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tuberculosis ( tb ) is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease globally, with the highest burden in low - and middle - income countries. in these regions, limited healthcare access and high patient - to - provider ratios impede effective patient support, communication, and treatment completion. to bridge this gap, we propose integrating a specialized large language model into an efficacious digital adherence technology to augment interactive communication with treatment supporters. this ai - powered approach, operating within a human - in - the - loop framework, aims to enhance patient engagement and improve tb treatment outcomes.
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arxiv:2502.21236
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interaction patterns at the individual level influence the behaviour of diffusion over contact networks. most of the current diffusion models only consider direct interactions among individuals to build underlying infectious items transmission networks. however, delayed indirect interactions, where a susceptible individual interacts with infectious items after the infected individual has left the interaction space, can also cause transmission events. we define a diffusion model called the same place different time transmission ( spdt ) based diffusion that considers transmission links for these indirect interactions. our spdt model changes the network dynamics where the connectivity among individuals varies with the decay rates of link infectivity. we investigate spdt diffusion behaviours by simulating airborne disease spreading on data - driven contact networks. the spdt model significantly increases diffusion dynamics ( particularly for networks with low link densities where indirect interactions create new infection pathways ) and is capable of producing realistic disease reproduction number. our results show that the spdt model is significantly more likely to lead to outbreaks compared to current diffusion models with direct interactions. we find that the diffusion dynamics with including indirect links are not reproducible by the current models, highlighting the importance of the indirect links for predicting outbreaks.
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arxiv:1906.02405
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current cosmological constraints from cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) anisotropies are typically derived assuming a standard recombination scheme, however additional resonance and ionizing radiation sources can delay recombination, altering the cosmic ionization history and the cosmological inferences drawn from cmb data. we show that for recent observations of cmb anisotropy, from the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe satellite mission 5 - year survey ( wmap5 ) and from the acbar experiment, additional resonance radiation is nearly degenerate with variations in the spectral index, n _ s, and has a marked effect on uncertainties in constraints on the hubble constant, age of the universe, curvature and the upper bound on the neutrino mass. when a modified recombination scheme is considered, the redshift of recombination is constrained to z _ * = 1078 \ pm11, with uncertainties in the measurement weaker by one order of magnitude than those obtained under the assumption of standard recombination while constraints on the shift parameter are shifted by 1 - sigma to r = 1. 734 \ pm0. 028. although delayed recombination limits the precision of parameter estimation from the wmap satellite, we demonstrate that this should not be the case for future, smaller angular scales measurements, such as those by the planck satellite mission.
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arxiv:0807.1420
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for a real massless scalar field in general relativity with a negative cosmological constant, we uncover a large class of spherically symmetric initial conditions that are close to ads, but whose numerical evolution does not result in black hole formation. according to the ads / cft dictionary, these bulk solutions are dual to states of a strongly interacting boundary cft that fail to thermalize at late times. furthermore, as these states are not stationary, they define dynamical cft configurations that do not equilibrate. we develop a two - timescale perturbative formalism that captures both direct and inverse cascades of energy and agrees with our fully nonlinear evolutions in the appropriate regime. we also show that this formalism admits a large class of quasi - periodic solutions. finally, we demonstrate a striking parallel between the dynamics of ads and the classic fermi - pasta - ulam - tsingou problem.
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arxiv:1403.6471
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it is found that in magnetized electrostatic plasma flows the velocity shear couples ion - acoustic waves with ion - cyclotron waves and leads, under favorable conditions, to their efficient reciprocal transformations. it is shown that in a two - dimensional setup this coupling has a remarkable feature : it is governed by equations that are exactly similar to the ones describing coupling of sound waves with internal gravity waves [ rogava & mahajan : phys. rev. e vol. 55, 1185 ( 1997 ) ] in neutral fluid flows. using another noteworthy quantum mechanical analogy we calculate transformation coefficients and give fully analytic, quantitative description of the coupling efficiency for flows with low shearing rates.
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arxiv:physics/0411235
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the clustering of b cell receptor ( bcr ) molecules and the formation of the protein segregation structure known as the immunological synapse appears to precede antigen ( ag ) uptake by b cells. the mature b cell synapse is characterized by a central cluster of bcr / ag molecular complexes surrounded by a ring of lfa - 1 / icam - 1 complexes. recent experimental evidence shows receptor clustering in b cells can occur via mechanical or signaling - driven processes. an alternative mechanism of diffusion and affinity - dependent binding has been proposed to explain synapse formation in the absence of signaling - driven processes. in this work, we investigated the biophysical mechanisms that drive immunological synapse formation in b cells across the physiological range of bcr affinity ( ka ~ 10 ^ 6 - 10 ^ 10 m - 1 ) through computational modeling. our computational approach is based on stochastic simulation of diffusion and reaction events with a clearly defined mapping between probabilistic parameters of our model and their physical equivalents. we show that a diffusion - and - binding mechanism is sufficient to drive synapse formation only at low bcr affinity and for a relatively stiff b cell membrane that undergoes little deformation. we thus predict the need for alternative mechanisms : a difference in the mechanical properties of bcr / ag and lfa - 1 / icam - 1 bonds and / or signaling driven processes.
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arxiv:q-bio/0609026
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we introduce a general class of heisenberg groups motivated by applications of algebraic fourier theory. basic properties are examined from a homological perspective.
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arxiv:2106.15672
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deuterium is created during big bang nucleosynthesis, and, in contrast to the other light stable nuclei, can only be destroyed thereafter by fusion in stellar interiors. in this paper we study the cosmic evolution of the deuterium abundance in the interstellar medium and its dispersion using realistic galaxy evolution models. we find that models that reproduce the observed metal abundance are compatible with observations of the deuterium abundance in the local ism and z ~ 3 absorption line systems. in particular, we reproduce the low astration factor which we attribute to a low global star formation efficiency. we calculate the dispersion in deuterium abundance arising from different structure formation histories in different parts of the universe. our model also predicts an extremely tight correlation between deuterium and metal abundances which could be used to measure the primordial deuterium abundance.
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arxiv:1602.04831
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we show that a two - dimensional atomic mixture of bosons and fermions cooled into their quantum degenerate states and subject to an optical lattice develops a supersolid phase characterized by the simultaneous presence of a non - trivial crystalline order and phase order. this transition is in competition with a phase separated ground state. we determine the phase diagram of the system and propose an experiment allowing for the observation of the supersolid phase.
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arxiv:cond-mat/0304534
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light - matter interfaces enable the generation of entangled states of light and matter which can be exploited to steer the quantum state of matter through measurement of light and feedback. here we consider continuous - time, interferometric homodyne measurements of light on an array of light - matter interfaces followed by local feedback acting on each material system individually. while the systems are physically non - interacting, the feedback master equation we derive describes driven - dissipative, interacting many - body quantum dynamics, and comprises pairwise hamiltonian interactions and collective jump operators. we characterize the general class of driven - dissipative many body systems which can be engineered in this way, and derive necessary conditions on models supporting non - trivial quantum dynamics beyond what can be generated by local operations and classical communication. we provide specific examples of models which allow for the creation of stationary many - particle entanglement, and the emulation of dissipative ising models. since the interaction between the systems is mediated via feedback only, there is no intrinsic limit on the range or geometry of the interaction, making the scheme quite versatile.
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arxiv:1606.04475
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orthogonal matrix has shown advantages in training recurrent neural networks ( rnns ), but such matrix is limited to be square for the hidden - to - hidden transformation in rnns. in this paper, we generalize such square orthogonal matrix to orthogonal rectangular matrix and formulating this problem in feed - forward neural networks ( fnns ) as optimization over multiple dependent stiefel manifolds ( omdsm ). we show that the rectangular orthogonal matrix can stabilize the distribution of network activations and regularize fnns. we also propose a novel orthogonal weight normalization method to solve omdsm. particularly, it constructs orthogonal transformation over proxy parameters to ensure the weight matrix is orthogonal and back - propagates gradient information through the transformation during training. to guarantee stability, we minimize the distortions between proxy parameters and canonical weights over all tractable orthogonal transformations. in addition, we design an orthogonal linear module ( olm ) to learn orthogonal filter banks in practice, which can be used as an alternative to standard linear module. extensive experiments demonstrate that by simply substituting olm for standard linear module without revising any experimental protocols, our method largely improves the performance of the state - of - the - art networks, including inception and residual networks on cifar and imagenet datasets. in particular, we have reduced the test error of wide residual network on cifar - 100 from 20. 04 % to 18. 61 % with such simple substitution. our code is available online for result reproduction.
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arxiv:1709.06079
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the sloan digital sky survey has discovered a population of broad absorption line quasars with various extreme properties. many show absorption from metastable states of feii with varying excitations ; several objects are almost completely absorbed bluewards of mgii ; at least one shows stronger absorption from feiii than feii, indicating temperatures t > 35000 k in the absorbing region ; and one object even seems to have broad h - beta absorption. many of these extreme bals are also heavily reddened, though ` normal ' bals ( particularly lobals ) from sdss also show evidence for internal reddening.
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arxiv:astro-ph/0107182
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i briefly review the theory and phenomenology of bottom production at colliders. when all theoretical uncertainties are taken into proper account, and modern measurements are considered, no significant discrepancy is seen between data and qcd predictions
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arxiv:hep-ph/0408317
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legendre ' s conjecture is one of the most elegant open problems in number theory, which states that there is a prime between consecutive two perfect squares. in this note, we prove the conjecture holds true and also discuss the related results.
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arxiv:1908.08995
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a critical and re - configured hri might look to the arts, where another history of robots has been unfolding since the czech artist karel capek ' s critical robotic labor parable of 1921, in which the word robot was coined in its modern usage. this paper explores several vectors by which artist - created robots, both physical and imaginary, have offered pronounced contrasts to robots - as - usual, and offers directions as to how these more emancipated cousins might be useful to the field of hri.
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arxiv:2205.04831
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pre - trained models for czech natural language processing are often evaluated on purely linguistic tasks ( pos tagging, parsing, ner ) and relatively simple classification tasks such as sentiment classification or article classification from a single news source. as an alternative, we present czech ~ news ~ classification ~ dataset ( cze - nec ), one of the largest czech classification datasets, composed of news articles from various sources spanning over twenty years, which allows a more rigorous evaluation of such models. we define four classification tasks : news source, news category, inferred author ' s gender, and day of the week. to verify the task difficulty, we conducted a human evaluation, which revealed that human performance lags behind strong machine - learning baselines built upon pre - trained transformer models. furthermore, we show that language - specific pre - trained encoder analysis outperforms selected commercially available large - scale generative language models.
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arxiv:2307.10666
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this paper constructs in the framework of algebraic quantum field theory ( aqft ) the linear chern - simons / wess - zumino - witten system on a class of $ 3 $ - manifolds $ m $ whose boundary $ \ partial m $ is endowed with a lorentzian metric. it is proven that this aqft is equivalent to a dimensionally reduced aqft on a $ 2 $ - dimensional manifold $ b $, whose restriction to the $ 1 $ - dimensional boundary $ \ partial b $ is weakly equivalent to a chiral free boson.
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arxiv:2302.06990
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rapid binary population synthesis codes are often used to investigate the evolution of compact - object binaries. they typically rely on analytical fits of single - star evolutionary tracks and parameterized models for interactive phases of evolution ( e. g., mass - transfer on thermal timescale, determination of dynamical instability, and common envelope ) that are crucial to predict the fate of binaries. these processes can be more carefully implemented in stellar structure and evolution codes such as mesa. to assess the impact of such improvements, we compare binary black hole mergers as predicted in models with the rapid binary population synthesis code cosmic to models ran with mesa simulations through mass transfer and common - envelope treatment. we find that results significantly differ in terms of formation paths, the orbital periods and mass ratios of merging binary black holes, and consequently merger rates. while common - envelope evolution is the dominant formation channel in cosmic, stable mass transfer dominates in our mesa models. depending upon the black hole donor mass, and mass - transfer and common - envelope physics, at sub - solar metallicity cosmic overproduces the number of binary black hole mergers by factors of 2 - - 35 with a significant fraction of them having merger times orders of magnitude shorter than the binary black holes formed when using detailed mesa models. therefore we find that some binary black hole merger rate predictions from rapid population syntheses of isolated binaries may be overestimated by factors of ~ 5 - - 500. we conclude that the interpretation of gravitational - wave observations requires the use of detailed treatment of these interactive binary phases.
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arxiv:2107.05702
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the objective of this work is to present the effects of a nonminimally coupled model of gravity on a solar system short range regime. for this reason, this study is only valid when the cosmological contribution is considered irrelevant. the action functional of the model involves two functions $ f ^ 1 ( r ) $ and $ f ^ 2 ( r ) $ of the ricci scalar curvature $ r $, where the last one multiplies the matter lagrangian. using a taylor expansion around $ r = 0 $ for both functions $ f ^ 1 ( r ) $ and $ f ^ 2 ( r ) $, it was found that the metric around a spherical object is a perturbation of the weak - field schwarzschild metric. the $ tt $ component of the metric, a newtonian plus a yukawa perturbation term, is constrained using the available observational results. first it is shown that this effect is null when the characteristic mass scales of each function $ f ^ 1 ( r ) $ and $ f ^ 2 ( r ) $ are identical. besides, the conclusion is that the nonminimal coupling only affects the yukawa contribution strength and not its range and that the starobinsky model for inflation is not experimentally constrained. moreover, the geodetic precession effect, obtained also from the radial perturbation of the metric, reveals to be of no relevance for the constraints.
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arxiv:1407.2751
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vision - based haptic sensors have emerged as a promising approach to robotic touch due to affordable high - resolution cameras and successful computer - vision techniques. however, their physical design and the information they provide do not yet meet the requirements of real applications. we present a robust, soft, low - cost, vision - based, thumb - sized 3d haptic sensor named insight : it continually provides a directional force - distribution map over its entire conical sensing surface. constructed around an internal monocular camera, the sensor has only a single layer of elastomer over - molded on a stiff frame to guarantee sensitivity, robustness, and soft contact. furthermore, insight is the first system to combine photometric stereo and structured light using a collimator to detect the 3d deformation of its easily replaceable flexible outer shell. the force information is inferred by a deep neural network that maps images to the spatial distribution of 3d contact force ( normal and shear ). insight has an overall spatial resolution of 0. 4 mm, force magnitude accuracy around 0. 03 n, and force direction accuracy around 5 degrees over a range of 0. 03 - - 2 n for numerous distinct contacts with varying contact area. the presented hardware and software design concepts can be transferred to a wide variety of robot parts.
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arxiv:2111.05934
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a new index for internal evaluation of clustering is introduced. the index is defined as a mixture of two sub - indices. the first sub - index $ i _ a $ is called the ambiguous index ; the second sub - index $ i _ s $ is called the similarity index. calculation of the two sub - indices is based on density estimation to each cluster of a partition of the data. an experiment is conducted to test the performance of the new index, and compared with six other internal clustering evaluation indices - - calinski - harabasz index, silhouette coefficient, davies - bouldin index, cdbw, dbcv, and viasckde, on a set of 145 datasets. the result shows the new index significantly improves other internal clustering evaluation indices.
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arxiv:2207.01294
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codimension 2 complete intersections in p ^ n have a natural parameter space \ bar { h } : a projective bundle over a projective space given by the choice of the lower degree equation and of the higher degree equation up to a multiple of the first. motivated by the question of existence of complete families of smooth complete intersections, we study the birational geometry of \ bar { h }. in a first part, we show that the first contraction of the mmp for \ bar { h } always exists and we describe it. then, we show that it is possible to run the full mmp for \ bar { h }, and we describe it, in two degenerate cases. as an application, we prove the existence of complete curves in the punctual hilbert scheme of complete intersection subschemes of a ^ 2.
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arxiv:1212.4862
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this is a very short review of neutrino - nucleus interactions and their influence on the analysis of long - baseline experiments.
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arxiv:1504.08204
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a characterisation is given of bounded embeddings from weighted $ l ^ 2 $ spaces on bounded intervals into $ l ^ 2 $ spaces on the half - plane, induced by isomorphisms given by the laplace transform onto weighted hardy and bergman spaces ( zen spaces ). as an application necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the boundedness of truncated hankel and toeplitz integral operators, including the weighted case.
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arxiv:1812.03393
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a b. sc. ( research ) field of study or b. sc. ( honours ) field of multidisciplinary studies after the 4th year. = = = ireland = = = commonly in ireland, graduands are admitted to the degree of bachelor of science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. these programmes may take different lengths of time to complete. in ireland, the former bs was changed to bsc ( hons ), which is awarded after four years. the bsc ( ord ) is awarded after three years. formerly at the university of oxford, the degree of bsc was a postgraduate degree ; this former degree, still actively granted, has since been renamed msc. = = = united kingdom = = = commonly in british commonwealth countries, graduands are admitted to the degree of bachelor of science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. these programmes may take different lengths of time to complete. a bachelor of science receives the designation bsc for an ordinary degree and bsc ( hons ) for an honours degree. in england, wales and northern ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three - year period, though there are a few intensified two - year courses ( with less vacation time ). bachelor ' s degrees ( without honours ) were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century. in scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years. = = = north america = = = in canada, mexico, and the united states, it is most often a four - year undergraduate degree, typically in engineering, computer science, mathematics, economics, finance, business, or the natural sciences. there are, however, some colleges and universities, notably in the province of quebec, that offer three - year degree programs. = = typical completion period = = = = = three years = = = algeria, australia, austria, barbados, belgium, belize, bosnia and herzegovina ( mostly three years, sometimes four ), cameroon, canada ( specifically quebec ), cote d ' ivoire, croatia ( mostly three years, sometimes four ), czech republic ( mostly three years, sometimes four ), denmark, england ( three or four years with a one - year placement in industry ), estonia, finland, france, germany ( mostly three years, but can be up to four years ), hungary, iceland, india ( three - year bsc in arts and pure sciences excluding engineering,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science
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let $ a $ be a dedekind domain, $ k $ the fraction field, $ \ p $ a non - zero prime ideal of $ a $, and $ k _ \ pp $ the completion of $ k $ with respect to the $ \ p $ - adic topology. at the input of a monic irreducible separable polynomial, $ f ( x ) \ in a [ x ] $, montes algorithm determines the factorization of $ f ( x ) $ over $ k _ \ pp [ x ] $, and it provides essential arithmetic information about the finite extensions of $ k _ \ pp $ determined by the different irreducible factors. in particular, it can be used to compute $ \ p $ - integral bases of the extension of $ k $ determined by $ f ( x ) $ \ cite { newapp }. in this paper we present new ( and faster ) methods to compute $ \ p $ - integral bases, based on the use of the quotients of certain divisions with remainder of $ f ( x ) $ that occur along the flow of montes algorithm.
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arxiv:0902.3428
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in certain naturally aged aluminum alloys, significant strengthening can be obtained due to the decomposition of a super - saturated solid solution into clusters. the origins of such strengthening remain unclear due to the challenge of differentiating solute cluster strengthening from solid solution or precipitate strengthening. to shed light on the origin of cluster strengthening in aluminum alloys, the interaction between the smallest possible type of clusters ( i. e. dimers ) and moving dislocations in a model al - mg alloy is studied using atomistic simulations. additionally, theoretical models for both the parelastic and dielastic interactions between clusters and dislocations is used to identify which factor among order strengthening, elastic interaction, and change of stacking fault energy controls cluster strengthening. the comparison of the results from these models to that of the atomistic simulations show that in the case of mg dimers, the strength of the strongest ones are dominated by the dielastic contribution through the change of stacking fault energy.
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arxiv:1811.10774
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superconductivity was recently reported in several quasicrystalline systems. these are materials which are structurally ordered, but since they are not translationally invariant, the usual bcs theory does not apply. at the present time, the underlying mechanism and the properties of the superconducting phase are insufficiently understood. to gain a better understanding of quasiperiodic superconductors, we consider the attractive hubbard model on the fibonacci chain, and examine its low - temperature superconducting phase in detail using the bogoliubov - de gennes mean - field approach. we obtain superconducting solutions as a function of the parameters controlling the physical properties of the system : the strength of the hubbard attraction $ u $, the chemical potential $ \ mu $, and the strength of the modulation of the fibonacci hamiltonian, $ w $. we find that there is a bulk transition at a critical temperature that obeys a power law in $ u $. the local superconducting order parameter is self - similar both in real and perpendicular space. the local densities of states vary from site to site, however, the width of the superconducting gap is the same on all sites. the interplay between the hubbard attraction and the intrinsic gaps of the fibonacci chain results in a complex zero - temperature $ \ mu $ - $ u $ phase diagram with insulating domes surrounded by superconducting regions. finally, we show that tuning $ w $ from weak to strong quasicrystalline modulation gives rise to qualitatively different thermodynamic behaviors as could be observed by measuring the specific heat.
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arxiv:2403.06157
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syntactically controlled paraphrase generation has become an emerging research direction in recent years. most existing approaches require annotated paraphrase pairs for training and are thus costly to extend to new domains. unsupervised approaches, on the other hand, do not need paraphrase pairs but suffer from relatively poor performance in terms of syntactic control and quality of generated paraphrases. in this paper, we demonstrate that leveraging abstract meaning representations ( amr ) can greatly improve the performance of unsupervised syntactically controlled paraphrase generation. our proposed model, amr - enhanced paraphrase generator ( amrpg ), separately encodes the amr graph and the constituency parse of the input sentence into two disentangled semantic and syntactic embeddings. a decoder is then learned to reconstruct the input sentence from the semantic and syntactic embeddings. our experiments show that amrpg generates more accurate syntactically controlled paraphrases, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared to the existing unsupervised approaches. we also demonstrate that the paraphrases generated by amrpg can be used for data augmentation to improve the robustness of nlp models.
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arxiv:2211.00881
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asynchronous random access ( ra ) protocols are particularly attractive for their simplicity and avoidance of tight synchronization requirements. recent enhancements have shown that the use of successive interference cancellation ( sic ) can largely boost the performance of these schemes. a further step forward in the performance can be attained when diversity combining techniques are applied. in order to enable combining, the detection and association of the packets to their transmitters has to be done prior to decoding. we present a solution to this problem, that articulates into two phases. non - coherent soft - correlation as well as interference - aware soft - correlation are used for packet detection. we evaluate the detection capabilities of both solutions via numerical simulations. we also evaluate numerically the spectral efficiency achieved by the proposed approach, highlighting its benefits.
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arxiv:1604.06221
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we prove an analogue of fujino and mori ' s ` ` bounding the denominators ' ' in the log canonical bundle formula ( see also prokhorov and shokurov ) for kawamata log terminal pairs of relative dimension one. as an application we prove that for a klt pair $ ( x, \ delta ) $ of kodaira codimension one and dimension at most three such that the coefficients of $ \ delta $ are in a dcc set $ \ mathcal { a } $, there is a natural number $ n $ that depends only on $ \ mathcal { a } $ for which the round down of $ \ n ( k _ x + \ delta ) $ induces the iitaka fibration. we also prove a birational boundedness result for klt surfaces of general type.
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arxiv:0805.3494
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recently, nonreciprocal phase shifters have attracted a surge of interest thanks to the advent of nonreciprocal electromagnetic systems, such as nonreciprocal metasurfaces, nonreciprocal - beam antennas, and invisibility cloaks. to overcome the limitations associated with conventional technologies for realizing nonreciprocal phase shifters and gyrators, here we propose a low - noise, lightweight, low - profile, and linear magnetless nonreciprocal phase shifter formed by two temporal loops. the proposed temporal apparatus operates based on the generation of time - harmonic signals and destructive and constructive interferences for the undesired and desired time harmonics, respectively, at different locations of the structure. an external time - harmonic modulation signal injects an effective electronic angular momentum to the system to control the phase and frequency of the two loops. such a temporal nonreciprocal phase shifter offers low insertion loss, and a large return loss ( input matching ) of greater than 28. 1 db. additionally, this nonreciprocal phase shifter possesses a reconfigurable architecture and can be directly embedded in integrated circuit ( ic ) technology to create high power handling and linear ic - based nonreciprocal phase shifters.
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arxiv:2210.13243
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training nlp systems typically assumes access to annotated data that has a single human label per example. given imperfect labeling from annotators and inherent ambiguity of language, we hypothesize that single label is not sufficient to learn the spectrum of language interpretation. we explore new annotation distribution schemes, assigning multiple labels per example for a small subset of training examples. introducing such multi label examples at the cost of annotating fewer examples brings clear gains on natural language inference task and entity typing task, even when we simply first train with a single label data and then fine tune with multi label examples. extending a mixup data augmentation framework, we propose a learning algorithm that can learn from training examples with different amount of annotation ( with zero, one, or multiple labels ). this algorithm efficiently combines signals from uneven training data and brings additional gains in low annotation budget and cross domain settings. together, our method achieves consistent gains in two tasks, suggesting distributing labels unevenly among training examples can be beneficial for many nlp tasks.
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arxiv:2109.04408
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early detection of dementia through specific biomarkers in mr images plays a critical role in developing support strategies proactively. fazekas scale facilitates an accurate quantitative assessment of the severity of white matter lesions and hence the disease. imaging biomarkers of dementia are multiple and comprehensive documentation of them is time - consuming. therefore, any effort to automatically extract these biomarkers will be of clinical value while reducing inter - rater discrepancies. to tackle this problem, we propose to classify the disease severity based on the fazekas scale through the visual biomarkers, namely the periventricular white matter ( pvwm ) and the deep white matter ( dwm ) changes, in the real - world setting of thick - slice mri. small training sample size and weak supervision in form of assigning severity labels to the whole mri stack are among the main challenges. to combat the mentioned issues, we have developed a deep learning pipeline that employs self - supervised representation learning, multiple instance learning, and appropriate pre - processing steps. we use pretext tasks such as non - linear transformation, local shuffling, in - and out - painting for self - supervised learning of useful features in this domain. furthermore, an attention model is used to determine the relevance of each mri slice for predicting the fazekas scale in an unsupervised manner. we show the significant superiority of our method in distinguishing different classes of dementia compared to state - of - the - art methods in our mentioned setting, which improves the macro averaged f1 - score of state - of - the - art from 61 % to 76 % in pvwm, and from 58 % to 69. 2 % in dwm.
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arxiv:2103.10056
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a pseudo - triangle is a simple polygon with exactly three convex vertices, and all other vertices ( if any ) are distributed on three concave chains. a pseudo - triangulation ~ $ \ mathcal { t } $ of a point set ~ $ p $ in ~ $ \ mathbb { r } ^ 2 $ is a partitioning of the convex hull of ~ $ p $ into pseudo - triangles, such that the union of the vertices of the pseudo - triangles is exactly ~ $ p $. we call a size - 4 pseudo - triangle a dart. for a fixed $ k \ geq 1 $, we study $ k $ - dart pseudo - triangulations ( $ k $ - dpts ), that is, pseudo - triangulations in which exactly $ k $ faces are darts and all other faces are triangles. we study the flip graph for such pseudo - triangulations, in which a flip exchanges the diagonals of a pseudo - quadrilatral. our results are as follows. we prove that the flip graph of $ 1 $ - dpts is generally not connected, and show how to compute its connected components. furthermore, for $ k $ - dpts on a point configuration called the double chain we analyze the structure of the flip graph on a more fine - grained level.
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arxiv:2402.12357
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we consider five - dimensional ads - axion - dilaton gravity with a gauss - bonnet term and use a black brane solution displaying spatial anisotropy as the gravity dual of a strongly coupled anisotropic plasma. we compute several observables relevant to the study of the plasma, namely, the drag force, the jet quenching parameter, the quarkonium potential and the thermal photon production. the effects of higher derivative corrections and of the anisotropy are discussed and compared with previous results.
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arxiv:1510.03774
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this is a review article for the review of particle physics 2020 ( aka the particle data book ). it forms a compact review of knowledge of the cosmological parameters at the end of 2019. topics included are parametrizing the universe ; extensions to the standard model ; probes ; bringing observations together ; outlook for the future.
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arxiv:1912.03687
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a major challenge in biology is to understand how molecular processes determine phenotypic features. we address this fundamental problem in a class of model systems by developing a general mathematical framework that allows the calculation of mesoscopic properties from the knowledge of microscopic markovian transition probabilities. we show how exact analytic formulae for the first and second moments of resident time distributions in mesostates can be derived from microscopic resident times and transition probabilities even for systems with a large number of microstates. we apply our formalism to models of the inositol trisphosphate receptor, which plays a key role in generating calcium signals triggering a wide variety of cellular responses. we demonstrate how experimentally accessible quantities, such as opening and closing times and the coefficient of variation of inter - spike intervals, and other, more elaborated, quantities can be analytically calculated from the underlying microscopic markovian dynamics. a virtue of our approach is that we do not need to follow the detailed time evolution of the whole system, as we derive the relevant properties of its steady state without having to take into account the often extremely complicated transient features. we emphasize that our formulae fully agree with results obtained by stochastic simulations and approaches based on a full determination of the microscopic system ' s time evolution. we also illustrate how experiments can be devised to discriminate between alternative molecular models of the inositol trisphosphate receptor. the developed approach is applicable to any system described by a markov process and, owing to the analytic nature of the resulting formulae, provides an easy way to characterize also rare events that are of particular importance to understand the intermittency properties of complex dynamic systems.
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arxiv:1309.5829
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the update law in the indirect adaptive control scheme can be extended to include feedthrough of an error term. this reduces undesired oscillations of the calculated weights. when the $ { \ sigma } $ - modification is used for achieving robustness against unstructured uncertainties, the gain of the feedthrough in the update law cannot be chosen arbitrarily. compared to our previous result, we show stability of the closed loop for a larger parameter - range for the gain of the feedthrough in the update law. this parameter - range includes a configuration for which the influence of the integration in the update law diminishes over time, i. e. for which the adaptation for large times is governed solely by the feedthrough in the update law. by initializing at zero, this allows for removing the integration from the update law, resulting in a static update law. for the purely linear case, the adaptation acts like a disturbance observer. frequency - domain analysis of the closed loop with a second order plant shows that removing the integration from the update law with $ { \ sigma } $ - modification and feedthrough affects how precisely disturbances in the low - frequency band are observed. if the damping injected into the adaptation process by the $ { \ sigma } $ - modification exceeds certain bounds, then the precision is increased by using the static update law.
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arxiv:2412.10102
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the natural neutron background influences the maximum achievable sensitivity in most deep underground nuclear, astroparticle and double - beta decay physics experiments. reliable neutron flux numbers are an important ingredient in the design of the shielding of new large - scale experiments as well as in the analysis of experimental data. using a portable setup of he - 3 counters we measured the thermal neutron flux at the kimballton underground research facility, the soudan underground laboratory, on the 4100 ft and the 4850 ft levels of the sanford underground research facility, at the waste isolation pilot plant and at the gran sasso national laboratory. absolute neutron fluxes at these laboratories are presented.
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arxiv:1509.00770
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we present high - resolution vlt spectra of a new helium - rich do white dwarf and a new pg1159 star, which we identified in the eso spy survey. we performed nlte model atmosphere analyses and found that the pg1159 star is a low - gravity, extremely hot ( teff = 160, 000k, logg = 6 ) star, having a carbon - helium dominated atmosphere with considerable amounts of oxygen and neon ( he = 38 %, c = 54 %, o = 6 %, ne = 2 % by mass ). it is located within the planetary nebula nuclei instability strip, hence, future searches for an associated pn as well as for stellar pulsations might be successful. the do white dwarf is a unique object. from the relative strength of neutral and ionized helium lines we found teff approx. 60, 000k, however, the heii lines are extraordinarily strong and cannot be fitted by any model. similar problems were encountered with hot subdwarfs and white dwarfs showing signatures of a super - hot wind. the reason is unknown.
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arxiv:astro-ph/0407355
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overloaded vehicles are the primary cause of accelerated degradation of road infrastructures. in this context, although weigh - in - motion ( wim ) systems are most efficient to enforce weight regulations, current technologies require costly investments limiting their extensive implementation. recent advances in multifunctional composites enabled cost - efficient alternatives in the form of smart pavements. nevertheless, the need for a stable power supply still represents a major practical limitation. this work presents a novel proof - of - concept self - sustainable wim technology combining smart pavements and vibration - based energy harvesting ( eh ). the feasibility of piezoelectric bimorph cantilevered beams to harvest traffic - induced vibrations is firstly investigated, followed by the demonstration of the proposed technology under laboratory conditions. the main original contributions of this work comprise ( i ) the development of a new self - powered data acquisition system, ( ii ) a novel approach for the fabrication and electromechanical testing of the piezoresistive composite pavement, and ( iii ) laboratory feasibility analysis of the developed eh unit to conduct traffic load identification through electrical resistivity measurements of the smart pavement. while the presented results conclude the need for dense eh networks or combinations of different eh technologies to attain complete self - sustainability, this work represents an initial feasibility evidence paving the way towards the development of self - powered low - cost wim systems.
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arxiv:2302.06388
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temperature dependences of the optical spectra of la $ _ { 2 - x } $ sr $ _ x $ cuo $ _ 4 $ with $ x $ = 0. 12 and 0. 15 were carefully examined for a polarization parallel to the cuo $ _ 2 $ - plane over a wide frequency range down to 8 cm $ ^ { - 1 } $. selection of well - characterized crystals enabled us to measure purely in - plane polarized spectra without any additional peak. the weight of superconducting ( sc ) condensate estimated from the missing area in $ \ sigma _ 1 ( \ omega $ ) well agrees with the estimate from the slope of $ \ sigma _ 2 ( \ omega $ ) vs 1 / $ \ omega $ plot, showing no evidence that the ferrell - glover - tinkham sum - rule is violated in the optical spectrum. we demonstrate that the optically estimated sc condensate is much smaller than the value obtained from the $ \ mu $ sr measurement of magnetic penetration depth. we also find an anomalous increase of conductivity in sub - millimeter region towards $ \ omega $ = 0 below $ t _ c $, which suggests the microscopic inhomogeneity in the superconducting state. both observations are discussed in relation with the inhomogeneous electronic state that might be inherent to high - $ t _ c $ cuprates.
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arxiv:cond-mat/0401447
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the parity ( p ) and time - reversal ( t ) odd coupling constant associated with the tensor - pseudotensor ( t - pt ) electron - nucleus interaction and the nuclear schiff moment ( nsm ) have been determined by combining the result of the measurement of the electric dipole moment ( edm ) of ^ { 129 } xe atom and calculations based on the relativistic coupled - cluster ( rcc ) theory. calculations using various relativistic many - body methods have been performed at different levels of approximation and their accuracies are estimated by comparing the results of the calculated dipole polarizability of the ground state of the above atom with its most precise available experimental data. the non - linear terms that arise in the rcc theory at the singles and doubles approximation were found to be crucial for achieving high accuracy in the calculations. our results for the ^ { 129 } xe edm due to the odd t - pt interaction and the nsm are, respectively, d _ a = 0. 501 x 10 ^ { - 20 } c _ t < \ sigma _ n > | e | cm and d _ a = 0. 336 x 10 ^ { - 17 } s / ( | e | fm ^ 3 ) | e | cm. these results in combination with the future edm measurements in atomic xe could provide the most accurate limits for the t - pt coupling constant and nsm.
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arxiv:1311.6701
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proper modeling of complex systems requires innovative mathematical tools. in this sense, we sought to use deformed or fractal derivatives for studying the dynamics of systems, particularly those, such as granular gases, in which the description of the dynamics can be done by using the stretched exponential probability densities. in this contribution we draw up three results of this application of mathematical tools. the first result shows that when we use constraints with finite momentum and the principle of maximum entropy, the kohlrausch - - williams - - watts function, known as stretched exponential, emerges naturally and in a simpler way, when compared to results in the literature. next, we obtain generalized expressions for the langevin equation, as well as its solutions for three different deformed derivatives, including those connected with nonaddictive statistical mechanics. the haff ' s - like law for granular gases are obtained. next, we calculate the partition function $ z $ for a granular gas system by building up the probability density in terms of the stretched exponential function. from this partition function, we determine the internal energy of the system as well as the specific heat, both dependent on temperature. the consistency with classical approach of kinetic theory for ideal gases was verified.
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arxiv:2406.07748
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with ±, denotes the opposite sign ; that is, + if ± is −, and − if ± is +. ÷ ( division sign ) widely used for denoting division in anglophone countries, it is no longer in common use in mathematics and its use is " not recommended ". in some countries, it can indicate subtraction. : ( colon ) 1. denotes the ratio of two quantities. 2. in some countries, may denote division. 3. in set - builder notation, it is used as a separator meaning " such that " ; see { : }. / ( slash ) 1. denotes division and is read as divided by or over. often replaced by a horizontal bar. for example, 3 / 2 or 3 2 { \ displaystyle { \ frac { 3 } { 2 } } }. 2. denotes a quotient structure. for example, quotient set, quotient group, quotient category, etc. 3. in number theory and field theory, f / e { \ displaystyle f / e } denotes a field extension, where f is an extension field of the field e. 4. in probability theory, denotes a conditional probability. for example, p ( a / b ) { \ displaystyle p ( a / b ) } denotes the probability of a, given that b occurs. usually denoted p ( a b ) { \ displaystyle p ( a \ mid b ) } : see " | ". √ ( square - root symbol ) denotes square root and is read as the square root of. rarely used in modern mathematics without a horizontal bar delimiting the width of its argument ( see the next item ). for example, √2. √ ( radical symbol ) 1. denotes square root and is read as the square root of. for example, 3 + 2 { \ displaystyle { \ sqrt { 3 + 2 } } }. 2. with an integer greater than 2 as a left superscript, denotes an nth root. for example, 3 7 { \ displaystyle { \ sqrt [ { 7 } ] { 3 } } } denotes the 7th root of 3. ^ ( caret ) 1. exponentiation is normally denoted with a superscript. however, x y { \ displaystyle x ^ { y } } is often denoted x ^ y when superscripts are not easily available, such as in programming languages ( including latex ) or plain text emails. 2. not to be confused
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols
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we present a new method for the consistent construction of time - continuous coherent - state path integrals using the theory of half - form quantization. through the inversion of the quantization procedure we construct a de - quantization map taking first order operators to their corresponding path integrals. we generalize our results using functional techniques, allowing for the consistent path integral study of more general operators, including higher orders and interactions.
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arxiv:2006.13720
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we characterize the double centralizer of all parabolic subgroups of the braid groups. we apply this result to provide a new and potentially more efficient solution to the subgroup conjugacy problem for parabolic subgroups. in the course of the proof we also characterize the centralizer for all parabolic subgroups.
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arxiv:1310.0936
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the mass modifications of the light vector mesons ( $ \ omega $, $ \ rho $ and $ \ phi $ ) are investigated in asymmetric nuclear matter in the presence of strong magnetic fields, using a qcd sum rule approach. these are computed from the medium modifications of the non - strange and strange light quark condensates as well as scalar gluon condensate. the quark and gluon condensates are calculated from the medium changes of the scalar fields ( non - strange and strange ) and a scalar dilaton field in the magnetized nuclear matter, within a chiral su ( 3 ) model. the scalar dilaton field within the model breaks the scale invariance of qcd and simulates the gluon condensate. the anomalous magnetic moments for the nucleons are taken into account in the present study.
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arxiv:1811.12570
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three - dimensional ( 3d ) images, such as ct, mri, and pet, are common in medical imaging applications and important in clinical diagnosis. semantic ambiguity is a typical feature of many medical image labels. it can be caused by many factors, such as the imaging properties, pathological anatomy, and the weak representation of the binary masks, which brings challenges to accurate 3d segmentation. in 2d medical images, using soft masks instead of binary masks generated by image matting to characterize lesions can provide rich semantic information, describe the structural characteristics of lesions more comprehensively, and thus benefit the subsequent diagnoses and analyses. in this work, we introduce image matting into the 3d scenes to describe the lesions in 3d medical images. the study of image matting in 3d modality is limited, and there is no high - quality annotated dataset related to 3d matting, therefore slowing down the development of data - driven deep - learning - based methods. to address this issue, we constructed the first 3d medical matting dataset and convincingly verified the validity of the dataset through quality control and downstream experiments in lung nodules classification. we then adapt the four selected state - of - the - art 2d image matting algorithms to 3d scenes and further customize the methods for ct images. also, we propose the first end - to - end deep 3d matting network and implement a solid 3d medical image matting benchmark, which will be released to encourage further research.
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arxiv:2209.07843
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we propose a novel one - way quantum repeater architecture based on photonic tree - cluster states. encoding a qubit in a photonic tree - cluster protects the information from transmission loss and enables long - range quantum communication through a chain of repeater stations. as opposed to conventional approaches that are limited by the two - way communication time, the overall transmission rate of the current quantum repeater protocol is determined by the local processing time enabling very high communication rates. we further show that such a repeater can be constructed with as little as two stationary qubits and one quantum emitter per repeater station, which significantly increases the experimental feasibility. we discuss potential implementations with diamond defect centers and semiconductor quantum dots efficiently coupled to photonic nanostructures and outline how such systems may be integrated into repeater stations.
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arxiv:1907.05101
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performing hundreds of test runs and a source - code analysis, we empirically identified improved parameter configurations for the cryptominisat ( cms ) 5 for solving cryptographic cnf instances originating from algebraic known - plaintext attacks on 3 rounds encryption of the small aes - 64 model cipher sr $ ( 3, 4, 4, 4 ) $. we finally became able to reconstruct 64 - bit long keys in under an hour real time which, to our knowledge, has never been achieved so far. especially, not without any assumptions or previous knowledge of key - bits ( for instance in the form of side - channels, as in \ cite { mohamed2012algebraicsca } ). a statistical analysis of the non - deterministic solver runtimes was carried out and command line parameter combinations were defined to yield best runtimes which ranged from under an hour to a few hours in median at the beginning. we proceeded using an automatic algorithm configuration ( aac ) tool to systematically extend the search for even better solver configurations with success to deliver even shorter solving times. in this work we elaborate on the systematics we followed to reach our results in a traceable and reproducible way. the ultimate focus of our investigations is to find out if cms, when appropriately tuned, is indeed capable to attack even bigger and harder problems than the here solved ones. for the domain of cryptographic research, the duration of the solving time plays an inferior role as compared to the practical feasibility of finding a solution to the problem. the perspective scalability of the here presented results is the object of further investigations.
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arxiv:2112.11484
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local symmetries of a non - expanding horizon has been investigated in the 1st order formulation of gravity. when applied to a spherically symmetric isolated horizon only a u ( 1 ) subgroup of the lorentz group survives as residual local symmetry that one can make use of in constructing an effective theory on the horizon.
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arxiv:1004.3200
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we prove a special case of a dynamical analogue of the classical mordell - lang conjecture. in particular, let $ \ phi $ be a rational function with no superattracting periodic points other than exceptional points. if the coefficients of $ \ phi $ are algebraic, we show that the orbit of a point outside the union of proper preperiodic subvarieties of $ ( \ bp ^ 1 ) ^ g $ has only finite intersection with any curve contained in $ ( \ bp ^ 1 ) ^ g $. we also show that our result holds for indecomposable polynomials $ \ phi $ with coefficients in $ \ bc $. our proof uses results from $ p $ - adic dynamics together with an integrality argument. the extension to polynomials defined over $ \ bc $ uses the method of specializations coupled with some new results of medvedev and scanlon for describing the periodic plane curves under the action of $ ( \ phi, \ phi ) $ on $ \ ba ^ 2 $.
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arxiv:0712.2344
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there is evidence from radio - loud quasars to suggest that the distribution of the h $ \ beta $ broad emission line ( bel ) gas is arranged in a predominantly planar orientation, and this result may well also apply to radio - quiet quasars. this would imply that the observed full width at half maximum ( fwhm ) of the h $ \ beta $ bels is dependent on the orientation of the line of sight to the gas. if this view is correct then we propose that the fwhm can be used as a surrogate, in large samples, to determine the line of sight to the h $ \ beta $ bels in broad absorption line quasars ( balqsos ).... it is determined that there is a statistically significant excess of narrow line profiles in the sdss dr7 archival spectra of low ionization broad absorption line quasars ( lobalqsos ), indicating that bal gas flowing close to the equatorial plane does not commonly occur in these sources. we also find that the data is not well represented by random lines of sight to the bal gas. our best fit indicates two classes of lobalqsos, the majority ( $ \ approx 2 / 3 $ ) are polar outflows, that are responsible for the enhanced frequency of narrow line profiles, and the remainder are equatorial outflows. we further motivated the line of sight explanation of the narrow line excess in lobalqsos by considering the notion that the skewed distribution of line profiles is driven by an elevated eddington ratio in balqsos. we constructed a variety of control samples comprised of nonlobalqsos matched to a de - reddened lobalqso sample in redshift, luminosity, black hole mass and eddington ratio. it is demonstrated that the excess of narrow profiles persists within the lobalqso sample relative to each of the control samples with no reduction of the statistical significance. thus, we eliminate the possibility that the excess narrow lines seen in the lobalqsos arise from an enhanced eddington ratio.
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arxiv:1010.5705
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we characterize the symmetry algebra of the generic superintegrable system on a pseudo - sphere corresponding to the homogeneous space $ so ( p, q + 1 ) / so ( p, q ) $ where $ p + q = { \ cal n } $, $ { \ cal n } \ in \ mathbb n $. we show that this algebra is independent of the signature $ ( p, q + 1 ) $ of the metric and that it is the same as the racah algebra $ { \ cal r } ( { \ cal n } + 1 ) $. the spectrum obtained from $ { \ cal r } ( { \ cal n } + 1 ) $ via the daskaloyannis method depends on undetermined signs that can be associated to the signatures. two examples are worked out explicitly for the cases $ so ( 2, 1 ) / so ( 2 ) $ and $ so ( 3 ) / so ( 2 ) $ where it is shown that their spectrum obtained by means of separation of variables coincide with particular choices of the signs corresponding to the specific signatures of the spectrum for the symmetry algebra $ { \ cal r } ( 3 ) $.
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arxiv:2004.07048
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ubiquitously during experiments one encounters a situation where time lapse between two events has to measured. for example during the oscillations of a pendulum or a vibrating reed, the powering of a lamp and achieving of its full intensity. the powering of a relay and the closure of its contacts etc. situations like these call for a time measuring device between two events. hence this article describes a general bi - event timer that can be used in a physics lab for ubiquitous time lapse measurements during experiments. these measurements in turn can be used to interpret other parameters like velocity, acceleration etc. the timer described here is simple to build and accurate in performance. the bi - event occurence can be applied as a signal to the inputs of the timer either on separate lines or along a single path in series as voltage pulses.
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arxiv:1201.5190
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a wave function can be written in the form of { \ psi } = reis / h. we put this form of wave function into quantum mechanics equations and take hydrodynamic limit, i. e., let planck constant be zero. then equations of motion ( eom ) describing the movement of macroscopic bodies are retrieved. from schrodinger equation, we obtain newtonian mechanics, including newtons three laws of motion ; from decouple klein - gordon equation with positive kinetic energy ( pke ), we obtain eom of special relativity in classical mechanics. these are for pke systems. from negative kinetic energy ( nke ) schrodinger equation and decoupled klein - gordon equation, the eom describing low momentum and relativistic motions of macroscopic dark bodies are derived. these are nke systems, i. e., dark systems. in all cases scalar and vector potentials are also taken into account. the formalism obtained is collectively called macromechanics. for an isolated system containing pke and nke bodies, both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. a dark ideal gas produces a negative pressure, and its microscopic mechanism is disclosed. two - body problems, where at least one is of nke, are investigated for both macroscopic bodies and microscopic particles. a nke proton and a pke electron can compose a stable pke atom, and its spectral lines have blue shifts compared to a hydrogen atom. the author suggests to seek for these spectral lines in celestial spectra. this provides a way to seek for dark particles in space. elastic collisions between a body and a dark body are researched.
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arxiv:2007.01712
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this is the first of a series of two articles where we construct a version of wrapped fukaya category $ \ mathcal w \ mathcal f ( m \ setminus k ; h _ { g _ 0 } ) $ of the cotangent bundle $ t ^ * ( m \ setminus k ) $ of the knot complement $ m \ setminus k $ of a compact 3 - manifold $ m $, and do some calculation for the case of hyperbolic knots $ k \ subset m $. for the construction, we use the wrapping induced by the kinetic energy hamiltonian $ h _ { g _ 0 } $ associated to the cylindrical adjustment $ g _ 0 $ on $ m \ setminus k $ of a smooth metric $ g $ defined on $ m $. we then consider the torus $ t = \ partial n ( k ) $ as an object in this category and its wrapped floer complex $ cw ^ * ( \ nu ^ * t ; h _ { g _ 0 } ) $ where $ n ( k ) $ is a tubular neighborhood of $ k \ subset m $. we prove that the quasi - equivalence class of the category and the quasi - isomorphism class of the $ a _ \ infty $ algebra $ cw ^ * ( \ nu ^ * t ; h _ { g _ 0 } ) $ are independent of the choice of cylindrical adjustments of such metrics depending only on the isotopy class of the knot $ k $ in $ m $. in a sequel [ bko ], we give constructions of a wrapped fukaya category $ \ mathcal w \ mathcal f ( m \ setminus k ; h _ h ) $ for hyperbolic knot $ k $ and of $ a _ \ infty $ algebra $ cw ^ * ( \ nu ^ * t ; h _ h ) $ directly using the hyperbolic metric $ h $ on $ m \ setminus k $, and prove a formality result for the asymptotic boundary of $ ( m \ setminus k, h ) $.
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arxiv:1901.02239
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we propose to search for millicharged particles produced in high - intensity electron beam dumps using small ultralow - threshold sensors. as a concrete example, we consider a skipper - ccd placed behind the beam dump in hall a at jefferson lab. we compute the millicharged particle flux, including both electromagnetic cascade and meson productions emanating from an aluminum target. we find that the sensitivity of a modest 2x14 array of skipper - ccds can exceed the sensitivity of all existing searches for millicharged particle masses below 1. 5 gev, and is either competitive or world leading when compared to other proposed experiments. our results demonstrate that small - scale ultralow threshold silicon devices can enhance the reach of accelerator - based experiments, while fitting comfortably within existing experimental halls.
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arxiv:2412.09652
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conductive elastomers present desirable qualities for sensing pressure in - vivo, such as high piezoresistance in tiny volumes, conformability and, biocompatibility. many pdms - based electrically conductive nanocomposites however, are susceptible to electrical drift following repeated stress cycles and chemical aging. innovative approaches are needed to stabilize their percolation network against deformation to improve reproducibility and facilitate sensor calibration. one approach we propose here is to decouple the tunnelling - percolation network of hopg nanoparticles from the incomplete viscoelastic recovery of the pdms matrix by inserting minute amounts of insulating sio $ _ 2 $ nanospheres. sio $ _ 2 $ nanospheres effectively reduce the number of nearest neighbours at each percolation node switching off the parallel electrical pathways that might become activated by incomplete viscoelastic relaxation. we varied the size of sio $ _ 2 $ nanospheres and their filling fraction to demonstrate nearly complete piezoresistance recovery when sio $ _ 2 $ and hopg nanoparticles have equal diameters ( $ \ approx $ 400nm ) and sio $ _ 2 $ and hopg volume fractions are 1 % and 29. 5 % respectively. we demonstrate an in - vivo blood pressure sensor based on this bi - filler composite.
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arxiv:2401.04690
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in low - level sensory systems, it is still unclear how the noisy information collected locally by neurons may give rise to a coherent global percept. this is well demonstrated for the detection of motion in the aperture problem : as luminance of an elongated line is symmetrical along its axis, tangential velocity is ambiguous when measured locally. here, we develop the hypothesis that motion - based predictive coding is sufficient to infer global motion. our implementation is based on a context - dependent diffusion of a probabilistic representation of motion. we observe in simulations a progressive solution to the aperture problem similar to physio - logy and behavior. we demonstrate that this solution is the result of two underlying mechanisms. first, we demonstrate the formation of a tracking behavior favoring temporally coherent features independent of their texture. second, we observe that incoherent features are explained away, while coherent information diffuses progressively to the global scale. most previous models included ad hoc mechanisms such as end - stopped cells or a selection layer to track specific luminance - based features as necessary conditions to solve the aperture problem. here, we have proved that motion - based predictive coding, as it is implemented in this functional model, is sufficient to solve the aperture problem. this solution may give insights into the role of prediction underlying a large class of sensory computations.
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arxiv:1208.6471
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in mathematics, parity is the property of an integer of whether it is even or odd. an integer is even if it is divisible by 2, and odd if it is not. for example, −4, 0, and 82 are even numbers, while −3, 5, 23, and 69 are odd numbers. the above definition of parity applies only to integer numbers, hence it cannot be applied to numbers with decimals or fractions like 1 / 2 or 4. 6978. see the section " higher mathematics " below for some extensions of the notion of parity to a larger class of " numbers " or in other more general settings. even and odd numbers have opposite parities, e. g., 22 ( even number ) and 13 ( odd number ) have opposite parities. in particular, the parity of zero is even. any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. a number ( i. e., integer ) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. that is, if the last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, then it is odd ; otherwise it is even — as the last digit of any even number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. the same idea will work using any even base. in particular, a number expressed in the binary numeral system is odd if its last digit is 1 ; and it is even if its last digit is 0. in an odd base, the number is even according to the sum of its digits — it is even if and only if the sum of its digits is even. = = definition = = an even number is an integer of the form x = 2 k { \ displaystyle x = 2k } where k is an integer ; an odd number is an integer of the form x = 2 k + 1. { \ displaystyle x = 2k + 1. } an equivalent definition is that an even number is divisible by 2 : 2 | x { \ displaystyle 2 \ | \ x } and an odd number is not : 2 | x { \ displaystyle 2 \ not | \ x } the sets of even and odd numbers can be defined as following : { 2 k : k ∈ z } { \ displaystyle \ { 2k : k \ in \ mathbb { z } \ } } { 2 k + 1 : k ∈ z } { \ displaystyle \ { 2k +
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)
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we investigate parametric down - conversion in a hexagonally poled nonlinear photonic crystal, pumped by a dual pump with a transverse modulation that matches the periodicity of the nonlinear grating. a peculiar feature of this resonant configuration is that the two pumps simultaneously generate photon pairs over an entire branch of modes, via quasi - phasematching with both fundamental vectors of the reciprocal lattice of the nonlinearity. the parametric gain of these modes depends thus coherently on the sum of the two pump amplitudes and can be controlled by varying their relative intensities and phases. we find that a significant enhancement of the source conversion efficiency, comparable to that of one - dimensionally poled crystals, can be achieved by a dual symmetric pump. we also show how the four - mode coupling arising among shared modes at resonance can be tailored by changing the dual pump parameters.
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arxiv:1909.00695
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for finite semidistributive lattices the map $ \ kappa $ gives a bijection between the sets of completely join - irreducible elements and completely meet - irreducible elements. here we study the $ \ kappa $ - map in the context of torsion classes. it is well - known that the lattice of torsion classes for an artin algebra is semidistributive, but in general it is far from finite. we show the $ \ kappa $ - map is well - defined on the set of completely join - irreducible elements, even when the lattice of torsion classes is infinite. we then extend $ \ kappa $ to a map on torsion classes which have canonical join representations given by the special torsion classes associated to the minimal extending modules introduced by the first and third authors and a. carroll. for hereditary algebras, we show that the extended $ \ kappa $ - map on torsion classes is essentially the same as ringel ' s $ \ epsilon $ - map on wide subcategories. also in hereditary case, we relate the square of $ \ kappa $ to the auslander - reiten translation.
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arxiv:1911.10712
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the asynchronous push & pull protocol, a randomized distributed algorithm for spreading a rumour in a graph $ g $, works as follows. independent poisson clocks of rate 1 are associated with the vertices of $ g $. initially, one vertex of $ g $ knows the rumour. whenever the clock of a vertex $ x $ rings, it calls a random neighbour $ y $ : if $ x $ knows the rumour and $ y $ does not, then $ x $ tells $ y $ the rumour ( a push operation ), and if $ x $ does not know the rumour and $ y $ knows it, $ y $ tells $ x $ the rumour ( a pull operation ). the average spread time of $ g $ is the expected time it takes for all vertices to know the rumour, and the guaranteed spread time of $ g $ is the smallest time $ t $ such that with probability at least $ 1 - 1 / n $, after time $ t $ all vertices know the rumour. the synchronous variant of this protocol, in which each clock rings precisely at times $ 1, 2, \ dots $, has been studied extensively. we prove the following results for any $ n $ - vertex graph : in either version, the average spread time is at most linear even if only the pull operation is used, and the guaranteed spread time is within a logarithmic factor of the average spread time, so it is $ o ( n \ log n ) $. in the asynchronous version, both the average and guaranteed spread times are $ \ omega ( \ log n ) $. we give examples of graphs illustrating that these bounds are best possible up to constant factors. we also prove theoretical relationships between the guaranteed spread times in the two versions. firstly, in all graphs the guaranteed spread time in the asynchronous version is within an $ o ( \ log n ) $ factor of that in the synchronous version, and this is tight. next, we find examples of graphs whose asynchronous spread times are logarithmic, but the synchronous versions are polynomially large. finally, we show for any graph that the ratio of the synchronous spread time to the asynchronous spread time is $ o ( n ^ { 2 / 3 } ) $.
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arxiv:1411.0948
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based on the closed time path formalism, a new feynman rule for directly calculating the retarded and advanced green functions is deduced. this feynman rule is used to calculate the two - point self - energy and three - point vertex correction in $ \ phi ^ 3 $ theory. the generalized fluctuation - dissipation theorem for three - point nonlinear response function is verified.
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arxiv:hep-ph/0204009
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we present a comparative and systematic study of the fine tuning in higgs sectors in three scale - invariant nmssm models : the first being the standard $ z _ 3 $ - invariant nmssm ; the second is the nmssm plus additional matter filling $ 3 ( 5 + \ bar { 5 } ) $ representations of su ( 5 ) and is called the nmssm + ; while the third model comprises $ 4 ( 5 + \ bar { 5 } ) $ and is called the nmssm + +. naively, one would expect the fine tuning in the plus - type models to be smaller than that in the nmssm since the presence of extra matter relaxes the perturbativity bound on $ \ lambda $ at the low scale. this, in turn, allows larger tree - level higgs mass and smaller loop contribution from the stops. however we find that lhc limits on the masses of sparticles, especially the gluino mass, can play an indirect, but vital, role in controlling the fine tuning. in particular, working in a semi - constrained framework at the gut scale, we find that the masses of third generation stops are always larger in the plus - type models than in the nmssm without extra matter. this is an rge effect which cannot be avoided, and as a consequence the fine tuning in the nmssm + ( $ \ delta \ sim 200 $ ) is significantly larger than in the nmssm ( $ \ delta \ sim 100 $ ), with fine tuning in the nmssm + + ( $ \ delta \ sim 600 $ ) being significantly larger than in the nmssm +.
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arxiv:1403.2088
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we introduce and analyze a model for the transport of particles or energy in extended lattice systems. the dynamics of the model acts on a discrete phase space at discrete times but has nonetheless some of the characteristic properties of hamiltonian dynamics in a confined phase space : it is deterministic, periodic, reversible and conservative. randomness enters the model as a way to model ignorance about initial conditions and interactions between the components of the system. the orbits of the particles are non - intersecting random loops. we prove, by a weak law of large number, the validity of a diffusion equation for the macroscopic observables of interest for times that are arbitrary large, but small compared to the minimal recurrence time of the dynamics.
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arxiv:1211.0608
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we use super $ q $ - howe duality to provide diagrammatic presentations of an idempotented form of the hecke algebra and of categories of $ \ mathfrak { gl } _ n $ - modules ( and, more generally, $ \ mathfrak { gl } _ { n | m } $ - modules ) whose objects are tensor generated by exterior and symmetric powers of the vector representations. as an application, we give a representation theoretic explanation and a diagrammatic version of a known symmetry of colored homfly - - pt polynomials.
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arxiv:1504.05069
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we study metric - affine gravity ( mag ) inspired cosmological models. those models were statistically estimated using the snia data. we also use the cosmic microwave background observations and the big - bang nucleosynthesis analysis to constrain the density parameter $ \ omega _ { \ psi, 0 } $ which is related to the non - riemannian structure of the underlying spacetime. we argue that while the models are statistically admissible from the snia analysis, complementary stricter limits obtained from the cmb and bbn indicate that the models with density parameters with a $ a ^ { - 6 } $ scaling behaviour are virtually ruled out. if we assume the validity of the particular mag based cosmological model throughout all stages of the universe, the parameter estimates from the cmb and bbn put a stronger limit, in comparison to the snia data, on the presence of non - riemannian structures at low redshifts.
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arxiv:astro-ph/0502412
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in the art of video editing, sound helps add character to an object and immerse the viewer within a space. through formative interviews with professional editors ( n = 10 ), we found that the task of adding sounds to video can be challenging. this paper presents soundify, a system that assists editors in matching sounds to video. given a video, soundify identifies matching sounds, synchronizes the sounds to the video, and dynamically adjusts panning and volume to create spatial audio. in a human evaluation study ( n = 889 ), we show that soundify is capable of matching sounds to video out - of - the - box for a diverse range of audio categories. in a within - subjects expert study ( n = 12 ), we demonstrate the usefulness of soundify in helping video editors match sounds to video with lighter workload, reduced task completion time, and improved usability.
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arxiv:2112.09726
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the higgsino world is one of the popular natural susy scenarios, in which $ | \ mu | \ ll m _ { gauginos } \ ll m _ { scalars } $. as such, searching for light degenerate higgsinos becomes an essential task of testing naturalness in supersymmetry ( susy ). in this work, we study the indirect effects of light higgsinos in the process $ e ^ + e ^ - \ to w ^ + w ^ - $ at future higgs factories, such as circular electron positron collider ( cepc ) in china. we find that the higgsino mass parameter $ \ mu \ lesssim 210 $ gev favored by naturalness can be covered if the accuracy of the measurement of $ w ^ + w ^ - $ production can reach 0. 1 \ % at 240 gev cepc.
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arxiv:1705.02534
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by the outset of this review, 168 million people needed humanitarian aid, and the number grew to 235 million by the end of the completion of this review. there is no time to lose, definitely no data to lose. humanitarian relief is crucial not just to contend with a pandemic once a century but also to provide help during civil conflicts, ever - increasing natural disasters, and other forms of crisis. reliance on technology has never been so relevant and critical than now. the creation of more data and advancements in data analytics provides an opportunity to the humanitarian field. this review aimed at providing a holistic understanding of big data analytics in a humanitarian and disaster setting. a systematic literature review method is used to examine the field and the results of this review explain research gaps, and opportunities available for future research. this study has shown a significant research imbalance in the disaster phase, highlighting how the emphasis is on responsive measures than preventive measures. such reactionary measures would only exacerbate the disaster, as is the case in many nations with covid - 19. overall this research details the current state of big data analytics in a humanitarian and disaster setting.
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arxiv:2108.09800
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ocean dynamics play a crucial role in global climate, ecosystems, and human activities, necessitating accurate and efficient methods to characterize ocean currents and waves. this paper presents the development of a novel bio - inspired hydrofoil system for detecting and characterizing ocean currents and waves based on a dolphin ' s flipper foil design. the prototype ' s performance was assessed through controlled experiments, demonstrating the system ' s ability to quickly and accurately orientate itself in the direction of flow. wave mechanics and a geometric proof were applied to estimate wave parameters such as wave height and current from the hydrofoil ' s positioning. the proposed hydrofoil system shows potential for use in various marine applications, including oceanographic research, environmental monitoring, and navigation. the bio - inspired hydrofoil system offers a promising approach to ocean current and wave characterization, with the potential to significantly impact our understanding and monitoring of ocean dynamics without greatly impacting vehicle performance or increasing power utilization in operation.
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arxiv:2306.08091
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a class of quantum field theories invariant with respect to the action of an odd vector field q on a source supermanifold $ \ sigma $ is considered. we suppose that q satisfies the conditions under which an integral of any q - invariant function over $ \ sigma $ localizes to the zero locus of q. the q - invariant sector of a field theory from the class above is shown then to be equivalent to the quantum field theory defined on zero locus of the vector field q.
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arxiv:hep-th/9611157
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magnetic reconnection, or the ability of the magnetic field lines that are frozen in plasma to change their topology, is a fundamental problem of magnetohydrodynamics ( mhd ). we briefly examine the problem starting with the well - known sweet - parker scheme, discuss effects of tearing modes, anomalous resistivity and the concept of hyperresistivity. we show that the field stochasticity by itself provides a way to enable fast reconnection even if, at the scale of individual turbulent wiggles, the reconnection happens at the slow sweet - parker rate. we show that fast reconnection allows efficient mixing of magnetic field in the direction perpendicular to the local direction of magnetic field. while the idea of stochastic reconnection still requires numerical confirmation, our numerical simulations testify that mixing motions perpendicular to the local magnetic field are up to high degree hydrodynamical. this suggests that the turbulent heat transport should be similar to that in non - magnetized turbulent fluid, namely, should have a diffusion coefficient \ sim lv _ l, where v _ l is the amplitude of the turbulent velocity and l is the scale of the turbulent motions. we present numerical simulations which support this conclusion. the application of this idea to thermal conductivity in clusters of galaxies shows that this mechanism may dominate the diffusion of heat and may be efficient enough to prevent cooling flow formation.
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arxiv:astro-ph/0302104
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spin textures with nontrivial topology hold great promise in future spintronics applications since they are robust against local deformations. the meron, as one of such spin textures, is widely believed to appear in pairs due to its topological equivalence to a half skyrmion. motivated by recent progresses in high - spin kitaev magnets, here we investigate numerically a classical kitaev - $ \ gamma $ model with a single - ion anisotropy. an exotic spin texture including three merons is discovered. such a state features a peculiar property with an odd number of merons in one magnetic unit cell and it can induce the topological hall effect. therefore, these merons cannot be dissociated from skyrmions as reported in the literature and a general mechanism for such a deconfinement phenomenon calls for further studies. our work demonstrates that high - spin kitaev magnets can host robust unconventional spin textures and thus they offer a versatile platform not only for exploring exotic states in spintronics but also for understanding the deconfinement mechanism in the condensed - matter physics and the field theory.
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arxiv:2202.02753
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a composite drag control ( cdc ) combining the opposition ( oc ) and spanwise opposed wall - jet forcing ( sojf ) methods is studied in a turbulent channel flow via direct numerical simulation of the incompressible navier - stokes equations. a maximum drag reduction of about 33 % is obtained for cdc - - much higher than that produced by either individual method ( namely, 19 % for sojf and 23 % for oc ). due to the small power input required for both oc and sojf methods, a significant net power saving ( about 32 % ) is achieved via cdc. flow analysis shows that cdc can take advantage of both oc and sojf methods to better suppress drag producing, near - wall turbulent structures - - vortices and streaks. in particular, due to the presence of the large - scale coherent swirls generated by sojf, it is more effective than oc in suppressing the random turbulence. moreover, due to the oc ' s role in suppressing random small - scale turbulence, cdc requires weaker large - scale coherent swirls than those using sojf only - - hence decreasing the drag contribution associated with large - scale swirls. in summary, our results suggest prospects of employing composite control strategy for effective skin friction drag reduction, particularly at very high reynolds numbers.
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arxiv:2105.01252
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this article considers the parametric estimation of $ pr ( x < y < z ) $ and its generalizations based on several well - known one - parameter and two - parameter continuous distributions. it is shown that for some one - parameter distributions and when there is a common known parameter in some two - parameter distributions, the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator can be expressed as a linear combination of the appell hypergeometric function of the first type, $ f _ { 1 } $ and the hypergeometric functions $ _ { 2 } f _ { 1 } $ and $ _ { 3 } f _ { 2 }. $ the bayes estimator based on conjugate gamma priors and jefferys ' non - informative priors under the squared error loss function is also given as a linear combination of $ _ { 2 } f _ { 1 } $ and $ f _ { 1 }. $ alternatively, a convergent infinite series form of the bayes estimator involving the $ f _ { 1 } $ function is also proposed. in model generalizations and extensions, it is further shown that the umvue can be expressed as a linear combination of a lauricella series, $ f _ { d } ^ { ( n ) }, $ and the generalized hypergeometric function, $ _ { p } f _ { q }, $ which are generalizations of $ f _ { 1 } $ and $ _ { 2 } f _ { 1 } $ respectively. the generalized closed - form bayes estimator is also given as a convergent infinite series involving $ f _ { d } ^ { ( n ) }. $ to gauge the performances of the umvue and the closed - form bayes estimator for $ p $ against other well - known estimators, maximum likelihood estimates, lindley approximation estimates and markov chain monte carlo estimates for $ p $ are also computed. additionally, asymptotic confidence intervals and bayesian highest probability density credible intervals are also constructed.
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arxiv:2012.06487
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the development of detectors with a high time resolution has been pivotal to our comprehension of neutron stars and the accurate measurement of their properties. while high - time resolution astronomy has become a standard in the radio and the high - / very - high - energy bands, progress in the visible band has been comparatively much slower. sifap2 is a high - speed optical photometer mounted at the inaf telescopio nazionale galileo. its potential emerged with the discovery of the first two optical millisecond pulsars : these are among the most efficient particle accelerators and natural laboratories of fundamental physics. optical millisecond pulsations challenge the standard pulsar paradigm, requiring innovative solutions. higher photon counting statistics of optical telescopes, compared to high - energy instruments, attain unprecedented sensitivity for weak pulsed signals from bright accreting neutron stars, which are the best candidates for still undetected continuous gravitational waves.
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arxiv:2406.03042
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i contrast two possible attitudes towards a given branch of physics : as inferential ( i. e., as concerned with an agent ' s ability to make predictions given finite information ), and as dynamical ( i. e., as concerned with the dynamical equations governing particular degrees of freedom ). i contrast these attitudes in classical statistical mechanics, in quantum mechanics, and in quantum statistical mechanics ; in this last case, i argue that the quantum - mechanical and statistical - mechanical aspects of the question become inseparable. along the way various foundational issues in statistical and quantum physics are ( hopefully! ) illuminated.
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arxiv:1306.4907
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\ mu } is semifinite if and only if t { \ displaystyle t } is injective. ( this result has import in the study of the dual space of l 1 = l f 1 ( μ ) { \ displaystyle l ^ { 1 } = l _ { \ mathbb { f } } ^ { 1 } ( \ mu ) }. ) let f { \ displaystyle \ mathbb { f } } be r { \ displaystyle \ mathbb { r } } or c, { \ displaystyle \ mathbb { c }, } and let t { \ displaystyle { \ cal { t } } } be the topology of convergence in measure on l f 0 ( μ ). { \ displaystyle l _ { \ mathbb { f } } ^ { 0 } ( \ mu ). } then μ { \ displaystyle \ mu } is semifinite if and only if t { \ displaystyle { \ cal { t } } } is hausdorff. ( johnson ) let x { \ displaystyle x } be a set, let a { \ displaystyle { \ cal { a } } } be a sigma - algebra on x, { \ displaystyle x, } let μ { \ displaystyle \ mu } be a measure on a, { \ displaystyle { \ cal { a } }, } let y { \ displaystyle y } be a set, let b { \ displaystyle { \ cal { b } } } be a sigma - algebra on y, { \ displaystyle y, } and let ν { \ displaystyle \ nu } be a measure on b. { \ displaystyle { \ cal { b } }. } if μ, ν { \ displaystyle \ mu, \ nu } are both not a 0 − ∞ { \ displaystyle 0 - \ infty } measure, then both μ { \ displaystyle \ mu } and ν { \ displaystyle \ nu } are semifinite if and only if ( μ × cld ν ) { \ displaystyle ( \ mu \ times _ { \ text { cld } } \ nu ) } ( a × b ) = μ ( a ) ν ( b ) { \ displaystyle ( a \ times b ) = \ mu ( a ) \ nu ( b ) } for all a ∈ a { \ displaystyle a \ in { \ cal { a } } } and b ∈ b. { \ displaystyle b \ in { \ cal { b }
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)
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a weakly optimal $ k _ s $ - free $ ( n, d, \ lambda ) $ - graph is a $ d $ - regular $ k _ s $ - free graph on $ n $ vertices with $ d = \ theta ( n ^ { 1 - \ alpha } ) $ and spectral expansion $ \ lambda = \ theta ( n ^ { 1 - ( s - 1 ) \ alpha } ) $, for some fixed $ \ alpha > 0 $. such a graph is called optimal if additionally $ \ alpha = \ frac { 1 } { 2s - 3 } $. we prove that if $ s _ { 1 }, \ ldots, s _ { k } \ ge3 $ are fixed positive integers and weakly optimal $ k _ { s _ { i } } $ - free pseudorandom graphs exist for each $ 1 \ le i \ le k $, then the multicolor ramsey numbers satisfy \ [ \ omega \ big ( \ frac { t ^ { s + 1 } } { \ log ^ { 2s } t } \ big ) \ le r ( s _ { 1 }, \ ldots, s _ { k }, t ) \ le o \ big ( \ frac { t ^ { s + 1 } } { \ log ^ { s } t } \ big ), \ ] as $ t \ rightarrow \ infty $, where $ s = \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { k } ( s _ { i } - 2 ) $. this generalizes previous results of mubayi and verstra \ " ete, who proved the case $ k = 1 $, and alon and r \ " odl, who proved the case $ s _ 1 = \ cdots = s _ k = 3 $. both previous results used the existence of optimal rather than weakly optimal $ k _ { s _ i } $ - free graphs.
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arxiv:1910.06287
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we consider backward stochastic differential equations ( bsde ) with nonlinear generators typically of quadratic growth in the control variable. a measure solution of such a bsde will be understood as a probability measure under which the generator is seen as vanishing, so that the classical solution can be reconstructed by a combination of the operations of conditioning and using martingale representations. in case the terminal condition is bounded and the generator fulfills the usual continuity and boundedness conditions, we show that measure solutions with equivalent measures just reinterpret classical ones. in case of terminal conditions that have only exponentially bounded moments, we discuss a series of examples which show that in case of non - uniqueness classical solutions that fail to be measure solutions can coexists with different measure solutions.
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arxiv:0705.3788
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we derive the spectral domain properties of two - dimensional ( 2 - d ) $ ( \ lambda _ 1, \ lambda _ 2 ) $ - constacyclic codes over $ \ mathbb { f } _ q $ using the 2 - d finite field fourier transform ( ffft ). based on the spectral nulls of 2 - d $ ( \ lambda _ 1, \ lambda _ 2 ) $ - constacyclic codes, we characterize the structure of 2 - d constacyclic coded arrays. the proposed 2 - d construction has flexible code rates and works for any code areas, be it odd or even area. we present an algorithm to detect the location of 2 - d errors. further, we also propose decoding algorithms for extracting the error values using both time and frequency domain properties by exploiting the sparsity that arises due to duality in the time and frequency domains. through several illustrative examples, we demonstrate the working of the proposed decoding algorithms.
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arxiv:2505.06201
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we show that the equivariant small quantum $ k $ - group of a partial flag manifold is a quotient of that of the full flag manifold as a based ring. this yields a variant of the $ k $ - theoretic analogue of the parabolic version of peterson ' s theorem [ lam - shimozono, acta math. { \ bf 204 } ( 2010 ) ] that exhibits different shape from the case of quantum cohomology. this note can be seen as an addendum to [ k, arxiv : 1805. 01718 and arxiv : 1810. 07106 ].
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arxiv:1906.09343
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in the present paper, we consider a smooth $ c ^ \ infty $ symplectic classification of lagrangian fibrations near cusp singularities, parabolic orbits and cuspidal tori. we show that for these singularities as well as for an arrangement of singularities known as a flap, which arises in the integrable subcritical hamiltonian hopf bifurcation, the action variables form a complete set of $ c ^ \ infty $ symplectic invariants. we also give a symplectic classification for parabolic orbits in the real - analytic case. namely, we prove that a complete symplectic invariant in this case is given by a real - analytic function germ in two variables. additionally, we construct several symplectic normal forms in the $ c ^ \ infty $ and / or real - analytic categories, including real - analytic right and right - left symplectic normal forms for parabolic orbits.
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arxiv:2110.13758
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we present a genetic algorithm developed ( ga ) to optimize molecular af _ 6 cluster configurations with respect to their energy. the method is based on the darvin ' s evolutionary theory : structures with lowest energies survive in a system of fixed number of clusters. two existing structures from a given population are combined in a special way to produce a new structure ( child ) which is kept if its energy is lower than the highest energy in the ensemble. to keep the population constant we reject the structure with the highest energy. this algorithm gives a better result than the optimization techniques used previously. using the ga we have found a new structure corresponding to the ( seemingly ) global minimum. the most important result is that the new structure is detected only if the molecular cluster contains more than a critical number of molecules.
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arxiv:physics/0209055
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smokers being witnessed with the mild adverse clinical symptoms of sars - cov - 2, the in - silico study is intended to explore the effect of nicotine binding to the soluble angiotensin converting enzyme ii ( ace2 ) receptor with or without sars - cov - 2 binding. nicotine established a stable interaction with the conserved amino acid residues : asp382, gly405, his378 and tyr385 through his401 of the soluble ace2 that seals its interaction with the ins1. also, nicotine binding has significantly reduced the affinity score of ace2 with ins1 to - 12. 6 kcal / mol ( versus - 15. 7 kcal / mol without nicotine ) and the interface area to 1933. 6 square angstrom ( versus 2057. 3 square angstrom without nicotine ). nicotine exhibited a higher binding affinity score with ace2 - sars - cov - 2 complex with - 6. 33 kcal / mol ( vs - 5. 24 kcal / mol without sars - cov - 2 ) and a lowered inhibitory contant value of 22. 95 micromolar ( vs 151. 69 micromolar without sars - cov ). eventhough ace2 is not a potential receptor for nicotine binding in the healthy people, in covid19 patients, it may exhibit better binding affinity with the ace2 receptor. in overall, nicotines strong preference for ace2 - sars - cov - 2 complex might drastically reduce the sars - cov - 2 virulence by intervening the ace2 conserved residues interaction with the spike ( s1 ) protein of sars - cov - 2.
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arxiv:2004.14943
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we prove that the coindex of the box complex $ \ mathrm { b } ( h ) $ of a graph $ h $ can be measured by the generalised mycielski graphs which admit a homomorphism to it. as a consequence, we exhibit for every graph $ h $ a system of linear equations solvable in polynomial time, with the following properties : if the system has no solutions, then $ \ mathrm { coind } ( \ mathrm { b } ( h ) ) + 2 \ leq 3 $ ; if the system has solutions, then $ \ chi ( h ) \ geq 4 $. we generalise the method to other bounds on chromatic numbers using linear algebra.
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arxiv:1601.04642
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this paper considers a class of probabilistic cellular automata undergoing a phase transition with an absorbing state. denoting by $ { \ mathcal { u } } ( x ) $ the neighbourhood of site $ x $, the transition probability is $ t ( \ eta _ x = 1 | \ eta _ { { \ mathcal { u } } ( x ) } ) = 0 $ if $ \ eta _ { { \ mathcal { u } } ( x ) } = \ mathbf { 0 } $ or $ p $ otherwise, $ \ forall x \ in \ mathbb { z } $. for any $ \ mathcal { u } $ there exists a non - trivial critical probability $ p _ c ( { \ mathcal { u } } ) $ that separates a phase with an absorbing state from a fluctuating phase. this paper studies how the neighbourhood affects the value of $ p _ c ( { \ mathcal { u } } ) $ and provides lower bounds for $ p _ c ( { \ mathcal { u } } ) $. furthermore, by using dynamic renormalization techniques, we prove that the expected convergence time of the processes on a finite space with periodic boundaries grows exponentially ( resp. logarithmically ) with the system size if $ p > p _ c $ ( resp. $ p < p _ c $ ). this provides a partial answer to an open problem in toom et al. ( 1990, 1994 ).
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arxiv:1312.6990
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recent results for the coexistence of ferromagnetism and unconventional superconductivity with spin - triplet cooper pairing are reviewed on the basis of the quasi - phenomenological ginzburg - landau theory. new results are reported. the results are discussed in view of applications to metallic compounds as uge2, urhge, zrzn2.
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arxiv:cond-mat/0404261
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generation of direct current in zigzag carbon nanotubes due to harmonic mixing of two coherent electromagnetic waves is being considered. the electromagnetic waves have commensurate frequencies of omega and two omega. the rectification of the waves at high frequencies is quite smooth whiles at low frequencies there are some fluctuations. the nonohmicity observed in the i - vcharacteristics is attributed to the nonparabolicity of the electron energy band which is very strong in carbon nanotubes because of high stark component. it is observed that the current falls off faster at lower electric field than the case in superlattice. for omega tau equal to two? the external electric field strength emax for the observation of negative differential conductivity occurs around 1. 03x10e6 v / m which is quite weak. it is interesting to note that the peak of the curve shifts to the left with increasing value of omega tau?
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arxiv:1007.1772
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data warehouse, data lake, data lakehouse, data mesh... many new names for analytical data architectures are currently circulating in the scene. but are the various approaches really so different? this article attempts a structured comparison of the different architecture paradigms, methodically based on dama - dmbok and archimate. differences, similarities and dependencies as well as overlapping architectural building blocks are worked out and illustrated. this results in a first orientation guide for the choice of the right analytical data architecture for the respective use case. - - data warehouse, data lake, date lakehouse, data mesh... in der szene kursieren derzeit viele neue namen f \ " ur analytische datenarchitekturen. doch sind die diversen ans \ " atze wirklich so unterschiedlich? dieser beitrag versucht einen strukturierten vergleich der verschiedenen architekturparadigmen, methodisch basierend auf dama - dmbok und archimate. es werden unterschiede, gemeinsamkeiten und abh \ " angigkeiten sowie \ " uberlappende architekturbausteine herausgearbeitet und illustriert. daraus entsteht eine erste orientierungshilfe f \ " ur die wahl der richtigen analytischen datenarchitektur f \ " ur den jeweiligen anwendungsfall.
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arxiv:2212.03612
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this paper compares the continuum evolution for density equation modelling and the gaussian mixture model on the 2d phase space long - term density propagation problem in the context of high - altitude and high area - to - mass ratio satellite long - term propagation. the density evolution equation, a pure numerical and pointwise method for the density propagation, is formulated under the influence of solar radiation pressure and earth ' s oblateness using semi - analytical methods. different from the density evolution equation and monte carlo techniques, for the gaussian mixture model, the analytical calculation of the density is accessible from the first two statistical moments ( i. e., the mean and the covariance matrix ) corresponding to each sub - gaussian distribution for an initial gaussian density distribution. an insight is given into the phase space long - term density propagation problem subject to nonlinear dynamics. the efficiency and validity of the density propagation are demonstrated and compared between the density evolution equation and the gaussian mixture model with respect to standard monte carlo techniques.
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arxiv:2205.03173
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we investigate the effect of unconventional density wave ( udw ) condensate on an anderson impurity using large - n technique at t = 0. in accordance with previous treatments of a kondo impurity in pseudogap phases, we find that kondo effect occurs only in a certain range of parameters. the f - electron density of states reflects the influence of udw at low energies and around the maximum of the density wave gap. the static spin susceptibility diverges at the critical coupling, indicating the transition from strong to weak coupling. in the dynamic spin susceptibility an additional peak appears showing the presence the udw gap. predictions concerning non - linear density of states are made. our results apply to other unconventional condensates such as d - wave superconductors and d - density waves as well.
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arxiv:cond-mat/0407387
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we report on a comprehensive x - ray spectral analysis of the nearby radio - quiet quasar mr 2251 - 178, based on the long - look ( ~ 400 ks ) xmm - newton observation carried out in november 2011. as the properties of the multiphase warm absorber ( thoroughly discussed in a recent, complementary work ) hint at a steep photoionizing continuum, here we investigate into the nature of the intrinsic x - ray emission of mr 2251 - 178 by testing several physical models. the apparent 2 - 10 kev flatness as well as the subtle broadband curvature can be ascribed to partial covering of the x - ray source by a cold, clumpy absorption system with column densities ranging from a fraction to several x10 ^ 23 cm ^ - 2. as opposed to more complex configurations, only one cloud is required along the line of sight in the presence of a soft x - ray excess, possibly arising as comptonized disc emission in the accretion disc atmosphere. on statistical grounds, even reflection with standard efficiency off the surface of the inner disc cannot be ruled out, although this tentatively overpredicts the observed ~ 14 - 150 kev emission. it is thus possible that each of the examined physical processes is relevant to a certain degree, and hence only a combination of high - quality, simultaneous broadband spectral coverage and multi - epoch monitoring of x - ray spectral variability could help disentangling the different contributions. yet, regardless of the model adopted, we infer for mr 2251 - 178 a bolometric luminosity of ~ 5 - 7 x 10 ^ 45 erg / s, implying that the central black hole is accreting at ~ 15 - 25 per cent of the eddington limit.
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arxiv:1402.4483
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this study aimed to utilize bibliometric methods to analyze trends in international magnetoencephalography ( meg ) research from 2013 to 2022. due to the limited volume of domestic literature on meg, this analysis focuses solely on the global research landscape, providing insights from the past decade as a representative sample. this study utilized bibliometric methods to explore and analyze the progress, hotspots and developmental trends in international meg research spanning from 1995 to 2022. the results indicated a dynamic and steady growth trend in the overall number of publications in meg. ryusuke kakigi emerged as the most prolific author, while neuroimage led as the most prolific journal. current hotspots in meg research encompass resting state, networks, functional connectivity, phase dynamics, oscillation, and more. future trends in meg research are poised to advance across three key aspects : disease treatment and practical applications, experimental foundations and technical advancements, and fundamental and advanced human cognition. in the future, there should be a focus on enhancing cross - integration and utilization of meg with other instruments to diversify research methodologies in this field
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arxiv:2408.08877
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federated learning ( fl ) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients while preserving data privacy, yet it faces significant challenges in communication efficiency and vulnerability to poisoning attacks. while sparsification techniques mitigate communication overhead by transmitting only critical model parameters, they inadvertently amplify security risks : adversarial clients can exploit sparse updates to evade detection and degrade model performance. existing defense mechanisms, designed for standard fl communication scenarios, are ineffective in addressing these vulnerabilities within sparsified fl. to bridge this gap, we propose flare, a novel federated learning framework that integrates sparse index mask inspection and model update sign similarity analysis to detect and mitigate poisoning attacks in sparsified fl. extensive experiments across multiple datasets and adversarial scenarios demonstrate that flare significantly outperforms existing defense strategies, effectively securing sparsified fl against poisoning attacks while maintaining communication efficiency.
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arxiv:2505.01454
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