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2qjfxd
|
At the end of the movie 'The Imitation Game' about Turing and the Enigma code, the claim is made that 'historians' estimate that he shortened the war by around two years and saved roughly 14 million lives. Is this plausible?
|
I was also wondering whether historians often have the boldness to make a claim like that.
Thanks.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2qjfxd/at_the_end_of_the_movie_the_imitation_game_about/
|
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"I can't answer to your first question because it is absolutely not my field, but when it comes to the second part, my answer is no. \"If xxxx then xxx\" is not a very wise thing to say when it comes to history, mainly because we don't know what could have happeend or not happened if something had been different.\n\nAn example would be : \"If Karl Marx had not written his books, Russia would be a developped Western-Style democracy\" (I already heard it once or twice). This is wrong, if Karl Marx had not written his books, we have no idea what would have happened to Russia, it might have become a Western-style democracy or something completely different.\n\nFor these reasons I would say that, at least to my knowledge, historians avoid as much as possible \"Historical what if\".",
"As someone wrote above, historians don't really deal in hypotheticals, but the people over at /r/historicalwhatif love questions like this.",
"[This same question was asked and answered recently](_URL_0_)"
]
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|
1hc7tm
|
What is the smallest non-zero displacement that has ever been measured?
|
In order to elucidate my question a little bit, I'm wondering whether the minimum non-zero distance that a particle can move equal to the limit of 10^(-x) as x- > infinity?
In terms of Zeno's 'Achilles and the Tortoise' paradox, is there a point at which the Tortoise must move some distance that is defined as impossible by quantum mechanics?
In terms of video games, the minimum dispalcement may be programmed as 1 pixel, such that a person cannot move into half a pixel and cause graphical issues. Is there a pixel size for reality?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1hc7tm/what_is_the_smallest_nonzero_displacement_that/
|
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"It seems like you're asking whether space is discrete or continuous. The answer to that is a simple \"We don't know.\" At the scales we've measured it *appears* to be continuous, but who knows what will happen that measurement gets smaller.\n\nAs to your original question as to the smallest that we've seen so far, I'm not sure. But you've stumbled onto a question I personally find very interesting :)",
"A good video about this can be found here : _URL_0_\nThey can measure quantum motions of 1 femtometer (10^-15 m)\n",
"To your first question, about the smallest length scales that have been measured, the smallest length scales resolvable by a TEM with reasonable parameters are on the order of [40 picometers.](_URL_0_) So displacements of the order of tens of picometers are measurable, and I'm sure someone has done it. Anyone know of a higher resolution method?\n\nTo answer the deeper question- whether or not spacetime is fundamentally discrete or continuous- we don't know. Einstein's theory of space and time says it's continuous, and there is no smallest timestep or distance step. Quantum theory might imply something different, but until we have a unified theory we can't say one way or another.\n",
"Gravitational wave detectors such as [LIGO](_URL_0_) are designed to detect displacements of attometre scale: 1 or 2 x 10^-18 metres, using interferometry.\n\nThere may be interferometers out there that are even more sensitive than this."
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[] |
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy#Resolution_limits"
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4ieino
|
i have always been told that standing in front of a microwave door would be harmful for me cause of radiation? do microwaves release ionizing radiation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ieino/eli5_i_have_always_been_told_that_standing_in/
|
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"Microwaves use gigahertz radio waves. They are not ionizing. They cook the food my heating the water molecules the food.\n\nThe grill in the door acts as a Faraday cage to keep the radio waves from escaping, while allowing you to watch the food.\n\nEdit: typo",
" > Do microwaves release ionizing radiation\n\nThey do not, they have far to little energy to ionize anything. Just to put it into perspective: The photons generated by a microwave oven have an energy of just 0.00001eV, which is a tiny amount. In order to ionize atoms, meaning to entirely remove atoms from them, you need somewhere around 10eV - which 100,000 times as much. That's basically like comparing a nerf gun projectile to a rifle bullet."
]
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2ayfyj
|
how come there are no videos showing the plane hitting the pentagon?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ayfyj/eli5how_come_there_are_no_videos_showing_the/
|
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"...[here](_URL_0_) is the securtiy video. What else are you looking for?"
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[] |
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzFqXbfv_yg"
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||
23gqwq
|
If two nuclear bombs were detonated one in a major metropolitan area and the other in a empty desert, would there be a difference in blast radius?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/23gqwq/if_two_nuclear_bombs_were_detonated_one_in_a/
|
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"A blast will travel farther over flat ground than over hilly ground or buildings. The actual extent of the blast would be dependent on a huge number of factors, such as the blast strength, the altitude of detonation, the density of buildings and their construction, etc. \n\nThere have only been two detonations over cities. If you want exact figures for estimated blast radii in cities, then you're going to have to ask someone working for the Department of Defense, and they will tell you it's classified."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
2nwhwz
|
Are there any know records of Stalin speaking or writing in Georgian after he became the leader of the Soviet Union?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2nwhwz/are_there_any_know_records_of_stalin_speaking_or/
|
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"If there are I could not find any. It is known that he did speak Georgian fluenty, and even wrote poetry. Fairly decent one too. He went to a seminary, where he was one of the top students.\nYou may ask how come there are no records of him speaking or writing in Georgian? I would have to imagine it would have to be something along the lines that he did speak it, but only to his family. There are some anecdotes written down by his daughter about her father speaking in Georgian when he friends were visiting him from Georgia. Otherwise he spoke and wrote in Russian, as it was the national language of that time. "
]
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ahg9s7
|
what is a prenuptial agreement and why is it portrayed in such a negative manner in film and television?
|
I have seen this prenuptial agreement situation happen in a lot of TV and film and I just don’t understand why the usually male character freaks out when the usually female character presents her partner with a “prenup”.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ahg9s7/eli5_what_is_a_prenuptial_agreement_and_why_is_it/
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"I can't really speak for everyone on this issue but from what i understand. If you are entering a marriage with someone, you are doing it with the assumption that they are your partners for life. At least at the time you are marrying with that in mind, naive or whatnot.\n\nA prenuptial agreement serves as the basis of what happens when a divorce happens. You spell out exactly who owns and does what when that happens. For one side, it can be seen as protecting their own life if things go wrong, but the other side can see this as \"why did we do thing if you didn't think this will work?\" or \"are you telling me you are not confident in \"\"us\"\" that you want to have this made\".",
"The idea is to make a legal document outlining whose stuff is whose before the marriage, so if they should divorce, there is a clear delineation of how assets are to be distributed. For example, someone wealthy might want a prenup to ensure their partner isn't simply going to marry with the goal of divorcing soon after and taking half of the wealth with them. Makes for good television drama, as it raises the question if someone really loves them or if they are just getting married for money. In real life, I'm not sure how common prenups are nor how often they are able to be legally enforced.",
"It is an agreement drawn up before marriage with the presumption that the property and inheritance rights aren't going to follow the standard form.\n\nIn films the focus is on the divorce clauses that exist which are meant to guard against gold digging. The negative aspect of that is the lack of trust that can be felt by making one given that one would normally be expecting to share everything with the new spouse.\n\nHowever, other aspects that are more positive exist. Two people I know already had kids each and got married in their 50s so they had one drawn up to maintain some seperation between the inheritance between the two sets of children. This was more based on their being so many more opportunities for falling out over that sort of thing."
]
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c8ih4h
|
How does Newton's 3rd Law apply to an object falling in a vacuum?
|
For every action there's and equal, opposite reaction. If you were to drop an object, the force of gravity will be fought by air resistance in an atmosphere, but, in a vacuum where there is no air, what is the opposite reaction?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/c8ih4h/how_does_newtons_3rd_law_apply_to_an_object/
|
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"Air resistance isn't the reaction force of the gravitational force acting on an object. The reaction force of gravitational force acting on the falling object is the gravitational force the object exerts on the body its falling to.",
"In this case the equal and opposite forces are the gravity created by each object. So if you drop a bowling ball the Earth exerts gravitational force on the bowling bowl pulling it towards the Earth and the bowling ball exerts force on the Earth pulling the Earth towards the bowling ball regardless of whether it is in a vacuum or not. Air resistance occurs because the bowling ball is trying to move through the air and running into particles. The air particles are moving but hit the bowling ball as it falls exerting some force on the ball slowing it down.",
"If you're holding something and let go of it, we normally say that you dropped it and it will fall to the ground. However, a more detailed explanation is that you were holding the ball and the ground apart, and by letting go of the ball, the ball is now falling toward the ground *and* the ground is falling toward the ball so that the two meet somewhere in between where they both started.\n\nFor normal circumstances, we don't worry about the earth falling up when we let go of things because the forces are equal, but what really matters is the acceleration, which is a force divided by mass, and the earth is something like 10^25 more massive than a baseball, so the acceleration experienced by the earth is going to be much much smaller than the acceleration experienced by the ball.",
"I don't really like the \"equal and opposite reaction\" phrasing because it's sort of confusing; what's exactly is an \"action\" and what's a \"reaction\"?\n\nThe more physically fundamental way of stating the third law is that momentum is conserved; i.e. the sum of all the momentum in a system (remembering that momentum is a vector quantity, so has both magnitude and direction) must always stay the same. \n\nIf you drop an object, it gains momentum in the direction it's falling. Because momentum is conserved, it means that the momentum must have changed by an equal amount somewhere else; in the case of a falling object, the Earth's momentum changes. Force is just the rate of change of momentum, so the force on the object and the Earth must be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The Earth exerts a force on the falling object, but the object also exerts a force on the Earth, which falls towards the object. Of course, the Earth is very very heavy, so it doesn't fall very far towards the object."
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93bh35
|
why are rape+homicide rates so high? what motivates someone who is simply out for sexual gratification to rape (and possibly end up murdering the victim) and why is that seen as a better alternative than paying for sex?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/93bh35/eli5_why_are_rapehomicide_rates_so_high_what/
|
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"Ive studied violent crime in grad school a bit. It’s not as simple as looking for sexual gratification. In fact the sex is secondary for most, and the real thrill comes from overpowering and beating the system if only for a little while. Sex is just a means to that end for many. ",
"Rape in general is about exerting power over someone. Yes sexual gratification is involved, but that is not the point of it. Exerting power and forcing someone to do something against their will is the point of it, and that cannot be replicated with someone that is willinging doing something for pay. \n\nMurder when not a crime of passions, or negligence is often done for similar power reasons. Having the power over someone's life and exerting that power to end it is very rewarding for certain kinds of people. \n\nBut neither rate is extremely high, at least in most of the world. We currently live in the safest time in human history with the lowest murder and lowest number of rape cases in recorded history. ",
"As many have said, rape is primarily about power, not sexual gratification. Speaking from the experience of surviving several instances of sexual assault, I can confirm.\n\nThe high murder rates in the US are not really connected to that. Most rapists don’t kill their victims because a murder investigation is far more likely to lead to actual consequences while reported rape is often not even investigated. And a lot of rapists are repeated offenders, with their victims often being close to them: spouses, relatives, friends. They have an interest in maintaining their power over their victims. Killing them would not help with that.\n\nMurder is so common in the US for other reasons, e.g. the high gun ownership rate and other factors. Other countries have far lower murder rates but comparable rates of sexual assault.",
"First homicide and rape rates are not actually high. They are on average the lowest they have ever been. There are some countries with higher rates than others and some places where the rates are higher now than a few years ago, but on average and taking the big and long view, violence is down.\n\nWay down.\n\nIf you are alive today your chances of being violently murdered are on average the lowest they have ever been and despite soke hiccups here and there the trend seems to continue to go downward.\n\nRape is harder to pin down. Statistics can be unreliable. Many don't report rape, especially in the past. It doesn't help that the definition has been changing over the years with things like marital rape not being a thing in the past in many places.\n\nStill it seems that even if the statistics are not quite as clear that rape and especially violent rape are down.\n\nFor the motivations it needs to be understood that many experts maintain that rape is usually about power more than it is about sex.\n\nThe idea of a sex-starved man snatching an immodestly dressed stranger of the street to satisfy his urges, is perhaps something that is popularized by certain groups but hardly what usually happens.\n\nIt is hard to compare rape statistics between places where prostitution is legal and common and where it is not, due to all the other cultural differences. But while there appears to be a correlation between healthy attitudes towards sex and fewer sex-crimes, it seems to be too much too claim that simply being able to pay for sex makes people less likely to rape.\n\nSo murder and rape are not nearly as common as you may think and rape is not about sex but about power for many.\n\nStill, what makes the rates of violent crime and sexual assault be so high in some places compared to others?\n\nA lot of different things, but high rates of violent crime usually go hand in hand with people not trusting their local authorities to fairly deal with things. If the police have a monopoly on violence, violence overall is down, if people don't trust the police and the courts violence will go up.\n\nBeing able to resolve conflicts without resorting to violence and instead appeal to some legitimate authority is how violence is reduced. If the police are corrupt or biased or powerless and laws are written in such a way to push people outside the protection of the police, violent crime will go up.\n\nRape and other sex-crimes are part of that, but they are also influenced by societies views on sex in general. There is a strong cultural influence at work.",
"It isn't just about having sex, it is about feeling they are entitled, that they somehow have earned the right to have sex with that person, and are merely collecting a debt. Most rapists know they victims, to the point of even being romantically involved. They don't see it as rape, it was their due, the victim enjoyed the experience, they were just being difficult about it.\n\nAs for the murder, it is often done dispassionately. The best witness to a rape is the victim, so killing them is often just to protect themselves once they realize the sort of trouble they could be in.\n",
"If you pay for sex, there's no resistance. You're not exerting force or overpowering someone. \nWith rape or homicidal rape, you get to dominate over someone that's unwilling, not willing. They may attempt to resist you. If you pay, any resistance is either fake or nonexistent. \nTo know why someone would pick X over Y, you need to simply look at the differences between X and Y. \nPeople keep pointing out the difference to you, and you say, \"Yeah, but that's not what I'm really asking.\" \nHey, the answer is the answer. If you want to learn rather than proving yourself right and becoming biased, then you gotta kind of make a choice that you'll take in the facts. \n\n\nAlso, rape is not at some kind of an all time high. One rape every 6.2 minutes? I had to google that myself. OK, I'm impressed. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_). That still doesn't mean that there's an epidemic though unless everything else on the map is also in some kind of crisis. \n"
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boin2b
|
Could solar flares realistically disable all electronics on earth?
|
So I’ve read about solar flares and how they could be especially damaging to today’s world, since everyday services depend on the technology we use and it has the potential to disrupt all kinds of electronics.
How can a solar flare disrupt electronic appliances? Is it potentially dangerous to humans (eg. cancer)? And could one potentially wipe out all electronics on earth? And if so, what kind of damage would it cause (would all electronics need to be scrapped or would they be salvageable?)
Thanks in advance
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/boin2b/could_solar_flares_realistically_disable_all/
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"A solar flare won't destroy all electronics on earth. Those that are facing the sun when the solar flare hits might be degraded, and there will likely be electrical grid overloads, but the entire planet will not lose its electronics.\n\nThis is because the electronics on the far side of the Earth will be shielded from the electromagnetic radiation by the Earth itself. Also, the flare would have to be absolutely massive to have an effect. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nThis storm wrecked havoc on the telegraph lines of the day.",
"Read up on the Carrington Event of 1859. An event like this, were it to occur today, would likely cause widespread electric grid damage and result in electrical outages. These outages could be lengthy in duration due to the availability of replacement components. Satellites including communication and GPS would be affected. Astronauts and possibly humans at higher altitudes would be most affected by intense solar radiation and the duration of a solar storm would also make things worse. \n\n\nNo, it would not damage every terrestrial electronic device. You may be thinking of and EMP.",
"A solar flare, no. Maybe you're thinking of [coronal mass ejections](_URL_0_) (CMEs), which can be troublesome.\n\nBut even with CMEs, NASA says chill out:\n\n_URL_2_\n\n > But it is a problem the same way hurricanes are a problem. One can protect oneself with advance information and proper precautions. During a hurricane watch, a homeowner can stay put … or he can seal up the house, turn off the electronics and get out of the way. Similarly, scientists at NASA and NOAA give warnings to electric companies, spacecraft operators and airline pilots before a CME comes to Earth so that these groups can take proper precautions\n\nIf you're not too prone to anxiety, read about the Carrington Event:\n\n_URL_3_\n\nThe Earth's Aurora extended as far south as Columbia. It was so bright people got up in the middle of the night thinking it was morning. Some telegraph operators were able to send/receive messages with their batteries unhooked. Others had to fight fires caused by sparks leaping from their equipment.\n\nOh btw a lot of people think NASA is downplaying the CME fears, [for example](_URL_1_).\n\n****",
"Kinda. The biggest solar flare recorded happened in this century, I think. [Yep, this century](_URL_0_) Luckily, it didn't hit us.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWe've got that very helpful magnetic field that deflects solar ejections and radiation. Should a big solar flare occur, communications would probably be disabled. But if you want to play on your nintendo switch or start your car, you'd probably be fine. Cell phone service, internet, and the general efficacy of our satellites? Not so assured.",
"Geomagnetic storms accompanied usually by solar flares and other perturbations cause a strengthening and weakening effect in certain areas of the earths magnetic field. According to maxwell and faraday, a changing magnetic field always produces an electric current, and vice versa. This current will always take the path of least resistance. In areas with non electrically conductive terrain (parts of Canada for example), that path could be directly through the power grid. This causes spikes in the voltage carried through the lines, and can cause critical damage to transformers. The power grid itself is susceptible to solar events, however most electronics would survive due to fuses and circuit breakers. Solar flares themselves are purely light emissions. While they are a good indication of an incoming geomagnetic storm, they in themselves, won’t do much damage, aside from to satellites in orbit. The light rays emitted can cause gps errors and ionospheric scintillation which can affect HF radio communications to polar regions. Most of the high energy light which is dangerous to humans on a cellular level, will ionize nitrogen and oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere which will prevent them from ever reaching the earths surface. \n\nWhile it is completely possible for a geomagnetic storm to “wipe out” a power grid, it is highly unlikely for them to damage all electronics.",
"Here's a good thread from the preppers sub-reddit that goes into details about this. [_URL_0_](_URL_1_)\n\nWhat you're thinking of are coronal mass events (CMEs), which are much more powerful than solar flares, and cause what is essentially a high-altitude EMP. These are often confused with EMPs caused by nuclear weapons, which could be triggered in the high atmosphere anywhere we can put a nuclear weapon, and cause a similar effect that is more limited in range.\n\nDue to the protection of Earth's magnetosphere, CMEs don't really affect life, however they can wreak havoc with electronics of all sizes. They largely affect the northern latitudes due to the way they interact with the magnetosphere, but can extend further south the stronger they are. They can affect both large and small electronics, because the EMP has three stages that operate on slightly different timeframes and with different effects (you can read details at the above link).\n\nThe biggest risk of these is that, although the damage can be mitigated somewhat, our infrastructure has not been hardened to mitigate them because of the cost and lack of interest. The fear is that in a big CME event that hits Earth (there was one in 2012 that missed us by \\~9 days) that it would fry most of the transformers and shut off electricity delivery for potentially years while new transformers and other components were built. We don't have tens of thousands of them sitting around to just swap out.",
"Late to the party, but this radiolab episode describes something similar and how we've added redundancy to help reduce the risks. It's well worth your time.\n\n [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"No, they could not. You're mixing this up with the EMP from a high-altitude nuke :-)\n\nI wrote a [long, in-depth piece on EMPs from space weather and nukes](_URL_0_), with interviews and links to technical resources and so on, so check it out if you want to know more.",
"Could solar flares disable all electronics on earth?\n\nNo, not if it's just a solar flare. Solar flares don't really do anything in terms of inducing currents on earth. A solar flare is just an emission of light (visible and invisible). \n\nHowever, what *can* damage electronics is a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) which can accompany a solar flare. A CME is basically a cloud of charged particles shot out by the sun that create a magnetic field (by virtue of being charged, moving particles). When they impact the earth and its magnetic field, they affect the earth's magnetic field and can induce currents in anything they hit or anything near what they hit. Changes in the earth's magnetic field can also generate currents in things on earth.\n\nThe things that are most susceptible to induced current from a CME hitting the earth are power grids. This is because power transmission lines function as giant antennae. A relatively weak electric field induced by a CME can induce a relatively large current in power transmission lines, causing components of the system to fail. \n\nA CME can damage electronics, too, but not as easily as it can power grids. It would take a pretty strong CME to directly damage electronics (as opposed to them being fried by being connected to the power grid). \n\nElectronics are shielded against everyday sources of electromagnetic interference, but they're not impervious. Basically any electronic device that isn't encased in a total faraday cage is vulnerable to being permanently disabled by an electric field induced by a CME. The only question is how strong of an electric field is required to zap it. Some devices are more robust than others in this respect. But all can be disabled, given a sufficient electric field.\n\nAn unusually strong CME would be required to knock out electronics directly, but it's certainly possible. The biggest risk is long-term loss of power due to massive power grid failures. If a CME fries the chips in your laptop or your TV, it *definitely* already wiped out every power station and transformer in your region, and you've got bigger problems than worrying about whether you'll be able to read emails or send texts (you'll need to worry about finding clean water and food, because it will take months or years to get the power grid back up and running, and the supply chains for everything you consume on a daily basis - food, water, fuel - all depend on the power grid).",
"Okay, in order to understand the possible consequences of a solar flare, you need to understand the mechanics of them. In science, they are referred to as Coronal Mass Ejections, or CMEs for short. They are superheated plasma particles that become charged electrically, and the particle cloud itself has a North and South pole as they travel through space. If you have ever played with magnets, you know that opposites attract, and like poles repel eachother. If the CME has a charge oriented opposite of the magnetic poles of the Earth, it will dive down into the polar magnetosphere and electrically charge the entire planet. Our electronics would see their neutral (ground) suddenly become very far from neutral, to the point that many small circuits would become overloaded, then melt and even combust in some cases. This has happened before, in the mid 1800's, it was known as the Carrington Event. Back then the most advanced electronics were telegraph lines, which are fairly robust compared to most modern devices, just by the fact that their circuits were much more massive than most things today. The telegraph lines were operating without needing to be turned on... The wires were inducting current that actually powered signal transmissions, simply by the flow of electricity from the Earth's magnetic field. People by the Equator witnessed the Aurora Borealis. Will'O The Wisps Danced by the multitude accross harbors and through city streets. A great multitude of forest fires and building fires were sparked by the hypercharged static electricity that overloaded the air itself even inside of buildings.",
"Telegram lines were set on fire from the Carrington Event. Things have only become more reliant on electronics since then. Solar radiation fries delicate electronics so appliances not properly shielded could be affected. Solar radiation of sufficient power would cause electrical storms in the atmosphere posing huge risk to people on the ground.",
"When you think of it, humanity is so insignificant. We just live on a tiny speck of dust in the gigantic universe and we've existed for a ridiculously short time compared to the universe. If our tiny, insignificant little sun decides to fart, we're screwed. \n\nMakes you think.",
"There may be a chance we could ameliorate the effects in new and sciency ways: \n [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)",
"A major solar \"event\" (i.e., a CME) would badly impact large networks... i.e., the power grid, and to some extent things like phone and cable networks. The good news is that we would have a warning, and the power company would probably shut down everything... Once their stuff is disconnected from the grid, it generally won't be harmed, though it would take days or even weeks to fire it back up. Some areas may be down far longer depending on how isolated they could make things and the strength of the pulse.\n\nSmall stuff (i.e., personal electronics, even cars) are unlikely to be seriously damaged. If you have warning and can, I'd unplug everything electrical in your house, and flip all the breakers off. (Hell, I'd probably even disconnect the mains entirely). If it's unplugged it's almost certain to be fine, if it's plugged in, it depends... Maybe maybe not.\n\nThings like satellites would have to be shut down for the duration (they are generally designed to deal with those sorts of things).\n\nA major CME that hits earth would be very annoying, and people would likely die because of it, and it would likely create some fairly serious economic impacts, but it's unlikely to be an \"end of the world\" sortof thing.",
"The solar storm of 1859 was the largest recorded solar event in history. Below the link is a description of what it would be like if one of that magnitude would hit today.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nA solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts and damage due to extended outages of the electrical grid.The solar storm of 2012 was of similar magnitude, but it passed Earth's orbit without striking the planet, missing by nine days.",
"I’m a video producer. In summer 2012 I was shooting a series of simultaneous inverviews and a camera just stopped mid-interview. The footage wasn’t harmed, but we found out later that day that there was a huge solar flare. Since then I’ve been mindful of them.",
"Simple answer:\n\nSolar flares cause electromagnetic radiation which can induce an electric current in metal melting it if the current is high enough.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nMore detail:\n\nIF you have a strong electric current and high resistance it creates heat thus; small wires which have relatively high resistance and low thermal capacity would heat up to their melting point destroying them upon a high induced current.\n\nSolar flares already do occasionally cause defects in automobiles on a regular basis due to the high amount of computer controlled parts. (Computers often have small wires in them.)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nI would wager that this phenomenon would mostly only disrupt computer memory by moving around electrons as the energy transfer of these events from the sun, through the atmosphere and earth's magnetic field mostly dampen the effect.",
"Yes, it's essentially an EMP attack from mother nature.\n\nAny given component might be ok. If your phone is off, may be it's fine. \n\nThe risk is our electric grid. Huge swaths of the country could be without power for months/years. No way to get life saving medicines. Massive food shortages. Death toll could be well into the 10s/100s of millions if severe enough.\n\nNote: those are extreme, upper case estimates. A LARGE EMP, and the worst case scenarios of most major critical components to the electric grid frying. \n\nBut some theoretical scenarios and planning exercises have indeed estimated that many people in the US could die due to the side effects of starvation, no medicine, etc..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859"
],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection",
"https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-what-would-happen-if-solar-storm-wiped-out-technology-geomagnetic-carrington-event-coronal-mass-ejection",
"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/flare-impacts.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859"
],
[
"https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=55580"
],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/preppers/comments/bj6t2n/industrybacked\\_group\\_says\\_the\\_grid\\_is\\_immune\\_to/?utm\\_source=share&utm\\_medium=web2x",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/preppers/comments/bj6t2n/industrybacked_group_says_the_grid_is_immune_to/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x"
],
[
"https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/bit-flip"
],
[
"https://theprepared.com/emergencies/guides/emp/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ_13-065_Van_Allen_Probes_Belts.html",
"https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ\\_13-065\\_Van\\_Allen\\_Probes\\_Belts.html"
],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859?wprov=sfla1"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1og4le
|
Did the ancient Mesopotamians look like current day Iraqis? Or do we not know how they looked like?
|
Also how much of ancient mesopotamian culture is present in Arab culture.
Thank you.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1og4le/did_the_ancient_mesopotamians_look_like_current/
|
{
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"text": [
"Rooms Seven and Eight of the British Museum contain Assyrian artwork from Nineveh and Nimrud. These large stone bas-reliefs show various Assyrian kings, with their long curled hair and curled beards. There is other Assyrian artwork that shows hair length was generally longer than it is in modern Iraq. There is also archaeological evidence from Nimrud, that the tightly curled beards worn by the monarchs needed a lot of care and maintainance. Hair care tools like combs and curlers were found in the king's private chamber at Nimrud. \n ",
"I think [this](_URL_0_) might be a good point to start reading. There are some pdfs to te relevant studies (by N. Al-Zahery et Al.) in the sources.\n\n\nIt seems that the Iraqi people share a lot of DNA with sumeric/assyrian roots and have had some but not much influx from the indo-european. So you can say that at least genetically they are quite similar to their predecessors.\n\nPlease take note that this kind of study still has a lot of statistical uncertainties about them and data from Iraq was not that easily obtained due to some conflict."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogenetics_of_the_Near_East#Iraq-Mesopotamia"
]
] |
|
281i2t
|
in the uk, what happens to the state and government during the 17 days before an election when parliament is dissolved?
|
from Wikipedia:
> Members of Parliament cease to be so, as soon as it is dissolved, and, although they and their staff continue to be paid until polling day, they may not enter the Palace of Westminster.
So...what happens if there is a major national crisis during the 17 day interregnum, such as a declaration of war or a terrorist attack? What if there is simply some issue that cannot wait? Does the UK legally have no governing authority during those 17 days?
edit:typos
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/281i2t/eli5_in_the_uk_what_happens_to_the_state_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ci6gr2j"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"The monarch has the prerogative to form and dissolve the government. The prerogative could easily be used to re-convene the houses of government."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1hf8vz
|
What would a person be like if they couldn't remember anything short term? What would their perception be experience the present?
|
So i guess what im getting at is how much of our perception of self is formed through our reflection of our experience retroactively. Assume that the person would have a working knowledge of how to function and operate within society.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1hf8vz/what_would_a_person_be_like_if_they_couldnt/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cau7e7a"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"What you're thinking happens when someone has anterograde amnesia which is the loss in ability to create new memories. I came across this man Clive Wearing when I researching (just casually) this topic a couple of years back: _URL_0_\n\nYou can see in the video he basically forgets anything very quickly and is delighted when his wife returns from leaving the room, as if he hadn't seen her in a long time. Remarkable that he retains his music playing ability. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw"
]
] |
|
8b0x24
|
what is so special about petroleum oils that we can't just simply use most other kinds of oil (vegetable, animal) as a fuel substitute?
|
I am assuming similar viscosity and consistency and whatever because obviously you can't run a combustion engine on a solid block of fat.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8b0x24/eli5_what_is_so_special_about_petroleum_oils_that/
|
{
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"dx32ay6",
"dx3e5vr"
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12,
4
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"text": [
"Petroleum oils are hydrocarbon chains, links of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms hooked to them. Vegetable oils have links of carbon atoms with some hydrogen atoms, but also some oxygen-hydrogen units attached to them.\n\nYou can absolutely use these as a fuel supplement, in the US almost all cars run on 10% Ethanol (mostly derived from corn oil). Some cars can run on 85% Ethanol, and others run on pure oil (which is usually called bio-diesel when used for fuel).\n\nWhen it comes to why petroleum, the answer is very simple. It's cheaper. People buy fuel from the lowest cost source.",
"You can burn nearly anything as fuel if you want to; there are engines that run on (processed) vegetable/cooking oil, and obviously ethanol supplements are well-known. They just aren't as efficient as petroleum gasoline.\n\nthe reason petroleum is prized is that it is basically the highest potential-energy-per-weight/volume substance we can find that both occurs naturally and isn't hugely volatile."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1ky7d8
|
When did the practice of naming city streets originate?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1ky7d8/when_did_the_practice_of_naming_city_streets/
|
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"text": [
"Great question! As an add-on/follow-up - how did people find new shops and places to go (e.g. to visit someone new) before there was an official street naming scheme?",
"not discouraging more info on this topic, especially since I can't find most of the previous discussions on historic street naming (how are they defying my search-fu??), but FYI, here are a couple of previous posts which can at least get you started:\n\n[Why did the Romans name highways but not local roads?](_URL_1_)\n\n[When did the practice of naming streets of cities and towns become common?](_URL_0_)",
"The earliest named roads I am aware of date to roughly the 5th century B.C. like the Panathenaic Way leading from the Dipylon (city gate) to the Acropolis of Athens and the Via Sacra of Rome which was the traditional route of a triumphal procession. I can't comment on anything earlier of the top off my head, but maybe someone else can find something earlier. Large and complex cities did exist for centuries before the Greeks!",
"This is a loaded question as the answers depends on a variety of factors such as settlement origin, time period, etc. Consider the following examples in American history: \n\n- The fortune-seeking Dutch merchants who settled New Amsterdam in the 1620s named their streets in a very practical manner. Many street names were mere descriptions as to the type of establishment which dominated said street. Think \"Broad Street\" (the street was most broad), \"Wall Street\" (contained a defensive colonial \"wall\"), \"Beaver Street\" (fur trade built New Amsterdam), Dock Street (a fisherman's area) \"Pearl Street\" (named for the collection of oysters that piled up along the wharf), Remember, joint-stock colonial settlements like New Amsterdam are best regarded as company towns. The need to get fancy and name streets based in royal homage was probably ignored until after sound industry and further investment pumped more money (and recognition) into the settlement. \n\n- William Penn, the poster-child for the American Quakers, named the streets of Philadelphia in 1682 as part of an all-encompassing utopian plan. To lure investment and promote his \"peace amongst nature\" township ideas, Penn is credited as being the first to name city streets in America by tree names and by a number system. \n\n- New York's Grid Plan of 1811 further popularized the system of street numbering as the city boundaries and property values ballooned over the island of Manhattan and made for practical buying and selling of property. \n\n- Romanticized suburban street names may be credited to mid-18th century \"naturists\" like Frederick Law Olmsted, Calvert Vaux, Andrew Jackson Downing or Alexander Jackson Davis who developed and popularized country life within the built environment. Olmsted and Vaux planned one of the earliest suburbs named \"Riverside\" - apart from also designing Central Park in New York. Jackson and Davis co-authored many architectural pattern books that promoted detached single family housing units and also developed an early suburb named \"Llewelyn Park.\" In popularizing the suburban, park-like development, many later suburban developments took their cue by these romantic \"naturists\" and named streets and developments after things from nature like flowers or animals - \"Magnolia Lane\" or \"River Grove\" etc. \n\nHope this all helps (or made sense)! For further reading, consider \"Gotham\" by Burrow and Wallace, \"Crabgrass Frontier\" by Kenneth T. Jackson or \"City Life\" by Witold Rybczynski. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"To answer, let me share a joke with you!\nPrelude: A physician from Isin traveled to Nippur to collect payment for prior services. He was given the following directions:\n\n > When you come to Nippur, my city, you should enter by the Grand Gate and leave a street, a boulevard, a square, Tillazida Street, and the ways of Nusku and Nininema to your left. You should ask Nin-lugal-apsu, daughter of Ki'agga-Enbilulu, daughter-in-law of Ninshu-ana-Ea-takla, a gardening woman of the garden Henun-Enlil, sitting on the ground of Tillazida selling produce, and she will show you.\n\nNot a very good joke, but it's five thousand years old so we can cut it some slack. More importantly, what it lacks in humor it makes up for in street names: Nusku, Nininema (though those may be informal referentials), and most definitely Tillazida!\n\nI dug for way longer than I should've trying to find a direct source for this text, which appears in two books I've read (*Babylon* by Paul Kriwaczek and *The Political Landscape* by Adam T. Smith), but one has no citation and the other merely gives \"Foster, 1996\", which turned out to be spectacularly unhelpful to me.\nHowever, I DID find [this](_URL_0_), which looks like a perfect paper to help answer your question, but... pay wall x_X\n\nAnyways, the third-millienium BCE Sumerians of Nippur definitely named their streets."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1kj7of/when_did_the_practice_of_naming_streets_of_cities/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1at4gw/why_did_the_romans_name_highways_but_not_local/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.oldenbourg-link.com/doi/abs/10.1524/aofo.2011.0020"
]
] |
||
42fkvp
|
Can anyone tell me what Herodotus is holding in this sculpture and its significance ?
|
_URL_0_
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/42fkvp/can_anyone_tell_me_what_herodotus_is_holding_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz9yrt1"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"Do you mean [this image?](_URL_3_) If so, somebody has made a mistake. That's not Herodotus. \n\nIt's part of a larger [bas relief](_URL_4_) at the Louvre, made to celebrate Napoleon as a law-giver. It is \"History Inscribing upon Her Tablet the Names of Napoleon the Great and the Legislators Moses, Numa, and Lycurgus.\" See [Jonathan P. Ribner, *Broken Tablets: The Cult of the Law in French Art from David to Delacroix*.] (_URL_0_) According to Ribner:\n\n > History, flanked by busts of Herodotus and Thucydides, inscribes the name of France's great legislator in the presence of four representatives of the sacred mysteries of law.\n\nIf you look [closely](_URL_1_) you can see the names on the *busts* flanking History. The bust on the viewer's right is Ἡρόδοτος, or Herodotus.\n\nThe two large statues on either side of the window are Moses (with horns) and [Numa Pompilius](_URL_5_), legendary king and lawgiver of Rome. According to Ribner, he \"holds attributes of priesthood and prophecy, the wand of augury and a vestal flame.\" This \"wand of augury\" is a [lituus](_URL_2_).\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=herodotus&client=safari&hl=en&prmd=ivbn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizw9mjqcLKAhWLfxoKHTFODNwQ_AUIBygB#imgrc=LwGl5KejusKWhM%3A"
] |
[
[
"http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4x0nb2dg;chunk.id=d0e708;doc.view=print",
"http://souslecieldeparisetdailleurs.o.s.f.unblog.fr/files/2014/04/cour-carree-1806.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituus",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#/media/File:Relief_Herodotus_cour_Carree_Louvre.jpg",
"http://fh.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/fh.crr043/F1.large.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompilius"
]
] |
|
69u3yk
|
9th century Wales and two-handed axes
|
Odd question, I know, but in the rare images I've seen of Britons fighting invading Norsemen, the Welsh wielding a two-handed axe is persistent, at least enough for me to pick up on it. Was this a common thing? I'd always associated them with the huscarls and Scandinavians of later years, but these are depictions of the early invasions, when the Sons of Ragnar were still running amok. Follow up, if this was a thing, did the practice extend into the Hen Ogledd as well, or was it primarily a Gwynned/Glywissing/all the others in that area thing?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/69u3yk/9th_century_wales_and_twohanded_axes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dh9wsj3"
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"text": [
"If you don't mind linking some of said images, that would be very helpful in determining their historicity. \n\nThat being said, we have very VERY little information about the specific armaments of soldiers in the early Viking period. For example, Ragnar Lothbrok was himself a semi-legendary figure who we don't even know *existed*. The idea that the invaders of Britain/Ireland in the late 9th Century were definitely his sons is not even 100% certain. This is just to give you an idea to how limited our knowledge is of the period.\n\nWhat's more, the best primary document is the Anglo-Saxon chronicle for this period/place. As a result, it's primary focus is on the Anglo-Saxon side of the struggle with the Danes. This means that our knowledge of Welsh conflict is even *less* detailed than what little we have to go on for the English kingdoms. \n\nAll that being said, the Axe and Spear were far more common than the sword in general for the medieval period. Thus it is more than possible that Welshmen would be armed with axes of some sort to combat their enemies. But the large, two handed 'dane axe' was specifically known as a Scandinavian weapon, at least until later than the period you are referencing. It's again possible that some Welsh would use it if they found one, but my money (and we are dipping very far into hypotheticals) would be on the usage of Spears. This is partly from analysis of later Welsh armies - for instance, about 400 years later we have the Welsh forces facing Edward I primarily armed with spears. For that matter, the majority of English, Scandinavian, Irish, what have you would have primarily used the Spear.\n\nAlso the depicted use of the Dane-Axe by huscarls is very much a result of their depiction in the Bayeux Tapestry, one of the few extant visual displays of medieval battle. But the Tapestry was made nearly 200 years after the time period you are looking at. Part of the problem with modern recreation/depiction of the viking period is that they (perhaps unknowingly) use the Tapestry as a primary source for viking/saxon/etc. weaponry, when really it might have been completely different. We just don't know.\n\nHere's some further reading you might like to do. Please link the images if you get a chance!\n\nFor primary sources you could look at the Anglo-Saxon chronicle which at times discusses Thegns, Huscarls as well as describes some tactics etc. This can be found relatively easily online in multiple translations. Here is a website that breaks down the chronicle by years. _URL_0_\n\nAlso a glance at the Bayeux tapestry would give you a vivid idea of what contemporary huscarls would look like as well as their equipment, armaments etc. Here is a website that breaks down the tapestry by scene, and I have linked specifically a scene that shows the English Infantry. _URL_1_\n\nLavelle, Ryan. *Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age.*\n\nOakeshott, R.E. (1996). *The Archaeology of Weapons, Arms and Armour from Prehistory to[ the Age of Chivalry.*\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/asintro2.html",
"http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/Bayeux27.htm"
]
] |
|
a6mgyh
|
How did conquistadores/missionaries react when they found muslims in the Philippines?
|
Were they surprised?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/a6mgyh/how_did_conquistadoresmissionaries_react_when/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yes, the (Christian) Spanish were surprised. To elaborate on this answer, I will be using two main sources: Isaac Donoso's *Islamic Far East: Ethnogenesis of Philippine Islam* and Cesar Adib Majul's *Muslims in the Philippines*.\n\nThis is not directly about the topic at hand, but the Andalusian Muslim diaspora had extended well into Asia after 1212, when the Muslims of Iberia were defeated. The Portuguese explorers were surprised to find Spanish-speakers and Spanish words in Asia when they were in places such as the Persian Gulf, and more surprise at finding Islamic kingdoms, that these Andalusians found refuge in, so far east in general. These exiled Muslims and their descendants would have been accepted into Muslim kingdoms as they moved eastward (since Islam had already spread to South and Southeast Asia). The Portuguese encountered Iberian Muslims in India as well, and spoke with them in a mixture of Portuguese and Spanish. In fact, Iberian Muslims may have travelled as far east as Southeast Asia during the tenth century(!) (at least according to the Muslim legend, Kitab Aja’ib al-Hind; this could simply be just a story though). \n\nThe first histriographic document dealing exclusively with the presence of Islam in the Philippines by the Spanish was in 1585 (though there are earlier writings), by Melchor de Avalos to the Spanish King. Its purpose was to try to connect the Philippine Muslims with those in other places, and by association those in Iberia. The Spanish were shocked that they had found Islam so far east; the religion had a far greater reach than they ever anticipated. Islam had spread on its own throughout maritime Southeast Asia. To the Christian Spanish, this meant that Islam was an international network and, thus, the Filipino Muslims held the same status as the Iberian Muslims within the Spanish Empire. This was used as one of the justifications for attempting to conquer the Philippines (which was a successful enterprise in certain parts of the archipelago and a failure in others, but that's a different discussion), connecting Muslims around the world as one enemy rather than many different types of people.\n\nThe term \"Moros\" was actually applied to all of the people in the Philippine Archipelago at first, regardless of religion. It was also applied at first to the Bornean traders, who appeared to be under the control of Maynila. Eventually, the Spanish were able to distinguish between Muslims and native-animism practitioners in the islands, though in their opinion the Muslims did not practice true Islam like the African and Iberian Muslims they knew (in fact, to this day the Islam and Christianity in the Philippines is rather different from in the West). They noted, in different words, that the Islam practiced in the islands was highly syncretic and that many, if not most, of the people in the Maynila area seemed to only be nominally Muslim. In time the term moro began to be used to refer to the people in Mindanao, Sulu, and Borneo, while the term indios became a more general term for the Christianized Filipinos in the archipelago. \n\nThe people of Brunei and their intimate connection with Sulu and Maynila made the Spanish uncomfortable. This was a rival commercial connection and Brunei was seen as a major roadblock in the eradication of Islam throughout all these islands. This was a huge opposing political network for the Spanish to overcome. The reaction was big. For example, the royal authorities in Cebu asked the Spanish crown in 1565 for blessing to try to enslave the Moros from Luzon (the name Luzon was borrowed from the Tagalog word lusong, and was what the Spanish called the big northern island) and Borneo. As time went on, a policy of destructing mosques and Muslim tombs was implimented in the Philippines and Borneo. \n\nThis is not to say that the Spanish were the only surprised people. The people of the Philippine archipelago and the Borneans were surprised by the entrance of this new group of people with a third, unknown, religion. Brunei in particular saw the Spanish as economic and political enemies. Several notable sultans were hostile or unfriendly to the Spanish for their infringement on their sovereignty; Sultan Dimansankay of Maguindanao (on the island of Mindanao) refused to deal with the Spaniards altogether, for example. The first four stages of the Moro Wars happened from 1565-1663. The wars overall would last, well, hundreds of years since the Spanish never actually conquered all of the Muslim kingdoms in the archipelago.\n\nI think this is a good introduction to the topic, and I hope you find it interesting.",
"*u/KippyPowers already provided a great introduction to this; my answer will focus more on the initial conquest period and Spanish attitutes.* \n\n\n & nbsp;\n\nIn addition to an initial surprise, Spanish attitudes towards Philippine Muslims focused mostly on conversion and warfare - as in many Spanish colonial enterprises. These were reinforced by Spanish negative views of Musims acquired during the centuries-long military conflicts in medieval Iberia.\n\nIslam had arrived in the Philippines by the late 14th and early 15th c.\n, part of a larger process of Islamization Southeast Asia that had begun in the 9th century. By the mid-15th century the sultanate of Sulu was established, and had spread to Zamboanga on Mindanao by the time the Spanish arrived. In the early 16th c. the sultanate of Magindanao had become the most powerful state in Mindanao. What is more, from that time traders from Brunei had also started moving to Manila Bay. So there was an important Muslim presence by the time of early Spanish colonisation, and even before when Magellan arrived (and died) there in the 1520s. I would just add that I assume the Spanish Crown would have been aware of other Muslim states in South and possibly Southeast Asia – through the Portuguese who had a longer presence in these regions. At least by the time of the union of the Spanish-Portuguese crowns under Philipp II., the Spanish would have had much access to such information.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nThe first Spanish attempts to take over the Moluccan islands (aka the Spice Islands) were also thwarted by the Portuguese. It would take until the 1570s for the first Spanish colonial presence in the Philippines. Charles Mann sums up the main reasons for Spanish expansion there:\n\n > Because Portugal had taken advantage of the Spanish failures to\noccupy the Malukus, the expedition was told to find more spice\nislands nearby and establish a trade base on them. The king of\nSpain also wanted them to chart the wind patterns, *to introduce the\narea to Christianity*, and to be a thorn in the side of his nephew and\nrival, the king of Portugal. But the underlying goal was China. (Mann, 1493)\n\nThe main purpose then was to find China in order to expand trade there, as was Columbus' initial motivation. But you can already note conversion to Christianity as another main incentive, as in all Spanish campaigns in the Americas. Nominally, the Iberian rulers were legitimized for their overseas expansions by the popes, in return for converting local populations to Christianity. This leads us the main early conquistador: Miguel López de Legazpi. Legazpi had actually worked as an administrator in Mexico City, but was then asked by the religious Andrés Ochoa de\nUrdaneta y Cerain to form an expedition to the Philippines – on the orders of king Philipp II., for the reasons just mentioned. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nBriefly put, Legazpi's expedition left Mexico in 1564 with 5 ships, and encountered some setbacks when they arrived. They settled first on the smaller island Cebu, and then made a move to the larger island of Luzon. Here Legazpi encountered the Muslim ruler Rajah Sulayman:\n\n > Legazpi approached [Rajah] Sulayman soon after encountering the Chinese. The Spaniards\nwanted to use Manila’s harbor as a launching point for the China\ntrade. When Sulayman said he didn’t want the Spaniards around,\nLegazpi leveled his principal village, killing him and three hundred\nof his fellows. Modern Manila was established on the ruins. (Mann, 1493)\n\nManila would then become the base for the Spanish trade with China. So from the beginning of colonisation the Spaniards showed aggressive behaviour towards local Muslim rulers. This can be connected not just to Christianisation, but also to the long-standing conflicts with between Christian and Muslim states in medieval Iberia. Tihis is clear in how the Spanish called local Muslims in the Philippines „moros“, just like they had in Iberia (and other regions). What is more, Spanish expansion towards the Philippines blocked commercial activites there as well as the further spread of Islam in the region.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nPhilipp II's instructions to Legazpi at first upheld that native people should not be enslaved, except for those who were already slaves, and that they should be converted peacefully. However,\n\n > in 1568 he permitted Muslims to be enslaved if they actively continued to spread the Islamic faith or to make war on Spaniards or their subjects. This did not extend to Filipinos who had recenty been converted to Islam, who were to be persuaded to become Christians. By 1570 the rhetoric had changed and Philipp II granted permission for Spaniards to enslave Mindanaos on the grounds that they were Muslims and Spain's traditional enemies. (Newson, Spanish Philippines)\n\nThis the Spanish further legitimised in the Muslims' unwillingness to accepts Spanish rule, in rumors of an attack from (Islamic) Brunei, and in the arrival of Muslim preachers in Luzon. I would also connect this change in crown policies to the Spanish counter-reformation and overall hardening attituted towards other regions; as well as the rebellion of converted Muslims taking place ~~in Space~~ in the kingdom of Granada in Spain just in this time frame, from 1568 onwards (the 2nd Rebellion of the Alpujarras).\n\nWhile the Spanish succeeded at first against Moro groups in Manila Bay in the 1570s, later attempts in the later 16th c. proved to be failures. Spain clearly lacked the resources for major military campaigns, and in order to retain control of any conquered areas. Keep in mind the huge distance from there to Spain and even to Mexico, making the process of sending reinforcements complicated – plus not very attractive for Europeans. The islands held by Moros also were not very attractive for trade compared to the massive riches of China and Japan. For these reasons, Spanish policy basically became defensive from the 17th century onwards. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nAs has been mentioned, this did not include the ongoing raids by Moros agains Spanish colonial territories, and the long Moro Wars. Raids by Moro groups often had the aim of bringing in captives for sale in other south Asian regions – a practice that existed before colonial times, but probably on a much smaller scale. Since Islam forbids the enslavement of other Muslims, the arrival of the Spanish provided larger opportunities for finding slaves. \n\nMoro raids were countered by retaliatory expeditions, leading to hardening attituted on both sides. Both Moros and Spaniards saw themselves as defendors: the Spanish as defending their native subjects in the Visayas against Moro raids; the Moros as defenders of their peoples from Spanish military expeditions. So that both the military strengths and both sides attitudes led not to a direct military victory, but rather to centuries-long smaller raids and conflicts between both sides. Moro raids continued throughout colonial times but with their frequency varying over time. These centuries-long conflicts would have an impact on relations between Christians and Muslims in the Philippines until today.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nSince you mention the friars' reaction, I'll add one example on this too. The Spanish colonial government and church authorities would portray Muslims as the main enemies of their religion to the newly converted natives. During the celebration of a Spanish victory, Jesuits in 1637 put together a morality plays that would become the model for the later “moro-moro” plays. Such plays were used throughout Spanish America by religious orders to aid in their conversion campaigns; and would usually build on similar plays enacted after the Iberian so-called “reconquista” (featuring “cristianos” and “moros” or Moors). Cesar Abid Majul describes these moro-moro plays:\n\n > Defeat of the Muslims was always enacted in these plays, and the drama often concluded with the conversion of a Muslim chief, or his daughter falling in love with a braver and handsome Spanish officer. Spaniards were portrayed as noble gentlemen exemplifying Christian virtues, whereas the moros were portrayed as ugly, slovenly, treacherous, untustworthy and fanatical. All major towns eventually included such plays in the festivities honoring their patron saints. \n\n > Moro-Moro plays became part of the cultural activities of the towns and served as tools of propaganda by promoting a negative image of the Moros and of all Muslims. Even after the decline of the Spanish regime and up to the eve of the Japanese-American War, these plays were still being performed in Philippine provinces. (Cesar Adib Majul, The Contemporary Muslim Movement in the Philippines)\n\nOn the other side, Muslim preachers would similarly condemn Spaniards and native Christians as enemies of Islam, and ridicule them. Native Christian Filipinos would be portrayed as “traitors”. So that overall, we can add to the long-lasting influence of Christian-Moro military conflicts, the influence of religious conflicts – with early plays by Spanish priests proving especially influential.\n\n-------\n\n* Though not by a historian, Charles Mann's *1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created* has a nice description of the beginning of colonisation.\n\n* For a more academic account I'd add *Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines* by Linda A. Newson to those already mentioned above\n\n*Edit: added final paragraph; corrected auto-correct*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4xo5cw
|
[psychology/neuro] why do most people value romantic relationships far beyond friendships?
|
Statistically, my friends have caused me wayyy less pain or grief than any person I've dated. Why do humans prioritize romantic bonds over other kinds of social bonds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xo5cw/eli5_psychologyneuro_why_do_most_people_value/
|
{
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"d6h1beb",
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3,
3,
10
],
"text": [
"It's really just the human instinct of reproduction kicking in and making you choose your partner instead of your friends as they don't benefit you in any way except from you beint socially active.",
"You have to ask? Semi-regular sexy sexing.",
"You cannot pass on genes with your friends. The hypothalamus is in control of you. The sense that you are fulfilling your duty as the hero of a cosmically ordained narrative, and other romantic premonitions are conjured up in response to the hormones oxytocin, serotonin, vassopressin, adrenaline etc. Its the minds way of forcing you to stay with a person whilst giving you a sense of agency about the situation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2myw3m
|
Best American history book for a non-native speaker of English in 8th grade?
|
I tutor a Chinese girl who's about to move to America for high school. Is there an American history book comparable to "This is China: the first 5000 years"?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2myw3m/best_american_history_book_for_a_nonnative/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm95d1y"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"i gave this book \n\n_URL_0_\n\nto my chinese cousin in zhong 3.\n\nshe thought it was hilarious. I own all of larry gonicks cartoon histories and science books, theyre amazing"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Cartoon-History-United-States-Modern/dp/0062730983"
]
] |
|
3mu0al
|
why do you dream about people that haven't been in your life for a long time? (example: an ex from over 10 years ago)
|
I've been unable to sleep all night because I keep dreaming about someone I shouldn't be dreaming about. I haven't seen this person in almost two years. So why does this person haunt my dreams?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mu0al/eli5_why_do_you_dream_about_people_that_havent/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvi2dpk",
"cvijigt"
],
"score": [
4,
2
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"text": [
"A lot of it has to do with mental triggers. Most of the time, triggers without us even realizing with them. A mannerism your ex had (sarcasm, a specific joke, a favorite food, a line in a movie) can bring all those memories rushing back. Also, keep in mind that your brain has an extremely high capacity when it comes to information and memories. And many times, those pieces of memories will tie to you for the rest of your life. The only other instance is mental organization. When you're going to sleep, your brain continues to organize itself without any current input, thus why you get some wacky dreams. This can also drag up old memories with no correlation or trigger. The mind is a weird machine.\n\nIt can be irritating and sometimes emotionally overwhelming when this happens, but it's normal to happen from time to time. My parents have been happily married 26 years, but in random conversations they can still find memories of high school relationships. This is normal. It doesn't mean you have some call from \"fate\" or a vision, it just happens. \n\nI have major depression and PTSD, so my triggers can be bad or good. So I can relate with a day-to-day amplification of this issue\n\nSeriously, don't sweat it. I know it's a pain, but it'll pass eventually.",
"I don't have an answer for you but I feel your pain. It's been around 5 years since my dog died. I still sometimes dream about her, wake up in the middle of the night, happily check under the bed because that's what she used to do. Come back into reality then cry myself to sleep"
]
}
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[
[],
[]
] |
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1gepm0
|
How is internal autopilot possible? And what is actually going on?
|
When I'm leaving work I can get into my car, pull out of car park, then the next thing I know I'm unbuckling my seatbelt at home. I know I must have driven safely or I wouldn't have got home, but as I zoned out how is that possible?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1gepm0/how_is_internal_autopilot_possible_and_what_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cajklef"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"The phenomenon you're describing is referred to as [highway hypnosis](_URL_0_) or [driving without awareness](_URL_1_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_hypnosis",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=jrEKoWfOJc0C&pg=PA455"
]
] |
|
2qhff8
|
What was the deal with the Fenian Raids into Canada?
|
Who organized them? How did they recruit raiders? What were there specific objectives? How did they possibly think they would succeed? How much support did they receive from the US Government?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2qhff8/what_was_the_deal_with_the_fenian_raids_into/
|
{
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"text": [
"The Fenian Raids(1866-71) were a series of raids across the USA-Canada border, undertaken by Irish-Americans who wished to put political pressure on the British Crown, and ultimately, to get the British to withdraw from Ireland and gain Irish independence.\n\nIreland had been ruled by Britain for a few hundred years at this point, and the people suffered many atrocities at the hands of English rule. There had been a major rebellion in 1798 that lasted several months, but failed. The potato famine in the 1840s also devastated the Irish population. The Fenian Raids were organised by Irish nationalists within the United States as an attempt to capture a portion of Canadian territory. Once captured, the goal was either to hold the land hostage until Britain quit Ireland, or, if this was impractical, to hold the land long enough that the British army might mobilise some part to help Canada, allowing for a rebellion in Ireland to have greater effect.\n\nThrough all this, Irish immigrants had poured into the United States, establishing themselves across the nation, and especially in New York and Boston. As seen today with sports teams like the Celtics, links with Irishness form a strong part of the identity of the Irish diaspora. In the nineteenth century, this was displayed through Irish nationalism, and the desire for an independent Ireland. In Ireland, the Irish Republican Brotherhood(IRB) was formed as a secret organisation dedicated to the establishment of an independent republic. The organisation crucial to this topic, the Fenian Brotherhood(FB), was formed as the American wing, and it was they who organised the Fenian Raids.\n\nThe IRB and the FB both formed in 1858, and began gathering members. They were able to do this through the Irish-American community, which as I said, was a large one in the eastern seaboard cities. There were newspapers and pamphlets aimed at the Irish community, and these allowed like minded individuals to get in touch. There was also communication between Ireland and America, with the founder of the IRB coming to America to meet with nationalists in the States.\n\nIn 1861, with the outbreak of Civil War, Irish-Americans were naturally found throughout the military. The recruiting and organising continued here. There were Irish regiments within the military too - the majority of the Tenth Ohio Infantry were Irish-Americans. This meant that being put in touch with other Irishmen was easy within the military. The Irish regiments were drilled by Fenian leaders, meaning that the Irish nationalists were building up solid command structures and soldiers within the US Military, most likely with a view a war against the British later. Irish-American soldiers who wanted to attend the first Fenian conference in Chicago in 1863 were given leave from military service to do so. \n\nThe US Government position on the FB and their raids was neutral at best. As I mentioned just above, the Fenians were given access to organise during the Civil War years, both within the military through the Irish regiments, and outside of it in the form of the Fenian conference. As well as this, the Irish community was one of the most vocal anti-draft groups during the Civil War, and it was hoped that the Fenian cause might lessen Irish opposition to the draft. American recruitment of Irish soldiers extended to use of federal agents in Ireland, encouraging young men to move to America for work. They were inevitably encouraged to join the military, and it was through this that Irish regiments, complete with Catholic priests appeared in an effort to assuage the Irish soldiers. Another example of the government tacitly approving the raids is that of T. W. Sweeny. Sweeny was a Major in the Union Army, but took leave during 1865 so he could organise and lead the Fenian Raids. While he was arrested for leading the raids, he was released quickly, and readmitted to the army with his former rank. By the time he left the army, he had risen to the rank of Brigadier-General. Others who were captured in the commission of the raids, or earlier, in the planning stages, were more often than not sent home via the railways, and their equipment and ammunition impounded. In the post war years, the voting bloc was very slightly balanced, to the point where a community shifting their allegiance could swing an election. This also led to a lot of leeway being granted to the Irish community, and within it, the Fenians.\n\nSo to summarise, the Fenian Raids were the result of Irish Nationalism crossing the Atlantic Ocean with Irish migrants. The formation of the Fenian Brotherhood, the American wing of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, in 1858 led to Irishmen from the community coming together under the like-minded goal of independence for Ireland. When war broke out between the Union and the Confederacy, the Fenian Brotherhood continued to recruit from within the ranks of the armies on both sides, taking advantage the Irish regiments to find more sympathisers. They were not endorsed by the US government, but they were not stopped either. The Government essentially turned a blind eye in return for their service in the Civil War, and as a result, the Brotherhood were able to build their ranks. Near the end of the war, they turned their eyes to Canada - the sole British holding of North America, with the intention of capturing some part of it and forcing an English withdrawal from Ireland, or at least, a diminishing of forces so the Irish could rise up.\n\nEDIT: thanks for posting this question, I knew nothing about it and it was really interesting to read up on. Will provide sources if needed, but they're mainly journal articles."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2xduoq
|
why were ww2 soldiers trained to shoot "dirty harry style" instead of using two hands?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xduoq/eli5_why_were_ww2_soldiers_trained_to_shoot_dirty/
|
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"One obvious advantage is that it leaves the left hand open for the use of a knife or other tool. Most effective pistol engagements will occur within 10 meters or so, and that distance can be quickly covered by an opponent. Shooting and then immediately transitioning to melee might be quite common.",
"I'm not 100% sure I have this correct, but to my knowledge firing a handgun with one hand was the common practice until the 50's when the Weaver stance was invented at a target shooting event. \n\nIt also appears to me that the stance in those videos would allow the gunman to be more agile and quick on his feet, whereas the Weaver or isosceles stance has your feet more solidly planted in the ground.",
"Knees bent like that and weight being on the toes are to practice being in more of a 'moving' stance than the more standard \"straight-leg, legs apart\" firing stances. It should be noted that some of the more popular firing stances (Weaver and Isosceles and the Universal Shooting Stance in particular) were not fully developed until well after WWII\n\nFiring with one hand is to practice situations where the soldier may not be able to use both hands (injured arm, carrying something / someone). I would argue it's better to train this way and add a second hand in when possible during combat ('best' possible scenario) than to train two handed and then only be able to use one hand during combat (a significantly worse scenario)\n\n\n(Yes, I know that all firing stances you bend your knees slightly, I just said 'straight-leg' to differentiate how much the leg is bent in comparison)\n",
"Holy balls, there is nothing about this film that is even remotely realistic. It was most likely made just as PR or propaganda.\n\nLook at the way those guys are holding those weapons. EACH AND EVERY GUY has his finger curled around the trigger, even after one of them *explicitly* loads the weapon. Several of them sweep other people with the weapon. Try that on a REAL military firing range, and you're going to grow old doing push-ups.\n\nSkimmed through the rest, it was similarly silly.\n\nThis is Hollywood bullshit, nothing more.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1lz0ms
|
Did word of the New World discovered by Leif Ericson ever get to the Western Europeans?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1lz0ms/did_word_of_the_new_world_discovered_by_leif/
|
{
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"Just a quick follow-up question, if permitted;\n\nThe rest of Europe did hear about Ericson's discovery eventually, but when? When the coastal countries of Europe were exploring the new world in the 16th century and onwards at some point they must have been aware that the vikings had beaten everyone to it.",
"I read in a booklet in Iceland this summer something along the lines of: 'An Italian visited Iceland in the 15th century and heard rumors of the mythic lands discovered in to the west, and this just happened to be Columbus..'. I reckon this is a complete fiction, but it would be great to get confirmation. (I did not find this mentioned in any museums or reputable sources.)",
"Yes.\n\nThe first known record of Vinland in Western Europe was chronicled by Adamus Bremensis (Adam of Bremen) in the late 11th century. \n\nHe was a German academic, who wrote a somewhat known piece of medieval germanic literature, called *Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum*, in which there is the first Western European record of Vinland (identified probably as Newfoundland, though it could also be Labrador or New Brunswick). \n\nIf you know any latin, you can tell that Adam's *Gesta* seems to be about the archbishopric (office of archbishop) in Hamburg. How does this relate to Vinland you ask? Well, Scandinavia was considered to be within the sphere of influence of the archbishopric, and given the time period this text was written (again, late 11th century), Scandinavia was still ripe for conversion to Christianity. Adam therefore took a great interest in the Scandinavians, particularly in an effort to promote their region to potential missionaries. He ended up dedicating the fourth and last tome of his Gesta to the 'Northern Isles' and their georgaphy. \n\nIt is in this fourth tome that he makes mention of Vinland, who he learns of after having met and spoken with the Danish King Svend Estridsen. Here's an excerpt:\n\n*He also told me that many in this part of the Ocean have discovered an island called Vinland because there are grapevines growing wild which produces the best of wines. From trustworthy Danes rather than from fantastic tales, I also have heard that there is an abundance of cereal which is self-sown. Beyond this island, he (King Sven of Denmark) says, are no more inhabitable islands in the Ocean. Everything farther out is covered by immense masses of ice and perennial fog. Martianus tells of this:’ One day of sailing beyond Thule the sea is solid.’ This the widely travelled King Harold of Norway found to be true. With his ships he recently investigated the extent of the northern Ocean but finally had to turn back when the extreme limit of the world disappeared in fog before his eyes. He barely escaped the gaping ravine of the abyss.* \n\nSo as you can see, Vinland's existence seemed a lot more significant to the medieval Europeans than actually is. it was considered the \"last land\" before the world basically drifted into fog and nothingness, and therefore an important place-mark to a chronicler like Adam of Bremen. Let that not understate the island's actual importance (it's the New World!), but just understand that it had been somewhat mythologized.\n\nSo I hope that answers your question. Honestly, I'm just happy that i was able to get an answer out before anyone else!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9u4ogb
|
Why are many instruments made of brass? What about the material makes it suitable for music?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/9u4ogb/why_are_many_instruments_made_of_brass_what_about/
|
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"Soft, malleable, easily formed. ",
"It is an easy metal to work and draw into shape. It also provides good resonance for the sound and is less expensive than some other options. ",
"Brass is a material with many properties that make it great for working by hand or with low-tech machines. It's ductile and malleable. It's soft enough to cut easily with files or saws by hand, yet strong enough to hold up under moderate loads. It melts at a low enough temperature to make casting easy. It takes solder well. It polishes up to a lovely bright finish, and it's corrosion resistant. \nIn the days before the industrial revolution, these properties made brass the clear winner for making certain types of instruments. These days, you could make trumpets and tubas out of any material you wanted . . . but why? Brass still has all those advantages over other materials, and it also has the weight of long tradition behind it now. A stainless steel trombone would be more expensive and wouldn't sound any better. A titanium tuba would be easier to carry in a marching band but it would be hella expensive.",
"A couple of different metal alloys are used for instruments.\n\nThe most common is so-called Cartridge Brass which is about 70% copper, 28-29%% zinc and usually 1% others such as tin and or chromium.\n\nThis brass has very good forming properties and is ideal for being drawn into thin tubing, e.g. instruments or ammunition cases. It has a [work hardening rate](_URL_0_) such that it is resistant to tearing and cracking during drawing and swaging operations. Stretching can increase it's tensile strength by up to 200%. \n\nSliding Valve parts such as cores and shells are often made of *Bronze* alloys containing tin, bismuth and/or aluminum. This is because bronze has low friction and because it is resistant to fouling with corrosion products. This would cause valves and keys to become \"sticky.\" Bronze is common for sliding or rotating surfaces on machinery in general.\n\nAn alloy called Nickel-brass or \"nickel-silver\" which is about 60% Copper 20% Nickel, and 19% zinc is also used for Valve parts.( This contains no actual Silver, but is more a reference to it's appearance.)\n\nThis alloy is extremely corrosion resistant and damp conditions inside instruments don't cause it to corrode, eliminating fouling. This is the most common material used for piston valves on trumpets and trombone slides.\n\nNickel silver is also commonly used as an alternative for the body parts of instruments like trumpets, french horns, and saxophones. Most concert flutes are made of nickel silver. It can be distinguished by it's nearly identical color to silver.\n\nThis is a more expensive than zinc brass and a little more difficult to work (but a lot less expensive than actual silver.) It is slightly more prone to cracking during manufacturing. This is claimed to produce a darker sound quality, but as a brass player I personally think that has more to do with the internal size and geometry of the instrument and not the metal itself.\n\nFlutes made of modified Sterling silver are considered high end due to the cost, as cupro-nickel is more common. (Flutes made of platinum or 12 karat gold have also been made, but this is mainly as novelty collectors items.)\n\nFurthermore, nickel silver is the preferred material for woodwind instrument keys, usually it's plated with silver for various reasons. \n\nLastly a brass with a high copper percentage (called \"rose brass\" ) is often used for the bells of brass instruments. This has reddish copper color instead of yellow. This is mainly a cosmetic choice and some players like the appearance of this kind of brass. \n\nThe higher copper content makes it more ductile than yellow brasses at the cost of having reduced strength, but this is an advantage for the bell which needs to be deformed heavily out of a flat sheet.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_hardening#History"
]
] |
||
2q04kl
|
why do kids perceive vegetables to be less appetizing than other foods (ie meats, starches, etc)?
|
And even adults I suppose.
What is there about vegetables (and even fruits) that are less appealing to some (perhaps even most) people than other foods? Why do parents have to persuade their children to eat their fruits and vegetables?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2q04kl/eli5_why_do_kids_perceive_vegetables_to_be_less/
|
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"Our bodies are adapted to crave energy-rich foods which are difficult to find in nature. That typically means meats, fats, sugars, and starches. This ensures that we will eat them when we can and only fall back to fruits and veggies when we cannot get the more naturally rare foods.",
"Because they kinda are. Vegetables are low on proteins and carbohydrates (i.e meaty-ness and sweetness) but are high are alkaloid compounds (generally bitter).\n\nAnd as children are much more sensitive to bitter tastes than adults, they often have trouble eating vegetables (especially if they are blandly cooked/overcooked). You will notice that children generally do not have problems with carrots as they are quite sweet for a vegetable.",
"I heard this explanation once, and it made sense. \nBack when humans were hunter-gatherers, things like sugars, starches, salt, and the like were much harder to come by. That's why our drive for them is higher than it is for the nutrients in easier to acquire veggies. Protein (meat) is kind of the golden point of being relatively easy to get and super important to life. Growing kids have a stronger need for nutrients to become adults, so their instincts for these things are higher. ",
"As an adult who rarely eats a veggie...taste and texture",
"This isn't always the case, and much of it is modelling. My five year old eats a lot of fruit, sometimes too much. Something raw is served with every meal, such as salad, plus a variety of other plant foods. Sometimes we eat junk, like chips or biscuits, but it's occasional. Yesterday, the kids came home from a party, after eating lollies, cake and soft drink, having a great time, and they felt sick and only wanted cucumber for dinner. Kids can learn to listen to their bodies the same as adults, if given the right choices.",
"Your taste buds mature as you get older, and get less sensitive to bitter tastes. theres also a genetic component to it too, as to why some people dont like vegetables. Its the same reason that children typically dont like coffee or the taste of beer. ",
"Some children have double bitter genes and thus most vegetables taste horrible for these children.\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"I don't know... my son loved vegetables. If you assume kids won't like stuff and just give them typical \"kid food\" then that's what they'll eat. If you give them broccoli and shit, that's what they eat.",
"It also has to do with the fact that a lot of people cant fucking cook. You dont have to be a child to hate bland, yet disgusting steamed veggies. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/science-picky-eaters.html"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
cc13dy
|
Why do cellular frequencies have to be significantly higher than WiFi's 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz? Especially when it comes to the new 5g that's rolling out?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/cc13dy/why_do_cellular_frequencies_have_to_be/
|
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"I don't think they *have* to use higher frequencies, at least not for any technical reason. The Wikipedia article mentions that the first 5G deployments were in South Korea and use a band around 3.5 GHz.\n\nI would assume the decision to use a specific higher frequency band in the US is partly to satisfy the target data transmission rates (higher-frequency bands can transmit more data so they are more desirable to have if achieving high data rates is a goal), and also partly for regulatory/financial reasons (my understanding is that you essentially need to win an auction to purchase the right to use a certain band). But there are also downsides to using higher frequency bands, as they are less capable of penetrating solid objects like walls, and have shorter range. So it's both a give and a take. Larger companies who have more money and therefore the capability to deploy a larger number of base stations plus win auctions are more likely to bid on and obtain the higher frequency bands which can give the fastest data rates.",
"They don't! In fact many of the bands 5G uses are the same or similar to existing cell bands, and 5G covers < 1GHz all the way up to over 40GHz in two main bands, ~6/700MHz up to about 6GHz (depending on where you are), and then from ~24GHz up to 60GHz. \n\nUsually it's talked about as low ( < 1GHz), mid (1-6GHz) and mmWave (24-60GHz in context of 5G).",
"In the US the [FCC and NTIA regulates access to the different frequency bands](_URL_1_). The various frequency bands have different access rules, such as only for commercial uses like FM radio and broadcast television, maritime uses, military uses, etc. Bands that are well above, such as 60 GHz, are available because the frequency bands are available and/or the signals in the band won't interfere with the other devices in that band. \n\nThere was an auction in the US held by the FCC to allow lower frequency bands to be used by cellular comms. So the 60 GHz example is not the only band available, and some bands are multiuse.\n\nHere's an older [FCC frequency allocation chart from 2016](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/United_States_Frequency_Allocations_Chart_2016_-_The_Radio_Spectrum.pdf/page1-6300px-United_States_Frequency_Allocations_Chart_2016_-_The_Radio_Spectrum.pdf.jpg",
"https://www.fcc.gov/engineering-technology/policy-and-rules-division/general/radio-spectrum-allocation"
]
] |
||
14uev4
|
Question on freezing water?
|
So today when I got in my car I had two water bottles that had been sitting in the car both more than half way full. One was a poland springs and the other was my essentials ( a shaws brand). The shaws brand was completly frozen but the poland springs was not frozen at all. When I picked up the poland springs to look at it, as soon as I moved it all the water instantly froze. My question is, is there somthing they put in the water that makes this happen or was it the way the water was sitting that caused it not to freeze? The postition of the poland springs bottle was diagonal and the other bottle was more straight up. Both were about the same size and in plastic bottles.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/14uev4/question_on_freezing_water/
|
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"text": [
"The water is probably fairly pure and as a result there were no good nucleation sites for ice crystals to begin to form. The water was subsequently cooled below freezing while having nothing to latch onto and freeze. \n\nWhen you picked up the bottle you disturbed it enough for an ice crystal to find a place to start to grow. Since the water was below freezing the crystallization took over and converted the entire bottle into ice. \n\nkinda like this. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n\nTry it yourself\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\n\n",
"To my understanding, the water in the poland springs bottle may have been too stable to form ice crystals before you moved it. Ice crystals need a seed to form around, some kind of imperfection or dust, and it is possible that before you moved it, the water couldn't form a crystal around anything. The disturbance of lifting the bottle allowed the water to freeze into ice. Water in this state is called supercooled, which means that it is below freezing in temperature but still liquid. As a side note, this is also what happens in freezing rain - supercooled raindrops happen to not form ice crystals as they fall, but as soon as they hit the rough surface of the ground they freeze into ice crystals immediately.",
"The poland spring bottle was just supercooled; In fact, it reached a temperature that was less that 32F while not freezing. By shaking it, you agitate the water, allowing for nucleation of the ice. You can do this with beer as well. In addition, if you had let it sit for a little while longer, freezing would have occured naturally.",
"There was a post about this in the last couple of months ago. Can't seem to find it bu [you can do it with beer too](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/a/how-to-supercool-water.htm",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3VP8oj3Y8c"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0fURJg-K0A"
]
] |
|
2cmf6r
|
why simple and stupid android applications (like games) "need" acces to personal info like device id & call information
|
I've been wondering now for a while why very simple app that I download from the Play Store (for example a stupid archery game) for my smarthphone ask me for so many acces permissions including:
-Device ID & Call Information
-Photos/ Media/ Files
-Identity
-Etc ?
I think most of people don't even think about it and give all kind of permissions no matter to which app. I find suspicious that these app need so much acces to personal info and i think it's dangerous... please correct me if I'm wrong. (Sorry for the bad english)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cmf6r/eli5_why_simple_and_stupid_android_applications/
|
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"The device ID is required by many adservers, to avoid revenue fraud. But call information just means the game wants to pause when it detects that you're received a phone call.\n\nIt's easy to say \"hurr stealin ur data\", but the more complicated truth is that Android permissions can be vague and confusing. At the end of the day, you just need to trust the developer of whatever you're downloading.",
"Basically what GoonBobby said. There have been a few times where I'm developing something on Android, and it won't work, so I figure I need to request specific permissions. And it often turns out that I do, and that the permission I need doesn't really sound much like what I'm trying to do. Like GoonBobby said, I need call information so I can pause when there you get a call, I need access to the file system so I can store some data about the state of my app.\n\nIf I want to use the internet for something in my app, for example I want to check for updates, or I want to maybe download some information, I need to request permission - permission to access information about your connection, and permission to actually make a connection to the internet.\n\nSo yea, even when developing, sometimes it feels like it's getting out of hand, but just because an app requests 20 different permissions doesn't mean it's necessarily doing something shady. It COULD be... but it might not be."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2b13i6
|
Will Repeated Exposure to Histamine Dull H1 Histamine Receptors?
|
It is well known that withdrawal effects of some antihistamine medications include itching after physical activity.
I assume this is because the h1 histamine receptors have had a long time without much stimulation and are thus hyper-sensitive to the histamine response caused by physical activity.
Would the reverse be true, so that daily or twice daily physical activity would expose the h1 histamine receptors to enough histamine so as to reduce the sensitivity of the receptors, and thus reduce the severity of minor allergic reactions such as hayfever?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2b13i6/will_repeated_exposure_to_histamine_dull_h1/
|
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"text": [
"I'm not sure this is predictable. The upregulation or downregulation of receptors due to exposure to a drug is variable in mechanism and magnitude. It is a theory to explain the change in response to a drug. We presume that the majority of the effect is due to increased number of receptors on the cell surface. This at least can be studied in the lab. A change in affinity of the drug for receptor is less likely, or maybe just more difficult to demonstrate. A change in the magnitude of the intracellular mechanisms following receptor activation is even harder to demonstrate (although I'm sure a boffin in a lab somewhere is trying).\n\nI don't know of evidence that repeated stimulation of any of the histamine receptors will decrease the number nor affinity of the histamine receptors. In the short term you can deplete the intracellular histamine stores in the case of anaphylaxis but you don't want to do this because it is unsafe. The usual method of desensitisation to an allergen is a graded exposure to the allergen in the aim to decrease the sensitivity of the immune system (the immunoglobulins and immune cells). This doesn't desensitise the histamine receptors nor does it affect the intracellular stores of histamine AFAI. \n\nPhysical activity is an unreliable way to stimulate histamine release. Only some people will respond to temperature change and activity with release of intracellular stores of histamine. I'm not even sure whether this is mediated by then histamine receptors. \n\nThere are many drugs that act upon histamine receptors and these have been used for many years. I don't think that they have dramatic effects upon histamine receptor number and activity, nor on histamine release. I am skeptical that the observed \"withdrawal effects\" are due to do a real rebound in receptor sensitivity or number. It is too mild and inconsistent an effect. More likely it is explained by the increased awareness of the allergic symptoms following a medication induced asymptomatic period. \n\nOne would think that a true rebound withdrawal effect would be more florid. Antihistamine drugs are taken by many people and for long periods of time. More concerning with respect to rebound would be the effect on other non-histamine receptors (cholinergic, serotonergic, adrenergic etcc....) as old antihistamines are \"dirty drug\" (they affect many different receptors)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
736mwm
|
why does the "no smoking" light exist in planes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/736mwm/eli5_why_does_the_no_smoking_light_exist_in_planes/
|
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"text": [
"To constantly remind people of the fact, there are people who haven't flown since it was legal to smoke on aeroplanes and they might not know the rules.",
"First, the designs for most planes we fly on today date from the 1960s/1970s when a lot more people did smoke, and the designs still cater to that. There are probably still airlines somewhere that allow it.\n\nSecond, people who do still smoke need to be reminded, because it's tough flying for hours if you do, and if you don't see an explicit sign telling you not to you might be tempted to think it's OK.",
"In addition to the fact that it serves as a reminder that smoking isn't allowed, airplanes are sold to airlines all over the world, and some of those continued to allow smoking for quite a long time (though I don't believe any do today). Cubana (the national carrier of Cuba) only banned smoking on flights in 2014.",
"I'm not that old but I still remember a time where it was legal. If the plane is a bit old you might even still find ashtrays. Moreover, you have private plane where smoking could be allowed...\n",
"There are also still ashtrays in the bathrooms because they would rather you use the ashtray than the bin full of paper towels. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
fxzegs
|
how are gas elements separated?
|
What does that process look like?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fxzegs/eli5_how_are_gas_elements_separated/
|
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"Most commonly, cryogenic distillation. They're gases at room temperature, but are they still a gas at -200C? Cool them down until one gas liquefies and remove it. Then the next. Keep cooling until all but the lightest gas has separated out as a liquid.\n\nThat usually works, but if you're separating out two gases with very similar boiling points or gases that prefer to collect together more specialized methods may be required.\n\nIt may be necessary to remove a stubborn gas by chemical means and bubble the gas through some reactive chemical. Or force the gases through a membrane so impossibly fine that only the smaller gas can fit. Or in the most expensive and annoying scenario - centrifuges to separate two practically identical gases by slightly different densities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2vunm8
|
has cern found the higgs particle or not? i know last year there were very strong indicators that they did and they would get back to all of us when they tested further. but i cant find anything but 8 month old speculative documents at this point.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vunm8/eli5_has_cern_found_the_higgs_particle_or_not_i/
|
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"text": [
"The LHC shut down for upgrades in early 2013 and is due to restart soon, so there are likely to be more announcements once it's been running for a while and they've analysed the new data.\n\nThe current position seems to be that they're confident they've found \"*a* Higgs boson\", but won't yet call it \"*the* Higgs boson\". In all the experiments so far it behaves as a Higgs boson is predicted to behave, but there are more predictions to test. They also haven't ruled out the possibility that this is one of several types of Higgs boson that exist.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
eoxfkh
|
Would we be able to see the landing gear left behind on the moon by the Apollo missions with a telescope to prove we landed there?
|
I'm not a landing denier/doubter. Just had a good view of the moon while driving home and thought about this.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/eoxfkh/would_we_be_able_to_see_the_landing_gear_left/
|
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"There are no Earth-based telescopes that come close to having the necessary resolution to identify the Apollo equipment.\n\nHowever, there are a number of other ways in which we can observe the things our kind left on the Moon. One such way is through the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment. Multiple Apollo missions, including Apollo 11, left a \"retroreflector\" on the Moon. A retroreflector is somewhat similar to a mirror, except that it always reflects the incoming light back in the exact direction it came from, which a mirror doesn't do.\n\nFrom Earth, we can point a laser at the spots where these retroreflectors were placed and then measure the reflection. The time it takes between sending the laser pulse and receiving the reflection back is a measure for the distance between the Earth and the Moon at that time. \n\nAnother piece of evidence is direct observation of the Apollo equipment, but not from an Earth-based telescope. Various projects have sent out lunar orbiters to study the Moon from its orbit, including high resolution photography.\n\nNASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has snapped some pictures of the Apollo 11 landing site: _URL_0_",
"A while back I was pretty involved in an astronomy forum and the question was often posed, how big of a telescope would be needed to see the US flag on the moon? The answer was, at that time, with the given pixel size of cameras being what they were circa 2008 let's say, that you would need a Reflecting telescope about 1320 feet wide to get the US flag (5'x3') to show up as a single pixel in a photo. \n\nThat would mean that same telescope/camera would probably be able to get the landing gear which is 31'(diagonally?) in a 5x5 pixel square.",
"*Technically speaking*, yes, but the aperture of the telescope would have to be **very, very big**.\n\nLet's start by ignoring atmospheric distortion of light, light pollution, bad weather, and what not. Everyone know physics is really about spherical cows in a vacuum.\n\nIn order to determine the resolution of a telescope you use the Rayleigh criterion, which says that two point sources of light can be resolved from each other if the angular distance θ between exceeds a certain number. If not, the blur together. The criterion can be expressed as\n\nsin θ = k\\*λ / D\n\nwhere λ is the wavelength of the light, D is the diameter of the aperture, and k = 1.2197. You can rearrange this as\n\nD = k\\*λ / sin θ\n\nNow, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module is 9.4 meters at its widest point (landing gear). The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is somewhere around 385 000 km or 3.85 \\* 10^(8) meters. Visible light has a wavelength of 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red), but let's use 400 nm as that will give us the smallest possible aperture for our giant telescope.\n\nSubstituting the numbers gives\n\nD = 1.2197 \\* 4 \\* 10^(-7) m / (9.4 m / 3.85 \\* 10^(8) m) **= 19.98 m**\n\nThis might not seem like a huge number but the largest optical telescope at the moment, at least according to Wikipedia, has an aperture of 11.8 m. Also, keep in mind that we made some pretty out there simplifications and assumptions and that this number is the *smallest possible* aperture for *barely* being able to distinguish to *violet* lights at *opposite ends of the landing gear*.\n\nIf we do the same calculations, but instead look at red light (700 nm) at opposite ends of the actual module (4.2 m), the aperture would have to be **78.26 m**. Keep in mind that this number is the bare minimum if you want to be able to just barely distinguish two red lights from one another, and it won't give you a clear image of anything. Wanna be able to distinguish one red line from another on a one by two meters American flag? Your telescope needs to have a diameter of almost **two kilometers**."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/128/lro-explores-the-apollo-11-landing-site/"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
2fd6uk
|
Why is LSD a hallucinogenic drug that is associated with serotonin and not dopamine?
|
I was in a Psych class just a few hours ago and a discussion came up about the properties of LSD, my professor brought up an interesting fact I'd love to know more about. Supposedly LSD is a hallucinogenic that effects the serotonin of the brain, and not the Dopamine like other hallucinogenics, the professor said that he, and no one hes asked, is really sure why it creates hallucinogens while only affecting the serotonin, can anyone help me understand this a bit better?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fd6uk/why_is_lsd_a_hallucinogenic_drug_that_is/
|
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"Pretty much all psychedelics bind to the serotonin 5HT-2A receptor and other serotonin receptor subtypes with lower affinity, which is thought to mediate a lot of hallucinogenic activity. LSD also binds to D2 [dopamine receptors](_URL_0_), while other psychedelics, like psilocybin and psilocin [do not](_URL_2_). It's pretty unclear exactly what role the dopaminergic system plays in hallucinations, etc, as the dopaminergic system plays a role in many brain and bodily functions. It likely isn't just something to ignore, though, as dopamine as long been hypothesized as playing a role [in schizophrenia](_URL_1_) and amphetamine induced psychosis (affects dopamine) is well documented.\n\nSo basically your professor was wrong in saying that LSD doesn't affect dopamine. ",
"As has been said, hallucinogens act at the 5-HT2A receptor. Not dopamine. LSD does in fact bind to some dopamine receptors with pretty high affinity, but it is unrelated to it's hallucinogenic action:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nIndeed, the action of 5-HT2A receptors is so pivotal to hallucinogenic action that you can see a very clear correlation between 5-HT2A affinity and plasma concentrations needed for action:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSo, your assertion that other hallucinogens act at dopamine receptors, and that this is related to their hallucinogenic action is completely wrong.\n\nBut how do hallucinogens produce hallucinations? I believe it boils down to their effect at layer V pyramidal cells. They directly depolarize a small portion of these cells (why a small portion, when all layer V pyramidal cells express 5-HT2A? Who knows), and cause an indirect depolarization of others cells in that layer, due to synaptic connections. What is the downstream consequence of that? Well in part that is going to mess with the columnwise processing in the various primary sensory cortices (i.e. orientation selectivity is likely to get messed with). However, layer V cells are also an output layer, projecting to non-sensory/associative thalamic nuclei. This will aid in spreading the aberrant cortical signals to other cortical areas.\n\nTL;DR: Hallucinogens act at 5-HT2A receptors, which are densely expressed on layer V pyramidal cells. This causes excitation of layer V neurons. This excitation (probably) directly screws up the initial computations of the cortex, but then secondarily, aids in spreading the mistakes through cortico-thalamo-cortical traffic."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v10/n9/abs/4001682a.html",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165017394900124",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/1355621021000005937/abstract"
],
[
"http://bilz0r.orconhosting.net.nz/Hallucinogens%20fig%202.gif",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide#mediaviewer/File:LSDaffinities.GIF"
]
] |
|
30n2sh
|
What makes a Portugese Man O War not one organism?
|
I've been told that it is made up of smaller organisms which each serve a separate function. However, these individual organisms are codependent, and cannot survive alone. How is this different from a normal multicelular organism, which is made up of codependent, specialized single cell organisms?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30n2sh/what_makes_a_portugese_man_o_war_not_one_organism/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpvdb55"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The man o war is not a jelly fish but a \"siphononphorae\", A siphonophore is a multi-cellular organism. Each zooid is multicellular, and thus the siphonophore is as well. \nThe difference between a normal multicellular organism is probably that the cells in the body do not carry the same DNA.\n\nThat being said, the rest of the organism functions in the same way as a \"normal\" multicullular organism. We also need other organisms to work (think of the bacteria in our stomachs and on our skin).\n\n\nExtra info:\n_URL_0_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-siphonophore-and-a-multi-cellular-organism",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonophorae"
]
] |
|
6vnnkg
|
How would one measure the amount of liquid in a cloud?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6vnnkg/how_would_one_measure_the_amount_of_liquid_in_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dm1rmlg",
"dm25575"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Ooh tricky! I think I would first try radar attenuation. Since radar waves will attenuate in water following a Beer-Lambert-type absorption law, maybe you could fire radar waves at a cloud, measure the attenuation deviation from the transmitted beam with reference to a beam that traveled the same distance but NOT through a cloud, and use that principle to calculate the water density of the cloud .. then measure the spatial extent of the cloud to approximate the total number of water molecules.\n\nOr maybe you could do something simpler and measure the pressure and temperature at the cloud's location to determine at what water concentration a cloud will form under those conditions and then simply measure the spatial extent (volume) of the cloud to calculate the amount of water. This second idea sounds less expensive. ;)",
"There are multiple ways. \n\nImo, the most practical is to use a hot-wire probe. You measure the amount of heat released when the liquid water is vaporized. This is used in the calibration of wind tunnels where aeroengines are tested and the conditions need to be known precisely.\n\nYou can also use any probe that measure the size of the dropplets and count them. This is less reliable since you need to know accurately the sample volume."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2vxx3n
|
How is the American Civil War/its effects viewed and taught outside the US?
|
There have been several questions here about contemporary European views of the American Civil War, but I'm referring to present day viewpoints. The Civil War shaped the history and culture of the United States in huge ways that many books have tried to elucidate. Long story short (too late), the war mended old divisions and created new ones that still exist today, helped consolidate the fractious antebellum politics, and gave new energy to the idea of America as unique (Manifest Destiny). Culturally I think the war is perhaps the largest influence on the collective memory of the US because of the fraticidal nature of the war, the issue of slavery, economic effects still felt today (Reconstruction), etc. So how does the international community learn about the American Civil War? Do they see the effects of it or see how it has shaped the US and its culture? How is it taught in school, if at all?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2vxx3n/how_is_the_american_civil_warits_effects_viewed/
|
{
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"com3zr0",
"comf7ey",
"comk7fo"
],
"score": [
7,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"I can't comment on A level as I have no experience of it, but at GCSE (roughly US high school diploma level) it doesn't tend to get taught.\n\n[This](_URL_0_) .pdf shows the provisional modules for GCSE History A and B from the exam board OCR. As it shows, only one of the modules, *The Making of America 1789-1900*, from History B covers America during the necessary period.\n\nAs it's part of Paper 3, which is predominantly source based, the actual teaching of what happened in that period will be reduced compared to the content of Paper 1, with more emphasis on the reading and evaluation of sources from that period.\n\nFinally, the syllabus itself requires that a certain proportion of the course is British history (with about 2000 years to choose from) and a certain proportion is worldwide, though this tends to either empire or superpower relations/Cold War. Within that remit there's not much space for a four year war that didn't involve or affect Britain.",
"I grew up in Ireland and went to school in the 1980s. We didn't do US history at all. The latest syllabus covers only US influence on the world after 1945. We did have it available as a survey course in university.\n\nI think the rationale is that while domestic US history is interesting, it is not as important as that of our European neighbours. There would be a certain degree of knowledge of the civil war especially from the Ken Burns documentaries and Spielberg's film. ",
"Here in Brazil I can say that it is mostly ignored. When we talk about the US in history classes, it's a bit of the Independence movement and how it connects with the French Revolution and the other Independence movements in South America, then nothing until World War I and II and the Cold War.\n\nEDIT: That of course is in the basic level of education, not in the college level."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/183520-e-bulletin-3-year-ks4.pdf"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
4k1ze6
|
how is the meat and chicken industry meeting the global food requirement without wiping out farm animal populations?
|
As an example, let's assume that most of us(excluding infants and babies of course) eat a quarter to half a chicken a day and also consume 1-2 eggs on average daily i.e. approx 1-2 billion chickens and 7 billion eggs, how does the industry deal with that type of daily consumption and still be able to provide ongoing supply without diminishing numbers?
When so many eggs and chicken are being consumed daily, how are their numbers still sustained?
What about the slow developing animals such as goat, lamb etc that don't even lay eggs and breed at a slower rate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4k1ze6/eli5_how_is_the_meat_and_chicken_industry_meeting/
|
{
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"d3bgkm9",
"d3bgp2v",
"d3bj0ws"
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"score": [
3,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"They grow large numbers of animals in small spaces, bringing in grain by truck for them to eat. A large percentage of the world's grain production is fed to meat animals. ",
"The planet is home to ~20 billion chickens. Chickens that are eaten are generally very young by human standards; two months old at slaughter is fairly typical. So the stock of chickens is regenerated very quickly to meet the demand for chicken meat.\n\nAlso worth mentioning that the average chicken consumption rate is far less than 1/4/-1/2 of a whole chicken a day.",
" > how does the industry deal with that type of daily consumption and still be able to provide ongoing supply without diminishing numbers?\n\nYou don't eat the breeding stock, you eat the output of the breeding stock.",
"Your estimates for global meat consumption seem a little high, but let's go with it. A five-pound broiler-fryer chicken can get to market weight in as little as five weeks- let's call that forty days. That means that every person who eats, on average, one chicken in four days needs there to be ten chickens alive at any given time, to keep him supplied. Plus one or two more, for breeding stock and eggs.\n\nIf everyone ate that much chicken, there would need to be around eighty billion chickens in the world. That's a surprising manageable number. What's the problem?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1l2wpg
|
Why is the katana so prevalent in the discussion of Japanese warfare and samurai?
|
I'm not completely clueless on this answer. I know that during the Tokugawa shogunate it was basically a status symbol that only the samurai and bakufu could wear, and that after the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate there was a pretty big deal of historical revisionism and romanticism on the behalf of the Edo Jidai writers and artists. I'm curious as to why we put so much emphasis on a weapon that was probably one of the lesser used weapons in actual warfare over the whole of Japanese history.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1l2wpg/why_is_the_katana_so_prevalent_in_the_discussion/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbvl7gm"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"you said it in your question -- it was a status symbol at the time, and has maintained its elevated position, but now in characterizing the era. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8r7qlk
|
After European contact, was there a mass die off of aboriginal Australians similar to what happened to native Americans?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8r7qlk/after_european_contact_was_there_a_mass_die_off/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e0p6bhg",
"e0pwdml"
],
"score": [
136,
4
],
"text": [
"If by 'mass die off', you mean deaths because of disease in the immediate aftermath of European contact (as opposed to a more protracted series of massacres and frontier wars over the course of colonisation)...well, either way the answer is yes. But if you mean deaths because of disease ([to recycle a previous answer](_URL_2_)), it's very clear that the European colonisation of Australia coincided with a devastatingly lethal outbreak of a smallpox-like infection. Put it this way: the rest of this post is pretty grim reading.\n\nThere are few medical records left from the very early years of the British colonisation of Australia (and the data in those records would likely not necessarily translate easily into modern medical parlance) but it's clear that the Aboriginal population around Sydney in 1789 was being destroyed by the outbreak of what is likely smallpox. \n\nIn April 1789, David Collins, the Secretary of the Colony, wrote that: \n\n > Early in the month, and throughout its continuance, the people whose business called them down the harbour daily reported, that they found, either in excavations of the rock, or lying upon the beaches and points of the different coves which they had been in, the bodies of many of the wretched natives of this country.\n\nIn May 1789, when William Bradley returned to the colony from South Africa on the *Sirius* he reported \"a great number of dead Natives ... in every part of the Harbour\". Bradley was surprised to discover that the fishing canoes that had dotted the harbour when he left were now all gone.\n\nAccording to Collins, again:\n\n > At that time a native was living with us; and on taking him down to the harbour to look for his former companions, those who witnessed his expression and agony can never forget either. He looked anxiously around him in the different coves we visited; not a vestige on the sand was to be found of human foot; ... not a living person was anywhere to be met with. It seemed as if, flying from the contagion, they had left the dead to bury the dead. He lifted up his hands and eyes in silent agony for some time; at last he exclaimed, `All dead! all dead!' and then hung his head in mournful silence.\n\nThe Europeans took some of the bodies to conduct post-mortems, and concluded that they died naturally; while the records of the post-mortems are lost, Watkin Tench reported that:\n\n > On inspection, it appeared that all the parties had died a natural death: pustules, similar to those occasioned by the small pox, were thickly spread on the bodies.\n\nThis infection did not seem to spread to the Europeans, according to diarists like Tench; the only coloniser who succumbed to this smallpox-like disease was 'a North-American Indian' sailor on the *Supply* who died in May 1789.\n\nIn June 1789, an expedition to the North of Sydney (to Broken Bay) found that (according to Collins) the path of the expedition:\n\n > was in many places covered with skeletons, and the same spectacles were met with in the hollows of the rocks of that harbour.'\n\nIn 1803, when Lieutenant Grant arrived in Jervis Bay, about 200km south of Sydney, many of the indigenous people of the area were very obviously scarred with pockmarks, suggesting that the disease had also ravaged that population. Additionally, in the same year, an expedition that landed in Port Philip Bay (the bay that the city of Melbourne now sits in) reported pockmarked indigenous people, suggesting that by 1803, the disease had made its way close to 900km south of Sydney.\n\nThere is some debate in the literature as to the origin of this disease; the seeming immunity of the Europeans and the timing suggests they were an obvious source, but the lack of a specific smallpox outbreak in the British population at the time makes some doubt it; it's also been argued recently, by Judith Campbell, that the ultimate source was Maccassan traders from South East Asia who came to Northern Australia to find trepang for the Chinese market (/u/PangeranDipanagara [discusses this contact between Maccassans and Northern Australians here](_URL_1_)). Nonetheless, Governor Arthur Phillip in 1790 wrote that:\n\n > It is not possible to determine the number of natives who were carried off by this fatal disorder. It must be great; and judging from the information of the native now living with us... one half of those who inhabit this part of the country died...\n\nModern estimates of the amount of indigenous people in 'this part of the country' vary, but Dowling argues that Governor Philip was likely broadly accurate in his estimate that one half of the indigenous peoples of the area had died; this is also a similar rate of death to outbreaks of smallpox amongst the indigenous peoples in America.\n\nAnd well, this was merely the first epidemic amongst the indigenous population caused by introduced diseases; Dowling's thesis also discusses the effect on the indigenous population of further smallpox epidemics, epidemics of sexually transmitted infections, tuberculous and respiratory infections.\n\nReferences:\n\n* Peter J. Dowling's (1997) doctoral dissertation [*\"A Great Deal of Sickness\": Introduced diseases among the Aboriginal People of colonial Southeast Australia 1788-1900*](_URL_0_)\n\n* Robert Hughes (1986) *The Fatal Shore*\n\n* Inga Clendinnen (2005) *Dancing With Strangers: Europeans And Australians At First Contact*",
"Building on this, I've seen some very widely varying estimates of the pre-contact population, ranging from 300,000 to even 2 million. What are some current estimates?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/7529/1/02Whole_Dowling.pdf",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6qw8he/ama_south_sulawesi_13001800/dl1kat7/?context=1",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/87pagr/why_does_it_seem_that_european_diseases_affected/dwerce5/"
],
[]
] |
||
22dqqx
|
Why does snow melt faster under trees?
|
So I noticed that snow melts faster under trees. Is this simply because the tree canopy limits the amount of snow and thus has less to melt or is the tree roots thermogenic?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/22dqqx/why_does_snow_melt_faster_under_trees/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cglw73b"
],
"score": [
32
],
"text": [
"The University of Washington did an interesting study on this:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIn short, despite the shade provided by the tree, the long-wave radiation from the tree (not just the roots) more than makes up for the loss of radiation from the sun, which makes the snow melt faster."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.washington.edu/news/2013/11/13/snow-melts-faster-under-trees-than-in-open-areas-in-mild-climates/"
]
] |
|
2nuu54
|
If a 50 year old person receives a 20 year old heart in a transplant does the heart "remain" younger than the rest of the patient's own cells?
|
If so is it theoretically possibly to live longer by simply replacing your organs as they get "worn" out?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2nuu54/if_a_50_year_old_person_receives_a_20_year_old/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmhe8pf"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"Not really a meaningful question considering most foreign organs get rejected after about 10-15 years because despite our best efforts of immunosuppression the human immune system really does not like having non-self tissue around. The cell material is in theory more fresh and could survive longer in situ, but practically that's not a thing that will happen. In a nonexisting hypothetical world where complications in surgeries of people in old age don't exist you could maybe replace all organs every 10 years, but the limiting factor in this equation is the age of your brain, the quality of your cardiovascular system and the quality of your immune system over a lifetime."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
268ml1
|
How Can We Diffrentiate Between Front and Back With Our Ears?
|
I already know how we can hear the difference between Left and Right because one ear is closer while the other one is further. But in a "Perfect" szenaria how could we tell the difference?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/268ml1/how_can_we_diffrentiate_between_front_and_back/
|
{
"a_id": [
"choqono"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Before sound reaches your eardrums, it is modified in subtle ways by diffraction/reflection/absorption in your external ear and skull. This modification is different, depending on where the sound comes from. In other words, sound that hits the back of your ear is modified differently from sound that hits the front of your ear. This spatially-dependent modification is called the [Head-related transfer function](_URL_0_). Your brain is able to process these subtle variations in sound, and it manifests as our ability to localize front vs back (as well as above vs below)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-related_transfer_function"
]
] |
|
58lcrh
|
is there a way to determine how much pain someone is in using technology? do our brains react differently or the same despite each individuals unique pain tolerance?
|
So sorry if it's a dumb question but had this conversation a few weeks ago with someone and now I'm genuinely curious - are there similarities in brain activity for every human, enough that one day the doctors could basically hook you up to a machine or something and do a pain check that could actually rate it like a 1 - 10 scale and be accurate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58lcrh/eli5_is_there_a_way_to_determine_how_much_pain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d91e1bn",
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],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because pain is *subjective* measure. Two people can be subjected to the exact same injury, but it'll seem more painful to one person and less to the other. \n\nYou could *in theory* put a person in an fMRI and measure how their brain is reacting to the pain, but -- again -- their perception of the pain might make that measurement pointless, and beyond that, it is absolutely impractical to do so. You can't have every patient in the ER put in an fMRI. ",
"They actually already kind of can. Pain is subjective to the one experiencing it, but you can get an idea of how much pain a person is in, by their vital signs. Of course this doesn't work on a life threatening level as the blood pressure and heart rate drops, but usually the higher these are for some, and the elevated breathing rate, are usually good indicators when something is wrong with them. Its why they always check those signs first. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4n7ig6
|
why do social media apps like snapchat frequently update their layout despite a negative response almost every time?
|
Seems like a waste of resources when users usually want it to remain the same.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4n7ig6/eli5_why_do_social_media_apps_like_snapchat/
|
{
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"d41nmex",
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8,
5,
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"text": [
"It might be a \"New\" fancy thing that they might be able to advertise in some way, but usually, it's to keep up with what is deemed \"Stylish\" and \"Modern\". It just like how windows 7 and older, ios 6 and older, OSX Mavericks and older have these fancy 3D looking buttons, but later version have got these transparent, plain, single color buttons/icons with ariel or calibri font. It's basically keeping up with trends.",
"I'd say they want to maximize profits. Like snapchat isn't really something that makes money (as it's free) so they need to keep finetuning their layout to show as much advertising possible. Annoying for the user though.",
"If you want a layout that stays the same for decades look at ancient companies with ancient product offerings like IBM. These companies are more of the \"slow and steady wins the race\" frame of mind.\n\nSnapChat, on the other hand, only exists because they are rapid innovators. Their target audience has the attention span of a mouse. If they grow stagnant their user base will drift away. They have to constantly try new things. Lots of those changes will be disliked by many, but a ton of people like them or just don't care. You only hear from the complainers.\n\nMost programmers will tell you that constant UI redesign is bad for the user but programmers always lose to marketing and revenue. Not many investors have ever said, \"This company's app is exactly the same as it was 2 years ago, what a great investment opportunity. I'll buy them out!\"",
"People in general are resistant to change, even if it is beneficial towards them. So the only way to progress forward is to drag those people kicking and screaming sometimes. They will eventually readjust, and then that becomes the new normal and the cycle repeats.",
"I've been web designer for a few companies, and at some point websites need a revamp because it's been the same for years and it looks dated and doesn't have the best UX (user experience) meaning new users won't find it easy to navigate. \n\nWhen these sites do a huge update, users they've had for years freak the fuck out, they like how it was and they were used to it, people don't like change. \n\nBut the change had to happen because old sites look embarrassingly outdated compared to other new ones, and because the UX will be better for most users and especially new users. \n\nThese changes are also made for advertisement purposes, allowing better placement and smarter tech like for example a company is more likely to advertise on a website that has full view ability I.e they don't pay for adverts that load on the page but are never seen / scrolled too.\n\nOverall if these changes a) result in more users and b) result in bigger profits from advertisement there is literally nothing that will make them want to revert to their old style.\n\nWe hear about how bad newer versions are because those people shout the loudest, but it's unlikely that there are more who dislike than like it. The guardian website is a good example of making very good improvements for a clean looking, much better site but had such bad reviews and comments from existing users.\n\nI personally like most of snapchat changes, and I think a lot of the ones that people dislike are increasing their advertisement revenue, so they won't change that back."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
zv7t1
|
Do neutrons still break down in elements?
|
Background info to the question is pretty much my physics teacher did a brief talk and discussed that neutrons break down into protons and neutrinos after (if i recall right) 7 minutes.
So my question being is that first do neutrons still break down after X amount of minutes when it is in an element like carbon or a molecule? If so wouldn't that mean the chemistry of an object being constantly changed? Or is it just that neutrons break down when its unbound and not in any element.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/zv7t1/do_neutrons_still_break_down_in_elements/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c68025q",
"c680yaq"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It is unstable when it is unbound (half-life roughly 10 minutes) and undergoes beta decay.\n\nBound neutrons are generally stable and do not decay.\n\nThat being said, there are exceptions in radioactive elements, specifically in beta emitters. Radioactive materials are Elements which are not stable and decay into other elements (which might or might not be stable). Depending on the element they decay via dfifferent routes. Some elements decay via the decay of one neutron into an electron and a proton. These are called beta emitters (usually elements with an excess of neutrons, e.g. hydrogen-3 or Carbon-14).",
"Don't forget the preservation of charge. The neutron is neutral, if it decays to a proton, then there must also occur a negatively charged particle. Which in this case would be an electron."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2u32fm
|
Why do you store enzymes with a high optimum temperature in the fridge?
|
Generally, people should keep enzymes in the fridge. But if an enzyme has an optimum temperature in the 40-60 Celsius range, why would keeping it in a fridge help to maintain the level of active enzyme? Surely, the enzymes are designed to be stable and even most functional at a higher temperature, so having them at room temperature shouldn't cause them to degrade?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2u32fm/why_do_you_store_enzymes_with_a_high_optimum/
|
{
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"co4t3br",
"co4vypy",
"co561m3"
],
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7,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The optimal temperature is the point where it has highest catalytic activity. It does not imply that it is stable, especially for an extended period of time.\n\nEnzymes naturally degrade over time as the structure unfolds and chemical degradation occurs. That's why it needs to be refrigerated or frozen for storage.",
"Because proteases, which are also enzymes, have an optimal temperature around 40C too. The enzymes you want will be degraded by proteases if you leave them out or at 40-60. \n\nYou heat them up to do your experiments, and those reactions happen so fast that the proteases aren't a huge factor. \n\nThis is in addition to general chemical degradation which the previous poster mentioned. ",
"Disclaimer: Oops, got a little further into chemistry than I meant to. Short answer: probably to slow extrinsic chemical, proteolytic, microbial degradation, and just to play it safe. \n\nGood question, there's thermodynamics vs. kinetics at play here. Dropping the temperature slows kinetics but doesn't affect thermodynamics, so if the protein is thermodynamically unstable, dropping the temperature will slow the spontaneous decay, but nothing changes if the enzyme is stable. \n\nBut unstable enzymes are no fun, and most enzymes you'd want to work with will be thermodynamically stable, especially if they have an optimum that's that high. If the enzyme is stable in the environment (buffer) you have it, then unfolding isn't a concern if you're > ~10C below the melting temperature of a protein (the melting temp is typically 5-10C above the optimum). Above Tm, it could denature, but below that temperature, should remain stable. \n\nThat's not to say that denaturation is necessarily a problem. As an example, the famously refoldable ribonuclease can be boiled and then cooled and renature, and is functionally identical. Unfolding itself doesn't cause irreversible degradation. More complex enzymes can be \"irreversibly\" unfolded, but this is because they end up kinetically trapped in the unfolded state. The folded state is still more stable and if the temperature remains low, the enzyme will never spontaneously unfold. \n\nTemperature does slow down things like proteases, chemical oxidation, and microbes, like other comments have indicated, and these seem like the most likely reasons to keep things cold. \n\nAnd of course, there's also the precautionary principle at play, keep everything cold and there's little chance anything goes wrong, but above that, things **could** be fine or they **could** go bad, best to be safe. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6pplm2
|
buying a house
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pplm2/eli5_buying_a_house/
|
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"300k decisions shouldnt be advised on reddit. it also changes depending on what country, province/state, and even county of state youre in. you need to talk to a realtor at the very least. look up houses on zillow\n\n_URL_0_",
"This isn't a great place to ask for advice that will cover you if you're actually looking to buy a house. I strongly recommend utilizing a real estate agent, there's a TON OF THINGS you need to know and a mountain of paperwork that comes in waves that it's immensely helpful to have someone that knows what's going on to help you with and help you organize. Seriously, get a professional.\n\nAs far as the short version goes...\n\n1. Initial research. Know what you can afford. Chances are you can't afford as much as you think - figure you'll be spending thousands of dollars a year on maintenance and upkeep. Also take into account expenses for when you first move in which can be huge - appliances, furniture, repairs, etc etc etc.\n\n2. Shop around with various lenders. Don't just look at the interest rates, be sure to look at closing costs and other fees too. Get a preapproval which is essentially a lender telling you that \"after further, official approval, we'll lend you x amount for a house\". \n\n3. Look for a specific house. Figure out where you want to live, how big of a house you want, yard, parking, etc etc etc. Set up tours with the real estate agent for the property for sale (your own agent can do this for you).\n\n4. INSPECT EVERYTHING. Look up guides on what to look for when you're a first time homebuyer. There's a billion red flags to look for and it's immensely helpful to know these things ahead of times\n\n5. If you find a house you like, you set up an official inspection. You basically pay someone to inspect the property for structural issues, code violations, and possibly stuff like radon in the basement. \n\n6. If it checks out and you're serious about buying, you make an offer. This can go back and forth a bit. If accepted, go to 7. If rejected, keep haggling or find a new house. I believe at this time this is when you need to get official approval from the lender as well.\n\n7. When accepted, it'll take a month MINIMUM to get through all the paperwork required. I think we did ours in about 3 weeks which is super fast. \n\n8. You eventually get the keys and now you get to enjoy the \"joys\" of moving and homeownership.",
"A lot of it will depend on where you are, but I recently purchased a house in Chicago so I can share my experiences. The process went like this:\n\n1. Find a realtor, pick out a property. A realtor can help you find a house you like, or you can pick out a house on your own and then approach a realtor to help you purchase it. While a realtor isn't 100% necessary, the buying realtor's fee is paid by the seller so there's no reason not to use one as a buyer. Your realtor can usually refer you to all the other people you'll need to contact, such as an attorney, inspector, mortgage lender, or insurance agent.\n2. Make an offer. The offer takes the form of a contract that you send to the seller's attorney.\n3. Negotiations. They'll make a counter offer, you make a counter counter offer and so on until you find a price and other terms that you agree on. Sometimes sellers will offer you a lower price if you agree to take the house \"as is.\" This means that instead of inspecting the property to look for problems they might have to fix, you just buy it as is and any problems are you problems. This is generally not recommended.\n4. Inspection. You will hire an inspector who will look at the house and point out any issues. They will usually come up with a long list, as it's their job to point out *anything* wrong, even minor issues, but they'll tell you if they think it's so bad that the house is a bad one to buy. For example, my inspection resulted in 90 something issues, but they were almost all very minor wear and tear.\n5. Once the inspection is done everything is sent for attorney review. Your attorney and the seller's attorney will work out the details, amending the offer contract to suit both parties and document any changes or things that need to be fixed based on the inspection. Sometimes you will be offered a choice of having the seller fix issues in the house, or getting a credit from them. It's recommending that you take a credit. While that can be more of a hassle as it means you'll need to fix things yourself (or hire someone), it is generally better as if the seller fixes things they might not care to do the best work as it's not going to be their house for long.\n6. Once you know this is the property you want you'll want to start thinking about insurance. If you're getting a mortgage they'll usually require proof of insurance before the mortgage can be finalized. \n7. Once you have insurance and the attorney review is complete your mortgage can be finalized.\n8. Pre-Closing. Before the closing date you'll be sent information about the title company (which is chosen by the seller, usually) including a bank account for your down payment. To avoid being scammed, you'll want to call the title company and confirm the details with them over the phone. Once that's done, you'll wire your down payment to that account.\n9. Closing. On closing day, you'll meet at the title company and sign all the final contracts. The keys change hands and the house is yours.\n\n",
"Easy, don't. A house is a horrendous investment, because often people have to choose between investing and a house. A house is a (very) deceptively expensive purchase. A) You'd be very hard pressed to put money into an index fund AND loan principle, B) it drains your nest egg, C) you can make all your payments for three years and have zero (like literally zero) equity. D) The industry is still a big racket, fees, fees, fees. E) YOU HAVE TO PAY FOR REPAIRS D) homes do not go up in value (nothing like compounding interest). Seriously, just rent. You're not throwing as much money away. (If you can afford to invest AND buy a house, then do it). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/102414/10-steps-firsttime-home-buyers.asp"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3tcuk6
|
Why did Franco choose King Juan Carlos as His Successor?
|
As the title asks, why did Franco choose King Juan Carlos as his successor? I never thought of Franco as a Falange ideologue (far more a pragmatist), but it seems a bit strange to me, that he decided to reinstate the monarchy, knowing that it would put in jeopardy his entire supporting column (the Falange army, bureaucracy etc).
Were his supporters not afraid of democracy, and then the very high chance of lustration? And if not, why were the Falange so willing to give up power, rather than install a new dictator from the Falange?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3tcuk6/why_did_franco_choose_king_juan_carlos_as_his/
|
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"The Falange was basically a dying organization by the 1970's. The leadership was old, and was dying off. The Young Falangists' Party was seeing ever declining numbers, despite their being the only legal political party. Franco had always been a bit of a Monarchist, and certain parts of Falangist ideology came straight from Carlism, which was, of course the Spanish Monarchist party after the Republic was proclaimed in 1931. \n\nSpanish Fascism is interesting because it was not necessarily a revolutionary movement or an extremist faction by the time Franco stepped in. It was, however, very conservative. Originally, under its founder, Primo de Rivera, Falangism was inspired by National Socialism, but was largely geared towards Agricultural reform (something that the Spanish needed) and was about conserving Spanish traditions of Catholicism in the face of a steadily more godless world. General Franco took over when the Falangist leadership was virtually wiped out by the Republicans in the early days of the War, he essentially used the Falangist name to rally other Conservative forces. He was even denounced by the few remaining Falangists (like Manuel Hedilla) for abandoning the original Falangist ideas.\n\nBut all this could be wrong, and it could simply have been that the political climate in Europe was changing and Franco understood how difficult it had been for *him* to guide Spain through European affairs as a \"Fascist\" among the Free states of Europe. Having a backwards, Fascist government in the midst of the Western powers gave the Soviet Union a decent propaganda chip during the Cold War, which was reversed when the Spanish Monarchy returned and brought Democracy with it. ",
"In short, Franco restored the House of Bourbon because Franco was a conservative and a traditionalist. Franco saw the King of Spain as a rock of stability against the excesses of the Spanish Republics and believed, incorrectly, that a Bourbon prince raised under his tutelage would continue to enforce and support a traditionalist state.\n\nFrancisco Franco was born in 1892 in Galicia to a minor noble family with strong cultural and emotional ties to the Spanish Navy. His father was a senior officer and the last six generations of Franco's family had all served Spain and her vast overseas claims that stretched from the Americas to the Pacific. Yet before Franco was 10, Spain had lost the remnants of her once great empire and her national identity with it.\n\nThe 19th century ushered in a period of political and economic chaos for Spain, beginning with the collapse of the Americas and culminating with the Spanish Civil War. During that time, Spain would see eight different kings from three different houses. Amedeo of Savoy, who was elected King of Spain in 1871, eventually abdicated three years later and promptly left the country after declaring to a stunned diplomatic corps that his nation was \"ungovernable.\" After the return of Alfonso XII in 1874, Spain entered a period of relative stability although the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines caused a great deal of anguish in the public, leading to the intermittent popularity of republicanism, anarchism, socialism and, later, communism to the radical left.\n\nBy the time Franco obtained his infantry commission in 1910, Spain's domestic stability was shaky due to a long and drawn out colonial war in North Africa and a corrupt and obstinate central government. The domestic crisis further escalated after the end of the First World War and communism soon gripped the left as a solution to Spain's vast unemployment and poverty. The political right countered with a military dictatorship in power in 1923 before collapsing in 1927. By 1931, the King of Spain was forced out of power by the left in a revolution, ushering in the Second Spanish Republic.\n\nLike many conservatives, Franco was shocked at the abdication of the King although he appears to have accepted the political realities of the era. More shocking, perhaps, was the attack on the Catholic Church. The constitution of the Second Spanish Republic was highly anticlerical and the new government quickly moved to nationalize several major industries under their control. After a conservative government won the day in 1933, the radical left revolted leading to violent riots that left thousands dead. This only led to further discontent and radicalization, with the left and the right now comprising two sides: republicans and \"nationalists\".\n\nWhile there were many reasonable people on both sides at the start of the Spanish Civil War, extremist elements on the right and the left soon dominated the bitter struggle. At the conclusion of the conflict, Franco appointed himself *Caudillo de España* and began openly assuming the trappings of a royalist government. Hardly a fascist, Franco openly proclaimed Spain a monarchy in 1947 with himself as regent and it appears that around this time he began searching for a suitable heir. There were two possible candidates for the throne:\n\n* Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona: Juan was the closest candidate to the throne of Spain as his eldest brother had renounced their rights of succession. Juan was masculine, handsome and showed excellent military prowess as a cadet with the Royal Navy, but he was also too liberal for Franco's tastes.\n\n* Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia: Jaime was quite possibly the opposite of his brother. Deaf at an early age due to a failed childhood operation, Jaime was strongly encouraged by his father to give up his rights to the throne which he did in 1933. This technically made him ineligible for the throne.\n\nFranco liked neither of them.\n\nDeclaring himself regent for life, he played the two brothers against each other in order to ensure their compliance with his regime. Juan's son, Juan Carlos, was eventually appointed by Franco as Prince of Spain in 1969. Franco did, however, keep Jaime's son Alfonso around as a warning: Alfonso eventually married Franco's only daughter, Carmen, in 1972.\n\nBy the time of Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos already had experience as Spain's head of state, serving as regent whenever Franco left the country. It appears as if Franco counted on a combination of good luck, pressure from Falangists and indoctrination to keep his regime going after his death, but Juan Carlos instead passed several liberal reforms ironically using the absolute power he inherited from Franco. By 1981, Juan Carlos had cemented his position as a liberal monarch and permanently foiled a Falangist coup d'etat."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
11777x
|
In your opinion, could the French Revolution have been prevented? If so, how?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/11777x/in_your_opinion_could_the_french_revolution_have/
|
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"In my opinion, yes.\n\nThe early years of the debt, and grain crisis, were exacerbated and plagued by Louis' inaction or mismanagement. This manifested itself with his failure to acknowledge the grain shortages, firing of his financial minister Jacques Necker (loved by the people, mind you), and then again by his failure to recognize the movements of the Assembly. He was stuck in the mode of \"maybe if I don't acknowledge anything it will go away\". In that regard, he drastically fell short of his duty, which was a key factor in the rising discontent. He also, seemingly, threatened the people of Paris by sending troops but failing to utilize them. Many historians such as David Bell, Georges Lefebvre, and Timothy Tackett, and Sarah Maza, argue what would've happen if the people of paris weren't provoked to seek powder from the Bastille, or if Louis wasn't reluctant to put down the Sans Culottes with violence, but that is all mostly response-based speculation. The take away is that Louis himself increased perceptions of monarchical ineptitude with his poor handling of the Crisis, which in turn evolved into a Revolution. David Jordan's piece on the Kings Trial, and analysis of the discrepancies between his defense and inactions is perhaps the most damning account of the Kings mismanagement. Timothy Tackett's work on the Monarch, and the degradation of the institution that stemmed from the attempted flight to Varennes reinforces such an analysis.\n\nGranted, however, there wasn't much Louis could do about poor harvest, harsh winters, etc. But he should've, in theory, done more to alleviate the suffering of his people sooner and with more publicity. At least Necker was trying.",
"DeSoulis has a point in that there needs to be a stricter definition of \"preventing the French Revolution\". Could the events of summer 1789 have been prevented if certain people acted differently? Yes, absolutely. It did take a lot to push the people to revolution, especially the deputies who would become the National Assembly. If Louis didn't do this, or he did do that, or... whatever. There's a lot he could've done to prevent the revolution of 1789.\n\nBut you also have to factor in the long narrative. The revolution was not caused purely by short term forces - there was also how French society was divided into 3 orders (Estates of the Realm) which were quickly becoming obsolete with industrialisation and economic growth. There was the central pillar of royal authority - divine right - coming into question with the Enlightenment. In the mid 19th century, commerce and industry started becoming much more important than agriculture in France, so maybe we've got the seeds of revolution there as well.\n\nYou could, of course, point to examples of other countries which had kings and queens and didn't have revolutions, and still managed to deal with those issues. Prussia, for example. They had a strong king in Frederick II who implemented Enlightenment ideals and managed to avoid revolution all the way through the unification of Germany up until the end of WWI, and that was because of outside forces.\n\nSo the question is essentially subjective, but I would answer that no, in no sense was revolution inevitable. Progress or change was inevitable, but through a forcible overthrow of the existing social order? It takes a lot for a revolution to happen, and if Louis or the nobles had been a stronger leader, they could've avoided it all."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
35b0fo
|
why would the uk government put the tuition fees up if they have to lend out the money to pay for it?
|
Been seeing all day the Conservative's want to put up student fees but in the UK all the student loans are done by the government so surely they're going to make it worse for themselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35b0fo/eli5_why_would_the_uk_government_put_the_tuition/
|
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"this benefits them, because when they loan out money, (usually) there is a grace period after your studies are finished, then they start charging interest, and the government *really* likes it when you have to give them more money over (possibly) a longer period of time. ",
"This is more like a back door tax on post-university success. The repayment plans for student loans are means based, as are the interest rates charged on them. Graduates with high earnings will end up paying much more than those with low earnings, who will eventually have most of their debt written off anyway. A recent [study](_URL_0_) by the Institute for Fiscal Studies found that the proposed Labor cut in tuition fees would benefit well off graduates while having little to no effect on poorer graduates.",
"If they abolished tuition fees entirely, who do you think would pay the cost of your university education? The answer: the government, and by extension, the tax payers.\n\nBy raising tuition fees and then lending the money to pay them, they are at lest getting *some* of that money back. Yes the government still had to absorb a lot of the cost of tuition due to people who never pay it off. But the alternative is that the government would be paying all of it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN164.pdf"
],
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|
515u0h
|
How historically accurate is the movie Caligula (1979)
|
I really like the the movie *Caligula*, directed by Tinto Brass, starring Malcolm McDowell. What are some differences between the film's portrayal of Caligula and the real person?
(I forgot to add the question mark in the title.)
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/515u0h/how_historically_accurate_is_the_movie_caligula/
|
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"text": [
"I'm gonna try to summarize the historical inaccuracies in the entire film.\n\nAs the film opens we see Caligula with his sister Drusilla, although it is said that Caligula had incestious relations with her sister we are missing through all the movie his two other sisters: Agrippina (Claudius's wife) and Julia Livilla.\n\nAccording to Suetonius, Macro gained trust by letting his wife Ennia be the lover of Caligula. The depraved palace of Tiberius in Capri was written by Suetonius but apparently is an exaggeration of Tiberius habits, it seems more accurate that Tiberius left Rome for his safety after all that had happened when Sejanus (his right hand and head of the pretorian guard was and killed along with his followers and friends). Tiberius unlike the movie have more trust in Caligula than Gemellus, despites being his grandson, he believed like many others, that he was in fact son of Sejanus, considering his mother was having an affair with him (And she was forced to die by her own mother). Wether Tiberius was killed by Caligula is only a posibility, we don't know much about the circunmstances of the emperor's death. Caligula was in fact married 4 times with Junia Claudilla, Livia Orestilla,Lollia Paulina and finally Milonia Caesonia.\nMacro was not killed in the way he dies in the movie but he died on his way to Egypt.\nGemellus was killed during the beginning of Caligula's reign. \nThe divinity of the emperors was something given after their deaths like Augustus and Tiberius but Caligula make the senate to adore him as a living God, after all he was the grand son of Augustus. And finally, Caligula was at a series of games and her family was not at the time, they were killed at couple of hours later."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
sa61k
|
If viewing Earth from another planet (even mars) how much brighter would it be than other planets because of artificial light sources?
|
Looking at all of the pictures of what Earth looks like from space I began to wonder if our artificial lighting would be visible from other planets. Or is the earth merely visible to other planets when the sun is reflecting its light off it, in the viewing range of a particular planet.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/sa61k/if_viewing_earth_from_another_planet_even_mars/
|
{
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"text": [
"[This article](_URL_0_) mentions astronomers calculating something on the lines of what you are asking.\n\nHere's the snippet:\n\n > To see how feasible hunting for alien light beacons might be, first Loeb and Turner calculated how well it might work within our solar system. They began with an imaginary alien world in the Kuiper Belt, a region of our solar system beyond the planets that is likely home to a trillion or more comets and extends from 30 to 50 times the distance of Earth to the sun, or 30 to 50 astronomical units.\n\n > The scientists calculated that a metropolis the size of Tokyo, one about 30 miles (50 km) wide, would be easily visible on a Kuiper Belt object about 50 astronomical units away from existing telescopes on Earth. A city like Tokyo could even be seen in the Oort Cloud reaching 1,000 astronomical units away, using the deepest image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, the so-called Hubble Ultra Deep Field, Loeb said.\n\nSo I think the artificial lighting would be visible, with the help of a large enough telescope."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.space.com/13514-alien-city-artificial-lights-extraterrestrial-planets.html"
]
] |
|
ejtemm
|
What causes shockwaves to form on an airfoil when the airflow is supersonic? Why does this cause flow separation?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ejtemm/what_causes_shockwaves_to_form_on_an_airfoil_when/
|
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"Shockwaves form around an airfoil because the flow is disturbed (an obstacle is in the way) and the information can not be sent fast enough (because supersonic flow) to other molecules of air.\n\nWikipedia explains it a lot better than I do :\n > When an object (or disturbance) moves faster than the information can propagate into the surrounding fluid, then the fluid near the disturbance cannot react or \"get out of the way\" before the disturbance arrives.\n\nBecause of this, the pressure, temperature and density have a huge gradient near the obstacle, creating a shock. After the shockwave, the flow is subsonic.",
"In supersonic flow, that is when the overall air speed is faster than the speed of sound, shocks will form at the front and back of a wing like [this](_URL_0_). These are [oblique shocks](_URL_5_) and the angle of them will depend on the Mach number i.e. ratio of flow speed to the local speed of sound. The shocks can be thought of as the air not being able to move out of the way fast enough, as pressure waves that allow it to 'know' that the wing is there are moving slower than the wing itself, [like this](_URL_4_). Wings that fly at these speeds are specially designed to ensure these shocks are in certain positions and don't become [detached](_URL_1_), which would significantly increase drag, and to ensure shocks don't form on the wing itself. A well designed supersonic wing shouldn't have to worry about flow separation as supersonic flow is able to turn with [expansion fans](_URL_3_) rather than separate like subsonic flow. \n\nWhere separation is a concern is in transonic flows, where the Mach number is between around 0.75-1.0. In this regime is is possible for flow to become supersonic as it flows over an aerofoil, and shocks will form at the back of this supersonic region like [this](_URL_2_). This flow quickly becomes very complicated and the interaction of the boundary layer with the shock is an ongoing area of research. The shock wave can thicken the boundary layer and make it more susceptible to separation later on, or the shock can directly cause separation if it is able to sustain enough flow turning."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/Pt7AeTV.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave#Bow_shock_(detached_shock)",
"https://i.stack.imgur.com/aWEWY.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl–Meyer_expansion_fan",
"https://i.stack.imgur.com/q1g36.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_shock"
]
] |
||
1rl7bb
|
the ideas and significance of thomas aquinas.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rl7bb/eli5_the_ideas_and_significance_of_thomas_aquinas/
|
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"This is almost impossible to do and keep short or in the scope for a five year old, but basically Thomas commented on and integrated the thoughts and ideas of Aristotle into Christian thought. To get an idea on how much of an impact this has had, remember the line at the end of this exchange in the Star Trek movie: _URL_0_\n\n\"When is an act... ...It is morally praiseworthy but not morally obligatory.\" That's right out of Aquinas. \n\nIt's this idea in ethics and religion that leads to the church selling of indulgences, which leads to the reformation, which leads to the enlightenment, and then to modern political thought on the separation of church and state.\n\nAnd that's the impact of just one small idea he had. The man was a giant.",
"His most famous work, the Quinque Viae, are five ontological (ontology being the study of what can or cannot exist) arguments for the existence of God.\n\nThey're all different forms of the same argument, that being that all the cause and effect in the universe cannot be infinite. Something - Aquinas called it the \"ex motu\" - began it all.\n\nExample:\nThings move.\nMovement requires a moving force.\nEither, there must have been a moving force to cause the first motion, or the chain of cause and effect is infinite.\nNothing is infinite, and so there must have been a first mover.\nTherefore, God exists."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvMxLpce3Xw"
],
[]
] |
||
bbshfg
|
what keeps the heart beating?
|
Ok, this may seem like a ridiculously obvious thing which im just not realising but here goes.
The heart keeps us alive by pumping blood to our vital organs but what keeps the heart beating? Why does it beat at the rate that it does?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bbshfg/eli5_what_keeps_the_heart_beating/
|
{
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"The heart has [its own electrical system,](_URL_3_) which is primarily the [*sinoatrial node*](_URL_0_)\n and the [*atrioventricular node*.](_URL_2_) Those two keep the heart beating independently from direct input from the brain, [like this.](_URL_1_)",
"Quite an interesting question actually! Did you know that if you ripped the heart out of a living animal and plunged it into a saline solution, it would keep beating? The contractions are fully autonomous!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe heart is made of very particular cells. Heart \"Muscle\" cells, wich are responsible for contractions, are actually able to transmit electricity. So a simple stimulation will cause them to contract, but also to transmit the stimulation to their neighbors. But you still need a regular stimulus to set them off, and that's the role of the heart \"nerve\" cells. They are located in small nodules and look like neurons, but work quite differently.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWhen neurons are not activated, their is a constant tension on their membrane. To activate them (make them emit an electric impulse), you must make that tension go over a certain value (for instance, by pluggin in another neuron and activating it). But heart \"neurons\" are unstable: when at rest, the tension at their membrane steadily goes up, until it reaches the critical value activating the cell. As a result, they keep firing off at a regular pace, and the whole heart beats to that pace! This is why they are called \"pacemaking cells\".\n\nThe brain can, however, dictate the pace by sending hormones/electric impulses/random shit to the pacemaking cells. This is why your heart starts beating faster when you are preparing for an effort, and slows down when you sleep."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Node",
"https://i.imgur.com/qGY9ZO3.gifv",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_Node",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart"
],
[]
] |
|
23vc3k
|
how can someone squat in a house i own but am not presently occupying?
|
I don't understand why I have to fight to get them out.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23vc3k/eli5_how_can_someone_squat_in_a_house_i_own_but/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm assuming this question is inspired by the recent article about the soldier. In the US, there are laws protecting tenants. Because they've claimed that is what they are, they have to go through an eviction process to get rid of them. It's really, really, stupid when you consider situations like this. ",
"Most places have laws that aggressively protect tenants vs. their landlords. In most cases, this is really important and useful for people, because it means the landlord can't just come and toss you out of your home. \n\nHowever, if someone is squatting in your home, they're not a tenant - they're just someone who broke in and started living there. There's no agreement between you and them. So why won't the Sheriff kick them out?\n\nThe reason is that police don't deal with civil matters, just with criminal matters. If there's even a hint that the dispute over residency in the house may be a civil matter, the police will tell you to take it to the courts. Why might they think it's a civil matter? Well, if the squatter says \"I have an agreement with him, he said I could live here\" then, even if it's a lie, it becomes a matter for the court and not the police."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6ckmn4
|
how can a reader find out if a news story is representing fact and not a biased opinion?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ckmn4/eli5_how_can_a_reader_find_out_if_a_news_story_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhvd9ti",
"dhvg2g3",
"dhvg4hj",
"dhvpy5s"
],
"score": [
8,
6,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Typically it's pretty easy to tell when a story is presenting an opinion. They'll gloss over details, use emotionally charged language, provide few if any citations, present only one side of the argument, etc. Factual news articles tend to be detailed and make efforts to contact the people involved in the story to get their take on the issue if they want to try to explain, say, a negative story about them.",
"Watching out for [logical fallacies](_URL_0_) is a good starting point, especially cheap ad hominem and appealing to emotion. But the truth is that everyone has a bias - the real problem is fully conscious agenda pushing, that is what separates journalism from partisan propaganda. ",
"Check many sources. Learn which ones have a reputation for honesty and reliability. Check to see if the story is presented as \"opinion\". Pay attention to the language used. Look out for extreme descriptors. Check if sources are provided. Then, also check the sources provided. Look at other articles written by the same author. Cross-compare the source you're reading with others with a differing perspective. Analyse the veracity of the two sides. \n\nThis is an example of the kind of resources one can use as a sniff test. Can you guess the bias of the compilers, BTW? \n\n > *[Journalism Quality and Partisanship Guide 2017 - Pigscast\n](_URL_0_)*\n\n",
"While verticaljeff provides a good example of how to tell the difference in fact vs. opinion, the reality is we cannot really tell since what authoritative sources consider fact seems to change with time. Historians, scientists and even reporters challenge each others facts all the time. University professors are required to publish in order to be in good standing and many authoritative facts are theorized and challenged. Remember the adage *\"When the truth becomes legend, print the legend.''* A lot of that applies to what is in our history textbooks and in the media. Napoleon Boneparte was not short but the myth says he was. And just like the Texas school board wants to rewrite history and science textbooks for the rest of the country, the extremists from either political spectrum want to play with the fact that there are unintended consequences of their pragmatic thinking that have both beneficial, drawbacks or perverse outcomes. Both opposing sides seem to be able to manipulate the same Congressional and Census data facts to their unique purposes. But what is good for the goose is not always good for the gander, what is good for one group usually comes at the expense of another, and there are situations where there are two or more opposing truths that are fact.\n\nAnd then there is our own resistance or willingness to trust the facts. Few of us sit in the middle as centrists any more in this polarized political environment. That is why Congress stalemated, obstructed, blackmails and shuts down government to achieve an agenda. It also why we have media and opinion shows based on political affiliation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/"
],
[
"https://i1.wp.com/www.pigscast.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/News.png"
],
[]
] |
||
12pok2
|
Would a perfect sphere be able to contain a vacuum?
|
I just finished reading "The Singing Bell" by Isaac Asimov and I am curious about reproducing one of the Bells in the story.
From the story a Singing Bell is a rock formed on the Moon that is filled with a vacuum and several small rocks inside of the cavity. When polished and correctly struck they produce an incredibly beautiful sound.
Would it be possible to make one out of a relatively strong material, or would the force of the vacuum on the inside of the sphere make it impossible to create one without destroying it? I know the arch is one of the strongest architectural designs, but would the same strength be applicable to an almost perfect sphere?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/12pok2/would_a_perfect_sphere_be_able_to_contain_a_vacuum/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6x4x4n",
"c6x5alg"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Not a physicist but I believe that a sphere would be an excellent shape for a vacuum flask. Look at the pressure vessel (the part that contains humans) of the bathyscaphe Trieste _URL_0_ . It is for the most part spherical. Obviously it doesn't contain a vacuum, but it did withstand an enormous pressure differential when it descended deep down in the ocean. This is very similar to what you would have if you made a spherical vacuum flask here at standard pressure. Now, I don't know if you could do it with a rock like in the asimov story, but I am certain you could do it with steel. ",
"Most any shape can contain a vacuum as long as it is a closed shape and made out of sufficiently strong material. Spheres are a bit harder to manufacture than some other shapes, but they are physically well suited to the task.\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_chamber"
]
] |
|
1sqo1g
|
What were the Indus Valley Civilization seals thought to be before the actual DISCOVERY of the Indus Valley Civilization?
|
So *Crash Course : World History* says that the people in the Indus Valley traded with different parts of the world because their seals have been found as far away as the middle east.
Were people mystified by the seals before the Indus Valley Civilization was actually discovered in the late 1800's? What were the prevailing hypotheses about the mysterious origins of these seals?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1sqo1g/what_were_the_indus_valley_civilization_seals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce0aqo9",
"ce0bshy"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Archaeology and similar disciplines always operate on a flawed, partial record. Usually when something is found with an unknown provenance, it's assigned a name based on either who found it, or where it was found. \n\n\n\nThe most strict answer to your question would be that *we didn't have any theory*. In archaeology there's a strict establishment these days that without context and provenance we can't establish *anything* about an artifact. If you're studying barbed fish hooks of native Americans living in the Alaska region and someone walks into your lab with a bucket full of them, but can't tell you where they were found, and document how they were excavated, they're worthless. They're worse than worthless because now they're *removed* from their natural state. \n\n\nThat doesn't stop people from speculating, and archaeology is quite *rife* with it because of the inherent nature of how it works. Just about every model of human civilization in prehistory is literally one dig away from being completely turned on it's head, and archaeologists can be every bit as petty as anyone else. But I digress. \n\n\nThe short answer is that the most neutral theory regarding the IVC seals would have been, prior to having actually *found* the cites, that they belonged to a civilization that hadn't been discovered. Compared against an established record they may have been able to guess that wherever the place was, it was likely in the Middle East, or further east, though I doubt they would have had the conveniences of modern archaeology to figure this all out. \n\n\n\nOutside of that anyone in the discipline would be as free to build theories as they want, but a lack of actual *evidence* would have left them wanting. It can be tempting but generally its discouraged to reach conclusions without context, and even someone more in line with that 1800's \"Indiana Jones\" style archaeology that was more about collection than interpretation, they would have only been able to establish that they were dealing with seals that were unique to a civilization that hadn't been found yet. \n\n\n\nBut again, archaeology runs on a partial record, and interpretation of data is a *huge* part of it. I don't know if \"Mystified\" would be the right word though. There's plenty of things we have little or no evidence of. Many works of the ancient Greeks we know of only because they're referenced by other contemporary authors. We don't really know how Greek Fire was made. We still find literary works written in languages (or maybe code) we can't decipher (or break). \n\n\n\n",
"Let me just correct you the IVC sites was first discovered by Archeologist Daya Ram Sahni in 1921 at Harrappa, present day Pakistan. The second major was discovered by R.D Banerjee at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan(then British India).\nJust to Add on in 1853 A.Cunningham a British Engineer did discover a Harrappan Seal with a Bull and six letters written on it, he just didnt realize its significance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3ybfw1
|
What were Pablo Escobar's plans if had become the president of Colombia?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ybfw1/what_were_pablo_escobars_plans_if_had_become_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cycgvpk"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"If I could piggy-back, according to the Columbian soap opera biopic, Pablo Escobar: Patron del Mal, he wanted to outlaw extradition. Does anybody know of a source that backs this up? It logically makes sense, but telenovelas don't pack a bibliography."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2o3vk3
|
Speakers in extreme cold?
|
A few friends and I we're planning on doing a physics experiment testing acoustics in the higher atmosphere. We wanted to know if a non modified small speaker, about 4 in x 4 in, would function at the temperatures at 60,000- 120,000 ft? And if not how could we possible make it work at those temperatures?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2o3vk3/speakers_in_extreme_cold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmjodsd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I would be concerned about the temperature range of the components. Some electronics like capacitors will only work to -20 degrees Celsius, and some don't handle low absolute pressure so well. Some hookup wire insulation will crack and potentially fail at such cold temperatures. The membrane material may also become brittle and crack at those temperatures. If you cant get info from the manufacturer, there are some cold spas that can go to -120 degrees Celsius, perhaps you could test your speakers at such a place."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3t4koy
|
how are new flu shots tested every year if medical trials are so slow and expensive?
|
How is it feasible for them to come out with new flu shots every year? I thought that human testing was slow and expensive.
For them to be able to do the research on what the new flu virus each year, get it on time for testing, test it effectively, manufacture it and get it shipped out, how is it possible that they always have the flu shot ready on time for flu season every year?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t4koy/eli5_how_are_new_flu_shots_tested_every_year_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx32rqv",
"cx334r4"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Probabilistic models predict which strains of the flu are most likely to hit. These strains are included in the vaccine. The vaccines are only as effective as the predictions are accurate, so the effectiveness can vary from year to year. \n\nThey don't do the same kinda of trials with flu shots. They're not tested for effectiveness before-hand. ",
"Year-to-year, the only difference in flu vaccinations are the strains of the virus that it protects against. Everything else remains the same, and so there is really no need to test it for safety (the flu virus doesn't change that much, but just enough to fool the immune system). The strains included in the vaccine each year are usually based on what strains are prevalent in the preceding flu season in the other (northern/southern) hemisphere."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1thm21
|
why can't i make a pair of wings large enough and light enough to carry my weight, and use them to fly around?
|
If I made a pair of lightweight wings about 17 feet long and had a motor powering them, could I maintain sustained flight? And if not, please explain why.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1thm21/eli5_why_cant_i_make_a_pair_of_wings_large_enough/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce81dtr"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You can. It would just be cumbersome and difficult to steer and stay afloat for extended periods of time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3hydp9
|
why does the skin itch after sitting in front of the jacuzzi jet or being in contact with a vibrating surface for a period of time?
|
Does it have something to do with the different type of nerve receptors on the skin? (i'm talking about Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs and Ruffini endings) If not, then what causes the itch?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hydp9/eli5_why_does_the_skin_itch_after_sitting_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cubo697"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Both of these things increase circulation, which causes a small adjustment in your skin's sensitivity in those areas, which (usually) manifests as an itchy sensation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1jwplm
|
How do we measure things like diameter, mass and chemical makeup of distant objects such as asteroids?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1jwplm/how_do_we_measure_things_like_diameter_mass_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbj1e00",
"cbjceu9"
],
"score": [
10,
2
],
"text": [
"You can estimate the composition of objects that emit or absorb/reflect radiation (light, IR, xrays) by looking at the spectral signature of the radiation. There are some examples at the wiki page on [astronomical spectroscopy](_URL_1_).\n\nIf the asteroid orbits another asteroid, then we can use what we know about orbital mechanics to estimate mass (from Kepler's laws). More description here:\n_URL_0_\n\nOnce you have an idea of composition and mass, you can estimate the density from composition and then get one estimate of diameter. There's also the old-fashioned, optical, 'how big is it in the picture' method of estimating diameter - if you can get a clear close-up picture. If you know the distance to the object and how much of the field of view it takes up you can estimate it's size.",
"The first estimate of the diameter is usually found based on how much light it reflects. If we know its distance from the sun, we can calculate how much sunlight reaches it. If we know the albedo (how big a proportion of light it reflected), we can then calculate how much light it emits per surface area. If we know the distance to us, we can then calculate how much light we should recieve from it per asteroid surface area. By comparing to how bright it appears to us, we can estimate its diameter.\n\nThe distances are usually quite well known, and the albedo can be estimated from other bodies of the same type. This is often a bad guess, though, leading to quite large uncertainty on the size estimate. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/spacejunk_asteroids.php",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy"
],
[]
] |
||
2forx1
|
How did the Hero of the Soviet Union medal get worn?
|
Sorry if this isn't the right place for the question, but it seems historical and I figured you guys must know it, as you know everything.
I'm a bit of a fan of the Soviet Union, and bought a replica Hero of the Soviet Union medal. I expected it would have a pin to attach to clothing, but its got a screw. Looking online showed that the originals also were like this, but I don't understand how that works.
I'm really curious as to how it was worn, not just for my own sake, but to understand how the Soviets wore it as well. Thanks.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2forx1/how_did_the_hero_of_the_soviet_union_medal_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckbdwe2"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Did it come with a little round plate with a threaded hole in the middle?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6e2act
|
how do motorbike riders drive safely in the rain? rain drops on helmet, boots wet etc
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6e2act/eli5_how_do_motorbike_riders_drive_safely_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"di72aqx",
"di74lpu"
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text": [
"Not sure in what respect you mean, really, but...\n\nGood tires with decent tread. Some tires are better in water than others, same as your car.\n\nRiding properly for the conditions. Allowing more room for braking, more time for errors. Being a bit more methodical. \n\nBoots? yeah, improper footwear can be a hazard on slippery surfaces, but only when stopped. (foot slips out from under you, but in almost 37 years of riding, I've only ever felt a foot \"slip\" once.\n\nGoggles, helmets etc... good gear is ventilated well, preventing \"fogging\". At riding speed, the water on the lenses/shields just blows off.\n\nThe biggest danger in the rain is... getting cold. Which, again... is alleviated with proper gear.",
"We slow down, allow a greater stopping distance, and use rain gear. And sometimes we just suck it up and accept we are going to be wet and miserable for a while. If it gets too bad, we pull over and find somewhere dry to wait it out.\n\nIf you go fast enough, the wind will blow the droplets off of your visor, the real problem is the moisture fogging it up. As for the road conditions, a good set of tires will handle a wet road just fine, so long as you take it easy.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
nw6y5
|
caucuses
|
What are they and what does it mean to win one?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nw6y5/eli5_caucuses/
|
{
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"c3cezqs",
"c3chenc",
"c3cezqs",
"c3chenc"
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"score": [
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7,
2
],
"text": [
"Let's say your school is having elections for school president, and 1 kid from each grade can run. You are in the 4th grade and you want to run for school president, so you get nominated along with 4 other kids who are also in the 4th grade. But since only 1 of you can run, the 4th grade as a whole needs to decide who they want to represent them. In order to best do this, you 5 candidates will go to each of the 4th grade classrooms and try to convince them that you are the best choice. Each classroom will then vote, and whoever gets the most support will run in the elections to represent the 4th grade.\n\nA caucus is essentially a group of likeminded individuals/political party who come together who is best suited to represent them in the general election. In the analogy above, the grade levels represents political parties (such as 4th graders are republicans) and each classroom represents a state caucus (such as the Iowa caucus).",
"Today's *New York Daily News* has a good [concise explanation of the Iowa Caucus](_URL_0_).",
"Let's say your school is having elections for school president, and 1 kid from each grade can run. You are in the 4th grade and you want to run for school president, so you get nominated along with 4 other kids who are also in the 4th grade. But since only 1 of you can run, the 4th grade as a whole needs to decide who they want to represent them. In order to best do this, you 5 candidates will go to each of the 4th grade classrooms and try to convince them that you are the best choice. Each classroom will then vote, and whoever gets the most support will run in the elections to represent the 4th grade.\n\nA caucus is essentially a group of likeminded individuals/political party who come together who is best suited to represent them in the general election. In the analogy above, the grade levels represents political parties (such as 4th graders are republicans) and each classroom represents a state caucus (such as the Iowa caucus).",
"Today's *New York Daily News* has a good [concise explanation of the Iowa Caucus](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/iowa-caucus-work-important-article-1.998846"
],
[],
[
"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/iowa-caucus-work-important-article-1.998846"
]
] |
|
zhmh4
|
Can someone tell me what (if anything) alkaline ionizers do to water?
|
My sister is convinced that these make water better for you, but it seems like a sort of placebo effect/scam. Can anyone explain the chemistry of it to me please?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/zhmh4/can_someone_tell_me_what_if_anything_alkaline/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c64oe6t"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Snake oil.\n\nFrom what I understand, these machines run a current through water to ionize it?\n\nWater itself is only a little conductive, it has to be filled with ions like sodium to help the conductance. Now say we do run a current through it, all this does is create oxygen and hydrogen gas.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHere is talks about the acidic water being brown and dirty. I assure you that acidic water is clear. The brown colour would be the decomposed electrode."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ionizeroasis.com/pages/build-your-own-water-ionizer.html"
]
] |
|
20bs77
|
How is/was mercury used to purify other metals?
|
I read that this was the process the Spanish used when they discovered vast silver mines in Peru, and that resulting mercury pollution has really damaged the areas around the silver mines there.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/20bs77/how_iswas_mercury_used_to_purify_other_metals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg1zmbu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Basically, you crush up the ore really finely so that the silver or gold particles are exposed and then run mercury through the dust. Mercury readily forms liquid alloys called amalgams with other metals, so you use it to dissolve the silver or gold in the mercury, which you can then separate from the rock by e.g. density. Then you boil off the mercury from the amalgam, and you've got your gold or silver."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9mho35
|
what makes the spacex rockets form the huge plume in the sky when they launch and why don’t other rockets make something similar?
|
Following last nights launch there’s tons of pictures and videos of Falcon 9 launching over California and I was wondering about the light show of sorts it makes. Is it from the rockets fuel system or how this rocket separates stages? Or could I just be that Elon wanted to make a big show to reignite People’s passion for space travel?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mho35/eli5_what_makes_the_spacex_rockets_form_the_huge/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7eop13",
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],
"score": [
12,
2
],
"text": [
"It's just down to the timing of the launch. Launches during the day you won't see it because the sky is already bright, and launches very late at night you won't, because the whole sky, horizon to horizon, is dark. It has to be that time of day where once the rocket gets up to a decent height, it's back in sunlight again, so the plume is lit up like, quite literally, a cloud in daylight. \n\nThe reason it gets so wide and spread out is because as the rocket gets higher up, the atmosphere it's in gets thinner and thinner and lower pressure, so the high pressure exhaust from the rocket spreads out that much wider and farther. ",
"Here's what I found googling about it. What is happening is that the first (launch, lower) stage is separating from the second stage. Typically in previous rocket designs the exhausted stage simply falls back down to Earth (well, pretty much. But in the Falcon, the first stage autonomously flies back to the launch area, meaning it has its own engine that accelerates and flies at speed through the exhaust cone of the burning second stage. This stirs up that exhaust, which would otherwise be directed relatively narrowly straight backwards. And it's the interaction of the two rockets under acceleration in different directions that expands the exhaust cloud."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1khrvn
|
Can two planets occupy the same orbit?
|
Sorry if this has been asked before. I don't mean like how our moon an earth share an orbit. What I'm asking is if it would be possible for two planets to share an orbit around a star.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1khrvn/can_two_planets_occupy_the_same_orbit/
|
{
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"cbpkji9"
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"score": [
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525,
43,
5,
2,
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"text": [
"Yes but would their revolutions be synchronized? Could they eventually collide? Or does length of revolution depend solely on distance from star or does size of planet, number of moons, and so on affect the time it takes for the planet to complete one revolution? (Lets assume both planets are equal in mass and are both the same distance from their star). ",
"If one planet is much bigger than the other, they can share an orbit with the smaller planet ahead or behind by 60^o at a [Lagrange point](_URL_1_).\n\nIt's possible for equal mass planets to orbit the same star 180 degrees out of phase, but that configuration is unstable to small perturbations. So far, [no planets are known to share an orbit, though two of Saturn's moons do.](_URL_0_)",
"It's possible, but unlikely to last in that place for a long time. There are three places around an object's orbit where you could place another object and have the gravitational forces cancel - the [L3, L4 and L5 Lagrange Points](_URL_0_). At any other location, the two planets will attract each other gravitationally and eventually collide.\n\nFor L3 (opposite the original planet), this is inherently unstable even if there were no other objects - perturbations by any other planets would drive the orbit-sharers out of the L3 points even more quickly.\n\nThe L4/L5 positions are more stable - if a planet is moved out of this position, it will be forced back towards it. However, this would again become unstable due to perturbations if there were any other planets around.",
"According to the IAU definition, \n\n > in the Solar System, a planet is a celestial body which:\n > \n > 1. is in orbit around the Sun,\n > \n > 2. has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape), and\n > \n > 3. has \"cleared the neighbourhood\" around its orbit.\n\nTherefor, if there are approximately equal sized objects orbiting in the same plane, they are by definition not planets.\n\nThe definition of extrasolar planets simply replaces the requirement of orbiting the sun with orbiting a star or stellar remnant. The requirement of clearing its orbit remains. \n\nI know this doesn't feel right. If we had saw 2 equal, planet sized objects (big enough to be round) orbiting in the same plane, it would look and feel like 2 planets. I could see astronomers redefining planet to allow such a system if one is ever found. But today, by definition, they would not be planets.",
"Simply trying it in [here](_URL_0_), the system shows that the orbit is unstable and there is not an ability for it to happen. eventually one of the planets escapes the orbit of the other two objects",
"You might enjoy reading this.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nAlso, look up the n-body problem.",
"This is more of a question than an answer:\n\nIf I remember my orbital mechanics class correctly, any orbits that cross will have the exact same energy at the crossing point, regardless of eccentricity. So if two planets have the exact same orbit and mass, then the scenario could play out. However, if the mass or orbit are slightly different, I feel like they would eventually collide. Can someone verify or correct me on this?",
"The current definition of a planet requires it to be gravitationally dominate in its orbit. That precludes two bodies being in the same orbit being defined as planets. ",
"Not sure if this thread is still active, but is this kind of orbit (_URL_0_) possible?",
"I've got a related question.\n\nOne of the criteria in the definition of a planet is that the celestial body must have \"cleared the neighborhood\" along its orbital path for it to qualify as a planet.\n\nWell, here on Earth, we experience various different annual meteor showers (ie. the Perseids in August), which are basically the Earth passing through debris along our orbital path, and seeing it light up in our atmosphere. This happens every year, meaning Earth's gravity hasn't actually \"cleared the neighborhood\" of this debris.\n\nDoes that mean that the Earth doesn't qualify as a planet?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_point"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagrange_points2.svg"
],
[],
[
"http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/my-solar-system/my-solar-system_en.html"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemperer_rosette"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/kKMF1TX.png"
],
[]
] |
|
cbh7l9
|
Why does America have 3 huge sports that only they play?
|
Why are baseball, basketball, and American football so much more popular than any other international sports, why did they come about, and why has the same situation not occurred anywhere else in the world?
EDIT:
I do know the story of why the USA plays American football instead of rugby ( good video here by squidgerugby giving a brief overview _URL_0_ ) but it still doesn't really explain football (soccer) not breaking the market there
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/cbh7l9/why_does_america_have_3_huge_sports_that_only/
|
{
"a_id": [
"etffla7"
],
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"text": [
"So I would challenge the premise here, as certainly for baseball, it is the most popular sport Japan, and has been played there almost as long as in the United States, being played professionally for only a decade less than in the United States, and the current professional league dates to 1936. I've written more about this previously which you can find [in this thread](_URL_0_). As for basketball and football though, as well as why America *doesn't* like soccer, I'll leave that to someone else to discuss."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://youtu.be/DrSNe0DIlTw"
] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3zkxw1/can_anyone_tell_me_more_about_the_history_of/cyn49ln/"
]
] |
|
1tof5j
|
Why dont stimulants increase appetite when they increase metabolism?
|
There is a parodixcal relationship with stimulants and appetite, sometimes stimulants seemingly decrease appetite. Can anyone help share light on this?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1tof5j/why_dont_stimulants_increase_appetite_when_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cea96e5"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Stimulants (generally) activate the sympathetic nervous system. This means that they end up acting similarly to epinepherine or norepinepherine (adrenaline). Adrenaline, being an acute stress hormone, diminishes apetite so you can focus on addressing the stressor (fight or fight response colloquially)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3006zu
|
if depicting prophets is forbidden, since jesus (known as isa) is a prophet in islam along with muhammed, why are muslims fine with depictions of him?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3006zu/eli5_if_depicting_prophets_is_forbidden_since/
|
{
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"text": [
"Here is the thing: this 'no depicting prophets' appeared recently with the nutjob known as al qaeida and the wahhabism( extrem hardcore islamist lvl 20) and recently with isis - daesh.\n\nWhat is forbidden in Islam is the idolatry, by having a picture of a prophet, people will tend over time to pray him instead of God.\n\nDuring and after the prophet Muhammed's pbuh life, people could depicting him and other prophets. **edit:\"While depicting the Prophet people usually show him with [a veiled face and a halo around him](_URL_0_)\"**\n\nYou can compare that to the burning of the Coran, some muslims will go apeshit but they forgot that the only allowed way to destroy a Coran is by fire...\n\nHope that will anwser your question and sorry for my english.",
"Mmmmmm\n\nWell... as a Muslim, I do find illustrations of Jesus, peace be upon him, offensive. And as someone who is ethnically very recently from Africa, I find the blond-hair blue-eyed representation simply pernicious and distasteful at best. How is it that those who purport to change their views based on historical / scientific evidence still pretend that Jesus was a picture perfect \"Aryan\" spokesman? I mean, I could care less what ethnicity he really was since it's his *message* that carries the weight. But if people generally have come to know that he wasn't an European-looking white dude, then if they **Absolutely MUST** draw him and make statues of him and worship him etc, then at least try to do so accurately, gosh darn it.\n\nBut I, like the mass majority of my Muslim brethren globally, if someone depicts him (Jesus) or even Muhammad SAW, what am I supposed to do about it? I can voice my displeasure, but every man can only control his own self. I'm not \"fine\" with it, but it's not within the realm of my authority to do anything about it. If it was my own child who was doing it, perhaps I'd have more power to enforce it did not happen. I'm sure OP agrees that most of the world's +1.6B Muslims aren't up in arms when people depict Muhammad SAW or Jesus PBUH...\n\nAs someone here had already mentioned, these things have, can and do lead to idolatry. I know, most people reading this on Reddit will call BS or whatever... but really, all one really has to do is get out of their Herman Miller Embody chair, and see that there are hundreds of thousands of people around the world who literally worship idols, statues, money, sticks, stones, paintings... even their own desires. While we live in our bubbles (and I'm just as guilty as the next), there's a whole planet of other people out there.",
"The Quran includes protections for people of the book. Jews and Christian's religious practices can't be directly infringed or banned. Thus the depiction of Jesus might be frowned upon, but it's permitted in actual Islam. The concern about idolatry is redundant when you're talking about someone that christians are actually worshipping anyway. ",
"Muslims are not fine with depictions of Jesus.",
"This is a very good question, as a guy whose been a Muslim -alhamdulillah- for a very long time this is probably the best and fullest answer you'll have my friend.\nThe general ruling on drawings of \"Any of the prophets\" ,peace and blessing be upon them, is Forbidden. The reason behind that is that prophets and messengers of Allah are sent with a message to their people, and miracles to prove their truthfulness . Now the good thing is that we have a real life example to base our theory upon ol' sport, people have been sculpturing and painting prophet iesa -Jesus- pbuh for many a year right bud? Well they made him God now didn't they? There you go then buddy! They probably drew the prophet pbuh out of reverence and respect at first, but time and new generations tell us it was one HUGE MISTAKE after all. ",
"Muslim here. \n\nAs many people have mentioned, Muslims tend not to speak up against the various paintings and statues made of Jesus. Christianity is, after all, the most followed religion in the world, not to mention that the majority of Muslims are peace-lovers who could not care less. If it is not directly interfering with their own religion, that is to say, nobody is forcing upon us a certain depiction of Jesus, then why would we pick on them? If it strengthens your belief, then I personally do not have a problem with it.\n\nHowever, there is an imperative reason that nobody has mentioned yet as to why Muslims do not draw prophets themselves, and that is: **how do we know how the prophets looked like?** These noble men lived thousands of years ago and it is, frankly speaking, inaccurate to draw Jesus as a black man or a Caucasian man because there's no *evidence* of this being true. What if he was Arab? What if he was yellow-skinned? Nobody knows. Why would we draw a man, when we do not know how he looks like, especially one as noble as Prophet Jesus or Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)? \n\nFinally, **physical appearances don't matter.** It is better for us to focus on what Jesus *taught*, instead of spending idle time drawing him. That is all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Muhammad#Portraiture_of_Muhammad_in_Islamic_literature"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1l7iss
|
How/what are the processes behind semi-conductors?
|
I have been looking into thermoelectric generators and I understand that the use of thermopiles uses difference in temperature to produce electricity. However my concern is on N and P type semi-conductors, what materials are they generally made of(different combination of materials better)? What gives them the properties to produce the electricity?
*I apologize in advanced if this post is in the wrong subreddit or not clear enough, still getting used to posting on Reddit.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1l7iss/howwhat_are_the_processes_behind_semiconductors/
|
{
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"cbwio8g",
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"text": [
"Semi-conductors are, as the name suggest, conductive under certain conditions and non-conductive under other conditions. This has to do with the fact that there are \"some\" free electrons (n-type) or free \"holes\" (deficiency of electrons, p-type) as opposed to no free electrons (isolator) or a ton of free electrons (conductor).\n\nThe most important application of semi-conductors is their use as switches. For example, it's possible to influence the amount of current that flows between two points in a semi-conductor by applying an electric field that either expands or shrinks a \"channel\" (such as in FETs) or a \"depletion region\" (border between n and p type semiconductor, such as in BJTs).\n\nBy \"properties to produce the electricity\" you probably mean solar cells. In solar cells, electrons are \"knocked loose\" from their atoms by absorbed photons, and create a current when they \"flow\" back to their atoms.",
"Typically semiconductors are made from silicon doped with either Phosphorus or Boron atoms. The reason for all this has to do with the amount of valence electrons in each of these types of material as well as the crystal lattice structure of pure semiconductors. Silicon itself has four valence electrons. These valence electrons will form bonds with other silicon atoms nearby. When silicon is \"doped\" with Boron or Phosphorus it changes the amount of \"carriers\" and \"holes\". Here holes is meant to mean the absence of charge (it's not a thing you can touch, more of an idea or explanation) where carriers mean extra charge (1 extra or 1 less electron per atom = 1 hole or 1 carrier). When boron is added (doping) to silicon, the combination will now have more holes and become a P-type semiconductor. This is because Boron has only 3 valence electrons, the absence of the fourth valence electron seen in silicon is the \"hole\" it is basically a potential to attract free electrons. The reverse happens in an N-type, here phosphorus is added (also doping). Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons, here the extra electron is easily set loose and with small amounts of energy (a current) and is transferred to the P-type semiconductor due to the the positive potential created by the \"hole\" (remember electrons are negatively charged). The strength of this combination depends on the concentration of silicon and boron, or silicon and phosphorous in each type of material.\n\nI hope that makes any semblance of sense. Words are hard",
"The most common semiconductor devices are made of Si (plus very minute amounts of dopant atoms, and things like Ge to strain the lattice in particular areas for performance reasons). For high performance devices, GaAs are used a lot. For some high temperature applications, Ge is sometimes used. For things like LEDs, there are a multitude of different materials sandwiches used....GaInAs, AlGaInP, GaN, AlGaN, SiC, ZnSe, etc. (Getting LEDs to work at different colors requires a high degree of \"band gap\" engineering, so the materials sandwiches get pretty wild.) \n \nFor Solar applications, Si is probably used the most. But there are others, like InGaN, CdTe, CuInGaSe, GaAs, Ge, GaInP, GaInP2. Again, band-gap engineering is important for increasing efficiency, but now you are trying to collect and convert all the different wavelengths of incoming light at high efficiency. \n \nMost thermopiles I've ever seen didn't use semiconductors at all, but there are probably types I'm not familiar with."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
48rn50
|
What oldest exisiting position in the uk parliament?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/48rn50/what_oldest_exisiting_position_in_the_uk/
|
{
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"d0lxgt1"
],
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7
],
"text": [
"Strictly speaking, the Crown - as in the Monarchy - is. Within British constitutional law, the Crown has a role to play in the legislative process and is considered part of the parliamentary institution, commonly referred to today as the Queen-in-Parliament. In order for a law to be realised as statute after passing both houses of Parliament, it must be granted Royal Assent; for this reason British law usually begins with the phrase \"Be it therefore enacted by the King/Queen's most Excellent Majesty\" (or a variation thereupon). See an historic example in [this legislation abolishing slavery in 1833](_URL_0_). The Crown also has the power to implement secondary or delegated legislation, which unlike primary legislation, stands so long as it is not *disapproved* of by Parliament; that kind of legislation is usually limited, and usually concerns the details of how a primary piece of legislation that has passed Parliament will be implemented. By virtue of predating Parliament, the Crown is the oldest part of it.\n\nIt thus has a significant, if in recent history ceremonial, role to play in the legislative process and is considered one of the three components of Parliament along with the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Primary legislation may only pass if all three components are in agreement, though in practice since 1911 the House of Commons has held legal and functional supremacy over the House of Lords on most issues (a power strengthened in 1949; a veto by the Lords since then only delays a law by one year). Constitutional and democratic conventions likewise mean the last time Royal Assent was denied was in 1707; in practice, between 1707 and 1911 only the consent of the two Houses of Parliament were necessary to pass legislation, and since 1911 it has been possible to pass legislation with just the support of the House of Commons (though this has been rare).\n\nWithin the House of Commons, the oldest continuous position would presumably be that of Member of Parliament for Lincoln, which pre-dates even the existence of the Speaker of the House. Lincoln is the only constituency that has returned members in every election to the House of Commons since the first in 1265 - so last year's election marked the 750th anniversary of Lincoln sending representatives to Parliament. The City of York constituency was previously tied with it until the expansion of its population meant that the constituency was split into two by the Fifth Periodic Review in 2007, meaning the City of York had continuous representation in Parliament for 745 years (1265 - 2010).\n\nLincoln had 74,133 voters in 2015, meaning it is the right size to survive the possible forthcoming change to the law in 2018 which would limit the size of constituencies to between 72,810 and 80,473 voters (and cut the size of the House of Commons by 50 seats). On the unlikely chance that Lincoln were to be abolished, there are several constituencies still in existence like Guildford or Ipswich, first created in 1295, that would jointly inherit the title of oldest constituency. Those positions would still be older than the position of Speaker, which formally dates only to 1377; Black Rod dates to about 1348."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm"
]
] |
||
5kybql
|
[Arabia] Who was Ibn Fadlan?
|
Because I focus on Norse stuff, I know of Ibn Fadlan as a famous primary source. However, I don't know anything about him besides that he was a soldier on some kind of diplomatic expedition who encountered a group of Norsemen who traveled down the Volga and recorded his meetings with them, most famously an account of a funeral.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5kybql/arabia_who_was_ibn_fadlan/
|
{
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"text": [
"As a follow up question, what *really* happened to the money he was supposed to deliver to the king of the Volga Bulgars?",
"I can answer this!\n\nIbn Fadlan was the secretary to a higher ranking Abbasid emissary. He was part of a mission to the king of the Volga Bulgars, who had requested Abbasid aid against the Khazars. This probably had something to do with the conflicts between the Rus and Khazar peoples that were going on at this time.\n\n\nIt's worth mentioning that the Abbasids and the Khazars had been in conflict before so the Muslims responding to this request isn't out of the ordinary. The Khazars had been responsible for numerous raids into Abbasid territory and two previous conflicts with the Umayyad caliphate\n\nAt some point in their journey, the Abbasid envoy strayed off the path they had been following and encountered several ethnic groups on their way to the Bulgar's capital. This is what is covered in Ibn Fadlan's writings.\n\nIbn Fadlan himself was supposedly an expert on Islamic law and served as the envoy's adviser on matters of the Shariah. According to Hermes (2012); the Bulgars would receive financial and martial support in exchange for their religious and political tribute to the Caliphate. \n\nSources and recommended reading:\n\nThe Vikings, by Johannes Brondsted\n\n[Ibn Fadlan: An Arab Among the Vikings of Russia](_URL_0_)\n\n[Ibn Fadlan and the Russiyyah, by James E. Montgomery](_URL_1_)\n\nThe Other in Medieval Arabic Literature and Culture, by Nizar F. Hermes"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-fadlan-arab-among-vikings-russia",
"https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/montgo1.pdf"
]
] |
|
6t4ma8
|
Probiotics are "good" bacteria sold in pharmacies, to be taken alongside antibiotics to protect your intestinal microbiome. How are they manufactured? How can a powder contain live bacteria? How do they survive without food in a paper envelope for years?
|
Probiotics are live bacteria to be taken alongside antibiotics to protect your intestinal microbiome, as antibiotics often indiscriminately kill both "good" and "bad" bacteria.
They are typically sold as a powder you're supposed to dissolve in water and then swallow.
* How are they manufactured? How can you turn bacteria into a powder (without killing them)?
* They typically have an expiration date of 3 to 5 years in the future. How can the bacteria survive all this time without any food?
* How come they don't reproduce until they're eaten by us?
* I can only assume they are somehow "frozen" (biologically inactive) until eaten. If that's the case, how does that work and how can they eventually "come back to life"?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6t4ma8/probiotics_are_good_bacteria_sold_in_pharmacies/
|
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"The powder bacteria you get is much like baker's yeast or \"astronaut ice cream\" that you can buy in the store. The bacteria are freeze-dried or, the more technical term, lyophilized. The main idea is to remove all the water to prevent spoilage which happens from biological activity which in turns requires water. First the sample is frozen so that all metabolic activity is stopped, and then a vaccum is pulled so that the water sublimates (goes directly from ice to gas) which keeps all of the other molecules that make up the cells frozen in place. After all the water is gone, the cells just remain a dry jumble of salts,proteins,lipids, etc. until water is added again.\n\nThe bacteria are no longer really \"alive\" in that they perform no chemical reactions without the water. They can't eat, they can't reproduce, they can't make more of anything. So there is no need for food. My guess is that the expiration date is only there because after a long time, moisture will seep back in.\n\nThe coming back to life part is tricky, but luckily single cell organisms are just bags of chemicals in water. So they are relatively easily dried and reconstituted. Much of the cells do die in the process, but it does not matter, as long as there is enough to make it past your stomach, even a few bacteria can turn into billions very quickly once they settle in the guy. Cryoprotectants are often added in the process, and a common one is trehalose (a sugar that's chosen because its cheap). The sugars help keep ice crystals to a minimum size during the freezing step. If the water crystalizes into large crystals, they can rupture the membranes or break proteins that would severely limit the ability of the bacteria to come back to life once rehydrated (because ice is less dense than water).",
"They're dehydrated. Bacteria can go into a kind of standby mode when there's no water around. How long it survives depends on the kind bacteria, but some are thought to be able to delay senescence indefinitely.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
" > How can you turn bacteria into a powder (without killing them)?\n\nLyophilization (basically freeze drying) can be performed on many bacterial species in order to convert them to powder. Some of the bacteria die, but enough remain so that they can start growing again under the right conditions.\n\nFor more information, I recommend this paper:\n_URL_0_\n\nAdditionally, some bacteria form spores, which can withstand harsh conditions. These are particularly easy to store as powder (think anthrax letters). However, the typical bacteria given as probiotics are not spore-forming.\n\n > How can the bacteria survive all this time without any food?\n > How come they don't reproduce until they're eaten by us?\n\nLyophilized bacteria are metabolically inactive. As long as the cells aren't damaged, they can be revived upon rehydration.",
"All these products containing \"good bacteria\" often contain madeup names for bacteria that don't exist (biffidum digestivum) at all, or do nothing at all for the human digestive system, because the stomach destroys them long before they can reach the intestines.\n\nDanone and other companies are regularly fined large sums of money for these fake bacteria scams but the fines are vastly lower than the profits to be made, so they keep on running fake adverts with insane claims of health etc.\n\nConsider this - if \"good\" bacteria could survive the stomach acid, then \"bad\" bacteria would eventually evolve this ability as well.....\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_2_\n\nA google search for [danone fined fake claims](_URL_0_) turns up a LOT more info\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://mic.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-1-2-251"
],
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909163/"
],
[
"https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=danone+fined+fake+claims&oq=danone+fined+fake+claims&gs_l=psy-ab.3...8277.10214.0.10371.14.14.0.0.0.0.106.1123.12j2.14.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.11.861...0i22i30k1j33i21k1j33i160k1.Eyv5x3E80nc",
"http://www.cbc.ca/news/dannon-pays-millions-over-false-yogurt-claims-1.881099",
"http://abcnews.go.com/Business/dannon-settles-lawsuit/story?id=9950269"
]
] |
|
4jycmt
|
What are some of the essential books one should own for the study of pre-Viking Age Scandinavia and 3rd Century (AD) China?
|
Hi, apologies if this isn't the appropriate subreddit for this question.
I've been studying pre-Islamic Arabia and Syria for a long time now and want to switch it up a bit.
Recently the pre-Viking Age Scandinavian culture (IE Vendel), Early Anglo-Saxon England and Three Kingdoms period China have caught my interest.
What are some of the essential books I should own for study of these periods?
I already have a translated copy of Tacitus Germania & Agricola and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4jycmt/what_are_some_of_the_essential_books_one_should/
|
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],
"text": [
"I'm not familiar with many good surveys of pre-Viking Age Scandinavia, but Lotte Hedeager's *Iron Age Societies. From Tribe to State in Northern Europe* (1992) might do the trick. There's also Judith Jesch's (ed) *The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century* (2012) ([table of contents](_URL_0_)), which I haven't read. It won't have the same continuous flow of narrative that Hedeager gives and will likely read a bit drier, but it is a bit more up-to-date with current archaeological evidence and seems to be a fairly evenhanded survey. If you're willing to cast your net a bit wider, I really enjoyed Patrick Geary's *Before France and Germany* (1988), which is deeply rooted in the scholarly debates of the '80s and '90s but which helped stoke my interest in pursuing higher degrees in history. Chris Wickham's *Inheritance of Rome* (2009) or Guy Halsall's *Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West* (2005) are more updated visions of this period of time.\n\nIf you're looking into pre-Viking Scandinavia, you'll have to wrap your head around how Scandinavian scholars refer to different periods. Wikipedia actually [charts it out](_URL_1_) pretty well. The *Iron Age* (300 BC-800 AD) refers to a long period before the *Viking Age* (800-1050). You might see *Roman Iron Age* (1 AD-500) or *Later*/*Younger Iron Age* (500-800). This same period is also divided into the *Migration Period* (300-600; based on reports of people moving into the disintegrating Roman Empire), the *Merovingian Period* (450-750; named after the ruling family in the old Roman province of Gaul/France), and the *Vendel Period* (550-800; named after the village of Vendel in central Sweden, where archaeologists excavated a rich cemetery that has become an icon of pre-Viking Scandinavian culture). Whatever book you pick up, take careful note of the years the authors are discussing, since vague references to these periods sometimes obscures rather dramatic change.\n\nAlso, Tactius' *Germania* is a must read for any enthusiast or scholar of early northern Europe—but it can't be taken at face value. Tacitus certainly does preserve some authentic information about Germanic tribes, but he manipulated this information to produce an implicit critique of contemporary Roman society. It's also worth remembering that *Germania* was a Roman concept and probably meant very little to the 'Germans', similar to how someone from modern-day America might think that both Algeria and Afghanistan a parts of the \"Middle East.\" I'd highly recommend Christopher Krebs' *A Most Dangerous Book* (2011), which traces how *Germania* was written and how it's been used in modern scholarship and political propaganda. It's an excellent read!\n\n/u/alriclofgar – recommendations on early Anglo-Saxon England?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.gbv.de/dms/ub-kiel/341397997.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendel_Period"
]
] |
|
22cksr
|
What percentage of Australians are related to 'convicts'?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/22cksr/what_percentage_of_australians_are_related_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cglm438",
"cgm09a3"
],
"score": [
150,
8
],
"text": [
"It is estimated that about 22 per cent of living Australians had a convict ancestor. Based on _URL_0_'s collection of Australian convicts records.\n\n\n_URL_1_",
"I'd like to remind posters that personal anecdotes are not acceptable answers on /r/askhistorians. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"Ancestry.com",
"http://corporate.ancestry.com/press/press-releases/2007/07/ancestry.com-launches-largest-online-collection-of-records-documenting-australias-convicted-founding-fathers/"
],
[]
] |
||
79d812
|
are there any countries that allow you to become president if you are not a natural born citizen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/79d812/eli5_are_there_any_countries_that_allow_you_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dp10cal"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The US is probably more of an exception here. Most countries allow any adult citizen to be elected to any office. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
q7951
|
why people choose to be vegetarian.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q7951/eli5_why_people_choose_to_be_vegetarian/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3vaiwu",
"c3vamk4",
"c3vb4j6"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
11
],
"text": [
"My daughter is a vegetarian because she prefers the taste of beans and tofu to meat.",
"Because they perceive there being a nutritional advantage, they simply don't like the taste or texture of meat, or because they morally object to eating animal protein. Or some combination of all three. ",
"Happy you asked. Reddit doesn't seem very vegetarian friendly, so I'm happy to see an open mind. Keeping in mind that meat consumptioned has risen 500% in the last 60 years, a lot of the major concerns rather relate to the sheer amount of meat consumption. Although not eating meat can have one of the biggest impacts an individual can do without a lot of effort. \n\nEthical: \nThe conditions in slaughterhouses are just horrific. There is no room for any 'humane' treatment. It's a massive, massive industry. Furthermore, vegetarianism may actually be a way to resolve the world hunger crisis, due to the immense wastefulness of crops and water.\n\nEcologial:\nMassive amounts of land are being used for farming for animal food. A kg of meat will need around 16 kg of wheats to be produced and thousands of liters of water. So it's very wasteful and is one of the biggest contributors to deforestation. Animal gas and transportation also make the meat industry one of the big CO2 contributors. If I remember correctly, a third of the landmasses of our planet are being used for farming. It's actually a pressing issue. \n\nHealth:\nThere is nothing the body needs that cannot be found in a vegetarian diet. Red meat has been linked to various illnesses such as heart conditions and colon cancer. There are also a lot of studies that show a plant based diet being healthy, the largest one was published a few years back by the ADA. High meat consumption is also linked to obesity and high colesterol. Due to the high demand, a lot of animals are regularly being fed chemicals to enhance production. Health however should always be judged on an individual basis. But for a very high number of people, switching diets came with positive effects. \n\nReasons can also have to do with spiritual belief, simple taste or other things. But I found it that ethics, ecology and health are the most common.\n\nThis just from the top of my head, but there is a lot more information, arguments, etc. for vegetarianism and surprisingly little key points are well known or understood. With the Internet, Information is only a few clicks away, it is easy to understand the reasons behind a vegetarian and even vegan diet.\n\nJust to not leave without at least a small source, here is a top 10 reasons from the Yale Vegetarian Society:\n_URL_0_\n\nAnd on environment:\n_URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.yale.edu/ycvs/10reasons.html",
"http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0612sp1.htm"
]
] |
||
27gyzh
|
Why didn't the German forces better utilize their naval assets (u-boats) to destroy troop ships while crossing the channel on d-day?
|
Assuming that Germany knew there was going to be an invasion, why didn't they deploy more naval assets such as U boats to pick off troop ships as they crossed the channel? I hear stories of how there were attacks on the eastern sea board but it would seem a better use would have been to patrol the channel.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/27gyzh/why_didnt_the_german_forces_better_utilize_their/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ci0qewp",
"ci0z7bl",
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],
"score": [
78,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"By the time D-Day came around, the German navy was on the heavy defensive, and by the beginning of 1944, most German submarines rarely strayed far from the coast, and were largely confined to their ports - the last major action by the Kriegsmarine was in late 1943. One of the benefits of landing at Normandy was that there were not many major ports to house Kriegsmarine ships along the coast. The Germans had been led to believe that the attack would be at Calais, a major port and the closest point between the English and mainland European coasts. If the U-Boats were even able to leave their ports to aid in the defense, they would be positioned in a way to defend the Calais coast. \n\n\nThe Allies maintained a very powerful naval defense on both sides of the English Channel to prevent any U-Boats from attacking the vulnerable transport ships, meaning that U-Boats would not be able to hinder the invasion from the northeast. Additionally, transport had their own convoys so that any enemy ships that slipped through the blockade would be dealt with quickly.\n\n\nTL;DR: Allies used deception and a massive naval presence to prevent U-Boat interference during the D-Day landings. ",
"you would have thought they would have mined the channel as well\n",
"According to Herbert Werner in his book \"iron coffins\" all available UBoats were ordered to the channel to expend there torpedoes and the ram troop ships. He knew it was suicide and it would have been. I don't think his account is all that credible though. By that time ASDIC and air patrol would have easily detected any UBoat ballsy enough to try and sneak in. They could hardly get out of the bay of biscay at that point far less into the English Channel with a full invasion going on. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9r3um3
|
why is it if you fry food take it out and put it back in it doesn't work and just burns it...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9r3um3/eli5_why_is_it_if_you_fry_food_take_it_out_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8e26uk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"What doesn’t work?\n\nDouble frying food is a thing, but there is a proper way to do it, same as anything.\n\nThe first fry is done at a low temperature, for a longer time. Chicken wings for example, go in first at around 225F for 20 minutes. Then cool to room temperature.\n\nThe second fry is hotter and faster. 400F until browned and crispy, approx. 10 minutes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3gkp4b
|
what happens when two viruses or diseases inhabit the same body? what if the same body part?
|
Do they affect each other in anyway?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gkp4b/eli5_what_happens_when_two_viruses_or_diseases/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctyzytv"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Generally viruses have very specific molecular targets inside the human body.\nIf the viruses are pathogenic that means you will likely get both diseases.\nViruses are much smaller than cells, that means many of them can infect the same cell. \n\nSome viruses were shown to interact with bacteria. Also, some viruses were shown to stimulate the production of other viruses if both enter the same cell.\n\nMind that even healthy persons have on average 5 different virus strains in their body.\n\nSee _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.medicaldaily.com/number-viruses-found-healthy-people-impresses-scientists-we-are-92-303900"
]
] |
|
1wmaj8
|
why is the midwest called that?
|
As an Australian, this has always confused me. Looking at a map, the region seems to be in the eastern half of the country.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wmaj8/eli5_why_is_the_midwest_called_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cf3bu0w",
"cf3bu2z",
"cf3bubt",
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"score": [
18,
6,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"As the settlers were moving west, the Rocky Mountains were a natural boundary. Most people that moved to the far west traveled by ship. So west became the Texas / Oklahoma / New Mexico area (in the center of the country) and the area in between became known as the mid-west.",
"'West' in the US, is pretty much anything Rocky Mountains and further west.\n\nConversely, 'East' is pretty much any area that touches the Atlantic, Appalachia, or is East of the Mississippi River.\n\nThe East/West/Midwest thing has a lot to do with the original colonies and the Louisiana Purchase. East is the original US, Midwest is the Louisiana Purchase, and West is the rest of it, more or less.",
"The Midwest was once the \"west\", as it is west of the Appalachian Mountains, and it is in the middle of the United States.",
"The US used to only be the east coast, basically. Then we moved to the midwest, which was just the west. But then we moved even FURTHER west, so that was the west and what was west before became \"midwest.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
85uzdx
|
what are exactly those 'russian bots' everyone talks about?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/85uzdx/eli5_what_are_exactly_those_russian_bots_everyone/
|
{
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"dw092wd",
"dw09scc",
"dw09yvl",
"dw0gr82"
],
"score": [
11,
3,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"No question is stupid.\n\nA bot is a program that does a specific function. For instance YouTube has bots that identify the types of videos you watch and bird that try to match ads to the type of videos you watch. Facebook has bots that try to figure out if you know someone due proximity, common friends, common interests etc.\nRussian hackers have bots that try to destabilize other countries government, gather information about electorate, other \"nice\" things... Russian government has specifically used examples where governments are failing as examples for why democracy is a bad idea. \n\nThere is a really good CGP video about bots i recommend you look for it it explains how YouTube bots work.",
"A lot of Russian \"bots\" are just people Russia pays to put out propaganda in a way that looks like it's comments and links from a normal every day citizen. ",
"A 'bot' (short for robot) is basically an autonomous computer program that performs specific functions/activities in response to certain events or triggers.\n\nIn the context of social media posts, the term 'bot' typically refers to an account which is run by one of these computer programs. These bots generate and post comments etc. in response to certain events, commands, topics, or keywords.\n\nSome of these social media bots are helpful and there are many helpful bots on reddit—such as bots that summarize news articles and post the summary in the reddit comments section.\n\nHowever some of these bots are being used to promote government-sponsored propaganda. They are specifically designed to look like real human users and intentionally influence other people's opinions about a topic by flooding social media threads with bot comments that appear to support one particular narrative or viewpoint.\n\nSome bots are also designed to be divisive and encourage disagreements, hostility, and chaos (such as by posting intentionally extreme and inflammatory opinions). Some of these bots are even designed to post opposing extreme/inflammatory opinions to cause even more hostility between groups of people.\n\nIt's also worth noting that some people are now using the term 'bots' to refer to people who are paid to create fake accounts and promote this type of propaganda/rhetoric even though the accounts may be controlled by real people and not by computer programs.",
"It is a boogeyman and scapegoat in my opinion. Notice how the functions of this bot are always vague like destabilize a government. Yet no info is given on how. More than that if liking and sharing the right things on Facebook and reddit is enough to destabilize a government you might want to re think pretty much everything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
169i7o
|
Can we assume that all the water that exist on earth has been here since the creation of earth?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/169i7o/can_we_assume_that_all_the_water_that_exist_on/
|
{
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"c7tyfjl",
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12
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"text": [
"No, it's been deposited over a period of time.\n\nShortly after the Earth was formed, a Mars-sized object slammed into it, knocking off a lot of the crust and outer layers and forming the Moon. This removed any water which may have been on the Earth's surface at the time (although some of it may have fallen back to Earth). Much of the Earth's water is thought to come from comets which impacted the Earth, so it was a rather prolonged process. ",
"No. Lots of water has likely been deposited onto Earth by asteroids and comets. However, given the amount of water present in magma (0.5% by composition), consider the mass of the Earth as it was forming (close to the 5.97 x 10^24 kg mass today). This amount of magma would then contain 2.98 x 10^22 kg of water. Because water is volatile, volcanic outgassing is likely to be responsible (after accretion/bombardment of asteroids early in Earth's history) for the resulting liquid water on Earth (after heated, condensed as it was outgassed, forming clouds, and precipitating to form the oceans). The increased volcanism early in Earth's history likely resulted (as Earth cooled) in the condensation of the oceans over time. \n\nThe process of collecting all of this water took place during the first few hundred million years of Earth's history, in an informally-named period in Earth's geologic history called the \"Hadean\" period.\n\nEdit: clarity + grammar"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7h8cfn
|
how do employee stock ownership plans work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7h8cfn/eli5_how_do_employee_stock_ownership_plans_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqoz4a6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Your employer give you options. After a period the options \"vest\" and you can \"exercise\" them (convert them into shares and sell them). \n\nIf there is a cost on the option per share, this is deducted from the proceeds on the sale of the shares (under a \"cashless exercise\") and the profit ((number of shares * sale price) - (number of shares * option price)) is a capital gain.\n\nIf the options are nil-cost then you get the full gain (number of shares * sale price) but this counts as income and is taxed as your salary would be.\n\nSpecifics may vary depending on where you live/work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3vkcw2
|
why people think crystals have powers, healing ability, or other capabilities and why? is there any scientific evidence?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vkcw2/eli5_why_people_think_crystals_have_powers/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxo8ift",
"cxo8k85",
"cxo8qxz",
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"cxopdqv",
"cxowv42"
],
"score": [
2,
29,
4,
4,
2,
2,
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2
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"text": [
"Crystals look magical, because they're mysterious and shiny.\nThere is no evidence to support any healing factors in them, though. \n\nI'm sorry, I really don't know what else to write.",
"Humans have a tendency to believe all sorts of hocus pocus after observing a false positive or two.\n\nWe're hard wired to assume that a pattern exists even if the data is merely noise. This was vitally important to our ancestors since assuming the rustling in the grass was the wind when it's a saber-toothed cat was understandably problematic. In modern society it's less useful.\n\nCrystals are highly ordered ionic solids. They can have interesting properties, but magical healing abilities are not among them.",
"Basic scientific ignorance explains where this sort of thing originates from. Centuries ago someone gets ill, you put a rock on their head and they get better. \n\nMakes sense if you have no idea why they were ill, what the rock is or why they got better.\n\nThose practicing it *now* though are nothing more than frauds.",
"No one has yet mentioned the Placebo Effect, which despite what people may think, **is** a well studied and real phenomenon which can apply to just about anything including crystals and shit. Basically anything somebody *thinks* will work *will* work (to a certain degree for certain things).",
"People assign mysticism in an effort to try to comprehend what they fundamentally do not understand. Take astrology for example, would someone who truly understands the complexities of orbital mechanics and astrophysics be on board with astrology?\n\nOne of the funny things about crystals in general is that they are structured in those exact and repeating ways because the atoms are trying to get to a lower energy state and organizing with other atoms into a crystal lattice facilitates this goal. So while people are believing that a crystals are somehow imbued with some kind of energy, in reality the exact opposite is true.",
"They're easily convinced, especially if they tried it before and got the results they wanted by coincidence. Same way horoscopes work, they can be wrong 100 times and then right once and that one time working will have a bigger impact than those 100 times of it not on a person so they'll end up believing it. Plus a bunch of false marketing claims.",
"Okay, you know how watches often contain quartz crystals? \n\nThat’s because quartz crystals oscillate (they vibrate) at a very precise rate. Something like 33,000 times per second. This helps the watch maintain its accuracy. The vibration of the crystal helps to regulate the movement of the watch. Think of it like a perpetual tuning fork. \n\nIn fact, there a bunch of crystals that share this same property - Topaz and tourmaline, for example. And there are a bunch of other practical applications for it - like how they used to make quartz microphones. \n\nNow, you know how when you go to a club or someplace else where the music is really loud and the bass is turned way up and your heart seems to vibrate in time with the beat? \n\nThe belief that crystals have healing powers relates to both of these phenomena. The idea is that the vibration of a crystal can influence the body in the same way that a heavy, thumping bass at a club can, in the same way a crystal can a watch. Believers think that if they can find the right crystal of the right size with the right vibration and apply it to the correct malady (or whatever) the crystal can affect the part in question and bring its vibration into line with that of the crystal (resonance), thus curing the illness. \n\nThough there is plenty of scientific evidence for the first two things, I haven’t seen any for the last. Though interestingly, they just found last year that they can get certain types of specially prepared Xenon crystals to hold tremendous amounts energy! ",
"A lot of alternative medicine stems from modern science not being able to fix or cure anything.\n\nWe don't have surefire ways to get rid of a lot of different kinds of cancer, if you know you're going to die, you're pretty likely to explore other options (homeopathy, crystals, prayer), then suddenly your cancer goes into recession! You then say that your homeopathy was what cured you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2liy8e
|
had pi been a different number, what would have changed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2liy8e/eli5had_pi_been_a_different_number_what_would/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clv7jij",
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],
"score": [
7,
2
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"text": [
"Just numerical values. Pi is a constant so all the rules and principals associated with it would be the same, just with different numerical values.",
"This works if you change the base you're counting in from base 10 to something like binary, octal, hexadecimal, etc.\n\nThe numbers change, but the ratios are constant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6ezah1
|
what happens in your brain when you start daydreaming with your eyes still open. what part of the brain switches those controls saying to stop processing outside information and start imagining?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ezah1/eli5what_happens_in_your_brain_when_you_start/
|
{
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"diej7ch",
"diejm4t",
"diek0xl",
"diekb7h",
"dielihk",
"dieml6u",
"diepifu",
"diestc4",
"diet1tg",
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"text": [
"Baddeley's working memory model tells us there is a part of our mind called the central executive (located in the frontal lobes) that controls where our attention is focused, and filters out the rest. It decides what is relevant for you to feel or notice. Mostly through practice. \n\nWhen you first hear a loud constant noise (say, roadworks outside) it bothers you - but after a while you stop noticing it, because the central executive registers it, but filters it out of your conscious perception. When the drilling stops you tend to notice the silence as a relief because that filter no longer has to work. It's why we study better in quiet environments. \n\nSame goes for hearing your name in a crowded room - central executive processes all, but only sends over stuff you might find interesting or relevant. \n\nWhen daydreaming, we are focused on introspection so our central executive puts other stimili on the backburner until you need them again. \n\nIt's also what those \"you are now breathing manually\" or \"you are now aware of the position of your tongue in your mouth\" memes take advantatge of. Sorry. \n\nEdit: spelling",
"Well simply put - **Because our brains are bad at multitasking** \n \nDaydreaming is a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by a visionary fantasy, especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions, imagined as coming to pass, and experienced while awake.\n \nDay dreaming is not actual sleep (despite the word \"dream\"). It is simply a short-term detachment from your surrounding. Put simply, it it just your mind wondering. Like any other action you take, you do it with your eyes opened.\n \nThis is mainly due to our brains being very good at selective attention. It is impossible for the human brain to focus on every bit of information it receives, so instead it will focus on one or two main points and effectively ignore the rest.\n \nWhen we form mental images, we use many of the same parts of the brain as we use to process visual images. So, when you bring up a vivid mental image, you aren't able to make full use of those areas to process what you're actually seeing. Obviously, there is still plenty of information coming in through your eyes, but since you are distracted, it is not processed as thoroughly as when you are focused on the world around you.\n \nThe same goes for when you bring a memory to mind. I've often been listening to someone talk, and when something they says triggers a memory, I might not even hear what they said for the next few moments. The brain isn't too great at multitasking.\n \nThere are many types of daydreams, and there is no consistent definition amongst psychologists, however the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild dissociation.\n \n*What part of the brain switches those controls saying to stop processing outside information and start imagining?*\n \nWe are not sure. It gets tricky from here. Not sure if is understandable for a five year old :( Experts now agree, however, that daydreaming is a normal, and even beneficial, cognitive function-albeit one that is largely still not understood. An area of the brain called the “default network,” which becomes more active as the level of external stimulus decreases, is often considered responsible for daydreaming. The default network mainly includes the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), the posterior cingulated cortex/precuneus region, and the temporoparietal junction \n\nNeuroimaging studies have offered support for this hypothesis, though only indirectly. These studies demonstrated “correlations between reported frequency of task-unrelated thoughts and default network activation during conditions of low cognitive demand, as well as stronger default network activation during highly practiced compared with novel tasks in people with higher propensity for mind wandering.” A different interpretation of these data, offered by Gilbert et al., argued that “instead of mind wandering, activations in the medial PFC part of the default network may reflect stimulus-related thought such as enhanced watchfulness toward the external environment that is also likely to occur during highly practiced tasks”\n \nMore info here - _URL_0_",
"This has never happened to me. Can you describe it in more detail please because it sounds trippy? ",
"Then starts the debate \"can you actually see pictures in your head, like when you dream!?\".\n\n",
"It's interesting though; personally I have a tendency of falling asleep when I start to daydream. Usually when I visually see my imagination, it would be a sign to me that I have gone too far down the rabbit hole.",
"Because you're connecting to a different part of the simulation. You're processing a mix of memories and creating new images. Your brain can't multitask well in this simulation. ",
"What about when your high on opiates and you close your eyes and it's like they are still open, you can still see the room your in perfectly with your eyes open or closed.",
"It isn't a clear switch. When you imagine things, your visual areas of the brain light-up just as if you were really seeing, your areas for movement and control of coordination also light up like your really there. All that's missing is... very little actually. Which is why what we experience in reality and what we experience in our imaginations are one continuum of what we imagine to be reality. \nSource: Neuroscientist with interests in psychology and philosophy of the mind. ",
"well we have 2 systems in our brain, the fast and the slow one. You use the slow system to do things that need more brain power, for example solving a mathematical problem (43*15). Another thing of the slow system is that it can mainly focous on one thing only. You can't solve a mathematical problem (43*15) while playing an intense video game. It's the same with daydreaming, it's something that needs brainpower and our slow system puts the focus on it and disables everything else (that needs intense thinking like solving 43*15). Hope i could help.\n\n",
"The brain has several commonly used paths of neurons, the cells in our brain that hold and conduct electric charges , we call these paths networks. When you're daydreaming, the network known as the Default Mode Network is more active. The DMNs activity is inversely proportional to the activity in the Dorsal Attention Network, which is more active when you're consciously thinking about something like math, higher-order reasoning, or anything where you feel like you're concentrating. So the DMN is active when you're thinking about nothing, when you're daydreaming or really any time you aren't concentrating \nSource: Neuropsych atudent ",
"Wait, people actually see their daydreams like that? I always thought daydreaming just meant a deep state of imagination, where you can still see fully, you just zone out of it and into your imagination, but it doesn't replace your vision.",
"1. No switch takes place\n\n2. This nether-realm of subdued external inputs is arguably indistinguishable from our waking sense of reality.\n\nIn short, your brain works efficiently with shortcuts and predictive algorithms (but definitely not algorithms because some math dork will bristle at the very idea). We startle ourselves in the moments you described by tuning back into our immediate environmental inputs, but tuning them out in the first place is a helluva trick on its own. One borne out of a waking reality that....is *real* fuzzy, ya'll.\n\nThese processing shortcuts allow all manner of perceptual advantage, often at the expense of real-time observation and processing. We *perceive* a real-time existence, but even within our own biology, that perception is overcoming biological bottlenecks for processing data. We have evolved and adapted to incomplete, inaccurate models of our surroundings. Community and culture have helped to bind those models together with common assets, but you can see how this system has been strained *and* enhanced by the vast spectrum of environmental inputs available on internet, to good and bad effect.\n\nOur individual grasp of the human languages we use is a good example. Values are roughly entangled with these metaphorical constructs, that themselves have evolved around our most efficient means of processing information biologically.\n\nThe answers you find in this thread?\n\nShortcuts that were learned. Metaphors for comprehending something that humans currently don't, which is the functioning of our own brains. They're not \"wrong,\" they're just tragically incomplete to the point of uselessness. Our exploration of the mind with current scientific instruments reveals only the extent with which humanity can perceive meaning in a fuzz of unknown values.\n\nELI5: Kid, this isn't a question you can get an answer for from internet right now in human history. \n\n(I've offered intelligent confusion instead.)\n\n\n*Edited for edits",
"Definitely fact check me, but what we learned was that when people start to day dream or think introspectively the portions of the brain that are used for attention and working memory (right parietal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) \"quiet down\" in the sense that they lower their activity rates and the default mode network turns \"on.\" The default mode network is a network of brain regions that become more activated when the brain is focusing less on outside stimuli and more on internal reflection, day dreaming, or even meditating. This network changes then Brian waves from beta (alert and active) to alpha (awake but relaxed). That's part of the reason people \"snap out of it\" when interrupted while daydreaming. Basically when zoning out different regions of the brain get activated and the higher thinking centers quiet down so you are less aware of what's going on in the outside world and more aware of your internal monologue, thoughts, feelings, etc. \n\nParagraph and Sources: In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also default network, or default state network, is a network of interacting brain regions known to have activity highly correlated with each other and distinct from other networks in the brain.[3]\n\nThe default mode network is most commonly shown to be active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. But it is also active when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future.[3][4] The network activates \"by default\" when a person is not involved in a task. Though the DMN was originally noticed to be deactivated in certain goal-oriented tasks and is sometimes referred to as the task-negative network,[5] it can be active in other goal-oriented tasks such as social working memory or autobiographical tasks.[6] The DMN has been shown to be negatively correlated with other networks in the brain such as attention networks.[7] Thinking about others also could include guessing their thoughts, emotions, and psychological motivations.\n\n 3. Buckner, R. L.; Andrews-Hanna, J. R.; Schacter, D. L. (2008). \"The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease\". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1124 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011. PMID 18400922.\n4.^ Lieberman, Matthew (2 September 2016). Social. Broadway Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-307-88910-2.\n5.^ a b c Fox, Michael D.; Snyder, Abraham Z.; Vincent, Justin L.; Corbetta, Maurizio; Van Essen, David C.; Raichle, Marcus E. (2005-07-05). \"The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (27): 9673–9678. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1157105 Freely accessible. PMID 15976020.\n6.^ a b c Spreng, R. Nathan (2012-01-01). \"The fallacy of a \"task-negative\" network\". Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 145. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00145. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 3349953 Freely accessible. PMID 22593750.\n7.^ a b c Broyd, Samantha J.; Demanuele, Charmaine; Debener, Stefan; Helps, Suzannah K.; James, Christopher J.; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. (2009). \"Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review\". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3): 279–96. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002. PMID 18824195.\n",
"It's all the same part. You are \"imagining\" everything you experience, whether it's sensory input from your body, or recalling a memory, a generating a new experience through your imagination.\n\nOur brains are overloaded with sensory input, so we train them over time to ignore a lot of it.\n\nAlso, human vision is actually not very good. Hold your thumb out at arms length and focus on it. That's about the area that you can actually see clearly. To get the full field of vision our brain stitches together all the rest of it and we imagine a full image. That's why we experience motion blindness and various optical illusions. (There was one posted on reddit the other day where it showed a pattern with 12 black dots. But it's impossible for you to see all 12 black dots at the same time, even though it was a still image.)\n\nAll of the rest of your sensory input is handled the same way -- by your brain selectively ignoring most of it and trying to imagine the world. \n\nSo when you use your imagination, you're really not switching controls on or off, you're just ignoring a little more of the \"real\" world.",
"Furthermore, can someone elaborate on if daydreaming too much is caused by anything? I feel like I have a hard time concentrating on a lot of things and I seem to catch myself daydreaming throughout the day.",
"I don't know, but in junior high I'd space out in science class and the teacher would start talking smack to me for a minute or two before I'd 'wake up'. Usually I'd be staring out the window at the mountains. Very embarrassing. ",
"The brain isn't really like a computer, but more like a supercomputer. It also doesn't have a linear stack, where it does things in a certain order. It can certainly monitor the outside world, while also the inside, while also a few moments ahead of you, in what it predicts is gonna happen. The brains processing is done in chucks or clusters of little parts, often working on many different parts and things at the same time themselves. Then they're all synced with the frontal cortex to kinda pass on a 3d reflection of the outside and inside world.\n\nThis is all speculation.",
"It's the neuromodulator acetylcholine. \n\nNo one knows specifically why it's functionally necessary because no one knows how the brain works. ",
"You brain is actually just *barely* connected to your eyes so it doesn't take much to \"disconnect\" like this. The effective data rate between your eyes and your brain is about as fast as a modem. What you \"see\" is reproduction created by your brain anyway - your physical vision is more literally like [this](_URL_0_). \n\nThe human eye only has color and detail in the central fovea near the optic nerve. Involuntary movement called [saccades](_URL_2_) causes this sensitive area to \"scan' what you see. Even with all of this, the data rate and accumulated data even over seconds to minutes is far too small to reproduce the \"HD\" view you think you see.\n\nAll of this is related to \"The brain is not a computer\". You can't really use deep analogies between the two as a result.\n\nWhat you \"see\" is what your brain tells you \"it thinks\" you are seeing based on a combination of memories (accumulated over your lifetime) combined with the low-res hints picked up from your eyes. All the perceived colors are filled in by your brain and memories. All the perceived details are filled in by your brain and memories. What you \"see\" is more truly what your brain expects to see given the hints, than what you are actually viewing. \n\nThis is how the [\"selective attention paradox\"](_URL_1_) occurs and what most optical illusions come from.\n\nThis is related to much of what art training is about: teaching you to pay attention to what's actually \"out there\" rather than the inner model monologue/reproduction. You literally have to **unlearn** a lot to become an artist.\n\nThis is also related to what ADD/ADHD is about - the outside hints can distract the inner monologue too easily in certain people and we call that these names. Taking stimulants like Adderall simply speeds up the internal monologue so fast it can't be interrupted easily.\n\nSo when you daydream, it's really about your inner monologue disconnecting from the outside stimulus for a bit. Without the \"grounding\" hints, it can wander where your memories and brain take it. Sometimes you can solve problems this way by removing the immediate sensations of the problem that are locking you \"in\".",
"It's crazy to hear that so many people can't visualize things in their head. I thought everyone did it.\nI daydream constantly. Especially at work. But it never impedes on what I'm doing. My brain is still aware of what the machines are doing. My muscle memory and hearing kind of aid as my autopilot. They allow me to keep doing what I'm doing but alert me if something isn't right.\n\nAll the while I'm daydreaming about that DIY project I want to start or that drag car I'd like to build. It really helps get through some rough nights. I can't do it when I'm reading or writing though. \n\nOh and most of the time I talk to myself while I'm doing it. Literally like I'm explaining something to a friend. It helps me to visualize even better if I say it out loud. ",
"Weird... Apparently not everyone has images in their daydreams. I thought that was normal. As a writer, I use that skill all the time.\n\nWhen I was in high school, I wasn't very happy in my home so I did a lot of daydreaming. It was very complex and vivid, to where I would just sit there by myself for hours daydreaming. I knew that wasn't normal, I just didn't know that not everyone has images in their daydreams.",
"The brain experiences sensory info as well as internal memos posted spontaneously, typically in direct reaction to previous memos and the environment. The ratio of alertness to our internal environment and our internal memo posting is directly related to the excitement derived. E.g. A car crash would break you out of your day dream. So in short we get a little carried away with our internal memos and there isn't room in our active attention for the external cues since they are pretty damn boring anyway "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/fall-2010/science-of-daydreaming#.UuFtfGTTnLY"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://imgur.com/a/ezlh0",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1wt60x
|
scientology
|
I just don't understand it and its beliefs.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wt60x/eli5scientology/
|
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"text": [
"Science Fiction writer wants to become rich and invents a religion using his SciFi skills.\n\n",
"Twelve trillion years ago (yes, trillion with a “t\") an alien overlord named Zeenu wanted to depopulate his planet. He loaded his minions onto spaceships and sent then to Earth. They landed in volcanoes whereupon he nuked them and when you shampoo your hair they get inside your body.",
"South Park actually did a really good job at explaining it like you were 5.\n\nThere's a clip on this buzzfeed link.\n\n_URL_0_",
"[This video is both informative on the topic as well as entertaining](_URL_0_). ",
"_URL_0_ \n \nThis is one of my favorite rundowns of Scientology by a former member. It really gave me a better understanding of the entire scheme, not so much the \"what\" as the \"why\".",
"Scientology is a religion and philosophy created by writer L. Ron Hubbard. Hubbard previously had gained some traction with people through the creation of a self-help system called Dianetics, which largely became a basis for Scientology's practices. Dianetics believes that the mind has three aspects- Analytical, Reactive, and Somatic. Practitioners of Dianetics try to reduce and remove the Reactive mind, which they believe is a sort of mental scar tissue caused by trauma and negative experiences, purifying a person to their Analytical and Somatic minds. This is only part of it though.\n\nScientologists believe in something called Thetan. The Thetan is a bit like the Soul, particularly as defined by Buddhism, or a bit like Hinduism- everyone has it, and it's sort of your personal piece of a grand cosmic pool of souls.\n\nScientologists believe that Thetans existed before the big bang, and Thetans created the physical universe. They believe that Thetans sort of \"fell from grace\" when they began to associate more with the physical universe they created than with their spiritual nature. Scientologists aim to reclaim their spiritual nature through Dianetics. They believe that \"auditing\" (the process of strengthening the analytical mind and reducing the reactive mind) is part of this process. \n\nThe Church of Scientology, infamously, has \"higher level\" materials that they believe should only be available to people who are \"ready\" to read them. These materials detail a lot of the really crazy stuff that people make fun of Scientology for. They detail the actions of an alien Overlord named Xenu who lived 75 million years ago and controlled a galactic empire. He allegedly brought aliens to Earth via spacecraft, and using hydrogen bombs to set-off volcanoes, killed these aliens to collect and torture their thetans (souls). The long period of torture is allegedly the basis of the human \"reactive\" mind. ",
"[It's all fun and games until you question their teachings!](_URL_0_)",
"Slating on reddit? Your organizaton is considered terrible by anyone who spends time researching the subject. Get real[.](_URL_0_)",
"[This video](_URL_0_) explains the origin pretty well. The other stuff...well here's as kind as I'm going to be (to them, not you): \n\nIt's a cult that works by brainwashing an individual by separating them from society and making them loyal to the organization (usually works better on younger or desperate people). After the people are indoctrinated into how their social system works, they are made to believe that their \"truth\" is the correct and only truth and that going against that \"truth\" would mean going against the system (of which they have already been admitted to, which only happens if they are completely obediently, blindly, loyal). This is how a typical cult works. If you want specifics keep reading. \n\nTo get you to join, they will make promises such as emotional support, friendship, protection, stability and such (that is after you pay them all they think they can get from you). \n\nTo make you loyal, they take families and put them into separate camps to remove the familial bond. If you misbehave or do something that goes against their rules, you are sent to a work camp until you submit. \n\nTheir core belief: Humans are descendants of frozen aliens (prisoners, I believe) that were thrown into a volcano on Earth to be killed. Some survived and are our ancestors. That's pretty much all I know as this is a cult and I don't much care for it. There is proof of this but I'm too lazy to find it....",
"It's a brainwashing cult and nothing more. Everything you could want to know you'll find in this 1 hour BBC documentary. [Here](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.buzzfeed.com/whitneyjefferson/what-scientologists-actually-believe"
],
[
"http://youtu.be/A0C2D99YyfU"
],
[
"http://www.lermanet.com/exit/onauditingbystacy.htm"
],
[],
[
"http://www.lisamcpherson.org/"
],
[
"http://fieldnotes.unicefusa.org/"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciupsqkLLkQ"
],
[
"http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=H4PDZt74adg"
]
] |
|
d5g0l9
|
everything about battle tactics?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5g0l9/eli5_everything_about_battle_tactics/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f0ll2vl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's gonna be difficult to explain battle tactics in a single comment. Check out The Art of War, by Sun Tzu."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
zxe2v
|
Just how dangerous was life in the European Dark Ages?
|
How likely were you to be murdered/beaten etc?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/zxe2v/just_how_dangerous_was_life_in_the_european_dark/
|
{
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"text": [
"It would seem life expediencies weren't all that good due to ;\n\n- Disease\n- Famine (sometimes due to overpopulation)\n- War\n- Childbirth\n\n_URL_1_\n_URL_0_\n\nBut I've no idea as to murder rates.",
"Two minor corrections, my friend:\n\n1. The \"Dark ages\" stretch all the way from the fifth to the fifteenth century so you're going to be a bit more specific unless you want a very general answer.\n\n2. The term \"Dark ages\" isn't really used anymore because it suggests that nothing happened for a millennium. It's a term that paints Rome and ancient Greece as beacons of light and knowledge and the Renaissance as this butterfly emerging from an ugly cocoon with nothing important in between. It's a bit disrespectful for both people from that time period like Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas and for modern historical researchers. I know you weren't meant to offend anyone but it's something that's important to understand when dealing with terminology and historiography.\n\nThat being said... again, very general answer. If you were a farmer you generally lived an ok life in terms of security unless you were conscripted by your liege to be a man-at-arms in some conflict or if you were in some very unlucky place like Southern Iberia when the Moors came or eastern England when the Viking came a-calling. I suppose other than those there were always brigands and thieves on the roads, but most farmers would have a tool that can be used to farm as well as bonk someone on the head, so they could defend themselves if the need arose. I think feudal lords would tend to their lands occasionally (they lived off what was supplied by farmers and no one want their crops burnt) but mostly people had themselves and their communities to protect themselves.",
"It really depended on where you lived. Where in Europe are we talking?\n\nAlso: I tend to agree with others in trying to avoid using the term \"Dark Ages\", because, some societies, like my belovèd Byzantines, did not collapse and actually were productive and highly advanced civilizations. ",
"Wikipedia definition of what centuries were the Dark Ages. I will address the migration period when the Germanic tribes migrated into the Western Roman Empire. Depending on the region in where you lived life could be quite violent during the years from 400-500 AD.\n\nFrom wikipedia\n\"European Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries AD), particularly:\n\n Western European Early Middle Ages\n Migration Period of c. 300 to 700 AD\n Saeculum obscurum or \"dark age\" in the history of the papacy, running from 904-964\"\n\n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\"The experience of conquest was, of course, very varied across the empire.Some regions were overrun brutally but swiftly. For example, the Vandals’ conquest of North Africa, starting in 429 and culminating in the capture of Carthage in 439, was a terrible shock to an area of the empire that had escaped unscathed earlier troubles, and we have already encountered the nuns of Mauretania who were caught up in this violence. But after 439 Africa was spared further Germanic invasion, although it increasingly had its own native problems, from the fierce Berber tribes of the interior.\n\n\n\nOther regions, particularly those near the frontiers of the empire, suffered from much more prolonged violence. Northern, eastern, and central Gaul, for instance, were contested in the fifth century between a bewildering number of warring groups: Romans,\nBacaudae , Britons,Saxons, Franks, Burgundians, Thuringians, Alamans, Alans, and Goths all fought for control of Gaul, sometimes in alliance with each other, but sometimes fragmented into even smaller groupings. **This unrest lasted for almost a century after the Germanic crossing of the Rhine during the winter of 407-7. In this part of the Roman world, a degree of internal peace and stability returned only at the end of the fifth century, with the establishment of larger Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms.** Similarly,though for a somewhat shorter period—from 409 until the Visigothic conquests of the 470s control of the Iberian peninsula was fought overby Romans,Bacaudae , Alans, Sueves, Goths, and two distinct groups of Vandals. \"\n\nPage 14-15 The Fall of Rome : And the End of Civilization: And the End of Civilization\n By Bryan Ward-Perkins\n\n_URL_0_\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography",
"http://www.sarahwoodbury.com/life-expectancy-in-the-middle-ages/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://books.google.com/books?id=dPig9bm268sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"
]
] |
|
1lhnot
|
why is water being the universal solvent considered helpful to the survival of cells?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lhnot/eli5_why_is_water_being_the_universal_solvent/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbzcr1j"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Water is one of the components of being essential for life because that it is dissolving vitamins and minerals.\n\nWater also cleans the system water to flush out toxins, regulate body temperature and aid our metabolism.\n\nI pretty much summarized the first few paragraphs where it is related to your question of that article below.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/water-vital-to-life.htm"
]
] |
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