possible. The Ministry of the Interior declared that the health workers, mayors, provincial directors, social service institutions officers, public servants, public service providers and pharmacists, especially doctors, were exempted from the curfew, which is enforced for the people aged 65 and over. The Banks Association of Turkey also sent a notice to different banks across the country and limited their working hours to 12:00 pm to 5:00 pm, which went into effect on 23 March 2020. 23 March At a press conference, Koca announced that a drug called Favipiravir, which was reported by Chinese authorities to be effective in treating the disease, was imported and started to be administered to intensive care patients. Koca also announced that healthcare workers would be paid an additional fee on their paychecks for 3 months. On the same day, Fatih Terim, a famous Turkish association football manager and former player, was diagnosed with the COVID-19. The remote classes for primary, secondary and high schools started on 23 March 2020 on TRT EBA TV, a channel created through the collaboration of TRT and the Ministry of Education. It was decided that the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul would remain open between 10.00 am-4.00 pm, however, entering and exiting would be controlled and done only through two doors. The Youth and Sports Minister Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that the number of people coming from abroad and quarantined at home was 11,269.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	24 March The Ministry of the Interior issued a statement, announcing that markets could serve customers between 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, adding that the number of customers in every store needed to be limited to one tenth of its original number based on its area. In addition, it was announced that public transportation vehicles that work in and across the cities could fill up only 50% of their capacity with people at a time.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	Import tariffs on ethanol, disposable medical masks, and ventilators have been lifted with presidential decrees. 25 March At the press conference held on 25 March, Minister Selçuk announced that remote teaching would continue until 30 April. It was announced that a football player and a healthcare professional from Fenerbahçe football team, President of Başakşehir F.K. Göksel Gümüşdağ, and journalist Ali Sirmen had tested positive for COVID-19. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan delivered a speech to the nation.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	26 March On the same day, YÖK President Yekta Saraç stated that there would be no in-person teaching at universities in the remainder of the spring semester, and that they would continue with remote education only. He added that the programs, courses and practical courses that could not be offered with distance education and digital education would be completed in the summer months. He announced that the Higher Education Institutions Exam was postponed to 25–26 July.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	With the decision of the Ministry of Trade, the export of respiratory equipment was permitted. TÜBİTAK and the Ministry of Industry and Technology launched the COVID-19 Turkey Web Portal. The Minister of National Education Ziya Selçuk announced that the High School Entrance Exams would be made only from the material covered in the first semester curriculum. During the pandemic, the first call for tender for Istanbul Canal was criticized by the opposition. The Ministry of the Interior postponed the meetings of the metropolitan, provincial, district, municipal municipalities and local administrative unions and provincial councils in April, May and June. Kilyos and Beykoz were determined as burial places in Istanbul for those who lost their lives due to COVID-19. In his statement, the mayor of Istanbul Ekrem İmamoğlu announced that they were expecting a controlled curfew for Istanbul from the government.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	27 March On 27 March, the Ministry of the Interior issued a new statement regarding gatherings during weekends, announcing that starting from 28 to 29 March, having picnics, fishing at the shores, doing outside physical exercises (including running and walking in the weekends in city and town centers) would be banned until the virus spread has been contained. It was also stated that, should they deem it necessary, local authorities may extend these new measures to weekdays.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	With the advice of the Ministry of Health, Kendirli town in Rize and Yeniselimiye, Beştepe, Esentepe and Maltepe villages close to the town were quarantined to prevent the spread of coronavirus. In a message published by the Minister of National Education Twitter on 27 March, it announced that subjects that were set to be covered during the second semester were removed from the Higher Education Institutions Exam. Also on 27 March, President Erdoğan announced that all overseas flights were terminated, adding that intercity travel was subject to permission by the state governors, and that places such as picnic areas, forests and ruins would be closed on the weekend. Public Personnel Selection Examinations were postponed to September, October and November. Friday prayers were done in Beştepe National Mosque with a limited number of people determined by the Directorate of Religious Affairs. It was announced that public and private healthcare workers could not leave their posts for three months. 28 March Turkish Airlines announced that its domestic flights were restricted from Istanbul and Ankara to some metropolitan cities. The Minister of Transport Mehmet Cahit Turhan was dismissed and Adil Karaismailoğlu was appointed to replace him. Rüştü Reçber, former captain of the national football team of Turkey, announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19. At the entrance and exit points of the cities, new measurements were enforced for the drivers and passengers. With the circular issued by the Ministry of the Interior, a "Travel Permit Certificate" requirement was introduced for domestic air transportation. 29 March With the circular issued by the Ministry of the Interior, it was announced that from midnight, Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir would limit the number of commercial taxis by enforcing an even-odd system, according to the last digit on their registration plate. The decision was left to the governors for other provinces. With the decision taken by the governorships of Istanbul and Ankara, children were prohibited from entering bazaars and markets.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	30 March On the same day, the presidential cabinet gathered for the first time using the teleconference method. Speaking after the meeting, President Erdoğan announced that 41 settlements were under quarantine. He also announced the initiation of a donation campaign called "We're Enough for Each Other Turkey" (Biz Bize Yeteriz Türkiyem). While the campaign was supported by representatives of the ruling party, members of the oppositions had a less favorable reaction to it.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	It was announced that the sea buses and ferry services that make intercity trips in Istanbul would stop operating from 5:00 pm. The Turkish Medical Association announced the number of confirmed cases and death figures by province. 31 March The Mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu, mentioned Istanbul as the center of the pandemic in Turkey, and reiterated the demand for a curfew in Istanbul. Kırklareli Governor Osman Bilgin and a doctor in the Grand National Assembly tested positive for COVID-19. Through a circular issued by the Ministry of the Interior, the donation accounts set by the municipalities were blocked.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	TÜRK-İŞ leader Ergün Atalay issued a written statement on 31 March, demanding the banning of layoffs and asked for stopping all works for at least 15 days except those offering essential goods and services. Atalay stressed the necessity of the rapid introduction of the Unemployment Insurance Fund to address the issue of the loss of income, and added that all workers who suffer loss of employment and income should have their provisional income support by their employer, the Unemployment Insurance Fund and the state.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	March 2020	DİSK, KESK, TMMOB and TTB launched a signature campaign on 31 March to enforce seven emergency measures. During this period, they believed that "Works should be terminated immediately during the epidemic in all sectors except those providing basic, compulsory and urgent goods and services. Dismissals should be prohibited during the epidemic, small tradesmen should be supported, employees should be given paid leave, and unemployment support should be provided for the unemployed. Consumer, housing and vehicle loans and credit card debts and electricity, water, natural gas and communication bills should be postponed during the epidemic without future interests."
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	1 April On 1 April, Minister Koca broke down the regional cases for the first time, adding that confirmed cases had been detected in all 81 of Turkey's provinces. Until then, regional figures were not made public to avoid people moving away from worse affected areas, spreading the virus from one region to another. In Turkey, 60% of cases were seen in Istanbul.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	The Minister of Health also announced that 601 health workers had tested positive for coronavirus and 1 doctor had died.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	As of 1 April 2020, the campaign Biz Bize Yeteriz Türkiyem had raised ₺552 million. After the government's decision to take money from the income of several institutions in order to make donations to this campaign, the Confederation of Public Employees' Unions filed a criminal complaint as a result of the salary cuts of the staff of many institutions such as MEB, BOTAŞ, General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Justice, Supreme Court and Social Service Provincial Directorates.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	11 metropolitan mayors from the CHP issued a joint statement on the decision made by the government to block their donation accounts. With the circular issued by the Ministry of the Interior, it was announced that there should at least be a 3-meter distance between the racks in the market places, a determined number of customers could be allowed in the market, and entries and exits would be made from different places. Cemil Taşcıoğlu, a faculty member at the Internal Medicine Department of Istanbul University, died due to complications from COVID-19. Taşçıoğlu was the first doctor to die due to COVID-19 in Turkey.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	2 April After the donation campaign initiated by the metropolitan municipalities with CHP administration was terminated by the Ministry of the Interior and their bank accounts were blocked, the Ankara Bar Association issued a statement, saying: "Although the aforementioned circular and blocking process enforced by the Ministry of the Interior are clearly unlawful, the provision of social services belongs neither exclusively to the local governments nor to the central government." With the decision of Provincial Sanitary Boards, it was announced that those coming to Antalya, Burdur, Tunceli and Bodrum would be kept under quarantine for 14 days.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	It was decided to control the traffic in Tunceli on an even-odd base, according to the last digit of the vehicle registration plates. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan met with the AK Party mayors using the video conferencing method. PTT announced that it has temporarily closed its branches, which are usually filled with people and where social distancing rules cannot be applied. 3 April The Istanbul Chamber of Physicians suggested that the figures given by the Ministry of Health were based on cases that test positive for PCR, and do not include the number of 'suspected / possible cases' among inpatients or outpatients. The Chamber of Physicians also criticized the practices carried out in private hospitals in Istanbul.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	On the same day, President Erdoğan announced a 15-day entrance ban to 30 metropolitan municipalities as well as Zonguldak. Also, the curfew was extended to people younger than 20 years old. Using masks in public places became mandatory. However, with the additional circular issued and sent to all provinces, exceptions to this ban were determined. According to the new order, procedures involving health care assistance, funerals, military and passenger transports would be exempted from the ban, provided that certain conditions were met.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	Istanbul and Ankara Metropolitan Municipalities announced that free masks would be distributed to the public after a ban on traveling without a mask in public transport vehicles was enforced. The Turkish Football Federation said in a statement that the league could start at the earliest in early June, and the situation would be reassessed by the Board of Directors in the first week of May. Turkish Airlines stopped domestic flights until 20 April. The Kocaeli Governorate announced that it was forbidden to leave a job in the province for 15 days. The governor's office later issued a new statement, saying that the previous one was released by accident.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	4 April On 4 April 2020, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Yavuz Selim Kıran announced that the death toll of Turkish expatriates who lost their lives to COVID-19 reached to 156. Kıran tweeted that 55 in France, 31 in Germany, 22 in Netherlands, 16 in UK, 14 in Belgium, 7 in US, 5 in Sweden, 3 in Switzerland, 2 in Austria and 1 in Lebanon died because of the disease.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	Tekirdağ Governorate announced that public transportation would be stopped in the province for 15 days. Mayor of Istanbul Ekrem İmamoğlu stated on his Twitter account that starting from Monday, 6 April, the metro services would be made until 9:00 PM. He also added that the İstiklal Street trams and the F1 Taksim–Kabataş funicular line would be stopped and emergency lighting system would be implemented at metro stations. 5 April The Ministry of the Interior announced in its circular that workers between the ages of 18 and 20 would be exempted from the curfew set by the government for people under the age of 20. According to a report published by Google, community mobility in Turkey had decreased by 75%. 6 April The Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, Mustafa Şentop, announced that the celebrations of National Sovereignty and Children's Day on 23 April were postponed and asked the public to sing the National Anthem from their balconies on 23 April at 9.00 pm local time. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in his statement that the sale of masks in exchange for money was banned and a 1000-room field hospital would be established in the lands surrounding Istanbul Atatürk Airport and Sancaktepe. With the decision taken by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, it was decided to distribute free masks to citizens aged 20–65 through Ptt. 7 April All MPs attending the general session of the Grand National Assembly appeared in their seats wearing masks. Lemon exports were subjected to permission by the government. 8 April Cemeteries were temporarily closed to visitors in Ankara. President of the Religious Affairs, Ali Erbaş, announced that the Tarawih prayers to be performed in Ramadan will not take place in mosques during the pandemic. 9 April The Ministry of the Interior announced in its circular that citizens under 20 years of age diagnosed with autism, severe mental retardation and down syndrome are exempt from curfew. It was announced that free mask distribution would be made through pharmacies in Istanbul. Treatment of coronavirus cases officially fell under the tasks performed by the emergency sections of hospitals. Turkey donated 100,000 protective masks, 2,000 protective suits, and 1,500 COVID-19 testing kits to Serbia.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	10 April On the same day, at a special meeting among the members of the Turkic Council, President Erdoğan expressed hopes for overcoming the pandemic, "Of course we will win this war. The adoption of such a movement will make our council more visible and increase its global strength." In the late hours of 10 April, a 48-hour curfew was declared by the Ministry of the Interior in 30 metropolitan municipalities and Zonguldak, starting from 12:00 am on 11 April. Upon announcement of the ban 2 hours ahead of its start, people lined in front of bakeries and markets. A number of incidents and quarrels took place among the people who were waiting in line in different locations.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	April 2020	11 April It was announced that the Istanbul Metro would not operate for two days due to the curfew. 12 April On the same day, the Minister of the Interior Süleyman Soylu announced that he intended to resign after criticism of the weekend lockdown which led to panic buying and other incidents. The resignation was not accepted by President Erdoğan, and Soylu remained in office. 13 April After the cabinet meeting on Monday, 13 April, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that a curfew will be imposed from Friday, 17 April to Sunday night, 19 April. 14 April On 14 April, Independent Turkey Party chairman Haydar Baş died at age 73, from COVID-19. The Minister of National Defense, Hulusi Akar, announced that the recruitment of 53 thousand people who would join the army in April was postponed, and the service period of those who joined the military in November 2019 was extended by one month. The presidential decision to provide care for all citizens who have caught COVID-19 for free is published in the T.C. Resmi Gazete. 15 April The Grand National Assembly passes a new set to protect healthcare workers from violence A separate bill was also passed, setting the framework for teachers during and after the pandemic. The Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, Bekir Pakdemirli, announced that those engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry will be exempted from the curfew. Ali Ülkü Azrak, one of the former deans of the Faculty of Political Sciences of Istanbul University, died of COVID-19. The Ministry of the Interior announced that quarantine was implemented in a total of 227 neighborhoods in 58 provinces. 16 April The bill, which includes new measures for alleviate the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on social and economic life, was ratified by the Grand National Assembly. In the circular sent to the 81 provincial governorships by the Ministry of the Interior, it was stated that a curfew would be applied in 31 provinces for the upcoming weekend. Bakeries, pharmacies, public and private health institutions and public institutions and organizations and businesses necessary for the maintenance of compulsory public services will be open during the curfew. The writer and translator Nevzat Erkmen, who made the first Turkish translation of Ulysses, died due to COVID-19. 29 April On 29 April, Ziya Selçuk announced that the interval previously announced for remote education was extended until 31 May.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	May 2020	4 May On the same day, President Erdoğan made a press statement after the cabinet meeting. Explaining that the return to normal life will happen gradually, Erdoğan stated that they made the regulations regarding the gradual stretching of the restrictions to be imposed through several steps in May, June and July. 5 May On the same day, the Industry and Technology Minister Mustafa Varank stated that on 11 May, all the main automotive factories in the country will start to operate again. 6 May On 6 May 2020, Fahrettin Koca spoke about the normalization process in Turkey. Describing the new phase with loosened restrictions as "controlled social life", Koca stated that the outbreak in Turkey was now under control but the risk continues and that citizens should not give up measures. 7 May On 7 May 2020, the price ceiling for surgical masks was estimated as ₺1. Through a handbook published on the same day, it was announced that barbers, hairdressers and beauty saloons will not be able to accept customers without masks and preexisting appointments, and that nobody other than customers and employees can be present at the workplace. 18 May On 18 May, President Erdoğan announced that the schools which were expected to open on 1 June will remain closed and the 2019–2020 Academic Year has officially ended. He added that the new academic year will begin in September 2020.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	June 2020	1 June On 1 June, domestic flights were resumed and most public spaces were opened, including restaurants, swimming pools, beaches, parks, libraries and museums. 2 June On 2 June, the Turkish Parliament resumed full activities for the first time in 48 days since a hiatus was declared due to the pandemic. The Parliament started working under "new norms" including enhanced hygiene measures, use of masks and social distancing. 4 June In June, the Emergency Medical Experts Association launched a story contest titled "COVID-19 Stories". They said that in this contest they would evaluate the stories related to the effects of the pandemic on citizens' lives and later award the best three inputs. 13 June On 13 June 2020, the National Defense University Military Student Candidate Determination Exam (2020-MSÜ) was held. 20 June On 20 June 2020, the exams organized by the Transition System for High Schools were held across Turkey. A partial curfew was imposed during the exam. 27 June A partial curfew was imposed during the Higher Education Institutions Exams that were held on 27–28 June.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	August 2020	26 August With the circular issued by the president's office, rotational, flexible and remote work in public institutions and organizations was allowed. The rotational, flexible and remote working practice, which was initiated by the circular previously published on 22 March 2020, had expired on 1 June 2020.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	September 2020	30 September 2020 The Minister of Health, Fahrettin Koca, released a statement after meeting with the Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board and said, "Not every case is sick. Because there are those who test positive but show no symptoms, and they are the vast majority." Explaining the distinction between definitions of patient and case, Koca said, "The number of new patients that are announced and focused on every day should be an issue of attention."
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey	October 2020	2 October 2020 The Ministry of Health released its September weekly reports with delay, approximately a month after the weekly report covering 24–30 August. The ministry, which explained the number of cases in previous reports, started to give data on the number of patients instead of cases in new reports. 9 October 2020 Fahrettin Koca announced the latest developments in making an indigenous vaccine and added that trials on humans would probably begin in 2 weeks.

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