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Give me a simple summary of idempotency	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a simple summary of idempotency ### Input: Idempotence (UK: /ˌɪdɛmˈpoʊtəns/,[1] US: /ˈaɪdəm-/)[2] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra (in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators) and functional programming (in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency). The term was introduced by American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in 1870[3] in the context of elements of algebras that remain invariant when raised to a positive integer power, and literally means "(the quality of having) the same power", from idem + potence (same + power). ### Response:	Idempotence (UK: /ˌɪdɛmˈpoʊtəns/,[1] US: /ˈaɪdəm-/)[2] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra (in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators) and functional programming (in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency). The term was introduced by American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in 1870[3] in the context of elements of algebras that remain invariant when raised to a positive integer power, and literally means "(the quality of having) the same power", from idem + potence (same + power).	Idempotency is a mathematical property where if you apply an operation multiple times, the result remains the same -- just as if you had only applied the operation once. Idempotency can grant you at-most-once semantics.
What is grep used for?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is grep used for? ### Input: grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search for a regular expression and print matching lines), which has the same effect. "grep" was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9. ### Response:	grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search for a regular expression and print matching lines), which has the same effect. "grep" was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9.	grep is a popular Unix command that is used to search plain-text data sets for lines that match a pattern or regular expression. grep (global regular expression print) was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems. An example of using the grep command to search for a keyword in a file: grep keyword file.txt You can pipe the output of other commands into grep. For example, grep can be used to search a directory for a file: ls ~/Desktop \| grep keyword
What is abstract class?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is abstract class? ### Response:		A generic class that is used only as a template for derived classes, and that cannot be instantiated.
Who is the greatest physicist of all time?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the greatest physicist of all time? ### Response:		There have been many great physicists over the years, and while it's not possible to say with certainty who was the 'greatest', Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are very strong contenders for that title. Isaac Newton (1642-1746) was an English physicist and mathematician most famous for inventing calculus, classical mechanics. His three laws of classical mechanics successfully predicted the behavior of solid bodies across all observable scales - from the motion of planets to falling apples. For over 250 years his laws were applied with greater and greater precision, always giving the correct answers. However, in the late 1800s physicists struggled to reconcile measurements of the speed of light with Newton's laws. This one of the observations that led to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born physicist who revolutionized our understanding of space, time and matter with his theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. His theories of special and general relativity changed our understanding of space and time and successfully explained the motion of light and the behavior of gravity. His theories of quantum mechanics likewise revolutionized our understand of the sub-atomic world. In addition to Newton and Einstein there are many other physicists who made groundbreaking discoveries, including Galileo Galilei, James Clerk Maxwell, Marie Curie, Neils Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Stephen Hawking.
Who is Toto?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is Toto? ### Input: Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. His name is pronounced with a long "O", a homophone of "toe toe". He was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and The Wiz (1978). ### Response:	Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. His name is pronounced with a long "O", a homophone of "toe toe". He was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and The Wiz (1978).	Toto may refer to many things but a popular reference is to a small dog in the movie The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine, and plays a key role at several points in the movie including running away (which causes Dorothy to chase after him and get pulled into the story) and pulling the curtain back to reveal that the Wizard is just an old man.
Do all fish lay eggs to produce offspring?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Do all fish lay eggs to produce offspring? ### Response:		No. While most fish do lay eggs there are a number of species that give live birth to their fish fry (e.g. Molly)
What is your favorite ice cream flavor?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is your favorite ice cream flavor? ### Response:		While everyone has different taste buds, there are many different flavors to enjoy. Most of the basic flavors are used as a base for other flavors. The most common being, chocolate, vanilla and strawberry.
Define judicial review and explain John Marshall’s role in establishing judicial review.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Define judicial review and explain John Marshall’s role in establishing judicial review. ### Response:		Judicial review is a power the courts have to declare that a federal or state law violates the Constitution thereby nullifying the law making it enforceable. Just before President Adams left office he appointed new justices of the peace for Washington D.C., Jefferson, the next President refused to deliver the commissions. This led to the case Marbury vs Madison. The basis of the case was that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed for the appointed to request a court order to grant their appointments with original jurisdiction given to the Supreme Court. John Marshall saw that siding with Jefferson would make it seem like the Supreme Court was his lackey. If they sided with Adams, there was no way to make Jefferson enforce the ruling. Both decisions would reduce the Supreme Court's legitimacy. John Marshall side-stepped this problem by striking down the Judiciary Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This was the establishment of judicial review, a Supreme Court power that was only hinted at in the Constitution.
Why do humans like stories?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why do humans like stories? ### Response:		Stories allow conveying important thoughts and sharing experiences from one person to another in an easily understandable and relatable way, ultimately leading to knowledge transfer between humans. They also spark imagination and give readers or listeners the opportunity to come up with their own depiction of the plot and of the characters.
Why Netherland is famous?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why Netherland is famous? ### Response:		Because it's known for a nice country
What are the similarities between buns, pizza, and taco?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the similarities between buns, pizza, and taco? ### Response:		They are all traditional foods of various peoples. Many peoples have invented similar food in history. It contains the three major nutrients necessary for human beings, carbohydrates, protein and fat, and can be prepared and eaten relatively quickly. This was crucial to the workers and farmers in ancient times.
Give me a list of the five best ways to take care of your houseplants.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a list of the five best ways to take care of your houseplants. ### Response:		1. Get on a watering schedule so you can make sure you are not over-watering or under-watering the plants. 2. Choose plants that will do well in the lighting conditions that you have available in your home. Place plants that like bright, direct light in front of windows, and choose plants that require less light for the darker areas of your home. 3. Consider getting a humidifier if you are going to decorate your home with tropical plants. Certain tropical plants tend like to a more humid environment. 4. If you don't have sufficiently bright natural light, consider getting grow lights to help your plants thrive. 5. Periodically fertilize your plants to make sure they have all of the nutrients that they need to continue growing.
What is a python?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a python? ### Response:		Python can mean multiple things. As a high-level programming language, Python is interpreted and has dynamic typing. Python is used for a variety of applications such as web development, data science, artificial intelligence, and robotics. It is also used in the development of embedded systems, system administration, and systems programming. Python can also mean a type of snake in the Pythonidae family native to the tropics and subtropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. They are nonvenomous snakes found in Asia, Africa and Australia.
Please classify the following as either cities or states: Chicago, Massachusetts, Boston, Alabama, Alaska, and Phoenix.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Please classify the following as either cities or states: Chicago, Massachusetts, Boston, Alabama, Alaska, and Phoenix. ### Response:		Chicago, Phoenix, and Boston are cities. Massachusetts, Alabama, and Alaska are states.
Classify these items in my grocery bag as 'vegan' or 'not vegan'. Ground beef, almond butter, eggs, spinach, fava beans, barley, dates, milk, wild rice, cashew milk yoghurt, beef tongue, ghee, jalapenos	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Classify these items in my grocery bag as 'vegan' or 'not vegan'. Ground beef, almond butter, eggs, spinach, fava beans, barley, dates, milk, wild rice, cashew milk yoghurt, beef tongue, ghee, jalapenos ### Response:		Ground beef - not vegan almond butter - vegan eggs - not vegan spinach - vegan fava beans - vegan barley - vegan dates - vegan milk - not vegan wild rice - vegan cashew milk yoghurt - vegan beef tongue - not vegan ghee - not vegan jalapenos - vegan
Who is the patron saint of traveling?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the patron saint of traveling? ### Response:		Saint Christopher is the patron saint of travelers, including motorists, who sometimes hang a small image of him in their vehicle for luck. As legend tells us, he was crossing a river when a child asked to be carried across.
What is the difference between an adverb and adjective?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the difference between an adverb and adjective? ### Response:		An adjective describes an item, whereas an adverb modifies a verb
What is the significance of the moon's hidden face?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the significance of the moon's hidden face? ### Response:		The Moon's hidden face is the hemisphere of this satellite that is not visible from Earth because the Moon always shows the same face. This is because the moon takes the same amount of time to rotate on its own axis (rotation) as it does to orbit the Earth (translation). Tidal coupling is the term used to describe this phenomenon. The first images of the Moon's far side were sent by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 3, the third spacecraft launched to the Moon, on October 7, 1959.
What was the tagline on The X-Files episode "Anasazi"?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What was the tagline on The X-Files episode "Anasazi"? ### Response:		The tagline "Éí 'Aaníígóó 'Áhoot'é" replaced the usual tagline of "The Truth is Out There" on the season 2 episode entitled "Anasazi." The phrase translated to "the truth is out there" in Navajo.
What is a kidney transplant?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a kidney transplant? ### Response:		A kidney transplant is a medical procedure during which a healthy kidney is removed from either a living or deceased donor and given to a patient without a any healthy kidneys.
Extract from the text the family of Parametrodes.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Extract from the text the family of Parametrodes. ### Input: Parametrodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. ### Response:	Parametrodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.	Geometridae
Who is Hermenegildo Sosa and what is he known for?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is Hermenegildo Sosa and what is he known for? ### Input: Hermenegildo Sosa (born April 12, 1946) is a Mexican painter and art professor who is best known for colorful depictions of Mexican rural landscapes, especially those of his home state of Tlaxcala. He was born there into a farming family, whose economic condition delayed his education as he had to work from a young age. In his teens he arrived to Mexico City to work as a domestic, but this allowed him to attend school, including painting classes. Eventually, he entered the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", where he eventually gained a career as a professor. ### Response:	Hermenegildo Sosa (born April 12, 1946) is a Mexican painter and art professor who is best known for colorful depictions of Mexican rural landscapes, especially those of his home state of Tlaxcala. He was born there into a farming family, whose economic condition delayed his education as he had to work from a young age. In his teens he arrived to Mexico City to work as a domestic, but this allowed him to attend school, including painting classes. Eventually, he entered the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", where he eventually gained a career as a professor.	Hermenegildo Sosa is a Mexican painter and art professor born in 1946. He is best known for his colorful depictions of Mexican rural landscapes, especially those of him home state in Tlaxcala.
What is it like to live in Miami for someone moving from California?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is it like to live in Miami for someone moving from California? ### Response:		First, you'll notice the heat. Miami is hot and humid all year round. Next you will notice that the dominate culture is Latin. This permeates into the way that people dress, and the food that the local restaurants offer. Miami is also incredibly flat, with no major hills or change in elevation throughout the city.
What is the Simpson family dog named?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the Simpson family dog named? ### Response:		Santa's little helper
Who is the greatest hockey player of all time?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the greatest hockey player of all time? ### Response:		Although some may make arguments that Sydney Crosby, Conor McDavid, Bobby Orr or Gordie Howe are the greatest hockey player of all time, the obvious answer is Wayne Gretzky. Gretzky won the NHL's scoring title by more than 70 points, six times, and one eight consecutive NHL MVP awards (the Con Smythe). If Gretzky never scored a single goal in his career, he still would have recorded 11 straight 100-point seasons and won four league-scoring titles. Also, in addition to winning eight Stanley Cups, Wayne's teams never missed the playoffs throughout his 20-year career. Wayne Gretzky is the most dominant athlete in the history of major professional team sports and that is the reason why he has earned the nickname, 'The Great One.'
Give me a method to poach chicken	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a method to poach chicken ### Response:		Boneless, skinless chicken breasts Chicken stock 1. Place the chicken in a sauce pan on a stove top 2. Add cold chicken stock to the pan so it covers the chicken breast 3. Turn the heat to medium and let the stock come to a gentle boil 4. When the water starts to boil, turn the chicken breast and remove pan from heat 5. Cover pan tightly 6. Check the temperature of the chicken and ensure it reaches 155 F 7. Voila! You are done - slice the chicken and toss it into your favorite salad!
Which award did Rustam win and in what year was it awarded?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which award did Rustam win and in what year was it awarded? ### Input: Rustam Gasparyan was an Armenian military officer and politician. In 2020 he was posthumously awarded the Hero of Artsakh military award. ### Response:	Rustam Gasparyan was an Armenian military officer and politician. In 2020 he was posthumously awarded the Hero of Artsakh military award.	The Hero of Artsakh military award, in 2020
What are cons of getting a dog?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are cons of getting a dog? ### Response:		1. It is hard to make long travel plans while owning a dog. 2. Depending on the breed seasonal shedding could be a problem. 3. Responsible ownership of a dog is a big financial investments. 4. Dogs live shorter lives than humans so upcoming emotional toll could be a detractor.
Why do teenagers disappoint their parents?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why do teenagers disappoint their parents? ### Response:		Teenagers by definition are going through a process of maturation and individuation. They are finding their true self, distinct from their parents who have been their role model since infancy. Part of this process requires pushing boundaries set by parents. Parents often interpret this as disobedience and are disappointed. In fact teenagers who seem to be disappointing their parents are merely going through the healthy process of self identification.
Is the Earth round?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Is the Earth round? ### Response:		The planet Earth is generally considered to be round, although it is not a perfect sphere. The poles are slightly depressed, making the Earth slightly thicker around the equator.
When does the world celebrates Hindi diwas every year	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When does the world celebrates Hindi diwas every year ### Response:		On January 10
How can you make a science fair volcano?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How can you make a science fair volcano? ### Response:		A simple way to create a volcano for a science fair is to use the reaction of baking soda and vinegar colored with red food dye. When combined, these two chemicals will fizz and bubble in a safe but visually appealing reaction.
What are the risks of untreated type 1 diabetes?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the risks of untreated type 1 diabetes? ### Input: Prolonged lack of insulin can also result in diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by persistent fatigue, dry or flushed skin, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, confusion, trouble breathing, and a fruity breath odor. Blood and urine tests reveal unusually high glucose and ketones in the blood and urine. Untreated ketoacidosis can rapidly progress to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. The percentage of children whose type 1 diabetes begins with an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis varies widely by geography, as low as 15% in parts of Europe and North America, and as high as 80% in the developing world. ### Response:	Prolonged lack of insulin can also result in diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by persistent fatigue, dry or flushed skin, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, confusion, trouble breathing, and a fruity breath odor. Blood and urine tests reveal unusually high glucose and ketones in the blood and urine. Untreated ketoacidosis can rapidly progress to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. The percentage of children whose type 1 diabetes begins with an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis varies widely by geography, as low as 15% in parts of Europe and North America, and as high as 80% in the developing world.	Untreated type 1 diabetes can rapidly result in diabetic ketoacidosis which may lead to loss of consciousness, coma and death.
What is it like being alone in the world after an apocolypse?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is it like being alone in the world after an apocolypse? ### Response:		I had always imagined the world would be in chaos or destruction. However, it's the same, just that there are no people. It's eerily quiet. Books are now the only source of "human connection" I have. I've never been much of a reader, but I anticipate much of my "free time" will be spent reading. I'm also quickly learning how much I relied on others. I knew I relied on others to do many things like farming, electricity, etc., but it goes much deeper and further than that.
Which USA Women's world cup player famously celebrated a goal by miming a tea sip?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which USA Women's world cup player famously celebrated a goal by miming a tea sip? ### Response:		Alex Morgan
Who was Calvin Parker MacDonald	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who was Calvin Parker MacDonald ### Input: Calvin Parker MacDonald (June 14, 1933 — August 17, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for five National Hockey League teams between 1953 and 1969.[1] He later coached the Minnesota North Stars and the Los Angeles Kings. ### Response:	Calvin Parker MacDonald (June 14, 1933 — August 17, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for five National Hockey League teams between 1953 and 1969.[1] He later coached the Minnesota North Stars and the Los Angeles Kings.	Calvin Parker MacDonald (June 14, 1933 — August 17, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for five National Hockey League teams between 1953 and 1969. He later coached the Minnesota North Stars and the Los Angeles Kings.
What is a Central Bank?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a Central Bank? ### Response:		A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union, and oversees their commercial banking system. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Most central banks also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the stability of member institutions, to prevent bank runs, and to discourage reckless or fraudulent behavior by member banks.
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Washboard, Schrammel gitarre	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Washboard, Schrammel gitarre ### Response:		Schrammel gitarre is string, Washboard is percussion.
What are the four major tournaments in professional golf?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the four major tournaments in professional golf? ### Response:		The four major tournaments in professional golf are the Masters, PGA Championship, Open Championship, and U.S. Open.
Why Linux fails as a desktop?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why Linux fails as a desktop? ### Response:		Linux has been criticized for a number of reasons, including lack of user-friendliness and having a steep learning curve, being inadequate for desktop use, lacking support for some hardware, having a relatively small games library, lacking native versions of widely used applications.