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Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	The National High School Mock Trial Championship began in 1984. This first competition consisted of teams from Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. The competition since has grown and now is considered to be an All-State tournament. Each year, various participating states around the country take turns hosting the tournament. There are only three teams in the tournament's history that have won the competition consecutive times: Family Christian Academy Homeschoolers from Tennessee (now CSTHEA) in the years 2002–2003, Jonesboro High School from Georgia in the years 2007–2008, and Albuquerque Academy from New Mexico in the years 2012–2013. The 2011 Championship was held in Phoenix, Arizona. Albuquerque, New Mexico hosted in 2012; Indianapolis, Indiana hosted in 2013; Madison, Wisconsin hosted in 2014; and Raleigh, North Carolina hosted in 2015. The 2016 competition was held in Boise, Idaho. Hartford, Connecticut hosted in 2017; Reno, Nevada hosted in 2018. The 2019 National High School Mock Trial Competition was held in Athens, Georgia. New York State does not participate in the national competition; rather, it has its own intrastate competition consisting of over 350 teams throughout the state. It follows similar rules to that of the national competition. New York has three levels of play, county competition, regional competition, and the finals, which is held in Albany, New York in May. Before 2021, the state of Maryland did not compete in the National High School Mock Trial Championship, and had their own statewide mock trial competition similar to that of New York; it did compete in the national competition for the first time in 2021, and was crowned champion. New Jersey and North Carolina both pulled out of the NHSMTC competition following the 2005 season due to a refusal by the organization to accommodate an Orthodox Jewish team, Torah Academy of Bergen County, that had won New Jersey's state championship. Both states rejoined in 2010 after their concerns regarding accommodation had been addressed.Each state has its own case every year that is different from the national case. This means that the winners of each state competition, who move on to nationals, must study and prepare a completely different case in time for the National High School Mock Trial Championship in May. The national competition is governed by National Mock Trial Championship, Inc.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	College Inter-collegiate mock trial is governed by the American Mock Trial Association or AMTA. This organization was founded in 1985 by Richard Calkins, the dean of the Drake University Law School. AMTA sponsors regional and national-level competitions, writes and distributes case packets and rules, and keeps a registry of mock trial competitors and alumni. The case packet is generally written and distributed prior to the scholastic year in August, and case changes are made throughout the season, usually in September, December, and finally in February after Regional competitions and prior to the Opening Round of Championships. Since 2015, AMTA has released a new case to be used for the National Championship following the completion of the Opening Round of Championships. Approximately 700 teams from over 400 universities and colleges will compete in AMTA tournaments. In total, AMTA provides a forum for over 7,300 undergraduate students each academic year to engage in intercollegiate mock trial competitions across the country.On the inter-collegiate circuit, a mock trial team consists of three attorneys and three witnesses on each side of the case (plaintiff/prosecution and defense). The attorneys are responsible for delivering an opening statement, conducting direct and cross examinations of witnesses and delivering closing arguments. Witnesses are selected in a sports draft format from a pool of approximately eight to 10 available witnesses prior to the round. Typical draft orders are DPDPDP, PPPDDD, or DDPPPD but this may vary substantially between cases. Witnesses may be available only to the plaintiff/prosecution, only to the defense, or to both sides of the case. Witnesses consist of both experts as well as lay witnesses. Judges are usually attorneys, coaches, law school students, and in some occasions, practicing judges.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	All collegiate mock trial cases take place in the fictional state of Midlands, USA. Midlands is not geographically situated and falls under the protection of the United States Constitution.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Tournament competition A tournament consists of four rounds, two on each side of the case, typically scored by two to three judges in each round. The season runs in two parts: the invitational season and the regular season. Invitational tournaments are held throughout the fall semester and into early spring across the country. At invitationals, teams have the opportunity to test out particular case theories and improve as competitors before facing the challenge and pressure of regular season competition.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	The regular season begins in late January, starting with regional tournaments. There are typically more than 600 teams spread across 24 regional tournaments. Each school is limited to two post-regional bids to the "Opening Round Championship Series." 192 teams advance to the Opening Round Championship, which is held at eight different tournament sites. The top teams at each Opening Round Championship Tournament qualify for a berth in the National Championship Tournament. There are 48 total bids to the final tournament. Previously, teams could earn up to two bids to either the National Championship Tournament (gold flight) or a National Tournament (silver flight) based on performance at Regionals. The two National Tournaments, which were held in March, consisted of 48 teams each, with the top 6 teams at each National earning a second-chance bid to the National Championship Tournament, which was held in April. The direct bid system was replaced by the current ORCS system in 2008.For 22 years, the National Championship Tournament was held in Des Moines, Iowa, the city in which collegiate mock trial began. The tournament left Iowa for the first time in 2007 when Stetson University in St. Petersburg, Florida hosted the Championship. The 2008 National Championship Tournament was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Between 2009–2011, the Championship returned to Des Moines in odd-numbered years, while even-numbered years featured a different venue. The 2010 Championship was hosted by Rhodes College at courthouses in downtown Memphis, Tennessee, while the 2012 Championship was held in Minneapolis. Beginning in 2013, future Championships will be awarded solely on a competitive bidding process, although Des Moines, if it bids, will be given preference during "landmark" years, such as anniversaries of AMTA's founding in 1985. The 2013 Championship was held in Washington, D.C., with the University of Virginia handling hosting duties. The 2014 Championship was held in Orlando, Florida at the Orange County Courthouse, with the University of Central Florida serving as the host institution. The 2015 Championship was hosted by the University of Cincinnati, with trials held at the Hamilton County Courthouse in Cincinnati. The 2016 Championship was hosted by Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. In 2017, the Championship tournament was hosted by the University of California, Los Angeles in the Los Angeles County Superior Court (Stanley Mosk Courthouse) in downtown LA. In 2018, the Championship was hosted by Hamline University in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Past championship results In 2006, the University of Virginia beat Harvard University to win the National Championship. The University of Virginia won the championship by a single point using a tiebreaker, after a three judge panel split with one judge choosing Virginia as the winner, one choosing Harvard, and one calling the round a draw. The University of Virginia's victory ended the then-recent run by UCLA, which had won the two previous national championships.In 2007, the University of Virginia again defeated Harvard University. This marked the first ever re-match of a previous year's final round. Virginia again won via a split decision, winning two of the three ballots in the final round. Virginia also became the 4th school to repeat as champions, joining UCLA, the University of Iowa, and Rhodes College, which accomplished the feat twice. Harvard University became the second program to finish as runner up in consecutive years, joining the University of Maryland, College Park. Maryland, however, had the distinction of losing to themselves in one of those two defeats.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	In 2008, the University of Maryland prevailed over the George Washington University in a split-ballot decision (2–1). This was Maryland's fifth title, giving them more total wins than any other university in AMTA history. In 2009, Northwood University defeated George Washington University 5–0 to claim its first national championship. In 2010, New York University defeated Harvard University 3–1–1 to win its first national championship. This was Harvard's third championship round appearance in the last five years following its consecutive losses to Virginia. In 2011, UCLA defeated defending champion New York University 4–1 to claim the Bruins' third title, the third-most in the history of the American Mock Trial Association. In 2012, Duke defeated Rutgers 2–1, in what was the first championship round appearance for both squads. In 2013, Florida State University defeated Rhodes College in FSU's first championship round appearance by a 4–1 ballot decision. This was Rhodes' eighth championship round appearance to date. 2013 also marked the first year that the National Championship Tournament had 3 scoring judges per round (instead of 2). In 2014, UCLA defeated Princeton University in a 3–2 ballot decision. With this victory, UCLA tied Rhodes for the second-highest record of championships (4 wins), behind University of Maryland, College Park (5 wins). This round was also Princeton's first championship round appearance.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	In 2015, Harvard defeated Yale in a 4-0–1 ballot decision. This marked Harvard's first championship win, despite having been the runner-up 3 times previously (in 2006, 2007, and 2010). 2015 also marked Yale's first championship round appearance. Finally, 2015 marked the first year that the case problem for the National Championship Tournament was different from the case schools had been using in competition for the earlier elimination rounds. (I.e. In the past colleges had argued the same case all year long, but starting in 2015 any team that qualified for the championship tournament was given a brand new case to learn and argue in the span of just a few weeks.) In 2016, Yale won its first national championship in an 11–3–1 ballot decision, defeating the University of Virginia in the final trial. Yale is one of only nine schools to have competed in the final trial of the National Championship Tournament two years in a row. 2016 also marked the first year that the National Championship Tournament had 5 scoring judges per round, and 15 scoring judges in the final championship round.In 2017, Virginia defeated Yale in a 6–1 ballot decision in a rematch of the 2016 final. Yale's appearance marked the first time in collegiate championship history the same school has appeared three consecutive times in the final championship round.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	In 2018, Miami University of Ohio defeated Yale in a 4–3 ballot decision. This was Miami's second championship, the first having been in 2001. Yale extended its record of consecutive championship round appearances to 4, having been the champion in 2016 and the runner-up in 2017 and 2015.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	In 2019, Yale University defeated Rhodes College in a 5–2 ballot decision. The decision was then vacated by the governing body, after an investigation concluded that Yale had violated tournament rules. Therefore, no winner was declared.In 2020, the national championship (as well as several preliminary qualifier tournaments) was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, due to the ongoing pandemic, the national championship took place entirely remotely via video calls. In what was the closest final round in AMTA history, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County beat Yale when the panel of 11 judges was split 5–5 (with one tie), resulting in a narrow tiebreaker.In 2022, Harvard University defeated the University of Chicago in a 3–2 ballot decision. This marked Harvard's second championship title and Chicago's first-ever appearance in a championship round. In 2023, UCLA defeated Harvard University in a 5-4 ballot decision. This marked UCLA's fifth championship title and Harvard's sixth appearance in a championship round. UCLA's victory moved it to a tie with U. of Maryland, College Park for most number of championship victories. The following is the list of winners of the National Championship Tournament, as well as the runners-up: †The 2021 National Championship Tournament was held online due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.‡The 2020 National Championship Tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.From 1992 until 2010, the "Maryland Rule" was in effect, which placed both teams from the same school in the same division in order to ensure there wouldn't be another championship round between two teams from the same school. The Maryland Rule was repealed before the 2010–11 season.National Championship Round Participants Yale also participated in the Championship Round in 2019, and won the initial judges' decision, but was later stripped of its title for violating tournament rules.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Trial by Combat Beginning in 2018, Trial by Combat (TBC) has existed as an AMTA-adjacent mock trial competition. The tournament is held after the end of the competitive season (marked by the conclusion of the final round of the National Championship), typically in late June. It is currently co-hosted by the Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law and the UCLA School of Law. The tournament "aims to celebrate the best individual college competitors in the country—and identify the very best".The format of Trial by Combat is markedly different from official AMTA tournaments. Rather than a successive narrowing of a field of teams throughout a competitive season, individual competitors submit applications to take part in the tournament, and the top 16 applicants are selected to compete. The competitors are chosen based on their respective school's caliber of competition, the number of awards received at tournaments, appearances at ORCS and Nationals, amongst other factors. The selected competitors then receive the case materials on the morning of the first day of the competition, and have 24 hours to prepare. Each trial has one attorney and one witness per side. During the four preliminary rounds, each competitor performs each role once. Instead of the typical 1 to 10 scale for judging each performance, judges award a check mark to the competitor whose performance they preferred for each category. The four top-ranked students then proceed to Semifinals. The winning competitors of Semifinals compete as attorneys in the Championship Trial. The winner of the Championship Trial receives a full-size sword as their prize.The following is a list of Trial by Combat winners, the runners-ups, and the university they represented: *The 2020 and 2021 Trial by Combat Tournaments were held as online competitions due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Forums and social media Social media and forums have allowed competitors to communicate and share information and opinions. Some mock trial teams have created forums for themselves on Facebook, and spoofs of characters from various cases have made their way onto Facebook with their own profiles. Two collegiate mock trial alumni, Ben Garmoe and Drew Evans, created a podcast on the subject, entitled The Mock Review. The American Mock Trial Association has a Twitter feed which provides updates on procedures and tournament results.The most prolific presence of collegiate mock trial on the internet was the web forum, Perjuries [1], the national online mock trial community. On Perjuries, mock trial competitors, coaches, and alumni could create user accounts and discuss a wide range of related topics. The site had approximately 5,000 registered users, 2,000 discussions, and 88,000 posts.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	The Perjuries forum is now defunct. Many of the posts from the forum have been archived on the replacement website, Impeachments. Law school In the United States, law schools participate in interscholastic mock trial/trial advocacy. Teams typically consist of several "attorneys" and several "witnesses" on each side. A round consists of two law students acting as "attorneys" for each side. The trial typically, although not always, begins with motions in limine and housekeeping matters, then moves through opening statements, witness testimony (both direct examination and cross examination), and finishes with a closing argument, sometimes called a summation. Throughout the trial, rules of evidence apply, typically the Federal Rules of Evidence, and objections are made applying these rules.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Every team in a tournament is given the same "problem" or "case", typically several months in advance, but for some tournaments only a few weeks ahead of the tournament's start. The problems can be criminal or civil, which affects many procedural aspects of the trial, for instance the increased rights of a criminal defendant not to testify against himself. The cases are written in an attempt to create an equal chance of either side prevailing, since the main objective is not to identify the winner of the case, but rather the team with superior advocacy skills.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Occasionally the winners of mock trial tournaments receive special awards such as money or invitations to special events, but the status of winning a tournament is significant in and of itself. In addition, a university may require a mock trial course or courses as a requirement for graduation; among such universities is Baylor Law School, whose third-year Practice Court courses are mandatory for all students and have been since the school's reopening in the 1920s.
Mock trial	Competitive school-related mock trials around the world	Mock Trial Competitions*: Georgetown White Collar Crime Invitational Mock Trial Competition, American Association for Justice Student Trial Advocacy Competition (formerly ATLA) National Civil Trial Competition, Texas Young Lawyers Association/National Trial Competition Mock Trial Competition (NTC), Michigan State University National Trial Advocacy Competition (NTAC), California Association of Criminal Justice (CACJ) Mock Trial Competition, Capitol City Challenge, National Ethics Trial Competition at Pacific McGeorge School of Law, Lone Star Classic National Mock Trial Tournament The following is the list of winners of the National Trial Competition (NTC):
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	Mock Trial is a 1910 card game developed by Lizzie Magie.
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	In an episode of the American television series The Fugitive, a once-famed attorney and current law professor named G. Stanley Lazer claims that he could reverse Richard Kimble's criminal conviction if the case went back to trial. To Kimble's chagrin, Lazer decides to prove his theory by conducting a mock trial with his students playing the prosecutor, defense lawyer, and jury in front of a live TV audience.
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	In an episode of the American television show Suits, Mike Ross, an employee of one of New York's top law firms, goes head-to-head with one of his co-workers in a mock trial. In the American television series Shark, the protagonist had a room on his house specially designed like a courtroom to make Mock trials before important cases. It was used in a couple of episodes.
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	In the season 1 episode "Mock" of the American television show The Good Wife, Will Gardner, a partner at Lockhart Gardner, presides as a judge over a law school mock trial. Additionally, in the season 4 episode "Red Team, Blue Team", Alicia and Cary, employees of Lockhart & Gardner, go head-to-head with their co-workers, Will and Diane, in a mock trial. Season 6 episode "Loser Edit" also featured a mock trial involving Diane as a prosecutor.
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	In an episode of Arrested Development, Judge Reinhold has a courtroom TV show called Mock Trial with J. Reinhold, in which he is a fake Judge and the Bluth family uses it as a trial run for their legal defense against the SEC.
Mock trial	In arts, entertainment, and media	In Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Dual Destinies (Gyakuten Saiban 5 in Japan), there is a case called "Turnabout Academy" in which a mock trial ends up becoming an actual trial. The teacher that decided which script was going to be used for the mock trial was found dead after the mock trial. Juniper Woods was accused of murdering her teacher, but her friend, Athena Cykes, decided to defend her old friend in court.
Guignolet	Guignolet	Guignolet (pronounced [ɡiɲɔlɛ]) is a French wild cherry liqueur. It is widely available in France, including at supermarkets such as Casino and others, but is not widely available internationally. A leading producer is the company Giffard in Angers, France, the same town where Cointreau is produced. The Cointreau brothers were instrumental in its reinvention, the original recipe having been lost.
Guignolet	Composition and etymology	It obtains its name from guigne, one of a few species of cherry used in its production. (Black cherries and sour cherries are also used.) It has an alcohol content between 16 and 18° proof (ca. 12%) and has an aroma vaguely reminiscent of whiskey and a very sweet taste.
Guignolet	Uses	It is drunk neat as an aperitif. The cocktail guignolo is composed of guignolet, champagne and cherry juice.
Geodesic deviation	Geodesic deviation	In general relativity, if two objects are set in motion along two initially parallel trajectories, the presence of a tidal gravitational force will cause the trajectories to bend towards or away from each other, producing a relative acceleration between the objects.Mathematically, the tidal force in general relativity is described by the Riemann curvature tensor, and the trajectory of an object solely under the influence of gravity is called a geodesic. The geodesic deviation equation relates the Riemann curvature tensor to the relative acceleration of two neighboring geodesics. In differential geometry, the geodesic deviation equation is more commonly known as the Jacobi equation.
Geodesic deviation	Mathematical definition	To quantify geodesic deviation, one begins by setting up a family of closely spaced geodesics indexed by a continuous variable s and parametrized by an affine parameter τ. That is, for each fixed s, the curve swept out by γs(τ) as τ varies is a geodesic. When considering the geodesic of a massive object, it is often convenient to choose τ to be the object's proper time. If xμ(s, τ) are the coordinates of the geodesic γs(τ), then the tangent vector of this geodesic is Tμ=∂xμ(s,τ)∂τ.
Geodesic deviation	Mathematical definition	If τ is the proper time, then Tμ is the four-velocity of the object traveling along the geodesic. One can also define a deviation vector, which is the displacement of two objects travelling along two infinitesimally separated geodesics: Xμ=∂xμ(s,τ)∂s. The relative acceleration Aμ of the two objects is defined, roughly, as the second derivative of the separation vector Xμ as the objects advance along their respective geodesics. Specifically, Aμ is found by taking the directional covariant derivative of X along T twice: Aμ=Tα∇α(Tβ∇βXμ). The geodesic deviation equation relates Aμ, Tμ, Xμ, and the Riemann tensor Rμνρσ: Aμ=RμνρσTνTρXσ. An alternate notation for the directional covariant derivative Tα∇α is D/dτ , so the geodesic deviation equation may also be written as D2Xμdτ2=RμνρσTνTρXσ.
Geodesic deviation	Mathematical definition	The geodesic deviation equation can be derived from the second variation of the point particle Lagrangian along geodesics, or from the first variation of a combined Lagrangian. The Lagrangian approach has two advantages. First it allows various formal approaches of quantization to be applied to the geodesic deviation system. Second it allows deviation to be formulated for much more general objects than geodesics (any dynamical system which has a one spacetime indexed momentum appears to have a corresponding generalization of geodesic deviation).
Geodesic deviation	Weak-field limit	The connection between geodesic deviation and tidal acceleration can be seen more explicitly by examining geodesic deviation in the weak-field limit, where the metric is approximately Minkowski, and the velocities of test particles are assumed to be much less than c. Then the tangent vector Tμ is approximately (1, 0, 0, 0); i.e., only the timelike component is nonzero. The spatial components of the relative acceleration are then given by Ai=−Ri0j0Xj, where i and j run only over the spatial indices 1, 2, and 3. In the particular case of a metric corresponding to the Newtonian potential Φ(x, y, z) of a massive object at x = y = z = 0, we have Ri0j0=−∂2Φ∂xi∂xj, which is the tidal tensor of the Newtonian potential.
Afimoxifene	Afimoxifene	Afimoxifene, also known as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) and by its tentative brand name TamoGel, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the triphenylethylene group and an active metabolite of tamoxifen. The drug is under development under the tentative brand name TamoGel as a topical gel for the treatment of hyperplasia of the breast. It has completed a phase II clinical trial for cyclical mastalgia, but further studies are required before afimoxifene can be approved for this indication and marketed.Afimoxifene is a SERM and hence acts as a tissue-selective agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ with mixed estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity depending on the tissue. It is also an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) with relatively low affinity (100–1,000 nM, relative to 3–6 nM for estradiol). In addition to its estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity, afimoxifene has been found to act as an antagonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) ERRβ and ERRγ.
Spectral energy distribution	Spectral energy distribution	A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a 'spectrum' of flux density vs frequency or wavelength). It is used in many branches of astronomy to characterize astronomical sources. For example, in radio astronomy they are used to show the emission from synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and other emission mechanisms. In infrared astronomy, SEDs can be used to classify young stellar objects.
Spectral energy distribution	Detector for spectral energy distribution	The count rates observed from a given astronomical radiation source have no simple relationship to the flux from that source, such as might be incident at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. This lack of a simple relationship is due in no small part to the complex properties of radiation detectors.These detector properties can be divided into those that merely attenuate the beam, including residual atmosphere between source and detector, absorption in the detector window when present, quantum efficiency of the detecting medium, those that redistribute the beam in detected energy, such as fluorescent photon escape phenomena, inherent energy resolution of the detector.
QML	QML	QML (Qt Modeling Language) is a user interface markup language. It is a declarative language (similar to CSS and JSON) for designing user interface–centric applications. Inline JavaScript code handles imperative aspects. It is associated with Qt Quick, the UI creation kit originally developed by Nokia within the Qt framework. Qt Quick is used for mobile applications where touch input, fluid animations and user experience are crucial. QML is also used with Qt3D to describe a 3D scene and a "frame graph" rendering methodology. A QML document describes a hierarchical object tree. QML modules shipped with Qt include primitive graphical building blocks (e.g., Rectangle, Image), modeling components (e.g., FolderListModel, XmlListModel), behavioral components (e.g., TapHandler, DragHandler, State, Transition, Animation), and more complex controls (e.g., Button, Slider, Drawer, Menu). These elements can be combined to build components ranging in complexity from simple buttons and sliders, to complete internet-enabled programs.
QML	QML	QML elements can be augmented by standard JavaScript both inline and via included .js files. Elements can also be seamlessly integrated and extended by C++ components using the Qt framework. QML is the language; its JavaScript runtime is the custom V4 engine, since Qt 5.2; and Qt Quick is the 2D scene graph and the UI framework based on it. These are all part of the Qt Declarative module, while the technology is no longer called Qt Declarative. QML and JavaScript code can be compiled into native C++ binaries with the Qt Quick Compiler. Alternatively there is a QML cache file format which stores a compiled version of QML dynamically for faster startup the next time it is run.
QML	Adoption	KDE Plasma 4 and KDE Plasma 5 through Plasma-framework Liri OS Simple Desktop Display Manager reMarkable tablet device Unity2D Sailfish OS BlackBerry 10 MeeGo Maemo Tizen Mer Ubuntu Phone Lumina (desktop environment) Many open-source applications
QML	Syntax, semantics	Basic syntax Example: Objects are specified by their type, followed by a pair of braces. Object types always begin with a capital letter. In the example above, there are two objects, a Rectangle; and its child, an Image. Between the braces, one can specify information about the object, such as its properties. Properties are specified as property: value. In the example above, we can see the Image has a property named source, which has been assigned the value pics/logo.png. The property and its value are separated by a colon. The id property Each object can be given a special unique property called an id. Assigning an id enables the object to be referred to by other objects and scripts. The first Rectangle element below has an id, myRect. The second Rectangle element defines its own width by referring to myRect.width, which means it will have the same width value as the first Rectangle element. Note that an id must begin with a lower-case letter or an underscore, and cannot contain characters other than letters, digits and underscores. Property bindings A property binding specifies the value of a property in a declarative way. The property value is automatically updated if the other properties or data values change, following the reactive programming paradigm. Property bindings are created implicitly in QML whenever a property is assigned a JavaScript expression. The following QML uses two property bindings to connect the size of the rectangle to that of otherItem. QML extends a standards-compliant JavaScript engine, so any valid JavaScript expression can be used as a property binding. Bindings can access object properties, make function calls, and even use built-in JavaScript objects like Date and Math.
QML	Syntax, semantics	Example: States States are a mechanism to combine changes to properties in a semantic unit. A button for example has a pressed and a non-pressed state, an address book application could have a read-only and an edit state for contacts. Every element has an "implicit" base state. Every other state is described by listing the properties and values of those elements which differ from the base state.
QML	Syntax, semantics	Example: In the default state, myRect is positioned at 0,0. In the "moved" state, it is positioned at 50,50. Clicking within the mouse area changes the state from the default state to the "moved" state, thus moving the rectangle. State changes can be animated using Transitions. For example, adding this code to the above Item element animates the transition to the "moved" state: Animation Animations in QML are done by animating properties of objects. Properties of type real, int, color, rect, point, size, and vector3d can all be animated. QML supports three main forms of animation: basic property animation, transitions, and property behaviors. The simplest form of animation is a PropertyAnimation, which can animate all of the property types listed above. A property animation can be specified as a value source using the Animation on property syntax. This is especially useful for repeating animations. The following example creates a bouncing effect:
QML	Qt/C++ integration	Usage of QML does not require Qt/C++ knowledge to use, but it can be easily extended via Qt. Any C++ class derived from QObject can be easily registered as a type which can then be instantiated in QML.
QML	Qt/C++ integration	Familiar concepts QML provides direct access to the following concepts from Qt: QObject signals – can trigger callbacks in JavaScript QObject slots – available as functions to call in JavaScript QObject properties – available as variables in JavaScript, and for bindings QWindow – Window creates a QML scene in a window Q*Model – used directly in data binding (e.g. QAbstractItemModel) Signal handlers Signal handlers are JavaScript callbacks which allow imperative actions to be taken in response to an event. For instance, the MouseArea element has signal handlers to handle mouse press, release and click: All signal handler names begin with "on".
QML	Development tools	Because QML and JavaScript are very similar, almost all code editors supporting JavaScript will work. However full support for syntax highlighting, code completion, integrated help, and a WYSIWYG editor are available in the free cross-platform IDE Qt Creator since version 2.1 and many other IDEs. The qml executable can be used to run a QML file as a script. If the QML file begins with a shebang it can be made directly executable. However packaging an application for deployment (especially on mobile platforms) generally involves writing a simple C++ launcher and packaging the necessary QML files as resources.
Cumene hydroperoxide	Cumene hydroperoxide	Cumene hydroperoxide is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(CH3)2OOH. An oily liquid, it is classified as an organic hydroperoxide. Products of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and 2-Phenyl-2-propanol.It is produced by treatment of cumene with oxygen, an autoxidation. At temperatures >100 °C, oxygen is passed through liquid cumene: C6H5(CH3)2CH + O2 → C6H5(CH3)2COOHDicumyl peroxide is a side product.
Cumene hydroperoxide	Applications	Cumene hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the cumene process for producing phenol and acetone from benzene and propene.
Cumene hydroperoxide	Applications	Cumene hydroperoxide is a free radical initiator for production of acrylates.Cumene hydroperoxide is involved as an organic peroxide in the manufacturing of propylene oxide by the oxidation of propylene. This technology was commercialized by Sumitomo Chemical.The oxidation by cumene hydroperoxide of propylene affords propylene oxide and the byproduct 2-Phenyl-2-propanol. The reaction follows this stoichiometry: CH3CHCH2 + C6H5(CH3)2COOH → CH3CHCH2O + C6H5(CH3)2COHDehydrating and hydrogenating cumyl alcohol recycles the cumene.
Cumene hydroperoxide	Safety	Cumene hydroperoxide, like all organic peroxides, is potentially explosive. It is also toxic, corrosive and flammable as well as a skin-irritant.
Clinical and Translational Science	Clinical and Translational Science	Clinical and Translational Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal covering translational medicine. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell and is an official journal of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. The journal was established in 2008 and the editor-in-chief is John A. Wagner (Cygnal Therapeutics).
Clinical and Translational Science	Abstracting and indexing	The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 4.689.
Leucine N-acetyltransferase	Leucine N-acetyltransferase	In enzymology, a leucine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.66) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + L-leucine ⇌ CoA + N-acetyl-L-leucineThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-leucine, whereas its two products are CoA and N-acetyl-L-leucine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-leucine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called leucine acetyltransferase.
Rule of six (viruses)	Rule of six (viruses)	The rule of six is a feature of some paramyxovirus genomes. These RNA viruses have genes made from RNA and not DNA, and their whole genome – that is the number of nucleotides – is always a multiple of six. This is because during their replication, these viruses are dependent on nucleoprotein molecules that each bind to six nucleotides.
Jocasta complex	Jocasta complex	In psychoanalytic theory, the Jocasta complex is the incestuous sexual desire of a mother towards her son.Raymond de Saussure introduced the term in 1920 by way of analogy to its logical converse in psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex, and it may be used to cover different degrees of attachment, including domineering but asexual mother love – something perhaps particularly prevalent with an absent father.
Jocasta complex	Origins	The Jocasta complex is named for Jocasta, a Greek queen who unwittingly married her son, Oedipus. The Jocasta complex is similar to the Oedipus complex, in which a child has sexual desire towards their parent(s). The term is a bit of an extrapolation, since in the original story Oedipus and Jocasta were unaware that they were mother and son when they married. The usage in modern contexts involves a son with full knowledge of who his mother is.
Jocasta complex	Analytic discussion	Theodor Reik saw the "Jocasta mother", with an unfulfilled adult relationship of her own and an over-concern for her child instead, as a prime source of neurosis.George Devereux went further, arguing that the child's Oedipal complex was itself triggered by a pre-existing parental complex (Jocasta/Laius).Eric Berne also explored the other (parental) side of the Oedipus complex, pointing to related family dramas such as "mother sleeping with daughter's boyfriend ... when mother has no son to play Jocasta with".With her feminist articulation of Jocasta Complex and Laius complex Bracha L. Ettinger criticises the classical psychoanalytic perception of Jocasta, of the maternal, the feminine, and the Oedipal/castration model in relation to the mother-child links.
Jocasta complex	Cultural analogues	Atossa, in the Greek tragedy The Persians, has been seen as struggling in her dreams with a Jocasta complex. Some American folk-tales often feature figures, like Jocasta, expressing maternal desire for their sons.
N-Acetyldopamine	N-Acetyldopamine	N-Acetyldopamine is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)NHCH2CH2C6H3(OH)2. It is the N-acetylated derivative of dopamine. This compound is a reactive intermediate in sclerotization, the process by which insect cuticles are formed by hardening molecular precursors. The catechol substituent is susceptible to redox and crosslinking.
Jack-in-the-box	Jack-in-the-box	A jack-in-the-box is a children's toy that outwardly consists of a music box with a crank. When the crank is turned, a music box mechanism in the toy plays a melody. After the crank has been turned a sufficient number of times (such as at the end of the melody), the lid pops open and a figure, usually a clown or jester, pops out of the box. Some jacks-in-the-box open at random times when cranked, making the startle even more effective. Many of those that use "Pop Goes the Weasel" open at the point in the melody when the word "pop" would be sung. In 2005, the jack-in-the-box was inducted into the U.S. National Toy Hall of Fame, where are displayed all types of versions of the toy, starting from the beginning versions, and ending with the most recently manufactured versions.
Jack-in-the-box	Origin	A theory as to the origin of the jack-in-the-box is that it comes from the 14th-century English prelate Sir John Schorne, who is often pictured holding a boot with a devil in it. According to folklore, he once cast the devil into a boot to protect the village of North Marston in Buckinghamshire. In French, a jack-in-the-box is called a "diable en boîte" (literally "devil in a box"). The phrase jack-in-the-box was first seen used in literature by John Foxe, in his book Actes and Monuments., first published in 1563. There he used the term as an insult to describe a swindler who would cheat tradesmen by selling them empty boxes instead of what they actually purchased.
Jack-in-the-box	History	In the early 1500s, the first jack-in-the-box was made by a German clockmaker known as Claus. Claus built a wooden box, with metal edges and a handle that would pop out an animated devil or “Jack” after cranking the handle. It was built as a gift for a local prince's fifth birthday. After seeing this toy, other nobles requested their own "Devils-in-a-box" for their children.In the early 18th century, improved toy mechanisms made the jack-in-the-box more widely available for all children and not just royalty.
Jack-in-the-box	Models	Originally, the jack-in-the-box was made out of wood, but with new technology the toy could be constructed from printed cardboard. Around the 1930s, the jack-in-the-box became a wind-up toy made from tin. Additionally, the tin boxes began to be covered in images from children's nursery rhymes with corresponding tunes. Over the years, the jack-in-the-box has evolved into characters other than the clown, such as Winnie the Pooh, The Cat in the Hat, the Three Little Pigs, kittens, dogs, Curious George, Santa Claus, giraffe, and so on.
Jack-in-the-box	Distributors	Starting in 1935 and continuing for 20 years, the first company to take on the distribution of the toy was a very small firm named Joy Toy. The company is located in Italy as well as the Netherlands. Since then, Fisher Price, Chad Valley, Mattel and Tomy have all played a major role in distributing the jack-in-the-box.
Jack-in-the-box	In popular culture	The jack-in-the-box has been used for centuries by cartoonists as a way to describe and poke fun at politicians. The American fast food company Jack in the Box began using the toy and the phrase as their mascot in the early 1950s.A 1945 Disney cartoon called The Clock Watcher shows Donald Duck making many failed attempts to close Jack-in-the-box.
SULF2	SULF2	Extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SULF2 gene.
SULF2	Function	Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) act as coreceptors for numerous heparin-binding growth factors and cytokines and are involved in cell signaling. Heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases, such as SULF2, selectively remove 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulfate. This activity modulates the effects of heparan sulfate by altering binding sites for signaling molecules (Dai et al., 2005).[supplied by OMIM]
Avogadrite	Avogadrite	Avogadrite ((K,Cs)BF4) is a potassium-caesium tetrafluoroborate in the halide class. Avogadrite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group Pnma) with cell parameters a 8.66 Å, b 5.48 Å and c Å 7.03.
Avogadrite	History	The mineral was discovered by the Italian mineralogist Ferruccio Zambonini in 1926. He analyzed several samples from the volcanic fumaroles close to Mount Vesuvius and from the Lipari islands. In nature, it can only be found as a sublimation product around volcanic fumaroles. He named it after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856).
Zermelo set theory	Zermelo set theory	Zermelo set theory (sometimes denoted by Z-), as set out in a seminal paper in 1908 by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) and its extensions, such as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG). It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted. This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.
Zermelo set theory	The axioms of Zermelo set theory	The axioms of Zermelo set theory are stated for objects, some of which (but not necessarily all) are sets, and the remaining objects are urelements and not sets. Zermelo's language implicitly includes a membership relation ∈, an equality relation = (if it is not included in the underlying logic), and a unary predicate saying whether an object is a set. Later versions of set theory often assume that all objects are sets so there are no urelements and there is no need for the unary predicate.
Zermelo set theory	The axioms of Zermelo set theory	AXIOM I. Axiom of extensionality (Axiom der Bestimmtheit) "If every element of a set M is also an element of N and vice versa ... then M ≡ N. Briefly, every set is determined by its elements." AXIOM II. Axiom of elementary sets (Axiom der Elementarmengen) "There exists a set, the null set, ∅, that contains no element at all. If a is any object of the domain, there exists a set {a} containing a and only a as an element. If a and b are any two objects of the domain, there always exists a set {a, b} containing as elements a and b but no object x distinct from them both." See Axiom of pairs.
Zermelo set theory	The axioms of Zermelo set theory	AXIOM III. Axiom of separation (Axiom der Aussonderung) "Whenever the propositional function –(x) is defined for all elements of a set M, M possesses a subset M' containing as elements precisely those elements x of M for which –(x) is true." AXIOM IV. Axiom of the power set (Axiom der Potenzmenge) "To every set T there corresponds a set T' , the power set of T, that contains as elements precisely all subsets of T ." AXIOM V. Axiom of the union (Axiom der Vereinigung) "To every set T there corresponds a set ∪T, the union of T, that contains as elements precisely all elements of the elements of T ." AXIOM VI. Axiom of choice (Axiom der Auswahl) "If T is a set whose elements all are sets that are different from ∅ and mutually disjoint, its union ∪T includes at least one subset S1 having one and only one element in common with each element of T ." AXIOM VII. Axiom of infinity (Axiom des Unendlichen) "There exists in the domain at least one set Z that contains the null set as an element and is so constituted that to each of its elements a there corresponds a further element of the form {a}, in other words, that with each of its elements a it also contains the corresponding set {a} as element."
Zermelo set theory	Connection with standard set theory	The most widely used and accepted set theory is known as ZFC, which consists of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory including the axiom of choice (AC). The links show where the axioms of Zermelo's theory correspond. There is no exact match for "elementary sets". (It was later shown that the singleton set could be derived from what is now called the "Axiom of pairs". If a exists, a and a exist, thus {a,a} exists, and so by extensionality {a,a} = {a}.) The empty set axiom is already assumed by axiom of infinity, and is now included as part of it.
Zermelo set theory	Connection with standard set theory	Zermelo set theory does not include the axioms of replacement and regularity. The axiom of replacement was first published in 1922 by Abraham Fraenkel and Thoralf Skolem, who had independently discovered that Zermelo's axioms cannot prove the existence of the set {Z0, Z1, Z2, ...} where Z0 is the set of natural numbers and Zn+1 is the power set of Zn. They both realized that the axiom of replacement is needed to prove this. The following year, John von Neumann pointed out that the axiom of regularity is necessary to build his theory of ordinals. The axiom of regularity was stated by von Neumann in 1925.In the modern ZFC system, the "propositional function" referred to in the axiom of separation is interpreted as "any property definable by a first-order formula with parameters", so the separation axiom is replaced by an axiom schema. The notion of "first order formula" was not known in 1908 when Zermelo published his axiom system, and he later rejected this interpretation as being too restrictive. Zermelo set theory is usually taken to be a first-order theory with the separation axiom replaced by an axiom scheme with an axiom for each first-order formula. It can also be considered as a theory in second-order logic, where now the separation axiom is just a single axiom. The second-order interpretation of Zermelo set theory is probably closer to Zermelo's own conception of it, and is stronger than the first-order interpretation.
Zermelo set theory	Connection with standard set theory	In the usual cumulative hierarchy Vα of ZFC set theory (for ordinals α), any one of the sets Vα for α a limit ordinal larger than the first infinite ordinal ω (such as Vω·2) forms a model of Zermelo set theory. So the consistency of Zermelo set theory is a theorem of ZFC set theory. As Vω⋅2 models Zermelo's axioms while not containing ℵω and larger infinite cardinals, by Gödel's completeness theorem Zermelo's axioms do not prove the existence of these cardinals. (Cardinals have to be defined differently in Zermelo set theory, as the usual definition of cardinals and ordinals does not work very well: with the usual definition it is not even possible to prove the existence of the ordinal ω2.) The axiom of infinity is usually now modified to assert the existence of the first infinite von Neumann ordinal ω ; the original Zermelo axioms cannot prove the existence of this set, nor can the modified Zermelo axioms prove Zermelo's axiom of infinity. Zermelo's axioms (original or modified) cannot prove the existence of Vω as a set nor of any rank of the cumulative hierarchy of sets with infinite index.
Zermelo set theory	Connection with standard set theory	Zermelo allowed for the existence of urelements that are not sets and contain no elements; these are now usually omitted from set theories.
Zermelo set theory	Mac Lane set theory	Mac Lane set theory, introduced by Mac Lane (1986), is Zermelo set theory with the axiom of separation restricted to first-order formulas in which every quantifier is bounded. Mac Lane set theory is similar in strength to topos theory with a natural number object, or to the system in Principia mathematica. It is strong enough to carry out almost all ordinary mathematics not directly connected with set theory or logic.
Zermelo set theory	The aim of Zermelo's paper	The introduction states that the very existence of the discipline of set theory "seems to be threatened by certain contradictions or "antinomies", that can be derived from its principles – principles necessarily governing our thinking, it seems – and to which no entirely satisfactory solution has yet been found". Zermelo is of course referring to the "Russell antinomy". He says he wants to show how the original theory of Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind can be reduced to a few definitions and seven principles or axioms. He says he has not been able to prove that the axioms are consistent. A non-constructivist argument for their consistency goes as follows. Define Vα for α one of the ordinals 0, 1, 2, ...,ω, ω+1, ω+2,..., ω·2 as follows: V0 is the empty set. For α a successor of the form β+1, Vα is defined to be the collection of all subsets of Vβ.
Zermelo set theory	The aim of Zermelo's paper	For α a limit (e.g. ω, ω·2) then Vα is defined to be the union of Vβ for β<α.Then the axioms of Zermelo set theory are consistent because they are true in the model Vω·2. While a non-constructivist might regard this as a valid argument, a constructivist would probably not: while there are no problems with the construction of the sets up to Vω, the construction of Vω+1 is less clear because one cannot constructively define every subset of Vω. This argument can be turned into a valid proof with the addition of a single new axiom of infinity to Zermelo set theory, simply that Vω·2 exists. This is presumably not convincing for a constructivist, but it shows that the consistency of Zermelo set theory can be proved with a theory which is not very different from Zermelo theory itself, only a little more powerful.
Zermelo set theory	The axiom of separation	Zermelo comments that Axiom III of his system is the one responsible for eliminating the antinomies. It differs from the original definition by Cantor, as follows.
Zermelo set theory	The axiom of separation	Sets cannot be independently defined by any arbitrary logically definable notion. They must be constructed in some way from previously constructed sets. For example, they can be constructed by taking powersets, or they can be separated as subsets of sets already "given". This, he says, eliminates contradictory ideas like "the set of all sets" or "the set of all ordinal numbers".
Zermelo set theory	The axiom of separation	He disposes of the Russell paradox by means of this Theorem: "Every set M possesses at least one subset M0 that is not an element of M ". Let M0 be the subset of M for which, by AXIOM III, is separated out by the notion " x∉x ". Then M0 cannot be in M . For If M0 is in M0 , then M0 contains an element x for which x is in x (i.e. M0 itself), which would contradict the definition of M0 If M0 is not in M0 , and assuming M0 is an element of M, then M0 is an element of M that satisfies the definition " x∉x ", and so is in M0 which is a contradiction.Therefore, the assumption that M0 is in M is wrong, proving the theorem. Hence not all objects of the universal domain B can be elements of one and the same set. "This disposes of the Russell antinomy as far as we are concerned".
Zermelo set theory	The axiom of separation	This left the problem of "the domain B" which seems to refer to something. This led to the idea of a proper class.
Zermelo set theory	Cantor's theorem	Zermelo's paper may be the first to mention the name "Cantor's theorem". Cantor's theorem: "If M is an arbitrary set, then always M < P(M) [the power set of M]. Every set is of lower cardinality than the set of its subsets".
Zermelo set theory	Cantor's theorem	Zermelo proves this by considering a function φ: M → P(M). By Axiom III this defines the following set M' : M' = {m: m ∉ φ(m)}.But no element m' of M could correspond to M' , i.e. such that φ(m' ) = M' . Otherwise we can construct a contradiction: 1) If m' is in M' then by definition m' ∉ φ(m' ) = M' , which is the first part of the contradiction2) If m' is not in M' but in M then by definition m' ∉ M' = φ(m' ) which by definition implies that m' is in M' , which is the second part of the contradiction.so by contradiction m' does not exist. Note the close resemblance of this proof to the way Zermelo disposes of Russell's paradox.
Priming (immunology)	Priming (immunology)	Priming is the first contact that antigen-specific T helper cell precursors have with an antigen. It is essential to the T helper cells' subsequent interaction with B cells to produce antibodies. Priming of antigen-specific naive lymphocytes occurs when antigen is presented to them in immunogenic form (capable of inducing an immune response). Subsequently, the primed cells will differentiate either into effector cells or into memory cells that can mount stronger and faster response to second and upcoming immune challenges. T and B cell priming occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen).
Priming (immunology)	Priming (immunology)	Priming of naïve T cells requires dendritic cell antigen presentation. Priming of naive CD8 T cells generates cytotoxic T cells capable of directly killing pathogen-infected cells. CD4 cells develop into a diverse array of effector cell types depending on the nature of the signals they receive during priming. CD4 effector activity can include cytotoxicity, but more frequently it involves the secretion of a set of cytokines that directs the target cell to make a particular response. This activation of naive T cell is controlled by a variety of signals: recognition of antigen in the form of a peptide: MHC complex on the surface of a specialized antigen-presenting cell delivers signal 1; interaction of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells with receptors on T cells delivers signal 2 (one notable example includes a B7 ligand complex on antigen-presenting cells binding to the CD28 receptor on T cells); and cytokines that control differentiation into different types of effector cells deliver signal 3.
Priming (immunology)	Cross-priming	Cross-priming refers to the stimulation of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by dendritic cell presenting an antigen acquired from the outside of the cell. Cross-priming is also called immunogenic cross-presentation. This mechanism is vital for priming of CTLs against viruses and tumours.
Priming (immunology)	Immune priming (invertebrate immunity)	Immune priming is a memory-like phenomenon described in invertebrate taxa of animals. It is evolutionarily advantageous for an organism to develop a better and faster secondary immune response to pathogen, which is harmful and which it is likely to be exposed again. In vertebrates immune memory is based on adaptive immune cells called B and T lymphocytes, which provide an enhanced and faster immune response, when challenged with the same pathogen for a second time. It was assumed that invertebrates do not have memory-like immune functions, because of their lack of adaptive immunity. But in recent years evidence supporting innate memory-like functions were found. In invertebrate immunology the common model organisms are different species of insect. The experiments focusing on immune priming are based on exposing the insect to dead or sublethal dose of bacteria or microbes to elicit the initial innate immune response. Afterwards the researchers compare subsequent infections in primed and non-primed individuals to see if they mount a stronger or modified response.
Priming (immunology)	Immune priming (invertebrate immunity)	Mechanism of immune priming It seems that the results of immune priming research are showing that the mechanism differs and is dependent on the kind of insect species and microbe used for given experiment. That could be due to host-pathogen coevolution. For every species is convenient to develop a specialised defense against a pathogen (e.g. bacterial strain) that it encounters the most. In arthropod model, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, it has been shown that the route of infection (cuticular, septic or oral) is important for the defence mechanism generation. Innate immunity in insects is based on non-cellular mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) or activation of the prophenol oxidase cascade. Cellular parts of insect innate immunity are hemocytes, which can eliminate pathogens by nodulation, encapsulation or phagocytosis. The innate response during immune priming differs based on the experimental setup, but generally it involves enhancement of humoral innate immune mechanisms and increased levels of hemocytes. There are two hypothetical scenarios of immune induction, on which immune priming mechanism could be based. The first mechanism is induction of long-lasting defences, such as circulating immune molecules, by the priming antigens in the host body, which remain until the secondary encounter. The second mechanism describes a drop after the initial priming response, but a stronger defence upon a secondary challenge. The most probable scenario is the combination of these two mechanisms.
Priming (immunology)	Immune priming (invertebrate immunity)	Trans-generational immune priming Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) describes the transfer of parental immunological experience to its progeny, which may help the survival of the offspring when challenged with the same pathogen. Similar mechanism of offspring protection against pathogens has been studied for a very long time in vertebrates, where the transfer of maternal antibodies helps the newborns immune system fight an infection before its immune system can function properly on its own. In the last two decades TGIP in invertebrates was heavily studied. Evidence supporting TGIP were found in all colleopteran, crustacean, hymenopteran, orthopteran and mollusk species, but in some other species the results still remain contradictory. The experimental outcome could be influenced by the procedure used for particular investigation. Some of these parameters include the infection procedure, the sex of the offspring and the parent and the developmental stage.
Zilog SCC	Zilog SCC	The SCC, short for Serial Communication Controller, is a family of serial port driver integrated circuits made by Zilog. The primary members of the family are the Z8030/Z8530, and the Z85233. Developed from the earlier Zilog SIO devices (Z8443), the SCC added a number of serial-to-parallel modes that allowed internal implementation of a variety of data link layer protocols like Bisync, HDLC and SDLC. The SCC could be set up as a conventional RS-232 port for driving legacy systems, or alternately as a RS-422 port for much higher performance, up to 10 Mbit/s. Implementation details generally limited performance to 5 Mbit/s or less. One of the most famous users of the SCC was the Apple Macintosh computer line, which used the Z8530 to implement two serial ports on the back of the early designs, labeled "modem" and "printer".
Zilog SCC	Description	Traditional serial communications are normally implemented using a device known as a UART, which translates data from the computer bus's internal parallel format to serial and back. This allows the computer to send data serially simply by doing a regular parallel write to an I/O register, and the UART will convert this to serial form and send it. Generally there were different UARTs for each computer architecture, with the goal of being as low-cost as possible. A good example is the Zilog Z-80 SIO from 1977, designed to work with the widely used Zilog Z80 to provide two serial ports with relatively high speeds up to 800 kbit/s. The SIO is technically a USART, as it understands synchronous protocols.The SCC is essentially an updated version of the SIO, with more internal logic to allow it to directly implement a number of common data link layer protocols. To start with, the SCC included a hardware implementation of the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which allowed it to check, flag and reject improper data without the support of the host computer. Higher-level protocols included BiSync, HDLC and SDLC. HDLC is better known in its implementation in the modem-oriented LAPM protocol, part of V.42. By moving the implementation of these protocols to hardware, the SCC made it easy to implement local area networking systems, like IBM's SNA, without the need for the host CPU to handle these details.
Zilog SCC	Description	When used in traditional serial mode, the SCC could be set to use 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits/character, 1, 1+1⁄2, or 2 stop bits, odd, even or no parity, and automatically detected or generated break signals. In synchronous modes, data could be optionally sent with NRZ, NRZI or FM encoding, as well as Manchester decoding, although Manchester encoding had to be handled in external logic.
Zilog SCC	Description	The SCC's transmission rate could be timed from three sources. For basic RS-232-style communications, the SCC included an internal 300 Hz clock that could be multiplied by 1, 16, 32 to 64, providing data rates between 300 and 19,200 bit/s. Alternately, it could use the clock on the bus as provided by the host platform, and then divide that clock by 4, 8, 16 or 32 (the later two only in the original NMOS implementation). When used on a machine running at the common 8 MHz clock, this allowed for rates as high as 2 Mbit/s. Finally, the SCC also included inputs for the provision of an external clock. This worked similar to the host clock, but could be used to provide any reference clock signal, independent of the host platform. In this mode, the clock could be divided as in the internal case, or multiplied by 2 for even higher speeds, up to 32.3 Mbit/s in some versions. Using the external clock made it easy to implement LAN adaptors, which normally ran at speeds that were independent of the host computer.
Zilog SCC	Description	Early implementations used receive buffers that were only 3 bytes deep, and a send buffer with a single byte. This meant that the real-world performance was limited by the host platform's ability to continually empty the buffers into its own memory. With network-like communications the SCC itself could cause the remote sender to stop transmission when the buffers were full, and thereby prevent data loss while the host was busy. With conventional async serial this was not possible; on the Macintosh Plus this limited RS-232 performance to about 9600 bit/s or less, and as little as 4800 bit/s on earlier models.
Zilog SCC	Description	Most SCC models were available in either dual in-line package (DIP) or chip carrier (PLCC) versions.
Zilog SCC	Versions	Z8030Original model implemented in NMOS with a multiplexed "Z-Bus" interface that matched the Zilog Z8000/Z16C00/8086 CPUs Z8530Functionally identical to the Z8030, but using a non-multiplexed "Universal-Bus" designed to allow use with any CPU or host platform, including the Z-80 Z8031 and Z8531Versions of the Z8030 and Z8530 with the synchronous support removed, producing a design more closely matching the original SIO Z80C30 and Z85C30CMOS implementations of the Z8030 and Z8530. Plug compatible with the early versions, adding the 2x speed when used with the external clock, and a number of bug fixes and improvements in the link layer protocols.
Zilog SCC	Versions	Z80230 and Z85230Updated CMOS implementations of the Z80C30 and Z85C30, also known as the ESCC Z85233Updated version of the Z85230 (only), also known as the EMSCC
Incorporeality	Incorporeality	Incorporeality is "the state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism." Incorporeal (Greek: ἀσώματος) means "Not composed of matter; having no material existence." Incorporeality is a quality of souls, spirits, and God in many religions, including the currently major denominations and schools of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. In ancient philosophy, any attenuated "thin" matter such as air, aether, fire or light was considered incorporeal. The ancient Greeks believed air, as opposed to solid earth, to be incorporeal, in so far as it is less resistant to movement; and the ancient Persians believed fire to be incorporeal in that every soul was said to be produced from it. In modern philosophy, a distinction between the incorporeal and immaterial is not necessarily maintained: a body is described as incorporeal if it is not made out of matter.
Incorporeality	Incorporeality	In the problem of universals, universals are separable from any particular embodiment in one sense, while in another, they seem inherent nonetheless. Aristotle offered a hylomorphic account of abstraction in contrast to Plato's world of Forms. Aristotle used the Greek terms soma (body) and hyle (matter, literally "wood").
Incorporeality	Incorporeality	The notion that a causally effective incorporeal body is even coherent requires the belief that something can affect what's material, without physically existing at the point of effect. A ball can directly affect another ball by coming in direct contact with it, and is visible because it reflects the light that directly reaches it. An incorporeal field of influence, or immaterial body could not perform these functions because they have no physical construction with which to perform these functions. Following Newton, it became customary to accept action at a distance as brute fact, and to overlook the philosophical problems involved in so doing.
Incorporeality	Theology	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (see also Mormonism) view the mainstream Christian belief in God's incorporeality as being founded upon a post-Apostolic departure from what they claim is the traditional Judeo-Christian belief: an anthropomorphic, corporeal God. Mainstream Christianity has always interpreted anthropomorphic references to God in Scripture as non-literal, poetic, and symbolic.

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