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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8wph0c
|
the little ball you hear banging around inside a spray can.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wph0c/eli5_the_little_ball_you_hear_banging_around/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1xe2ny",
"e1xee1n"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"It bounces around and agitates the contents of the can more than just the stuff inside would. It isn't always necessary but some more difficult materials such as paint benefit from the extra agitation.",
"It is a marble or ball bearing that is used to agitate and mix the content of the can. This is important for things like spray paint which can separate over time. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2vy4uz
|
between the usa and the uk, what's the difference between how much freedom each other has?
|
Freedom of speech, press etc..What are Americans allowed to say that British people can't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vy4uz/eli5_between_the_usa_and_the_uk_whats_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"colwxhc",
"colx0dy"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"According to Reporters without Borders, in terms of Freedom of the press, the USA ranks below the UK. Source : _URL_0_\n\nThough in practice the difference is surely not noticeable in everyday life and from an average person's point of view.\n\nI'm don't live in the US or the UK btw, I'm French and American though (dual citizen, living in France). I imagine as well that in other freedoms, the difference is pretty negligible for everyday life. I mean there are certainly more restrictions for say, gun ownership for example, in the UK than in most US states. There are surely freedoms denied in the US that are allowed in the UK. I'm thinking the UK can sell some raw milk cheeses (forgot the term in English), whereas that's banned in the US (I know that as a Frenchman. In the US you can't get the really good Camembert cheese :p - it has to be Pasteurized or something). \n\nBut in everyday life, the level of freedom in the US and in EU countries and other Western European countries is pretty much the same.\n\n",
"For starters, if you post a racist rant on Facebook, you will face legal penalties in the UK but not in the US. So that is one example of a difference in freedom.\n\nYou can own guns without a license in the United States, so that's another freedom you might have. But some would argue that you have a greater freedom in the UK to not get shot than you do in the US, since there are a lot fewer guns around in the UK. \n\nThose are a few differences I can think of off the top of my head."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://index.rsf.org/#!/"
],
[]
] |
|
5fev2n
|
Are the boat Designs in Disney's "Moana" accurate to pre-contact Hawaiian designs?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5fev2n/are_the_boat_designs_in_disneys_moana_accurate_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dak0xhe"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Sorry haven't seen the movie yet, but if you asking about the single hulled canoe that appears on the promo material that features Moana and Maui, then yes, from the looks of it it's basically the sort of short distance or archipelagic va'a that existed throughout the Pacific, certainly not just Hawaii (the movie is an amalgamation of pan-Polynesian myths/cultures). Though much larger double hulled canoes did existed as well and would have been more common for long distance sailing, especially between island groups.\n\nThese types of vessels- especially single hulled outriggers are still found all over the Pacific and definitely didn't go out of style after European contact- though some colonial regimes would later at least restrict their ability to sail between archipelagos. They weren't always too fond of islanders that sailed without regard across the new colonial boundaries that had been drawn by European powers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1lihw2
|
Why does it look like it is about to pour rain on my bike ride, but I see nothing on radar?
|
I'm a cyclist, so naturally I have a vested interest in hourly forecasts. This morning there is no rain forecasted, and I do not see anything on radar (_URL_0_) - why then, does it still have the bruised-I'm-about-to-torrential-downpour-look in the sky? Does Doppler / Base Reflectivity not pick up all types of weather systems? I guess this is a weather/how doppler works question! Thanks!
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1lihw2/why_does_it_look_like_it_is_about_to_pour_rain_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbznucj"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It's tough to say without seeing the sky you're describing. Dark clouds do not necessarily mean rain, it just means the clouds are blocking more sun than usual. I don't suppose you have a picture?\n\nWeather radars work by detecting relatively large objects (bigger than 0.1 mm or so) in the air, whether it be rain, snow, hail, or [even birds](_URL_1_). They do this by sending out a pulse of radio waves, and \"listening\" to see if the pulse gets reflected back. They time the returning \"echo\" to determine how far away the object that reflected it was, and by spinning the radar beam around they can plot out a 360 degree map in about 20 seconds.\n\nThe \"base\" in \"Base Reflectivity\" means this is the lowest radar scan. Typically weather radars will scan at 10-20 different elevations, from [0.5 degrees to about 20 degrees elevation](_URL_0_). In this way the radar can get an approximate picture of the 3-D structure of the precipitation in the area. However, these products are complicated to provide to the public without creating confusion, so typically only the lowest \"Base\" scan is provided, which will roughly show the precipitation falling at the ground at that time.\n\nSo if you see nothing on radar, that means there's nothing substantial in the air, though drizzle or very light snow can sometimes slip by undetected. This doesn't mean there won't be rain, just that there isn't any right now."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://weather.gc.ca/radar/index_e.html?id=WKR"
] |
[
[
"http://www.wdtb.noaa.gov/tools/RPS/VCPCompTable.pdf",
"http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/birdrad/"
]
] |
|
3sbs4w
|
why don't they make quaaludes any more?
|
They seem to be well liked. I'm assuming with all the designer drugs being produced today by relative amateurs that it's possible. They can't be any more dangerous than bath salts or alligator or whatever other insane drugs that are around. Why are they not made/widely available.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sbs4w/eli5_why_dont_they_make_quaaludes_any_more/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwvspxp",
"cwvv03n"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"They do. \n\n > Methaqualone (sold under the brand name Quaalude) is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South Africa.[13][14] It is also popular elsewhere in Africa and in India.[14] Commonly known as Mandrax, M-pills, buttons, or smarties, a mixture of crushed mandrax and cannabis is smoked, usually through a smoking pipe made from the neck of a broken bottle.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIn the US it was a \"big pharma\" product that got outlawed. So the main source was a legal one, and it shut down. It was made in underground factory in Mexico for a while but as it became unpopular the mass manufacture became not economically viable. So those factories shut down as well. ",
"Pharmaceuticals don't stay on the market because people enjoy them, they're on the market because they effectively treat medical conditions.\n\nBenzodiazepines are less addictive, less likely to be abused & more versatile - ranging from fast acting sedatives like Xanax to mild, slow acting ones like Klonopin. They've pushed out most other drugs in the category for widespread use.\n\nQuaaludes were popular because they were easy to get & cheap. Once you start relying on underground chemists to make them, you have to ask yourself \"what else could I be buying that would be more fun?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaqualone#Recreational"
],
[]
] |
|
8n0nbb
|
why songs do clips ?
|
Sorry if this is already answered, I could not find it.
It would seem that most people listen a music for the music, and the clip is almost useless, but lots of musics have a LOT of money thrown at them. Why is that ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8n0nbb/eli5_why_songs_do_clips/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dzrtv07",
"dzrutwr"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"Do you mean music videos?",
"Many reasons:\n\nThis is America, from Childish Gambino, for example; the music video compliments the message of the song a whole lot. Without it, IMO, the song would lose a lot of its meaning and wouldn't be close to as impactful as it is. So, it's an useful tool to SHOW a message rather than just tell\n\nMusic \\(and artists\\) are products. Showing a video helps sell it. It increases the entertainment value, adds to the visual image of an artist, makes him more recognizable. Kind of like a commercial for a product or a strong logo\n\nGives the listener something to do \\(or rather, to wach\\) besides just \"standing\" there listening to the music. Also makes it more adequate to, say, TV \\(has a video rather than just get a blank screen or the artist's photograph while the song plays\\)\n\nTL,DR: Can help to show a message, adds value to an artist, makes it easier for the public to know the artist, increases entertainment, SELLS MORE"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1nb2f2
|
[Medicine] If you have to be at a desk multiple hours a day, what's the "most healthy" way to do it? Sitting, standing, sitting on a medicine ball, something else?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1nb2f2/medicine_if_you_have_to_be_at_a_desk_multiple/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cch0663"
],
"score": [
20
],
"text": [
"Cornell ergonomics department have written a little about this specifically about the merits of sitting versus standing \n\n_URL_0_\n\nEssentially both carry their own risks. It's much more important to change positions regularly, move around, take breaks, and stretch than have a single \"ideal\" setup."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/CUESitStand.html"
]
] |
||
mdsmo
|
okay, maybe i'm a little slow in comprehending all of this at once but ... can someone further explain this protect ip act deal? is the passing of this bill even a legitimate possibility?
|
I've read about it and watched the video in [this link](_URL_0_) and [this link](_URL_3_). I've even skimmed through [this reddit topic](_URL_2_) about it and, well... some of the information and discussions were a bit overwhelming and the concept itself just seems unreal... and a little concerning, might I add.
From my simple-minded understanding of all this, the PROTECT IP Act basically states that the government has the right to access and remove *any* website that are used for pirating, like youtube, soundcloud, tumblr, etc, or essentially any website that could be misconstrued as a pirating center...
So, my next question is... would that not be considered similar to censorship?
~~And why are the numbers of signatures [as seen here](_URL_1_) is still so low if it's as outrageous as it seems? (At this time which is 8:17pm UTC-5, it looks like it's about to hit 20k signatures. It needs 100k.)~~ (edit: number in signatures have boosted up quite a bit)
Edit: Thanks for the replies! That's some crazy stuff. It also looks like this issue's popped up everywhere since today is "American Censorship Day" and, well, haha, I think I get the picture now. Thanks for keeping me better well informed, reddit!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mdsmo/eli5_okay_maybe_im_a_little_slow_in_comprehending/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c304czw",
"c308421",
"c304czw",
"c308421"
],
"score": [
7,
5,
7,
5
],
"text": [
"It is censorship. It is really The Great Firewall of USA. ",
"The scary part of the bill is that the copyright companies would be in charge of the internet. They would have the power to shutdown any site they wanted, and it would be the responsibility of the **site** to prove that they were justly obeying the \"rules of the internet\" not the copyright company's responsibility to prove they were violating them. Most start up companies could not afford to go through such a judicial scandal as many new companies don't turn profits for 3-7 years after starting (citation needed). This would give the copyright company to stop competing start up companies without judicial consent. \n\nTL;DR: It gives copyright companies a monopoly over the internet.",
"It is censorship. It is really The Great Firewall of USA. ",
"The scary part of the bill is that the copyright companies would be in charge of the internet. They would have the power to shutdown any site they wanted, and it would be the responsibility of the **site** to prove that they were justly obeying the \"rules of the internet\" not the copyright company's responsibility to prove they were violating them. Most start up companies could not afford to go through such a judicial scandal as many new companies don't turn profits for 3-7 years after starting (citation needed). This would give the copyright company to stop competing start up companies without judicial consent. \n\nTL;DR: It gives copyright companies a monopoly over the internet."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://fightforthefuture.org/pipa/",
"http://www.change.org/petitions/stop-the-internet-control-bill-now",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/lx27b/reddit_this_is_important_and_deserves_your/",
"http://www.change.org/petitions/stop-internet-control-bill-now"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3t8hiq
|
why does local news look so much shittier than national news?
|
Sometimes I see national news interviews with local correspondents on (what I assume) are local affiliate's studios, and the resolution looks much cleaner & overall more professional.
If the main difference is cameras, graphics, & sets, aren't these all "one time expenses" that these stations can afford?
Edit: words
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t8hiq/eli5_why_does_local_news_look_so_much_shittier/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx40afr"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
" National news shows are watched by millions of people, so their budget is simply much much higher. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
o1958
|
If we had a train that could almost move the speed of light, and we put a camera inside it and let it film, what would we see playing back the video outside of the train?
|
Would the video look weird because time slows down when your speed approaches c?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o1958/if_we_had_a_train_that_could_almost_move_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3dku6j",
"c3dkyhv"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Is the camera only observing objects inside the train?",
"This question was answered in Carl Sagan's Cosmos \n\n[Link](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abp3q7aYOss#t=21m46s"
]
] |
|
2ws8bf
|
how can tattoo artists make designs based on copy righted characters such as simpsons, video games, etc?
|
I mean I've seen some impressive cool ones, but I know a lot of them are still covered by copyright laws. Even for modern games like Portal and the like.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ws8bf/eli5how_can_tattoo_artists_make_designs_based_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cotmiyg",
"cotmx3g"
],
"score": [
11,
5
],
"text": [
"They aren't supposed to (at least not without paying for a license from the rights owner), but it's not a realistic goal for the copyright owners to stop them.",
"The thing is...\n\n1. Would you pay all that money suing every tattoo artist who ever *drew* a picture of something you own? Because there are things like fair use and artistic interpretation clauses that would make a lawsuit...possible to loose. Then you become \"the douche bag who....\" and no one wants that publicity.\n\n2. And it's a free (for you anyways) way to have your image put out there. Tattoos are cool and eye catching and some well drawn image of your whatever is likely to bring in some form of positive publicity, which no one is gonna object to. \n\n3. Most tattoos are \"I want things drawn on my arm\" not \"I really like this thing... can you draw their logo on my chest?\" So it's entirely possible that the artists doesn't actually know what the image belongs to, just that is pretty and they're going to be paid. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
30ftog
|
the houthi rebellion in yemen
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30ftog/eli5_the_houthi_rebellion_in_yemen/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cps264j"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Yemen was a divided nation for many decades and was only recently unified. Saudi Arabia was strongly against its unification - it is the only meaningful nation-state on the Arabian peninsula besides Saudi Arabia and it's on the Red Sea side of the peninsula not that far from Mecca and Medina.\n\nThe Houthi are shi'a Islamists. They represent tribes predominantly from the northern part of Yemen.\n\nThe national government of Yemen was lead after unification by a classic middle eastern strongman. In the Arab Spring of 2011-2012, popular uprisings forced him from power. An international agreement with various parties allowed him to remain in Yemen even after leaving office. He retains ties to tribal forces and some portions of the military.\n\nThe Houthis moved north out of their traditional strongholds, defeated the forces of the national army, took the capital of San'a, and are now moving further south towards the coast and the rich city of Aden. They claim that they are acting because of the threat of al-Qaida in Yemen, and the US military presence that has been in Yemen fighting the al-Qaida forces.\n\nThe portions of Yemen that they are now moving into are Sunni Islamist. The Saudis, who are also Sunni, believe (with some cause) that the Houthis are a proxy force for the Shi'a regime in Iran. The Saudis believe it is a vital matter of their national security that Iranian proxies don't become entrenched in Yemen and so the Saudis have begun military attacks on Houthi strongpoints to degrade their military abilities. The Saudis claim that the displaced leader of Yemen has requested their help but since fleeing Aden recently he has not appeared in public.\n\nThe old, deposed leader of Yemen waits in the wings to see if the opportunity could open to see his return to power. The Houthis are trying to become the legitimate government of Yemen. The displaced current leader is begging for help from 3rd parties. The Saudis and Iranians are locked in a proxy war."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6lvk2b
|
how long do nerves damaged from a minor injury take to heal/regrow?
|
I accidentally stabbed myself in the palm while attempting to remove the pit from an avocado 6 days ago. The wound is deep but not wide. It is healing fairly well so far although I still have some pain. The tips of two fingers are still numb.
The doctor said the nerves take as long as toenails to regrow but I'm not sure exactly what that means. Does the nerve need to regrow from where it was potentially cut to the tips of my fingers?
What else can I do to help the process along? Foods to eat? Vitamins to take? Exercises to do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6lvk2b/eli5_how_long_do_nerves_damaged_from_a_minor/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djx5pza"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Since this is ELI5 and we are not doctors, you need to let this forum be the beginning of your research not the end of it. Nerve regeneration is serious business, and if your doctor does not explain it well enough to you then you need to find a doctor that will. Take what you read here with a grain of salt:\n\nThe regeneration of nerves is possible, but it is nothing like the regeneration of normal body tissue. Some nerves can grow back slowly while others never fully repair themselves. Nutritionally speaking your body needs all of the nutrients it can get, but particularly Vitamin E, B6, B12, and Omega-3 fatty acids for nerve regrowth. Vitamins are not magic. Your body needs to be well nourished all-around any time there is major healing to do.\n\nBest wishes for a full recovery and please keep seeing a doctor.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1dxnak
|
What would be the primary differences between a cheap sword and an expensive sword, taking into account different time periods and methods of manufacture?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1dxnak/what_would_be_the_primary_differences_between_a/
|
{
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"c9uugq5",
"c9uux8q",
"c9uva94",
"c9uwz43"
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"score": [
191,
44,
9,
13
],
"text": [
"This is an interesting source. [Nova-Secrets of the Viking Sword](_URL_0_) In this they try to replicate old swords using traditional techniques. They cover a lot of the technical aspects of sword making and go over the swords of different makers. \n\nThey found that the most desirable swords had superior metallurgical properties. Swords with good properties would be less likely to break and would flex and return to shape while low quality would shatter or stay bent. They tested some better swords of this era and found quality of the metal used was surprising to the steel testing experts. The experts even noted that by today's standard it was still high quality refinement.\n\nGetting rid of impurities in the metal would have been quite a rare skill and rather costly to do. Anyone could pound metal into a sharp object but early metallurgy requires a lot more experience and knowledge.\n\nDisclaimer: I am not a historian, I work in materials testing.\n",
"Quality of metal would be one big difference. In most places for a very long time, metalworkers didn't have the ability to properly smelt iron, for the simple reason that they just couldn't get high enough temperatures to melt down the ore. (an interesting exception is in eastern India, where smelters built their furnaces into hills and used monsoon winds to build a kind of crude blast furnace) So they had to rely on a process called blooming, which was taking a chunk of iron ore and flattening it out and refolding it many times under heat as high as they could muster, in an effort to drive out the impurities and distribute the iron as evenly as they could. If the bloomery that supplied a given blacksmith wasn't up to snuff, the iron the smith had to work with could be very impure, which in turn would limit pretty drastically the quality of the sword made out of the bad iron.\n\nAnother problem stemmed from the charcoal used as fuel in a forge. Steel is iron with a given amount of carbon added, where the amount of carbon had a big effect on the properties of the steel. Steel with a high carbon content is very hard, which lends itself well to keeping an edge but also makes it brittle, which is no good for a weapon you're using to hit hard things with a lot of force (incidentally this is where the Roman practice of taking an iron or mild steel core and forge welding a cutting edge of higher-carbon steel for the gladius came from. The blade had flexibility so it wouldn't shatter the first time the wielder smacked it against a shield or a spear shaft, but it didn't sacrifice a razor-sharp edge). Anyway, in a charcoal-fired forge you can't help but introduce some carbon to the iron you're working with, and if the carbon content isn't uniform in a given piece of iron or steel, you get bands of very hard steel surrounded by softer metal, which both makes it hard to forge properly and lowers the quality of the finished product. So the smith would have to take the iron he got from the bloomery and continue to flatten it out and fold it under very tightly controlled forge conditions to guarantee the uniformity he needed to make a good blade.\n\nThere was a time when iron was more valuable than gold. Before the blooming process was developed, the only source of iron was meteorites. This iron is very very pure compared to terrestrial iron, which led to much older meteoric iron swords being extremely high quality compared to newer examples made from incompletely smelted terrestrial ore.\n\nBasically, from a metallurgical standpoint there would be a lot of difference between a good sword and a bad one, pretty much anywhere and anytime in history. Good iron or steel was very expensive and made a very big difference in the effectiveness and durability of a weapon.\n",
"Metallurgy and decoration. One of these is more important, obviously. The difference between a good sword and a bad one is almost entirely an issue of steel quality, although balance should be up there somewhere. \n\nToday we're used to uniform quality high grade metal. When you're a vikingbro or islambro back in the middle Ages, your raw materials look a lot more like slightly shinier rocks than gleaming bars of steel stock. Turning shiny rocks directly into a usable tool requires hours and hours of folding and hammering out impurities, careful and painstaking tempering and quenching, etc, to the point where actually shaping the metal into a sword shape, sharpening it, etc, is practically an afterthought. All this stuff takes years of training and accumulated cultural experience, trial and error, and to a certain point, dumb luck- vikingbro has no idea that the reason one of his swords turned out flawless and the other cracked in half is due to differing ratios of trace elements in the ore. \n\nAbove is what it takes to make a professional quality weapon. Peasants, bandits and others obviously can't afford that, so they would generally be armed with weapons that require much less metal to be deadly: bows, spears, clubs, axes, etc. A spear blade doesn't have to be that high a grade of metal to do its job, and it's a comparatively small amount of metal regardless.\n\nAs far as low quality swords, which did exist- it could be recovered tool steel pounded into a sword shape, or in richer more developed societies like China or Rome at certain periods, mass produced with just enough care to be serviceable. In both cases, deadly enough, but without the durability and reliability of a masterpiece. ",
"Honestly this may be a question /r/blacksmith may be able to answer most accurately. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/secrets-viking-sword.html"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4fcqjy
|
how exactly do air pockets work underwater?
|
Like when you pull an empty bucket and pull it underwater but water doesnt go in
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fcqjy/eli5how_exactly_do_air_pockets_work_underwater/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d27ou32",
"d27tptz"
],
"score": [
2,
21
],
"text": [
"Air is lighter than water, so if you have a pocket or space that the only opening is at the bottom, and is full of air, the air stays inside because it can't displace the heavier water beneath it.",
"It works the same way (but the opposite direction) as a bucket of water does in air. \n\nWith a bucket of water in air, the water wants to go down, but can't get past the sides of the bucket without going up or tipping the bucket. Air can't fill the bucket because the water is in the way.\n\nWith a bucket of air in water, the air wants to go up but it can't get around the sides of the bucket without going down. Water can't fill the bucket because it's full of air.\n\nSide note:\n\nOne difference is that you can easily squeeze air and make it smaller (like you can with a sponge). So the water will squeeze the air and get in the bucket a little bit. Water is very difficult to squeeze, so the water level won't move with air pushing to get in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
cu9iri
|
how does penis implants work?
|
Can somebody explain to me how Penis Implants work? I saw this on Dr Miami doing a video of this. So how exactly does this work? What does the implant do? How does it change from when a penis is erect and when its not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cu9iri/eli5how_does_penis_implants_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"exsldgw"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Most of these penis things don't actually \"work\" and just gives you marginal if any changes"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3gwvo8
|
A while back someone on this sub told me Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormon Church, had a reputation for making up fanciful stories when he was a child. I believe the comment was removed, but I still want to ask if it's true?
|
I'm kind of dubious of the claim because it sounds too good to be true. it exactly the kind of thing you'd want to able to say if you wanted to convince people he made up everything in the book of Mormon
Edit: for the record I’m not a Mormon and I think smith probably did make everything up. I’m just dubious of this one claim
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3gwvo8/a_while_back_someone_on_this_sub_told_me_joseph/
|
{
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"text": [
"There are no surviving contemporary sources from Joseph Smith's childhood (with the exception of a school attendance record, I think).\n\nAs far as I know, the most direct source for Joseph Smith's childhood is from his mother, Lucy Mack Smith, who wrote a book about her son and the rest of her family after he was killed in 1844. She briefly writes about his childhood--mostly about complications he suffered after contracting typhoid fever that resulted in him needing surgery on his leg--but she largely doesn't say anything about Joseph in her narrative before 1820 (when he was 14 years old). She explicitly noted the omission:\n\n > yet I am aware that some of my readers, in this, will be disappointed; for, I am led to suppose, by questions which are frequently asked me, that it is thought by some, I will be likely to tell many very remarkable incidents, connected with his childhood; but, as nothing occurred during his early life, excepting those trivial circumstances which are common to that state of human existence, I pass them in silence. ([Lucy Mack Smith, History, 1845, p. 71](_URL_1_)--published version [here](_URL_2_).)\n\nBasically, she said he wasn't anything exceptional as a kid. She wrote that as a young teen, \"Joseph was a remarkably quiet, well disposed child.\" (p. 72)\n\nAccording to Joseph Smith's own [history](_URL_0_), from 1823 to 1827 (when he was 17-21 years old) and before he received the Book of Mormon, he was given \"instruction and intelligence\" by a heavenly messenger once each year. Lucy Mack Smith wrote briefly about this particular time period, and the removed comment may have had this passage from her history in mind:\n\n > From this time forth, Joseph continued to receive instructions from the Lord; and we, to get the children together every evening for the purpose of listening while he imparted the same to the family. I presume we presented an aspect as singular, as any family that ever lived upon the Earth face of the Earth: all seated in a circle, father, mother, sons, and daughters, and giving the most profound attention to a boy, eighteen years of age, who had never read the Bible through in his life; for he was much less inclined to the perusals of books then any of the rest of our children, but far more given to meditation and deep study. . . .\nDuring our evening conversations, Joseph would occasionally give us some of the most amusing recitals that could be imagined: he would describe the ancient inhabitants of this continent; their dress, mode of travelling, and the animals upon which they rode; their cities, and their buildings, with every particular; he would describe their mode of warfare, as also their religious worship. This he would do with as much ease, seemingly, as if he had spent his whole life with them. (pp. [86-87](_URL_3_))\n\n*Edit: I should probably add that Lucy Mack Smith's history is considered somewhat problematic by some historians. But despite all of its messiness, her narrative is frequently cited in biographies of Joseph Smith because it is the only detailed source about his childhood and early youth. It has the problems common to nearly all reminiscent accounts--some of her dates/chronology are off, she sometimes conflates events together, etc. And it is an account of an affectionate mother writing about her dead sons who she believed were literal martyrs, so of course her narrative would be colored by that. Some also argue that she was motivated to write her book in order to reestablish the religious authority of her surviving family members--namely, Joseph's little brother William who was frequently at odds with Brigham Young--and so she reframed events in her narrative to reflect that. \n\nSo, to me, anyway, knowing that raises some unanswerable questions about that last passage I quoted above--did Joseph Smith *really* tell \"amusing recitals\" to his brothers and sisters about the people in the Book of Mormon? (I'm not aware of any other times where he was recorded as telling stories with similarly detailed extra-scriptural content.) Or was this a subtle reframing of events by his mother to put his family members right in the middle of the LDS Church's origins? By this telling, his immediate family are his very first converts and privy to knowledge that no other member of the church knew. Interesting stuff, I think."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/history-1838-1856-volume-a-1-23-december-1805-30-august-1834#!/paperSummary/history-1838-1856-volume-a-1-23-december-1805-30-august-1834&p=7",
"http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845#!/paperSummary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845&p=78",
"https://archive.org/details/BiographicalSketchesOfJosephSmithTheProphet",
"http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845#!/paperSummary/lucy-mack-smith-history-1845&p=93"
]
] |
|
26osuz
|
What's the point of rockets in space?
|
In many movies that deal with space travel you see ships that constantly have their main rockets engaged. Wouldn't this keep the ship at a constant rate of acceleration and not just propelling the ship at the same rate? Or is there a force, even in space, similar to friction that keeps ships from constantly accelerating?
Edit: thanks for all the great responses. You guys have certainly answered my question but not only that you put it in terms I can easily understand lol I'm by no means a science expert just someone who has seen their fair share of space movies and a lot of free time on his hands.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/26osuz/whats_the_point_of_rockets_in_space/
|
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"text": [
"Most movies don't care too much about being scientificly accurate vs apealing to look at. Let's ask it like this, if you want an impressive action shot, would you blast the rockets at full thrust or have it just sitting there doing nothing?\n\nAnd yes you're right, the small resistance you get from space dust isn't a big factor as let's say air resistance. You don't keep your engines on because that would use up way too much fuel.",
"Many movies using rockets based on current technology use them incorrectly. I believe that Armageddon (1998) is a prime example. IRL once the ship reaches the flight path it desires it doesn't use rockets again until it wants to change that path. But this isn't very visually impressive is it? Therefore rockets firing all the time.\n\nOther movies utilize technologies that don't currently exist, and therefore exist in the realm of science fiction, usually. Therefore the constraints placed on rockets by the laws of thermodynamics don't necessarily apply, and therefore they may need to fire constantly for reasons having to do with that technology. I suggest visiting /r/asksciencefiction if you have more specific questions.",
"If you want to get to your destination fast, it would be perfectly valid to keep accelerating by constantly firing your rockets. It would not be the most efficient way to travel, but definitely the fastest..\n\nHowever, if you don't want to crash into wherever you're going or fly straight past it you will need to turn around halfway and begin decelerating, which is regularly missed in fictional space travel (but not always).",
"One of the annoying things about \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" is how Picard would give the order for a \"full stop\" and they would cut the engines and slow to a stop. If you were to cut the engines, you would keep going at your current velocity (Newton's first law, I believe). If you wanted to come to a \"stop\" you would have to fire the engines in the opposite direction to cancel out your current velocity. \n\nI am under no illusions that the producers of Star Trek were attempting any level of scientific accuracy. ",
"In the case of a movie that's supposed to be set in current times, I'd say it's just eye-candy, because who wants to see a spaceship just floating at constant at constant velocity?\n\nIn sci-fi shows, it can actually be a good idea. If you had an engine efficient enough (I'm talking insanely high [specific impulse](_URL_0_) on the order of many thousands of seconds, and you have a generous supply of power, such that you get a lot of force without using much mass), then you could actually burn for extended periods of time. Why would you want that? Because you would get to your destination faster. Additionally, if you accelerate at one g, you could simulate earth gravity and reduce bone loss and other negative effects caused by prolonged microgravity on humans. \n\nFun fact: there are actually propulsion systems in space today that burn nearly constantly. Electric propulsion technology is very fuel efficient, but has power constraints that limit the force they provide (oftentimes to millinewtons--the weight of a sheet of paper!). Deep Space One was the first spacecraft to use an ion propulsion drive like that. ",
"One movie that handled space travel fairly realistically was 2001, and actually, 2010 as well, so two movies. They handled everything from the issue you described, to fuel management, launch windows, effects of vacuum on the human body, to artificial gravity generation, and what happens when the system is deactivated. \n\nTo explain, The Discovery, and in the sequel, Leonov, had limited fuel, obviously, and coasted most of the way to Jupiter, after leaving Earth orbit. Upon reaching Jupiter, in 2010, the Leonov used an airbraking method to slow down into orbit, instead of an engine burn. When it was time to leave and return to Earth, they couldn't just leave whenever, but had to wait for the proper window, and set up a long orbit to meet earth where it was going to be a year later when they arrived. The Discovery had less fuel, and would take one year longer to reach earth. The engine burns were always relatively brief, and precisely timed. \n\nIn addition, in 2001, an astronaut had to make an emergency escape from an EVA pod to the emergency airlock on Discovery, with no helmet. He did so, in perfect dead silence, as is correct, without exploding, or freezing solid, etc... just as would happen to a person if they were briefly exposed to space. \n\nAs for artificial gravity, the Discovery had a rotating carousel to provide a centrifugal acceleration simulating gravity, but in the sequel, that system had become locked up, and the conservation of angular momentum had resulted in the entire craft tumbling end over end until it could be restarted. \n\nAnd of course, it also accurately showed why you can never trust a computer that talks. ",
"If you have the fuel it would be beneficial to always be accelerating during your interstellar voyage. You would accelerate as much as possible to speed up, and then when you get half way you would reverse direction and accelerate continuously until you arrive at the destination.\n\nRelativity will make sure that you never achieve light speed and can always improve your speed by continuing to accelerate."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_impulse"
],
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] |
|
cma8rr
|
why does putting moisturiser on sunburn sting so much? isn't it good for the skin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cma8rr/eli5_why_does_putting_moisturiser_on_sunburn/
|
{
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"text": [
"A sunburn is severely damaged skin and a moisturiser is designed to sit on the top of healthy skin not to enter damaged or dying skin.",
"Massage is good for muscles, too; but doing to them when they're sprained is going to hurt. Sunburn is a type of injury, and sometimes, even beneficial therapies are going to be painful.",
"when your skin gets burnt, think of it as a well done piece of meat, you’re not going to throw seasonings/spices/marinades on it when it’s all dried up. it won’t absorb it as well. we marinade meats before they get cooked boiii",
"Sunburn has been damaged by ionizing radiation from the sun (UV), the DNA and other cell structures are damaged. You cannot un-damage it. Eventually, your body tells the damaged cells to kill themselves so they don't become cancerous and then the dead layer peals off.\n\nIf applying lotion doesn't feel good to you, don't do it. All the vitamin E/Aloe stuff is just to sooth the pain or make the peeling, dead skin less flakey."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6f989j
|
why is depression so prevalent in the west, europe, russia, and other prevalent 1st world countries, but virtually non-existent in underdeveloped nations?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6f989j/eli5_why_is_depression_so_prevalent_in_the_west/
|
{
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"text": [
"The premise is unjustified. Underdeveloped nations usually don't have the medical resources to treat or even diagnose psychological problems, and their cultures typically are not aware of them or else strongly discourage people from acknowledging them because they're considered \"weakness\" rather than illness.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
b6ulzy
|
what is the middle class that important to an economy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6ulzy/eli5_what_is_the_middle_class_that_important_to/
|
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"text": [
"They are the people that spend the majority of the money. When the middle class suffers it results in them spending less, which results in businesses hiring less people due to the downturn in revenue, which results in the middle class having less money. Before you know it the economy collapses. ",
"The dirty poor need something to aspire to. The filthy rich need someone to get their hands dirty making the things the rich want and need.\n\nThe middle class is important politically since the elite can pit the poor and middle against each other so the rioters dont go after the rich.",
"Lets say you are middle class.\n\nYou make X dollars, you spend Y on general things like food, toilet paper, books and video games so you can enjoy your time off, mebbe a car, you go to the bar with your buddies every so often.\n\nNow your uber rich boss who owns amazon makes X times 10,000,000 dollars.\n\nHe doesn't spend Y times 10 million dollars on food and TP though. He'll buy nicer stuff than you sure, but not 10 million nicer. \n\nThis is important because money is only good for an economy when its doing something. If you shove cash under your mattress it just sits there, but if you go out and spend that money on a book, you paid at least in part for;\n\nThe cashier who sold it to you, the staff who clean the store, the rent on the store, but truck driver who delivered the book, the publisher who printed it, and the author who wrote it.\n\nAnd all those people ALSO spend their X dollars on Y stuff, and it all goes around and around and around.\n\nBut if wages shrink, and I can barely afford to feed myself, I stop buying books, and the money I stop spending on that also effects everybody else in the chain.\n\nThat's what inflation is for. Money gets worth less over time, so simply holding onto your money is always a bad idea. You might as well invest it in something, because doing nothing with it just makes it slowly go away.",
"The poor don't have money to spend, and the rich don't spend all their money. The middle class circulates more money around from person to person than anyone else. ",
"Ideally the middle class would control the majority of capital within the country. This is wealth, property, land, everything, not just cash. Because the middle class control this, they have the incentive to protect it. \n\nGrowth of the middle class is very important, as by controlling the wealth they generate profit. Even a poorer middle class person is a net producer and they are economically self-sufficient; they manage their own finances, control their own labour, and they are a producer of capital. If they are injured, in medical care, or temporarily out of employment they still overwhelmingly produce more capital and thus resources than they used during their period of dependancy. \n\nPresently the middle class is shrinking in High Income Countries and growing in Low Income Countries. This is because we (HICs) have many economic problems that we haven't found seamless solutions to yet - namely controlling inflation without becoming a regulated economy - whereas LICs are growing because they are developing countries—it's a hell of a lot easier and cheaper and by far more profitable to build ten factories in Cambodia and make shoes for Nike than it is to do the exact same thing in the US. \n\nA large middle class is a balance on society by keeping the majority of capital within the country within the control of the largest group of people. A small middle class is very bad because you'd have the majority of capital controlled by a very small group of people. Again note that capital and wealth are different concepts; the super rich do indeed control the majority of wealth, but they do not control the majority of capital. When you have a very small group of people controlling the majority of property, land, industry, and people within the country then very bad things tend to happen.\n\nEdit: generally when people and politicians talk about expanding the middle class they mean reducing the barriers that are preventing people from being economically self-sufficient. Hot issues are payday loans in the UK, healthcare in the US, and taxes pretty much everywhere—it's just a basic rule that taxation is necessary for a functioning state but a bad tax policy causes a lot more harm than good and the tax rate and what is being taxed has to be constantly adjusted to match necessity. In return the middle class is the cheapest demographic on the taxpayer (because they are financially independent they are not on social security, food stamps, provisional healthcare, etc.) and they also pay the most tax because they are the producers of capital and there is also simply more middle class people than all other social classes combined. Therefore expanding the middle class means getting people independent of state services and thus expenses, making it cheaper to run the country and invest money in other things like infrastructure. \n\nTL;DR: the middle class is not dependant on the state or state services, they are financially independent and are the movers and shakers within the country. They are the cheapest demographic for the state to maintain and they make the state a lot of money, and they can almost always do their own thing—even big nanny states don't have any need to intervene or regulate the middle class because these people are educated enough to know what they are doing and controls on their labour and liberties tend to cause a lot more problems than they solve. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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[]
] |
||
8sjdj9
|
why is disney allowed to merge with all of these other big companies, most recently 21st century, and not suffer from monopoly laws?
|
Just off the top of my head, they own Marvel, Lucasfilm, 21 Century, ESPN, ABC. How is this not considered monopolization in the eyes of the law?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8sjdj9/eli5_why_is_disney_allowed_to_merge_with_all_of/
|
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"text": [
"A monopoly is when a single business has no meaningful competition in their market, allowing them to essentially dictate the entire market. As big as Disney is, there are still other studios that compete with it.",
"Monopolization is, generally speaking, when you control all (or a substantial portion) of a _market_ or _industry_. Standard Oil was a monopoly because they controlled almost all of the oil industry; Microsoft was thought to be a monopoly because they controled 90% of the PC OS market.\n\nDisney, even as big as they may be, controls only a tiny fraction of the entertainment industry. There are many, many other companies producing entertainment, so they are not where near the level of market share you'd need to think of them as a monopoly.",
"It is not considered a monopolization in the eyes of the law because they still do not hold a significant majority of the industry and still have significant competition. ",
"Your mom owns all the grapefruit in the house, your dad all the oranges, you have the bananas, and your siblings each have control of the lemons and limes. You, as the holder of bananas can chose to merge with anybody you want, up to two people. So you merge with your dad and a sibling. Now you three control oranges, bananas, and lemons. However, each of those four groups can only merge with one more group, unless you are the third. Why? Even though you now have 3/5s ownership of ALL THE FRUIT IN YOUR HOUSE, you DO NOT have 3/5s ownership on the CITRUS. ",
"Just owning a lot of properties doesn't make a monopoly, especially if they're in different categories.\n\nSure, they own ESPN and ABC, but there are still Comcast SportsNet, NBC, CBS, etc. to compete with them on buying broadcast rights to sports and airing sports. If they owned enough of the market that they could set the prices for TV rights to sports single-handedly and also use that power to coerce even higher rates form advertisers, cable subscribers, etc. then it might be viewed as a monopoly. But a company making comic book movies, children's cartoons and airing basketball doesn't make it a monopoly.\n\nAlso, laws look differently at the importance of a category and of the broader category. They view a company like Disney as entertainment, competing with music, live theater, movies, TV, video games, books, etc. So even if they have a large stake in the film industry, the overall stake in entertainment isn't gigantic. And they look harder at something that is of critical importance like oil or food than at discretionary things like entertainment.",
"While a lot of people are pointing out that they Disney is not anywhere near a literal \"monopoly\", where they would control the vast majority of *all* media, it's also worth noting that we are at the end of decades of relaxation on the rules about how big a company can *be*.\n\nWhen there is a law in the way of a big company getting bigger, they will start talking to people who are in office, or running for office. If they find someone who's willing to work on removing that law in exchange for massive contributions to their campaigns, then they'll strike a deal. Usually the corporation doesn't care about any of the other positions the person they're working with is for, as long as they're willing to push for the corporation's interests in the places they've agreed to in exchange for lots and lots of money for their election campaigns. You want to legislate killing everyone with the letter J in their name? Sure, go right ahead with that, just as long as you take down these pesky laws that say we can't get bigger and make more money.\n\nThere used to be laws about the maximum amount anyone could contribute to a candidate, and strong restrictions on how much money corporations could contribute, but lots of these laws have been removed or neutered over the years, as have many other laws that stand in the way of corporations turning anything and everything into profit for their shareholders, regardless of the cost to the world around them.\n\nTL;DR: big companies with a ton of money have been pouring that money into the election campaigns of politicians who will change the rules in their favor for a very long time.",
"I’m so sick of this. Disney isn’t even a monopoly when it comes to theme parks, let alone the entertainment industry. \n\nThis is a typical Disney film slate for a given year...\n\n2x Pixar\n3x Marvel\n1x Star Wars\n1x Disney Animation\n1x Disney Live Action\n2x Prestige Pictures\nGive or take a few.\n\nDisney hasn’t released 18 or more films in a calendar year since 2009. That’s, on average, less than 1.5 films per month for a decade... and they’re dominating! \n\nThey make fewer films than most other studios. It just so happens that the films they make are typically pretty damn good and beloved. That’s why they make all the money. \n\nDisney and Apple are VERY similar. Make a few things really well, and let the cash come rolling in. And neither of them control enough market share to be considered a monopoly. SUCCESS IN THE FORM OF REVENUE IS NOT THE SAME AS MARKET SHARE. \n\nSony/Universal/WB are more like all the other tech companies that don’t have strong identities/reputations. The ones that try everything just to see what works. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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[],
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[],
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|
3snm83
|
why do fifa games' name have next year instead of the current year? fifa 2016 in 2015
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3snm83/eli5why_do_fifa_games_name_have_next_year_instead/
|
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"text": [
"Because it coincides with the ending of the year. It would make non sense to call it FIFA 2015 when the year is nearly over. Guinness Book of Records does this too and WWE. Also, It's to cash in on Christmas. They could release them in January but they'ed be missing out on potential profits so it makes business sense to release them during the run up to Christmas. ",
"They come out towards the end of 2015, calling it 2015 and getting it for christmas (one week before 2016) for example, just sounds bad. There is no greater reason behind it, except that when they want to sell it in 2016, \"FIFA 2015\" doesn't sell as well.",
"Football seasons run through the year, often starting in August/September and ending around May the following year. To ensure that there is a viable way to differenciate between seasons they are numbered with the start year and end year.\n\nThe current season (ending in 2016) is the 2015/16 season while last year would be 2014/15. Fifa use the year END as the marker so Fifa 16 represents the 15/16 season as it's the only way to make sense of it as the \"football year\" does not run from January to December as previously mentioned\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
23ot0c
|
Are there any historical parallels to modern celebrity worship?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/23ot0c/are_there_any_historical_parallels_to_modern/
|
{
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"text": [
"Tokugawa era Japan had something similar, though obviously not as grand a scale as our modern celebrities. Kabuki theatre became immensely popular during this period, and was enjoyed by the masses as well as the elite. Actors became well known and a popular subject for ukiyo-e, Japanese wood block prints, which were cheap, easy to produce, and circulated widely. People would buy prints of their favorite actor and see their plays regularly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4gors0
|
if the andromeda galaxy is roughly 220,000 light years in diameter, how can we know what it actually looks like at any given moment? (since the light from the far end is 220,000 years behind the light at the closer end)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gors0/eli5_if_the_andromeda_galaxy_is_roughly_220000/
|
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"text": [
"Because 220,000 years is not very long in terms of the time it takes stars to move much relative to the whole galaxy. It is something like 0.1% of the rotation time of the galaxy arms. So the light from one end and the other are not off by much.\n\nSo, the farthest point is about 0.1% off of the closest point in terms of what they actually are compared to what they look like.",
"How do you know what a car truly looks like, if the light from the hood is arriving 3 nanoseconds before light from the trunk? \nAll reality comes at you this way, slightly delayed by how far it is. The good news is, light is so fast that it mostly doesn't affect perceptions because the scale of the delay matches the scale of the thing. ",
"Scale. The movement of the star is too minor on the scale of the size of the galaxy. Let's assume the following: \n\n* Andromeda is 220,000 light years across\n\n* Stars can move up to 500 km per second\n\n* Light moves at 300,000 km per second\n\n* Thus, stars can move upwards of 0.17% of light speed.\n\nGiven that, in the time it take light from a star to cross Andromeda (220,000 ly), the star itself may have moved up to 360 ly.\n\nLook at [this image](_URL_0_). See that little tiny almost invisible speck I'm pointing to on the right? That's the entire movement of a star in the time it takes light to cross from the far side of Andromeda to the closer side. That's how much our picture is off.\n\nIt's not zero, but it's not significant to the overall shape of the galaxy.",
"You wouldn't happen to be a shrimp shack shooter would you?",
"What other people are saying about the 200K years delay being too small to make much difference is beside the point (though perhaps good to know). After all, the same delay would make a \"significant difference\" for any phenomenon that's sufficiently temporary or sufficiently fast moving relative the others. I think a better answer is that your question is implicitly ambiguous -- what does \"actually look like\" mean? The delay from one end to the other is actual, and the intuitive instantaneousness of everyday objections simply doesn't apply to cosmologically large objects. Every understanding we can have of cosmologically large objects must be skewed in time. You can imagine \"turning back the clock\" on the nearer portions, or turning forward the clock on the farther portions, but why is this more \"actual\" than how it looks from Earth? In either case, there is no \"now\" to imagine how it \"should\" look.\n\nAnother point is that, as someone brought up, this temporal skewing happens for all objects, even small ones, and while it doesn't practically matter that your understanding of the far end of a building is a few nanoseconds skewed from the near end, it does matter on small enough scales, say if you wanted to understand how light from one end might cohere or interfere with light from the other, or if you wanted to conduct a LIGO type experiment. There is no \"actual\" that's different from these \"distorted\" perceptions; the \"distortion\" *is* how (the two ends of) objects exist relative to each other."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/JTgLtah.png"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
4gxaeb
|
gyroscopic procession
|
Hi Y'all.
I've been watching the Smarter Every Day videos about how helicopters work. I understand that to pitch a helicopter forward, you have to pitch the blade and increase lift when the blade is on the side, 90 degrees before the blade is where it will be when you want the pitch to take effect. I understand this is because the blades act like a gyroscope, and any force applied to them will take effect 90 degrees out of phase, but why is this? What is it about a gyroscope that causes everything to get bent 90 degrees?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gxaeb/eli5_gyroscopic_procession/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2ljwhx"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Gyroscopes have angular momentum. To change angular momentum, one must apply a torque, because the rate of change of angular momentum (it's time derivative to be specific) is equal to the torque acting on the system. Gyroscopic precession occurs when the force acting on the gyroscope is not in line with its rotational axis (like when it is tilted because gravity points down). The torque is then the force times the radius the force is applied at times the sin of the angle between the force and the radius. As you said, the \"force\" (actually the torque) acting on the system is perpendicular to both the force and the angular momentum. So the precession goes in the direction of this torque. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2p7dr6
|
how does acupunture work
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p7dr6/eli5_how_does_acupunture_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmu0mp2"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Broadly speaking, there's actually no scientific reason to think that it works at all. In particular, the idea of 'energy meridians' has been thoroughly debunked over the years.\n\nThe best thing we can say about acupuncture right now is that there is a *possibility* that needle insertion *might* have *some* degree of efficacy for a *very* small range of pain and nausea-related ailments. But even this is all highly uncertain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9abhff
|
What happened between France and Italy at the Alpine border during the XXth century?
|
We can still see hundreds of bunkers, military houses or barbed wire at very high altitude from both side. Also many impressive (difficult to access) paths have been built in the mountains. Today most of the buildings are abandoned. Why all this military arsenal? Has it been used? What is the current status of French-Italian Alpine border?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9abhff/what_happened_between_france_and_italy_at_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4xxb7x"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"In the lead-up to the Second World War, the Italian government began constructing a system of fortifications on the Apline border with France called V*allo Alpino Occidentale* (in English, \"Western Alpine Defenses,\" with the unusual word \"*Vallo*\" derived from \"*Vallum*,\" a denomination of Ancient Roman border outpost). \n\nConstruction of the *Vallo* system began in 1931. Although there are countless ancient fortifications dotting the mountain passes over the Alps, generally warm relations between modern Italy and France meant that no significant fortifications had been built in that tract of the Alps since the Kingdom of Piedmont opposed the French Revolutionary Armies in the early 19th century. \n\nThat would change in 1931, when the V*allo Alpino Occidentale* began construction as the western component *Vallo Alpino del Littorio*. While the V*allo* was meant to be a system of Alpine fortifications protecting Italy's land borders, the original impetus was not premonition of a conflict with France, but rather a suspicious attitude towards Hitler's Germany and its designs to annex Austria (and with it, worried the Fascist Leadership which governed Italy at the time, possibly the Italian-governed german-majority province of South Tyrol). But fortifications of this kind were very much in vogue with other European governments too, with the most famous example the Maginot Line in France, facing the German border. \n\nIf not for its geographically interesting location, with outposts and tunnels carved into sheer faces of rock and atop high promontories, the *Vallo* is not particularly interesting from a pure military engineering standpoint. Economic sanctions imposed by the international community following the invasion of Ethiopia severely restricted imports of materials needed to make steel, a necessary component of military-grade reinforced concrete. As a cost-cutting measure, a lot of stake was placed in the camouflage and unassailable position of the fortifications, with plans calling for many outposts to be armed with leftover artillery from the First World War. \n\nWhile construction of the *Vallo* didn't stop until 1942, ultimately the system was never tested in battle. We all know Italian relations with Germany warmed, and Italy took the war to France instead of the other way around. After the Italian armistice with the allies, some German divisions commandeered structures of the *Vallo*, while others still were occupied by partizans. However the fortifications had already been abandoned by Italian forces at that point. \n\nAfter the Second World War the Italo-French border was completely de-militarized. However, after Italy's entry into NATO fortifications on the eastern end of the *Vallo* were recommissioned, with re-activation efforts starting in 1951. Modernized with the latest artillery and occupied by Italian *Alpini d'Arresto* divisions, the eastern fortifications were to be a major theater of conflict should there be an invasion of NATO countries by the adherents of the Warsaw Pact. However, moving into the 1960s NATO strategy focused more on other priorities, like missile defense, and the number of divisions manning these fortifications was reduced. With the end of the Cold War, over the course of 1993 the Italian border divisions were definitively disbanded and their personnel reassigned. The remaining active *Vallo* fortifications were destroyed or abandoned. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2ykeuy
|
If stars can fuse elements up to iron, then how come we haven't found any titanium or oxygen stars?
|
As in being partly oxygen or titanium or some other element.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2ykeuy/if_stars_can_fuse_elements_up_to_iron_then_how/
|
{
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"cpafsx7",
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],
"score": [
54,
3
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"text": [
"Well, we sort of have. [White dwarfs](_URL_0_) are thought to be composed almost entirely of carbon and oxygen. But those are dead stars.\n\nIf you're talking about normal stars (i.e. stars with active fusion), just because stars *can* support themselves via fusion of elements up to iron doesn't mean it's easy to do.\n\nIt takes a lower temperature and pressure to start H fusion (Coulomb repulsion of 2 hydrogen atoms is much smaller and easier to overcome than e.g. a carbon and helium atom), so as a star collapses, it will be the hydrogen that fuses in the core first.\n\nOnce the core is out of hydrogen, then you basically make your way up the chain of elements that take the lowest temperatures and pressures to fuse. Helium fusion is next, etc.\n\nThe other issue though is that fusion of elements heavier than helium, while it technically supports the star, can't support it for very long. While hydrogen/helium fusion can support a star for millions to billions of years, the carbon fusion stage lasts *hundreds* of years and the last silicon to iron/nickel phase lasts a day or two max. Stars just aren't that stable once they start burning things heavier than helium and very quickly collapse into a supernova.\n\n",
"It's about a sun being able to be stable. The life of a star drops quickly (not sure if it is technically exponential) once it hits the iron stage of fusion.\n\nSo, the higher elements are made in those moments of supernova. The sudden burst of energy is higher than what the star would normally be able to support. In this burst of energy at supernova, the higher elements can be formed, giving us pretty much everything up to Uranium.\n\nNow, there are suspected stars of materials, such as [carbon](_URL_1_) and [oxygen](_URL_0_), but you aren't likely to find a star made of anything beyond oxygen. \n\nEdit: I can't grammar"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf#Atmosphere_and_spectra"
],
[
"http://www.universetoday.com/44836/unusual-massive-white-dwarf-stars-have-oxygen-atmospheres/",
"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3492919.stm"
]
] |
|
1j2g7w
|
Why are some CDs unable to remove something that has been burned onto it?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1j2g7w/why_are_some_cds_unable_to_remove_something_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbags1m"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Precisely that. A laser heats a dye and permanently alters its reflectivity, \"burning\" the information into the physical structure of the disc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3ftwdo
|
what happens to my brain when my "mind goes blank"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ftwdo/eli5_what_happens_to_my_brain_when_my_mind_goes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cts2d84"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming you mean during a test or when responding to a question you know the answer of, but all of the sudden can't remember. \n\nFrom what I've been told, your brain is attempting to be efficient in finding the answer. To maintain efficiency, it ignores things it thinks are unimportant. Occasionally, that unimportant thing is what you're looking for. Because your brain marks it as useless, you don't see it. \n\nSource: My science teacher"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
11p2ic
|
Magnets: What are the physical constraints that determine or limit the position and orientation of the poles in a magnet?
|
*Actually I have lots of questions!* These questions are only regarding **permanent magnets**, not elecromagnets.
**Trivial questions:**
*What determines the orientation of the magnetic field or poles?
*Can the poles in permanent magnets be flipped? How would you go about this?
*Why are magnetic fields strongest around magnetic poles and not constant throughout the material?
*~~Fucking magnets, how do they work?~~
**Important questions:**
*Do magnetic poles have to exist at the maximum extents of an object? If so are those extents defined by spacial distance or the amount of material between them?
*Do North and South poles repel or attract eachother internally within the magnet? Or do they only attract or repel the poles of other magnets?
*If a magnet is a sphere where do the poles form?
*Theoretically is it possible to manufacture a magnet that is hollow (a metal sphere with a hollow core, for instance) with one pole on the interior surface and one pole on the exterior surface?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/11p2ic/magnets_what_are_the_physical_constraints_that/
|
{
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"c6odcus",
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"text": [
"Related question- Can a sphere be magnetized such that one pole is in the center of the sphere and the other pole radiates in all directions, i.e. a sphere that repels/attracts uniformly from all directions?",
" > What determines the orientation of the magnetic field or poles?\n\nThe processing methods used. More specifically, the microstructure of the grains inside the magnet, the shape of the magnet as a whole, and the direction of the applied magnetic field you used to initially magnetize the object. I can draw pictures if you'd like.\n\n > Can the poles in permanent magnets be flipped? How would you go about this?\n\nAbsolutely. In most permanent magnets, you can apply a competing magnetic field to the magnet by use of an electromagnet, and if that applied field is strong enough, you'll flip the N and S poles on the permanent magnet. Not only that, but the strength/magnitude of the magnetic field will be the same after it's flipped, just the opposite direction.\n\n > Why are magnetic fields strongest around magnetic poles and not constant throughout the material?\n\nThe magnetic field of a single, isolated magnet is strongest at the poles because as you venture out further away from the magnet's surface, the magnetic field drops quickly. This is similar to gravitational force and how it varies as a function of radius, but the equations are quite different. The magnetic fields are not constant throughout the material for a variety of reasons: the demagnetizing factor (touched on below in reponse to one of your questions), defects within the material, sometimes it's done on purpose since the material is actually made up of multiple \"phases\" with varying magnetic properties, even in an ideal solid there will be some variation of magnetic field as you approach the edge of your sample.\n\n > ****ing magnets, how do they work?\n\nI attempted to explain that a long time ago. Then I realized what a pathetic, poor job I did. I'm talking complete garbage, even when simplifying the ideas. It takes years of studying books, research papers, and in some cases creating your own experiments to get a true understanding of how they kinda-sorta operate. You might have taken quantum mechanics and passed with flying colors, and then realize you don't have a firm grasp of magnetism at all. This is because it spans across multiple fields and there are a lot of unkowns in all of those fields. To give you an idea, I work with a group that holds many well known \"magnet scientists\" (there aren't many in the world, very small community, so take that as you will) each having 3+ decades of experience, and they'll argue for 30 minutes on a relatively simple concept and how it applies to the magnet. Needless to say, I'm useless for meetings unless it involves recalling the shapes of various phase diagrams which I can actually do.\n\n > Do magnetic poles have to exist at the maximum extents of an object? If so are those extents defined by spacial distance or the amount of material between them?\n\nThere aren't really such things as magnetic poles. Not truly. I witnessed the author of [this book](_URL_4_) arguing with a PhD candidate regarding this issue a long time ago, and the author (obviously) won based on semantics and made fun of him a little bit. But it's completely okay to talk in terms of poles, it provides a great visual that you can expand on. So with that being said, yes, the poles are going to exist at the extents of an object as far as you're concerned. However, there are interesting engineering feats that create wonky, \"multi-poled magnets\" such as [this magnetic gear](_URL_1_). Stemming from here, it's possible to create a solid object where the magnetic portion that creates the poles is in the center. I'm not sure what you mean by the second part of this question. The behavior of the magnetic field depends on both the amount of material, and the shape of the object (or in your words, the distance between the poles). Sorry this answer is really confusing, you've asked a really peculiar question.\n\n > Do North and South poles repel or attract each other internally within the magnet? Or do they only attract or repel the poles of other magnets?\n\nYes, there is a strong demagnetizating field inside the magnet so you can say the poles attract to each other. This is related to a quantity called the [demagnetizing factor](_URL_2_) I mentioned up above. We have to use this factor when we measure the magnetic properties of materials, because the shape of your magnet changes the internal magnetic fields of your sample and this will alter the measured property.\n\n > If a magnet is a sphere where do the poles form?\n\nA sphere will still create a magnet with two poles, and they originate in the same place as they would in a standard bar magnet. I once had a drawing a long time ago when someone asked this, but I lost it. [Here is a cruddy remake](_URL_0_). Those tiny rectangles inside the magnet are called 'grains', and they're essentially tiny little crystals that act as individual magnets. Each one of them has their own pole, as we call it. Now are you starting to understand why it's hard to understand what a magnetic pole is? At first, we thought magnets had just two magnetic poles. But really, each individual grain has its own set of poles, and they combine to form the large N and S we're use to. But if you dig deeper, you see that each individual *atom* has its own set of poles. Ugh.\n\n > Theoretically is it possible to manufacture a magnet that is hollow (a metal sphere with a hollow core, for instance) with one pole on the interior surface and one pole on the exterior surface?\n\nNot according to current accepted theory, this breaks the [Maxwell](_URL_3_). To explain, every real surface needs to have just as many 'N' magnetic fields line entering it as it has 'N' lines leaving it. In twisted words, magnetic monopoles don't exist, as touched on above. Unless someone can prove they exist, in that case the equations will be altered. Maxwell Equations are not a law, they're the best approximation we have at the moment.\n\nI'm leaving for lunch, I'd be happy to explain further later. I have no idea how in depth you'd like to get."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/bekHH.png",
"http://members.iinet.net.au/~fotoplot/720mg.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagnetizing_field#Demagnetizing_factor",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence_theorem",
"http://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_Magnetism_and_Magnetic_M.html?id=axyWXjsdorMC"
]
] |
|
3o7i9p
|
why is it that the swiss can have an assault rifle in every home and in every shop but lacks the gun violence endemic to america?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o7i9p/eli5_why_is_it_that_the_swiss_can_have_an_assault/
|
{
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"Very hard to obtain ammunition, low unemployment rate, high overall wealth, highly educated population.",
"The US is a totally different situation. Switzerland is a small, wealthy country. We have more complex demographics and social problems here.\n\nIf you took all the wealthy or middle class Americans and moved them all into a single area, it would be similar to there. \n\nYou can't really compare the two in that sense but it is obvious that most gun crime is a result of poverty and lack of education. That doesn't necessarily apply to mass shootings though. That's a combination of many factors like access to mental health care as well as a social stigma surrounding mental healthcare and our media glorifying mass shooters.",
"It really has nothing to do with the guns that we have in Switzerland. It's actually based on the type of society and culture.\n\nThe USA has huge urban areas with ghettos, poverty, unemployment and inequality. Here in Switzerland we don't have those problems since we are tiny country where plenty of social programs exist to help people in need.\n\nWe have low unemployment, equality and health care that is provided to everyone. These things alone will prevent crime from happening, since nobody has to resort to violence in order to be able to survive over here, since pretty much anyone can find a job if they want to.\n\n",
"1. More than 90% of US gun crime is handgun crime. Swiss does not have high numbers of handguns.\n2. The assault rifles are issued to military reservists and keep in secure locations, not simply \"to hand, loaded beside the bed\"\n3. The swiss are military reservists, not random yahoos who have cash. They understand weapons in a sane manner and don't fuck around with them.\n\nIn short, what the US needs to do: Get handguns out of circulation. Have guns only provided to sane, sensible people who have formal training and the ability to keep the weapons secure.\n\nOf course, the utter irony is that:\n\n*A well regulated, on call and up to date register of military reservists, being required to defend the mountain fortress of Switzerland will be allowed to keep military arms inside secure locations in their homes in case of being activated*",
"In addition to the socioeconomic reasons others have mentioned, there is also the issue of sheer size:\n\nOur population is 319 million compared to Switzerland's 8 million: Even with all things being equal you would still expect our incidence of mass-shootings to be 40 times greater.",
"In addition to what everybody said, long guns typically play a relatively minor role in crime. So \"assault rifle in every home\" sounds scarier than \"pistol in every home\" but isn't really.",
"With the increased consumption of cheese and chocolate by Swiss people, the proteins and enzymes in those foods give the body a higher brain functionality in the hippocampus (related to decision making and usually has abnormal capabilities in people with psychotic characteristics). Also, the effects of sleep deprivation and extreme boredom that I currently have caused me to make all this up.",
"thanks in part to every Swiss citizen being required to enlist in the military for a while. they learn to respect the gun, and know when not to use it.",
"Michael Moore's controversial movie \"Bowling for Columbine\" actually addresses this issue. \n\nPeople think that it's an anti-gun movie. I didn't get that from it.\n\nI believe Moore's point was that the United States media has fostered a \"culture of fear\" that trains us to look at other nationalities, religions, and ethnicities as inherently \"scary\". Because of that, we are more willing to use a weapon in a situation that would not, to an outsider, necessarily warrant that degree of response.\n\nI don't know if that's the whole picture. Certainly a large percentage of gun deaths are related to drug crime, and are disproportionately concentrated in low-income neighborhoods with high \"non-white\" populations. In addition, the highest incidents of gun-related-deaths are suicides, primarily amongst white teens. \n\nMass shootings are a whole other animal. I have a theory on those that basically blames the media again (admittedly, a default position and therefor weakness of mine). But imagine you're a sad, lonely kid. Mom told you that you were the most important person on the planet, but now at school no one knows your name. Girls wont talk to you. You're having trouble finding friends. You're angry, and it can't be you that's the problem - mom made sure you knew you were perfect. So it must be everyone else who's wrong. And then some kid somewhere does something crazy and goes shooting up his school. All of a sudden his face and name are on every newscast in every home in America for two weeks. \n\nThat sort of recognition starts to look really attractive to a sad mind.\n\nAnyway, just a few theories.\n\nEDIT: Tried to give James Bond credit for an extra movie"
]
}
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ncs3q
|
Can water, if pressured enough, cut you?
|
I have seen it happen sometimes in cartoons. The water would come out of a slit of a pipe and it would be so powerful that it would give the person a cut (it looked a lot like a paper cut). Is this possible? If it is how pressured would that water have to be? Also, I realize that my explanation is a bit messy, If you don't understand I will try to elaborate.
EDIT: after what all the people have been saying, I'm beginning to look at my super soaker differently...
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ncs3q/can_water_if_pressured_enough_cut_you/
|
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"Water, if pressured enough, can blow your limbs off.",
"Yes, there is an industrial cutting technique known as [water jet cutting](_URL_0_) which uses this method. Although, such methods usually mix in an abrasive compound to help with the cutting. I couldn't tell you the force required for the water to actually cut you, though.",
"Yes it definately can cut you. It is becoming common to use [water cutters](_URL_0_) for steel, using a high pressure stream of water. \n \nHeres an example: _URL_1_ \n \nYou can also cut your own skin with a decent water blaster if you aren't careful, i've done this on my own foot and its painful!",
"Several people have pointed out industrial water cutters.\n\nI would like to also point out jet injectors:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nJet injectors are used for mass vaccinations and similar. They take longer to prepare initially but can provide sterile injections to many people quickly.\n\nIf you stand still while receiving the injection, you get a pinhole similar to a needle injection. If you move while receiving it, you get a cut. Source: personal experience. So yes, water can cut you, and it's quite easy to do, easily achievable with handheld equipment. Paint sprayers are also dangerous (deadly!) for this reason.\n",
"Water, if pressured enough, can blow your limbs off.",
"Yes, there is an industrial cutting technique known as [water jet cutting](_URL_0_) which uses this method. Although, such methods usually mix in an abrasive compound to help with the cutting. I couldn't tell you the force required for the water to actually cut you, though.",
"Yes it definately can cut you. It is becoming common to use [water cutters](_URL_0_) for steel, using a high pressure stream of water. \n \nHeres an example: _URL_1_ \n \nYou can also cut your own skin with a decent water blaster if you aren't careful, i've done this on my own foot and its painful!",
"Several people have pointed out industrial water cutters.\n\nI would like to also point out jet injectors:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nJet injectors are used for mass vaccinations and similar. They take longer to prepare initially but can provide sterile injections to many people quickly.\n\nIf you stand still while receiving the injection, you get a pinhole similar to a needle injection. If you move while receiving it, you get a cut. Source: personal experience. So yes, water can cut you, and it's quite easy to do, easily achievable with handheld equipment. Paint sprayers are also dangerous (deadly!) for this reason.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_jet_cutter"
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[
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],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNGrVxQFrdI"
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|
2c3xeb
|
why do i go cross-eyed and get blurry vision when i'm fighting falling asleep (such as during class or in traffic)?
|
This is particularly annoying to me as a diagnosed narcoleptic. My eyes involuntarily cross and uncross, my vision blurs and becomes hard to control, and then it will go back to normal for a moment before starting over. Is it related to the kind of mental fog that rolls in when we're fighting falling asleep?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c3xeb/eli5_why_do_i_go_crosseyed_and_get_blurry_vision/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjbp4wg"
],
"score": [
4
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"text": [
"You go cross eyed and get blurry vision when you're fighting falling asleep because your brain is literally trying to shut down and you're not letting it. Eventually, your brain wins. \n\nListen. I have fallen asleep at the wheel once. I woke up literally flying through the air, having veered off and ramped up a drive way, heading directly for a solid cement electrical pole at ~40 mph. Thankfully I landed just before I hit the pole, swerved to the side, and proceeded to immediately pull over and hyperventilate for the next ten minutes. Imagine if I had been on the highway, where I usually go 75? \n\nI got lucky and only got a scare, but driving while sleepy **will** kill you. It has been repeatedly proven to be as dangerous as driving drunk. Meanwhile, a five minute cat-nap *vastly* improves alertness, mental acuity, and reflex speed, and a 20 minute power nap is even better. Are you really in so much of a hurry that 5 minutes is worth risking your life? There's only been a couple of times in my life I could honestly say yes to that question, and I bet it's the same for you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
c0hskl
|
Does watching horror movies make you less fearful of “scary” things in real life?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/c0hskl/does_watching_horror_movies_make_you_less_fearful/
|
{
"a_id": [
"er9axwj"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"As someone who has watched scary movies since I was a kid, I think it makes you much more aware that a movie is just a movie. You become more aware of the intricacies of the plot, acting, originality, use of jump scares, etc. In real life, I am not afraid of anything you might find in a classic horror movie. Things that frighten me are things that are too large for me to comprehend. Things like the nature of the Universe, death, does my existence matter if I'm only here for a fraction of relative time, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2eeflg
|
are all muslims either shia or sunni?
|
Please forgive my ignorance. In the news we hear about Sunni and Shia Muslims fighting. When people choose to convert, do they choose a teaching to follow or is there a generic teaching that is neither? Outside of the Middle East does it matter? Thank you for helping me understand.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eeflg/eli5are_all_muslims_either_shia_or_sunni/
|
{
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"text": [
"[No, there are plenty of sects](_URL_0_). Sunni and Shia are the two largest. And they each have plenty of subsects.",
"The vast majority of Muslims are Sunni, and virtually all of them outside of Iran and Iraq are. There are some others as well but Sunni is the dominant one.\n\nA new convert probably wouldn't \"choose\" one or the other, they would just go with whichever group appealed to them in the first place - just like someone doesn't decide to convert to Christianity and then choose between Catholic, Baptist, Mormon, etc.",
"There are Muslims who are neither Sunni nor Shia. You have the Ibadi and Khariji sects, which are dominant in the Sultanate of Oman but fairly rare elsewhere. There are also a number of subdivisions of the Sunni and Shia groupings.\n\nHere is a family tree of the various subdivisions of Islam: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_Islam"
],
[],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Islam_branches_and_schools.svg"
]
] |
|
1z5ozw
|
So I've noticed some mini-blimp things in a lot of films that take place in WWII. What are they?
|
I've seen them in things ranging from Doctor Who to Monuments Men and I've been wondering what they actually are. They look to be just small blimps tied to the ground. What are they and what is their purpose?
EDIT: There are a few in the background of [this image](_URL_0_) from Doctor Who
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1z5ozw/so_ive_noticed_some_miniblimp_things_in_a_lot_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfqsnna"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Love that episode BTW.\n\nAnyway, they are [Barrage Balloons](_URL_0_). Barrage Balloons were designed to clutter up airspace, and to force bombers and fighters to fly higher, or to discourage low altitude attacks. Not only were the balloons themselves an obstacle, but so were the steel cables supporting them. By raising and lowering them to different altitudes, and placing them around important targets, the ability of enemy aircraft to engage at optimal altitudes or locations was reduced. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/thTXrrE.jpg"
] |
[
[
"http://www.worldwar-two.net/weapons/barrage_balloons/"
]
] |
|
22ldmx
|
Was Francisco de Vitoria a defender or a critic of the spanish empire?
|
It seems pretty murky and contradictory at first glance - almost impossible to infer what he actually thought.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/22ldmx/was_francisco_de_vitoria_a_defender_or_a_critic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgoetnl"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"I would argue that the answer is neither. You are certainly right that his writings are quite murky; he is an incredibly complex figure who continues to be heavily studied today. He was a prolific writer, theologian, and legal scholar in a period that completely altered the trajectories of societies worldwide. But Vitoria’s goal at the time of his writing was neither to defend nor criticize the Spanish Empire itself. Instead, his scholarship was more concerned with the new questions bubbling forth from the (then) modern world. \n\nTo better understand his views, we should contextualize his writing in both the history of the period and Vitoria’s education. The period during which he was writing was one of the most revolutionary in European history. Spain inadvertently stumbled onto two continents filled with millions of creatures, some of whom seemed very human-like. These beings possessed cultures, social structures, and mores drastically different from sixteenth century Europe. Yet right from the outset, this “new” world was set upon by adventurers who often seemed to conquer and pillage first, then find the legal justifications for doing so later. In the process, many, including the Crown and the Papacy, were enriched both spiritually and economically. Yet alongside the initial violent collisions between these two worlds, debate raged throughout the empire about how to incorporate this new, radically different realm into preexisting European understandings of how the Earth and its people worked. Simultaneously, Christianity seemed to be coming undone, with more and more religious conflicts exploding across Europe, unleashing both violence and a torrent of new social thought.\n\nThis was the environment in which Vitoria grew up and was educated. As a young man, he studied classical and modern philosophy, especially Thomism and humanism, which imbued his sociopolitical discourses with critical undercurrents. He was also shaped by the idea of natural law, which had a lengthy, evolving history that would have been known to classical scholars at the time. For Vitoria, natural law dictated limited exertion of the state over the individual and corresponded to the first inklings of international law and human rights (both of which would, of course, come to have very different meanings than they did during Vitoria’s life). \n\nViewed in this context, his writing makes more sense as trying to rectify these diverse philosophies with the events taking place in the world around him. For example, based on his own philosophy about the limits just war, Vitoria rejected how conquistadores and the Crown waged war on indigenous peoples of the New World, saying: “Unbelief does not destroy either natural law or human law; but ownership and dominion are based either on natural law or human law; therefore they are not destroyed by want of faith.” In the process, he rejected the tradition that whatever the king or the pope says goes. He also takes a somewhat uncommon stance in arguing that indigenous people were fully human, capable of reason and personality, and therefore possessors of natural rights. It sounds ridiculous to us, but at the time, Europeans were absolutely perplexed by the extent of humanity that indigenous people possessed. Another example of criticism that he levels against the monarchy would be the complicated relationship between the individual and the state. According to Ramón Hernández, “to Vitoria, in nature lies the efficient cause and primary origin of all power, be it physical or moral, personal or social, or private or civil. Each of these different dimensions of power flows from the same condition of human nature, and ultimately each must be attributed to the creator of this nature who implanted these inalienable conditions within it” (1043). Therefore, Vitoria pronounces certain rights that individuals maintain that exist outside the absolute authority of the king. For pronouncements such as these, the Crown strongly condemned his writing.\n\nThough he levels criticisms at the Spanish Empire, he often rectifies these ideas to justify imperial actions, which from a modern perspective seem contradictory. When discussing war with indigenous people, he argues that the King could wage war on indigenous populations when the natives broke natural law (which included religious violations). The initial conquests may have been illegal but subsequent wars predicated on attacks on clergy or travelers were just wars. These two positions seems contradictory today, but by standards of sixteenth century philosophy, they successfully reconciled the questions at hand by rejecting some justifications rooted in older law and replacing them with those of natural law. Additionally, Charles V wrote to Vitoria on multiple occasions to ask for advice. He sought comment on the divorce of King Henry VIII, sending missionaries to New Spain, and other questions about indigenous rights. So although the monarchy disagreed with some of his points, the Crown also accepted his preeminence as a thinker and legal scholar.\n\nTherefore, we see that his writing was not concerned necessarily with criticising the Spanish Empire itself so much as he was concerned with answering questions *within* the Spanish Empire. To answer these questions, he sometimes criticizes and other times supports dominant political, social, economic, and philosophical discourses, drawing on extensive philosophical and legal precedents borne out in the Renaissance/early Enlightenment.\n\nSources:\n\n* “Francisco de Vitoria in 1934, Before and After” by Fernando Gómez in *MLN*\n* “Origen de la filosofía política moderna: Las Casas, Vitoria y Suárez (1514-1617)” by Enrique Dussel in *Caribbean Studies*\n* “Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili on the Legal Character of the Global Commonwealth” by Andreas Wagner in *Oxford Journal of Legal Studies*\n* “The Internationalization of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto” by Ramón Hernández in *Fordham International Law Journal*\n* “Francisco de Vitoria and the Colonial Origins of International Law” by Antony Anghie in *Social Legal Studies*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3evqd2
|
how come my sister got bitten five times by mosquitos on the way up the waterfall and i not once?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3evqd2/eli5_how_come_my_sister_got_bitten_five_times_by/
|
{
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"ctitvd5",
"ctitxw2",
"ctiv4ur"
],
"score": [
9,
6,
5
],
"text": [
"EL5 answer:- because she smells ~~better~~ tastier\n\n_URL_0_",
"it could be many things. are you a smoker? mosquito are repelled by smokers. is she blond or wear perfume? Mosquitoes are attracted to blonde hair, perfume, and dark colors. studies have proved that blondes will get bit more often than brunettes. was one you drinking? blood alcohol lures mosquitoes. what is your blood type? mosquitoes prefer people with a Type O blood type. it could be tons of factors ",
"Mosquito bite bumps and itchiness are caused by an allergic reaction. It could be possible that you got bitten just as much but don't have as severe a reaction so you just didn't notice."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-do-mosquitoes-bite-some-people-more-than-others-10255934/?no-ist"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ikjsh
|
how does playing audio with a movie on actual film work?
|
How does the audio/soundtrack play when you have a film reel that contains the film, not a digital version?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ikjsh/eli5_how_does_playing_audio_with_a_movie_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuh8cmq",
"cuh95yp"
],
"score": [
5,
6
],
"text": [
"There is a section next to the \"picture part\" that contains audio just the same as an ordinary kasette (audio) tape would have. But it is slightly delayed from the pictures, because audio is taken at a different point in the machine. It can't be right where the pictures are projected, because they stop and go 26 times per second.",
"Here is a video that shows how it works in detail [link](_URL_0_) basically it's recorded next term frames. *edit : changed the link to original creator. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/En__V0oEJsU"
]
] |
|
4cjz3j
|
When did the word "Gay" stop meaning happy and start meaning homosexuality?
|
[deleted]
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4cjz3j/when_did_the_word_gay_stop_meaning_happy_and/
|
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"text": [
"As a follow up question: When did \"Lesbian\" become a slang term for female homosexuals, and does it relate to the Greek Island of Lesbos? ",
"The *Oxford English Dictionary* does a very good job of researching into the origins of various word usage, and usually provide the earliest known appearance of said word in print. \n\nAccording to the OED, the word \"gay\" in the sense to mean \"homosexual\" dates from the early 20th century: \n\n > **gay** orig. U.S. slang. (a) Of a person: homosexual; (b) (of a place, milieu, way of life, etc.) of or relating to homosexuals.Although more frequently used of male homosexuals, this sense can either include or exclude lesbians: see, for example, quots. 1962 and 1993.\n \nThe 1962 and 1993 quotes that the definition alludes to are the [\"lesbian pulp novel\" *Beebo Brinker*](_URL_2_) by Ann Bannon, and what I suppose is an April 1993 edition of a magazine called *Spin*. The OED provides many cited examples predating Bannon's novel, although they caution:\n\n > A number of quotations have been suggested as early attestations of this sense (see a sample below). It is likely that, although there may be innuendo in some cases, these have been interpreted anachronistically in the light either of the context (for example the disguise as a homosexual of the protagonist of quot. 19411), or of knowledge about an author's sexuality.\n\nSo it is with a grain of salt that we should read their earliest-cited print appearance of \"gay\" in this sense, in Gertrude Stein's 1922 prose poem *Miss Furr and Miss Skeene* in which she says, of the two women protagonists:\n\n > Helen Furr and Georgina Keene lived together then... They were together then and traveled to another place and stayed there and were gay there..not very gay there, just gay there. They were both gay there.\n\nThe first citation provided by the OED that seems to legitimately use \"gay\" in the sense you mean is from the October 17, 1933, issue of the *Baltimore Afro-American*, which, coincidentally, Wikipedia describes as [\"the longest-running African-American family-owned newspaper in the United States\"](_URL_4_). *The Afro*'s usage is very interesting, historically speaking:\n\n > The products engendered by union of these decadents of changing sexes is generally an unenviable type of degeneracy... Sissies, fairies, pansies gay, The woods are full of them today.\n\nThe word here is obviously adjectival, but the usage seems to be closer to its historically more popular sense of \"happy, carefree\" than to homosexuality. However, as an adjective, it is modifying the noun \"pansies,\" a familiar albeit derogatory name for effeminate (usually with the connotation of homosexuality) men. The OED traces this sense of \"pansy\" back to at least 1926, where the May issue of *Life* magazine describes a \"series of sketches\" called *All About Sex*, which deals \"with gentlemen hiding under beds and spectacular numbers showing the different kinds of pansies in the world's history.\" \n\nThus, *The Afro*'s allusion to \"pansies gay\" would seem to refer to happily effeminate men, which is supported by the usage of \"sissies\" and \"fairies\" in the same line. Perhaps we are witnessing in this usage the transitory period where \"gay\" moved from meaning \"happy\" or \"lewd, lascivious\" to meaning \"homosexual.\"\n\nFinally, the OED offers some thoughts on the origin of this usage of \"gay,\" which I will quote at length here. Forgive me for the long excerpt, but I believe it to be pertinent.\n\n > The relationship between the various subsenses of sense A. 4 [*Wanton, lewd, lascivious*] is difficult to establish from the available evidence. It seems most likely that the ‘homosexual’ sense A. 4d [*(a) Of a person: homosexual; (b) (of a place, milieu, way of life, etc.) of or relating to homosexuals*] was primarily a development of sense A. 4b [*Originally of persons and later also more widely: dedicated to social pleasures; dissolute, promiscuous; frivolous, hedonistic. Also (esp. in to go gay): uninhibited; wild, crazy; flamboyant*], especially of its connotations of hedonism and lack of inhibition, while the ‘prostitution’ sense A. 4c [*euphem. Esp. of a woman: living by prostitution. Of a place: serving as a brothel. Now rare.*] was a separate development from sense A. 4b. In quot. 1889 at sense A. 4c^1 gay is used by a male prostitute of people engaged in prostitution, but not specifically in the sense ‘homosexual’ (compare quot. 1890 at sense A. 4c,^2 quoting the same source). Some examples of gay cat n. at Special uses 2a imply a relationship with an older tramp involving sexual favours (compare punk n.1 2b, gunsel n. 1), but this cannot be taken as earlier evidence that gay itself was being used in the sense ‘homosexual’. However, early discomfiture among some homosexuals about the adoption of gay to describe themselves was based on the word's associations both with prostitution (sense A. 4c) and with frivolity and promiscuousness (sense A. 4b): see, for example, [discussion by R. R. Butters ‘Cary Grant and the emergence of gay “homosexual”’ in *Dictionaries* 19 (1998): 188–204.](_URL_3_)\n \n > Support has not been established for statements such as the following about supposed earlier use in French (dictionaries of French only record the sense ‘homosexual’ for gai as a very recent (late 20th-cent.) Anglicism of disputed acceptance, following earlier (unassimilated) borrowing of the English word in this sense as French gay ):\n\n > 1953 ‘D. W. Cory’ *Homosexual Outlook* ix. 107 In France as early as the sixteenth century the homosexual was called *gaie*; significantly enough, the feminine form was used to describe the male. The word made its way to England and America, and was used in print in some of the more pornographic literature after the First World War. Psychoanalysts have informed me that their homosexual patients were calling themselves gay in the nineteen-twenties, and certainly by the nineteen-thirties it was the most common word in use among homosexuals themselves.\n \n > By the 1960s gay in the sense ‘homosexual’ (sense A. 4d) had become established as the preferred term of self-reference for many homosexual men. The subsequent more general currency of this sense has led some commentators to claim that this is now the dominant sense of the word, and that gay in its earlier meanings of ‘carefree’ or ‘bright and showy’ cannot readily be used today without at least a sense of double entendre (see discussion in R. W. Burchfield New Fowler's Mod. Eng. Usage (1996) 324).\n\n---\n\n^1: 1889 J. Saul *Statement: Cleveland Street Cas*e (P.R.O. DPP 1/95/4) 38: \"I am still a professional ‘Maryanne’. I have lost my character and cannot get on otherwise. I occasionally do odd jobs for different gay people.\"\n\n^2: 1890 *Star* 16 Jan. (ed. 5) 2/7: \"I worked hard at cleaning the houses of the gay people; the gay ladies on the beat.\"\n\n---\n**EDITS**\n\nEDIT: Some formatting, grammatical editing, and to add that Butter's *Dictionaries* article which the excerpt alludes to is not available in downloadable PDF form. If it is of particular interest to anyone, I recommend using [Worldcat](_URL_1_) to locate the nearest print holdings of that journal, or to inquire at your local university's library about procuring the article through Interlibrary Loan services.\n\nEDIT 2: [A source for the Butters article, as provided by u/bcool.](_URL_3_)\n\nEDIT 3: There was a further question which was deleted which wondered about where the term \"faggot\" came to refer to homosexuals. I did some more digging in the OED and came up with an interesting theory. I hope it does not derail the original post too much:\n\nThe OED’s 6th subsense for the word is defined as “A (male) homosexual. *slang* (orig. and chiefly U.S.).” And the first citation it provides is dated 1914, from a publication entitled *A vocabulary of criminal slang, with some examples of common usages* by Louis E. Jackson and C. R. Hellyer. [You can search the text of that work here.]( _URL_5_)\nThe word appears in the definition of the word “drag,” which, among other slang definitions from the period, means “female attire donned by a male” in the sense that we still use the term today. Jackson and Hellyer provide an example of usage:\n\n > Example: “All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight.”\n\nHow charming! Of course this sheds no light on how the term moved from describing a bundle of sticks to a “sissie,” but the OED might give us a hint at that, too. Interestingly, there is yet another alternative definition for “faggot” listed, “A term of abuse or attempt applied to a woman.” This sense has apparently been in use since the 16th century, where it appears in Thomas Lodge’s 1591 [*Catharos: Diogenes in His Singularity*](_URL_0_), which Wikipedia describes as [“a discourse on the immorality of Athens”]( _URL_6_). Lodge writes:\n\n > \tA filbert is better than a faggot, except it be an Athenian she handfull.\n\n The term stayed in usage through the 20th century, where it even appeared in *Ulysses* wherein is described \"That old faggot Mrs. Riordan.\"\n\nIt makes sense that the derogatory term towards women would shift in this way towards effeminate men in the early twentieth century. \n\n",
"In a comment that clearly did not adhere to the standards in this sub, Cary Grant's use of the term *gay* was introduced in the movie \"Bringing Up Baby\" from 1938.\n\n > > _URL_0_\n\nHow can we be sure it is meant as a man who enjoys sex with men exclusively? From our pov sure his clothes point towards drag queens, but in that time? Older fashion ideas from the 19th century perhaps?\n\nAccording to the quote from /u/hairy1ime the word gay developed the meaning it has today from *'uninhibited; wild, crazy; flamboyant.'* This could also be used to 'translate' the word to our time, I would think.\n\nSo which meaning was used in that scene?\n",
"The opposite question is also interesting: How long did people continue to use the word gay for happy? The Flintstones theme song includes the line \"gay ol' time\". That's the last use I can come up with.",
"You need to clarify what you mean by homosexual. \n\nIn the book \"Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 by George Chauncey\" It is stated that the term \"gay\" comes into popular usage in the 30s (at least in NYC) BUT it only refers to the effeminate men... what had been called \"fairies\" before. There was a lot of overlap with cross dressing in that group as well. \n\nOther men at the time could have sex with the fairies, but not be considered one of them. Hetero/homo sexual wasn't a distinction made at the time, but the men that did this weren't considered to be \"gay\", or a \"fairy\", either by the gay communities or by society. Chauncey gives several examples from interviews and newspapers to back this up. Think sailors or single male immigrants (lack of female options for sexual release)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A06163.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext",
"http://www.worldcat.org/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beebo_Brinker",
"http://sci-hub.io/doi/10.1353/dic.1998.0017",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American",
"https://books.google.com/books?id=q30PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+vocabulary+of+criminal+slang,+with+some+examples+of+common+usages&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0l5Lk7OjLAhWLFh4KHR-KAnwQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=A%20vocabulary%20of%20criminal%20slang%2C%20with%20some%20examples%20of%20common%20usages&f=false",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lodge#Prose_fiction"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCymsoQL49c"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
i6mj5
|
How long would it take to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium?
|
If I were to go round in my *pew pew lazors* spaceship collecting as many asteroids as I could, and superglued them all into a big pile, how long would the pile take to form into a spherical shape, and what processes would be at play shifting the mass around?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/i6mj5/how_long_would_it_take_to_achieve_hydrostatic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c21bjq5"
],
"score": [
4
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"text": [
"Cool question! The process would occur on geological timescales. If your rocks were particularly radioactive that might speed things up a little, but think 10s of millions of years. The rocks would deform through [solid state mechanisms](_URL_0_) like creep, glide, and pressure solution. In the first two, individual atoms (and planes of atoms) are are shuffled inside the minerals structures in response to stress (force) acting on them, in this case it would be gravitational. In pressure solution, material under high pressure dissolves in the presence of fluid and material moves to low pressure parts of the rock along grain boundaries.\n\nEdit: spelling."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://ic.ucsc.edu/~casey/eart150/Lectures/DefMech/14deformationmechanisms.htm"
]
] |
|
cgsq67
|
why doesn’t water go up your butt if you jump in a pool?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cgsq67/eli5_why_doesnt_water_go_up_your_butt_if_you_jump/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eukjl69"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Something tells me you just might not be a real doctor!\n\nIt’s all to do with your anal sphincter"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6txune
|
why do emulators emulate, not simulate?
|
Emulation brings a host of issues with it, and we know every last detail of most old consoles and computers as far as I'm aware. Surely a modern processor could simulate almost anything made before the year 2000. So why not do it?
Note that when I say simulation I mean literal simulation: a software representation of every last chip and wire such that no matter the input, the output would be completely indistinguishable from the real thing. Emulators essentially are simply programs that take an input and manipulate it to mimic the hardware's output, but rarely in the exact same manner.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6txune/eli5_why_do_emulators_emulate_not_simulate/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Modern processors are good, but they're not good enough to do a full processor simulation of pretty much anything (maybe you could get away with the original Game Boy). They'd have dozens of clock cycles to simulate thousands of transistors which just isn't possible to do. ",
"emulation is much simpler. You maybe have 100 instructions to emulate, with their associated effects. Imagine trying to get the interconnects right for 50,000 transistors in code. One mistake and your \"chip\" doesnt work. ",
"Because it's insanely hard. Even if it were doable in a hardware standpoint (and assuming you could find the hardware specs), the people working on it are free volunteers.\n\nI don't have a better answer, but you might want to look into the history of higan, an emulator which gets very close to this. That might shed some light on specific difficulties.\n\nHere's one nice article(see the ars technica for nitty gritty):\n > _URL_0_\n\nEven that requires (relatively) insane processing.\n\n > we know every last detail of most old consoles and computers as far as I'm aware.\n\nAFAIK, we have the programmer manuals (manuals the hardware vendors sent out) , but the exact specs for many systems were never published. Of course they've been taken apart, but I'm not sure we have every detail, especially for \"newer\" consoles."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.tested.com/tech/gaming/2712-why-perfect-hardware-snes-emulation-requires-a-3ghz-cpu/"
]
] |
|
2nkl3m
|
why are rice based food products superior to comparable corn/wheat based products?
|
From the dog's food to my baby's, the package labeling touts that there is no corn or wheat in product. The majority of these "superior" products seem to use rice as the grain or starch.
Certainly a portion of this must be attributed to marketing and dietary trends (gluten-free, high-fructose corn syrup free, etc.), but what other factors exist that make rice a more favored option?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nkl3m/eli5_why_are_rice_based_food_products_superior_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmen3ys"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"-Rice is easy to digest and hardly anyone is allergic to rice so great for baby's first solid food. Some dogs have allergies.\n\n-If a box is labeled with something it is either required to do so or the company thinks it would make the product sell. It does not mean in any way that the item is actually better than other products. \"This food has doesn't have any X!\" just naturally makes it sound like X is bad. Extra points if X is currently less liked in the culture. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1sbwgp
|
What are the origins of Prester John?
|
Was he based upon a real historical figure?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1sbwgp/what_are_the_origins_of_prester_john/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdw5eyy",
"cdw97cv"
],
"score": [
12,
4
],
"text": [
"Ah Prester John. There's a number of theories about the origins of the Crusader's last hope. There was never any one figure with whom we can identify Prester John, but there a number of possible inspirations to the Franks.\n\nThere is a good chance he is a wholly manufactured character, based from old stories about Christian Kingdoms in the Orient. Or, he could be based on conflicting and muddied stories about the very real, and very christian king of Ethiopia. However, the Prester John story gained new legs in the 13th century with the arrival of the Mongols to the Near East. Several of their leaders were Nestorian Christians, and fascinatingly sought (and in the case of the Cilicians, received) alliances with Outremer against the Mohammedan. Most notable amoung them are Sartaq and Kitbuqa, both of the Ilkhanate. However, this latter day reincarnation of Prester John was short-lived, as the Ilkhanate's rulers converted to Islam later in that century.\n\nFavorite source, and best one-volume history of the crusades: God's War, by Christopher Tyerman.",
"What Yul108 says is essentially correct, but adding to that, the first account we have of Prester John, in the West, is that found in Otto of Freising's *Chronicle or History of the Two Cities* (VII, 33). It is true that we know very little about the origin of the figure. Otto's account is that there was a certain Bishop Hugo of Djebele in Syria at a metting with the Pope at Viterbo (attended by Otto), who, after discussing the perils of the Eastern Church, told of a Christian King John, from the utmost East beyond Armenia and Persia, who made war on the kings of Persia (but was unable to cross the Tigris). Now it has been argued, by [Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev](_URL_0_), that this rumor emerged out of actual raids by Central Asian kingdoms into the Levant. Apparently the timelines are roughly correct, however there is almost certainly no actual figure corresponding to Prester John himself. Rather, the figure himself likely grew out of Christian hopes and insecurities over the strength of various Islamic powers and the success (or lack thereof) of various Crusades/crusader kingdoms. This is underscored particularly by an interesting article by Bernard Hamilton (\"Continental Drift: Prester John's Progress through the Indies), where he shows that between the 12th to 15th centuries, the shift of Prester John's supposed kingdom from India to Ethiopia corresponds closely to the shift in Islamic power from Iraq to Egypt over this same period. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N608AAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=prester+john+mongols&ots=epJF0MakcI&sig=ROk_U7RcLbS6FYLxvHhw95X235g#v=onepage&q=prester%20john%20mongols&f=false"
]
] |
|
zl3b3
|
how are scratch cards made?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zl3b3/eli5_how_are_scratch_cards_made/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c65iwgp"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Do you mean like lottery scratch-off cards?\n\nThe technique is pretty simple. The card is printed and covered with a wax coating. Then a thin layer of latex rubber paint is applied over the scratchable areas. The latex sticks to the wax, but comes off with a fingernail. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1quaf5
|
why are most if not all mottos in latin?
|
E.g semper fi, e plubris unum, etc...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1quaf5/eli5_why_are_most_if_not_all_mottos_in_latin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdgk5yl",
"cdglr09"
],
"score": [
10,
9
],
"text": [
"Because our social roots go back to them, our language roots go back to them, and our military strategies and system roots go back to them ",
"I think it is about adding gravitas to the motto. Latin was the language of scholarship, of law and of nobility for thousands of years. It is still the language of the church. It is used in various fields to this day. I think it is chosen to add weight to the words."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
eos9l2
|
if the size of your breast is indicative of how much fatty tissue you have, not how much milk you're producing, why do they grow the further you get in pregnancy
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eos9l2/eli5_if_the_size_of_your_breast_is_indicative_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"feerxzx",
"feewtwe",
"feey3ld"
],
"score": [
10,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because pregnacy causes womens bodies to store more fat as a contingency in case food is scarce.\n\nSo she has more energy reserves to produce milk with.\n\nIt is genetic.",
"Also the glads in the breast tissue that are responsible for producing milk enlarge because of hormones. They will also engorge as milk comes in. When a woman is ready to feed her breast may increase several cup sizes and then shrink back down after the milk has been expressed.",
"Breast milk is actually converted from fats. During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone production in the woman’s body is increased, which also leads to an increase of fat retention. Fats are an very effective form of energy storage, and after birth, other hormones in the body helps the woman convert the fats into milk for the baby. \n\nMore info: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://kellymom.com/hot-topics/milkproduction/"
]
] |
||
39c6sd
|
Did we know the rate of survival during the world wars? Specifically for people who saw combat.
|
Edit. I'm putting this edit at the top because it's bothering me so much, but did should really be do (in the title.) Hopefully if we did know that stuff we still do...
I'm interested in this idea in general, especially if there is a different answer for depending on when you joined either war.
I have been really really really into world war one ever since listening to dan carlin's hardcore history. Blue print for armegedden. I highly recommend it. Dan Carlin really describes the combat in world War one as brutal, blood bathish, and almost like a death sentence. And his descriptions of the combat involve the word meat grinder. So when he paints these awful images of people running across a field just to be mowed down by a machine gun.
So what rate of survival makes world war one a meat grinder? I mean, when you describe these charges as suicide missions and then tell me 1 million people on one side of the war died in a single offensive. How many people were actually invovled?
We're the first people over the top of the trenches in these offensives just doomed to die? Did they know that? I imagine the survivability of each wave of soldiers went up as time went on because maybe the previous waves make some headway.
I'm talking a lot about world war one but I'm equally interested in world War two statistics.
There's a lot of questions here. But really just anything we know about this would be a really great insight on the wars I think.
I'd be stunned if I learned like 90% of people who joined the French army in 1914 were dead by the end of the war. But I'd equally be surprised if it was like 15%.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/39c6sd/did_we_know_the_rate_of_survival_during_the_world/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cs26k4y"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"France called up 8.3 million men, including colonials in WWI, of which 4.2 million were casualties, 1.1 million killed. The British Empire mobilized about 5 million men, of which 930 000 were killed. The German Army mobilized 13.5 million men, of which c. 2 million were killed; Austria-Hungary mobilized 8 million men, of whom 1 million were killed. Russia mobilized 12 million men, of which 1.8-2 million were killed; Italy mobilized 5 million men, of which 462 000 were killed.\n\n > Dan Carlin really describes the combat in world War one as brutal, blood bathish, and almost like a death sentence. And his descriptions of the combat involve the word meat grinder. So when he paints these awful images of people running across a field just to be mowed down by a machine gun.\n\nI'd strongly caution you towards *Blueprint for Armageddon*; Carlin isn't a serious historian, and /u/elos_ and others can comment on his over reliance on primary sources, and tendency towards hyperbole. Moreover, the biggest killer, as in the cause of 60-70% of casualties in the war, was artillery not machine guns, the latter of which solders did not just 'run at'.\n\n > So what rate of survival makes world war one a meat grinder? I mean, when you describe these charges as suicide missions and then tell me 1 million people on one side of the war died in a single offensive. How many people were actually involved\n\nWith armies doing battle with numbers and firepower never before seen, losses were always going to be fairly high, but in terms of most casualties in the shortest amount of time, the Eastern Front 1914-17 and the mobile fighting in the West in 1914 and 1918 were far bloodier and intense than say the Somme or Verdun.\n\n > We're the first people over the top of the trenches in these offensives just doomed to die? Did they know that? I imagine the survivability of each wave of soldiers went up as time went on because maybe the previous waves make some headway\n\nBy late 1915, certainly by 1916, the Germans and French had already developed highly sophisticated infantry tactics, and the British would follow suit during and after the Somme in 1916. LMGs, Mortars, Grenade Launchers, Infantry Guns, etc were used along with fire-and-movement methods.\n\n > I'm talking a lot about world war one but I'm equally interested in world War two statistics\n\nThe death rate per division, per day for the Somme campaign was c. 113 for the British. In Normandy, per division and division equivalent per day, it was c. 99."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1guzk0
|
where do black market arms in war zones come from?
|
I know in war-torn areas (eg Syria, Afghanistan for awhile), there is always talk of the illegal arms trade and market. I know there are arms dealers and warlords, but where do these weapons originate? Are they making their RPGs and missiles and selling them? Or are they stealing (or being supplied) by other armies?
(also hello NSA)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1guzk0/where_do_black_market_arms_in_war_zones_come_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cao2wne",
"cao9y8x"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"In short leftovers form others wars. As we all know when the US comes to fight we come with overwhelming force; its not publicized but when the conflict is over it is cheaper/ cost affective to sell the weapons that were not used to the local militia/warlords then to ship it back with our soldiers. The weapons the US use are typically more desirable then the local stockpile so the they are resold to the highest bidder thus creating a dirty bidding war. Also they steal them, modern day pirates. ",
"Watch Lord of War. It'll help you understand."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
372yir
|
why aren't we doing anything about the colossal amount of trash in the pacific ocean?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/372yir/eli5why_arent_we_doing_anything_about_the/
|
{
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"crj9103",
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"crjkxq9",
"crjoru7"
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"score": [
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2,
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"text": [
"I cant find it now but there was a documentary about a team who went out in search of this massive amount of trash that was collecting in the pacific.\n\n They were fully expecting a huge group of trash but maybe found 2 peice the entire time. The Pacific Ocean is huge and it is a relatively small amount of trash for people to start caring about yet.",
"There are organisations who do this, but it is seen as a topic of low importance, similar to action against climate change. The wider public isn't yet aware of the huge problem because it is far away and industries see environmental problems purely as profit inhibitors. Governments see no respoonsibility since the trash accumulates mostly far away from their territorial waters. \n\nThe EU has started to take action against the trashing of the oceans and where I live, this is implemented by some supermarket chains that have stopped selling plastic bags. This, however, is only a drop in the ocean (no pun intended).",
"Because it isn't what people think.\n\nThe Pacific gyre is filled with plastic, it's a huge problem, but the plastic is millions of tiny pieces suspended in the water. \n\nTo 'do something' you'd have to filter billions of gallons of water without killing every living thing in it and then find some way to remove the plastic accumulation from the local biomass without again killing everything.",
"It's kind of like the asteroid belt. It's dense compared to other parts of the ocean, but you would still never notice you were in it. ",
"It's way too costly and it won't have much of an impact on considering the other sources of oceanic pollution that societies create. Like /u/recycled_ideas said, it's in millions of particles suspended in water AND it's accumulated in the fauna of the water, meaning it would be even more difficult and costly to remove and still there won't be much of an impact.",
"There are projects going on but they are long and extremely costly. \n\nHere's one. \n_URL_0_",
"Because nobody is going to make money by doing it, and this world is (unfortunately) ran by money. Give somebody fiscal incentives and I can assure you it would be done in a heartbeat!",
"I know that the rules say no links... but [this](_URL_0_) is relevant.\n\nFor those that hate clicking links, **TL;DR** A 19 year old came up with a way to filter out the small plastics without killing all the lil fishies and microorganisms. ",
"Things are being done to limit the amount of trash going down storm drains, which adds to all the plastic bits on the Pacific Ocean. This is why there are plastic bag bans at grocery stores.",
"because there's no way for a business to make money doing so.\n\nif you figure out how to do this, while being profitable in the process (perhaps using the collections to make plastic cheaper than current methods), you can become a millionaire."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Reef"
],
[],
[
"http://inhabitat.com/19-year-old-student-develops-ocean-cleanup-array-that-could-remove-7250000-tons-of-plastic-from-the-worlds-oceans/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
374yrp
|
why havent the balkans joined the european union yet? if greece were to be kicked out, would they take greece's place? what would the economic pros and cons be?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/374yrp/eli5_why_havent_the_balkans_joined_the_european/
|
{
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"crjq5bs",
"crjqddf"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"They have chosen to not join the EU, or do not meet the requirements set by the EU to join it. \n\nAlso there are not \"slot\" for nations to replace in the EU. ",
"Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania and Serbia are candidate Member States of the EU. This means an official negotiation process is underway, since the implementation of the so-called acquis communautaire (EU law) is a complex operation. Full compliance with EU law is a requirement to join. For each new EU state, a 'framework' is being negotiated, which they should comply to.\n\nImportant points in this framework for Balkan countries are for instance cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Some of these countries haven't shown full commitment due to various reasons. The negotiations have been resumed in 2013 with Serbia for instance.\n\nThese countries also have a relatively high level of corruption, which should be tackled.\n\nTrade from the Balkan countries to the rest of Europe would become much easier, and--presumably more important--it would become easier for these countries to import goods and services from other EU countries.\n\nJust to note, the Balkans will not take over the Greek seat in Brussels. The negotiation process is not related to the Greek crisis at all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
16ynbq
|
What is the difference between imperialism and colonialism?
|
Is there even a difference? I always remember hearing colonialism for events before the French and Indian War (maybe even up to the French Revolution), but somewhere around the mid 1800s, all of the sudden imperialism takes its place. Is imperialism just a negative substitute for colonialism?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16ynbq/what_is_the_difference_between_imperialism_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c80lje8"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text": [
"Imperialism is an expansionist policy; colonialism is the practice of establishing colonies. It is arguably possible to practice imperialism without practicing colonialism, as the U.S. did in continental North America in the 19th century, and it is arguably possible to practice colonialism without practicing imperialism, as the East India Company did in the 18th century, colonizing India for commercial purposes. But most often colonialism goes with imperialism, with colonies established not only for commercial purposes but also as part of a deliberate expansionist political policy. \n\nA more controversial term is informal imperialism, in which superpowers are accused of expanding their sphere of influence through a combined military, political, and commercial presence without ever overtly annexing territory or establishing colonies. Today, both of these \"isms\" are often viewed in a negative light, and used as accusations, but that was not the case among the various expansionist powers in the 19th century, including the U.S., Russia, and of course the British Empire. \n\nGermany may have started two world wars because of it's frustrated expansionist policy, since it was not a sea power like Britain nor did it have vast undeveloped territories neighboring it like Russia and the U.S. In light of their frustration, many Germans didn't see anything wrong with expansion in continental Europe, even if it meant invading their neighbors, as long as they had the means and the will to make it happen. \n\nThe resulting wars and the post war poverty of European nations turned even Europeans against imperialism, and Britain gradually disassembled its empire while the U.S. professed that it had no interest in establishing a new empire. Russian imperialism finally came to an end at the end of the Cold War, but the U.S. continues to consider itself the world's policeman, and other European countries occasionally find themselves once again mixed up in the affairs of their old colonies, like France in Mali and Algeria. China holds Tibet and some other territories of people who do not consider themselves Chinese, but many countries who do not like the U.S. and can no longer look to Russia have allowed China to establish its own sphere of influence as a rival to the U.S."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4wwbvk
|
how does a country get out of a economic crysis?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wwbvk/eli5_how_does_a_country_get_out_of_a_economic/
|
{
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"d6adfx9",
"d6af3xo"
],
"score": [
2,
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],
"text": [
"It depends on what the crisis in question is. Some big problems are actually caused, or can be solved by, relatively small tweaks in policy. Others are longer term and structural.\n\nThis is like asking \"how do you cure a disease?\"",
"By crisis, I'll assume you mean a recession, which is two consecutive quarters of negative growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), ie. An economy is shrinking. \n\nWithout going into too much economic theory (this is ELI5 after all), GDP consists of government spending, consumer spending, investment and net exports. A government wants to keep the summation of these factors positive and growing. \n\nIf one factor declines eg. Consumer spending due to job losses, a government could increase its spending by building infrastructure (which need workers). If net exports were failing, a government could subsidise exports (making them cheaper), encourage the development of new export products (industrial restructuring), and even devalue the currency by printing more money / selling currency reserves. \n\nThese are only temporary fixes however, as a government gets its money from tax revenue, which may be declining if people are not working or, businesses are not making profits. If a government spends more than they receive (the 'deficit') they need to borrow money from a central bank or another country (in 'debt') and pay it back like you would a car loan. If a country can't pay back its debt repayments, it may default on these loans, and find it very difficult to borrow any further money, or face very high repayment terms. This can be a downward cycle (Eg. Greece). A government that runs out of money usually collapses - think all services shut off, riots, Revolution, the US Furlough on roids. \n\nGetting a defaulted country on its feet again usually requires a big low interest cash injection from another country, this is usually tied with economic restructuring that may be unpopular (eg. reducing government spending by cutting welfare and increasing taxes). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3xyy5a
|
How exactly does electronic image stabilization work? Is it using a gyroscope?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3xyy5a/how_exactly_does_electronic_image_stabilization/
|
{
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"text": [
"Unfortunately on mobile and cannot pull up some sources at the moment, hopefully someone can help by providing some content to show what I'm about to describe. There are a few videos on it from various camera manufacturers showcasing their technologies and YouTube videos of people who explain it well and in depth with visuals. But there are essentially three ways you can stabilize an image or video.\n\nThe first is through the lens itself. In a lens there are multiple elements and groups that move relative to one another to change focus and focal length. Stabilized lenses actually shift the glass around as they sense motion through an accelerometer, and keep the lens physically pointed at the object you intended to reduce shake and blur that is from your hand or tripod even.\n\nThe second is a stabilized sensor. It essentially does the same thing as the first type but instead of moving lens elements and groups, it just shifts the sensor to counteract movement, and still keep the sensor pointed at its intended subject.\n\nThe third type is typically only for video, and it is a post production stabilization technique. It compares frames to one another as the video plays, and decides what the subject is via software. Typical important things being a constant subject like a person, or a level horizon. What it then does it crop the frames that are not level, and meshes it together the best it can. Sometimes you'll see stabilized videos on YouTube that appear really weird and distorted, because they applied that effect to a really shaky and bad quality video. It's not really meant for extremely bad video, but I suppose it's better than just having an entirely unwatchable video.\n\nBut perhaps your question being that maybe if they're intending to prevent the camera from shaking in the first place. In that case no. I'm not aware of any cameras that can actively prevent the camera from shaking in your hand through a gyroscope. Stuff like that comes from a sturdy rig from products like dollies, tripods, and even glidecams.",
"It can be done purely with software. Go fire up Windows Movie Maker and you'll see a function to stabilize video built in to it. It is based on recognizing patterns in frames, recognizing translation and rotation, then manually countering those by editing that frame. This is for post-recording though, I'm sure there are camera systems that stabalize as they record that can take advantage of gyros or acceleramators.",
"\"Electronic image stabilization\" can mean different things, so I'm assuming you're not talking about gimbal-type stabilization where the whole camera is made to rotate less.\nIn order to perform stabilization, the image sensor can be moved around, or some parts of the lens can do that instead, or the whole image can be warped a posteriori. In all those cases, the goal is to reduce the apparent motion in the image.\nUsually, the rotations of the camera induce the more motion in the image, so this is what you want to measure in order to stabilize. So yes, many electric image stabilization use a gyroscope that's precisely sync'ed with the image sensor. You can also estimate the camera rotation from the image directly, which can be costly and error-prone.\nOnce you have your estimate of the rotation it is easy to generate the image you would have seen, had the camera not rotated, but wait! For very small rotations the effect is very similar to a whole image shift, that's why shifting the sensor or the whole lens (with piezo-electric stuff) works ok, for bigger rotations or rotations around the view axis of your camera, you'd need to use a GPU or a software method (which is good, but forces you to re-sample the image and lose some resolution in the process: the image is somewhat blurrier).\nSome stabilization methods claim to be 5-axis or 6-axis, meaning they do more than just compensating for rotation, but since the effect of translation on screen is depth dependent and none of these systems really estimate the depth, my guess is that it's marketing BS but I could be wrong.",
"EIS is purely a software technique. At a basic level, it looks at each frame, tries to find common points and literally moves, turns and morphs each frame to make it appear as the subjects are central. To do this you lose the edges of the frame as it is cropped to make sure you don't see this manipulation. \n\nThere is a very good video on how software actually does this with varying techniques, I can't find it right now but I will try and dig it out.\n\nEDIT: [Found it!](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/BgAdeuxkUyY"
]
] |
||
8igvst
|
Do different species have different types/levels of hemoglobin and does that different provide an advantage?
|
Ex: a Cheetah hypothetically having 50 & #37; more hemoglobin than a human because they depend on their speed to bring down prey to provide a better oxygen supply during a chase
already see the typo :\-/
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8igvst/do_different_species_have_different_typeslevels/
|
{
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"text": [
"Different organisms have different versions of oxygen carrying proteins. Octopi, for example, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, which uses copper, instead of iron like hemoglobin. Even within organisms that use hemoglobin, the actual amino acid sequence is likely to at least somewhat vary across species. ",
"Not only are variations in haemoglobin observed between species, but also within species. E.g. human foetal haemoglobin is expressed late in foetal development, enabling the developing baby to acquire oxygen from the mother's blood. Also, the bar head goose is a cool example. It's haemoglobin displays an increased affinity for oxygen due to a few amino acid substitutions, enabling them to fly at extreme altitudes.",
"Humans have several versions of hemoglobin, produced by several genes.\n\nIn adults, the prevailing types are Hb-A and Hb-A2 (in much lesser amounts.) \n\nIn fetuses, a Hb-A is suppressed and a version called Hb-F is produced. \n\nHb-F has a higher oxygen binding affinity than the other types. This is an adaptation to deal with the reduced Oxygen conditions in the womb. Hb-F needs to be able to \"steal\" oxygen, in effect, from the Hb-A in the mother's blood.\n\nIt's unclear what role Hb-A2 plays in the body, if it is a different role from Hb-A at all. It's found in small percentages in both adults and fetuses. (2-4%) The Oxygen binding profile is similar to Hb-A. It may serve functions different than oxygen transport, such as scavenging oxygen in low oxygen tissues, or as a pH buffering system. It may also be an evolutionary hold-back from the distant past.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
8y7dsb
|
How much of the population of Cambodia was the Khmer Rouge intending to kill
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8y7dsb/how_much_of_the_population_of_cambodia_was_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e28ytnl"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"While there is no document released by the CPK that eloquently lays out a plan to kill a certain percentage of the people in Cambodia, looking at death toll statistics gives a few indications.\n\nSo, starting with the roughly 8 million people who were in Cambodia when the Lon Nol regime fell, we split that into the main categories that were used to align the social hierarchy in Democratic Kampuchea: 'New People' and 'Base People'. The New People category includes 2 million urban Khmer, 600,000 rural Khmer, 400,000 Chinese (all urban), 10,000 Vietnamese and 10,000 Lao. For a total of 3,000,000. Of these it is estimated that around 870,000 perished. The 'new people' designation is all about class background and perceived 'reactionary' attitude to the revolution. Basically these people had the opportunity to 'join the cause', but they stayed in the cities due to their bourgeoise-ness (according to the Khmer Rouge). So that is 29 & #37; of New People 'perishing', not dying from outright execution mind you. \n\n\nThe 'Base People' group breaks into rural Khmer with 4,500,000 (majority of the population) the Muslim Chams, 250,000, rural Thai and Vietnamese 20,000 and the hill tribe minorities like the Jarai with 60,000. so of that 4,850,000 it is estimated that 790,000 died. Or 16 & #37;. \n\n\nAdded together the total 'perished' is 1,671,000 (this is from Kiernan's book *The Pol Pot Regime -* but his stats are pretty close to the ones the ECCC are using) which is 21 & #37; of the population of Cambodia. Probably about 500,000 of those are outright executions - lets call it 7 & #37;. \n\n\nSo, how much of the population did the Khmer Rouge *intend* to kill? At least 7 & #37;. How much of the deaths in Cambodia attributed to overwork, malnutrition and disease you want to deem 'intent' on behalf of the Khmer Rouge would be up for debate, it was certainly *their fault* but that doesn't answer your question. Remember the 'Cambodian genocide' is a slightly misleading name for the Khmer Rouge intentions during their time in power. They were not trying to kill everyone in Cambodia, if anything they needed more people to tend to the rice paddies. This is a pretty complex subject that I have touched on [here](_URL_0_), but I would say that the former urban elites, the suspicions within the Eastern Zone cadre and the former Lon Nol military, as well as the Vietnamese/Cham provide examples of classes or groups that the Khmer Rouge absolutely *intended* to kill.. I think they would have killed most of the Cham if they stayed in power. If I was to make an educated guess it would be like 15 & #37; of the population was probably marked for murder or was deemed to have done something that warranted execution.\n\n\nThis is a fairly hastily put together answer but I would be more than happy to explain some points further or answer any follow up questions, but I hope that gave you something that looks like what you what you were asking for."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8dgspn/were_the_crimes_of_the_khmer_rouge_a_unique_form/dyont0z/?context=3"
]
] |
||
sfci4
|
What is the coolest Astronomy fact that you know?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/sfci4/what_is_the_coolest_astronomy_fact_that_you_know/
|
{
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"c4dkt8v",
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],
"score": [
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2,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"That every atom in our bodies came from stars that exploded and died sending those building blocks out.\n\nIf you want it in Christian terms \"the sun died so we could live\" ",
"The one I learned today in r/science, that if you took the largest star we know of and stuck it in our solar system, it would physically reach to the ORBIT OF FUCKING SATURN.",
"The \"luminosity\" (i.e., energy produced per unit time) in gravitational waves as two black holes merge is greater than the luminosity of all the stars in the observable universe.",
"The average density of the universe is about 9.9×10^-27 kg / m^3. \nThis is about 6 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1qcx0u
|
why do we perceive the water temperature in a shower as comfortable only within a small range?
|
Inspired by [My shower temperature controls were designed by a madman](_URL_0_)
It seems to me there are two possible explanations: Either the dial does a poor job of modulating temperature, or our sensitivity to temperature changes varies along the temperature scale. Is it mostly one or the other, or do they both contribute? Or is it something else entirely?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qcx0u/eli5_why_do_we_perceive_the_water_temperature_in/
|
{
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"cdblew5",
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"text": [
"Your body is constantly working towards homeostasis, so why would you want to work towards a lower, or hotter body temperature .\n\nAlso if you take a shower at 150° the pain receptors in your skin are going to freak out right ? If its too cold, your body doesn't want to get close to hypothermia. ",
"There are two kind of devices that can keep the shower temperature constant.\n\nThermostat measures the temperature of the water and controls the hot and cold water accordingly. However, thermostat is pretty slow device, it does not work properly if there are rapid changes in water flow (or pressure), for instance, if someone flushes a toilet, the cold water pressure drops rapidly and shower can get too hot for a while.\n\nAnother device, pressure switch (pressostat) will react to the rapid pressure changes and keep the ratio of the cold and hot water constant. However, if the temperature of the hot water changes, the pressure switch does not compensate for it. This happens you have a puny boiler and two or more showers going on the same time.\n\nThere are showers that have both temperature and pressure switches, but that can also cause problems. The water contains calcium and magnesium ions that can deposit inside the shower mechanism. The deposits can slow down the mechanisms controlling the valves. More moving parts, bigger chance of deposits clogging them.\n\nTL;DR; poor piping, low pressure, puny boilers, hard water make shower bad.",
"Well, above 41 degC vital proteins start to denaturate - like egg white turning from goo to solid white. If that temperature is suddenly exceeded your body rings an alarm - which is pain. You can get used to it though, and your body turns on cooling mechanisms like sweating or pumping more blood into the skin (turning you into lobster man).\n\nBelow 37 degC your body is losing energy quickly especially in water. Usually our body hair holds a thin layer of warm air close to our skin. When there's colder water rushing down your body, that layer is gone, plus water has like 20 or so times more heat conductivity, means it draws the energy much faster than colder air would. Again, your body doesn't like this, and reacts with the usual alarm signal, and starts shivering to produce more heat (turn chemical energy into heat, to be precise)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/1qc3gc/my_shower_temperature_controls_were_designed_by_a/"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1hp9ak
|
What was the main factor in the growth of Europe 300 - 500 years ago compared to North America.
|
I mean to say, why were the people of Europe so much more advanced then the native people of north america at the point of the two meeting.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1hp9ak/what_was_the_main_factor_in_the_growth_of_europe/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cawief1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'd say this is a better question for /r/AskHistorians than for here."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8mwskb
|
why does a can of brisk iced tea taste sweeter than a can of dr pepper, even though the iced tea has 27g of sugar, and the dr pepper has 50g?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8mwskb/eli5_why_does_a_can_of_brisk_iced_tea_taste/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dzr10jq"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The answer here is carbonation. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water it gives it a very sharp, bitter taste (if you've had plain carbonated water you'd know). To counteract that in soda a *ton* of sugar is used to balance it out. Since iced tea isn't carbonated, less sugar is needed to make it taste sweeter"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7ev84a
|
is fracking federally regulated?
|
I'm having a hard time understanding the laws around this extraction method. I understand that regulation falls onto to the state and local governments but is it technically regulated federally as well? If so, in what ways?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ev84a/eli5is_fracking_federally_regulated/
|
{
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"dq7vgb1"
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2
],
"text": [
"I don't think you'll find what you're looking for exactly. The regs will fall under different subparts of the clean air and clean water acts. Subpart W of the clean air act for example, focuses on greenhouse gas emissions. I'll keep this short, because it's very complex, but oil and gas operators have to record fuel usage for drilling and completions, well venting, compressor blowdowns, pipeline pigging, and a whole bunch of other stuff. Subparts OOOO (quad O) and OOOOa are the current hot topics in the oil and gas air regulation world. \n\nI've been trying to wrap my head around this stuff for a few years, so good luck learning anything from me. ",
"Yes and no. \n\nI can only speak from my experience , but keep it in your mind that a lot of local people work on the locations you're talking about. Those people live, farm, work, hunt, fish, and raise their families around this stuff. They care about their work and about their communities. There is nothing around that resembles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Two, The Secret of the Ooze.\n\nAnyway...\n\nI've seen more attempted harassment from the state agencies than I have from companies or associations. \n\nKnee jerk regulations are usually garbage. By now you can tell what side of this I'm on; but I'm reasonable, and I expect folks on your side to be as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
14musv
|
Different lice for different hair?
|
How true is it that there are (at least two) different kinds of human lice adapted to different kinds of human hair? This way, lice that can infect black Africans would not be able to infect white Europeans.
Is this just a myth or is it true?
If it is true, how many kinds of lice are there?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/14musv/different_lice_for_different_hair/
|
{
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"c7emzhf"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This is actually a reasonably complex question that leaves me tearing my hair out at the number of journals that charge exorbitant prices to read their articles.\nThere are two species of human lice, the pubic louse, *Pthirus pubis,* and the human head or body louse, often divided accordingly into *Pediculus humanus humanus* and *Pediculus humanus capitus.* It has in fact been suggested that these lice diverged in response to racial differences in their hosts, but this has largely been refuted on the basis of method errors, and is not widely supported by genetic data. It currently appears that these two 'subspecies' actually diverged twice, once in Sub-Saharan Africa, and once...everywhere else. [This paper](_URL_0_) has a decent discussion of this, but is stupidly expensive.\n\nPubic lice have their own fun story. Lice are remarkably host-specific, and are a great example of co-evolution because their phylogeny so beautifully aligns with their hosts'. That is, whenever host species diverge, they are paralleled by a divergence in louse species. IE, the closest relative to *Pediculus humanus* is the chimpanzee louse, *Pediculus schaeffi*, and they diverged around the same time as humans and chimps did. The human pubic louse (*Pthirus pubis*) however, is more closely related to the gorilla louse (*Pthirus gorillae*) than it is to either the human head louse or the chimpanzee louse, suggesting we acquired this parasite from gorillas after the divergence of gorillas, chimps, and humans. Which, of course, raises some interesting questions about how exactly that went down.\n\nIt is worth noting that both kinds of human lice are specialists on different types of hair (pubic/mustache vs. head/body), but differences in hair width between races don't seem to have been substantial enough to cause divergence within head lice."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069103001537"
]
] |
|
2p6mso
|
Did Confucius actually write all the things we see attributed to him or did the ideas evolve into being his?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2p6mso/did_confucius_actually_write_all_the_things_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmu08q5"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Semi-related question: did the translators of his quotes purposely word them in broken English to make them more Chinese? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3y3s45
|
How does CAR T-Cell Therapy differ from CRISPR?
|
Just heard of CAR on the news a few minutes ago. They described it as genetic reprogramming. It reminded me of CRISPR. Obviously CAR is used to fight cancer using T-Cells but is the process similar to the process of CRISPR? How does it differ?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3y3s45/how_does_car_tcell_therapy_differ_from_crispr/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyacouc",
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],
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2,
3
],
"text": [
"CRISPR is a way of modifying cell genomes -- a technique. CAR (chimeric antigen receptors) are the product of modified cell genomes. There are other ways of modifying genomes; techniques for that have been around for decades. CRISPR makes the process, for some forms of genetic modification, much easier, but it's not necessary to make CAR, and as far as I know CRISPR hasn't been used for CAR in any of the ongoing clinical trials.",
"CAR T cells are generated through viral transduction of the Chimeric Antigen Receptor into CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are isolated from a patients. A non-replicating virus integrates a piece of new DNA into the T cells' genomes. This DNA generates proteins that assemble into the Chimeric Antigen Receptor Complex which can recognized cancer surface markers. The signals downstream from the receptor activate the killing potential of the T cells.\n\nCRISPR Cas9 is a relatively new method of genome editing. A protein complex plus a guide RNA allow for targeting editing of the genome by cutting out or inserting genes. This is an improvement over semi-random integration of new genes through non-homologous recombination or viral transduction. I'll be the first to admit that I'm not super familiar with CRISPR technology but I hope this helped."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
zh7ux
|
paradigms
|
in terms of political science.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zh7ux/eli5_paradigms/
|
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"text": [
"Basically the distinct ideas held by each party",
"In politics, the word paradigm is like someone's political \"theme.\" It's a broad political philosophy. As an example, bank regulation is a specific issue. You could say that conservatives are against bank regulation (this is a very broad statement but just stick with it for the example). The conservative paradigm is one of small government and a free market economy. It's because of that paradigm that they are against (some) regulations. Likewise, gay marriage is a specific issue. The over-arching paradigm of those against gay marriage is usually one of \"family values\" that may cover other acts that they see as immoral.\n\n**TL;DR** Ask someone to describe their political beliefs in six words or less. That's a good example of their political paradigm.",
"A way of thinking",
"I always thought a Paradigm was an idea or way of doing things that is the way it is because that is how it has traditionally been."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3dgxvs
|
how is it possible that the net world debt is nonzero?
|
I understand that the borrowing structure and elimination of gold backed currency has caused money to literally appear out of thin air in the form of debt. Looking at this wikipedia page:
_URL_0_
It seems to indicate that only 3 or 4 countries are not in debt, all being very small countries. Is all of this debt just imaginary money backed by nothing? Something about this system seems fundamentally flawed, like the entire world runs on half borrowed currency that doesn't exist.
It's a strange concept.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dgxvs/eli5_how_is_it_possible_that_the_net_world_debt/
|
{
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"text": [
" > Is all of this debt just imaginary money backed by nothing?\n\nRight. Money isn't backed by anything.",
"I have had this same question, with a different twist: if basically all countries are in debt then why not shuffle the numbers so, as much as possible, the debts are paid?\n\nI think there is an advantage in charging interest on imaginary money but honestly I don't understand it all either. I am used to being told, \"it's not that simple\"!",
" > elimination of gold backed currency has caused money to literally appear out of thin air in the form of debt.\n\nThis is pretty much just wrong.\n\nFrom your own link, \n\n > Note that while a country may have a relatively large external debt (either in absolute or per capita terms), it could be a \"net international creditor\" if its external debt is less than the total of the external debt of other countries held by it. For example, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy and others are net international creditors.\n\nIt lists only the debts, and not even *net* debts. See [NIIP](_URL_1_) for more details,\n\n > A positive NIIP value indicates a nation is a creditor nation, while a negative value indicates it is a debtor nation.\n\nGermany, for example, is a net creditor of $1.6 trillion. Japan is the largest creditor at around $3.1 trillion. Neither of these are *very small countries*.\n\nGovernment debt is very different than household debt, you have to look at it from a different perspective.\n\ne: This /r/asksociascience post, [Why is comparing sovereign debt to household debt wrong?](_URL_0_), has a pretty extensive answer for a tangential topic.\n\n",
"Most of the debt is not to countries, but to individuals.\n\nA lot of rich people own government bonds that pay them every year. They are the ones that We The People owe money to.",
"This list is not net debt, it is total claims held by foreigners on domestic assets. It does not subtract claims held by domestics on foreign assets. Note that you should not think of this debt as a collection of loans. Most will come with ownership of an asset, and almost all of these claims are not held by sovereigns.\n\nThese claims are not caused by a lack of a gold standard or any other such nonsense. They are a logically necessary consequence of international trade.",
"I have £10, and it is all the money in the world that will ever exist. I lend £7 to Steve, and he lends £5 of that £7 to Joe. The total debt in the world is now £7+£5=£12. So there is £12 of debt, but still only £10 of money."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskSocialScience/comments/1or3xl/econwhy_is_comparing_sovereign_debt_to_household/ccuudua?context=3",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_international_investment_position"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
31nb1r
|
why do people say "if you're getting something for free, you're the product." do they really believe that that a company like facebook wouldn't sell their data if it was a paid service?
|
I'm not trying to justify the use of bulk data collection, or the sale of data to third parties for marketing or advertising purposes, but does this phrase actually hold water? I find it impossible to believe that if I paid a yearly fee to use Gmail, or a monthly fee to use Facebook, that those companies would suddenly just not have a financial reason to sell my usage data / profile to ad companies anymore.
Is there a deeper meaning to this saying that I'm just totally missing or what?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31nb1r/eli5_why_do_people_say_if_youre_getting_something/
|
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"text": [
"Fundamental logical fallacy on your part.\n\nYou can't infer ~A = > ~B from A = > B.\n\nThe original statement is also false as ~B = > ~A isn't true either. Counter example: open source software.",
"The quote doesn't say that paying for something means that your data *won't* get sold to third parties. Sometimes it will, and sometimes it won't. \n\nThe quote says that if you're getting something for free, your data **is** being sold to third parties 100% of the time (as opposed to X% of the time, where X < 100, for paid products).",
"Given a choice between two products consumers choose either the better product or the cheaper product.\n\nGmail/Facebook is free, so you can't beat it on price. They are both also very well engineered and offer good features. So you probably cannot beat them by being \"better\" in a features sense.\n\nThe only feature you can beat them on is going to be privacy. So if someone charges for email, then they probably make it part of their business model to not sell the consumer data.\n\nIn other words, in the internet economy there are two business models. One where the consumer is the product and the service is free, and another business model where the consumer pays for the service and privacy is the product.\n\nGoogle/Facebook won't change their business model because their current models works. If they did change their business model... that would probably be indicative of a change in how the internet economy works, and that would put in doubt the original statement itself.\n\nSo as long as major products like Gmail/Facebook are free, the statement is true. The moment they start to charge for them, the statement is in doubt.",
"They usually mean they are selling access to you. \n\nLet's take broadcast TV. Its free and over the air. The studios make money from commercials. So the studios are selling access to their audience to advertisers. The larger the audience, the more valuable it is. If a show gets an audience with a lot of children, then that show time is valuable to toy makers. So the studios sell commercial time to toy makers.\n\nIts the same with Facebook and Google, and many other websites. The fact that they are popular make them valuable for advertisers. So Google is selling access to you. You're eyes are the product for advertisers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4l2zih
|
Are there precious metals humanity relies on that we are in danger of running out of?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4l2zih/are_there_precious_metals_humanity_relies_on_that/
|
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"text": [
"Well, part of being a precious metal is its rarity in the first place. Consequently, there is an ongoing scarcity of these metals. Many if them would be of high industrial value, but due to their rarity, their use is limited by their high economical value. \n\nThe reserves on the surface of earth will be exhausted pretty soon. The range of the gold ressources are less than 30 years, if we don't find new deposits to exploit. A much better opportunity would be Asteroid Mining. Since all the deposits in the crust originally came from asteroids in the first place, the logical conclusion would be mining asteroids with a high metal content. \n\nLarge asteroids can have billions of tons of rare metals, many magnitudes of what we can possibly exploit here on earth. ",
"Precious metals are typically very easy to recycle. They don't get 'used up' the way that fuels do. When there is a shortage of a precious metal, it's because most of the readily available material is already in use, not because there isn't any of it left.\n\nFor example, a popular application for precious metals is catalytic converters in cars, and when prices are high enough, people will go into junk yards, scavenge the old catalytic converters so that they can extract the 'used' metals in them.\n\nAs /u/Schublade points out, there's already a shortage of precious metals. I've heard of more than one technology that would change the world, if only there were enough Platinum to make it economically viable.\n",
"The US Geological Survey compiles mineral and precious metal data (mostly focused on US production and resources/reserves). Search for USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries and you can look at what they have.\n\nThe 2016 gold report shows the world mines ~3000 tons of gold a year, and has 56,000 tons in reserve. Keep in mind that in the resource industry, reserves are \"what you can get and make money on\" and are therefore a function of price. A resource represents how much of that mineral/metal/ore is actually present. Companies report reserves, but not resources. Thus, we might only have 20 years of reserves at our current consumption for gold, but if the price is right (or technology changes) companies might move more gold from resource to reserves. I point this out to provide some assurance that the world is not \"running out\" of gold to mine... Just the current economic pile. We can move on to lower grade deposits or more expensive assets to mine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8v3tbn
|
why do old tube tv's build up a layer of static on their screens after being used?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8v3tbn/eli5_why_do_old_tube_tvs_build_up_a_layer_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1kavkm"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Because the TV works by firing a constant stream of electrons at the back of the screen, where they hit the pixels and make them glow. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2g9fmw
|
What do electrons do with/to an atom when they're not bonded to anything?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2g9fmw/what_do_electrons_do_withto_an_atom_when_theyre/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckh30ui"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Remember that electrons aren't just particles, they also have wave properties (they are sort of complicated wavy/particly things that are best described with math and metaphors which rely on human experience tend to fall short). When an electron is bound to an atom it is basically in a standing wave on top of that atom. There are a great many different standing electron waves in 3-dimensional space around a given atomic nuclei and these end up having different energy levels, so naturally the electrons tend to fall into the lowest energy configurations. These standing waves take the shape (to a first order approximation) of [spherical harmonics](_URL_0_) in 3D space. We call these standing waves [\"orbitals\"](_URL_1_) (you'll notice the close relationship between the shapes of the spherical harmonics and of orbitals, because they are closely related), and they are how electrons nestle as close as possible (well, with as little energy as possible) around a nucleus.\n\nA covalent bond formed by electrons between two or more atoms is essentially a \"molecular orbital\" wherein an electron exists in a standing wave pattern that encompases two (or more) nuclei."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_harmonics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital"
]
] |
||
2e02m7
|
How do we filter out all of the other gases we breathe in and keep the oxygen?
|
I know oxygen accounts for around 21% of the gas in Earth's atmosphere, so what do our bodies do with all the other gas (like nitrogen) that we breathe in?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2e02m7/how_do_we_filter_out_all_of_the_other_gases_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjuwkzp"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Absolutely nothing. Nitrogen goes in, nitrogen comes out. ^^^You ^^^can't ^^^explain ^^^that.\n\nSeriously though, nitrogen, argon, etc. dissolve in your blood just like oxygen does (which is why you get the bends). But they don't *do* anything in your blood, so there's not typically any net exchange with the air you inhale. Gas transport across the alveoli is driven by diffusion - your blood has lower oxygen content and higher carbon dioxide content than the air you inhale, so oxygen diffuses in and carbon dioxide diffuses out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4tqsq4
|
why do people's moods change based on the weather?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4tqsq4/eli5why_do_peoples_moods_change_based_on_the/
|
{
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"score": [
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209,
10,
3,
5,
3,
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"text": [
"There's actually a mood disorder called \"Seasonal Affective Disorder\" [(SAD)](_URL_1_)\n\nSome experts think it's genetic. Some think that people's hormones fluctuate throughout the year and people with SAD just have more severe fluctuations. \n\nThere're other reasons, too. When it rains, atmospheric pressure [drops](_URL_2_) and causes swelling, which is why some people can \"feel\" a storm coming. Other people just feel more pain, which has a direct impact on their mood.\n\nAnother study says people are just [happier](_URL_0_) in sunshine, so the reduced frequency of sunny days in certain seasons can take that from them and affect their mood that way.\n\n\nThere's been a lot of research done in this area. For more info, I suggest you look up SAD to start.\n\n",
"On the flip side studies have shown that when the heat rises tempers flair. People become more aggressive and crime rates increase. From what I've read scientists believe it's from sleep disturbances because of heat, dehydration and limited activity. Yes the weather is nice, but when it's so hot your mobility is decreased. You get tired and sluggish easily because your body is working overtime to control its temperature. ",
"Sure they do!\n\nAs someone said below, Seasonal Affective Disorder is characterized as a disorder where the weather directly affects a person's temperament. In addition, the weather might not DIRECTLY affect someone's mood, but could cause something that will put someone in a bad or good mood. For example, I HATE the heat, so when it's very hot and humid I'm generally more upset because I'm outside of my comfort zone. Things like this are indirectly caused by the weather, but it changes my mood.",
"You know, just about anything can push us over the edge. [Even geomagnetic storms can cause higher suicide rates](_URL_0_).\n",
"I haven't seen anyone talk about the sociological and psychological aspects yet, so here's my (very limited) insight.\n\nIn addition to the physical and diagnosed disorders (like SAD) that people can experience from the weather, we also associate emotions to experiences. Something like, we get happy when we see our favorite food or are with our closest friends.\n\nIt's not much of a stretch to say that people subconsciously associate emotions with their favored weather. For example, most people are likely happy with sunshine because that's when they are able to go out with their friends, play games, sports, activities, etc. On top of that, rain often forces plans to be cancelled... which would create a negative association. I imagine that years of these associations has the potential to create strong emotional influence.\n\nI would also venture a guess that things like seeing different colors influences our mood... for example, seeing neutralized colors in cloudy weather probably makes us less happy than seeing bright colors in the sun. Similar to how certain bright colors make us hungry (why fast food chains use them).",
"I know that in new York I hear a whole lot about depression related to the lack of sunlight we get up here, I think it might be due to a vitamin D deficiency if I'm not mistaken",
"It's not hard to hypothesize that we have been conditioned by millenniums of simple cycles of food gathering to react this way - spring brings forth the flowers & buds that will soon produce fresh food (later it became planting season); followed by a summer & fall abundance of harvesting; when fall turns to winter, our food stores became much less varied along with smaller and with the colder weather contributed to us being forced to be much less active.\n\nAdditionally, we would psychologically equate the summer with a time of being more active and probably the \"thrill of the hunt\" as a \"good\" period whereas we might have been hard-wired to become self-reflective, melancholic and/or downright depressed as a way to conserve energy during the height of winter. Cave paintings and other such art might have been early man's attempt to cheer himself up that the good days would return by reliving the better season. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/head-games/201503/the-mysterious-power-the-weather",
"http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/seasonal-affective-disorder#1",
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/health-matters/201410/does-rain-cause-painand-what-do-about-it"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13769-does-the-earths-magnetic-field-cause-suicides/"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
aim1jm
|
how did people without available treatment, cure (or relieve) serious depression and anxiety disorders?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aim1jm/eli5_how_did_people_without_available_treatment/
|
{
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"eeox92a",
"eep5bna"
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2
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"text": [
"Prior to the advent of modern mental health care folks self medicated. A LOT. Like a lot a lot.\n\nEg: Pre-WW2 opiates were legal in the US (I couldn’t tell you the exact date they were outlawed without looking it u) and all those patent medicines “Jon Smiths Cure for Man and Beast” the active ingredient? Morphine. So they “worked” in that whatever ailed you soon felt much better after taking a dose. Cocaine IIRC was also legal. Some of the biggest users of these drugs not the folks you’d expect - instead there were housewives - stuck in fairly dull and I thanked roles a lot of women took them, particularly folks with mental health issues. And booze. Prior to prohibition in the US Americans consumed an **absurd** quantity of booze. Booze and drugs. \n\nYou sometimes see things like “would the great artists of days gone by have created their work if they’d been dosed up on Ritalin or Prozac”, and the answer is probably “yes” - because a lot of them had lifelong battles with mental illness - depression, bipolar, etc and generally self medicated the fuck out of themselves with whatever drugs they could get their hands on. Few, of any, of the great works of art from history were the product of clean living.\n\nEDIT: As an add - use of opiates and other drugs was for a long time very mainstream. You could buy them from Sears’ mail order catalog. The original Coke had cocaine in it *by design* it was sold as a remedy. IIRC it also had alcohol, until prohibition when they took the alcohol out, left the cocaine in because that wasn’t controversial at the time, and added sugar to make it taste better. Only later did they remove the cocaine.\n\n",
"I'm pretty sure that until very recently, people didn't have the luxury of mental illness. You worked and self-medicated or you died. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2vkz1o
|
How did South Korea and Japan recover so well?
|
Both Japan and South Korea were relatively poor countries and Japan had been war struck after WWII. (I imagine they had to pay reperations?) but now they are both considered some of the richest and most developed nations. I know they are both in very good geographic locations for shipping to the developing world which is very useful, but that can't be the only reason.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2vkz1o/how_did_south_korea_and_japan_recover_so_well/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cou7lm6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Japan was not a relatively poor country before WWII, as they had just finished modernizing, and had a capable military and navy with a standard of living on par with the European powers at the time. After the war, Japan benefited greatly from the United States occupation, as the United States wanted to ensure Japan wouldn't become a communist state. This is not saying Japan is where it is because of the United States, but rather the United States helped and gave Japan a big boost, and Japan being capable used the boost correctly.\n\nAs for South Korea, there are many reasons. South Korea became an industrialized society under Japanese rule. Along with Taiwan, Japan treated South Korea as an extension of Japan, and so Japan poured billions of dollars to improve and expand the South Korean economy and infrastructure to be on par with that of Japan. Directly being under Japan gave Korea a big boost. After the war, South Korea adopted the modern Japanese economic model because geographically South Korea is very much similar to Japan. After the Korean war, the United States and Japan both spent billions of dollars to fund South Korea's economy and infrastructure. Japanese rule and industrialization during the war, learning from the Japanese economic model, and monetary boosts from both the United States and Japan have led Korea to where it is today."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3vozo0
|
why the roof of my mouth feels destroyed after eating some foods a lot?
|
After eating some food for extended periods of time, my mouth feels awful. Usually it is sweet food, but it can vary.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vozo0/eli5_why_the_roof_of_my_mouth_feels_destroyed/
|
{
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"cxpdrj9",
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],
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6,
6
],
"text": [
"There are various ways of preserving food: salt (meat jerky), sugar (candied fruits), acid (pickles), heat (sundried tomatoes, smoked foods), and cold (frozen and refrigerated foods). Preservation of food prevents the original food items from living and prevents bad things from living off of it.\n\nThe roof of your mouth is alive and does not want to be preserved. Exposing it to too much of any of those mentioned above will make the roof of your mouth unhappy.",
"The soft tissue of your palette is very sensitive to damage. So if you eat a bunch of rough textured foods or very hot foods or drinks it can damage that tissue, making it flake a bit. I've had it happen if I eat hot food too fast or eat a bunch of very rough pieces of food, e.g. sour skittles.\n\nAlso, I suggest that you stay away from anything labeled \"Prion Bacon.\" :D"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4fhbwq
|
How did Pablo Escobar affect the economy is Columbia and US , did all that cocaine business affect the US , and how did buying out so many Columbian cops and politicians affect Columbian economy.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4fhbwq/how_did_pablo_escobar_affect_the_economy_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d29g5zq"
],
"score": [
20
],
"text": [
"First, just a kind reminder. Colombia is spelled with an O. Thus Colombia, not \"columbia\". This is a common mistake though. \n\nAs for your question the large influx of dollars into the Colombian economy strengthen the peso which affected many sectors of the export economy. \n\nSuffice to say that the expenditure of drug cartels stimulated somehow the local economy since they would buy goods and services such as cars, real states, store fronts and would set up legitimate businesses, as a way to launder money and diversify their assets.\nExamples of cities that saw rapid economic growth would be Medellín and Baranquilla. Bogota itself didnt see such growth even though it was obviously affected by the size of the illegal industry. It could be said that the illegal drug trafficking did not have such an important role or sway in the Capital’s economy as it did in the other two large cities I already mentioned. \n\nHowever even the influx of large quantities of capital into private enterprises (in the form of stuck buying) and construction projects (mansions, clubs, hotels, restaurants, airstrips, clandestine ship yards) ended up in the long run affecting negatively the economy. Colombian economist have compared the large influx of capital due to drug money to the “Dutch malice” or “Dutch disease”. This business often times did not pay taxes, strengthened the local currency which made it harder to sell exports products in a largely (at that time) agrarian nation, and eroded business practices and confidence in the government as very negative intangibles. \n\nI will post part 2 in a bit. \n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
38u7r9
|
why can't i lift myself?
|
I really feel like i could do it. Then when i go to try it just doesn't happen.. Why..? ;-;
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38u7r9/eli5why_cant_i_lift_myself/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crxv7kp",
"crxw6a8"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. If you pull up on your bootstraps with your hands, then your bootstraps pull down on your hands by the same amount. The net force on your body is zero.",
"Every time you stand up, you are lifting yourself. Same with every time you do a pull-up or a push-up. If you're asking why you can't just lift yourself up in the air, it's because you need something fixed to move your body in relation to."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
155ngm
|
Are there any examples of farming/husbandry in nature?
|
I know there are a plethora of symbiotic relationships out there like the relationship between ants and aphids, but are there any examples of a predator purposefully leaving some of its prey alive so that the species can repopulate?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/155ngm/are_there_any_examples_of_farminghusbandry_in/
|
{
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2,
2,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Some insects such as [leaf cutter ants](_URL_0_) practice behaviors we'd consider similar to farming. As far as husbandry, I'm uncertain.",
"Some ants also \"tend\" aphids to use as a food source ( _URL_0_ ) . Its husbandry, without domestication. The ants actually secrete a chemical in their feet which keeps the aphids placid, then they \"milk\" them for food. ",
"There are at least two arthropods that are well accepted as farmers: fungus-farming ants and fungus-farming termites. There are a few other arthropods that also maintain fungus, but for whatever reason, they aren't accepted as \"farmers\" yet. These include southern pine beetles, ambrosia beetles, and a few species ant-plants.\n\nAs far as husbandry, you do have it right. There are a number of ant species that maintain colonies of aphids, and some that have scale insects. To the best we can tell, these ants \"know\" not to decimate their animal stocks so that they can have more. How that happens is beyond my expertise.",
"[Agrobacterium](_URL_0_) is a great example. These bacteria farm plants by creating tumors that produce specialized energy sources that only the host bacterium can eat. It's actually even more clever than human farming, because human crops are always subject to being eaten by pests (squirrels, birds, insects, etc.). To match agrobacterium, we would have to learn to farm something that only humans can eat. Here's the \"farming\" part of the wiki article:\n > The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell,[1] and the tumor morphology genes on the T-DNA are expressed, causing the formation of a gall. The T-DNA carries genes for the biosynthetic enzymes for the production of unusual amino acids, typically octopine or nopaline. It also carries genes for the biosynthesis of the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins), and for the biosynthesis of opines, providing a carbon and nitrogen source for the bacteria that most other micro-organisms can't use, giving Agrobacterium a selective advantage.[2]\n\nNotably, taking advantage of the agrobacterium system is how genetically modified crops were first created.\n\n\n\n",
"A group of coral reef-dwelling fish called [damselfish](_URL_1_) are algae farmers. They establish a territory area on a coral reef and cultivate algae mats in their territories. They will prune away any coral or what not that tries to overgrow the algae and will viciously defend their territories and farms. I'm an avid scuba diver and I've had them nip me and bounce off my mask before because I unwittingly swam into a damselfish's territory. Here's a decent [video](_URL_0_) of a damselfish defending it's algae farm from fish 4x its size and even the diver filming it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafcutter_ant"
],
[
"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071009212548.htm"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrobacterium"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlL9K2sW4dY",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damselfish"
]
] |
|
vuuk4
|
model view controller
|
Web development frameworks often reffer to themselves as model view controllers. I think I understand what a view is, a mostly html file that decides which data to display (like tpl.php files in drupal I think). But that's about as far as I understand it. The model and controller parts I know manipulate and store the data somehow, but I don't really understand how or if that labor is divided.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vuuk4/eli5_model_view_controller/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"Model is the database of information. If I had a health records application, the model would hold all of the health records of information. The model deals only with the information. It does not do any logic. It does not care about what people are doing with the information. All you do is get information and set information.\n\nThe Controller is all the logic of your application. If I had a health records application, my Controller would keep track of who is browsing records, it asks the model for records when the user is trying to look at something. It would ensure that any input data is correctly formatted before you ever change info in the database (model). All of your logic happens here.\n\nThe View is what the user sees. It includes all the buttons, all the text, all the formatting, and all the pages of your web application. Once again, you don't do logic. You might have a button call a function, but the function should be encapsulated within your controller. You should not be doing any logic (or at least very little) within the view.\n\nThis is probably the most common way to keep any application organized. If something is displaying incorrectly, you know that the bug is in your view. If something is functioning incorrectly, you know that the bug is in your controller. If data is being stored and retrieved incorrectly, you know that the bug is in your model.",
"MVC became popular lately because of diversity of the databases and views. It's used to separate as much as possible the three parts.\n\nModel, is the database itself and any other files or services you use to access it directly without any logic or operations. It's preferred to be separate because you might want to change the database at some point, or use two different databases for example. All you need to change then, is the Model. Instead of accessing MySQL, you will program it to access Oracle DB.\n\nView, is what you see as a user, example the HTML pages, the iPhone app front end, the Android app front end, the desktop client use interface...etc. As you can see, the more it's separated from the Controller and Model, the more flexible it is to make new Views for other clients. For example, if you made a true MVC Java application, then I expect your iPhone app won't need much work, just call the controller through web services and it will handle all the logic and the Model communications.\n\nController, is where the real stuff goes. I like to call it Core personally. It receives orders from View, handle them and maybe call the Model for querying or storing data and then return a result to View.\n\n**ELI5:** When going to drive-thru, a guy/girl takes your order. He has nothing to do with how your sandwich is made, he just takes the order and punch it on the system. The system then alerts the guys in the back that a sandwich with the following description is required. Those guys know nothing about whose sandwich is it or why he want it without lettuce. They just prepare this sandwich and put it on the belt to be returned to the front end guy. This guy takes the sandwich and hand it to you.\n\nView: the front end (order taking guy)\n\nModel: the guys in the back, blindly preparing sandwiches and send it back.\n\nController: the system that received the order, interpreted it to make it simpler for the guys in the back to understand and asked them to make it in the right time. Then also the belt which returned the sandwich from the guys back to the guy in the front. As you can see, the Controller is the most complicated part.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5zdh8y
|
why do people say that having headaches is partly connected to weather fluctuation and how so?
|
I've been plagued with headaches of various degrees for all my life and people seem to often blame it on shifts in the weather but never bothered or were inable to further explain.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zdh8y/eli5_why_do_people_say_that_having_headaches_is/
|
{
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"text": [
"Weather changes are often due to changes in air pressure. Have you ever heard a meteorologist talk about a low pressure system moving through or anything? That's what they are talking about. One of the factors that makes wind is air moving from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. If they are very close together, you'll get really strong winds.\n\nThese changes in air pressure affect everything. Your sinuses are one of the most likely to notice it, since this is pockets of air inside your head - you might have noticed this if you've ever flown in a plane. People with certain injuries may also notice it because of scar tissue preventing fluids from moving around inside the body to adjust for the pressure on the body from the outside.",
"My dentist said I get them because I have large sinus cavities (we were looking at my x-rays). So in my personal case these sinus cavities are basically balloons in your skull. Now imagine the weather changes, mainly the pressure increases or decreases. Imagine having a balloon and pushing down on it hard to simulate an increase in pressure. Or bringing the balloon into space and having it expand due to a loss of pressure. Now instead of a balloon realize that's what my skull is trying to do with its sinus cavities. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
142bsc
|
What is the most important document from your period of expertise that historians know exist but no one can locate?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/142bsc/what_is_the_most_important_document_from_your/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm interpreting this as \"know existED,\" emphasis on the past tense. \n\n1. Early (1st century) copies of any of the canonical books of the Bible, especially the gospels. (For instance, the earliest known copy of any Pauline epistles dates from late 2nd century [P46], when the Pauline epistles were likely among the very first books written. if not THE very first).\n2. The Gospel of the Hebrews, especially if it isn't Matthew. \n3. The only known copy of the Secret Gospel of Mark [ed. found only in quotations of the maybe-forgery Mar Saba letter, to be clear], so it could actually be determined if it was a fake or not. (I fall on the 'forgery' side of the debate, but I just want to stop hearing this argument)",
"Studying white supremacy, most of them. There was a proliferation of white supremacist movements in the 1860s, 1920s, and 1950s, to name only three periods that really interest me. However, the groups' materials were often destroyed, never published, or kept highly secretive. Families, shamed by their history, are often the ones who either destroy the surviving documents or squirrel them away. This paucity of sources is one of the major obstacles to historicizing white supremacy. The other major obstacle is that most historians want nothing to do with this deeply unnerving and profoundly upsetting topic. ",
"In advance, I confess that this is going to be a pretty esoteric tail, but hopefully you'll bear with me.\n\nI was at a seminar recently to coincide with the launch of Bill Schwarz's new book, *The White Man's World*, which focusses on the role of the British Empire in popular society at the time. In it, a large part of his argument is based around letters sent to famous Conservative MP / fanatical anti-immigrant campaigner [Enoch Powell] (_URL_1_) in the aftermath of his infamous 'Rivers of Blood' speech in 1968. Schwarz identifies this as a moment in which many imperial ideas take domestic form (the uncivilised native, the possibility of white civilisation being overwhelmed etc.). \n\nMuch of his analysis of this moment is based off the 'Powell mailbag', a collection of around 100,000 letters, mostly of support, from the British public. It's also full of a number of bizarre tics - a number of writers allegedly appealed to Powell to personally come and remove non-whites from their neighbourhood. Through analysing this source, Schwarz shows us that ordinary Britons were using the language of imperialism to express their anti-immigrant sentiments.\n\nThat said, one of the other major public events in Britain that year was the [D'Oliveira affair] (_URL_0_). Basil D'Oliveira was a coloured South African cricketer who was unable to represent Apartheid South Africa. D'Oliveria, an exceptional cricketer, made it into the England test side, scoring heavily in the 1968 tour of Australia. Before the 1968/69 tour of South Africa, the South African government made it very clear that they would not consider it acceptable for England to bring D'Oliveira. The affair built slowly - it was known it would be an issue for at least a year before it came to a head, and the MCC (body responsible, at the time, for picking the England cricket team) prevaricated over D'Oliveira's selection quite publicly. (For a more complete timeline, [click here] (_URL_2_)).\n\nDuring this whole debacle, D'Oliveira allegedly received around 100,000 letters of support. So at the same time as Enoch Powell was getting 100,000 letters of support for his anti-immigrant stance, an immigrant was getting 100,000 letters of support in his efforts to be a representative of England. It's possible that some people sent letters to both Powell and D'Oliveria, and any analysis of the letters would be hugely revealing. The contrast between these two moments is extremely interesting. \n\nUnfortunately, the D'Oliveira mail bag is missing. So, if anyone finds it, do let me know - it's worth at least a PhD...\n\n**TL;DR:** It's a bag of letters sent to a cricketer which would help explain how Britain in 1968 could support an anti-immigrant politican and an immigrant cricketer at the same time",
"Oh god, there are just *countless*. It can really make you weep. Take Varro, considered the most learned Roman and possibly the progenitor of Rome's historical nationalism. He wrote so much that *St. Augustine* (about whom someone said that anyone claiming to have read all his works is a liar) expressed surprise that someone could even read that much, let alone write it. He was also an immensely influential figure, to the point that St. Augustine devoted a considerable portion of *City of God* to trying to \"claim\" him for the Christians*. What do we have of his? A manual on agriculture, a portion of a book on linguistics, and a few scattered quotations.\n\nBut this is just from the center. The possibility that has really started to intrigue me is the work of local historians. Write now our authors are only from a few regions--Syria, Greece, Italy, parts of Gaul, and North Africa--and they write almost exclusively of imperial concerns. A Romano-British historian, for example, would revolutionize the way we talk about the province.\n\nFor something we *know* existed, Caesar's *Gallic Wars* were essentially compiled versions of his dispatches to the Senate. This means that *every* proconsul was doing this.\n\n*Not literally, of course. He was basically attempting to show that Varro's thought processes lend support to Christian theology. It is pretty complicated, really.",
"The Bull Laudabiliter which Pope Adrian IV issued in 1155 which gave Henry Ii King of England authority to invade Ireland or rather affect control over the Church in Ireland which amounted to the same thing. \n\nIt is mentioned in sources but the Papal Bull itself has not been located.",
"Not only do we know it exists; we actually have it, but it's completely blank:\n\nThe 18 1/2 minute gap in Nixon's tape recording in the oval office, related to the Watergate break in.\n\nThat's been driving people nuts for decades. There've been various crazy attempts to recover the audio, with improved technology, without success. My favorite wrinkle was an attempt to figure out if Haldeman's notes had been sanitized, hoping to find impressions of writing on pages that had been thrown away. No dice.\n\n_URL_0_",
"It's not my period, but as a former drama student who studied Aristotle's theories of Tragedy pretty closely, it is an absolute shame that his volume of the poetics on Comedy (though we know it existed), has not survived the ages (so far as we know). \n\nIt's even referenced in the film of *The Name of the Rose*. The protagonist finds a copy of Aristotle's treatise on Comedy within a library... that then burns down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Oliveira_affair",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell",
"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/356092.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJDX7AFujYs"
],
[]
] |
||
2qvzf0
|
why is abortion so hated when some people don't deserve to have kids and there are so many children that will never be adopted?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qvzf0/eli5_why_is_abortion_so_hated_when_some_people/
|
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"text": [
"Some believe that a lifeform begins with the semen, some after so many days or weeks in the womb, and some when the heart begins beating or when you are physically born. Religion plays a big role in the debate.\n\nI personally agree with you, but I am tolerant of other opinions. There are already enough people. No reason to make more. ",
"It is hard to explain such a difficult topic in ELI5 form; however those who are pro-life are not necessarily religious. Although there are various reasons they are opposed, one of the most commonly seen is that it involves \"killing a baby\". \n\nThere is much debate on what qualifies as a \"baby\"; however in the mind of those who are pro-life it generally considered to be a \"baby\" as soon as conception.",
"I think that your kid can be given to a person who can't have kids. And that a fetus is human life. The only reason I would say it's okay is if the kid would cause the mother to die during child birth.\n\n",
"It is a moral dilemma. Most societies hold life supreme even sacred and it is against the law to take anyone else's life or even your own. The origin of new life is however contested, some don't see any difference between a fetus or a baby (or a child or a an adult; All life is important). This is the main issue of the Abortion Dilemma, it is not black and white.\n\n\nContraception are fine however, helps with many issues. (Opposing this seems to me to be only religious extremism). ",
" > *“As a materialist, I think it has been demonstrated that an embryo is a separate body and entity, and not merely (as some really did used to argue) a growth on or in the female body. There used to be feminists who would say that it was more like an appendix or even-this was seriously maintained-a tumor. That nonsense seems to have stopped. Of the considerations that have stopped it, one is the fascinating and moving view provided by the sonogram, and another is the survival of ‘premature’ babies of feather-like weight, who have achieved ‘viability’ outside the womb. … The words ‘unborn child,’ even when used in a politicized manner, describe a material reality.”*\n-Christopher Hitchens, *God is Not Great* (pp. 220-21)\n\n[This page](_URL_0_) gives a great definition without the use of religion. ",
"How is it possible for so many smart individuals to argue against\n Humanity's Universal Right to Life?\n***\n\"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable\nRights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness..\"\n\nAs it reads... \nFirst is: \"the Right to Life, then the Right to \"Liberty\" and last, \"the Pursuit of Happiness\".\nFor what happiness can you pursue if you aren't allowed live? \nWhat Liberty can you have if you are death?...\nWithout Life there is no Liberty nor Happiness.\nOh, and let us not forget... it's not a dog or an animal that is being killed and discarded...it's a human being!\n\n\n",
"\nIf there are too many five-year-olds and some of them will never be adopted, why don't we just send the extra ones to a gas chamber?\n\nMany people seem to accept the premise that an unborn child and a five-year-old have the same ethical status. If you accept that premise, then logically the same answer would apply to the question of destroying surplus embryos and destroying surplus five-year-olds.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.lifenews.com/2012/02/28/confessions-of-a-pro-life-atheist-why-i-fight-abortion/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
25qsv7
|
if i attempt something with 1% probability 100 times, i don't get a 100% proability. what probability do i get and how do i calculate that?
|
Say I'm playing a game where I pick a random number from 1 to 100, and if the computer generates that number, I win a prize. On each attempt, the probability that I win is 1%.
But 100 attempts doesn't mean a 100% probability, I could still lose. So how do I calculate the probability that 100 attempts will result in a win?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25qsv7/eli5_if_i_attempt_something_with_1_probability/
|
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"For each attempt, you have a 1% chance that you'll win and a 99% chance that you will fail. If you do N attempts, the chance of failing every single one would be .99^N (with 1.0 being a 100% chance). Thus the chance to win at least once would be 1.0 - .99^N. You'll notice this number grows as N increases but it never reaches 1.0. So after 100 tries, you have a 1.0-.99^100 = 1.0-.366 = .634 = 63.4% chance of at least one win.",
"This kind of thing is called a [Bernoulli Process](_URL_0_), which is complicated and hard to ELI5. But in this specific case, if you're asking “what's the probability that I win *at least once* in 100 attempts” the easiest way to answer it is to reverse the question: “what's the probability that you don't win at all in 100 attempts?”\n\nIt's easier because now you're asking about an exact number: the probability that you'll see exactly 0 wins in 100 tries. That's just the base probability of losing (99%) multiplied by itself 100 times, or 0.99¹⁰⁰, which equals about 0.366.\n\nSo you have a 36.6% chance of losing, therefore you have a 63.4% of winning at least once.",
"You think in the opposite. \n\nYou have a 99% chance to lose. \n\nThe chance you lose twice in a row is 99% or 99%, or .99*.99\n\nThe chance you lose three times in a row is .99 *.99 *.99.\n\nThe chance you lose 100 times in a row is .99 times itself 100 times\n\nThat comes to .36 or so.\n\nSo, if your chance to lose 100 in a row is .36, your chance to win at some point in that run is .64 (found by taking 1-.36)\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_process"
],
[]
] |
|
5r4x0k
|
What is it like to work at a particle accelerator lab?
|
Asking physicists and programmers specifically, but anybody can answer.
What is your average workday like? Do you enjoy it?
Is everyday something new, or do you repeat the same things hoping to notice something new, or do you mostly retest old experiments?
What's the job market like? I've seen postings for research positions that only last 2 years, is that common and is it easy to find new job openings after the 2 years expire?
Do you need a doctorate? If so, what's the schooling like? Is it hard? Enjoyable?
Physicists:
Do you get to use the accelerator most days, or is it a lot of crunching numbers and theory?
Is it a lot of waiting for things to happen, or do you get to actively experiment and try new things?
Programmers:
Do you get to program the actual accelerator, or do you program databases and various housekeeping programs?
Can you actively participate in research, or are you just there do program what needs to be programmed?
Do you feel like a scientist, or another tool for the scientists to use?
Asking because I plan on going to college for computer science, but also love particle/quantum physics.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5r4x0k/what_is_it_like_to_work_at_a_particle_accelerator/
|
{
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" > What is your average workday like?\n\nExcept when experiments are being set up/running, I spend most of my time at my desk. Lots of programming, some hands-on work as well.\n\n\n > Do you enjoy it?\n\nVery much.\n\n > Is everyday something new, or do you repeat the same things hoping to notice something new, or do you mostly retest old experiments?\n\nThere are periods of monotony and periods where every day is something completely different. It's a nice balance between the two.\n\n > What's the job market like? I've seen postings for research positions that only last 2 years, is that common and is it easy to find new job openings after the 2 years expire?\n\nNot great. What do you mean by \"research position\"? Like post-docs? They're not supposed to last very long.\n\n > Do you need a doctorate?\n\nTo continue on in academia, yes.\n\n > If so, what's the schooling like? Is it hard? Enjoyable?\n\nVery hard, but very rewarding if you actually like what you're studying.\n\n > Physicists: Do you get to use the accelerator most days, or is it a lot of crunching numbers and theory?\n\nThe accelerators are running 24/7, except for scheduled maintenance shutdowns, and when unexpected issues come up. That being said, you're not going to be involved with all of the experiments that run at the facility. In my case, probably once or twice per year am I directly involved in the experiment that's running. The rest of the time is spent analyzing data from the previous experiment, or preparing for the next.\n\n > Is it a lot of waiting for things to happen, or do you get to actively experiment and try new things?\n\nIt's both. But when you're not running your experiment, it's not like you just sit around twiddling your thumbs and waiting for beam time. There is plenty of work to be done even when the experiment is not running. When the experiment is running, it's a week or two of high stress, little sleep, and solving problems on the fly.\n\n > Programmers: Do you get to program the actual accelerator, or do you program databases and various housekeeping programs?\n\nMost of my programming is for data analysis.\n\n > Can you actively participate in research, or are you just there do program what needs to be programmed?\n\nThere are people whose main job is to manage the data acquisition systems for the entire laboratory. So for them, it's closer to the latter. The users are free to supply all their own code if they want. Then obviously once the data has been collected, it's completely up to the user as to what they do with it.",
"I am not sure if you are interested in how particle/nuclear/atomic physicists are doing experiments at an accelerator, or how one does actual accelerator physics (operating and improving accelerators). \nI think that I might be able to give a different perspective than previous comments in this thread, since I am a student at a (rather small) accelerator physics department, operating a synchrotron radiation light source. \n\n > Do you feel like a scientist, or another tool for the scientists to use?\n\nAt our facility I would say it is ~25% scientist and ~75% \"tool\", since we don't do much accelerator physics research ourselfs (due to our limited size, budget, etc.). The job of the people at the department is to provide quality synchrotron light (almost) all year around, 24 hours a day for our \"Users\" (i.e. the scientists of other departments which use the synchrotron light for research).\nSome weeks we have maintainence, which typically consists of fixing/improving power supplies, testing new equipment and running some diagnostics which might not be a possibility in \"User mode\". \n\nWhen in \"User mode\", the machine will (most of the time) run without any interference from the physicists. Then we spend time analysing data from our maintainence weeks, doing minor adjustments and trying to think of ways to solve whatever (non-critical) issues limiting the machine performance.\n\n > Do you need a doctorate? If so, what's the schooling like? Is it hard? Enjoyable?\n\nA phd is required to be hired for a position at our department. \n\nI would emphasize that the above statements are purely based on our small department. At larger facilities they have large R & D projects, and those people work in a different way than we do. \nFinally, if you enjoy accelerator physics, make sure to check out /r/accelerators !"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2yxjkc
|
why don't cars have a barrier to protect their undersides?
|
Like a metal sheet or wire mesh.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yxjkc/eli5_why_dont_cars_have_a_barrier_to_protect/
|
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"text": [
"so new car dealers can sell \"undercoating\" for $600 extra",
"Protect them from what? Where I live we have successfully eliminated the ground trolls that hide in holes and stab the underside of our cars with spears when we drive over them. ",
"For the vast majority of people driving, this wouldn't make any difference at all. It makes more sense to make an add on for the rare few who need it then to make everyone pay for something they will almost never use. ",
"Some do, or you may be able to add one. They are called [skid plates](_URL_0_). Most cars don't come with them though.",
"Is the problem this would solve big enough to warrant a solution?\n\nThe government doesn't require it because the problem it may solve is not enough of in issue in terms of life or cost. \n\nThe insurance companies don't incentive it because its not a major cause of then loosing money.\n\nPeople don't look for it because its not an issue they expect to encounter with a high degree of certainty.\n\n\nTesla does it with their cars not because it is a major problem, but because each rare incident got a lot of media attention and caused PR problems and hurt the stock price of the company. No other car company had that problem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid_plate"
],
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] |
|
3d6iin
|
relationship between reddit, 9gag, and 4chan.
|
I've also read the 9gag conspiracies..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3d6iin/eli5_relationship_between_reddit_9gag_and_4chan/
|
{
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"text": [
"4chan is the asshole. It creates original content, nearly all of which is shit.\n\nReddit is the toilet. It catches 4chan's crap and circles it around the drain until it's been diluted and mixed up with earlier shit that it's hardly recognizable.\n\n9gag is a disgusting mass of shit-eating crustacians that clog the pipes, feasting on the shit that pours out of the sewer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9qk1df
|
A British Helmet
|
A while back at an antique store, I found what the owner claimed to be an authentic British WW1 helmet that had been repainted, although after looking at it, it looks more like a British WW2 helmet to me. Seeing as it was only $40 (Marked down from $100 due to a closing sale) I decided to get it, seeing as even replica metal helmets go for about this price. Honestly, I was kind of expecting it to be fake, but I'm not really well-informed on helmets, so I decided to come here to ask around.
Side note: I'm not really expecting it to be authentic, although I would love it if it was. Either way, it's a cool thing to display.
So first off, the liner. The thick cross piece at the scalp of the helmet looks very old. Its crusty and dry, although it looks like whoever repainted it (if that's what happened) replaced the rest of the liner with new stuff. Looking closely at the interior of the shell, I found what looks to be 4901841 stamped into the metal. It's pretty hard to make out because the paint on it is so thick. Theres another number too, on the little metal piece that attaches the chin strap to the shell. It reads 1940, and I'm not sure if that's a production date or just a number.
There may be more numbers on it, although because of the paint, they're pretty hard to make out. I know this isn't a lot of info, but it's what I can do without posting pictures. Any guesses or info you can think of would be greatly appreciated, and thanks!
Edit: Just a side thought, if it is real, would it be worth it to strip the paint off, and if that's the case, what's the recommended method of doing so?
Also Edit: Pictures!
_URL_0_
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/9qk1df/a_british_helmet/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e89ri43"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You're welcome to post pictures here. You just can't post a picture link as its own thread (we require questions to be text-based). "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://imgur.com/a/HoPjArT"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
qr774
|
php and mysql
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qr774/eli5_php_and_mysql/
|
{
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5
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"text": [
"What is it you'd like to know specifically?\n\nPHP is a scripting language. Webservers - the computers which run websites - interpret commands in a list called a script, and do certain things based on what those commands are. Things like \"print a sentence\" or \"add some numbers up\". These commands are interpreted as the script is run.\n\nMySQL is a databasing software. It allows data to be organized, stored, and retrieved according to their relationship with one and other. \n\nMySQL is often configured with a PHP interface for programmers, so websites that use PHP can often use data from a MySQL database.\n\nI imagine there's something more specific you wanted to know.",
"What do you want to know? PHP is a programming language and MySQL is a database system, often used together for database management. PHP is server-side web language. Basically, you can think of it like this: You have HTML, which tells your web browser how to display things on a web page (Font, colors, et cetera), but there is very little you can actually do with HTML. Javascript is a basic programming language which incorporates the use of user input to determine what may or may not show up, but its functionality is limited (Or, well, that's not true; It's just extremely obtuse to use in any REAL fashion for extended user input). PHP scripts can be inserted into a web page HTML code. While Javascript is all client-side (IE, it happens on your computer), PHP is totally server side (IE, all the information is being compiled at the server before being sent to your computer). It has a ton of functionality and has the built in perk of being its own fully operational programming language, and thus its uses are WIDE. \n\nMySQL is a programming database system. SQL is the standard used for querying database objects and manipulating the data in all sorts of ways. It's kind of a programming language, but not really because you do much outside of what its main use is-- database management. You can create, store, query, and report data in all sorts of mannerisms with MySQL (There are a lot of other database systems which do this as well, though MySQL is probably the most popular) but you can't really display that information usefully just with SQL.\n\nSo, that's where PHP comes back into play. PHP and MySQL have a lot of cross functionality. You can create a web page in HTML, and insert PHP scripts into the web page which then allows a user to input something into a text box (Like, say, a tracking number for UPS), and it will use a RunSQL command to run a command in SQL which queries your MySQL database, and, say, receives information like where that package was last seen. \n\nPHP, C#, and _URL_0_ are your most common back-end client-side web development languages, while MySQL, SQL Server 2008, and Oracle are your most common database systems."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"ASP.NET"
]
] |
||
2tglsu
|
How did the common people (farmers) notice the Roman government was fallen, 476CE, and how did it change life for them?
|
How did the farmers react to the fall, when did they notice it and how did they notice it? Did some farmers choose to start a whole new life? What opportunities did this moment give these people? What happened to the slaves who were in use at that point by the Romans? At what point did the Feudal system became active? Does anyone have good books on this matter?
Thanks in advance!!
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2tglsu/how_did_the_common_people_farmers_notice_the/
|
{
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"cnyw5fh"
],
"score": [
7
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"text": [
"While you wait for answers, you might be interested in some threads from the FAQ sections on \"[The Fall of the Western Roman Empire](_URL_5_)\" and \"[Roman Society in Late Antiquity](_URL_0_)\":\n\n* [How did the decline and fall of Ancient Rome affect the average citizens of the Empire?](_URL_2_) - 14 comments, over 2 years old.\n * There's a few short summaries in here, but also a period archeologist chiming in on the changes in material culture as the empire broke apart.\n* [What happened to far flung Roman provinces when the city itself fell?](_URL_3_) - 26 comments, over 1 year old.\n * The commenters here go into the state of the Western part of the empire in the century before its fall which you find useful for the way it contextualizes the event.\n* [How \"sudden\" was the fall of Rome?](_URL_7_) - 85 comments, over 2 years old.\n * Lots of information about people throughout the Western empire with a specialist giving a particularly close look to Roman Britain near its end.\n* [What happened to Roman society when the Western Roman Empire fell?](_URL_6_) - 7 comments, over 2 years old.\n * The commenters here give a summary of how surprisingly Roman the invaders were in 476 CE and their efforts to preserve Roman institutions during the period as well as the roots of \"feudalization\" that came with the actions of certain emperors.\n* [How long did the worship of Roman gods continue after the fall of the Roman empire?](_URL_1_) - 48 comments, over 2 years old.\n * This thread draws examples from Britain, the Eastern Roman Empire, and the city of Rome itself.\n* [Why does the concept of the end of the Roman Empire in 476 CE persist?](_URL_4_) - 8 comments, over 1 year old.\n * Commenters here bring up the Roman Empire's long legacy stretching well past 476 CE which you may find useful as a reference for how much was still preserved in the final years of the Western Empire."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/darkages#wiki_roman_society_in_late_antiquity",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1494l7/how_long_did_the_worship_of_roman_gods_continue/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/172866/how_did_the_decline_and_fall_of_ancient_rome/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1f71ay/what_happened_to_far_flung_roman_provinces_when/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1rlgas/why_does_the_concept_of_the_end_of_the_roman/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/darkages#wiki_the_fall_of_the_western_roman_empire",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/14tmrp/what_happened_to_roman_society_when_the_western/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/x2rga/how_sudden_was_the_fall_of_rome/"
]
] |
|
1xaeg7
|
how does gene activation work? aren't genes mere blueprints? how does a gene "activate itself"?
|
I tried searching, but all the "polymerase" and similar terminology is over my level. All (I think) I know is that DNA is a double helix (of monomers or something) that gets cut in half when one of the "arms" is needed to make a protein.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xaeg7/eli5_how_does_gene_activation_work_arent_genes/
|
{
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"text": [
"First off, you're wrong about how genes code for proteins. Essentially, the DNA in your cells gets copied into a different molecule called mRNA, which is similar to RNA except only one gene gets copied (in humans). The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and is translated into protein.\n\nNow, your question is pretty complicated. There's a whole lot we don't know about epigenetics and it's certainly dependent upon which gene you're looking at. A lot of genes are activated by other genes, in the sense that those genes code for a protein which then interacts with the gene of interest and represses it or activates it. ",
"DNA is double helix, a polymer of monomers that are written as ATCG. The two strands are **complementary**: that is they are mirror images of each other. Strands are complementary because A always pairs with T, and C with G like so:\n\n5'-AATTCCGG-3'\n\n3'-TTAAGGCC-5'\n\nNow to make a protein from a stretch of DNA, an enzyme called **RNA polymerase** reads along one DNA strand and copies it to RNA. It can do this because RNA has monomers (AUCG) that pair with the DNA monomers (A with T, U with A, C with G, G with C).\n\nThis creates an **mRNA** which is the RNA copy of the DNA that codes for the gene. The mRNA can be read by the **ribosome** which looks at the RNA three bases at a time. The different 3-base groups ([AAA vs ATT vs CGG vs TGC](_URL_1_) etc) code for different **amino acids** (which are the monomers for proteins, which themselves are polymers).\n\nThe question of why one gene gets transcribed (the process of making an RNA copy is called **transcription**) at any given time is interesting. Genes have regulatory regions before the coding region called **promoters** that regulate when a gene is transcribed and at what levels.\n\nThere are proteins that can bind to DNA that **activate** or **repress** transcription. These guys bind to specific DNA sequences. So you can image a situation where a signal comes to the outside of the cell. It activates some surface protein that signals through the membrane to the cytoplasm. The signal gets passed along ([signal transduction cascade](_URL_0_)) and some transcriptional activator gets activated or transported into the nucleus. Once there it can bind to the DNA upstream of genes that should be turned on in response to the signal.\n\nAs you can imagine this is an incredibly complex process as any given gene can be regulated by multiple activating and repressing **transcription factors**. The transcription factors themselves are regulated by signal transduction (as mentioned before), and post-translational modifications (phosphorylation and ubiquitination) as well as their own transcription/translation. Regulation of gene expression is a very complex topic.",
"You have a master blue print in a safe (DNA in the nucleus). You keep it there at all times because it is fragile and you will need to reference it for a really long time and it is the only copy you have, and it is huge. When certain conditions are met (a stimulus that leads to increased gene expression, there tons of possibilities like an increase in stress hormone in the blood, etc.) you make a more disposable and easier to read copy of just the section of blueprint that you need (the gene), this copy is called RNA. The copy is taken out of the safe and handed off to a team of builders (ribosomes) who follow the blue print to create a tool (protein) that will go out and do whatever job it was commissioned for (lots of different proteins do a lot of different things inside and outside of the cell).",
"If you want just a basic idea of how it works I hope this helps, and it's not super wtf!\n\nOk, so your genes are written in your DNA. Genes code for a protein, but DNA and proteins are written in different languages. So if you need to make a protein, DNA is 'transcripted' into RNA then 'translated' into a protein.The reason for this is DNA is stored in the nucleus but cannot leave, RNA can leave (and RNA and DNA written in same language) so it copies DNA, leaves and can then be used to code for a protein. \n\nAs for gene activation, think of insulin. When you eat and glucose enters your bloodstream, it gets to you pancreas and triggers a pathway that leads to the gene that codes for insulin. So basically, if you need something, some messenger (like glucose for insulin) triggers a bunch of biochemical pathway that will lead to RNA going to that gene, opening it up (yes the double helix) and copying it so it can then leave and get that protein made. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/f06pm/signaltrans03.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_codon_table"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3vl42r
|
why do japanese automobile's and other japanese manufactured products tend to last longer than most manufactured products from other countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vl42r/eli5_why_do_japanese_automobiles_and_other/
|
{
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"cxoflpq",
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],
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3
],
"text": [
"Japanese industry uses different production philosophies (ways of thinking when it comes to making stuff) which are very good at improving quality.\n\nJapanese industry uses something called kaizen (continuous improvement). It gets employees from every angle of production - from welders and painters to designers and managers - to come up with small ways of improving the process and/or quality. These small changes quickly build up.\n\nFor example, Toyota (one of the biggest fans of kaizen) reduced its die-changing time from four hours to one and a half hours in six months, and then down to three minutes after another 1.5 years.",
"_URL_0_ \n\nThis podcast is about finding out why a car assembly plant in California closed. This plant was a partnership between GM and Toyota. \n\nToyota made the deal that in exchange for showing GM how they built their car( there is a part about how Toyota dealt with manufacturing issues from the bottom up instead of waiting for reports and lawsuits), GM would help Toyota deal with the legal side of building cars in the US. \n\n\nWorth the time if you have 40-60mins."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://m.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/403/nummi"
]
] |
||
30xtaj
|
By what mechanism do complex instinctual behaviors(such as a spiders weaving webs or beavers building a dam) become hardwired or encoded in the brain?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30xtaj/by_what_mechanism_do_complex_instinctual/
|
{
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"cpx9079",
"cpxiqbx"
],
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],
"text": [
"These sorts of things are called \"Extended Phenotypes\". \n\nEssentially, structures outside the physical body of the organism, created by the organism, that have a genetic basis (like a large number of loci that influence construction behaviors, like for dams or galls).\n\nI don't know anything deeper than that on the subject, unfortunately. ",
"The mechanism is evolution by natural selection.\n\nIt's a bit more complicated than the traditional view of a species adapting to it's environment though. Here, the environment being adapted to includes the species itself and its capabilities. \n\nIt's a bit like a feedback loop. The species adapts to exploit its capabilities, which can lead to change in its capabilities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5xhkzg
|
why do certain ethnicities give off a stronger odor when they sweat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xhkzg/eli5_why_do_certain_ethnicities_give_off_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dei4dgw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"basicaly, \n\nWe all stink if we dont shower, but differences in diet and genetics make it that the smell is different, \n\nYou reek too but\n\n- you´re use to it and since you mostly hang out with people of your own etnicity you dont notice it. \n\n- Most deodorant sticks in western countries are designed for white people and are probobly less effective on people with different skins. Theres a similar thing with safety razors where those multiblade razors from gillette and Schick work great for white people but tend to be quite abresive for african americans causing spots, bumps and ingrowns. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
21n6s4
|
Physicists say that above a certain energy level, the electromagnetic and weak force combine into a single force. What is happening to the respective fields and force carriers when this occurs? Does the W/Z bosons and photon also combine?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/21n6s4/physicists_say_that_above_a_certain_energy_level/
|
{
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"cgeq86g",
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7,
2
],
"text": [
"At high temperature, the SU(2)xU(1) symmetry is restored, and there are four massless gauge particles, W± and A0 for SU(2) and B0, for U(1). Neither the A0 nor the B0 is the photon. When the symmetry is broken, The W± gain mass,, as well as one linear combination of the A0 & B0. The orthogonal combination of A0 & B0 remains massless, and is the particle we call the photon. The W± particles retain their original identity.\n\nNote that the remaining good U(1) symmetry, our familiar EM gauge symmetry, is not the same as the original U(1).",
"In simple language above 100GeV the photon, W+, W- & Z0 all behave as one and the same thing. We cannot simply differentiate between them. The force they would then carry will be same; but when the symmetry is broken The massive vector bosons would gain large mass thus carrying a force which is short range."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
16i3gn
|
What is the most burning unsolved mystery from your specialty?
|
We spend a lot of time on this subreddit asking about what you know, but right now I'm interested in what you *don't* know. I see historians as detectives, and I'm curious what cases are still open.
What questions do you most want the answer to? What are the chances we'll *ever* know the answer?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16i3gn/what_is_the_most_burning_unsolved_mystery_from/
|
{
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"text": [
"Religion of pre-indianised Cambodia. How accurate is the founding myth of Cambodia - the one about a brahmin Kaundinya coming to swamps and marrying a Naga princess Soma (so much symbolism, it's a really wonderful legend). Well, everything about Cambodia before indianisation is very mysterious, there are virtually no sources. Even indianised Funan and Chenla are quite mysterious.\n\nOh! And Indravarman II - ruler of Angkor Empire, son of Jayavarman VII. Was he the infamous Leper King or not? He ruled for about 20 years and we know almost nothing about him while rule of his father is quite well described in literature.\n\nI hope for some archeological breakthroughs in Cambodia/Mekong Delta, maybe some steles or long forgotten cities... Or some forgotten chinese journals...",
"Not a specialist but I'd love to know how the Byzantines made Greek Fire while holded up in Constantinople during the first arab siege in the 660s-?",
"This isn't particularly \"burning,\" but my dissertation primarily deals with two writers, John Scottus Eriugena and Honorius Augustodunensis about whom we know virtually no biographical details almost everything is, at best, an educated guess. We don't even know Honorius's real name (Honorius is probably either a pseudonym or a name adopted upon entering a monastery) or what \"Augustodunensis\" means, although he apparently thought it was obvious, and he was by far one of the most popular writers of his era. ",
"It's probably not the most important unsolved question of the Wars of the Roses, but there is a good chance that the body of Richard III has been found: _URL_0_",
"I don't know that I'd call this a \"burning mystery,\" but for more than two decades, there's been a rumor among the academics and journalists who study and report on North Korea that Kim Jong-il was responsible for his younger brother's death. Jong-il was 5 or 6 years old when his little brother (who was 3 or 4) drowned in a Pyongyang pond while the two were playing. A government defector reported that Jong-il had pushed his brother back into the pond over and over again until his brother no longer had the strength to pull himself out. Horseplay? Intentional? Is the story even true? Nobody knows.\n\nThere was never any serious consensus on it when Jong-il was alive, but one thing's for certain -- Kim's brother vanished from the North Korean history books and, past 1970, was never acknowledged by the state as having existed at all.",
"It would be kind of cool to know just how the \"Holy Lance\" of Antioch was found/planted and why Raymond of Toulouse bought into it (other than the obvious possibility of associating himself with a holy relic to gain greater power/prestige with the crusaders)",
"To what extent was there literal colonization in Britain? We know that there were cities designated \"colonia\", but that is largely a legal status-, in that it could describe a group of transplanted Roman colonists, or it could be a town that has been granted citizenship. And even with the cities that we can be reasonably certain are the product of population movement, like Gloucester and Colchester, the actual extent of the Roman/non-British population is difficult to tell.\n\nMore methodologically, there is a somewhat recent movement in Roman archaeology to attempt to derive the greater social function of ceramics from their morphology. The simplest example i can think of is that the preponderance of larger than average cups in Augustan period Britain shows the importance of beer drinking as opposed to wine drinking, because beer is less alcoholic (it's more complicated than that). This is pretty exciting, as the actual archaeological use of pottery is honestly fairly limited, despite being the most abundant material remain.",
"Lord Lucan's always been interesting one. A playboy aristocrat goes through a very acrimonious separation, losing his three children. Racked by alcoholism and accruing massive gambling debt, he tries to get his children back. One night, in 1974, he bludgeons the childrens' nanny to death, and attacks his estranged wife. He then informs his mother that she should take care of the children, drives to a friend's house (where his car was found) and promptly disappears. Noone knows what happened to him, some claim he killed himself, others that he was quietly arrested, others that he survived with a second life and a new identity. It may well be solvable - the right piece of evidence turning up before too long (photographs, travel documents etc.) but until that crucial little thing shows up, it'll remain a mystery. ",
"I'm not a historian, but I have always found the Bronze Age Collapse interesting.",
"I'm not sure I would call it a \"burning unsolved mystery\", but one very interesting unsolved question from the early Soviet Union is the assassination of Sergey Kirov. He was the head of the Party organization in Leningrad, and was a very popular figure. His murder in 1934 is commonly thought to set off the infamous Great Purge, and indeed many of the victims were accused of and made to confess to complicity in the murder. \n\nThis has never quite been solved. A popular theory has been that Stalin was the one who conspired to have his presumed friend and ally murdered, so that he could set off the purges and get rid of any real or imagined remaining enemy in the Party or the Army. Recently, the personal diary of the the assassin, Leonid Nikolaev, suggests that he acted on his own, feeling betrayed by the Party. \n\nMy personal (not terribly informed) opinion is that Stalin was not directly responsible for the assassination, but that he used it for all it was worth in violently getting rid of some real enemies and a whole lot of imaginary ones.",
"Was Homer the name of one man, or a collective pseudonym used by many?",
" > “Poll”-type questions aren’t appropriate here: “Who was the most influential person in history?” or “Who was the worst general in your period?” or “Who are your Top 10 favourite people in history?”",
"The history of the Templars has always intrigued me. What was it they had, if any thing, that made the Pope give them so much power? ",
"The deciphering of the Indus Valley Script would be very interesting. At the least concluding whether or not it is linguistic or non-linguistic would be quite important.\n\nThe extent to which the Chalcolithic sites of the Swat Valley and Kashmir were in contact with the Mature Harappan civilization and the extent of the cultural and material transmission across the Himalayas between sites such as Berzahom and Kalako-deray and Chinese bronze age societies. These two questions can be answered hopefully with more excavation in Pakistan and Kashmir. However due to current instability in the region it is not all that easy to excavate.",
"This is a bit of a literal take on your \"burning\" word choice. This is also of zero interest to anyone but myself.\n\nEssentially, all of the local administrative documentation, including village minutes, birth, death, marriage records, and ephemera were destroyed in what I feel was a \"suspicious\" fire in 1917. The guy who was the secretary for the municipality was, for some stupid reason, transporting all of this paperwork home every night instead of leaving it at the office and all this documentation and the man himself perished in this fire. \n\nI didn't think much of it, other than to rail at my own misfortune at not having access to said documents, until I came across a reference to the man having had recently fallen out with a very influential man whose usual method for disposing of things he no longer found useful was to set them alight. \n\nI have absolutely zero in the way of concrete evidence and no one has ever publicly made this statement, it's just my own paranoia coupled with the fact that the causes of any other structure fires in the area were discussed in euphemisms consistent with \"we all know who burnt the place down but we have no evidence so must therefore claim ignorance in official documentation, screw any later historians who might need this information\". \n\nMy assumptions are tinfoil hat enough that I can't even make this a paranoid footnote in my thesis. It makes me sad. \n\nI'll never get any of this information back because duplicates were never created for these sorts of data at the time. I've spent my entire six year project lamenting their loss. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www2.le.ac.uk/news/blog/2013/january/announcement-of-scientific-results-in-search-for-richard-iii-planned-for-february"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4vac88
|
how does my brain simulate falling (amongst other sensations) while i'm sleeping?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vac88/eli5_how_does_my_brain_simulate_falling_amongst/
|
{
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"text": [
"In the same way it does it when you're awake, from specific sequences and patterns of neurons firing, it's just it does it without using incoming external sensory triggers to start the sequences, but rather ones generated by your dream. ",
"You're brain doesn't actually go dormant even in the slightest when you go to sleep, in most cases it increases in activity. When you enter stage 1 nrem sleep you can experience jerks that seem like you're falling but that's because you brain is trying to keep you awake because it thinks you're in danger. Otherwise the feeling of falling and other stimuli while you are fully asleep is your brain recreating the scenarios in your dreams during rem sleep, because your brain is applying the dream to your body, the only reason you most likely won't get up is because your brain 'turns off' the medulla thus not letting you move and walk around while asleep, sleep walking occurs when your brain doesn't do that and sleep paralysis is when your brain doesn't 'turn on' your medulla immediately after you wake up."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2jyn5d
|
why are fixed gear bikes associated with hipsters?
|
I guess more to the point, why do hipsters flock to them? Unless you're a BMX person why would anyone want a fixed gear bike?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jyn5d/eli5_why_are_fixed_gear_bikes_associated_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clga20y"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"They're not better or cheaper or ...anything, they're just old and bad. Which is simultaneously why hipsters flock to them, and why nobody else does."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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