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1lfugf
|
How exactly does interval training increase endurance? Are there any academic studies (no "bro-science" please) that support this claim?
|
To clarify: what exactly at the cellular level (in the heart, lungs, and muscles) is different between interval training for 50 minutes compared to running for 50 minutes straight at a medium-high intensity?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1lfugf/how_exactly_does_interval_training_increase/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbyz09i"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"It looks like this is still somewhat mystery.\n\n1. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53-73.\n*The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes.*\nLaursen PB, Jenkins DG.\n_URL_0_\n2. J Physiol. 2008 January 1; 586(Pt 1): 151–160.\nPublished online 2007 November 8. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.142109\nPMCID: PMC2375551\n*Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans*\nKirsten A Burgomaster, Krista R Howarth, Stuart M Phillips, Mark Rakobowchuk, Maureen J MacDonald, Sean L McGee, and Martin J Gibala _URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772161",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375551/"
]
] |
|
30kykz
|
There is a rather prevalent laymen's belief that games and puzzles like Su Doku, Chess, Crosswords, etc. improve cognitive function. Is this true? If so, how do the skills obtained from doing these manifest in everyday life?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30kykz/there_is_a_rather_prevalent_laymens_belief_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cptiges",
"cptpypa"
],
"score": [
35,
4
],
"text": [
"No. There is very strong evidence that you can improve performance on specific tasks with practice (even very basic sensory tasks, such as detecting a sound, or seeing a low-contrast tumour on an x-ray), and there is some weak evidence that games/puzzles may help to delay cognitive decline in the elderly. But there is no convincing evidence that games and puzzles substantively improve cognitive function more generally. For example:\n\n > 11,430 adults across the UK followed a six-week training regime, completing computer-based tasks on the BBC's website designed to improve reasoning, memory, planning, visuospatial skills and attention\n...\n > The results showed no evidence that the benefits of playing brain training games transfer to other mental skills. [link](_URL_0_)\n\nNote, however, that the above study *did* actually report some significant effects. But concluded that the effect sizes were trivially small, and that they were an artefact of the very high sample number. However, an unscrupulous company could legitimately use the same data and say 'brain-training games significantly improves cognitive performance'. Shows how careful you must be, and how important scepticism is when big money is involved.",
"Does that mean that \"general thought\" training is bogus?\n\nCould we make an actual game for improving general thought? How much do \"Escape the Room\" puzzles and the like help? I assume that puzzles that encourage reconsidering rulesets would enhance adaptability in most situations."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.mrc-centre.cam.ac.uk/reg_com/brain_training.html"
],
[]
] |
||
2itmsd
|
why do most ceilings have a texture instead of being flat like walls?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2itmsd/eli5_why_do_most_ceilings_have_a_texture_instead/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl5dbmh",
"cl5e3if"
],
"score": [
2,
9
],
"text": [
"Depending on what you are talking about, it may be called a \"popcorn Ceiling\" or \"Artex\".\n\nAnd it can be for a variety of reasons. Sound reduction, easier to clean, or just for aestetic purposes.",
"It reduces echoes. The purpose of that texture is to break up sound waves and absorb some of their energy. A room with all hard, flat, parallel surfaces echoes quite badly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2g2nwb
|
how come the "biggest loser" contestants can exercise 8 hours a day and be fine but the rest of us need to increase our running distance 10% a week?
|
Is overtraining really a thing? Could I just start doing 3 hours at the gym a day and be fine as long as I vary my activity (cardio and weights)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g2nwb/eli5_how_come_the_biggest_loser_contestants_can/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckf25q6",
"ckf3mlf"
],
"score": [
17,
2
],
"text": [
"Those people are engaging in unhealthy and unsustainable weight lost by massive calorific restriction and expenditure.\n\nCorrect, sustainable weight loss is crafted with a long term slight calorific deficit of approx 500cal / day, inducing a 1lb / week weight loss. This is easily achieved, and will result in healthy loss of even large amounts of weight slowly enough that the body doesn't panic.",
"It's TV and not all of it is real. \n\nI think you could get a person to exercise for long periods of time if you provided them motivation (the prize/shame factor) and drive (the trainers). \n\nGenerally most of us have a job and other shit going on in life which changes some of these dynamics.\n\nIt probably helps to realize that a lot of folks who are ill will stop taking their meds if not reminded when you realize that having a good outcome may not be all it takes to build and sustain a long term behaviour"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2dxr8q
|
how is/was music rated in order to 'make it to the charts?'
|
In other words, how does Billboard Top 100 (or other music charts) determine how music is rated? I figure albums are based on sales but what about individual songs? How has it changed over the last fifty years?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dxr8q/eli5_how_iswas_music_rated_in_order_to_make_it_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cju4irh",
"cjudyxi"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Billboard uses an algorithm for singles that factors in sales, radio airtime, streaming service plays, and most recently, YouTube views. If I remember correctly, they had to give less weight to YouTube views because trends like the Harlem Shake were throwing the system out of balance.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Back in the day record shops and radio stations used to fill in charts on what they were selling/playing. These were easily fixed. Also keep in mind not all record shops filled in these charts, so there always have been an uncomplete view of what was selling. In the 90s came Nielsen soundscan. Nielsen was a company that monitored television viewing ratings before branching out to the record industry. Nielsen works by registring barcodes on sales directly from the cashregister. These can still be manipulated. Especially in the early days it wasn't uncommon to scan the barcode of a record that a shop wanted to promote instead of the barcode of the actual sale. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5740625/ask-billboard-how-does-the-hot-100-work"
],
[]
] |
|
1m20f0
|
Did Martin Luther orally ingest his own feces?
|
I have read at various questionable places on the internet that Martin Luther ingested his own feces. One place is at [slate](_URL_0_) , where it is written
"Martin Luther was convinced: he reportedly ate a spoonful of his own excrement daily". I have been unable to find any sources on this, and Martin Luther's wikipedia page doesn't help me either. Is this just unfounded (Catholic?) rumours about him, or did he have an obsession with his own waste, going so far as to ingest it?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1m20f0/did_martin_luther_orally_ingest_his_own_feces/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc50p1n"
],
"score": [
16
],
"text": [
"Can't say I've seen this one before.\n\nNow, I've spent the last half an hour searching through available online resources, both academic and plain old sites, and I have noticed a certain pattern. Whenever someone mentions this fact, it's always the same text: \"Martin Luther, the religious reformer, reputedly ate one spoonful of his own feces every day, stating that he ‘couldn’t understand the generosity of a God who freely gave such important and useful remedies\".\n\nIt's always the same sentence, in that exact order, and yet a source is never given. The earliest I could trace this sentence is [this](_URL_1_) book and the Slate article you linked to, both written by the same guy. And even then, a source is not given. Maybe there's a source in the book itself, if so, I'd appreciate it if someone with access to the book could help us here.\n\nBeyond that, I have found [this book](_URL_2_) directly refuting this claim, amongst others, in the last pages [pf this pdf](_URL_0_). Other mentions of Luther with feces seem to float (heh) around the subject of Young Man Luther, a book written sixty years ago which offers a psychological examination of Luther's life.\n\nNow, that book does mention some scatological aspects of Luther's life. He reportedly suffered from constipation and flung feces-themed insults at his offenders, notably the Jews, in \"On the Jews and Their Lies\", and at the devil himself. However, that does not mean that the man was focused on poop, only that his surviving letters had occasionally mentioned poop.\n\nSo I would say, no. If only because all mentions of Luther eating shit use the exact same phrase, and every single academic source I could trace had no mention of feces beyond the occasional mention of the text about the Jews."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/green_room/features/2008/the_big_necessity/why_i_wrote_a_book_about_human_waste.html"
] |
[
[
"http://hansa-hewlett.com/Supplement.pdf",
"http://books.google.co.il/books?id=ebTmrbjhHOMC&dq=The+Big+Necessity:+The+Unmentionable+World+of+Human+Waste+and+Why+It+Matters&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RjAuUoiOFYmqhQf-wIDoBA&redir_esc=y",
"http://www.amazon.com/Off-Record-Martin-Luther/dp/0945732066"
]
] |
|
2tzlt3
|
Why are diseases such as HIV transferable through blood transfusions, but a blood disease such as leukemia isn't?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2tzlt3/why_are_diseases_such_as_hiv_transferable_through/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co4ds2p"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"HIV is an infectious disease, a virus that can only reproduce in human cells. If you move HIV particles in blood to a new person's blood, it will keep infecting cells; it's the way it makes more virus.\n\nLeukemia is a cancer that begins in the bone marrow, which starts making abnormal white blood cells. Like all cancers, it begins with genetic mutation, which is not infectious. The blood of someone with leukemia contains some weird cells, but they're not being made in the blood, so a transfusion won't carry the disease."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5qdeup
|
how does a tax on imports work? how does this tax shake down to consumers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qdeup/eli5_how_does_a_tax_on_imports_work_how_does_this/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcychbz",
"dcygc8i",
"dcygdnw"
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"score": [
4,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"When you go to the store, the sales tax is *technically* charged against \"the sale,\" not specifically to \"the buyer\". However, the retailer completely and transparently passes this cost onto you.\n\nAn import tax would function very similarly. Companies that import products are charged a tax, say 20% of its retail value. They will recuperate this by increasing the final price of the object by 20%.\n\nThis makes imports more expensive to the end purchaser, and therefore makes them less desirable.",
"I will give two very simplified examples of a Mexican company selling goods to a Walmart in the USA, which in turn sells to a customer. \n\n\n**Example 1 (No import tax):** \n\n* **Mexican Company** - I want to sell a shirt to Walmart in the USA. Mexican company manufactures shirt, imports it to USA and delivers to Walmart for $10. Mexican Company pockets $10 dollars. \n\n* **Walmart** - I will now sell this shirt to a customer for $20. I pocket $10 (after paying $10 to the Mexican company). \n\n* **Customer** - I paid $20 for this shirt. $10 of my money went to the Mexican company. $10 went to Walmart.\n\n\n**Example 2 (20% tax on imports from Mexico):** \n\n* **Mexican Company** - I want to sell a shirt to Walmart in the USA. Mexican company manufactures shirt, imports it to USA. During import they declare the value fo the shirts to be $10. Customs imposes a 20% tariff. Mexican company pays $2 to customs. Mexican company then delivers the shirts to Walmart, but charges them $12 instead of $10, because they want to recuperate the $2 they paid in tarrif. Mexican company still pockets $10, but also paid $2 to customs. \n\n* **Walmart** - I will now sell this shirt to a customer. I still want to make a $10 profit, so I will sell the shirt for $22. I still pocket $10 (after paying $12 to the Mexican company). \n\n* **Customer** - I paid $22 for this shirt. $10 went to the Mexican company. $10 went to Walmart. $2 went to customs via tarrif to pay for a wall. \n\n* **BONUS:** Also, because the price of goods went up, customers in general will buy fewer shirts, meaning that BOTH the Mexican Company and Walmart make less money. Walmart may decide that, because of slumping shirt sales, they need to cut back on hiring sales associates, reducing jobs. Mexican company may decide that it's better to sell shirts to China instead of Walmart in the USA, meaning that the customer gets lets options to buy. In the long term, Mexico recognizes that China is a more important trading partner for its economy than the USA, which means it may start siding with China over USA in international politics and decisions (which is particularly bad for the USA, because Mexico is a geographical neighbor with the USA and you generally want to have strong relations with your neighbors for defense purposes). ",
"An import tax is normally paid on the price paid by the person importing it into the country. The importer will then distribute this to stores. The importer may absorb this additional cost or pass this cost onto the stores. If they pass it on (or some of it) then it's up to the store. The store may absorb it or pass it on to the consumer.\n\nA 20% import tax will mean that many or most goods from\nMexico will raise in price for the end consumer since often these distributors are working on low margins anyway and so can't absorb the cost, but it's complex. \n\nNot everything will go up and not everything from Mexico will go up by 20% since there are more factors to the price than just the cost of the product. But the cost of the product is of course a very major factor in determining the final price.\n\nAlso you might think \"why don't we buy widgets from someone else\" but the product from Mexico might still be the cheapest even with a 20% tax because Mexico is closer, and the transport costs of bringing it from, say, china will outweigh the tariff.\n\nThis is a tax grab. Mexico isn't going to pay for this wall, American consumers are going to pay for this wall."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1ulbaa
|
how were photos transferred from film to paper for developing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ulbaa/eli5_how_were_photos_transferred_from_film_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cej8b5s"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"First you develop the film, which gives you the negative. Then you shine a light through the negative onto the photo paper. The photo paper is basically the same as film, only instead of being clear it has a white backing. You develop the photo paper just like you developed the film."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2mw6og
|
At what point did humanity start selling music?
|
I know that we have been making music for a very long time, even prehistorically, but at what point did we stop just playing music and start selling / trading it?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2mw6og/at_what_point_did_humanity_start_selling_music/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm8g8zt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The question is a bit vague. /u/kvothe_the_jew's answer mentions selling performances and selling recordings, but there's also the possibility of selling sheet music and lyrics. Can you clarify what you're asking about?\n\nAutolycus, the trickster/peddler character in Shakespeare's *Winter's Tale* (~1610), includes ballads among his wares. This is pop culture rather than court culture, and the phrasing indicates that what he's actually selling are lyrics rather than music:\n\n > Why, this is a passing merry one and goes to the tune of 'Two maids wooing a man:' there's scarce a maid westward but she sings it; 'tis in\nrequest, I can tell you. (Act IV Scene 4)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8z8brq
|
how come we can get used to hot or cold temperatures after minutes, but our blood temp stays the same? like jumping in a cold pool. what is the mechanism that adapts us to the cold so fast?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8z8brq/eli5_how_come_we_can_get_used_to_hot_or_cold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e2guppj"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Your body is really, really good at keeping things constant. When you’re hot, things like sweating or making the tubes that carry blood bigger allow your body to cool down, and when you’re cold your body burns more food because doing do releases heat, which is why we shiver. It’s really fast because when the brain senses a change it makes sending out signals to make things normal a top priority, so you can focus on day to day life.\n\n(This is also called homeostasis, but that isn’t a five yo word so I excluded it. If you want more info though, that’s what to look for)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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dq38wx
|
Why did the Pope give his blessing to William the Bastard to invade Anglo-Saxon England?
|
The Anglo-Saxons practiced Christianity and accepted the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, yet the Pope gave his permission to William the Bastard to invade England to "advance the Christian religion." What practices in the Anglo-Saxon Church caused them to gain the scorn of the Pope?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/dq38wx/why_did_the_pope_give_his_blessing_to_william_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f60s1hz",
"f61jgtn"
],
"score": [
58,
5
],
"text": [
"So this is a little difficult to fully tease out. Anglo-Saxon England had been Christian for a long time when William pressed his claim to the throne. It was converted over the course of the 7th century and had ceased to have pagan realms by the end of the 600's. Following the Norse incursions of the 9th-11th centuries Christianity was firmly in control of the British isles with England in particular producing a great deal of the clergy that was used in converting Scandinavia, much to the chagrin of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. \n\nHowever England had a history of some difficulty with the Roman Curia at this point in history. Despite his late canonization, Edward the Confessor seems to have turned a blind eye to many abuses of ecclesiastical norms in his realm. For example, there was a bit of a tradition of bishops in England holding multiple sees simultaneously, which was not looked kindly upon by the Papacy, being connected to simony, or the selling of Church offices and practices. This was indeed a source of consternation between the two for a while. Individual English kings did undertake pilgrimages to Rome and wrestled some concessions on the payment of tithes and dues for bishops taking their palliums back to England (this was attributed to Canute the Great), but there were other tensions. England was also a hotbed of the slave trade at this point in the Middle Ages, and the practice was supported and patronized by the English Church. Slavery at this point in the Middle Ages was unpopular in western Europe, and enslaving fellow Christians was also quite frowned upon. Indeed, slavery would not be removed from England until after the Norman Conquest. Other issues such as clerical marriages.\n\nHowever there are a few things to keep in mind as well, while papal support for William's invasion is a part of post-Conquest narratives, we need to keep in mind that the Normans had a vested interested in playing up the legitimacy of their intervention into English affairs. The movement to canonize Edward the Confessor, claiming that Harold Godwinson had consented to William's claim to the throne (sworn upon holy relics), and so on all play into this. So while there is little reason to doubt Papal support of William in some form, we should probably not assume too much in this regard.",
"I also wrote an answer to the same question for a while before, though I afraid my answer(s) had been not so persuasive as /u/Steelcan909 does in this sub-reddit. \n\n_URL_0_ \n\nI personally have some doubt on the authenticity of this claim, i.e. whether the claim could be fabricated retrospectively from ca. 1070 when the relationship between new King William and Anglo-Saxon archbishop Stigand did not go well clearly. \n\n(Added): The following three books are classics for your question's topic, I suppose: \n\n* Barlow, Frank. *The English Church, 1000-1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church.* 2nd ed. London: Longman, 1979. \n* ________. *The English Church, 1066-1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church.* London: Longman, 1979. \n* Loyn, Henry. *The English Church, 940-1154*. Harlow: Longman; London: Routledge (now), 2000."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/d5vjan/why_did_pope_alexander_ii_support_williams_claim/"
]
] |
|
4x2yk3
|
Is there any actual scientific evidence for such a thing as severe pornographic addiction?
|
[deleted]
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4x2yk3/is_there_any_actual_scientific_evidence_for_such/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6cmuc8"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"From Internet Pornography Use: Perceived Addiction, Psychological Distress, and the Validation of a Brief Measure, published by Grubbs, Volk, Pargament and Exline in 2015 on Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. They test several college students and find out that psychological distress is the big thing behind pretty much all cases self-perceived of porn addiction.\n\n > *The study of compulsive use of Internet pornography as a subdomain of hypersexualism has also become a prevalent empirical focus in recent years. Internet pornography use is increasingly common in Western culture. In tandem with this, the mental health community has borne witness to a dramatic rise in problematic Internet pornography use (Carroll et al., 2008; Manning, 2006; Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012). Psychologists, counselors, and even clergy are increasingly confronted with individuals, couples, and family members who attest to the negative influence of pornography consumption on their lives (e.g., Mitchell, Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005; Mitchell & Wells, 2007). However, at present there is no widely accepted means of defining or assessing problematic Internet pornography use (Short Blacksmith, Wetterneck, & Wells, 2012), and the notion of Internet pornography addiction is still highly controversial.*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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70xd7s
|
why is it that we can hear more ambient and softer noises while wearing earphones rather than listening to something via a speaker.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70xd7s/eli5_why_is_it_that_we_can_hear_more_ambient_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dn6l2x4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I assume you mean \"ambient and softer noises\" *from the audio source*, not the background, yes?\n\nIf not, I have no idea what you're talking about. But if so, it's a question of volume contrast.\n\nThose ambient/softer noises are a lot quieter than the other sounds in the same audio track, right? Like, a *lot* quieter. So quiet that if you're listening on a speaker, with your ears 6+ feet away, you have to turn up the speakers *really loud* in order for those very quiet sounds to have enough energy for you to hear them at all. But if you do that, you also boost all the other, much louder, sounds in the same track. To the point that they wind up completely drowning out the quieter ones.\n\nBut with headphones? Those are only an inch or two from your eardrums, yes? So very, very quiet noises can be picked up without having to turn everything up so loud that they get drowned out. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25lmvs
|
What happens on a cellular level when a dry plant seed is introduced to water?
|
I have flower seeds that have been dry for years that will still grow if planted. How is this possible? How do the cells stay alive/viable?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/25lmvs/what_happens_on_a_cellular_level_when_a_dry_plant/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chif1tm"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Seeds if kept properly can last many years. Some plants may only last a year or two but it's not uncommon for 5 year old seeds to be viable. Since warmth and moisture/water is crucial for germination, as long as the seeds were kept in a cool, dry place then their lifespan increases. \n\nAnyways, let's use peas as an example since Mendel's use of peas is extraordinary. The outside of a pea is called the testa, a hard shell which protects the seeds from the environment. Inside the testa is a small amount of water, used to keep the cell alive and for future germination. In peas, energy is stored much like a hibernating bear does, through starch. Also, peas have two food-storing areas called cotyledons which provide the seed with a food source once the seed germinates. \nMoving away from peas, most seeds have a tissue called an endosperm inside of them which contains starch, which the seed will use for energy before, during, and after germination. Introducing water to a dry seed will allow the seed to swell up, and begin the process of germination/cell division.\n\nTL;DR: A dry seed contains an energy-storing structure containing starch which allows it to live for several years for germination, with only a little bit of water inside. When water is introduced, germination of the seeds will commence and as long as its food supply is adequate, it will develop into a fully functional plant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2432y0
|
what happens to the money in a cash register at the end of the day?
|
At, say, McDonald's. After the store closes, there is money in the registers. Where does it go? Does someone come pick it up? Does someone send it somewhere?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2432y0/eli5what_happens_to_the_money_in_a_cash_register/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch342bh",
"ch3436a",
"ch3531o"
],
"score": [
2,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"It gets counted, then put in the safe. The next day it will go to the bank. \n\nSource: Ex Mc'Ds closing manager. ",
"At the end of the shift, either the cashier and/or their manager (or sometimes it's counted once by the cashier and then by a dedicated cash office person if it's a big box retail store) is responsible for emptying and counting the cash drawer. The amount of money in the drawer is counted to make sure that it matches the amount of money it started the day with plus the balance of the cash transactions performed on that register. \n\nAny variances are recorded (to prevent things like employee theft) and then the money is placed in a deposit bag which is secured with a lock. This bag is then placed into a safe that is emptied periodically (in the restaurant I worked at, it was emptied weekly, some are daily) and the deposit bags taken to the bank.",
"In addition to other people mentioning that the money is put into the safe at the end of the day, money is also put into the safe throughout the day when the register reaches a certain total. So if the store does $2000 in sales in a day, there won't be $2000 in the drawer at the end of the night, a large part of it will already be in the safe."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
33lfqx
|
Why does hot air deform ?
|
This might be a stupid question, but could somebody explain why hot air looks wavy? I always see that on a long road in a desert, the air becomes deformed and you practically see the heat. This just happens in general, so you can also this happen when you barbeque.
I hope my question is clear enough to get an answer.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/33lfqx/why_does_hot_air_deform/
|
{
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"cqlzsdo",
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],
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"text": [
"Changing the temperature of air changes its density, which changes its refractive index. This means that light passing through highly varying gradients of temperature doesn't pass straight through, but instead is deflected.\n\nThe reason why it's wavy and changing, instead of just statically distorted, is that the fluid and density variations are changing quite a bit. One of the fundamental instabilities here is the [Rayleigh-Taylor instability.](_URL_0_)",
"Hot air by itself moving in a steady pattern does not form turbulent flow or heat mirages. It's the interaction of the hor air and the surrounding cold air that causes the turbulence and the optical distortion. \n\nThe sun heats up the road, which then heats up the air that is touching the road. The heated air close to the ground expands and becomes less dense. Gravity pulls more strongly on the colder, denser air that is higher up. As a result, the colder air falls and pushes the warmer air up and out of the way. Pockets of cold air are therefore falling down right next to pockets of hot air being pushed up. When fluids flows past each other in different directions at high enough speeds, they knock into each other, causing small fluctuations to get amplified into large waving/twisting patterns in the air. We call this turbulence. \n\nWhen light travels from one material to another material with a different index of refraction, the light ray bends. We call this refraction. The warm air has a different index of refraction from the cold air because it is less dense. Therefore, when light crosses the interface between a pocket of cold air and a pocket of warm air, the light bends a little bit. When the light enters your eye, it makes it look like that portion of the background image is shifted a bit to the side. Since the boundary between the rising warm air and falling cold air is waving and swirling, the displacements of the background image have the same waving/swirling pattern."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Taylor_instability"
],
[]
] |
|
55pc9i
|
How was the reunification of Germany handled within the military?
|
Considering that the two nations were equipped with vastly different equipment, how was the process of standardizing the new military handled? Did they scrap all of east germany's soviet equipment or was it sold back to the USSR/Russia? Or did they simply put it all in storage and still have some old T-72's that they can dust off?
P.S: First post on this subreddit so if there's any issues with how I presented the question or if I made it too broad any feedback on that would be appreciated
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/55pc9i/how_was_the_reunification_of_germany_handled/
|
{
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"text": [
"With the reunification in 1990 the East German Army (NVA = Nationale Volksarmee) was officially disbanded. Their equipment was given to the German government and eventually sold off or given to other countries. Most personell was let go and the few that remained (roughly over 3000 personell) were absorbed into the Bundeswehr and demoted by one rank. \n\nAs for the Soviet Forces in the former East German territories, they remained in Germany for a few years after reunification but usually took their equipment back to Russia. It was an interesting day when they left our town, that's for sure.",
"I have written about the somewhat messy process of reunification and the Bundeswehr [here](_URL_0_). As the linked answer goes in depth, the Bundeswher's chiefs generally had a low opinion of NVA troops and the Soviet-style, officer-heavy structure of the NVA was ill-suited to the Bundeswehr. \n\nThe Bundeswehr chiefs likewise had a very low opinion of the NVA's equipment. Like many of the satellite state armies, the NVA did not receive the best equipment from the Soviets, making the equipment quite superfluous to the Bundeswehr's post*Wende* needs. Moreover, the NVA's equipment often expressed different design philosophies and standards than those in the West. The NVA's T-72s, for example, had both problems with reliability and safety features that while acceptable in an Eastern bloc army, would not really pass muster in the Bundeswehr's armored formations. Likewise, the NVA's *Luftstreitkräfte*'s aircraft were prioritized either for basic tactical missions or for air intercepts guided by ground control. By comparison, the Luftwaffe was a much more sophisticated force and its procurement increasingly prioritized both smart munitions and BVR air defense missions in which pilots had some initiative, but were also tied to AWACs control. \n\nThe Bundeswehr assigned three categories for NVA equipment. Category I was equipment used in the short and medium term. Both the MiG-29 and he workhorse Mi-8 helicopter fell in these categories. Category II was a transitional category of equipment that the Bundeswehr judged semi-obsolescent and would be kept on until it could evaluate properly what to do with it. Category III was for that equipment which the Bundeswehr chiefs thought were a drain, and would be disposed of as soon as possible. For the most part, NVA stocks ended up in Categories II and III, with very little ending up in Category I. The Luftwaffe's MiG-29 was the only real piece of ex-NVA equipment that had a significant and prominent life after 1989. It not only filled in a gap before the protracted Eurofighter development, it could also act as an aggressor of sorts for NATO forces. \n\nSome NVA officers grumbled that the Bundeswehr often did not evaluate its equipment properly and generally disdaining most of it. But while this may have an element of truth to it, keeping large quantities of Soviet military equipment was really a non-starter in the post-89 world. Reunification had stoked fears of a resurgent and innately militaristic Germany, and part of the greasing of the 2+4 agreement was that Kohl promised to slash the German military down to a smaller level. Keeping Soviet equipment also meant keeping Soviet suppliers for spare parts, or building German indigenous manufacturing, both of which were economically and politically costly. One of the leverages Kohl had over the Soviets was the massive debts the USSR owed to the FRG, and he was not going to give them a potential out by substituting military spares and replacements for equipment the Bundeswehr did not want. Most of the Category II and III equipment was either scrapped or sent abroad as part of the process of normalizing of the reunified Germany's foreign policy. Some equipment went to the Third World, but a good deal went to the Gulf. The lack of direct German support in the Gulf War caused some tensions within the Western alliance, and Kohl instead opted to use surplus NVA equipment as part of Germany's contribution to the UN forces in Kuwait and Iraq. \n\nOverall, the tale of amalgamation of the NVA and Bundeswehr shows the extreme end of how in the West often called the shots during the reunification process. Bundeswehr chiefs often evinced a disdain for their counterparts and their equipment, and the few NVA troops who found a home in the post-1989 Bundeswehr were few and far between. Like the MfS, the NVA was one of the losers of reunification with many of its career soldiers denied a career in their profession and up to 2005, not even considered German soldiers in official parlance (they were *Gedient in fremden Streitkräften* (a veteran of foreign armed forces) in state designation). The NVA was likewise blocked out from most of the *Ostalgie* process (the film [*NVA*](_URL_1_) being one of the few exceptions) which Easterners wistfully called back the old regime. The close association of the NVA with the SED's state power and coercion makes it much harder to gild in public memory than Spreewald pickles. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/43phaq/was_there_animosity_between_east_and_west_german/",
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0424297/"
]
] |
|
3l3j3k
|
why do we need 2 people to reproduce? how did we evolve to be this way? why not 1 or 3?
|
It seems logical but also random.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l3j3k/eli5_why_do_we_need_2_people_to_reproduce_how_did/
|
{
"a_id": [
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],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Well, you get problems with asexual reproduction (1 member reproducing by itself) because it has very little genetic variability. You don't mix genes around with others so you're more vulnerable to specific threats, like disease, than if you mix your genes around from generation to generation, in which case there's enough variation for some people to be spared. That being said asexual reproduction can be useful for isolated animals (mostly worms) and of course all bacteria use it, because it's fast and it does pass on all your genes, even if it makes your offspring more vulnerable.\n\nAs to why you need two members of an animal species for a coupling, I'm not sure. Some animals mate in groups, like cats, but still you can only mate one to one at a given time. I imagine that this has something to do with efficiency, that the anatomy necessary for multiple partners at once would be too convoluted to be advantageous. \n\nTrees can be fertilized by multiple other trees at the same time since they are pretty receptive to any pollen that drifts along. I also know that fungi and slime molds can have more than two sexes so it's not always rigidly \"male\" and \"female.\" The living world is a very complex place."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bqoiqx
|
why is it okay to eat blue cheese, but not other things that are moldy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bqoiqx/eli5_why_is_it_okay_to_eat_blue_cheese_but_not/
|
{
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"text": [
"Different species of mold have make different byproducts as they grow, and not all of them are harmful. Through experience we know some that are safe, like those used in making cheese. (Yeast is also a fungus, but not a mold, and is used for baking and brewing.) When food around the house gets moldy from whatever spores were in the air, it's a bad bet: there's a big risk that whatever mold it is either is generally poisonous or might produce something you're allergic to.\n\nThis why cleanliness is actually very important when working with mold. Get the wrong kind of fungus in your product and it will ruin the whole batch.",
"Just like with bacteria, mold is a very broad term. Some mold is good for you, like penicillin, some mold is bad for you. \n \nJust like how the bacteria on yogurt is good for you, but the bacteria in spoiled milk is bad for you.",
"Almost all fungus produce various types of mycotoxins, mushroom poisons. They do this because it's their way of defending themselves from bacteria.\n\nFunnily enough not all mushroom poisons are effective against humans. Humans are quite resistant to a lot of different toxins, like those in chocolate, onions, tea etc etc. Some of the stuff that's very bad for some of our best friends like cats and dogs. The varieties of Penicillin for example, the mushroom poison in blue cheese, is straight up lethal to guinea pigs. But not to humans, although some have allergic reactions.\n\nIt all depends on the capabilities of our livers, the organ that's primarily responsible for breaking down toxins in our body, and exactly how our cells function inside. Allergic reactions depend on how the immune system identifies threats. Every animal is slightly different in that regard, and some can eat stuff that we would consider poisonous, and to some our every day foods are pure death.",
"Just as some fruit is good to eat, some is poisonous. We can grow molds that are good for us just as we grow berries and mushrooms that are good for us. We do this carefully, with special equipment, so that the molds we grow in cheeses and yogurt and other similar products, and we are careful to keep everything clean so that we only grow the mold we want. \n\nBlue cheese is made by taking a bit wheel of cheese (various sorts) and sticking a very long syringe full of the specially made (cultured) mold (made liquidy) into the cheese. They squeeze the syringe and pull it out (retract it), so the mold is dispersed within the protein an fat of the cheese. This is done again (repeated) so that the cheese is riddled with mold.\n\nThen, the mold is left to grow inside the cheese. When it is ready (time depends on cheese type) the cheese is cut and people eat it.",
"Most people are pointing out that the mold in blue cheese is a specific known quantity that we know is safe. While the chances of actually getting sick from moldy food is very low assuming you don't have an allergy, it is still a possible risk. However, most mold makes food taste absolutely awful. So while the chances of eating moldy bread making you sick are small, you wouldn't want to eat moldy bread anyway because it is absolutely disgusting tasting.",
"Something I’m not seeing in many of the comments, that talk about how not all molds are bad...\n\nThe mold in blue cheese is actually beneficial. In addition to being nontoxic to human- it prevents other, toxic molds from forming, increasing the lifespan of the cheese.",
"Soy sauce is the juice from moldy beans. Moldy beans and rice are popular in Asia (miso, doenjang, gochujang, doubanjiang). Sake (and other rice wines) are fermented with a combination of the same mold and yeast, but we wouldn't call sake \"moldy\".",
"It's yummy mold. \n\nJust like how there's yummy fish and poisonous fish. There's yummy mold.",
"One aspect of your question. It's actually fine to eat many things that are mouldy (although no guarantee they taste good) but it's very difficult for a novice to identify dangerous vs harmless mould and there are some extremely poisonous moulds that it could be so it's generally not worth the risk.",
"You know how there are different kinds of doggies? And some doggies are nice and let you pet them? The same is true for lots of other things, even mold! Blue cheese mold is like a nice doggie in our tummy - it tastes good to lots of people and doesnt make us sick. Other kinds of mold are like mean doggies though and can taste bad or make our tummys upset. Some mold even helps us feel better when we are sick! We should only try moldy things we already know are yummy or helpful though, just to be safe!",
"It does vary. I recall my late brother-in-law, during his lactovegetarian phase, going on about how to store rice in bulk and what colors of mold were safe (red, yellow) and unsafe (blue) to eat.",
"that’s kinda like asking why is it ok to eat Shitake Mushrooms but not other species of Mushrooms. Some stuff is ok to eat and some aren’t.",
"It is usually okay to eat other things that are moldy. The vast majority of molds don't interact with your body and end up getting digested no different than anything else.\n\nThere are a very small number of molds that interact with you beyond getting digested. A small number of those interact with you in a way that results in you being hurt. \n\nUnless you know for sure that a specific mold you see on your food is not one of the harmful ones, you might as well play it safe and avoid it. Your body also has a disgust response for this same reason. \n\nHowever, you know for certain the stuff in the cheese is is not harmful.",
"The simple answer is that the microorganisms that inoculate, or establish, themselves in the cheese wheel are benign to human beings, and once established they actively defend the cheese from other microorganisms which may be harmful. They are the defenders of the cheese! \n\nImagine that you have a sterile wheel of cheese and you leave it out. Whatever microbes happen to be floating through the air and in the environment will randomly come into contact with the cheese and try to establish colonies on the surface. \n\nThink of it like a battlefield with many different armies all vying for the same resource. It's up to chance and the relative genetic strengths of the different microbes as to which one will win the war and defeat the others. If they happen to be harmful to us, we would not be able to eat it. \n\nNow imagine that before we lay that wheel of cheese out, we inoculate it with the mold which gives blue cheese it's flavor and color. It's no longer a free for all. Any microbes attempting to invade cheese land would find themselves battling an entrenched army of Penicillium roqueforti; it's scientific name. And much like penicilin it is also a fungus which can deploy a weapon against bacteria and other fungus and kill them. \n\nHowever it's not as cut and dry as \"fungus wins\" because there are also bacterial colonies (Brevibacterium linens) living in the cheese which were also introduced in order to provide flavor and to enhance the aroma. But much like the roqueforti fungus, it carves out a niche for itself and defends it against other invaders.\n\nMany fungal and bacterial species are not only benign to human beings, but actually helpful. For instance replace the wheel of cheese with your arm pits, or the inside of your mouth and you can see that in addition to your bodies own immune system, having entrenched beneficial fungus and bacteria can help your body fight off and prevent infections by out competing other fungal and bacterial varieties. We also need bacteria in our digestive tract in order to get all of the nutrients from food that give us the vitamins we need to live and grow."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5bgs1z
|
when one candidate loses to another in an election, what happens to all their unsold memorabilia (hats, t-shirts, etc.)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bgs1z/eli5_when_one_candidate_loses_to_another_in_an/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9oc1sb"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Well, it's a common practice to make victory memorabilia for both teams in a major sports championship and then donate the losing team's stuff to poor people overseas. I imagine something similar happens. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2day17
|
why is blurred lines such a bad song?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2day17/eli5_why_is_blurred_lines_such_a_bad_song/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjnru2n",
"cjnrwia",
"cjns4te"
],
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2,
12
],
"text": [
"Its sounds like its promoting rape and violence against women. Victims often hear those things from their attackers. And objectively, it does fit the idea of a rape in progress. Someone says no, but \"I know you want it\"",
"It infers that it's okay to use alcohol to ply women into sleeping with you when they otherwise would not. It blurs the line between consensual sex and rape. At least that's my interpretation of the situation.",
"The biggest thing is that the song is, quite literally, talking about raping women. When he says \"blurred lines\" he's calling the issue of consent \"blurry\", and saying that when a woman says no, it doesn't really mean no because she has to say no to be a \"good girl\"...secretly she wants it, so it's ok for him to force it, he can't \"let her get past him\" without sleeping with her.\n\nIn reality, no means no, and refusing to \"let her get past you\" when she wants to means rape. Pretending otherwise excuses rape and trivializes the experiences of millions of men and women that are victimized every day.\n\nSecondary issues include consistent degradation of women, referring to them as animals who can't be domesticated, \"bitches\" rather than people, and general objectification. These are continued in the music videos shot, with girls dancing silently in various states of undress, being ogled, spoken to/about but never speaking and even being screwed. \n\nThe rape theme is most clearly demonstrated in the naked version of the video, in which you see a tiny stop sign on a womans butt, with her look of \"mock shock\", while singing about how he's going to ignore that...among similar symbolism. \n\nI hope that helps, but would be happy to clarify/answer additional questions if you want!\n\nAlso: The song portrays anal as something that is \"supposed to hurt\" and talks about \"ripping women in half\". Which is a double nope on top of the rest of the totally not coolness of the rest of the song. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
30vuub
|
how does a dull object, like a fan, become more akin to a knife or blade when it moves at a high speed?
|
Title.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30vuub/eli5_how_does_a_dull_object_like_a_fan_become/
|
{
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"cpwb4t6",
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3,
3
],
"text": [
"it's all about force applied over an area. \n\nif a steel rod is swung fast enough, it'll sever you in two just like a knife. which is usually the case in construction accidents. ",
"I did research this summer on how sharp cutting edges actually have to be to cut through things like titanium and high speed steel. I do not know about you but when I first though of how sharp a cutter for titanium would have to be I thought insanely sharp! Turns out a carbide tip as sharp as your fingernail will do a perfect job. It all has to do with stress (force / area) which causes failure in any object. If you get hit with a knife at slow speeds it cuts you (small force / really small area = big stress). If you get hit with a dull object like a ceiling fan at high speeds it will cut you as well (really large force / large area = big stress). Hope my explanation helps...\n\nsource: Mechanical Engineer\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
506n4z
|
how are elephants able to swim?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/506n4z/eli5_how_are_elephants_able_to_swim/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d71kasf"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Elephants do not have stubby extremities, they have pretty long legs and their joint aren't inflexible. An aligator has stubby extremities and inflexible joints. \n\nElephants for one are fat, they're large and fat and round. They actually float pretty well, same kind of design old fashion ships used to have. Their legs just kick and propel them. It's actually not that hard for most mammals to swim."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2vkw35
|
why is the understanding of rock formation important in finding oil?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vkw35/eli5_why_is_the_understanding_of_rock_formation/
|
{
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"coijyxn",
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"text": [
"Only certain rock formations contain oil. Typically porous rocks with voids. Some of it eventually reaches the surface and seeps out naturally into land or water, but most of it eventually comes up against a layer of rock that it can’t move through. This impermeable rock forms a seal or trap, and slowly, very slowly, the oil builds up. As it does, it forms a reservoir.\n\nReservoirs are rock formations that hold oil, natural gas or both within their pores, like a fossilised sponge.",
"It gets further complicated the you dig into it, but i'll try to give it a simple shot.\n\nBasically you need to look for two types of rock - porous and non-porous. You see - when you pump oil out of the ground, you're not getting it from a \"void\" that happens to be filled with oil. You are actually extracting it from porous rock (so when the oil is gone, you're not left with a big gap in the rock).\n\nThink of a sponge for the moment. You can fill it with water (somewhat), and then wring the water out. Even thought the water is gone, the sponge is still there. It works somewhat this way with oil and oil bearing porous rock.\n\nBut what happens if you don't have non-porous rock? You won't get any oil - because it has no place to pool and settle! You see, geologists look for a layer of non-porous rock first, and then look for a layer of porous rock on top. If you have the right kind of particular kind of rock formation - you'll get oil in the porous rock, and it pools inside a formation of non-porous rock.\n\nThink of a bowl (non-porous rock), with a sponge inside (porous rock), and pouring water (oil) onto the sponge. That's pretty much what happens with oil - so if you know that certain rock formations are likely to contain oil deposits - you go searching in those areas.\n\nPhew - that was longer than i'd expected. Hope that answers your question."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ooav4
|
Dark Energy and faster than the Speed of light?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ooav4/dark_energy_and_faster_than_the_speed_of_light/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3iqyoe",
"c3irh0n"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"You're messing things up. The matter (Galaxies) expelled in the Big Bang on the opposite side of the Universe, although they were created at the same time, are not yet visible to us.\n\nIn the Big Bang, specifically in the first few milliseconds, The Universe expanded faster than the speed of light. This doesn't break the whole \"you can't go faster than the speed of light rule\" because in this instance it wasn't matter that was moving, it was space that was expanding around it, pushing the matter outward into the Universe. Hence the expansion we see today. \n\nSo, the light from the galaxies created on the opposite side of the expansion hasn't reached us yet, because space expanded faster than light can travel. It'll take another few billion years for their light to reach us, and by that time the radiation that does hit us will be very weak.",
"The universal speed limit of c only applies to the propogation of particles and information. There's nothing to prevent the metric expansion (ie. \"stretching out\") of the Universe to exceed c over large distances since it transmits no information.\n\nSince the Universe is expanding, and since light travels at a finite speed, we can see things that are now much farther away. Thus, the diameter of the *observable* Universe is about 46 billion light years. This is the point of infinite [redshift](_URL_0_) similar to the event horizon of a black hole. At this point, stuff was moving away from us at the speed of light at the time the light was emitted.\n\nBy the way, none of this has to do with dark energy. Dark energy is a uniform negative pressure \"pushing\" the Universe apart, but this is on top of the expansion due to the Big Bang. We knew the Universe was expanding long before we knew about dark energy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift"
]
] |
||
23m0hb
|
Why did Russia give up its Austrian zone of occupation do easily? Why didn't they create an Austrian DDR?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/23m0hb/why_did_russia_give_up_its_austrian_zone_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgyfaqj",
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],
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29,
23
],
"text": [
"There have been a few posts about this recently.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nTD;LR Austria was split from 1945 to 1955 and was reunited in 1955 under the condition they remain neutral. I couldn't find the specific thread with this reply, but I remember someone posting that Russia used the reunification of Austria to gain advantage in negotiations with the Allies. Austria is also not as strategically and economically important as Germany.",
"Unlike the territorry that became the DDR, the Russian zone of occupation of Austria was not economically or strategically useful to the USSR to the same degree. In terms of geopolitics, East Germany (the DDR) was right on the northern european plain, the highway of invasion between Eastern and Western Europe since before the days of Napoleon. In contrast, Austria is not very dangerous as an invasion route if the defender controls the mountain passes in the Carpathians and the \"Danube gap\" which the Soviets had effective control over via Hungary and Czechoslovakia. \n\nFrom an economic standpoint, an independent Austria, as long as it was not part of Germany, was too small to pose a military threat to the Soviets. Without Moravia and the Pannonian plain as an economic hinterland, Vienna is just a nice mid-sized city, rather than the capital of an empire."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1stom4/how_did_austria_manage_to_not_be_split_like/"
],
[]
] |
||
tex26
|
why you need uranium or plutonium for a nuclear bomb when any atom can be split?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tex26/eli5_why_you_need_uranium_or_plutonium_for_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4m0orr"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"it's easier to split a heavy, unstable radioactive element. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1u6wko
|
20 years ago on this day, the Zapatista rebellion broke out in Chiapas, Mexico. What are the important things to know about the lead-up to the rebellion, and how it played out in 1994?
|
[Here](_URL_0_) is a BBC overview for those who have no idea what I'm talking about, and want some kind of reference point.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1u6wko/20_years_ago_on_this_day_the_zapatista_rebellion/
|
{
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"cefc1xb"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"When the Zapatistas began their rebellion twenty years ago, they were unleashing new currents of libertarian socialism and drawing from long traditions of indigenous resistance and communitarian values. Pre-Columbian indigenous America was as socially diverse as any other continent, and even in the colonial era, it's difficult to paint all indigenous peoples with a broad brush. Still, the indigenous Mayan communities in southern Mexico should be noted for their strong communal nature. The development of the hacienda system during the colonial era, then, introduced a strictly hierarchical system of private landownership that clashed with these indigenous farming communities.\n\nThe haciendas, large estates owned by members of a small economic elite and worked by dispossessed *campesinos* (peasants), outlived the colonial system that had birthed them. There's a lot of Mexican history to cover here, but I'm trying to get to the Zapatistas quickly. Before the Mexican Revolution, the country was under the rule of Porfirio Díaz, indirectly and directly, from 1876 until 1911, a period known as the Porfiriato. To quote a [post on the Mexican Revolution](_URL_2_) I made six months ago, \"The *Porfiriato* was characterized by a corrupt ruling elite, repression of civil liberties, heavy foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry, rapid economic growth, a modernization of the country, and the growth of the cities. The loss of communal lands (and corresponding growth of the *haciendas*) created a climate of alienation amongst the indigenous and rural peoples that would lead to the explosion of the Mexican Revolution in 1910.\"\n\nWhen the Mexican Revolution did come, it was less one revolution and more many revolutions. Liberal frustration with the Porfirian dictatorship, led by Francisco Madero, unwittingly opened the door for the radical movements to rise to greater prominence in Mexico. Ricardo Flores Magón, the anarchist labor organizer who had been a major figure in resistance to the Porfiriato and was exiled before the Revolution, led a short-lived anarchist communist revolution in Baja California in 1911 and was a figure of influence on the large anarcho-syndicalist labor movement centered in Mexico City. Among the other radicals his writings helped inspire was perhaps the most famous figure out of the Mexican Revolution, Emiliano Zapata. Leader of a great army of dispossessed peasants and indigenous peoples in the south of Mexico, Zapata fought for major land reform, ultimately assassinated in 1919 by the state that had emerged from the Revolution. A version of his plan for land reform had been included in the Constitution of 1917, however, and his imagine would be used for decades to come by the Mexican state. I'm greatly oversimplifying the Revolution here, for brevity, as there were a lot of ideologies and factions at play.\n\nEventually, the state produced by the Revolution was consolidated and institutionalized under the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), which would become the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) and, eventually, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). This party would become the longest ruling political party in the world, staying in constant power from 1929 to 2000. During this period, the ideological orientation of the party fluctuated. Under leftist President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40), the oil industry was nationalized, labor rights were expanded, and land reform accelerated. However, later presidents were more capitalist. Political repression also picked up, with the [Tlatelolco Massacre in 1968](_URL_1_) and the mass voter fraud against presidential candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas (son of the late president, who broke from the PRI) in 1988. By the 1990s, the PRI was ready to fully embrace neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus.\n\nLand reform had effectively slowed to a crawl by this time, but the final straw that sparked the Zapatista uprising was the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It required the stripping of Article 27 of the 1917 Constitution, removing the provision for land redistribution, allowing the foreign ownership of Mexican land, and removing protections for communal indigenous land. Zapata's key ideological contributions to the Mexican state, after a long period of infidelity, were effectively destroyed. Thousands of poor and dispossessed indigenous farmers lost their only hope when land reform was ended. A group of mostly indigenous leftists, radicalized by increasing repression and neoliberal capitalism from the Mexican state, had been organizing for a decade, but really gained traction with the communities following these new developments.\n\nSo, on 1 January 1994, the day the NAFTA came into effect, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (*Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional*, \"EZLN\") declared war on the Mexican state and 3,000 guerrilleros seized control of much of the state of Chiapas. Though they had no centralized leaders, their spokesman, [Subcomandante Marcos](_URL_3_), cut a dramatic figure that immediately seized the public imagination. The EZLN immediately released its revolutionary program, the [First] Declaration of the Lacandona Jungle ([early EZLN documents available here](_URL_0_)). They made clear the libertarian socialist nature of their revolution, with \"revolutionary laws\" surrounding labor, agrarian, and women's rights. For two weeks, they fought the Mexican state until a ceasefire was called. Pushed out of the major cities and much of the state, they retained (and still retain) control over a significant portion of indigenous territory.\n\nMarcos began giving interviews and the EZLN made use of the internet to raise global awareness of their struggle and build pressure on the Mexican state. An uneasy standoff has persisted since, allowing the Zapatistas to focus on the governance of their territories and national and global advocacy for their ideology, rather than on constant violence. Though their governance style has been heavily influenced by anarchism and libertarian socialism/communism, the EZLN has rejected all political labeling other than \"Zapatismo,\" and has not actually demanded the disillusion of the Mexican state so much as its fundamental transformation and decentralization. The Zapatistas claimed to be engaging in the Fourth World War, against the forces of neoliberalism, which had emerged victorious from the Third World War (what we would call the Cold War). It's hard to keep within the 20-year rule here, because there have been so many developments in the indigenous liberation movement since 1994, from the growth of the participatory democracy of the Good Government Councils to the launching of the nationwide \"Other Campaign\" to the anarchist \"Oaxaca Commune\" in the neighboring state.\n\nThe Zapatista rebellion was not an immediate success in that they neither precipitated the overthrow of the Mexican state, nor retained control of the state of Chiapas at large. However, the EZLN did hold on to territory spanning many indigenous communities, in which the line between community member and Zapatista has been blurred, and has been very successful in propagating a new ideology of communitarian socialism and indigenous liberation in an era of neoliberalism. Though 1994 is now fair game for questions here, the Zapatistas are certainly not history in the sense of belonging strictly to the past, as they are as active now as ever. They continue their struggle and have become radical icons for solidarity and resistance in the global struggle against modern neoliberal capitalism in the developing world over the last twenty years."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-25550654"
] |
[
[
"http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter01.html",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1jt6st/tuesday_trivia_askhistorians_wide_world_of_sports/cbid25t",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1h0bsq/what_started_the_mexican_revolution_and_who_were/capqckl",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SubMarcosHorseFromAfar.jpg/474px-SubMarcosHorseFromAfar.jpg"
]
] |
|
299zqx
|
the story of the original planet of the apes franchise
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/299zqx/eli5the_story_of_the_original_planet_of_the_apes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciiv7l0",
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],
"score": [
10,
2
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"text": [
"Astronaut goes through wormhole, crashes on planet where apes are the dominant species, it was Earth all along and he's in the future.",
"The same as this one, except this one starts with the beginning of the Ape world, where the original series started near the end."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5dlbin
|
the unexpected hanging paradox.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5dlbin/eli5_the_unexpected_hanging_paradox/
|
{
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"da5fjta",
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"text": [
"Basically someone is sentenced to death and the judge says, \"were gonna hang you this week at noon, but I'm not gonna tell you what day cause I want it to be an unpleasant surprise.\" The dead man thinks, well...can't be Friday because come noon Thursday I'll know it's going to be on Friday and won't be surprised. And following that logic it can't be Thursday since Wednesday at noon I'll know it'll be Thursday since it can't be Friday and the dead guy walks this logic all the way back and determines they can't surprise him. But they hang him Wednesday to his surprise. \n\nThere's a logical flaw called *something I can't pull out of my ass at 2 in the morning* (truth) but it boils down to being unable link Thursday to Friday and Wednesday to Thursday and so on due to a contradiction that appears on Thursday. Since the logic comes from an impossible situation walked backwards you cannot get any meaningful information from the conclusion. \n\nEdit: [link](_URL_0_)",
"In the Unexpected Hanging Paradox a judge sentences a man to die by hanging at dawn one of the days in the following week—Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday—but specifies that the condemned will not know what day he will be hanged.\n\nThe prisoner looks at this information and determines that he cannot be hanged on Friday: as soon as Thursday Dawn comes and goes he knows that Friday will be the day. Thus, he eliminates that as a possibility.\n\nHowever, since Friday is out he knows that Thursday cannot be the day either: if Wednesday passes without the hanging then it can only be Thursday or Friday, but he already knows that it cannot be Friday so he would be expecting it on Thursday.\n\nBy similar logic he rules out Wednesday, then Tuesday, then Monday. Having ruled out all possible days he declares that he cannot be hanged, so it is a complete surprise to him when the hangman shows up on Tuesday to take him to his execution.\n\nThe paradox is compelling because every logical step that the prisoner takes is sound. This form of reasoning is completely valid in logic and none of the steps contains an error. Furthermore, it appears that the Judge's requirements have both been met and were reasonable: the prisoner was hanged at one of the possible times and was not expecting it.\n\nClearly something is wrong, though. Starting from a premise of an imminent hanging the prisoner deduced that such a hanging would not occur, which is a contradiction. With such a contradiction you could go on to prove whatever you want; this is the \"principle of explosion.\" For example: \"It is true that he will be executed\" (the premise); \"It is therefore true that *either* he will be executed or Santa Claus is real\" (true OR anything is true); \"It is false that he will be executed\" (what he deduced); \"Therefore, Santa Claus is real\" (that's the only way to make the previous OR statement true).\n\nThe flaw in the setup comes from the Judge's claims. The first part is simple enough: he will be executed by hanging at dawn on M/Tu/W/Th/F. It's the second part that turns out to be impossible to state formally without being recursive (which isn't allowed in formal logic, lest you get things like \"the set of all sets that do not contain themselves\" for which you get a paradox when asking if that set contains itself). If you disallow recursion then the claim becomes \"The prisoner will not be able to deduce the day of execution using just the fact that he will be executed at dawn on M/Tu/W/Th/F.\" This claim is obvious and boring.\n\nIt's also worth pointing out that the judge's claim needn't even come true in the first place. By the prisoner's logic he must be expecting the hanging 100% on Friday if he survives Thursday, must be expecting it 100% on Thursday if he survives Wednesday, and so on. By that approach he expects the hanging each day and the judge is wrong. ",
"Hang him on Monday. boom. \nNo need to further complicate things by over thinking. It is just done.\nedit:\nOk, ok, ok. So some robot moderator just messaged me saying my reply was insufficient.. which was done intentionally to drive a point. \nIt is only a paradox because Man has decided to over think the situation. While he spends time worrying about the situation, he is hung and therefore will not know it is coming.\nThe flip side to that is no time frame or time limit is given for when he will know he is going to be hung. So lets say he is taken out of his prison cell and is told he is going to be hung. Well at that point he will know right? so it cannot happen on that day, or whatever day whatsoever. \n\nLong story short, there are too many variables left out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://youtu.be/vxlCiV_axQ0"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
69xvgs
|
In the period from around 350 BCE to 50 BCE, the Roman Empire expanded from being a small city state, to becoming an empire encompassing large parts of the Mediterranean area. What consequences did the expansion entail for the Roman society under the Republic?
|
Edit: Some motivation for this question. There seems to be many answers concerning the "outwards" influence, i.e. reasons for the Roman imperialism. I am more concerned with influence in the other direction, namely how the expansion affected Roman society.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/69xvgs/in_the_period_from_around_350_bce_to_50_bce_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"You would get a different answer depending on who you asked. \n\n\nTake for example Cato the Elder. He was staunchly conservative and strongly believed that Carthage and Greece polluted the pureness of Rome. (He would push for war against the former). He did not like the \nHellenistic influences of the latter diluting traditional Roman values.\n\nWithin Rome, an influx of booty and wealth poured in to the capital. A consequence of this was that direct taxes for Romans were abolished in 167 BC. There was a feeling that all this wealth and money began to corrupt and rot the Roman elite, as Sallust stated: \"wealth and luxury began to undermine earlier standards of public and private conduct.\"\n\nThis money also allowed the upper classes to buy more land, which in turn put local small farmers out of business (Bradley goes into this well). Displaced by slave labour, they drifted into the cities, and by 138 Rome faced an economic crisis. \n\n\nThe lex Claudia of 218 forbade the senatorial class from engaging in commerce, which allowed the equites to collect huge amounts of money. Soon they looked for more political power, which brought them into clashes with the senatorial elite.\n\n\nThere is more, and I would be happy to go into further detail if you want, but my knowledge is pretty limited here. Pamela Bradley is fantastic at covering this period!",
"I can't give a detailed overview of how expansion affected Roman society as a whole, but I can comment on how it affected gender roles and the place of women in Roman society. Keep in mind, this is all generally speaking- what I say here would not have applied to every Roman woman, and the focus is biased towards the upper class.\n\nRome was fighting more and more foreign wars, further and further from home, and this meant that Roman men were absent for longer periods of time. Increasingly, they left control of their household and financial affairs to their wives. Women couldn't conduct business themselves- they had to conduct transactions through a male intermediary- but, during this time period, women has increasing control over that intermediary. We see instances of women arranging for the dowries of younger female relatives, and arranging for the purchase and sale of goods. \n\nIn Roman marriage, a father gave his daughter to her husband, along with a dowry. Originally, the dowry was a way of transferring basic household goods- furniture, wool, tools, and such. Most Roman marriages were \"in manus\", meaning that the father passed legal control of the daughter to her husband, and she lost membership in her father's family. However, marriage was becoming more and more of a political tool, especially in the upper class, which was expanding, and getting richer (in addition to money, Rome also saw a massive influx in slave labor as a result of their conquests, meaning that the upper class could grow even more 'upper'). Fathers married their daughters off to people they wanted to have friendly relations with, and massive dowries became more and more common. Laws began to get more detailed regarding divorce and dowries, and precisely how much of the woman's dowry a man had to give back when he divorced her. Fathers wanted to retain control of their daughters and the dowry money that went with them, as well as have the authority to order the marriage to be divorced so they could remarry the daughter if a more advantageous opportunity cropped up (Augustus, though after the time period you specified, exemplifies this: he has his daughter, Julia, keep marrying different guys so her could get a male grandson. It never quite worked out for him). The upshot was a downward trend in \"in manus\" marriages, and more marriages where the father retained legal control of his daughter. Husbands would be reluctant to spend or invest the dowry money, because they might have to give it back if there was a divorce. This means that there were more and more women who had a a decent amount of money that they could dispose of essentially at will, even if their husband had nominal control over it. Upper-class women exercised increased autonomy, particularly sexual autonomy in the later Republic. A husband might be hard-pressed to divorce his wife if he didn't want to lose her dowry, and a father wouldn't punish a wayward daughter by making her divorce her husband if the match was advantageous to him. The overall trend is of wives drifting out of the control of their husbands. Cato the Elder, being the crotchety old man that he was (note: that is 100% objective fact and in no way a personal opinion), complains:\n\n\"To begin with, the woman brought you a big dowry: next she retains a large sum of money which she does not entrust to her husband's control, but she gives it to him as a loan: lastly when she is annoyed with him she orders a \"reclaimable slave\" to chase him about and pester him for it\" (Cato, quoted in Gellius 17.6.8; Gerdner 1986: 72)\n\nOf course, a strongly patriarchal society isn't just going to let women waltz off with a bunch of financial and social power. The Lex Oppia, introduced in 215 BCE as part of a \"war austerity\" effort, put severe limits on women's jewelry and decorations, and forbade them to ride around in carriages. These limits really have much to do with austerity- they were about limiting the ways that Roman women could express their status and power, independently of their husbands. Valerius, speaking out in favor of repealing the law, directly compared women's cosmetics and adornments to men's status symbols- priesthoods, magistracies, triumphs, military decorations and awards, and war spoils. The law was repealed in 195 BCE after massive women's protests in the streets.\n\nAnother law that attempts to further limit women's growing economic sway was the Voconian Law in 169 BCE, which made it illegal for a father from the top property class to make a daughter heir to more than half of his fortune. There was a sense that any woman controlling a larger estate than a man of the same class would be a major violation of the proper order (what I think is important, is that during this time period, the idea of women controlling larger estates than their class peers became an actual possibility, requiring legislative response). \n\nThe \"ideal\" image of a Roman woman at this time was a mother, with sons. She ensured that her sons received a good education, she dressed conservatively and with no ornamentation, she used any financial or social clout she had exclusively for the benefit of her sons and husband (not herself), and she displayed little outward emotional bond towards them- for instance, Cornelia Africana, the mother of the two Roman statesmen called the Gracchi, and who was idealized both during her life and after her death as the perfect woman, was praised for (supposedly) not shedding a single tear at her son's deaths, instead being proud that her sons had died serving the state (one was beaten to death in the streets with a bench by the Senate for daring to suggest reforms to help the poor). You can see how this idealized image, promoted by a patriarchal society, was, in part, a reaction to the increasing independence and autonomy of women. If a woman wanted to live up to society's ideals, she would conveniently not use any money she might have for herself, instead only using it for the benefit of her sons. \n\nOf course, we haven't any real clue how many women lived up to this ideal, how wide-spread the problems Cato whined about were (especially outside of the upper class), and how much autonomy any given woman really could exercise. All we have are broad trends.\n\nSpeaking of broad trends, for the Roman Empire as a whole during this time period, we see an increase in wealth and cheap labor, spurring economic growth, social change (as partially detailed above), and, eventually, a massive gap between the rich and the poor. There was also a lot of change in the political scene, as the organizational infrastructure required to support extended campaigns and manage an increasingly large population grew into place.\n\nThere's a lot more to be said regarding on this topic. I've offered my little area of knowledge above. \n\nSources:\n\nWomen in the Classical World, Fantham, Foley, et al. (NY Oxford, 1994)\n\nSPQR, Mary Beard \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
24m4f6
|
what prevents underage people from buying alcohol online?
|
I occasionally buy wine over the internet, and it occurred to me the other day I have never been required to provide proof I was of age (I am) to do so. Most retailers require you to enter your date of birth or to tick a box saying you are old enough, but don't require proof of age. So how do they make sure they are not selling to underage buyers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24m4f6/eli5what_prevents_underage_people_from_buying/
|
{
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"ch8gbes"
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"text": [
"I bought my GF a wine subscription online; it was pretty much up to the delivery driver to verify that the intended recipient was over 21 and no one but the intended recipient could sign for it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1biwc3
|
how does a woman menstruate after undergoing tubal ligation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1biwc3/how_does_a_woman_menstruate_after_undergoing/
|
{
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"c971los",
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4
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"text": [
"Like normal. I'm not sure why you think that tubal ligation would affect menstration. Perhaps you have a misconception either about what tubal ligation is, or how menstration works.",
"The same way she did before but without the egg. The uterus is still there and the ovaries are still there. The ovaries send of hormones that tell the uterus to thicken its lining which then comes off every month."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
51je4v
|
What is the effect of Jupiter's pull on the sun?
|
So I'm watching a documentary (2008) that is talking about looking for other planets and how they watch a star to see if it "wobbles" because that would show the gravitational pull of planets orbiting that star. They go on to say Jupiter pulls the sun 0.5 a million miles side to side when it orbits. And it takes 12 years (presume earth years) to orbit the sun.
Question1: is this still how we look for planets?
And more importantly:
Does this has an effect on the earth as we could end up with the sun closer to us if Jupiter is near us / on the same side of the sun than if Jupiter was opposite us for example? Like does it create warmer weather patterns or conversely colder patterns .. Or is 0.5 million miles not that much in reality?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/51je4v/what_is_the_effect_of_jupiters_pull_on_the_sun/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's a good queston. I think a more precise way of describing this is that both Jupiter and the sun revolve around the center of mass of the solar system. I believe I read recently that that is located near the surface of the sun, because the sun has most of the solar system's mass.\n\nThe question of whether the weather is any different based on where Jupiter is, is an interesting question. If you assume radiant energy from the sun falls off as the inverse square, the figures you provided would make about a 1% difference. ",
"There are currently three methods for looking for planets. The first two are the most common:\n\n* Radial velocity\n\nThat is the \"wobble method\" you saw referred to. A star moves back and forth because a planet pulls on it during its orbit, and that causes a Doppler shift in the light of the star relative to Earth. This only works if the planet orbits in a plane within a certain range of angles relative to the plane we're seeing it in. If the planet orbited in a plane perpendicular to how we were seeing it, there would be no Doppler effect on the star's light as we receive it because we're receiving light waves perpendicular to the orbital plane.\n\n* Transit\n\nA planet passing in front of a star will make the star's light less intense briefly. This is also perspective-limited. If the planet never passes in front of the star relative to our viewpoint, there will be no dip and no transit detection.\n\n* Direct imaging.\n\nThis is rare. Sometimes, under weird, extreme circumstances (such as gravitational lensing) we can see light from very large planets. But that's all we see, is the light. Not an actual \"picture\" of it. Just \"there's a thing outside the star that is giving off light at a temperature too low to be another star, so it's probably a planet\".",
"The sun and all the planets, orbit the barycenter of the solar system. The sun contains about 99% of the mass of the solar system and the barycenter is usually inside the sun. Sometimes, like when Jupiter and Saturn are on the same side of the sun, the barycenter can be a significant distance outside the surface of the sun. During the 1980s all 4 of the gas/ice giants were on the same side of the sun and the barycenter was an unusually large distance from the sun. This period also coincided with the Grand Tour mission of the Voyager probes.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycenter#/media/File:Solar_system_barycenter.svg"
]
] |
|
2vrowu
|
why did i get multiple nosebleeds every day when i was growing up, but now i don't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vrowu/eli5_why_did_i_get_multiple_nosebleeds_every_day/
|
{
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"text": [
"Maybe you dropped a coke habit? ;)\n\n\nOr more likely you stopped picking your nose as much?",
"I would get nosebleeds when I was younger after I consumed a lot of salt (I was waaayyyy into salt as a kid dont know why) or if I got too hot ",
"You were developing before and now you aren't. Not a scientist, but probably has something to do with that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2fzhu4
|
What's the story behind why the Nazis chose to put "Arbeit Macht Frei," of all phrases, on the gates of concentration camps?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2fzhu4/whats_the_story_behind_why_the_nazis_chose_to_put/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"There are several versions of the history of that phrase, but the most likely one is that it was coined by Heinrich Beta in 1845. He was publicist, especially for national economy topics, and he wrote on religious faith, saying that blessing can not be achieved through faith and through the old clerical/feudal order but through work. It was then picked up by Lorenz Diefenbach who wrote a novel on two criminals who find their way to a good fate through hard labour. That was in 1873, and from there on we simply don't know the route that phrase took to the Nazis in the 30s. We don't even know exactly who put it up on the gates of the camps, but it's very likely that it was Theodor Eicke, the first SS commander of KZ Dachau. Another theory says that it was invented by Rudolf Höß, the commander of Auschwitz, because the phrase was used in every single camp he had worked at before Auschwitz. The problem is that Höß talked about that phrase extensively in his memoir fragments and reports but never claimed it to be his idea, although he said that it made sense - every prisoner he talked to said that camp life would be even more unbearable without work, according to Höß.\n\nThe phrase seems cynical to us, and rightly so. Especially regarding the death camps, it was a simple lie. Those who walked under that gate were planned to never be free again. There's also a destinct anti-semitic element in using that phrase, the one saying that Jews wouldn't do hard labour but only work with money and power.\n\nOne last anecdote: The iron sign in Auschwitz was made by inmates. One of those was Jan Liwacz, an artisan smith who survived more than four years in Auschwitz and was liberated in Mauthausen in 1945. In a small act of protest, he put the \"B\" in upside down:\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://imgur.com/VmdpNq6"
]
] |
||
ujsnw
|
Why is there a lack of history texts covering 20th century Australia and New Zealand?
|
I was recently trying to read up on Aussie and Kiwi history because I realized I knew almost none, but I was having difficulty finding any good 20th century histories or biographies. Most texts seem to cover pre-colonial aboriginal life or colonization and exploration. I would love to know why most all of the literature is centered around this period?.
Am I totally off? Am I looking in the wrong places? Please let me know if I'm wrong. Any recommendations for modern histories would be greatly appreciated.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ujsnw/why_is_there_a_lack_of_history_texts_covering/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4w1qyo"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There are quite a few, it depends on what you are looking for... The absolute canon of Australian history is - A History of Australia by Manning Clark\n\nMost of his work is also very good:\n\n* _URL_0_\n\n\nThere are many well known public historians in Australia, besides Clark, the most high profile are probably the following, and their work is very good:\n\n* _URL_4_\n\n* _URL_1_\n\n* _URL_6_\n\n* _URL_2_\n\n\n* Peter FitzSimons - _URL_5_ - is probably the best selling historical author, believe it or not, he was a rugby union player, played for Australia, and now he writes huge books on all the famous points of our history - Kokoda, Batavia, Tobruk, Charles Kingsford Smith...\n\n* John Pilger also has a large number of books that are very good, a little polemical, but he covers ground most people are scared of - he could easily be considered one of the pre-eminent historians of the CIA in Australia\n\n\nThere are plenty of books on specfic events (such as Manne's on the Petrov Affair - where the KGB were involved in a scuffle at an airport attempting to get a defecting spy back onto a plane), many on the Dismissal, and White Australia, for instance, there's also a rather good history of booze in Australia:\n\n_URL_3_\n\nIt really depends what you are looking for...\n\n*edit: added some more..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Clark",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Manne",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hirst_(historian)",
"http://shop.abc.net.au/products/under-the-influence-a-history-of-alcohol-in-australia",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macintyre"
]
] |
|
68gb5g
|
World war 1 records
|
Can someone tell me what regiment and Front/Battles my relative was in, I'm having a hard time reading it. Thanks.
_URL_0_
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/68gb5g/world_war_1_records/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgydu7z"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Ahh, the joys of primary source records!\n\nI can only partially parse them myself - there's a lot of shorthand and abbreviations as you can probably tell - but the basic picture is that your relative spent most of his wartime service in the 3rd Australian Divisional Ammunition Column (the \"3rd DAC\" which shows up throughout that), with what looks like a transfer at some point to the divisional artillery directly. He received a couple of promotions, being discharged as a sergeant, so he did reasonably well for himself. \n\nHis civilian trade in the attestation paper is listed as a farrier. It comes up in the course of his service, and he's referred to a few times as a \"Far.Sgt.\" or farrier sergeant, so he likely spent most of his service taking care of the horses in the units he was attached to. (This was a big deal for First World War artillery units, which spent a lot of their time hauling enormous amounts of ammunition around in pretty nasty environments.)\n\nHe was stationed in France from November 1916 onward, which likely placed him in the thick of most of the major engagements the 3rd Australian Division was involved with in the second half of the war. Some of these -\n this isn't a comprehensive list - included Messines (early June 1917), Broodseinde (October), and Amiens during the Hundred Days Offensive of the following summer.\n\nCasualty forms in the records suggest that *something* happened to him - wounded, injured, fell ill, etc. - but I can't parse anything specific there, and there aren't any lengthy gaps in his record aside from a mention of a couple weeks' leave in England (which could have simply been that - leave, not recuperation). Someone more familiar with Australian records might be able to chip in.\n\nHe remained in Europe for several months after the armistice, either on continued duty in France or as one of the hundreds of thousands of soldiers not-so-patiently waiting their turn to be discharged and return home. His number finally came up in the summer of 1919, when he got a spot on the ship *Prinz Ludwig*, a German passenger ship given to the Allies as part of war reparations and tasked with ferrying ANZAC personnel back home.\n\nAs a personal note, I'm a little envious - I'm waiting on my great-grandfather's records from the Canadian Expeditionary Force, which is in a stack of six hundred thousand files being gradually digitized by surname. He's up in the S crowd and they're currently on N..."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8094745"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1643em
|
Translation Request: Ancient Greek Inscription
|
Dear r/AskHistorians,
My uncle is a history teacher in Turkey and he’s an artifact enthusiast.
[His hometown Doganhisar,](_URL_0_) is an ancient Greek town and is known to house many valuable artifacts. He has photographed many Greek inscriptions scattered around the town and he would be very happy if you could give some insight about what might be inscribed in this stone piece.
[Imgur Link](_URL_1_)
Thanks for your help. You will make him very happy.
EDIT: He was thrilled to learn about this discussion. He thanks all of you. He said he will return with more photos (of the same or different inscriptions, i don't know) soon. Thanks everybody, again!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1643em/translation_request_ancient_greek_inscription/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7sjojb",
"c7t4a51"
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text": [
"I can tell you right from a cursory glance that this does not seem to be in either the Attic or the 'Koine' version of the Greek alphabet. There are a couple of irregular characters that mark it out as a specific local alphabet, in particular the **C** symbol; in some cases, it might be a faded letter Eta, but in some cases it seems clear that this is something different. Depending on which alphabet this is, it could represent either Beta or Gamma, and I suspect that it's G here.\n\nEDIT: It's also possible the *C* represents Sigma, and this is where the_gnart's translation/transliteration proceeds from. I didn't assume this because I'm used to Σ appearing in Seleucid inscriptions.\n\nNow, the issue is that whilst the photograph is a good one, a number of the characters have faded enough that they are sometimes hard to distinguish or there are elements of weathering that look like they're part of letters.\n\nIn order to translate it, it would need to be transliterated. And unfortunately, the ambiguity of some of the symbols as seen on the photograph is making that difficult. I don't doubt there may be a more experienced transliterator on the subreddit than me who is able to do it, but I'm having enough trouble that I'm uncertain over several letters, and this is hampering transliteration considerably.",
"Thank you all for your invaluable contribution to this small but exciting subject. I am yet to reveal this discussion to my uncle but if I do, I suspect he may return with more transliteration/translation requests. I read the subreddit rules but just for me to be sure, please tell me if submitting them would or would not be welcome.\n\nThank you all again for this wonderful discussion."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Do%C4%9Fanhisar,+Turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sll=25.075941,55.229816&sspn=0.675408,1.352692&oq=doganhi&t=h&hnear=Do%C4%9Fanhisar,+Turkey&z=14",
"http://i.imgur.com/LUSt1.jpg"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
200whb
|
why is skin so "stretchy"?
|
For ex...
When a woman becomes pregnant, her skin seems to stretch/grow(?), for the unborn child.
Or when a person loses a lot of weight, has the excess skin, and has a hard time losing it.
Or an old person's skin.. my grandmother used to show me her smooth, delicate skin as she pinched it; it would stay in place, like a gelled mohawk.
Genuinely curious.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/200whb/eli5_why_is_skin_so_stretchy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfyrgnf"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Imagine how long our species would last if a pregnant woman's skin didn't stretch."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1k0cyd
|
Did chain restaurants exist before the rise of mass production? If so, how successful were they, and which ones were the most well known?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1k0cyd/did_chain_restaurants_exist_before_the_rise_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbk7fuo",
"cbk8afm"
],
"score": [
29,
46
],
"text": [
" Certainly no historian here, but I do love history. Maybe I can get the ball rolling here with this thread's first comment...\n\n\nI'm not sure what you mean by the \"rise of mass production\" as that sounds vague to me. Do you mean the beginning of the American Industrial Revolution which roughly began in the early 19th century?\n\n\nAt any rate, [Fred Harvey](_URL_1_) is considered to be the inventor of chain-style restaurants with his popular [Harvey House](_URL_0_) restaurants, whose beginnings can be traced back to 1875. Before the Harvey House, railroad passengers were leery of traveling to the western United States because the available food was widely known to be unappetizing and usually spoiled to some degree. Fred Harvey was a diligent business man who, because of his strigent standards, ensured consistently fresh and delicious fare for his patrons. Because of this, he popularized tourism to the western U.S.\n\nI'm curious to see if anyone else can add to this thread by including non-American history.",
"First we have to decide what we call \"mass production\" and what we call a \"restaurant\".\n\nMass production, or the fast making of large quantities of standartised items, came first. If we define the term widely, such method of manufacturing existed as far back as IIIc BC, when crossbows were quickly produced in huge amounts due to a continuous war (\"The Cambridge history of Ancient China\" L.Edward). \n\nEarly establishments for public catering existed in Ancient Greece and Rome, although those were closer to todays idea of a \"bar\". The thermopolium, or the place where hot things are sold\" served drinks and ready-to-eat food but were mainly used by the poor who could not afford to have a kitchen at home. (\"Pompeii\" by Salvatore Nappo). \nThose early \"restaurants\" (even if they were owned by the same person and would thus be a \"chain\" ) did not make any use of mass-produced items the way a restaurant chain today would use identical identical tableware or the identical fast-food packaging etc. \n\nIn 11c China there were also some form of public catering, which grew out of tea houses and taverns providing meals for travellers but I'm not familiar whether there were \"chains\" at that time (for further reading: J.Gernet \"Daily Life in China\" )\n\n\nIf we narrow the term, then \"mass production\" requires a higher level of technology since a machine would be both faster and more precise than the human hand. A good example is the arrival of the printing press (15th century) as compared with the manually produced books of the earlier times. \n\nThus, it was the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century that brought wide spread mass production. About the same time, the first modern type restaurants appeared in Europe and the US, without corellation to \"mass production\". The restaurants appeared as a result of changes in people's lifestyle. More people had spare money to spend on items which were not essential, and also there were more people appreciating the finer things in life, including improvements in food preparation. \n\nAlthough not essential for the existance of a restaurant chain, mass production became useful in modern times when we learned to demand standard ingredients and standard packaging. \n\nThe term \"restaurant\" first meant a kind of rich French soup (restorative soup) and only in the 19th century the public eateries became widely known as \"restaurants\" themselves. (R.Spang, \"The Invention of the Restaurant\")\n\nAlso in the 19th century, \"chain\" businesses began to appear, first in the US was \"The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company\" (1859). By then there were factories which could easily mass produce large amounts of identical products, but also there came the railways which could transport those large amounts of goods to an ever expanding number of destination. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Harvey_%28entrepreneur%29"
],
[]
] |
||
6nam5d
|
Has the United States ever used biological weapons in warfare?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6nam5d/has_the_united_states_ever_used_biological/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dk8y8gj",
"dk93ldu"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"I've never seen any documentation ever alluding to the release of a biological weapon by the United States during a time of war. Biological weapons on the Weapons of Mass Destruction scale are in heavy competition with nuclear weapons for the top slot. \n\nThe release of biological weapons is a decision that weighs even more heavily than that of the possible use of nuclear or chemical weapons. Chemical weapons, even persistent agents are a short term weapon and kill only within their area of saturation. It is the same for nuclear weapons, they only effect the area they're detonated in, sans radiation from fallout, assuming the weapon created any. \n\nWith a biological agent, it spreads based on contact with the target biological, be it human, livestock, crops, ect... fellow biologicals can contaminate other like biologicals, contaminated crops can contaminate biologicals, and so on and so forth. A biological agent can also mutate, either by design or out of a natural state to overcome obstacles. \n\nThe only instances I'v read on where biological weaponry was used during a time of war were; by Germany saboteur forces during World War One lacing crops and livestock with anti-agriculture bio-agents in the US and Europe and of course the infamous Japanese use of bio-weaponry against Allied POWs and Chinese forces in both Mainland China and Manchuria during the Second Sino-Japanese War. \n",
"Wouldn't agent orange count as a chemical weapon? It affected plants and had at least in the medium to longterm, negative effects on humans. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5pw7f1
|
why new smartphones are getting more fragile and more impractical?
|
New Iphone without P2, new LG without SD and permanent baterry, new screen resolutions that will screw apps.
Where this tendency comes from and why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pw7f1/eli5_why_new_smartphones_are_getting_more_fragile/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcujqha"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"If the companies make their products more prone to needing repair/ breaking, people will buy more of them, and the companies will make more money from more sales."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
amdxa7
|
Search programs for Historians
|
Hi historians of reddit,
& #x200B;
(new account due to doxxing etc.) I have started my PhD just yesterday. The subject falls within the confines of the history of religion. I am confident in my abilities surrounding the religion part, but the history part not so much (good thing I have some years to work on it).
& #x200B;
My concrete question to you is: what sort of programs do you use to search through documents (or perhaps even to find documents in online databases as well)? I will have to, among other things, trace the history of a few specific terms, so **a program in which I can fill in whole lists of search terms and which gives me an analysis based on this would be great (specifically within pdf and other text files).** I guess my google searches do not contain the right key words as I only find pdf-finders and things like windows search files.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/amdxa7/search_programs_for_historians/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eflljs5",
"eflxjj5"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Could you explain further? Do you want a list of digital archives? Are you looking for a tool to search exclusively digital archives? Or are you looking for a text mining/ data analysis tool? \n\nIf you're looking for digital archives for your particular field, I'm sure a lot of people around here could help you. Just make a new post with a clearer prompt. If you're looking for a digital archive search engine, there are a number out there and usually the archives themselves have a search engine, but I don't think there's a collective historical archive search engine, outside of Google Scholar, which is terrible. I would love if someone created something competent but I don't think it will happen any time soon.\n\nIf you're looking to see how many times a word appears in published documents for a given year or over the course of time, check out Google Analytics. I'm not familiar with its usage, but I've seen historians chart the usage of terms like \"the United States are\" versus \"the United States is\" over time to answer historical questions. \n\nIf you are looking for an analysis tool like Google Analytics but just for a particular set of documents, I think you have to input the datasets and create the program this yourself (I'm not an expert in this but I think you could just modify someone else's program). It's been awhile but I've seen this used to create interesting charts and graphs in the Benjamin Franklin Papers Project, The Texas Slavery Project, and The Stephen F. Austin Papers Project. The University of Virginia has a complete collection of Digital History Projects that may also be of use. \n\nI hope this helps answer your question. Sorry if it doesn't.",
"I don't know of any off the shelf tool that does what you suggest. It's a non-trivial thing to do for PDFs, even with good OCR. This is likely the kind of thing you'll need to build yourself.\n\nFortunately, this is not as hard as one might think. [The Programming Historian](_URL_2_) includes some very nice tutorials on how to do various forms of text-mining in Python, such as [this one](_URL_0_), [this one](_URL_1_), [this one](_URL_2_en/lessons/corpus-analysis-with-antconc), [this one](_URL_2_en/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet), and so on. There's no one way to do it; there are several approaches and programs that might be of use. Poking around [the lessons](_URL_2_en/lessons/) might give you some ideas. And note that while learning to program might seem daunting, it is a highly marketable skill (including in history programs), and not nearly as hard as it at first seems (this is all under the category of \"scripting\" and usually uses high-level languages with robust libraries, so you're not doing the nitty-gritty aspects of programming and can focus more on the logical flow). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/extracting-keywords",
"https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/text-mining-with-extracted-features",
"https://programminghistorian.org/",
"https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/corpus-analysis-with-antconc",
"https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet",
"https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/"
]
] |
|
fsbs83
|
can sugar save me from dying of thirst?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fsbs83/eli5_can_sugar_save_me_from_dying_of_thirst/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fm0hltu",
"fm0jlo2"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Your cellular respiration should be so high that you had to consume tons of sugar.\n\nA human needs at least 1.5 liters of water a day. Water has a molecular weight of about 18g/mol, so you need about 83 moles. You need 1 sugar every 6 water, so you need about 14 moles of sugar to produce that much water. 1 mole of sugar is about 342g/mol, so you net to 4.75Kg.\n\nBut you need more than that: biology chemistry is not perfect, distribution of nutrients is all over the place as well as its usage. You can easily? Need a 25% more than that. \n\nNow, the problem here is the big picture, even in a world in which that much sugar won't kill you. \n\nWhen you drink you get a whole lot of of ions and salts essential for your functioning. What you produce with cellular respiration is pure distilled water.",
"For humans no. We use to much water for it to work. We produce approximately 10% of our water need trough metabolism. That is as long as we do not change large parts of our anatomy.\n\nThere are animals that do that, for example, a [Kangaroo\\_rat](_URL_1_) and [Fennec\\_fox](_URL_0_) they never drink free water, the get it from metabolism and the stuff they eat. \n\nThe adaptation to living in the desert is called [Xerocole](_URL_2_) and it is accomplished by reduce excretion and have concentrated urine, dry feces and to avoid sweating and evaporation.\n\nHumans sweat a lot compared to other animals and out urine is not concentrated and the felsic not dry. So we have to change a lot.\n\nBirds in long-distance flights get their water from metabolism. They have the advantage that they excrete nitrogen, not as urea that dissolved in water but as uric acid as a solid. That reduces water usage a lot.\n\nSo getting a 10x metabolism is hard and it would increase the water need because you need to eat more and that produces more feces that is 75% water by mass. So it would be in the excretion part you need the change and not just increase metabolism.\n\nYou also need to stop sweating and manage to keep cool even at 10x energy production and that would be the hard but then a cool environment or external colling system could help.\n\nBut if you start to use external machines there is another way to stop drinking is to add water as an intravenous fluid. You do not drink but get fluid.\n\n \nYou could likely survive with not drinking of you switched food. Cucumber is 96% water, Watermelon is 91%. Or just eat soup. Stop drinking is not that hard if you just eat food with a huge water percentage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_fox",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_rat",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerocole"
]
] |
||
366obt
|
why does 720p look fine on my 32 inch tv but noticeably bad on my 23-inch pc monitor?
|
I never understood why this is, hoping someone with more knowledge can help me understand what's going on here.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/366obt/eli5_why_does_720p_look_fine_on_my_32_inch_tv_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crb7cut",
"crb86jb"
],
"score": [
8,
7
],
"text": [
"Is 720p the native resolution of the 32 inch TV? It almost certainly isn't the native resolution of the PC display. That could be part of it. Native resolutions will always look better because you don't wind up with \"half pixels\" when trying to scale the image. Also, how close you are to the screen matters. If you're closer, you have an easier time seeing the individual pixels.",
"The most likely reason for this is the difference in viewing distance. With a computer monitor, you are usually about 2 feet (~60 cm) away from the screen. When viewing a TV screen of the same size, you're usually much further way, perhaps as far as 5-10 ft (~1.5-3 m) away.\n\nAt close distances, your eyes are much better equipped to resolve small details and potentially even see individual pixels and/or the space between them. At further distances, however, your eyes lose their ability to resolve these small details and in many cases it will be impossible for you to discriminate individual pixels or the spaces between them.\n\nThe other possible reason relates to scaling operations. When the input resolution does not match the native resolution of the display, the display has to use a software algorithm to scale the image up or down to match the native resolution of the display. Some scaling algorithms are better than others, but none of them are perfect. Some algorithms may result in a clear loss in visual quality though. \n\nFor this reason, you should always try to make sure the input resolution is identical to the native display resolution. If that's not possible, it's better for the input resolution to be higher than for it to be lower than the native resolution because higher resolution video can (using the proper algorithms) be downscaled without any clear loss in visual quality. When you start with a lower resolution input however, you can't really scale it up and fabricate visual information/details out of nowhere (although there are certainly algorithms that use all sorts of clever tricks to try and do just that, such as by automatically detecting edges of objects and interpolating and blending the pixels accordingly)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ajyzhy
|
How frequently do black holes form?
|
I’m not very well informed in the subject but I read they are formed when neutron stars collide or a stars mass collapses down. I was just wondering how frequent this could be.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ajyzhy/how_frequently_do_black_holes_form/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ef1szgz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It is expected that we have roughly one supernova every 25 years in our galaxy ([source](_URL_0_)) but not all lead to a new black hole. I don't know which fraction does."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0559"
]
] |
|
4mnhtv
|
When I walk up a flight of stairs, am I burning the same amount of energy (i.e. calories or joules) the gravitational potential energy that I've created?
|
For example, I weigh about 90 KG. If I go up 8 meters on a few flights of stairs - basic physics says that Mass x Accel. of Gravity x Height = the potential energy created in lifting that object to that height. In that example, 90 KG * 9.8 m/s2 * 8 meters = 7,056 joules, or about 1.7 kCals. So, am I burning exactly that amount in walking up those stairs? Or is there something else going into that equation? Is my body that efficient? Is 100% of the energy that my body creates in going up those stairs created by the food that I've eaten, or does something else (like the oxygen I'm breathing) play a part? Thanks!
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4mnhtv/when_i_walk_up_a_flight_of_stairs_am_i_burning/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3wtw5m",
"d3xojvi"
],
"score": [
7,
7
],
"text": [
"From the physics side, you are burning at least that many kcals. But the body is not that efficient (you burn calories when standing still), so certainly you are burning more. Exactly how more depends on the person's daily caloric requirements. Yes, 100% of the energy expended by your body in going up the stairs comes from the food you have eaten. ",
"Let me preface my answer by saying that I have a B.S. in Kinesiology (emphasis Exercise Science).\n\nIn exercise physiology, we have a formula to estimate the amount of oxygen used by someone performing various activities, including walking up steps: (3.5) + (0.2 x steps per min) + 1.33 x (1.8 x step height [meters] x steps per min)=Volume o2 in mL/kg/min if we assume a step rate of 30 steps per minute which would a fair rate for a younger adult. In the US the average step height is 7.75 inches. 7.75 which is 0.1969 meters. We have 3.5 +(0.2*30)+1.33*(1.8*0.1969*30)=23.64 mL/kg/min\n\nFrom 23.64mL/kg/min*90kg (your example body weight) then divide by 1000mL/L=2.176 Liters of O2 per minute. We burn 5Kcal per L of O2, that means that this person is burning 10.88 Kcal per minute. \n\nYour example of 8 meters translates to about 40 steps at this step height, which means that your example burns 14.51 Kcal. \n\nThis formula takes into account body's thermodynamic inefficiencies, as well as all the peripheral inefficiencies, such as energy needed to breath, pump blood, etc etc etc. This is dramatically more than the potential energy gained by raising the body, most of this comes in the form of heat released (in the courses I've taken we haven't discussed heat generation that much), but the body is not that thermally efficient.\n\nThe last part of your question, the energy that you use does come from food, the oxygen that we breathe does not directly \"create\" energy but is used in aerobic metabolism to accept an electron that is freed earlier in metabolism. Our energy comes from either breakdown of carbs or fat, (protein can be used but it really only gets used in situations where the body is not getting enough protein). We have three main energy systems, ATP-PCR, Glycolysis, and Aerobic. Without going into extreme detail, ATP-PCR is stored energy from after it has been freed in other systems, Glycolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (which carbs get converted to), Aerobic uses fat and/or the byproduct of glycolysis, pyruvate, to make ATP. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
23k39a
|
what is chemically happening in the brain upon eating a marijauna laced brownie?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23k39a/eli5_what_is_chemically_happening_in_the_brain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgxrtt2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Same thing as if you smoked it. THC is released into the bloodstream, although when you smoke it, it is instantly released. When you eat an edible (a brownie, any food item with THC), it has to go through the digestive tract and such. It thus takes longer to reach the bloodstream, thus making the effects take longer but more intense due to the concentration of the THC. That is why some people smoke \"wax\", which is basically pure THC. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
mh6qd
|
Does String Theory have any guess/explanation where the energy to vibrate their strings comes from? Does the energy just run out? Is somehow fed by some sort of "quantum fluctuation"?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mh6qd/does_string_theory_have_any_guessexplanation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c30vr6x",
"c30vr6x"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Energy is not a *thing* it is a number you can calculate. Anyway, remember that things set in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon, right? (this is a huge abuse of language, but it's close enough for our purposes) In real, physical strings made of molecules and stuff, they lose energy to heating up the molecules, lose energy to making \"sound\" in the air and whatnot. String theory strings were \"plucked\" in the big bang. They may exchange energy and whatnot between each other, so they may not have a constant amount of energy, but the source of all the energy is the big bang. And that energy doesn't \"run out\" so much as get transferred to other strings, and then maybe back to that string.",
"Energy is not a *thing* it is a number you can calculate. Anyway, remember that things set in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon, right? (this is a huge abuse of language, but it's close enough for our purposes) In real, physical strings made of molecules and stuff, they lose energy to heating up the molecules, lose energy to making \"sound\" in the air and whatnot. String theory strings were \"plucked\" in the big bang. They may exchange energy and whatnot between each other, so they may not have a constant amount of energy, but the source of all the energy is the big bang. And that energy doesn't \"run out\" so much as get transferred to other strings, and then maybe back to that string."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3u1f94
|
If neutrinos do not interact with regular matter, how would they behave in the presence of a black hole?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3u1f94/if_neutrinos_do_not_interact_with_regular_matter/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxb6w3o",
"cxb7nge"
],
"score": [
35,
14
],
"text": [
"Neutrinos do interact gravitationally, as any form of energy-momentum **must** do, and so they fall in black holes.",
"And to clarify, neutrinos do interact through the weak force too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2hjd53
|
why can i pour oil into boiling water, but water poured into hot oil explodes into the air?
|
I was making pasta and sauteeing chicken recently. I poured olive oil into the pasta water and it was totally fine, and then a drop of water fell into the chicken pan and popped up into the air. Why, science, why?
Edit: Thanks for all the responses, people!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hjd53/eli5_why_can_i_pour_oil_into_boiling_water_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckt6pvw",
"ckt6qxf",
"ckt6u3y",
"ckt820d",
"cktbkye"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
41,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"When the oil goes into the pot of water, the temperature of the water is well below the boiling point of the oil. \nWhen the drop of water falls into a pan of hot oil, the temperature of the pan is well above the boiling point of the water. ",
"Water boils at 211 deg F. Oil boils at a MUCH higher temperature.\n\nWhen you pour water in to hot oil, the water immediately boils and flashes in to steam, expanding exponentially outwards (exploding)\n\nWhen you pour oil in to boiling water, the oil just heats up a bit but doesn't change state.",
"The main thing that's going on is that water boils at 100^o Celcius.\n\nHot oil is often much hotter than 100^o C. Typically oils will start to burn, depending on the oil you're using, at around the 200^o C mark, give or take. So when you see smoke coming from the oil you're at those sorts of temperatures.\n\nTypically you don't cook with the oil actually burning (unless you're a bit of a dodgy chef), and you're likely going to be at around the 160-180^o C sort of area.\n\nWhat this means is that when you drop water into hot oil it evaporates pretty much instantly. The temperature of the oil is above the boiling point of water. The explosion is the rapid generation of steam caused by this near-instant evaporation. This steam throws some oil up into the air aswell, just because the gas expands so quickly.\n\nAlso, oils tend to have a relatively high heat capacity, and you've got the heat in the metal of the pot/pan aswell. This means that you can evaporate a fair bit of water without losing too much heat in the oil. So there's some potential for relatively large explosions if you drop a lot of water in.\n\nObviously, in the reverse situation, the water can't be hotter than 100^o C (for pure water anyway - adding salt does change the boiling point a bit). Oils won't evaporate (edit: or decompose) at that temperature, so no gas is being generated, so no explosion happens.",
"Boiling oil is hotter than boiling water.",
"Easy version. Water can't boil oil. Oil instantly vaporized water because its hotter. Taking oil with it into the air"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4i7hpc
|
how do respective governments pay for free college in other developed countries and why will that not work in the us?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4i7hpc/eli5how_do_respective_governments_pay_for_free/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2vr186"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Short answer: American culture is more tax-averse than most of the rest of the developed world. Free college means higher taxes, and Americans are extremely hesitant to support anything that takes money out of their paycheck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
19zhx2
|
Does the moon have enough gravity to keep a satellite in orbit?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/19zhx2/does_the_moon_have_enough_gravity_to_keep_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8spjxh",
"c8splf7",
"c8sq3ap"
],
"score": [
8,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Yes. The Apollo missions (Apollo 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) were effectively lunar satellites for a time.",
"Seven [Apollo Command Modules](_URL_0_) have been in lunar orbit with people in them. In addition to that there have been many unmanned satellites. Here's an article that mentions just a few satellites:\n_URL_1_\n\nThe extreme hot/cold surface would make very little difference in comparison to exposure to the sun. If the moon eclipsed the sun from the satellite's point of view (depends on the orbit), that would make a big difference in the temperature of the satellite.\n\nEdit: forgot Apollo 8 orbited (So that makes 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17)",
"**Short answer:**\n\nThe moon does indeed have enough gravity to allow objects to enter into various orbits around it.\n\nThe temperature differences on the moon have essentially no effect. The only important requirements of note for orbiting the moon are the velocity of your vehicle or satellite. Provided it has sufficient velocity in a direction parallel to the surface, it will orbit the body as long as that body has sufficient gravity, which our Moon does.\n\n**Longer Answer, and some notes to help explain Orbits:**\n\nOne of the really cool things about our Moon, is that it has no atmosphere. This means that we can orbit much closer to the surface of the moon than we could to the surface of the Earth. Inside the atmosphere a drag force is applied to the satellite and that makes the orbit unsustainable. This does not occur on the Moon, so we could in theory orbit at a few metres above the surface, assuming we never collided with it and had sufficient velocity.\n\nAn object in orbit is actually falling towards the body it orbits. It just has so much horizontal velocity, that by the time it has fallen, it has also moved far enough horizontally to maintain its altitude.\n\nImagine firing a cannon ball so fast that, by the time gravity pulls it towards the ground where you are standing, it has passed the horizon and due to the curvature of the Earth it doesn't hit the ground. It continues at this constant speed (we'll ignore air resistance) and is therefore orbiting.\n\n\nYou may be interested in different types of orbits for further reading, such as; equatorial orbits, polar orbits, geocentric orbits, and the very famous Molniya orbit.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module",
"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/20feb_orbitingthemoon/"
],
[]
] |
||
6dfukb
|
how does dropping things in fluids eg water cause a splash?
|
Follow up: what are the parameters that affect the shape / height of the splash?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dfukb/eli5_how_does_dropping_things_in_fluids_eg_water/
|
{
"a_id": [
"di2covw",
"di2d47p"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"When something hits the water, it pushes the water out of the way. The wave of water can only go so far before gravity starts to pull it back. So then, the water starts to rush back into the void that was created. It gains a lot of speed as it does this so that when it finally reaches the middle the collision forces the water upwards into the splash that you see. ",
"The stuff is pushed out of the way of the thing you dropped. It can't really go much down or to the sides because there's is already other stuff there, but it can be pushed to the sides and up a bit. Once the stuff is going it can sort of keep going due to momentum and go up a long way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2gczzi
|
Is my Y chromosome identical to my dad's?
|
I was reading on /r/shittyaskscience and I came across [this comment](_URL_0_), and I was wondering whether it was real.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2gczzi/is_my_y_chromosome_identical_to_my_dads/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckhw2q8"
],
"score": [
18
],
"text": [
"Well, the part about the Y is true, it's the same as your dads Y* and that is that same as his dads Y* andsoforth. \n\nIn this statement he/she is wrong: \"So you don't know whether your X chromosome comes from, but you know where your Y chromosome comes from, and therefore you know that you share no genetics with your paternal grandmother!\"\n\nYou do not share any genetics with your paternal grandmother on the sex chromosomes, but you do share her genetics on all other chromosomes, as she gave a copy to your dad, who partly passed them on to you, so except the XY you're genetically 25% identical to any grandparent.\n\nAlso in the psychology-department ther's the bit of sleeping with your grandma, which I do not wish to think about at all.\n\n\n*Except for the rare genetic mutation that may occur"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/shittyaskscience/comments/2gbdf7/im_actually_a_scientist_and_my_genetics_student/ckhk1gf"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
33grpl
|
what's the evolutionary purpose of the little triangle of cartilage in front of our ear holes?
|
[This thing](_URL_0_). Vestigial from an aquatic life? To break up airflow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33grpl/eli5whats_the_evolutionary_purpose_of_the_little/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqkpw5o",
"cqkrbqt"
],
"score": [
4,
7
],
"text": [
"Sound bounces around your ear and then bounces off of that triangle down your ear canal. Without it, much sound wouldn't actually enter your ear and go into the canal, greatly reducing yoyr ability to hear",
"It's called the [tragus](_URL_0_). It helps you hear sounds coming from behind you."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/mIw8pWl.jpg"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragus_(ear\\)"
]
] |
|
3kipq6
|
Where can I find archived news articles from the early 20th century on the internet? I'm trying to research on migration in the early 20th century and I couldn't find a website that allows you to read archived news articles for free.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3kipq6/where_can_i_find_archived_news_articles_from_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuxsvff"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_ but it's mainly for the NY metro area "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"Fultonhistory.com"
]
] |
||
b8q93k
|
Where would one go to better understand the 7 Years War?
|
I generally know about the history of the American revolution and the time around it and I've often seen sources touch on the 7 Years War and how big it was but I haven't seen anything that talks in depths about it. Any good books or podcasts?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/b8q93k/where_would_one_go_to_better_understand_the_7/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejzqh3v"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You might look into Fred Anderson's *Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766*. It is also available on Audible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
19kprz
|
Why are distant white clouds not blue-tinted?
|
The further away something is, the bluer it appears, due to Rayleigh scattering. Which is also why the sky appears blue when lit up by the sun.
However, I have never seen a distant white cloud be any less white than close ones. When it comes to darker clouds, which are grayish up close, they DO get bluer in the distance. But white ones always seem white no matter the distance, even when a mountain is right below it and very blue. Why does this happen?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/19kprz/why_are_distant_white_clouds_not_bluetinted/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8oy9o8",
"c8p7tm2"
],
"score": [
14,
3
],
"text": [
"Rayleigh scattering redirects shorter wavelength light (primarily blue) coming from a source into another direction. This results in two effects:\n\n1- If you look at something relatively bright (say the sun) it appears red because some of the blue light that would have reached your eye is scattered away into other directions. \n\n2- If you look at something relatively dark (say open sky) it appears blue because the air molecules in between you and the dark object \"glow\" blue (as a result of light scattered from brighter objects in other directions) adding more blue to what you see. \n\nBoth of these processes are always simultaneously competing. In bright objects the light scattered away is the dominant effect making them appear red. In dark objects more light is scattered into your line of site than out of it so they appear more blue. In your example dark clouds and the mountains are dark enough that they become more blue while the white clouds are in the region were the effects of the two processes are roughly equal so the color does not change significantly. \n\n\nEDIT: note that Rayleigh scattering redirects all wavelengths of light not just blue, it is just a very week effect in the longer wavelengths (the strength of scattering is proportional to 1/wavelength^4 ) ",
"I'm a photographer, painter, artist, etc. So I've been trained to recognize colors.\n\nDistant clouds are tinted blue, but we have a hard time discerning \"true\" white from bluish-white. For instance: the background of this webpage (by default) looks white, but if you turn around and look at the light from the monitor shining on the wall, it looks bluish. Our eyes and brains are really good at \"perceiving\" color, but not necessarily accurately.\n\nHere's an an [example I made using I picture from the internet.](_URL_0_) I sampled the white areas of the clouds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/RrsQpX9.jpg"
]
] |
|
2st861
|
Store bought balloons into outer space?
|
Few questions...
1. Say if you filled and tied MANY store bought balloons with helium and let them go. Roughly How many would it take to reach a point of 0 gravity up there? Or would they pop before?
2. What happens after they reach the point of 0 gravity? Would they reach "space" and just randomly float away?
3. The red bull stratosphere jumping mission, what happened to the big balloon?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2st861/store_bought_balloons_into_outer_space/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnspuvo",
"cnspvt7"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"There is no point of zero gravity. Otherwise how would the moon orbit?\n\nThings in orbit are in *free fall*, accelerating downwards just like any other object, but they are also travelling sideways so that the distance they gain from travelling on a tangent cancels the distance that they fall.",
"Helium only floats because it's displacing air, so your balloons wont escape the atmosphere. At best they'd just float up there, but in practice they'd pop long before they got that high.\n\nThings in orbit, like satellites aren't unaffected by the earth's gravity, they are in freefall, but zooming sideways so the curve of the earth is falling away at the same rate.\n\n[Red bull says](_URL_0_) that the balloon was triggered to deflate and they went and gathered it up."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.redbullstratos.com/technology/high-altitude-balloon/"
]
] |
|
3e3vnl
|
how do people figure out the exact part that caused a catastrophic failure?
|
For example, when a plane crashes, how do they get the information from a blackbox that says part xyz failed or had this amount of pressure causing it to snap? Do they monitor every stress? Or what about the recent SpaceX rocket failure. How do they find out that it was a strut that failed? It doesn't seem like a strut is something that would be benchmarked.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e3vnl/eli5_how_do_people_figure_out_the_exact_part_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctb8kzy"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you found a glass on the ground in fragments you could reasonably guess it was dropped from a height. If it were next to a ledge you could reasonably guess it fell from there specifically. If you live alone and have a cat, and don't remember dropping any glasses, you can blame the cat for pushing the glass from the ledge with a great degree of certainty.\n\nYou don't need direct measurements if you can work out a reasonable story. Many things have few potential causes that are at all likely. Fewer still if you have many pieces of information to fit together into one story explaining a known outcome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2vdska
|
How does the human brain make estimations?
|
I was watching a let's play as the player was talking about buying an item in the game. After getting distracted, he went to buy another item, which was worth about $38,000. His initial amount of money was about $180,000 and the original item he was interested in buying was $25,000. As soon as I saw the $38,000 I knew he had enough for the original item, even before I did the math.
My question is how was I able to estimate that so quickly? Is it just a matter of rounding, or is there something more to it? Furthermore, I'm curious about the actual processes of the estimation. What parts of the brain are used, and how quickly/slowly can this happen?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2vdska/how_does_the_human_brain_make_estimations/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cohfhbf"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"There's a lot of debate over what mental imagery really is, whether it exists in the way we describe it or whether it really helps explain anything. \n\nBut I'd imagine you are using some sort of simplistic imagery, in which you imagine the two amounts being smaller than half of $180 000. Or you can be seeing in your minds eye (through different imagery), 2ish + 4ish < 20ish, which you quickly translate to something like [less than 10ish < 20ish] which might simply be part of the automatic association system.\n\nA good way to think about this, which somewhat coincides with working memory and long-term memory, is by talking about System 1 and System 2 (I believe it is Daniel Kahneman's terminology)... \n\nSystem 1 is the baseline state of the brain, what it always uses to make sense of the world... It's based on retrieval of long-term memory, and those memories are manufactured through the medium of direct associations between stimuli. So, when I ask you \"what's 7 + 3\", the vast majority of people don't actually do any mental work (use of imagery or use of working memory or what I'll label System 2)... I'd argue this is also how perception works, or rather the answer 10 is perceived in the same way if I say \"apple\", you see an apple automatically. There's a direct association that's been ingrained into your neural networks between the sound \"apple\" and the image of an apple (or rather the mostly invariant properties of apples encountered throughout your life). \n\nFor more complex thinking, like the one you describe, it probably happens through mental imagery manipulation (System 2 which needs working memory). How this one works is much less understood. So, if I ask you \"what's 12 X 17.2?\", you'll need to use System 2. You can notice System 2 working because it's impossible to multi-task with it. In fact, you can't even perceive what you're looking at when engaging System 2, because System 2 most likely hijacks your visual representation system to compute whatever you're trying to compute. A cool effect of engaging System 2 is that your pupils dilate when doing so. Try it with a friend. Ask him to calculate some difficult but doable calculation (like the one I suggested) and you'll notice his pupils dilate when doing it. When the answer is found, his pupils go right back to normal. \n\nSo, it seems like you either didn't use System 2, or barely did since the answer was attained so quickly. \n\nAs to what mental imagery is, how working memory seems to hijack our perceptual apparatus, that's a rather open question...\n\nPeople can try giving you neural correlates for whatever behavior, but those don't really explain anything. They're more like data-collection... but with no framework that explains what's really occurring. The best understood connection we make between neural correlates (where and when activation occurs) and the 1st person experience is in the visual system. Cell Assemblies that become more complex (or rather the computations performed become more complex) as you move from the striate cortex (V1...where the inputs from the retina arrive) to the most rostral parts of the temporal lobe (the WHAT stream) and to the inferior parietal cortex (the WHERE or HOW stream) seem to account pretty well for how we perceive objects (the WHAT stream) and how we move through our world/manipulate objects (the WHERE/HOW stream)... the only framework I know of is Hebbian learning for making sense of how this occurs, but that can't be the whole picture. \n\nI'd look into the logic of Cell Assemblies to try making sense of how automatic associations can be created through experience, but how this translates to System 2 is well beyond the reach of any theory I know of right now. \n\n\nBy the way, if you want to see how System 1 gets things wrong often... ask someone \"what's the price of a bat and a ball if they're combined price is $1.10 and there's a 1$ difference between their prices?\" ... if someone has a short time (5 sec or less) to answer, they'll almost always give $1 and 10 cents as an answer. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
k0pjd
|
college football divisions. there's no playoffs? playoffs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k0pjd/eli5_college_football_divisions_theres_no/
|
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"text": [
"Basically think about it this way: you want to see who the best kickballer in the school is. You have a regular season where there are lots of matches, but not everybody plays everybody. So you have records for all of them, but some guys have the same record. So you have the teachers and other players vote on who they think is better. Based upon this voting, then everybody plays a single game after the season so everybody gets included. Kickball is such a tough sport that you wouldn't want the eventual best kickballer to have to play 50 games in the post season and not be able to focus on schoolwork, so you just vote on who you think would probably have made it to the last game and he and another player get to determine in one game which is the best. Oh, and money, it's also about money. Each of those individual postseason matches gets sponsored. If there were a playoff then there'd be no sponsorship and less money, and nobody wants that.",
"There are many, many colleges with football teams, literally hundreds and split into divisions no fewer than 5 divisions: I, II, III, NAIA, NJCAA (junior colleges). Division I is further divided into two sub-divisions, Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly I-A) with 120 schools and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, formerly I-AA) with 146 schools. Every division except for the FBS does have a playoff for their respective champions, and few people seem to know this thinking only the schools in the FBS count. The FBS teams started playing each other over a hundred years ago and started rivalries that continue today. They couldn't play everyone else and use a points system, or have a nation-wide tournament because it was hard and expensive to travel for colleges, so teams just played schools they could get to, and the newspaper writers would vote on who was the best team. Over time, teams started joining together into conferences and would play against each other to see who would be best in their particular region for bragging rights; larger conferences like the SEC even have a conference championship game. These conferences started competing against each other by having their conference champions play each other in a single post-season game called a bowl. The Rose Bowl is probably the most famous and one of the oldest, and a team from each the Big Ten conference and Pacific 12 conference would play each other although not necessarily their champions because they can pick whomever they want. The bowls became very popular, more were played, and there are 35 FBS bowl games now where each bowl just basically invites whatever school they want to play. There were arguments over which team was actually the best and the champion for that year, and writers and columnists would disagree resulting in different organizations awarding their respective championship award to different teams. This was too confusing, and many people have been wanting the situation resolved for years, but big organizations like those controlling the bowls don't like changes to the system and have been fighting back. A supposed compromise was made with the formation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). The compromise was made with 4 of the most popular bowls (Rose, Fiesta, Sugar, Orange) and the most powerful conferences (Big Ten, Big East, ACC, SEC, Big XII, Pac-12, and Notre Dame which isn't in a conference) to have the best teams play in a single championship that would rotate between the 4 popular bowl sites, the BCS Championship. They used a points and voting system to take the two schools scoring the highest and putting them in a single game for the championship. They said it worked, but in 2003-4, LSU and Oklahoma were in the championship game and LSU won, but USC won the AP vote and split the championship. They changed the BCS formula, USC and Oklahoma were in the BCS title game the next year, USC won, but Auburn was also undefeated and split the championship. They keep changing the BCS formula to keep the sponsors and bowl organizers happy. The bowl organizers don't want change and are against a FBS championship tournament. That is why there isn't a tournament playoff yet.",
"There are many, many colleges with football teams, literally hundreds and split into divisions no fewer than 5 divisions: I, II, III, NAIA, NJCAA (junior colleges). Division I is further divided into two sub-divisions, Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly I-A) with 120 schools and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, formerly I-AA) with 146 schools. Every division except for the FBS does have a playoff for their respective champions, and few people seem to know this thinking only the schools in the FBS count. The FBS teams started playing each other over a hundred years ago and started rivalries that continue today. They couldn't play everyone else and use a points system, or have a nation-wide tournament because it was hard and expensive to travel for colleges, so teams just played schools they could get to, and the newspaper writers would vote on who was the best team. Over time, teams started joining together into conferences and would play against each other to see who would be best in their particular region for bragging rights; larger conferences like the SEC even have a conference championship game. These conferences started competing against each other by having their conference champions play each other in a single post-season game called a bowl. The Rose Bowl is probably the most famous and one of the oldest, and a team from each the Big Ten conference and Pacific 12 conference would play each other although not necessarily their champions because they can pick whomever they want. The bowls became very popular, more were played, and there are 35 FBS bowl games now where each bowl just basically invites whatever school they want to play. There were arguments over which team was actually the best and the champion for that year, and writers and columnists would disagree resulting in different organizations awarding their respective championship award to different teams. This was too confusing, and many people have been wanting the situation resolved for years, but big organizations like those controlling the bowls don't like changes to the system and have been fighting back. A supposed compromise was made with the formation of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). The compromise was made with 4 of the most popular bowls (Rose, Fiesta, Sugar, Orange) and the most powerful conferences (Big Ten, Big East, ACC, SEC, Big XII, Pac-12, and Notre Dame which isn't in a conference) to have the best teams play in a single championship that would rotate between the 4 popular bowl sites, the BCS Championship. They used a points and voting system to take the two schools scoring the highest and putting them in a single game for the championship. They said it worked, but in 2003-4, LSU and Oklahoma were in the championship game and LSU won, but USC won the AP vote and split the championship. They changed the BCS formula, USC and Oklahoma were in the BCS title game the next year, USC won, but Auburn was also undefeated and split the championship. They keep changing the BCS formula to keep the sponsors and bowl organizers happy. The bowl organizers don't want change and are against a FBS championship tournament. That is why there isn't a tournament playoff yet.",
"Basically think about it this way: you want to see who the best kickballer in the school is. You have a regular season where there are lots of matches, but not everybody plays everybody. So you have records for all of them, but some guys have the same record. So you have the teachers and other players vote on who they think is better. Based upon this voting, then everybody plays a single game after the season so everybody gets included. Kickball is such a tough sport that you wouldn't want the eventual best kickballer to have to play 50 games in the post season and not be able to focus on schoolwork, so you just vote on who you think would probably have made it to the last game and he and another player get to determine in one game which is the best. Oh, and money, it's also about money. Each of those individual postseason matches gets sponsored. If there were a playoff then there'd be no sponsorship and less money, and nobody wants that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1wl41l
|
why do special effects look so much better in a movie theater than on a computer?
|
I'm watching Olympus Has Fallen on Netflix and some of the CGI/Green Screen effects look terribly obvious. I never saw it in theaters, but there are other movies that look pretty good in theaters but then when I go watch them on Netflix or something the special effects look terrible.
Is it just the quality is higher when its a hard copy, and you lose some of that quality when you have to compress it and junk in order to stream?
Sorry if this has been asked already, I used the search function and didn't find anything that answered my question on the first page and a half.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wl41l/eli5_why_do_special_effects_look_so_much_better/
|
{
"a_id": [
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3
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"text": [
"The funny thing is that the effects look better in a movie theater because the movie theater quality is worse.\n\nA projector cannot project individual pixels as well as a monitor can so the image is very slightly blurred.\n\nNow, think of a picture with a crappy photoshopped face on top of another person. Someone just outlined the other person's face, copied it out and pasted it directly on the other image. The jagged outline completely stands out and looks out of place.\n\nHowever, if you blur the face's outline slightly so that it blends more into the picture, it appears much better than the original copy and paste. This is true of CGI/Green screen because it is adding elements that were originally not in the picture. The blurring from the projector makes these pasted elements blend more realistically to the scene."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9tsaqp
|
Amongst former colonies in Africa, Botswana stands out for growth, political stability, etc, despite suffering massively from the AIDS epidemic. Why is Botswana so unusually successful?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9tsaqp/amongst_former_colonies_in_africa_botswana_stands/
|
{
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"e8zn9z0"
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"I doubt the premise of your question.\n\nEconomically speaking, in terms of things like Human Development Index or GDP per capita (PPP), ~~Gabon~~ Botswana is (in 2017) roughly equal to other African former colonies like Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Seychelles, Mauritius and Gabon. \n\nSeychelles and Mauritius are both Indian Ocean island republics that are heavily reliant on tourism for their economies. And, in full fairness, Seychelles has a very small population of under 100,000 people. On the other hand, Mauritius' population of 1.2 million people is more comparable to Botswana's population of 2.2 million. \n\nIn some ways, Gabon's economy is similar to Botswana's, both being underpinned by resource extraction. While Botswana's primary resource is diamonds, Gabon is a significant exporter of petroleum. In terms of population, Gabon has about 1.9 million people, so slightly smaller than Botswana.\n\nTurning to the other aspect you name: political stability. I'm going to be presumptuous and assume you are speaking of political stability _with democratic norms_. And to be sure that has been a difference that makes Botswana stand out in comparison to other countries I have named. \n\nI think it is fair to argue that from 1960-1998, Tunisia saw an undemocratic yet stable political system under the long tenures of Bourgaba and then Ben Ali (with the exception of Ben Ali's overthrow of Bourgaba in 1987).\n\nSimilarly in Gabon, the country was first ruled by Leon M'ba from 1960-67. Following his death from cancer, his Vice President Omar Bongo would go on to rule as president for the next 42 years, passing through several non-competitive elections.\n\nThe Seychelles and Mauritius have histories in the 1970s and 80s that feature power struggles between political factions, and in the case of Seychelles an attempted mercenary coup.\n\nSo, yes, it is fair to say that Botswana has a longer tradition of credible democratic elections and presidents observing term limits, rather than dictators with extremely long tenures. That difference has perhaps made Botswana an attractive model for Western diplomats, political scientists and development experts to hold up as a \"success story\" of economic growth AND democratic norms. \n\nOn the other hand, I will also observe that every president of Botswana has come from one dominant political party [Edit- additionally, the Botswana Democratic Party has controlled a minimum of 2/3rds of National Assembly seats in every election since independence] . Also, by GINI coefficient (an estimate of wealth inequality), Botswana compares unfavorably to Gabon, Seychelles and Mauritius, meaning that there are greater differences in wealth between the poorest Batswana and the wealthiest.\n\nTL;DR- Botswana has been successful, but perhaps not head-and-shoulders above the rest."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
kol2t
|
eil5: neutrinos
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kol2t/eil5_neutrinos/
|
{
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"text": [
"They are really, really, REALLY tiny particles. So tiny that they actually go right through ordinary matter without hitting it most of the time. This is hard to wrap your head around, but try to think of the relative sizes and distances of things inside of an atom: If the simplest atom, a hydrogen atom, was the size of a football field, the nucleus would be the size of a grain of sand right in the middle, and the single electron would be out there on the edge of the field going around and around. And in between, NOTHING.\n\nThe neurtino is even smaller than that nucleus or the electron. You can probably imagine how hard it is for that neutrino to actually hit something.",
"They are really, really, REALLY tiny particles. So tiny that they actually go right through ordinary matter without hitting it most of the time. This is hard to wrap your head around, but try to think of the relative sizes and distances of things inside of an atom: If the simplest atom, a hydrogen atom, was the size of a football field, the nucleus would be the size of a grain of sand right in the middle, and the single electron would be out there on the edge of the field going around and around. And in between, NOTHING.\n\nThe neurtino is even smaller than that nucleus or the electron. You can probably imagine how hard it is for that neutrino to actually hit something."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
u799a
|
Has there ever been a time when technology advanced as rapidly as it does today?
|
What spurred this question is oddly the movie *Battleship.* Spoilers for anyone who hasn't seen it, but plans to, they have to get a 70 year old warship up and running, and one of the characters states that it would take him 6 weeks to figure out how to operate it. I snickered, but then thought about it some more.
I've always been of the mind that technology has advanced at a faster rate since the Industrial Revolution than it did before it. But was there ever a time when tech (any tech, not just wartime or military) advanced as rapidly as it does now? Would the people of 1212 scoff at tech of 1140?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/u799a/has_there_ever_been_a_time_when_technology/
|
{
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"I can't find the source right now but I will keep looking but basically I remember reading once th at the rate of technological progress has actually slowed since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Meaning that there was a greater change in lifestyle between 1860 - 1890 then between 1980 and 2010. ",
"Just had to say, the writers of that movie did realise that Iowa class battleships were modernised in the 80's and decommissioned in the early 90's?It's not really a matter of 'OMG no one knows how to use this crazy old tech' people serving today would have served on these ships.\n\nSigh, if only the world was historically accurate.",
"A while ago i saw a post about how swords had advanced from, like, the 1300s-1700s. And it looked they went through a lot of technological innovation. They went from big hulking masses of steel, to light, precise killing machines."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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|
d5y80o
|
why shouldn’t rubs such as tigerbalm, vicks, etc touch mucous membranes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5y80o/elif_why_shouldnt_rubs_such_as_tigerbalm_vicks/
|
{
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"f0oof4y"
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"text": [
"These balms contain camphor, an aromatic chemical which is responsible for much of the smell in them (along with menthol). Camphor is safe to put on your skin, and safe to inhale, but highly toxic in large quantities. You will absorb large quantities if you eat the rub... or if you put it on a mucous membrane, in which case the camphor will enter your blood stream directly.\n\nSmall doses of camphor will cause nausea or vomiting, lethargy, loss of coordination and slurred speech. In large doses, it can cause muscle spasms, convulsions, seizures and death.\n\nBesides all that, menthol burns when you put it on a mucous membrane, which can be unpleasant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5q1apx
|
Why did Comic Book Superhero characters stay relevant/popular in American culture?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5q1apx/why_did_comic_book_superhero_characters_stay/
|
{
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"dcvtki2"
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"text": [
"Comic books in the United States in the format we know them today began with *Action Comics* #1 (1938), which introduced Superman and launched comics as a major industry - but Superman wasn't created out of whole cloth! Comic books started out in the 1930s as collections of comic strips from newspapers; some comic strips also ran in pulp magazines, and even before the advent of Superman there were characters with all the burgeoning hallmarks of superheroes in comic strips (*The Phantom, Buck Rogers*), and the pulps (*The Spider, Olga Mesmer, Doc Savage*). So it's important to remember that before superheroes were even in comic *books*, they were already beginning to be established in American culture.\n\nHowever, superheroes were only one of the early genres of comic book. Like their direct predecessors the pulp magazines, comic books covered romance, westerns, crime, horror/weird terror, science fiction, sports, war, adult (the infamous 8-pagers or Tijuana bibles), etc. - and many of these other genres were incredibly popular and influential for decades.\n\nThe real rise of the superheroes came about with the advent of the Comics Code Authority in 1954 - earlier that year Dr. Fredric Wertham had published a book titled [Seduction of the Innocent](_URL_0_), which alleged that comic books contributed to juvenile delinquency - [later research](_URL_2_) found that Wertham faked or misinterpreted much of his evidence - and in response most of the major comic publishers got together and instituted the CCA, which required members to abide by a Code - which essentially killed crime and horror comics, and drove Max Gaines and EC out of the comic business (he would go on to create Mad Magazine). The comic panic also spread internationally to connected markets, especially Canada (which, although it had generated its own local comics during WWII thanks to trade bans, was a major market for US comics) and Britain - the latter you can read about in [A Haunt of Fears: the Strange History of the British Horror Comics Campaign](_URL_4_), which is a very solid book.\n\nThe Code was such that it created a very limiting environment - one in which the rather hokey Silver Age superheroes were created and flourished, and which eventually gave way to more elaborate storylines and worldbuilding - Marvel Comics innovated the field in the 1961 when Stan Lee and Jack Kirby launched the *Fantastic Four*, and superheroes have benefited a great deal from being revisited and reinvented every generation - you can read about that in, among other places, [Superhero Comics: the Illustrated History](_URL_3_).\n\nWhile superhero comics came to prominence in the late 1930s/early 1940s and continued to expand, other genres generally faded as demographics shifted - you could still find romance, sports, and western titles on the shelves in the 60s and 70s, but war comics largely fell off after the Korean War due to opposition with Vietnam (although surviving in such formats as DC's Sgt. Rock or *Weird War*). \"New\" genres also cropped up: sword & sorcery comics weren't exactly invented in the 1970s, but they didn't become a genre of their own until Marvel published *Conan the Barbarian* in 1970; talking animal comics began to take a more grown-up turn with the success of comics like *Cerebus the Aardvark* (1977) and *Usagi Yojimbo* (1984).\n\nHorror comics were a hard sell with the CCA, and publishers like Warren got around them by publishing magazine-sized comics; in the 60s and 70s Baby Boomers that had grown up on pre-Code comics began to make their own \"underground comix\" - often featuring references to the old EC horror comics, as well as topical drug, political, and sex references; noticeably absent were superheroes, except for parody - you can read about that in [A History of Underground Comics](_URL_1_) among other places - *but*, the underground comix scene gave birth to the independent or alternate comic scene of the 80s and 90s, where small-press publishers began producing their own comics in a range of genres - including superheroes.\n\nThe thing is that fans who had grown up reading those comics began entering the industry and writing and drawing their own storylines, or creating their own characters - and for many folks growing up, that involved superheroes - and superheroes were very marketable. Aside from just comic books, the characters and likenesses were licensed out for comic books, films, television shows, and an endless array of merchandise, which brought greater awareness and attention to superheroes - to the point that you could have television shows like *The Greatest American Hero* (1981).\n\nAny farther along this line and I'm going to break the 20-year rule, but the gist is that the ground was laid for an audience to appreciate superhero comics before superheroes appeared in comics - through comic strips like *The Phantom* and pulp characters like *Doc Savage* - and benefitted from both marketability and a restriction in their competition which allowed them to flourish and crowd out many other genres. Generations of comic readers grew up to create their own comics and regenerate the field, to continue to draw in new interests - which isn't restricted to superheroes, but involves a lot of superheroes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/seduction-of-the-innocent/oclc/213743",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-underground-comics/oclc/1017325",
"https://news.illinois.edu/blog/view/6367/204890",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/superhero-comics-the-illustrated-history/oclc/23732013",
"http://www.worldcat.org/title/haunt-of-fears-the-strange-history-of-the-british-horror-comics-campaign/oclc/21671868"
]
] |
||
4fmz45
|
how operating a semi truck transmission differs to that of a manual car.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fmz45/eli5how_operating_a_semi_truck_transmission/
|
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"No expert on machanics but here is some info from experience working with trucks. You go through all the gears normally then flip the tab and you have another higher set.\n\nThe reason there isnt just a ton of gears is it would be alot more annoying. Can you imagine, as you said, 18 gears, laid out in a normal manual transmission way, all the way across? It would take up a ton of space and youd have to reach further across. Besides that, lets say you are in 3 high. If you are coming to a stop You can simply shift down 2 positions over back into whatever gear you are going to be starting in. Laid straight out youd be doing alot more moving.\n\nAlso you dont need to be all the way down in gears to get moving especially with no load. As you shift you can also skip gears as under typical conditions you dont need all 18 gears. It is designed to pull a ton of weight but you arent usually doing so.\n\nAs far as getting moving goes, besides maybe the gear you start in (that I would assume depends on the truck and power as well as gear ratio and factors like this), you start moving and can shift pretty much like you would a normal car. Only difference is flipping the tab. Im not sure if this is common, and Im not good enough to do this, but most drivers I have ridden with dont use the clutch to shift most of the time. They \"perfect shift\" like you could with a car ",
"You have a main transmission with three to four speeds, a range box to double your gearings, and a splitter to let you halve each gear again. Generally unless you're hauling heavy loads, you'll be skipping the splitter until you want to fine tune your RPM for cruising. I'll be using a 12-speed for examples.\n\n* No load: 2L - > 3L - > Flip range switch - > 4L - > 5L - > 6L - > Flip splitter, kick the clutch - > 6H.\n\nThe range box is what you call hi lo gears. Basically, with the flick of a switch, shifting to neutral and giving the box a second or two to engage, you can turn the three slots on the gearstick from 1-2-3 to 4-5-6. The splitter has two positions and only requires a kick of the clutch to engage.\n\n* Full load: Gearstick in first slot, splitter down, 1L - > Flip splitter up, kick clutch - > 1H - > Flip splitter down, move gearstick to second slot - > 2L - > Flip splitter up, kick clutch - > 2H. - > - > - > 3H - > Flip splitter down, flip range switch up, clutch and move gearstick to first slot. You are now in 4L. And so on. \n\nThis is a bit of a mess, but I hope it helps.",
"UK answer here, but I imagine it's very similar. Ignoring the high/low and split, say it's just 16 gears regardless of how you access them. With a small load, you might start in 4th, straight to 6, then 8, 10, etc. The split would give you the half gears (odd numbers), but you can get away without using them. Uphill you might start in 3rd, downhill in 5th. Technically, you can get away with driving a light load around town in high range, without using the split gears. 5, 7, 9, 11 would be enough. For normal driving, you jump a gear number regularly. All odds or all evens is normal. So, why so many gears in the first place? All to do with weight. A car might weigh 2 tons. Load it up with people and luggage and you might get to 2 1/2 or even 3 tons, so you might add 30-50% of the overall weight. A tractor unit (the truck bit) weighs around 8 tons. Empty trailer 4, so an empty load might be something like 12 tons. No split gears needed. Fully loaded (here) would be up to 42 tons, so the total weigh of the train is 300% (ish) of unladen, it's a massive difference. Fully loaded is when you really start to need those extra gears. Sometimes it's easier to think of it as a 6 or 8 speed gearbox, with half gears, rather than a 12 or 16 speed. 1st and 2nd are for heavy load hill starts, and are very seldom used in real life. I'll be honest, when you first start truck driving, getting your head around the gears is the biggest obstacle. One gearstick, split and range buttons means it's really easy to try and pull away in 10th rather than 3rd if you get muddled up. In Britain, most truck driving schools do a free appraisal, so you get chance to have a drive for nothing. I'd recommend it, it's great fun!",
"I can help address they \"Why?\" The answer is, physics!\n\nCars are designed with one thing in mind. Carrying a very few people. Even a car load of severely obese people is not that much of a load difference for a passenger car, so one set of gears is appropriate for any use of the vehicle.\n\nA cargo vehicle, such as a Semi, needs to be able to be operating under conditions ranging from no load, to tons of cargo. So, it's going to need a much wider range of gears to account for the differences in loads. So, rather than having 1st through < whatever > , they have multiple sets of gears such as 1H, 1L, etc. How they sets work together is a lesson in gearing I am not going to be capable of adequately explaining. I stay way the hell away from \"Transmission magic\"",
"First off. The only transmissions I've heard of and learned about is a 5speed transmission, with an auxiliary gearbox of 2(8speed) 3(12speed) 4(16?-I would have to look speed) gears. I'm a mechanic not a driver. Due to the gear reduction redundancy in lower gears they are so similar thus why you lose the speeds. \n\n\nA clutch brake is used only to stop the main shaft of the transmission prior to shifting into 1st, or Reverse from a stop. It is an actually a brake pad between the clutch and transmission. \n\nSynchronized transmissions are the only ones i know about to help the driver match transmission speeds while shifting. Using the clutch isn't recommended or practiced while driving due to the clutch brake. You'd have to be very very aware not to push the pedal to the floor or you'd snap that baby off like a twig. \n\nI've actually got all my books out if there was anything else you wanted to know. \n\nEdit: I got sidetracked by comments rather than the question. The reason for shifting as such is for the peak power curve out of every gear while loaded. 4th gear is usually a 1:1 drive while 5 is an overdrive set if recall correctly. By shifting through the range and split gears in your aux trans you get your different combinations allowing you to hold the peak curve throughout the entire range of acceleration/deceleration ",
"10 speed \n1,2,3,4,5 splitter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.\n\nDouble clutching to shift\nClutch in slightly, pull out of gear, clutch out, clutch in slightly, into next highest or lowest gear, clutch out, apply throttle.\n\nFloat gear shifting\nWait for rpm to hit around 14-1500 rpm, pull gear out and reapply next highest gear. When downshifting around 900-1100 rpm pull out of gear, apply slight throttle to raise rpm before putting back into lower gear. (This if done wrong is very hard on tranny).\n\nHi and low apply for 13/18 speeds (most common). There are videos that can explain them alot better than text ever can on YouTube.\n\n18 speeds are really overkill on most highway trucks. They are typically used by heavy haulers. Synchro mesh in the US, do not know why other than maybe cost.",
"I can't go into the mechanics of the transmission but I can go through the steps of shifting. \nFor my truck on the shifter there is 2 switches one for super low and the other is the high / low. With a load I engage the super low switch push the clutch in and put it in 1 gear this is the only time you use the clutch. you get the truck rolling to the right speed and rpm then shift to the next gear, continue shifting up to 5th gear then disengage the super low switch and shift back into 1st gear when speed and rpm are right flick the high/low switch to high and let off the gas and it will shift to 1st high, then when you need to shift put the high/low switch back to low and shift to 2nd gear continue up through the gears.\n\nif the truck is empty for the most part you skip the super low and start out in 1st normal and most of the time you can skip switching the high/low and just leave it in high or low as you shift through the gears "
]
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6hp40i
|
why do remote controlled helicopters usually have multiple sets of blades while real life helicopters have only one set?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hp40i/eli5_why_do_remote_controlled_helicopters_usually/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dj00m78"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The quad-blade setup can be easily stabilized by a computer, but is more failure-prone than a single blade since there's way more moving parts. With modern computer tech, the hardware and sensors required to balance a four blade setup is super cheap.\n\nSince the small craft don't carry people, there's less stress about the vehicle crashing. Since the big 'uns carry humans, they want to remove anything breakable that doesn't have to be there."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9wurvn
|
a lot of companies have contests where you enter for a chance to win something. does anyone actually win anything and, if so, how is it audited to ensure a level playing field or if someone did in fact win the contest?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9wurvn/eli5_a_lot_of_companies_have_contests_where_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e9ngegw",
"e9ngfaj",
"e9nk7ny",
"e9o6faa"
],
"score": [
3,
11,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It is all detailed within the rules and terms of the contest. One of the main things is that, at least in the US, you can't require people to pay money to enter a contest, so part of the rules will include how to enter for free.\n\nAnother part of the rules will cover who is allowed to enter, as usually employees of the company are restricted from entering.\n\nFinally there will be a section dealing with how and when winners are determined. Usually companies don't disclose the name of the winner for privacy reasons, though some companies require you agree to your name, picture, and city you live in being used as part of promotional materials. ",
"A few months ago I won a $500 prepaid visa on Twitter from 5 Gum. They had a contest where you just had to tweet how you’d use $500 and I believe they had like 50 winners. They used a third party to verify info and take care of paperwork and stuff. I received a DM from the 5 Gum Twitter saying I was a potential winner and that I needed to fill out some info with a link. I did so and a couple days later I was contacted by the third party that seemed to be a PR firm of some sort. They handled the rest. I read some info and digitally signed an agreement that they wouldn’t be responsible for any problems I encountered once I received my prize. A few weeks later I received a $500 visa. card. Already used it with zero issues. So in my experience, at least with large companies, these contests are 100% legit.",
"A couple of things about contests in the U.S.: \n\nFor contests with really expensive prizes, most but [Prize Insurance](_URL_0_), so if someone does win, the insurance company pays for it. So not every contest produces a winner. Like those \"make a basket from half court and win $1 million\" contests.\n\nThe other thing is radio station contests with significant prizes are usually \"national\" contests now. For instance, Clear Channel. If you listen closely to the contest promo, they will say something like \n\"...in this national contest.\" Those contests do produce winners, but there may be only a single prize for 100s of stations across the country. \n\nMay not have answered your question fully, but that's all I've got.",
"The prize is already budgeted into marketing expenses, and compared to the cost of potential lawsuits and PR damage, whatever they're giving away is peanuts. They'd sooner give a smaller/cheaper prize or cancel the entire contest than have a fake one.\n\nThat said, contests are way harder to run than you think. The sheer number of cheaters, and cheaters who have the balls to contact the company when they didn't win because they got disqualified for obviously cheating, makes you lose faith in humanity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.interactivepromotions.com/"
],
[]
] |
||
d5qggg
|
Necessity of the Erie Canal?
|
I notice most of the Erie Canal in upstate New York runs parallel to Lake Ontario. What was the purpose of creating the canal for that entire stretch when goods could’ve theoretically been shipped over Lake Ontario to Oswego or another port and then from there down to Albany and the Hudson?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/d5qggg/necessity_of_the_erie_canal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f0og3er"
],
"score": [
16
],
"text": [
"The reason for having a canal for that entire stretch was that grain ( or anything else) could be loaded on a boat anywhere on the western Great Lakes and sent , by boat, to anywhere on the Atlantic coast. Without it, anyone trying to get grain by boat from Ohio or Michigan to the east was blocked by Niagara Falls, had to load their grain on wagons: and then get those over the Niagara and Onandaga Escarpments, over whatever roads existed.\n\nBoats are so familiar that most people don't notice how immensely efficient they are. At a few miles an hour, in still water, a boat has almost no friction. In the late 18th c. -early 19th c. most motive power was limited to people, draft animals or sails, and that lack of friction made a difference. In 1830, a team of mules could easily move a canal boat with 120 tons of coal,grain, or stone at 3 miles per hour. On the National Road, six horses could pull no more than six tons- and that's assuming that the road ( notoriously badly maintained) didn't knock the wagon apart. This is why canals became so popular in the period: almost 3,000 miles of canals were built in the eastern US. After the Erie Canal opened, the price of grain in New York City dropped enormously. Trade routes shifted: with grain shipments from large midwestern farms coming into Boston by boat , small New England farms were put under economic stress (and noticed by Henry David Thoreau, who thought they were just buying too many things) . Farmers in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia stopped hauling their produce north to Philadelphia.\n\nAfter energy became cheaper, with the advent of steam, canals became less important. Boats become less efficient at higher speeds. Canals are difficult to run through deserts, and over mountains. Not having those limits, railroads would come to dominate transportation after around 1850. Though, for hauling bulk goods like coal and gravel canals would continue to see a lot of use through the 1800's into the 20th c.\n\nPeter L Bernstein : *Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fxueac
|
Why was Austro-Hungary's performance during WW1 so unimpressive?
|
I never looked deeply into World War One as a conflict so this question's premise very well may be somewhat incorrect, but I never could figure out why Austrian armies did so mediocre in comparison to Germany despite usually fighting side by side with them against their main adversary (Russia). From the point of bystanding observer it almost looks like Germans had to redirect additional forces just to save their partner.
1914, battle of Galicia - complete Austrian defeat, Russian occupation of Galicia, Austrian losses are very heavy and exceed those suffered by Russians.
1915, Great Retreat - despite Russians having terrible leadership and lacking meaningful firepower, Austrian troops again suffer noticable casualties - bigger than those suffered by the Germans.
1916, Brusilov's offensive - offensive has great momentum at the beginning, forward Austrian forces are routed, but the Russian army is later stopped by Germans at Kowel.
Italy - Austrian forces hold Italy off pretty well but are later defeated and have to withdraw until Italian army gets defeated by Germans at Caporetto.
You can argue that these defeats happened due to Russian and Italian numerical superiority, but it didn't stop Germans from defeating Russians at Tannenberg and conducting successful offensives against both British and French while lacking in numbers.
What were contributing factors that led to AHE's combat performance? Or do I simply get my facts wrong?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fxueac/why_was_austrohungarys_performance_during_ww1_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmxtant"
],
"score": [
84
],
"text": [
"This is an outcome of a few different factors, some from pre war failings, some during the war, and some structural the the Empire.\n\nThe pre-war failings come down to preparation. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, mostly due to Hungarian obstruction, spent less money per capita on military expenses than any other major or mid size power in Europe. They spent roughly the same amount (per capita) as Italy (insert eye roll here) and Russia (who had far more people). On a different scale, they sent FAR less on the military relative to their GNP at the time. Close to 50% of Russia on a similar scale, and around 3/4 of the other major players in the coming war. (Max-Stephen Schulze, in \"The Economics of World War I, Broadberry and Harrison, Schulze is citing Stevenson in \"Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914\")\n\nThis lower level of investment had several effects down the chain:\n\n1) Conscription failures: The Empire conscripted a laughable percentage of its eligible men each draft class, relative to the other nations. Before the war, Austria only took 0.29% of it's population into the army (of any branch) and 30% of those were delegated to 3rd class militia formations (Ersatzreserve). France conscripted 0.63%, German 0.46%, Russia .4% and Italy .41% (Schindler, Fall of the Double Eagle: The Battle for Galicia and the Demise of Austria-Hungary). \n Thanks to Hungarian objections it was not allowed to take more men, and even if it were it did not have the budget to do so. As it stood, most conscripts did not finish their full obligation and were released early. Even while conscripted, live fire practice and practical field exercises were very limited due to budget concerns.\n\nThe expression of this failing was that in August 1914 Austria could only field a maximum of 2.3 million men under arms when it called up everything it had (including the Ersatz militias). As Schindler cites, France had a population roughly 10 million less than Austria (something like 20%) and put 4 million into the field (without dipping into their Ersatz equivalents). Then, when Conrad pissed away everything in Galicia in the fall 1914 and the Karpatenkrieg campaign in the Winter, the Empire had no pool of men with recent military training to fall back on for replacements. The Austro-Hungarian army, which gave Russia some good fights early in 1914, was very literally a militia force by March 1915 and their performance reflected as much the rest of the war.\n\n2) Leadership failures: The Austro-Hungarian military officer corp prided itself on being a meritocracy, and it tried very hard to be that. It kept meticulous records, but never mentions a officer's ethnic background (only primary language, which some people use as a proxy for ethnicity inaccurately). Men of any background could enter the officer corp, in theory, but the education requirements meant that generally only people of the middle class or higher could do so. For all that, you had to enter as an officer. It was extremely rare to enter as a enlisted rank and work your way up. This would contribute to a severe lack of leadership at the officer level during the war, as the refusal to promote experienced NCO to officer command in preference to an untrained/untested newly commissioned officer who last saw duty in the reserve 20 years ago was very unfortunate in hindsight. Further, the personal errors in judgement of Conrad as Chief of Staff and his overwhelming input into command assignments would put mediocre leaders in key locations repeatedly. When said mediocre leaders failed to successfully carry out his own poorly designed plans, he would of course blame them and shuffle the deck chairs around.\n\nFurther on leadership, the Empire had only, on average, 3 NCOs per company in the start of war force. Germany had 12, France had 6. (Schindler, again). So not only did Austria not choose to promote new officers from the ranks of experience NCOs, they didn't even have that many NCOs to choose from or to help the inexperienced new officers govern their new command. Especially after the terrible losses of the first 8 months."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
vtu1t
|
A boy was badly injured in a 'salt-and-ice' challenge. What is the mechanism that causes this sort of extreme injury?
|
[As reported in this news story](_URL_0_). with a single awful photo.
> *The unidentified youth lay on his stomach during a sleep-over at his house as his brother and a friend put salt in the form of a cross on his back, then put ice cubes atop the salt before applying pressure. The process causes almost immediate pain. The ill-advised challenge is to see how long you can withstand the pain.*
> *Ariel Aballay, director of the Burn Center, held a news conference today to alert parents of the serious injuries the challenge can cause, noting that videos of people taking the challenge are well represented on You Tube. In just moments, the challenge can cause first-degree cold injuries of redness that can take a few days to heal. The Pittsburgh youth's injuries caused severe blistering and require drug treatment with a lotion that must be applied four times a day for months. He is lot allowed to swim or go outside without a shirt and even must have his back washed if he sweats for the rest of the summer.*
> *"The injury is similar to frostbite that can result in mild cold injury but it also could increase in severity based on the time the ice is applied," Dr. Aballay said. "The longer, the more serious the injury. This patient went for a few minutes, but there have been cases that went for six or seven minutes that resulted in third-degree injuries*
How the heck does this happen?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vtu1t/a_boy_was_badly_injured_in_a_saltandice_challenge/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c57kqn9",
"c57lcwa"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The surface of solid ice is 32F, the melting point of water. Adding salt lowers the nelting point to 0F (by definition, actually). This makes the ice cube melt, and get much colder.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe injuries are caused by freezing (frostbite). The \"third-degree injuries\" mean that the injury extends through the dermis, like a third degree burn.\n\n_URL_1_\n",
"How are they able to publish so much information about the patient including a photo? Isn't this a HIPAA violation?\n\nFrom the article I know the patient's age, has a twin brother, and has a cross shaped wound caused by cold."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-city/boy-12-badly-injured-in-salt-and-ice-challenge-642561/"
] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn"
],
[]
] |
|
6ugtrl
|
in an egg boiler, why is less water needed for more eggs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ugtrl/eli5_in_an_egg_boiler_why_is_less_water_needed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dlsk1bx",
"dlsk54r"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Just a question of clarification. What is an egg boiler? ",
"The eggs displace a certain amount of liquid. Say you have 15cm diameter pan and you put one egg in it. You fill it 3cm high to cover the egg. That means you have just over 530 cubic cm of water in the pan, which equates to 530ml.\n\nAssuming a standard 34ml egg, that's 34 cubic cm. Therefore you reduce the amount of water you need to achieve the same cylinder of water by 34ml each time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1nqv7f
|
Why is it that Prokaryotic cells do not NEED organelles in the same way that Eukaryotic cells do?
|
I understand that Eukaryotic cells need membrane-bound organelles to provide localized micro-environments in order for incompatible metabolic pathways to be carried out simultaneously in the cell.
Can anybody explain how this is accomplished in Prokaryotic cells, who do not have this type of compartmentalization?
Google didn't seem to turn up anything other than the fact that having membrane-bound organelles was a major difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1nqv7f/why_is_it_that_prokaryotic_cells_do_not_need/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccl6x6q",
"cclc7gi"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text": [
"Prokaryotic cells carry out their membrane-bound processes on their cell membrane (for example, cellular respiration); the products of those processes (for example, ATP) then diffuse throughout the cell to where they are needed.\n\nAs a result, prokaryotic membrane-bound reactions are limited by surface area of the cell.\n\nOn the other hand, having internal membranes enables several further adaptations — for example, you can regulate availability of ATP within a cell by regulating the number of mitochondria without varying the size of the cell. Another example: eukaryotic cells can be bigger because they can produce various metabolites closer to where they will be used (and therefore shorten the distance over which they have to diffuse), rather than having to always transport them all the way from the cell membrane.\n\nAs you mentioned, eukaryotism also allows incompatible metabolic pathways to exist by providing separate microenvironments.\n\nThe point of all of which is: separate microenvironments, large cell size, regulation of availability of metabolites via regulation of density of organelles, etc… are not features that are required for *life*, but that are required for *complexity*. This is why prokaryotes can exist, but can't reach the size and the complexity of something like a paramecium.\n\nEdit: clarity",
"airbornemint pretty much covered it I'd say. The only thing that I'd add is that prokaryotes being exclusively single celled organisms drastically reduces both the need for cells to carry out multiple functions and also the energy demand. The significantly lower demand for energy eliminates the need for microenvironments dedicated to exhaustive metabolism, the lack of need for cell signalling eliminates the need for packaging and processing centres for messenger species, etc...\n\nEdit: spelling"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
17karo
|
how did humans first begin communicating?
|
Like how did people know what someone meant when somebody else said "water" or something? And what about adjectives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17karo/eli5_how_did_humans_first_begin_communicating/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c86ahh8"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Language probably evolved slowly within small groups of human's evolutionary ancestors. \n\nIf you've ever had a dog then you know even they have a form of vocal speech and different noises can mean different things, from \"pay attention to me\" to \"stay back\". They can also understand quite a few human words (up to several hundred for some breeds) after repetition causes an association between some noise and a thing, idea, or action. \n\nHumans (or their ancestors) probably started the same way and eventually developed language. If someone in your group starts saying something like \"ungha\" while indicating something to do with water (like your dog might whine while bringing you a toy to show it wants to play), then others in the group will catch on that that noise refers to water. Words or noises would be passed on to the next generation as they were raised, who would likely further develop the language. After developing some vocabulary, you can start to describe words with other words, making it easier to expand the language. Eventually languages evolved to contain a complex grammar and structure, standardizing communication, which we are left with today. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
31wc90
|
Just snapped a picture of a gigantic halo around the sun. Can someone explain?
|
_URL_0_
Edit: Sorry for the crappy quality, smartphone cameras aren't exactly stellar at managing extreme lighting conditions.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/31wc90/just_snapped_a_picture_of_a_gigantic_halo_around/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cq60jdf",
"cq78x38"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Sun dog. Light refracting off ice crystals.",
"This is **not** a sun dog. Parhelia occurs near the horizon, and creates very distinct left and right bright sections 22 degrees and at the same level as the sun. [This is a picture of what a sundog looks like.](_URL_0_)\n\nThis is caused by an abundance of ice crystals between 20,000 -45,000 ft in the high etage. This is common when cirrostratus clouds are present. This is simply just referred to as a halo, nothing more."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/LQAin53"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Fargo_Sundogs_2_18_09.jpg"
]
] |
|
2jifkc
|
Meteorologists of Reddit - When speaking in terms of cold fronts, warm fronts, temperature shifts, etc.; does the temperature move through the air, or does the air of certain temperature itself move more quickly?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2jifkc/meteorologists_of_reddit_when_speaking_in_terms/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clc21tw"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"It is almost entirely [advection](_URL_0_): the movement of air itself. Conduction or molecular diffusion of heat (e.g. temperature moving through the air) is generally much weaker. Fronts are the boundaries between two differing air masses and it is the larger-scale wind features which moves these air masses around the planet and smashes them together to form fronts.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection"
]
] |
||
23oc86
|
How do we know how much of a radioactive element was in a rock when it was made?
|
So I'm watching through Cosmos and I'm on The Clean Room, where they talk about the age of the earth. I've always thought dating objects with radioactive elements was a pretty awesome concept, but there's one part I've never really been clear on - how do we know how much of the element we're measuring was originally in a sample? Neil DeGrasse Tyson mentioned measuring meteorites in the episode to get a sample that wasn't corrupted by the violent origins of the earth, but those meteorites from the origin of the solar system should still be marching down the decay chain even in space, and to me it seems they could they have started off with an unknown mix of, say, Uranium and Lead (the examples in the show).
So how do we know the original composition of the sample?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/23oc86/how_do_we_know_how_much_of_a_radioactive_element/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgyzej3",
"cgz309m",
"cgzcyau"
],
"score": [
38,
10,
5
],
"text": [
"There are a bunch of different types of radiometric dating. Uranium-lead dating works because zircon crystals will incorporate uranium but not lead when they form. Any lead in the crystal was once uranium so you have a convenient clock. I believe this was what Neil was referring to.\n\nCarbon-14 dating works because nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere is slowly transmuted to carbon-14, making it rain traces of radioactive carbon. Living things have mostly carbon-12 with some carbon-14 from the atmosphere, so you can make a pretty good guess about the last time something took in carbon from the environment. Something like oil that's been underground for millions of years will have almost none, something a few thousand years old like a mammoth or a mummy will still have a bit, and something that died last Tuesday will have tons of it because of atomic testing screwing everything up.",
"We look for very specific minerals in the rock which reject certain other substances during formation. For instance, when zircon crystals form (as the rock cools), it rejects lead by virtue of its crystal structure. But it does not reject uranium. So in this case, we know that the original amount of lead is zero.",
"We do a weekly threads on Cosmos here in /r/askscience. You can find [this week's thread here](_URL_0_), where this question was discussed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/23jx0h/askscience_cosmos_qa_thread_episode_7_the_clean/"
]
] |
|
22g4kz
|
If the reason that we cannot see galaxies past a certain distance is that the age of the universe has not allowed light from those galaxies to travel this far yet, does this mean that over enough time we will start to see entirely new galaxies at the max visible distance?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/22g4kz/if_the_reason_that_we_cannot_see_galaxies_past_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgmwub3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"No, because the expansion of the universe itself would cause the farthest galaxies to *seem* to be moving away from us greater than the speed of light (they are invisible because their light cannot *in principle* reach us). In trillions and trillions of years, it is likely that only members of our local group of galaxies will be visible due to all others obscured by the cosmic horizon."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
54cka6
|
why are terraced houses in new york and possibly other places elevated?
|
I'm not from the US. Not sure how you guys call it, row houses, terraced, townhouses. You often see them being elevated in NY (in films at least). Is this just for possible flooding?
[Long Island, NY](_URL_0_)
[Brooklyn, NY](_URL_2_)
[Montreal](_URL_1_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54cka6/eli5_why_are_terraced_houses_in_new_york_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d80p67s",
"d80qy8m"
],
"score": [
8,
4
],
"text": [
"They have lower levels (originally servants quarters) besides the main entrance, they usually go below street level. Every place is different, but I would assume that the underground pipping as well as water level do not allow for basements of considerable depth, which is why he main level is above street level. These lower levels have their own exterior door and are rented out.",
"For some of the buildings they were built before modern sewer and road systems so the lower part is where the street level was when the building was built. As they laid down sewer piping or other systems and paved roads they built the road up instead of digging out the existing road. \n\nFor some the building were build with servants entrances being on lower levels and people of importance entering at the second floor. \n\nFor some buildings they were not able to get full basements built and so they have what is known as a half basement. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://c8.alamy.com/comp/C7X20W/attached-houses-under-the-elevated-subway-tracks-in-long-island-city-C7X20W.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Montreal_rue_sherbrooke.JPG/1920px-Montreal_rue_sherbrooke.JPG",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Row_houses_in_alternating_cream%2C_yellow%2C_and_gray_brick%2C_in_Bushwick%2C_Brooklyn.jpg"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8uakld
|
how does algae grow in extremely low light to no light places?
|
I just had to clean out my air conditioning drain and it made me wonder how that much algae can grow with what seems like no source of energy. I mean its condensed water draining so its not like it has a ton of stuff to "eat" and theres no light in the hose.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8uakld/eli5_how_does_algae_grow_in_extremely_low_light/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1dv4kj"
],
"score": [
21
],
"text": [
"Some stuff called \"algae\" isn't actually algae, but instead is heterotrophic bacteria or fungi, so that's one possibility."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
72enc9
|
the concept of friction (static friction)?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/72enc9/eli5_the_concept_of_friction_static_friction/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnhwbq1"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Assuming no forces are operating on it, nothing. When forces begin interacting with it in the same direction as friction, friction will retard the force until the friction force is overcome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
300kje
|
why can't iran have nuclear weapons
|
ELI25 is ok too :)
Can someone explain why would it be so bad if Iran developed a nuclear program?
Why does Israel have the right to have nuclear weapons or Pakistan or any other but Iran can't.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/300kje/eli5_why_cant_iran_have_nuclear_weapons/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpnyms5",
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"Because they can't be trusted with them. Kind of like why we are concerned with North Korea having them as well.",
"From a treaty standpoint, Iran signed the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty that states that countries without nuclear weapons will not develop them.\n\nFrom a practical standpoint, Iran has been very openly hostile to the US and its allies, with former presidents of Iran stating that they will \"wipe Israel off the map\". \n\nThey also are well know for supplying weapons and money to palestinian groups like Hamas which regularly target israeli civilians and exist for the sole purpose of destroying the Jewish state.",
"Pakistan is probably going to be as big a problem as Iran would be. Not because of their values, or open hostility (there is some) but because the instability there makes it scarily possible that someone, say, non-governmental, might get hold of one and actually use it. This was a big concern after the Soviet collapse, that fringe groups might suddenly become nuclear powers.",
"The existing nuclear powers and the majority of non-nuclear countries attempt to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This desire is universal but considered even more important when a country deemed irresponsible, unstable, or having ties to terrorist organizations is concerned. Very few governments want Iran to possess nuclear weapons.\n\nThis concern is amplified with regard to Iran for the following stated reasons; \n\n* Iran is considered a significant state sponsor of terrorism. \n* Iran is considered irresponsible and more likely to use or threaten to use a weapon. \n* Iran acquiring a nuclear weapon would lead other nations to acquire nuclear weapons including Saudi Arabia and Egypt. \n* Apocalyptic or fatalistic quotes from Iranian political and military leaders. \n* Iran has few friends and has alienated many world powers. \n\nThe goal is stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, rather than Israel or Pakistan have the right to nuclear weapons and Iran does not. Governments were very concerned about Pakistan becoming a nuclear power and remain very concerned about Pakistani nuclear weapons. \n",
"It's NEVER good when the number of nuclear weapons on the planet increases, no matter WHO builds them.\n\nHowever, all the noise about Iran building a nuke is just conservative scaremongering.\n\nThe argument typically runs that Iran will actually USE a nuke if they had one, but that's bullshit, and for the same reason that you don't hear a lot of people worrying about North Korea's Fearsome Atomic Arsenal: they can't actually USE the damn, thing, it's just there for bluff and bluster.\n\nOh, but wait! The leaders are insane! They keep going on about Death to Everyone Who Isn't Us!\n\nYyyeeeaaaahhhhh...no. Doesn't matter. See, here's the hard reality of the situation: it just doesn't matter if the nation's leader is actually insane or is just all talk. Let's take North Korea's charming Kim clan as our example, because they probably come a lot closer to actual batshit insane than anyone in Iran.\n\nSo what would happen if Dear Leader one day up and ordered the entire nuclear arsenal--all one or two bombs--to be unloaded on, say, South Korea? Answer: nothing. Kim's cheese might have slipped off his cracker, but he doesn't hold an actual button connected to a nuclear missile. NO world leader does. He issues an order, and it has to go through channels.\n\nAnd in those channels, there are a lot of guys--some of whom wield a great deal of power themselves--who will understand perfectly what would happen next: one US sub parked off the coast would turn North Korea into a glass parking lot. It ain't gonna happen. The only thing we'd hear about it in the West would be a terse notice that Dear Leader had retired to a farm upstate to meditate, leaving General So An So in charge in the interim.\n\nAnd the same is true of Iran. Forget all that fiery rhetoric that Ahmadinejad used to spout when he was president, it's all talk. The president of Iran isn't the top guy in charge. In fact, there are 86 guys guys in line AHEAD of him. And they aren't idiots.\n\nThe same is true for a nation intentionally giving a nuke to terrorists: the national origins of a nuclear detonation can be traced, and if Iran gave a bomb to some terrorist group to use, they know perfectly well they'd be held responsible.\n\nYou know whose nukes you SHOULD be worried about? America's. Since the 1950s, there have been over a dozen incidents where we came > that < close to detonating a nuke on American soil (outside of controlled tests, obviously). In almost all cases, the only thing that prevented it was blind, doo-dah luck.\n\nThese days, the Air Force has been having a bit of a problem with their launch officers, the guys who turn the Actual Keys that launch the Actual Missiles. More and more of them have been caught cheating on their qualifications tests, and many have been found to be wrapped up in compromising situations, like having huge gambling debts.\n\nIn 2007, six live, nuclear-tipped cruise missiles were loaded onto a B-52 and flown around the US for a couple days. Nobody authorized it, nobody knew it was happening, nobody can explain how it could even happen.\n\nSo, you know, sleep tight..."
]
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89pi4s
|
why do supermarkets constantly change the layout of where items are placed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/89pi4s/eli5_why_do_supermarkets_constantly_change_the/
|
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"This is to prevent you from learning where everything is and going directly to the items you want and only getting them. If forces you to wander the isles a little bit which increases the chances of you buying more. ",
"A familiar shopper walks straight through the door, around a corner to the left, picks up toilet paper, backtracks two rows, turns right, grabs two soda cans, turns left, grabs bread, walks forward, stretch out the left arm to have some ham and go directly to the milk.\n\nAnd then straight to checkout.\n\nWhile they get exactly what they want, they also never ever try something new.\n\nIf you want people to try new things (this is a pretty neat way to upsale things. if you buy new things and try them, they may end up on your list of things you buy every week. or once a month) you have to make them browse more.\n\nTo make them browse more, you'll have to make them pay attention.\n\nUnfortunately, one of the easiest ways to do that is to shuffle the entire store. Because then you *have to* pay attention.",
"The employees are supposed to follow a schematic that only changes occasionally except for minor salrs changes.\n\nThe employees are undertrained, ordering products is a nightmare and the order sheet doesn't match the schematic so the consistently mis-order items. This causes gaps in the schematic. Gaps which need to be filled so that their department looks good so the employees just throw whatever product they have on hand in. \n\nThe prices change weekly but the store is understaffed to keep the shareholders happy. This results in a disorganized department where the prices dont match the product and the product isn't where it is supposed to be.\n\nSource: was just hired from outside the industry to clean up a department as manager and these are my observations. Wish me luck.",
"The amount of shelf space allocated to products changes as seasons change. It's hard to sell a hearty chili in the hot summer, but cold winter dinners feature it. The store is also trying to conserve some ideas, like ketchup is next to mustard, that help shoppers find things. Since the pattern of the shelves themselves is fixed, these two ideas are incompatible.\n\nSince something has to move, the store is using A/B testing to figure out what pattern of stuff produces the greatest sales profits. That's why it's a long walk to the milk.",
"Adjustments to shifts in consumer preferences over time... for example, as natural/organic foods grew and stores needed to add aisles specifically for that, then they need to consolidate other sections to make room. Same for increase in ethnic foods, yogurt's increase vs. juice's decline, rise of pre-packaged fresh items, and so on.\n\nAlso, there is some truth to mixing things up to get people out of their trance and force them to explore the store more. Groceries are the most granularly studied retail so there is lots of data on how to increase sales.",
"Worked at Trader Joe’s for 8 years.. As far as their product placement is concerned it only changed when an employee feels there is a better way to organize. Product order writers change and employees become in charge of different sections. Managers usually empower employees and push them to find better ways to organize and place products. If an item is flying off the shelf selling multiple cases a day then that product may need more shelf space which in turn could move another product somewhere else. There is also the human factor like having an employee load a section they have never done before and don’t know where the products go so they make a new spot for it. They also get a lot of one time buys and new products that could change the shelving landscape. If entire aisles are changed and moved, it is usually due to a new manager or regional manager that has ideas about customer flow. They will usually try and improve high congestion areas or make the flow of shopping easier. There are also occasions where they need to expand or reduce the amount of shelving which could in turn force them to relocate entire sections so there is enough space for all the products.",
"Several reasons:\n\nOne, venders will pay the store to have certain items placed in high traffic, high visible areas.\n\nTwo, availability of products. If there are certain seasonal items that sell, they will get priority where they are placed. As well as new products coming in, or older products not selling as well, so they are moved. \n\nMarket research. Stores have marketing people that will send them notifications that certain products will sell better if near area A or B. So the stores will relocate the product.\n\nSometimes its just a matter of space. The store will realize that they sell a lot more of this, so then they have to make room for it. And other products get bumped and shifted.",
"I've never encountered this. For years things have been in the same spots. They have a layout designed to make you buy as much as possible. From the order of the aisles to what price goods are going on which shelves. Can you provide me with an example of a store that changes their layout. It would seem to only annoy the customers that don't want to relearn the stores layout frequently.",
"I work at a grocery store that has super low back stock, and ideally stuff would come off the truck and go onto the shelves.\nIt doesn’t quite work out that way but we’re constantly moving stuff around to minimize our back stock.\n\nSo produce is constantly shifted around to keep our back stock as low as possible, and because we specialize in seasonal produce, that section is reorganized every morning based on what we get in/what is available.\n\nOur buyers also like to take advantage of deals so sometimes well get a plus out of some special one time item and so we move stuff around to accommodate these items all the time.\n\nAlso, we like to change our grocery end caps and register caps to reflect whatever season/holiday is coming to take advantage of those sales.\n\nAnd all the time this stuff is moving around, we’re looking at what products we can put next to other products in a way that might yield opportunity buys that we may not get otherwise.\n\nSo the short answer is we’re trying to minimize back stock and keep the place updated not only to maximize sales, but for other, more practical, reasons.\n\n",
"Nope. Texas. Did this happen up there?",
"I've been curious if any stores have a smartphone app that lets me select the item I want ahead of time, then when I'm in the store it helps me go around the store to pick stuff up with the fastest route."
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27iaeq
|
how come even great, well polished video games suffer from characters or objects passing through each other? is collision detecting one of the hardest parts when creating a game?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27iaeq/eli5_how_come_even_great_well_polished_video/
|
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7440z9
|
where do other elements come from that aren't h, he, c, ne, o, si, and fe (elements made in stars) and li (at the beginning of the universe along with h, and he)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7440z9/eli5_where_do_other_elements_come_from_that_arent/
|
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"They were all made inside of stars. The heavier elements were made in much more massive stars that then exploded into nebulae, which coalesced into planets and smaller stars.\n\nThe only elements not made in stars are the few that we (humans) have created in particle accelerators, but those only exist for a few seconds or minutes before they break down."
]
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|
[] |
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[
[]
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3hpnx4
|
what are "eye boogers" and how are they formed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hpnx4/eli5_what_are_eye_boogers_and_how_are_they_formed/
|
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"Your eyes discharge a mucus which contains blood cells, water, skin cells, snot, dust, and so on. While you're awake, you tend to blink and wipe it away regularly. When you're asleep, this removal process is slowed, and the water has a chance to evaporate, letting the dried out remainder accumulate around your eye. It's called rheum. ",
"A combination of mucus, oil, skin cells and other debris. If you get excessive 'eye boogers', then visit an optometrist or ophthalmologist ASAP!\n\nSource: _URL_0_",
"Optometrist here. A lot of wrong answers here so I thought I would chime in. Your tears are made of three separate layers, a mucin layer (5%), a aqueous layer (94%) and a lipid layer (1%). The lipid layer is made by tiny glands that line your eyelid margins. These glands, also known as meibomian glands, express a little bit of oil when you blink (via negative pressure of the eye lids separating). When we sleep we are not blinking and these glands get stagnant. When you wake up the \"eye boogers\" are the result of these stagnant glands getting their engines fired up and discharging the secretions that build up while you slept. This is very common and little cause for concern. If you are concerned see an eye care specialist!",
"Also why do I no longer get them as an adult? I can't remember the last time I had them but as a child I had them practically every morning.",
"How many of you just wiped the corner of your eye after reading the title?",
"My \"eye boogers\" are yellow/green while my cat's are black, why is that?",
"I thought it helped your eyes stick together to help you fall asleep. You yawn and you sometimes make tears for them to dry and keep your eyes closed. ",
"How many of you just wiped the inner corners of your eyes?",
"Just sat down with my chilli con carne and paprika chips, clicked on this sub to read something while I was eating and this is the first thing I saw!",
"That moment when it's 2pm and you've already been outside and interacted with people and realize you never wiped these crusty eye boogers away when you woke up. ",
"I just call them sleep. like not anything else like sleep gloop or fukin sleep boogers. We just staright up call that gooey eye shit sleep.",
"They actually form all the way around your eye. Sometimes when I wear contact lenses, I can gently grab one end of it in the center of my eye with a single digit and if I pull slowly enough in front of and towards the other side of my eye, I can remove the entire eye booger without breaking it. It itches like crazy but it's oddly satisfying.",
"What are they? Delicious. ",
"They're called eye boogers. None of this \"sleep in your eyes\" nonsense. Because they literally ARE boogers... In your eyes.",
"Ancient Egyptians believed that the brain was the organ responsible for creating mucus, which would then come out your eyes, nose, and ears.",
"It always makes me feel kinda good, you know, when you find one of these on a dog, and you help him out and remove it. Maybe that's why they started hanging around us in the first place. They just don't have the dexterity, you know? All those wonderful things we can do for dogs with our fingers.",
"We call it remela in Brazil. Ear wax is cera (wax) de ouvido (ear) \nand boogers are called meleca or catota.",
"They're actually not naturally occurring, it's dried up ejaculate. Now who's ejaculating in your eyes, I can't say for sure but it's probably someone close to you like a roommate, brother, or social studies teacher.",
"Who else is rubbing their eyes?",
"The boogeyman comes into your room at night, picks the boogers out of your nose, and puts them in the corner of your eyes. That's why he's called the boogeyman.",
"When I went on a road trip a few years back, I drove for maybe 12 hrs straight without stopping at one point. When I finally stopped I looked in to the mirror and I had eye goo running down my face, it looked like pus and was sticky. I never had it happen again.",
"Holler if you wiped one from the inner corner of your right eye just before seeing this thread.. \n",
"When I was young I fantasized about shrinking down and being able to go onto one of these eye boogers and eat them, thinking they tasted like chicken ",
"Am I the only one who rubbed my eyes to clean them before opening this thread?\n\nAlso, I've always called them sleepers."
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41d3vw
|
how do eye drops get rid of redness?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41d3vw/eli5_how_do_eye_drops_get_rid_of_redness/
|
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"\"Drops that \"get the red out\" contain chemicals that are called vaso constrictors. The most common one that is used is called phenylephrine. When these drops are put in the eye they cause the muscles in walls of the blood vessles in your eyes to constrict. This constriction narrows the vessels and makes them less visible. These can be good drops to use on an occasional basis to deal with acute ALLERGIC redness. If your problem is INFECTION, though, you are doing exactly the opposite of what you need to do. By constricting the blood flow into the vessels you are decreasing the amount of you own antibodies in the blood that need to be in the eye to fight the infection. If your problem is dryness, you are doing nothing to deal with the cause and eventually you will fatigue the blood muscles that are constricting and cause a phenomenon called rebound hyperemia which causes the vessels to be MORE visible.\" [here](_URL_0_)",
"There are a number of different kinds of eyedrops, and an eyedrop solution may contain a number of different elements.\n\nFor example, a prescription eyedrop may have antibiotics in it, in the case of an eye infection. With antibiotics, bacteria that cause inflammation are cleared more effectively (hopefully), meaning less inflammation. One component of inflammation is hyperemia, which is basically increased blood flow through the vessels. So, less of that happens.\n\nIf the problem isn't infection, but is more along the lines of having \"dry eye\", with insufficient tear production, eyedrops can contain tear-stimulators (lacrimostimulants) or artificial tears (lacrimomimetics). These basically act to protect your cornea from dessication either by stimulating production of more tears, or by doing the job for you. \n\nEyedrops can also have immunosuppressants in them, in case this dry eye is caused by an autoimmune reaction to the lacrimal glands (the body makes antibodies against the tear-producing glands in these cases, causing a lack of tears, and immunosuppressants or modulators help decrease this)\n\nThere are lots of reasons for the eyes to appear red. Extraocular diseases (outside the eye), intraocular diseases (inside parts of the eye), and even straight up subconjunctival hemorrhage from blunt force trauma or something. So eyedrops don't get rid of all redness, and you have to treat the actual cause. But in cases of surficial infections, inflammation, or infections/problems with the conjunctiva, eyedrops can help.",
"Just FYI: Eyedrops that are vasoconstrictors (like your typical Visine or Redeyes that are available at any pharmacy/convenience store) are notorious for having a rebound effect. They will get the job done, but once the effect wears off, the vessels in your eyes will become even more dilated than they were before. The vessels were starved of blood, and are trying to quickly get as much back as it can, causing your eyes to look just as red or even worse once discontinuing the drop. People are advised to use it only on special occasions (getting your picture taken, attending a wedding). The best bet to get redness out is to actually to use artificial tears regularly, because more likely than not it's an issue of dryness that causes inflammation. Source: Optometry student"
]
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],
[],
[]
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||
luipp
|
Why can I tell when my voice is being picked up by a microphone and when it's not?
|
I don't just mean hearing it over a p.a. but ordering at a drive through or on the phone.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/luipp/why_can_i_tell_when_my_voice_is_being_picked_up/
|
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"I assume you are referring to the echo that is intentional included in devices such as phones?",
"Unless you have superb hearing, capable of hearing the shearing stresses with the disturbances in whatever material the microphone uses to capture auditory oscillations, you almost certainly cannot.\n\nA mixture of confirmation bias and a good imagination probably makes you think you can. It's not my field at all (aside from microphones used to measure turbomachines), but I'm fairly certain that the operation of a microphone cannot be detected by the human ear, as a general rule. (Except, perhaps, for the 'on' click of the switch.)",
"I assume you are referring to the echo that is intentional included in devices such as phones?",
"Unless you have superb hearing, capable of hearing the shearing stresses with the disturbances in whatever material the microphone uses to capture auditory oscillations, you almost certainly cannot.\n\nA mixture of confirmation bias and a good imagination probably makes you think you can. It's not my field at all (aside from microphones used to measure turbomachines), but I'm fairly certain that the operation of a microphone cannot be detected by the human ear, as a general rule. (Except, perhaps, for the 'on' click of the switch.)"
]
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[],
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|
3t4330
|
why are saline/silicone breast implants used instead of just transplanting breast tissue from one woman to another? like if one woman has a breast reduction, and another needs an implant, can they not transplant the fat removed from one into another?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t4330/eli5_why_are_salinesilicone_breast_implants_used/
|
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"Because taking tissue from one person and implanting into another is more complicated than you might think. There are all sorts of antibodies that have to match, and even then the match is never perfect, so organ recipients are typically on immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life.\n\nPlus, there is probably more breast tissue getting augmented than removed. ",
"Fat cell walls do not repair themselves, and are the main reason for the craggy appearance of scars. Unlike skin or muscle that reattach cell walls, they do not attempt to bridge the gaps created by cuts, abrasions or the like. Fat injected from one person to another would not only be difficult to distribute evenly (cellulite of the boobs?!) but would also never attach to the existing fat tissue. It would ball up, starve, die, be absorbed by the host body and the energy from it would be redistributed as the body normally does; new fat tissue on the hips, belly, thighs, etc. All said and done, all that would have been accomplished is the tearing of existing breast fat tissue that would lead to a permanently less uniform appearance of the breast."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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ejisju
|
what's the difference between a "front end developer", ui designer, ux designer, and what do they do?
|
What's the difference between a "software engineer" and "Front-end developer". For example, if someone is designing the code for Google, who is designing the look of the app?
Like take a popular app like Outlook. I understand that software engineers design the code and stuff, but who decides how it looks, where the reading pane goes and stuff like that.
I googled "Front end developer" and was getting a lot of info about WEB developers, but that isn't the same right? Like are the same people who design the look of how Microsoft Paint (where the paint brush goes, where the scroll wheel goes, etc), are those the same people that design the menus for a video game?
Are all those people "front end developers"? Are they "designers"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ejisju/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_a_front_end/
|
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"First off, none of these terms are an exact science. They are certainly not used consistently everywhere, so I'm just providing a decent rule-of-thumb from what I've seen in the industry. That being said:\n\nGenerally the term \"front end developer\" is used to contrast with \"back end developer\", both of which write code for web applications. The key distinction being that the back end is run on a server somewhere, and the front end is the code run on an actual user's computer (which, yes, does involved the visuals but also generally more than just that). Of note, \"full stack developer\" is used for developers who do both.\n\nIn the case of a program like MS paint, I would likely call that job a generic \"application developer\", and there wouldn't be any distinction between who does the visuals and who does the 'rest': they are usually coupled enough that there isn't a lot of benefit of having distinct jobs handling each part.\n\nAs for UI/UX designer, these are the people who actually make the decision of what the application/web site looks like. They often aren't coders at all, but rather designers who (to put \\*far\\* too simply) bring pretty pictures to the developers who then implement it as part of their design. Generally, they are also involved in user research and those kinds of things, to determine what is a good look for the product. \n\nEdit: Oh, and \"software engineer\" is usually just a synonym for \"software developer\", which is just about the most generic title you can have. In a web-oriented business it might be what they call their back-end developers, but as I said before there is no real specification so it could mean different things to different people. (Of note, you \\*can\\* be an accredited software engineer, meaning you've gone through similar governmental proceedings as architectural engineers or the like, but in most of the industry its really a useless title. Maybe some government jobs like NASA, or safety-critical software like airplanes, requires it, but for most private businesses software engineer == developer)",
"As a student of ux:\n\nWe are interested in the challenges users(/stakeholders) want to overcome with our product, the environment in which they use it, where they encounter problems, how they approach new features/problems and how they feel about using it.\n\nThis is all researched empirically and then broken down into must, should and can requirements, to which we then try to find solutions with the rest of the dev-team and the customer.",
"Good rule of thumb is that a \"developer\" is someone who writes code. A \"designer\" usually does not write code but instead uses sketches and drawing tools.\n\nA \"software engineer\" is just a synonym for \"developer,\" although some people may be pedantic about trying to make minor distinctions.\n\nA \"front-end developer\" is someone who is responsible for writing the code that affects how an application looks. This is in contrast to a \"back-end developer,\" who would be responsible for writing code that makes the application work but not how it looks. For example, a back-end developer on Google Search might be working on code that improves your search results.\n\nMany front-end developers are web developers, but they don't have to be. Someone writing code that affects how a mobile app looks could also call themselves a front-end developer, for example. You could be more precise by saying \"front-end web developer\" or \"front-end mobile developer.\"\n\nFront-end developers may or may not have influence over design. If there is a design team, then they may just code up whatever they are given by the design team. If it's a small operation and there are no designers, then a front-end developer may also come up with designs.\n\nThis is all in general terms of course, things can vary from company to company and roles can be fuzzy.",
"There is a lot of overlap.\n\nBut basically, front end developer writes code and implements a UI, if there are problems with the given design (from the designer) they try to improve it or they send it back. Front end developers might design a website and its logo appearance wise, but we are almost never \"perfect\" at it.\n\nIn smaller teams you will usually have a front end developer that asks an outside designer for help initially (think colours, logo, layout), then continues with the design themselves as the features change, we may even scrap the whole design in favour of something more functional.\n\nThen you have the different \"kind\" of designers \"UI\" and \"UX\", you will usually never find a UX designer in a smaller project, its just not necessary.\n\nHere's and example (Im a front end developer, not a designer):\n\n\\[Unfinished\\]\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\nI got my requirements for the project and went on my merry way, taking inspiration wherever I found it.\n\nIs it perfect in terms of UI or UX? No. Is it good enough? Yes, I dont need to spend time and money for designers to improve it marginally. Now if youre Amazon, then yeah, you will have specialists for designing and front end developers for the implementation and coding, mostly doing their work independently, you will even have marketing and behavioral experts advising the above designers in some capacity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://steamattribution.com/"
]
] |
|
2b8jnv
|
the parisian may 1968 riots- can someone clearly explain to me what happened? so much literature and philosophy stemmed from it, but i've never understood it.
|
I've had people explain it to me before, but it still goes over my head. I've even scoured the internet, but have struggled to find a concise explanation. Students were mad... at something? It's context I wish I had when I read continental philosophers like Deleuze or Derrida. I barely understand the 1968 riot at the Chicago Democratic Convention. Thanks in advance.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b8jnv/eli5_the_parisian_may_1968_riots_can_someone/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj2u8ci"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"May 1968 was a time of protest in most of France. The President of France, General de Gaulle, had been in power for 10 years. \n\nIf anything, it was the new and young generation coming upon the scene. This generation was born after the Second World War. This generation demanded change in France, but the older generation did not want to adapt to this change. \n\nMay 1968 was almost a month of strikes and just general chaos in the country. Most profited from the chaos as an extended holiday. \n\nPresident de Gaulle resigned one year later as President, and slowly things started to change in France, reflecting the wishes and desires of the younger generation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1p11m0
|
What environmental conditions contribute to the development of massive trees, and what advantages do being so large carry?
|
What specific environmental factors in places like the Sierras, Coastal California, the Pacific Northwest, Southern Australia, or the Philippines promote the growth of such monstrous trees? I'm referring to species such as the Giant Sequoia, Douglas Fir, or Giant Eucalyptus. What advantages are there to these tree species for being so damn big?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1p11m0/what_environmental_conditions_contribute_to_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccxqmr1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The main thing that factors into size, is time. trees dont get huge if you cut them down. also these coastal regions tend to be pretty wet, so there is plenty of water for the trees. But evolution wise, being tall means that the tree gets the most sunlight. There is competition for the sunlight so the talls trees get the most and short plants get little. This is why forests tend to be pretty free of small plants once you get in them, because there is significantly less sunlight at the forest floor than at the canopy level. Trees that grow that tall, also need to be supported. Really tall trees are also wide because otherwise they would just snap. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2rf2a6
|
if humans are natural predators, why don't most possess a natural desire to hunt? and why do some feel remorse after taking an animals life?
|
My conclusion might be because we can fulfill our desires at the grocery store, but I'm curious what others might think.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rf2a6/eli5_if_humans_are_natural_predators_why_dont/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnf8wlm",
"cnf8x9h",
"cnf9ngq",
"cnfckwh",
"cnffb14"
],
"score": [
2,
12,
6,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because most of us don't need to hunt any more, and we have empathy.",
"Predators don't hunt because they can. They hunt because they must.\n\nFeed a lion every day and it won't go hunting just for the sake of it.",
"If OP doesn't think humans are still a predatory species, he/she has obviously never gone Christmas shopping right before the holidays.",
"Safari Club International is a large hunting organization in the US and around the world. About 15-18 years ago it did a survey to see what factors gave people the desire to hunt. \n\nWhat they found out in their survey was that if you take young children out hunting with their friends or family, a majority of these people will grow up with a love of the sport and will continue to hunt and be a hunter for the rest of their lives. When they become adults they will go hunting by themselves and will take their children along with them as well.\n\nBut if you take a somebody out who is in their 20's or older who has never gone out hunting before in their lives the SCI found a different result. Their findings showed that only a small portion of these people would become dedicated hunters afterwards. Instead they learned that the majority of these people will generally remain indifferent towards the sport. Although most of them said that they would go out hunting again if it were with a group of their friends, they did not have the desire or dedication to go on a hunt by themselves.\n\n\nThe SCI also included fishing in their study and found out that a person will become hooked on fishing no matter what age or who they go out fishing with for their first time. A person who goes fishing as a child with his family is just as likely to become a dedicated fisherman as someone who went fishing for the first time in his life while in his 20's, 30's or even 60's.\n",
"Why dont we posses a natural desire to hunt? Because we actually do?\n\nWe play games like tag, soldier, small children instinctively chase animals and moving things.\n\nWe have evolved from hunter gatherers, so a part of us is also about savaging. Saying we dont have a dont have a natural desire to hunt is bullshit, because we posses a lot of signature predator traits and behaviours.\n\nThe reason we dont actively chase prey is because we have found easier ways to get food in our world. Ever looked at lions or cats? They are predators, but laze around as much as possible. This is because hunting prey you cannot eat is wasteful of resources (and dangerous, in addition to limiting time to find a mate)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1cn9iy
|
On average, how much weight does the earth gain daily from falling space debris?
|
I only ask because earlier in the week I saw a post about lying out a large sheet, then running a magnet over to collect small fragments of space dust.
Any ideas?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1cn9iy/on_average_how_much_weight_does_the_earth_gain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9izlno"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"About 40,000 metric tons of space debris is added to the Earth per year, or 100 tonnes per day. But it also loses about twice that mass from its atmosphere, mostly in the form of hydrogen.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16787636"
]
] |
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