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15yubz
|
how companies electronically surveil their employees
|
A few things I'm curious about, as I am not in this line of work at all. I have always wanted to know how it's done. Some of the main items I'm wondering about (Warning - severely amateur questions incoming):
1) Internet browsing. Can network administrators see every page that I go to? I assume so, but I doubt they are scanning pages in real time, so they go through logs? How does this work?
2) Third party programs. Is it a simple matter of manually scanning the folders manually or is there a program that automatically detects new installations?
3) 'Secure' pages or chats like Gmail's chat program. Is it possible to see what's going on as a network admin? HTTPS pages?
4) Work emails in Outlook. How do these get logged and scanned?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15yubz/eli5_how_companies_electronically_surveil_their/
|
{
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"1) Yes, some firewalls will show it in real time. Some will show logs. Whether or not they go through logs depends on how big of a company, and how much they suspect you of being naughty. Sometimes they just have alerts on specific domains that will signal them to check more thoroughly.\n\n2) Both\n\n3) You can see the ssl certificate information, but not the content. I can tell that you're on gmail/gchat, but I can't necessarily see the text.\n\n4) Outlook has very fine grained ACLs. They can allow other users full access to your mailbox, or they can send a copy of every email sent/received to another offline mailbox.\n",
"Companies can monitor every page you visit, every email you send and receive, every programme you install and everything else that happens on your work computer.\n\nAs you mentioned, this would be a huge amount of information and it would be impractical to watch everybody all the time. The most common way to do it is to install software which looks out for certain things. You can set different settings, so one company might look out for somebody typing the word 'boobs' whilst another might have 'facebook'. Whenever you try to access a forbidden thing on your work computer, it is usually blocked and a message is sent to somebody for review.\n\nThere are also things called 'keyloggers' which make a note of every button you press. This includes websites, usernames, passwords, emails to your loved ones. Again, reading through all of this would take an eternity, so it's usually down to a piece of software to keep an eye out for naughty words.\n\nA third way to monitor your usage is to tap into your computer and look at your screen. This can be done in real-time, or they can set up software which takes screen shots at certain intervals.\n\nWhen it was given to you, your work computer will have all these things installed, and your computer will have permission (or, in fact, instructions) to regularly feed information back to the mothership.\n\nSurveillance is also useful for getting rid of employees you don't like. If I was the boss of a company and one guy never made coffee for me, I could request his activity logs and go through them with a highlighter pen until I found something that broke company rules. Then I'd call him in for a meeting and discipline / fire him."
]
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[] |
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[],
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6qxq61
|
What was the air combat effectiveness of the Me-262? Did the Luftwaffe ever develop strategies and tactics that made it an effective fighter?
|
I am aware of the technical achievements of the design, but I am wondering about the application.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6qxq61/what_was_the_air_combat_effectiveness_of_the/
|
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"There was a real discrepancy between the Me-262's reputation and the actual results it achieved in German service. The sorties of 262 units often showed that it could not translate the technical advantages of the turbojet into masses of Allied aircraft shot down. Some sorties actually had either equal losses for both sides or a disadvantageous kill ratio for the Luftwaffe. Some of these operational problems were directly related to the situation of the air war in late 1944 and 1945; the masses of Allied aircraft in the air would have made any German interception difficult no matter what the technical advantages of the aircraft. However, some of the 262's operational shortcomings were directly related to the plane itself. The Me-262 not only had a number of technical issues that denuded its operational effectiveness, the Luftwaffe's pilots never really figured out how to use the aircraft properly. \n\nSome of these technical problems were not limited to the Me-262, but the turobojet's revolutionary nature made them worse. Such was the case with most of the Me-262's gunsights. A good number of the early models were equipped with the Revi 16B gunsight. This reflector sight was a decent gunsight for the early and middle war, but was getting a tad long in the tooth by the latter part of the war. The Revi 16B required the pilot to estimate the angles of deflection and other mental work to hit the target. This was a difficult thing to do in a piston-engined aircraft like an FW-190, but the speed of the 262 made it a more difficult proposition. Sights like the Revi 16B worked better at close ranges, but the high speeds of the turbojet (and later war piston aircraft too) provided an all too brief firing window. The Luftwaffe did develop a more advanced gunsight, the EZ 42, which was gyroscopically stabilized, but it never received full production in a pattern all too typical of German procurement practices. The Luftwaffe initially cancelled the EZ 42 as too technically complex for mass production, but Goering reversed the order in early 1945. A few 262s received the EZ 42, but most had to go to war with the older Revi sights. Nor were all the bugs with the EZ 42 ironed out either. EZ 42 sights often malfunctioned and the novelty of the sight also meant 262 pilots also had learn how to use it under combat conditions. The endemic fuel shortages meant German aircraft had little opportunities for training or orientation flights. \n\nThe 262's gunsight woes would have been better had the plane had an armament more suited to its performance envelope. The 262's four MK108 30mm cannon were certainly impressive and destructive weapons. German estimates held that it only took one to two hits from a MK 108 to down a fighter and three to five for a four-engined bomber, and ground tests on airframes, such as this [one](_URL_0_) show the power of the weapon. But the MK 108 had significant operational penalties. The weapon was prone to jamming as the autocannon's ammunition feed was prone to interruption as the aircraft jinked back and forth. The autocannon's muzzle velocity was often quite poor as was its rate of fire. This made deflection shooting more difficult and the heavy projectiles often could not quite reach the aimed target as gravity and physics took over. The Luftwaffe did try to rectify this situation with variants of the 262 with lighter armament. But the 262 was not immune to the Luftwaffe's habits of trying to find panacea solutions to aircraft armament. The Luftwaffe fitted the MK 214 50 mm cannon to one aircraft, which took all the vices of the MK 108 and magnified them. The only novel tinkering with the 262s armament was the installation of R4M rockets on modified curtain rods under the wings. Interestingly, JV 44's use of the R4M did not use the turbojets' gunsights to aim the weapon, but the MK 1 \"eyeball\" and the canopy framing to gauge the right shooting distance to hit an Allied bomber. Such methods were viable for experienced pilots like JV 44's, but also show how immature much of the leading edge technology the Germans tried to deploy in 1945.\n\nYet not all of the 262's problems were purely technical in nature. The decline in training, the extensive use of ersatz materials, and the fuel shortages meant that 262 pilots operated at a distinct disadvantage. The piston-engined *Jagdflieger* were used to being able to throw around their crates with abandon, but the 262 was a different beast. The first generations of turbojets were extremely vulnerable to flame outs with the disruption of airflow and poor quality of the Jumo 004 turbojet magnified this problem. A 262 pilot that handled his throttles too roughly could find himself losing one or two engines. Although Galland and other postwar *Jagdflieger* critiqued the Luftwaffe's initial decision to feed bomber pilots into the 262 units, the needs to manage the engine did impart a certain logic to this decision. The 262's poor tires and brakes also made landings quite difficult, especially since the 262 had a very long take off and landing circuit. \n\nThe fuel limitations of the late-war Luftwaffe also meant that the 262 units were never able to develop effective tactics to capitalize on the aircraft's advantages. JG 7 discovered that while the 262 could penetrate the bombers' escort screens they could make only one rear pass on the bombers before they faced the escorts. The large turning circle of the 262, created by its speed did not allow it to make repeated circling attacks. Fuel restrictions meant that the 262s could only make smaller pinprick attacks on the masses of Allied formations instead of mass attacks. This actually allowed the Allies to formulate counter-jet tactics to attack the 262s when they were most vulnerable such as at takeoff. The 262 threat did create alarm in Allied circles, but the small size of the threat made it able to be quarantined.\n\nThis is not to say the Me-262 was not a revolutionary aircraft. Experienced pilots ranging from Galland, Walter Krupinski, and Eric Brown all recognized the potential of the turbojet when they flew examples of Messerschmitt's machine. Yet bringing a such revolutionary aircraft to operational effectiveness was easier said than done. Rushing the plane to development, and contrary to Galland's memoirs, the decision to turn the 262 into a bomber did not delay the combat introduction of the aircraft, made these problems more apparent. Technical issues as well as tactics needed time to be ironed out; and time was one resource Germany emphatically did not have.\n\n*Sources*\n\nBoyne, Walter J. *Messerschmitt Me 262: Arrow to the Future*. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 1994. \n\nCaldwell, Donald L., and Richard Muller. *The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich*. Barnsley, South Yorkshire : Frontline Books, 2014. \n\nForsyth, Robert. *Jagdgeschwader 7 'Nowotny'*. Oxford: Osprey Pub, 2008. \n\n"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoLLDi-M3fk"
]
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|
77i9hl
|
security certificates (root, wildcard, etc)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77i9hl/eli5_security_certificates_root_wildcard_etc/
|
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"Certificates are cryptographically signed electronic documents that are generated and released by \"certificate authorities\". The certificate authority is an organization that says \"Okay, we're going to issue all of these certificates. We trust them to be who they say they are. Therefore if you trust us, you implicitly trust them.\"\n\nThe root certificate is the certificate that the authority basically issues to itself that all other certificates generated by the authority are keyed from. Once you trust the root certificate, you trust all certificates generated by the root certificate.\n\nMost certificates issued are issued to a limited number of hostnames, like a single certificate will have www._URL_0_ and _URL_0_ on it as acceptable hostname. A wildcard certificate has *._URL_0_, which means it can be used on all sites in the _URL_0_ domain. While this may seem simple to manage, it is open to security issues. You have to put the certificate and key on every server in the domain, so if one server gets hacked and the key/cert get stolen, you have to replace it on every server in the domain.\n\nEdit: Formatting and wording.\n"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
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"foo.com",
"www.foo.com"
]
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||
6466ep
|
Did America finally enter WWII to stop the Holocaust or because Germany was trying to take over Europe (and eventually the world)?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6466ep/did_america_finally_enter_wwii_to_stop_the/
|
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"America officially entered WWII because it was attacked by Japan. The United States declared war on Germany on December 11 because Germany had declared war on the United States that same day. The declaration passed unanimously in both the Senate and House. Prior to entering the war, America had supported Allied efforts in Europe, particularly through the Lend-Lease program which help the British speed up munitions and armament production. It's heavily assumed that Roosevelt wanted to enter the war earlier than 1941, but it was fairly unpopular with the American public and Roosevelt wasn't certain he could convince Congress to declare war (hence finding ways to work around restrictions on the US government to support the war in Europe, like Lend-Lease). \n\nWhile Americans were aware that Jews were being persecuted in Axis controlled areas, the general public wasn't made aware of concentration camps, death camps, or the Final Solution until 1942. \n\nEdit: I should add that the Final Solution also was decided until 1942 as well. \n\nSecond edit: changed the German date"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
6pl072
|
on a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object? what force is there that repels the two objects?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pl072/eli5on_a_subatomic_level_what_stops_two_objects/
|
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"Metals, that do not have an oxide layer on them (usually cut or made in a vacuum) *will* actually stick together and \"form a bigger object\". It's called cold welding.\n\nSome materials lend themselves to this more than others. Metals due to their crystalline structure are good for it, but metals on Earth almost always have a thin layer of oxide on them when the metals react with oxygen in the atmosphere.\n",
" > On a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object?\n\nSurface irregularities, oxidation, foreign material, etc. If you did have two extremely clean, flat metal surface without oxidation then they can actually fuse together as you suggest in a process called \"cold welding\". This is an issue in space where metal parts can rub against each other and wear without their surfaces being contaminated or chemically altered by an atmosphere, leading to metal joints being jammed. One way of preventing this is to ensure that metal parts which touch and move against each other are always of different metals.",
"A few things, notably that what *we* see as the \"same material\" often isn't actually the same material. Take metals: they oxidize. For iron, that means rusting. While a thick layer of rust takes a while, the iron atoms on the outside oxidize about as instantaneously as anything can happen. So when you try to stick to pieces of iron together, in reality there's a barrier of iron oxide between the two pieces, and that iron oxide doesn't really stick to anything.\n\nWhy not? Because the oxygen is sticking to the iron instead. The iron can't stick to the other iron atoms because the oxygen is in the way, and the oxygen won't stick to the oxygen because oxygen generally doesn't like sticking to itself. This happens with pretty much all metals: the instant you cut through the metal, it will oxidize and it won't stick back together.\n\nInterestingly enough, you *can* \"cold weld\" metal together in an environment where there is no oxygen, like space! The cut has to be extremely clean and precise, too. If you manage it, though, you can simply touch the cut pieces of metal together and they'll \"weld\" into a solid piece again.\n\nBut the cut has to be *very* precise. The other reason materials don't stick together is because of surface area and contact. Think about [cut wood](_URL_0_) and how rough the edge is after you cut it. Even if the wood wanted to stick together like unoxidized metal, it still wouldn't because it would touch enough. Each little splinter sticking out of the cut edge would attach, sure, but then it would get in the way and prevent shorter splintery edges from touching each other. There would be gaps with trapped air, and not enough pieces bonded together to make it strong. So your material has to be very smooth at the cut, or else it's like trying to get two puzzle pieces that don't match to stick together.\n\nSome materials just aren't sticky, or aren't sticky in the right way. For this, you can think of velcro: there's a grabby side and a soft side. The grabby side won't stick to another grabby side, eh? That's kind of what's happening with oxidized metal: oxygen is really grabby and it runs in and grabs the metal, and other grabby oxygen can't stick to that grabby oxygen. Really, it has to do with unpaired electrons in the outer shell. That is, electrons like being paired and atoms will \"borrow\" electrons from nearby atoms so that they can complete the pairs. Usually, the atoms end up sharing the electrons, which keeps them close together (which is a *covalent* bond in chemistry). Atoms can also just straight up steal an electron, but that makes them slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive, and like tiny magnets they stick together (which is an *ionic* bond). There's also *metallic* bonds, in which the electrons float among all the atoms in the metal, \"shared\" by all of the atoms simultaneously.\n\nWhen an atom has all its electrons paired up and the positive/negative charges balanced, it doesn't need to stick to anything else. Sometimes a substance is just like that. Take for instance carbon dioxide - the oxygen shares its electrons with the carbon and, just like the oxidized iron, has all its electrons paired and doesn't want or need to borrow or share with anything else. So CO2 doesn't really stick to itself at all. That's why it's a gas at room temperature. Water, on the other hand, sticks to itself pretty well because the molecules are polar, which is why water is *not* a gas at room temperature. Anything with atoms with completed electron pairs won't stick to much of anything, unless it's polar like water. That is, part of the water is very slightly positive and part is very slightly negative, so they stick together like magnets that are very slightly bigger than the tiny ionic bonding atoms. These kinds of polar molecule bonding is called *hygrogen* bonding.\n\nYou can still get a material to clump even if the atoms have full electron pairs, though. Stuff like plastics have long chains of polymers, which are repeating bits of molecules stuck together, and they're all tangled together instead of being chemically bonded. So they won't really stick to anything, including other plastic, unless you melt it down and give the polymers a chance to move around and get tangled up with each other. Think of plastic like a box of Christmas lights piled on top of each other and shaken up a lot, and then frozen in place. There's no way to get them apart. If you add another frozen pile of tangled Christmas lights on top, though, they won't tangle together until you unfreeze them and jumble them up together.\n\nTL;DR: That totally works that way under very limited circumstances, but mostly the forces repelling the two objects are the same forces repelling any two objects - that is to say, the electromagnetic force keeping electrons away from each other."
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4sevnr
|
Would a blind synesthetic person be able to see sounds?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4sevnr/would_a_blind_synesthetic_person_be_able_to_see/
|
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"Yes In theory; IF the right nerves connected. AND Depends on how said person is blind. If they are blind because of their eyes it would work. But if they are blind because of occipital lobe damage then no they wouldn't be able to see color ",
"This hasn't been heavily studied, probably because the number of cases to study would be quite small. If the neural pathways leading to synesthesia are intact even when the person becomes blind, then in theory the person would still see the visual illusion with sound. [Here's a study](_URL_1_) that showed evidence that people with color-related synesthesia who became blind late in life still exhibited synesthetic color perception. And while there's only one participant in [this paper](_URL_0_), they look at fMRI brain activity in the case of an individual man who has synesthesia. They find he has activity in visual cortical areas when he has a synesthetic visual illusion where non-synesthetic blind people do not. These areas did not activate when the man just imagined color, which the authors say indicate his synesthesia is a real perceptual experience of color."
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||
1ieuir
|
What did a serf have that a slave didn't?
|
I know there were lots of slaves and lots of serfs, but just looking at perhaps agricultural slaves in America vs Russian serfs (who, I am given to understand, had some of the worst conditions of all European serfs) in the 1700s. From some of the popular media portrayals, it seems like a serf was pretty much a slave with looser chains.
What rights, specifically, did a serf have that a slave would not have? What opportunities to improve their lot in life would a serf have had over a slave? Was there any sense in which a slave might have had a better life than the serf?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1ieuir/what_did_a_serf_have_that_a_slave_didnt/
|
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"Firstly, in the early 18th century there were not just serfs in Russia, but also slaves. In Russia, slavery was abolished by Peter the Great in 1723.\n\nThe difference in position was not about having better opportunities to improve their lot in life, and indeed, a Russian house slave probably had better avenues for improving his lot than Russian serfs. The difference was lack of legal protection. The master of a Russian slave owned him/her in every possible way, and was free to sell, rape or murder the slave at will.\n\nA serf would essentially be doomed to live and work the land he was born on until his death, but, at least theoretically, could not be sold away from the land, and was protected from violence by his master so long as he paid his part and didn't try to escape. (And by protected, I mean that if a master murdered a serf, he had to pay a fine for it. Which wasn't very large.)",
"Even though /u/tuna-fish2 answered some of the question I feel like there needs to be more clarity. \n\nThe difference between a American Slave and a Russian Serf could be boiled down to ownership. An American slave was owned completely by the American owner. A Russian Serf was owned (or tied) to the Land itself. Now, the Serf *could* be sold to another owner, but that was usually by trading of land. So say you buy a parcel of land from another and you get serfs that are tied to that land. There is however exceptions (usually are in law), where a Russian Tsar could *give* Serfs (typically titled as Souls) to another, or trade them between the Empire's property. An example of this is Peter the Great moved Serfs to begin production in a foundry. \n\nThere is also very distinct differences on top of this. Russian Serf's had their own lives outside of serfdom. They were forced to give certain work to the land (and thus the owner of the land, nobles), however once this quota was reached the Serf was free to do what he willed. Typically a serf would also have their own plot of land and they would grow for sustenance and/or profit. After 1797 the typically *ovree* or *barshchina* was three days a week. This gave rise to different classes of serfs. They also had their own personal lives outside of serfdom. They were chained to the land, and their daily work on that land, but outside of that they were their own people. Also, unlike slaves, they were kind of citizens. I use that roughly, because there was laws for them and against them, whereas American Slaves were typically treated under property laws. Russian Serfs because of this had to serve in the military. \n\nThe end result is that they were both practices that could be seen as terrible nowadays, however Russian Serfdom had its own flavor and if I personally had to chose either I would chose being a Russian Serf, for at least I could have a life, if not a limited one. Actually, that sums it up. Serfs had lives, limited lives tied to the land and forced to work it, but American slaves lives were sold to the master. \n\nAlso to take into account is serfdom was initially by choice. Kind of. The Serfs that existed to the emancipation of serfdom could be tied to a person in your ancestry that sold themselves into bondage for whatever reason; be it money, security, crimes, debt. American Slaves were forced, at gun point from their homeland, forced to cross over on boats and then forced to work. Now, by the time of the 19th century came around, they were typically descendants of the original bondage, however it does bear to be explained. \n\nAlso, majority of landholders with slaves did horribly in the market. Russian Nobles were typically laden with debt from the Tsar, and some were running negative. I cannot say with authority for American Slaveholders. \n\nNow, the common theme between both would be their emancipation's. Both were abolished not because of economical pressure, or from outside pressure, but from the idea that both serfdom and slave hood was inherently wrong/evil/against nature. This came out of the Enlightenment, and both influence the eventual freeing of both.\n\n**EDIT**: I read back over this post, and I want to clarify something. I am not justifying Serfdom, it was a horrible system that enslaved people who had to serve their whole lives because one of their ancestors liked gambling too much (an example). However when compared to American Slaves, Russian Serfs seemed fairly lucky by relativity. I also would like to use an example to prove this, in the 19th century there was a feeling among Russian *intelligentsia* that Serfs knew the true meaning of life, that their life was fuller, more vibrant, and wholesome. Some of the *intelligentsia* would go out to rural Russia and \"become\" a serf. Typically the serfs would look at the noble, and scoff, but the point is that you do not see the same on the American continent. You never saw one of the Founding Fathers, or Professors, going to the fields and becoming a slave. I think that highlights the scale between the two, somewhat... I think. "
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20j7ak
|
why are cpu's so expensive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20j7ak/eli5_why_are_cpus_so_expensive/
|
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"They are very hard to make. They are sandwiches of various metals and semiconductors formed into billions of microscopic structures which are sensitive to the faintest electrical impulses and impossibly complexly arranged so as to perform billions of mathematical operations in the blink of an eye, all in the space of a postage stamp. The fact that they can be made at all is one of the greatest technological achievements of mankind, and the fact that you can afford one to make your pooping time more entertaining is an absolute marvel.\n\nSo yeah, they aren't cheap as dirt yet. Get over it. ",
"Well, expensive is one way to think about it.\n\nOn the other hand, a CPU represents the *single* most precisely mass-manufactured device in human history; a modern i5 processor, only 37.5mm x 37.5mm, has 1,400,000,000 transistors, this is absolutely *staggering*. It uses the 22 nanometer process, to be entirely honest, I don't know exactly what in that process is 22nm, but 22nm is so damn small, even a microscope can't see that small - the light we see has a wavelength 18 to 30 times *longer*.\n\nThat something so precisely manufactured can be afforded by the average person, and for it to be not usually more than a paycheck or two away, blows my mind. I don't think they're expensive at all.",
"It's because they're so complex that it's a throw-spaghetti-at-the-wall-to-see-what-sticks kind of thing. Some of them get thrown out, the rest are rated according to what components are functioning properly, and sold at a price commensurate with each processor-configuration's rarity. All those i7's are actually the same exact chip design with different parts disabled. The ones with the least parts disabled are of course sold at the highest prices.",
"Have you ever tried making a CPU?",
"They aren't that expensive. When you can get a fully working laptop at Best Buy for $300 pretty much every week, none of the components of a PC are that expensive.\n\nThe original IBM PC was around $1500 when it launched thirty years ago - about $4000 when adjusted for inflation. Imagine being able to buy a new car for a grand that was a hundred times better in pretty much every aspect than what was on the market in the 80s."
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5rsuz4
|
are movie theaters dying due to changing culture or economic reasons?
|
I guess my last topic was too narrow, so I made it less narrow.
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5rsuz4/eli5are_movie_theaters_dying_due_to_changing/
|
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"I think they are dying because the entire experience is unpleasant. \n\nPeople talking and looking at phones during the movie... Why bother going out and paying for that crap. ",
"Movie theaters here in Austin are booming. Particularly those that have models similar to Alamo Drafthouse where you get better seats, and have a full meal. ",
"It's so freaking expensive and you have around 15 minutes of adverts and 10 minutes of trailers before the film starts. Why am I paying £10 for that?",
"It's because it's $13.13 per ticket and $1 more for 3D and $2 more for RPX. And $5.50 for small coke and $6 for small popcorn. Or I can pay red box $2",
"In the Netherlands movie theaters are not dying, they are doing great. But there is a trend that small theaters in the centre of a city are replaced by one big theater just outside the centre of the city.\nFor example this on: [Cinemec](_URL_0_)",
"Movie theaters in Charlotte are doing great:\n\n- reserved seating\n\n- electric reclining fake leather chairs \n\n- alcohol\n\n- real food, not just movie theater concessions\n\n- $6 movies all day Tuesday (at my personal favorite theater)\n\n- ticket purchases online",
"It's because the value isn't there anymore.\n\nThe only reason I still go to cinemas is because they hold the movies I want hostage for a few months before I can view it from the comfort of my home. I will only go if it's a movie I want to see ASAP and am to impatient to wait.\n\nThat's the only thing that gives cinemas value in my eyes. The big screen and sound system are a poor trade off for all the negatives when my modest home theater is more than sufficient to deliver the movie quality I want.\n\nIf movies released straight to streaming and stores at the same time as theaters I think we would see the death of movie theaters in a very short amount of time. \n",
"I live in Canada and from what I can tell movie theaters are doing great. I live in a medium size city and we have two very large theaters that are busy every night. \n\nFor those saying people are using their phones and talking during movies, I've rarely seen that, and if people do do that others will ask them to stop.",
"WTF makes you think they're dying? Box office receipts keep setting records every year.",
"Between Economics and Culture, I would argue Economics, \n\nUsed to be, if you wanted to see a movie you had two options:\n\n1. Drive to Blockbuster, drop four bucks, and watch the movie on your 24-inch cathode-ray television.\n1. Drive to a movie theater, drop ten bucks, and watch in on a screen the size of a football field.\n\nNowadays, if you want to see a movie you have two options:\n\n1. Literally not get up off your couch, use Netflix at zero marginal cost (the subscription does not change), and see it on your 55-inch high-definition widescreen.\n1. Drive to a movie theater, drop ten bucks, and watch it on a screen the size of a football field.\n\nIn economic terms, watching a movie at home is a *substitute good* for going to a theater. Over time, technology has both increased the *value* (in-home theater systems) and decreased the *cost* (Netflix) of this substitute good. This impacts the demand curve for going to a movie theater, decreasing aggregate demand.",
"It's not that the theaters are dying, but they're in an \"Evolve or Fade Away\" phase, and this affects the current generation of theaters. To understand where we're at, let's go back a few decades.\n\nIn the 1960's and 1970's, the only way to see a movie was in the theater, or wait for it to show up on TV. Theaters were cheaper in comparison, and would play the same films for long stretches of time. The large theater with massive seating came to prominence. These were community gathering places, where everyone could see the same movies. The late 70's brought us the Blockbuster movie, where the lines for a movie would literally wrap around the block.\n\nIn the 1980's, theater design changed to the Multi-plex, with 8 or even 12 screens showing 20 movies throughout the day. This was designed to counter the lines of the blockbuster days. Instead of 1 screen showing Star Wars, they would have 4 screens showing Return of the Jedi on opening weekend, and could keep it in rotation longer. A definite win for everyone.\n\nSomething funny happened in the 1980's called the VCR. The Video Cassette allowed people to not only buy a copy of the movie to watch at home, but also gave them the chance to record shows and movies off of the television. This, combined with early cable and HBO, meant that the One and Done window of watching a movie was over. If someone didn't see it in the theater, they could wait a year and watch it on video, or wait two years for it to come on HBO.\n\nBecause of this, the crowds at the movie theaters started to thin out. Multi-plexes with 8 massive theaters that held 1,000 people each would sit mostly empty night after night, weekend after weekend. They took up a lot space, and were mostly empty. Movie selection was key at this time. If a theater picked the wrong movies, it could be a disaster. With only 8 screens, and 10 movies opening per week, the managers would have to make careful choices. Do you get 3 reels for Batman, or use 1 of them for UHF?\n\nThe early 90's brought several changes to theaters. First, technical demands from some of Hollywood's most influential filmmakers forced the theaters to upgrade their projectors, sound systems, and other equipment if they wanted to host the new blockbusters. Second, franchised theaters sprang up, where chains of theaters became more common, and more powerful. Third, the Multi-Plex gave way to the Mega-Plex, a large building with 20, 30, even 40 screens. Each of the screens was smaller, and hosted fewer people, but more screens meant more options. Or so it did at first.\n\n\nThe problem that the 2000's ran into was that movie theaters didn't get better, but home technology skyrocketed. Combined with shortening release windows and improved home movie quality, the impetus to go to the theater fell. This meant fewer people would go to the theater for mid-level movies. This led to theaters raising prices to keep up profits, which led to higher cost movies, which led to fewer movies being released, which led to fewer screenings, which led to shorter home video windows, which continued the cycle.\n\n\nThe late 2000's and early 2010's saw a resurgence in gimmick movies. Imax, 3D, these became standard. These movies meant more equipment, which means more costs passed on to the consumers. With increasing ticket prices, fewer people are going to the theaters more often. If they go, it's only for one or two shows a year, as opposed to once or twice a week back in the 1970's.\n\n\nWhere do we go from here? My prediction is an intimate movie experience, with all-inclusive options. Small theaters with individual showings, drinks, dinner. It's either that, or we get used to reality of nothing but blockbuster sequels of comic book movies for the rest of time."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5rrr2e/eli5_why_are_movie_theaters_dying/"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.cinemec.nl"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5vii3p
|
why countries with deficitary balance of payments try to devalue its currency to export more goods instead trying to strengthen the same currency to make imports cheaper?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vii3p/eli5_why_countries_with_deficitary_balance_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de2aw79",
"de2bpiz"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Because strengthening a currency isn't an option. It's super easy to weaken it though. Strenghtening on the other hand would require a country to improve their perceived image. Like, ... requiring some actual good work. Unlike printing more money ...",
"Strengthening the currency can be done effectively in the short term, but not the long term. This is because it is done by central banks purchasing the domestic currency with reserves of foreign currency. This increases demand for your currency and therefore increases it's value, but eventually those reserves of foreign currencies run out. Also, the goal of devaluing your own currency isn't to change the prices of imports/exports per se, it's to change the 'real' (adjusted for exchange rate) value of those exports. Appreciating your own currency will make imports cheaper, which will mean that people will demand more of them and fewer of your exports will be demanded by the rest of the world. This is the opposite of what you want if you want to shift the balance of payments into surplus. You want to be making your own exports cheap whilst making imports more expensive. Remember, we're concerned with REAL values of the goods traded. You can't just make up their relative value."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2y2npp
|
With the amount of planes that were shot down during WW2, what happened to the debris?
|
I'm curious if the planes caused any significant damage to unsuspecting cites or towns.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2y2npp/with_the_amount_of_planes_that_were_shot_down/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp5y24h"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"It's important to consider how the relative damage that, say, a bomber crashing into a neighbourhood would compare to the damage of an actual bomb dropping. \n\nIn general, planes being shot down and crashing into residential areas or factories was greatly overshadowed by the damage caused by the bombings delivered by said planes. \n\nThis combined with the fact that of all the places a plane could crash after being shot down, the vast majority of it would be areas other than heavily populated areas. \n\nIt isn't as if every plane just went straight down over the patch of land that it happened to be over at the exact moment of being shot down. Even losing control directly over a city, the plane could easily come down outside of the city. \n\nIn general, planes crashing into houses and factories were the least of the list of worries when enemy planes show up in force over head. It was just an inherent part of the risk. \n\nAs for the defending side, shooting down an enemy plane overhead could very well bring it down on them, or on the very people and areas they were protecting. But the comparable damage of letting those planes continue their missions unhindered is quite more frightening. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bfvphf
|
why does the negative binary number system work the way it does
|
Like, for an 8-bit number storage, the bits, in order, represents -128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. Why isn’t the first number just a negative identifier and the bits would look like, (-), 64, 32, 16,...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bfvphf/eli5_why_does_the_negative_binary_number_system/
|
{
"a_id": [
"elgpyrv",
"elgya49"
],
"score": [
11,
2
],
"text": [
"There are a couple of different ways of representing negative numbers in binary. The easiest (for humans, anyways) one is called \"sign magnitude,\" and it's basically what you just described. One bit (the sign) denotes whether it's positive (0) or negative (1). The other bits make up the \"magnitude,\" or value of the number. So if you look at 4-bit numbers, 0111 would be 7 and 1111 would be -7. Another simple way is called \"one's complement,\" in which you just flip each bit of a number to get the negative version. For example, 0111 is 7, and 1000 is -7 in one's complement.\n\nBoth of those systems have some issues, though. You can't just add numbers the same way as you can with positive numbers, and they also have some weird stuff like having two ways to write the number zero (0000 and 1000 for sign magnitude and 0000 and 1111 for one's complement). Obviously we don't have zero and negative zero, so we'd rather not have that as a possible value.\n\nSo, instead, we use something called two's complement, which is done by inverting the number (flipping all of its bits) and adding one. So, to convert 7 to -7, we flip its bits from 0111 to 1000, then add one, giving us 1001. This works out to us having the system that you mentioned, where the most significant bit is negated - note that if we add everything together using that method, we have 1(-8) + 0 (4) + 0(2) + 1(1) = -7.\n\nThis gets rid of the issue of having a negative 0 (flipping 0000 to 1111 and adding 1 just gives us 0000 again, since we disregard overflow) and it turns out we can use addition without any extra issues this way. For example, -7 + 3 in binary using two's complement is 1001 + 0011 = 1100 = -4, just as we would expect.",
"Actually both ways exist and other do too.\n\nThe first one is more common though, because it allows you to do addition and subtraction the same way as if it was unsigned. It also doesn't waste any number or create confusion by having two different zeros.\n\nIf you had the first bit just the sign you would have both a -0 and a +0. This is bad because you end up being able to represent one less actual number -127 to +127 instead of -128 to +127 and you have two different values that should when you compare them work out to be the same.\n\nIt also helps that the logic you use when adding binary numbers or subtracting them from one another can be applied equally for unsigned and for signed numbers if you have the first bit as -128 instead of +128. the math works exactly the same no matter which it represents.\n\nif you use the first bit as just a sign that is no longer the case and you will have to use two different logics for adding signed and unsigned binary numbers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2oo5xt
|
When brakes are applied to an idling car, how come some gear doesn't break inside the drivetrain?
|
The engine is turning, the car isn't moving, what allows me to be stopped without some gear inside busting lose from torque?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2oo5xt/when_brakes_are_applied_to_an_idling_car_how_come/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmpolx6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you're referring to an automatic transmission, the engine is connected to the drivetrain via a fluid coupling known as a torque converter. At low engine speeds, the torque converter is transmitting relatively low torque to the drivetrain which is why your brakes are able to overcome the drive torque. At higher engine speeds, the fluid is being pumped rapidly enough to spin the turbine which is connected to the rest of the drivetrain, allowing the vehicle to move. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1w75ip
|
How accurate is the idea of feudal armies being comprised of conscripted peasants?
|
We are all aware of the trope of High Medieval armies being made in, in bulk, of farmers and masons with spears and low quality armour, but how accurate is that? How much of a feudal army would knights comprise? Searjeants? Town and city militia, professional mercenaries, and the aforementioned farmers and masons, how many of them would be typical in a feudal host?
For accuracy I'm speaking about the period between 1000 AD and 1320 AD in western Europe.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1w75ip/how_accurate_is_the_idea_of_feudal_armies_being/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cezdicz"
],
"score": [
28
],
"text": [
"Well, the period you're referring to saw some fairly dramatic changes, but there are enough similarities that we can speak at least a little in general terms. Instead of getting into the more complex questions, I'll try and do my best with the question of conscripted peasants.\n\nYes, there was a system somewhat analogous to conscription in place, but it was a short term system, and is better called the levy.\n\nIn France during the early part of the period in question, the general levy (arriere-ban) still existed. This was a leftover from the Frankish period, wherein every free man could be summoned to the colors. In practice, this was almost never used, and French warfare was heavily dependent on knights, mercenaries, and somewhat less so urban militias.\n\nIn Anglo-Saxon England at the beginning of the period, the fyrd served something of the same purpose as the arriere-ban. Men of a certain level of wealth, ranging from the upper peasantry to the lower aristocracy (thegns) were obligated to maintain arms and equipment and were liable to be called up for military service to supplement the small royal standing army of housecarls. A modified version of the fyrd remained in place after the Norman conquest, again, drawing from the upper peasantry. The English, having many fewer knights than the French, were out of necessity more dependent on these levies. Henry III even went so far as to specify what type of equipment men of a certain prosperity were required to keep.\n\nThe point I am coming to is that no High Medieval state made a practice of conscripting serfs. Peasants were levied into the army, but they were not untrained rabble, but the closest thing to a rural middle class as existed at the time. They would have had, at a minimum, shields and spears and some knowledge in their use."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3tx4um
|
Based purely on the total number of people killed by people fighting in the name of each religion, which religion has historically been the most violent?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3tx4um/based_purely_on_the_total_number_of_people_killed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx9zwj8"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sorry for my english i'm not a native speaker.\n\nThere is no precise answer to this question. However i'll provide a link toward a paper written by\n[Naveed s. Sheikh](_URL_0_) ( University of Louisville) where he tried to do an estimation. He also clearly explains the methodology he used. At the end he comes up with :\n\n1. Christian\n2. Antitheist ( Communist block )\n3. Sinic\n\n\n***\"Body count : a quantitative review of political violence across world civilizations \"***\n\n_URL_1_\n\nI'll be glad to debate over the methodology and his results with you guys, since I used this paper in some of my academical work in the past. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.keele.ac.uk/spire/staff/sheikh/",
"https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_Body_Count_a_quantitative_review_of_political_violence_across_world_civilizations_.pdf"
]
] |
||
8mhf44
|
- why do people pick at scabs, fits, pimples, etc? we know it's bad and it hurts, but we still do it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8mhf44/eli5_why_do_people_pick_at_scabs_fits_pimples_etc/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dznl29q",
"dznl9kd",
"dznlahh"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"I don't have an answer for you but I can tell you that when I spent some time looking after some young baboons they also liked picking off my scabs when they were grooming.",
"Because sometimes it works out. \n\nSome pimples really do just go away or at least look less horrid when they pop, and some scabs are ready to come off, and humans like to believe the best possible outcome will happen when they try to do something. Even though this isn't skill-based, we don't want to believe we'll \"screw it up\" by picking at it.",
"From my understanding the natural healing process will itch the skin, I think everyone knows that. But the scab itself for some reason our brains recognize as a foreign body. Similar to if you have glue spread on your fingers, your brain recognizes it shouldn't be there and tells you to pick it off. Now we know scabs are a part of us, but you brain doesn't see it that way. It just sees something stuck to you. Which is why it's so satisfying to remove."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3nnwx5
|
why is it that a large number of american students choose the high cost of their university over studying abroad?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nnwx5/eli5why_is_it_that_a_large_number_of_american/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"cvpr6wk",
"cvprfcg",
"cvprohg",
"cvprxzb"
],
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13,
3,
7,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"If they can't afford a college education without loans, how are they going to afford studying abroad?",
"It's usually more prestigious to come from an American school, which is why a lot of foreigners come to the U.S. for college. Also, it's much easier for American students just to stay in their own country.",
"Studying abroad is expensive. US Students pay a rate much higher than citizens of those countries because they are not tax payers of those countries. ",
"Countries that offer free or very cheap tuition normally only do so for citizens and residents of that country, or citizens of closely associated countries (e.g. EU). That's because college actually *isn't* notably cheaper there; it's just that more costs are borne by taxpayers, because the government is willing to spend tax money to benefit the citizens of the country and to have a more educated population.\n\nHowever, very few people outside the US are willing to pay more taxes so that the *United States* can have a more educated population. An American who goes abroad to study will normally then return to the US; if their tuition is mostly paid by tax dollars, those dollars are pretty much foreign aid to the US.\n\nSo, international students tend to not have a cheap education in any country. A US citizen studying in Canada pays about CAD 20K/yr, which is significantly more than average in-state tuition at a US public university (which, again, is partly taxpayer-supported and so residents have a discount). It's comparable to out-of-state public tuition and less than private tuition, but you have to pay it pretty much on your own. A US student studying here can qualify for all sorts of financial aid, scholarships, and loans; studying abroad, you get much less of that. ",
"Tertiary education is expensive worldwide. In some countries citizens are able to get significant discounts due to government subsidy, which international students don't qualify for.\n\nBeyond that, international students will usually have strict visa requirements, this may limit how much they can work while studying, and it may be very difficult to extend the visa (if you want to extend your course, go part-time or need to repeat a subject). Attending a domestic university is comparatively flexible with this regard."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1tkg7j
|
how are single grooves on lp's able to create such a vast array of different sounds, and all at once?
|
I understand the basics of it, that the stylus going along the groove creates a vibration which creates a sound, but that's about as far as it goes. I simply cannot get my head round how one groove, which can only either go left or right, can recreate any sound on earth, but not only that, any sound on earth, all at once. It just makes no sense to me. I could maybe understand if it could make one sound, but how can it make two completely different sounds, mixed at totally different levels, playing two completely different tunes at once? Surely if you separated both those sounds into two tracks then each track would look entirely different, so how can you put them both together and still get the same sound from them as if they were played separately but at once?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tkg7j/eli5_how_are_single_grooves_on_lps_able_to_create/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce8uoqz"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Look at a speaker, if it's a buffer it will look more obvious. Play something at a relatively high volume if possible.\n\nSound is generated by the speaker moving back and forth and moving the air with it. On a buffer the movement is easier to see as it's a large speaker, also you can more easily feel the air moving in front of the speaker.\n\nOn an LP groove this movement is etched so the needle moves back and forth and this movement is then sent to the speaker so it follows these movements (not exactly though, some processing is done between the groves and the speaker unless you're playing an old crank gramophone).\n\nNow, how are different sounds made? Sound can be seen as a combination of sine waves \n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe faster it goes up and down the higher pitched we percieve the sound to be. So sound is just a bunch of those at different pitches. \n\nHow can we tell each other apart? Our ears have a bunch of small hairs tuned to a particular frequency, so some only vibrate with low pitched sounds and other with high pitch sounds. (Though there is some overlapping, that's the reason mp3s work: we can throw away some sounds as they are lost in the mix so we won't notice if they're missing) \n\nWe can usually tell the diferent instruments / voices apart on records as we try to play different notes on different instruments and even when we play the same note on differents instruments they have different combinations of sines (this combination is what help us know what instrument is playing). Also, some cheating is involved as the brain makes educated guesses from past experience (that's why visual / aural tricks work)\n\nNow, we can't always separate them. If you listen to a group of strings you can't tell apart which sound is coming from each individual violin as they all mix together. So if you played all diferent sounds all at once you would just end with an uncomprehensible mass of noise..\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sine_and_Cosine.svg"
]
] |
|
dvqy8q
|
brainfreezing when drinking something cold
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dvqy8q/eli5_brainfreezing_when_drinking_something_cold/
|
{
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"f7eduag",
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"f7egz16",
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"f7eip0i"
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"text": [
"The mouth is situated really close to the brain. Specifically, at the back of your throat, two arteries meet: the *internal carotid* and the *anterior cerebral,* and they both feed directly into the brain. Cold sensations there pass signals to the outer covering of your brain, which you then interpret as pain. This sensation is designed to get you to stop changing things quite so rapidly, because your brain doesn't like that.",
"It’s not your brain. It’s the blood that goes into it - the nerves around the arteries then scream at you to stop doing what you’re doing because you’re delivering cold blood to your brain which is dangerous.",
"Best way to stop the brain freeze is to flatten your tongue against the roof of your mouth and keep it there until the brain freeze stops.",
"Does this only happen to certain people? Because I'm 36 and this has never happened to me. And I've drank plenty of slurpees.",
"Back of mouth is close to brain.\nIn nature, we would've never eaten anything that can chill the back of our mouths so much. \nSo your brain assumes it is in hypothermia when it gets so cold so close to the brain and panics giving you that pain.\nBut then it warms up and you take another bite of your ice cream like an idiot",
"This actually has a name. Search online for “sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia.” Most of the explanations in this thread are plausible, but an exact explanation seems to still be under some debate.",
"I had many brainfreezes before and they were never really an issue, however, lately when I get a brainfreeze it then starts hurting down my back along the spine and really hurts.\nWhy did this change? \nI was wondering if it has anything to do with having had an epidural when giving birth as it feels it hurts around the same place. Hmm?",
"I don't get brain freeze but I do feel it in my chest. Why is this?",
"My throat gets painfully cold, but I never feel that in my brain. Never gotten brain freeze. Always thought it was weird. Throat freeze is kinda what I get.",
"After reading these comments TIL a good portion of people have never experienced a brain freeze."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1z8yn2
|
if a space elevator was built, would it get bent or flung out into space because of earth's rotation?
|
And what if a satellite or asteroid crashed into it? Would the whole thing come crashing down to the Earth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z8yn2/eli5_if_a_space_elevator_was_built_would_it_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfrlery",
"cfrlkhc"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The idea is for the rotation of the Earth to try to fling it out into space. That would keep it standing since it would be anchored on Earth.",
"It can't be done with current materials. There isn't anything strong enough, that is light enough to use. As for the way it works, it would need a \"counter weight\" in a geosynchronous orbit. Meaning that it would be orbiting the earth in the same direction as the earth is spinning and at the same speed. This is something that is done with satellites all the time. \n\nThe Red Mars books covered this idea pretty thoroughly and scientifically. In the books, they actually captured an asteroid and brought it in to orbit as the counter weight. The construction was actually done on the asteroid and the structure was built \"down\" toward the surface of the planet. As the mass of the structure grew, as materials were added, the \"altitude\" of the orbit was increased to carry the weight. \n\nI know there are other ideas about the design of a space elevator. I like the idea, but I still don't really understand how the designers would account for things like hurricanes or earth quakes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1pf5eh
|
why don't inter-species friendships (e.g. cats and ferrets) occur in the wild?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pf5eh/eli5_why_dont_interspecies_friendships_eg_cats/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd1noxi"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"They do it's just much more uncommon"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
yphd0
|
what the treble does on sound devices, and how it relates to the bass
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yphd0/eli5_what_the_treble_does_on_sound_devices_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5xnmxm",
"c5xscmo"
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"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"treble is the opposite of bass. It's the higher frequencies in music, whereas bass is the low.\n\nELI5 - Bass is the low rumbling sounds in the music and treble is the higher pitched guitars and vocals (though most vocals are mid to high range).",
"The treble is like that SKREE SKREE SKREE and the bass is all WUB WUB WUB"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
9ux1b8
|
can someone explain the american mid-term elections? (i'm european)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ux1b8/eli5_can_someone_explain_the_american_midterm/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e97p06y"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Most of our national (Senate and House of Representatives) and local (governors, Judges, school board members) elections are held in two year intervals. Every four years, those elections coincide with the presidential election. \n\nIt's the same election every other year, but because so much more attention is given to the presidential election, the regular elections between (literally in the middle of a presidential term) are thought of as less important. \n\n\nThe result is far less voter turnout, especially for the party that controls the presidency, which makes midterms a chance for the opposing party to win more seats in the legislative branch in order to more effectively counter the power of the president. \n\nIn 2010, an extreme right-wing reactionary faction of the Republican party called the \"Tea Party\" motivated by fear of President Obama's promises of universal healthcare (and immigrants) won both the House and Senate, which subsequently redrew electoral districts across the country to maximize Republican voting power in subsequent elections. Even though the Democrats made some gains in the 2012 elections, it wasn't enough, and the now entrenched Republican power effectively crippled the Obama presidency. \n\nThis midterm, Democrats have shown unprecedented voter turnout (Young people, who make up much of the Democratic base are notoriously unreliable voters) however the result did not turn out to be as effective as the 2010 midterm was for the Republicans. The Dems have won a slim majority in the House, while Republicans actually gained seats in the more powerful Senate. This will limit the power of the Trump presidency, and will cause a lot of legislative gridlock, but the Republicans still have effective control of all three branches of government. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ub4b2
|
Are stem cells really that "next big thing" as advertised? Why or why not?
|
I don't really understand much about stem cell biology, only that it is very concentrated in the bone marrow, and that it can take the function of any other cell in the body. Is that it?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2ub4b2/are_stem_cells_really_that_next_big_thing_as/
|
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"When a zygote is formed (i.e. when sperm and egg join) it divides over and over to form the cells that will eventually be the body of the new organism. These cells, up until a certain point in development, are called embryonic stem cells (ESCs). After the body is formed and development is well underway, most cells stop dividing quite as often as the ESCs were dividing. Specific populations of cells still need to be able to divide though, mainly because specific types of cells are quickly used/destroyed. Blood, skin, and intestinal lining are just a few examples of tissues that contain these populations of dividing cells, called adult stem cells (ASCs). ASCs continue to divide throughout the organism's life to replace broken/lost cells and keep those tissues healthy (you probably don't want to run out of skin, for instance, so it's a good thing we have skin stem cells).\n\nThe bone marrow contains one type of ASCs [called Hematopoietic stem cells](_URL_0_). Those are responsible for replacing red blood cells and several other blood-related cell types (as seen in the link).",
"Probably \"yes and no\". \n\nThey are great research tools, teaching us how the body develops, maintains itself, and fixes damage. We develop from a single stem cell and have lots constantly renewing our bodies our whole lives. They also could be very useful for repairing tissue damage, especially in the case of some long-term degenerative diseases or repairing injuries like spinal cord damage. \n\nAre they a panacea? Of course not, nothing is, but they can teach us a lot that helps us better approach cures, and in some cases, could be part of the cure themselves. While they're living cells that can be used to repair damage, the thing to keep in mind is that if you coax living cells to divide too much, you pretty much end up with cancer, so they would need to be used with extreme caution.",
"Yes, of course they are because it's a matter of learning to utilize the body's own mechanisms. There's no substitute for factory original parts. However, it's very complicated and it's going to be decades of incremental progress, not a sudden bang.",
"The potential implications of stem cell based regenerative medicine are huge for medicine. While most stem cell therapies that go on today use adult stem cells like the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow for blood cancers or [immune related disorders](_URL_2_) or [mesenchymal stem cells](_URL_0_) which are often what's used in treatments for multiple sclerosis or ligament injuries for instance, I believe the real renaissance in stem cell therapies will be due to [induced pluripotent stem cells](_URL_3_) which are embryonic-like stem cells that are derived from any adult cell, such as skin. \n\nThese cells can make any cell in the body, and despite the advancement to do so being only 8 years old, these cells are already being used in clinical trials for [age related macular degeneration](_URL_1_). By turning these stem cells into different types of cells of the body, we have the ability to treat a wide variety of disease (liver, heart, diabetes, genetic disorders, etc) and injuries (spinal cord, muscle, etc). Additionally, since these cells can be derived from patients themselves, they allow for the ability to study genetic diseases in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of disease and develop new therapies. Combined with genetic engineering, a patient's own cells can be genetically corrected and re-transplanted back into the patient. \n\nSo yes, stem cells offer huge potential and you will see in the coming years more and more therapies using stem cells. This post is really just scratching the surface, but research in this area is very exciting. ",
"Stem cell biology and the associated engineering is incredibly exciting, BUT\n\nI'm skeptical of most therapies involving stem cells in the near to medium term future, with a few exceptions.\n\nThe thing is, diseases are complicated, multifacted, and incompletely understood. I'll list a few examples and give some thoughts about why I think stem cells will/won't make an impact. For the purposes of this, I'll talk about two classic treatment paradigms: inject/place stem cells, and place material/scaffold + stem cell.\n\n**Cancer:**\n\nDon't expect much from stem cells here. Cancer is an overgrowth of malignant cells. We don't know how to kill them and stem cells aren't really a solution here. If stem cell engineering gets *incredible* at some point, you can imagine a surgeon being extra aggressive with surgery and replacing with new engineered organs. (\"Bladder cancer? Cut the whole damn thing out! We can put in a GlaxoSmithKline PeeBag 1200 back in once you're in remission.\") \n\nThe exception to this is some types of blood cancers, where stem cell therapy is already a thing. In short, doctors wipe out the immune system with chemo/radiation, and \"reboot\" the immune system by infusing you with stem cells. [Read more from American Cancer Society here.](_URL_0_) \n\n\n**Diabetes:**\n\nType 1 diabetes, chances are probably pretty good we can make some progress here. T1 Diabetes results from the immune system killing off specific cells in the pancreas. Stop the immune response, add in pancreatic beta cells, you might just have a T1 diabetes cure. Problem is, the more common type (type 2) is pretty different in cause (insulin insensitivity from poor diet/no exercise) and probably can't be affected much by stem cells. \n\n**Heart disease:**\n\nDon't expect much progress here, either. The heart is crazy complex, and so are blood vessels. It's not obvious how to actually repair a heart with stem cells. In a heart attack, you're looking at actual death of heart muscle cells. However, they're rapidly replaced with scar tissue. You can't really just cut out the damaged parts and replace it with new tissue. \n\n**Liver:**\n\nThe liver is relatively promising! The liver regrows pretty nicely on its own after you cut part of it out, and the tissue is relatively homogenous with function. When an organ regrows on its own really nicely, you can imagine that the biology is relatively robust, if we can figure out the right materials and cell regimes. \n\nHowever, there's no treatment anywhere near clinical application yet. \n\n**Connective tissue:** bone, skin, muscle.\n\nBone: You don't even really need stem cells here. There are some great biomaterials that recruit bone cells to do their thing and fully integrate the implant into bone, and remodel it over time. There are even a couple that are FDA approved.\n\nSkin: Think next generation bandages, pitri dish grown skin grafts, etc. This is actually already done and it'll likely get even better. Stay tuned...\n\nMuscle: Muscle is a tough one. Muscle fibers are REALLY long, and encouraging them to form their attachment sites might be a tall order. On the other hand, they aren't too complicated so someone might figure it out. There's not an obvious way to use them to fix muscular disorders though, so short of muscle tears or muscle cancers (rare), the impact may be limited. \n\n\nTL;DR: Stem cells aren't the end all, be all of medicine. However, they are an incredibly *exciting* area, and at some point they (and related therapies) will be as exciting as news stories suggest. That point, however, may be year 2100 or beyond. We've really solved all the diseases that can be easily solved. \n\nTL;DR part 2: If you want something that can do everything stem cells have been promised to do and more, eat a healthy diet and maintain a healthy body weight, eat lots of vegetables, don't consume too much sugar or alcohol, exercise regularly (cardio AND weights), don't smoke, get your annual flu shot, and wear sunscreen and a seatbelt and don't live in a house with a gun. You've drastically **reduced your risks of dying early** from the [top TEN leading causes of death](_URL_1_) and you'll enjoy the remaining years of your life too. If you follow this advice, you'll reduce your risk of cardiovascular death, diabetes, preventable cancer of almost every kind, and you'll be strong enough and healthy enough to enjoy your later years too.",
"Right now, we can't explain the diversity of cell function and types in our body. Everything has the exact same genetic information, but there are obvious differences in a neuron vs a muscle cell.\n\nSince stem cells can be altered to become other types of cells with different functions, we hope they will help us understand what extra factors (besides genotype) promote the phenotype diversity we observe.\n\nAs to being the next big thing, it depends on what type of funding will be awarded to stem cell research. If it remains strong, people will tack on 'stem cell' in their titles for proposals and papers in hopes of the cash and citations related to stem cells will explode like for miRNA back in 2008-2009. Will it pay off? hopefully so."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell",
"http://stemcellstm.alphamedpress.org/site/misc/News159.xhtml",
"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-stem-cell-researcher-pioneers-gene-therapy-cure-for-children-with-bubble-baby-disease",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell"
],
[
"http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/bonemarrowandperipheralbloodstemcelltransplant/stem-cell-transplant-types-of-transplant",
"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm"
],
[]
] |
|
2qb3gh
|
Why did the Germans not make a more concerted effort at breaking the blockade during World War I?
|
I've been watching the BBC's "The First World War" series from a couple of years back. They talked about how the German's made a single major attempt at breaking the Royal Navy blockade, and despite higher causalities on the British side, the German's were unable to break through. They went on to say that the Imperial Navy never made another attempt at getting though. What factors prevented them from doing so? Was it munitions/fuel/etc. or something in the planning?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2qb3gh/why_did_the_germans_not_make_a_more_concerted/
|
{
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"text": [
"In order to effectively end the blockade it would not have been enough to just sink the ships patrolling between Norway and the UK. Trade would only have been possible if Germany somehow could secure shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic. Not only was the British Navy superior in numbers, the location of the British Isles was a huge advantage, and the Germans had no bases elsewhere. On top of that, the High Seas Fleet was not designed to cruise around the ocean, it was built to challenge the Royal Navy close to the German coast. It just didn't have the range to do this. \n\nLastly the Battle Fleet was a highly prestigious object, very expensive and subject to national pride. Nobody wanted to risk losing it. Using U-boats offered a viable alternative and so they went with it. ",
"To the extent the Germans had a plan, it was to attempt to take advantage of any situation that would allow the British Grand Fleet to be taken on piecemeal. The British separated a Battlecruiser squadron under Beatty for much of the war, in order to protect the British coastline. Meanwhile, most of the Fleet harboured at Scapa Flow from which it could prevent the German High Seas Fleet from breaking out into the Atlantic.\n\nAlthough there were several attempts to execute this plan, only at Jutland did it lead to a serious battle and although the British lost more ships, the High Seas Fleet was extremely fortunate to disengage without being destroyed.\n\nPart of the problem was the lack of understanding of what and how to bring battle about, and what would occur. Gun ranges, ship speed, armour and so on had increased by orders of magnitude in a short time. Communication, especially once battle was joined and smoke made visual signalling difficult, was limited. Exercising active tactical command for a fleet commander was almost impossible. And ships were massively expensive.\n\nThese factors tended to make commanders conservative, and certainly made executing any 'plan' very difficult. Initiating a naval battle really meant an 'all or nothing' gamble: once out of port, the Imperial Fleet could not count on returning *unless* it comprehensively won any encounter... with an enemy fleet superior in capability and numbers. Failure almost inevitably meant the loss of the entire fleet. And although Germany as a whole could continue to fight the war with minimal naval power, no Navy commander was going to risk such an outcome. The Kaiser had a soft spot for his lovingly-built-up navy and was not likely to push the matter.\n\nFor the German Navy, there were other factors. They had a poor social-command structure, whereby flag officers had greater status than technical officers, and the seamen were lowest of all. While the British had a national class system and naval traditions that permitted the common tar to accept his position, the Imperial German Navy was much less harmonious. The fact that many civilians and politicians saw the Navy as sitting out the war, while the Army lost millions, made this worse.\n\nBy 1917, the Imperial Navy was in a state of tolerated semi-mutiny. The common sailor was under no illusion that a sortie was basically a gamble that would result in mass death (at this time, any ship lost in battle took almost all its crew with it), and if ordered to sea, it is unlikely the sailors would even have gone.\n\nAfter Jutland, there was a general reappraisal of Germany's options and commanders looked to the submarine as a means of staging a counter-blockade.\n\nRonald Spector's *At War At Sea* is a good book on 20th Century naval warfare and culture in general. There are many good books on Jutland, I read and enjoyed that by Jon Sutherland and Diane Canwell.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3e9tf5
|
what turns a "skin crease" into a "wrinkle" that stays there even when the reason for the crease (smiling, sitting a certain way, etc.) is gone?
|
I woke up today and noticed a wrinkle that was not there yesterday. What is the mechanism behind it becoming permanent seemingly overnight?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e9tf5/eli5_what_turns_a_skin_crease_into_a_wrinkle_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctcxa71"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Think of it like an elastic waistband. That thing can go a long time retaining its elasticity -- in my experience, ten, fifteen years. But eventually it hits that point where it's stretched too much. You pull to stretch, and it -- stays stretched. Basically it's run out of elasticity to return back to its previous shape.\n\nSkin has elasticity in the same way, but as we grow older, that elasticity decreases. Eventually it stops tightening back."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2r88xq
|
the technical difference between the rock-ish music genres: rock, metal, heavy metal, alternitive, grunge, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r88xq/eli5the_technical_difference_between_the_rockish/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnde601"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_\n\nKnock yourself out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_genres"
]
] |
||
2524zs
|
Why are some greenhouse gases more effective than others?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2524zs/why_are_some_greenhouse_gases_more_effective_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chdeuyq"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"A greenhouse gas is just any (atmospheric) gas that primarily absorbs and emits radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum - and some are much better at doing this than others (i.e. they absorb/emit a greater range of infrared wavelengths). It also depends on the lifetime of the gas in the atmosphere, as well as the proportion of each; CO2, for example, is the primary greenhouse gas on Earth due to it being more abundant than methane and nitrous oxide, despite the latter two having much higher global-warming potentials.\n\nFor more information: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global-warming_potential"
]
] |
||
23zft0
|
how are large computer files compressed into 1/4 of their size?
|
I purchased a physical copy of the game Titanfall, and when I installed it, the first DVD (7.95Gb) decompressed into 69% of the games installation, which amounted to 34.52Gb. I just don't understand how files could be compressed to being approximately 1/4 of their size. How are such large files compressed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23zft0/eli5_how_are_large_computer_files_compressed_into/
|
{
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"text": [
"Compression stores instructions on how to recreate the file rather than the file itself. So for an image for example, whereas an uncompressed bitmap might save red pixel red pixel red pixel, the compressed version would be 3 red pixels. And so on. ",
"Say I wanted to compress the quote:\n\n > First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.\n\nYou will notice that there is some repetition in the quote.\n\nLets say that \n1= \"then they\" \n2= \"you\" \n3= \"they\"\n\nWe get\n\n > First 3 ignore 2, 1 laugh at 2, 1 fight 2, 3 2 win.\n\nWe've gone down from 81 characters with spaces, to 51. Now this doesn't include the definitions of 1, 2, or 3 which need to be included. With such a short sentence, it you don't gain much by compressing it this way. However if you had a book, you can imagine the results to be much greater.",
"Absolutely no expert or knowledge on this subject, but I'd imagine you could do something like:\n\n > 1100110011000\n\nWe could turn this into:\n\n > 21 20 21 20 21 30\n\nIn other words, there are two 1s followed by two 0s. Instead of writing all of the separate 1s and 0s out, you could just say how many there are, and it would be incredibly easy to decompress. In this example, you might even be able to go one step further:\n\n > 2(21 20) 21 30\n\nIt boils down to finding a good algorithm.",
"Imagine an image of a red square inside a blue square. In a raw format, all the pixels' data would be stored, e.g.\n\nred red red red red red blue blue blue red red red red\n\nA simple image compression algorithm would instead store the data as:\n\n6 red, 3 blue, 4 red\n\nNo data has been lost by doing this, but the data takes up less space",
"Some computer data can be fairly redundant and compression algorithms exploit that. This is oversimplified for a 5 year old, but is basically the way it works:\n\nCOMPRESSION\n\nStep 1: Locate some segment of information that appears more than once within some amount of data.\n\nStep 2: Assign that segment of information a code, like ~A~.\n\nStep 3: Copy an example of the information to a code table and assign it the ~A~ code. You will need both of these later.\n\nStep 4: Replace every occurrence of the information with the ~A~ code using a simple search and replace.\n\nAssuming the segment of information was repeated enough times and had sufficient length, the result would be less space occupied by the entirely of the data at hand.\n\nRECONSTITUTION\n\nStep 1: Check your code table and see that there is a code named ~A~ that has a segment of information assigned to it.\n\nStep 2: Perform a search and replace on the data to find any occurrences of the ~A~ code and replace it with the segment of information from the code table.\n\nYou should now have a replica of the data before compression."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1ks0e7
|
Why do the planets nearer a star become rocky and those farther out become gas giants
|
Or is this not always a general make up of a system? It it's "generally but not always" true, have there been system discoveries of the opposite, with the gas giants in close and the rocky ones farther out?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ks0e7/why_do_the_planets_nearer_a_star_become_rocky_and/
|
{
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"cecequd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The actual reason for this is the frost line _URL_0_\n\nThe theory goes that inside the frost line, most light elements are fluid gasses, and thus tend to dissipate rather than coalesce (the thing required to start planetary formation). Because of this there is less planetary formation and much of it is rocky. \n\nOutside of the frost line, however, light elements are often found as solids and can coalesce, thus more material is available for planetary formation. This means that an object can quickly run away in its formation grabbing more and more material at a more rapid rate than it would inside the frost line (because it is more accessible). \n\nInside the frost line most planetary objects will end up around earth's mass, and thus will not be able to suck in many gasses. Outside of it, however, they will rapidly pass the threshold of 5 earth masses and begin to suck in gasses, running away to gas giants, though they may already have been made mostly of frozen gasses to begin with. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)"
]
] |
|
41fkwe
|
why is tonight's democratic debate scheduled at the same time as a football game?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41fkwe/eli5_why_is_tonights_democratic_debate_scheduled/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because the head of the DNC, Debbie Schultz, is strongly backing Hillary Clinton (she used to work for Hillary's previous campaigns) and she is of the opinion (and is probably correct about this) that the more people watching the debates, the more likely people are to vote for Bernie Sanders in the primaries. If you look at the dates of the other debates, most of them were scheduled on days people were unlikely to watch. This is why there have been so few debates compared to previous election years as well.",
"FYI, the debate is after the game this night. The game is on currently and won't still be going at 9:00 eastern unless there are a bunch of over times ",
"Let's see what's more important.\nEducating yourself on the next possible commander in chief, who will lead our country for the next 4 years, or watching oversized meatheads bash each other with pads over synthetic pig skin?\nI recommend you think about your priorities.\nOr just record one of the two and watch it later XD",
"They can't avoid everything that's going on on TV. I saw a Facebook post from my cousin the other day complaining that the debate was at the same time as a TV show she likes. \n\nSimply put if they had to avoid conflicts with all other events on TV, they'd never schedule it. ",
"The debate was scheduled 4.5 hours after the start of the football game. The game was over for a good hour before the debate started, so the rest of these replies are just flat out wrong. I think this did happen a few debates ago, but was simply not the case this time around."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3w2rp5
|
how does a psychologist know what kind of thoughts are okay for their patients to have and what kind are not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w2rp5/eli5_how_does_a_psychologist_know_what_kind_of/
|
{
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"cxstgqs",
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"text": [
"They have a degree in studying the human psyche. Most of what a psychologist does is not to judge you based on an individual thought, but attempt to understand your thought process. \n\nFor instance, if someone said \"man life sucks you know\" it may just be causal talk between friends, but if you can determine that the patient may be serious then thats a much bigger deal.",
"The real answer is that no thoughts other than those of explicit harm to self or others aren't okay to have. The job of a psychologist isn't really to change how someone thinks as it is to explain why they are thinking it, and a large part of that is determining what the patient views as okay or acceptable thoughts to have. \n\nFor example, a psych wouldnt really have the grounds to tell... I dunno, a neo nazi? That racist thoughts are 'wrong' unless the patient themselves felt there was something wrong or odd about the way they themselves are thinking. Those who don't adhere to this enter the dangerous realm of \"conversion\" therapy, like the faux therapudic christian camps that try and convince members that thoughts of homosexuality, etc. are wrong, when in most people's views these things are moral judgements, not black and white issues like suicide or murder.",
"I don't quite understand this question. \n\nWhen a person goes to a psychologist it's because something about their life is distressing to them: they're having trouble getting a job or a relationship, have low self-esteem, are depressed or anxious, etc. They already know that something is not right about what they're thinking and/or feeling. It's the psychologist's job to help them change what they're thinking and/or feeling in order to reach their (general) goal of being a happier, more productive person."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
83wka3
|
Monday Methods: Sometimes you can't know everything – and why that's a good thing
|
Welcome to Monday Methods, a bi-weekly feature where we discuss, explain, and explore historical methods, historiography, and theoretical frameworks concerning history.
Today, we will tackle a big question that dates back a very, very long time: What can we know? There is a whole field of philosophy attached to this question: Epistemology, as in the study and philosophical consideration of what knowledge is in the first place, how we gain it, what is extent is and can actually be. Many of our theories and methods are ultimately informed by this field of study and its thoughts.
But what I'd like to do today is to approach this question, not from a philosophical and theoretical perspective, but from, let's call it, a practical one. One that historians often have to grapple with in their research. The question of what can we know in light of what sources we have available to us and how we can access them.
Surveying questions from the last half year or so, there seems to be a rather widespread conception that historical records are easily available in times of the internet and possible even already translated into English. This is not the case. In our work, we are often forced to actually travel to archives, sift through finding aids – possibly even non-digital ones – and look through them there on both a limited time and budget. And sometimes, what you want to write about, what question you seek to answer with your work, is hampered by what exists in terms of sources.
Let me exemplify this problem with what I believe to be a very pertinent example from my own research endeavors: My research for my dissertation has lead me to Serbia in the past month, specifically to a larger Serbian city that I wanted to use as a microhistorical example within the framework of my question and overall thesis. Basically, I wanted to study everyday life under the German occupation in a city considered by international historiography to be peripheral. In preparation for my trip I did my due diligence when it comes to archival research: I read pertinent books and noted down footnotes and I even got hold of the published archival guide of said archive. All of these however were published before 1997 (this will become important in a minute).
So, when arrived there on my first day, I ordered the files I wanted. I received the box, I open the box and inside on top of all the files is a note saying: "This record is incomplete due the files for the time span between 1941 and 1957 having been destroyed".
What happened? Well, (and this is where the before 1997 becomes important) remember how in 1999 NATO intervened in Serbia's Kosovo conflict by bombing the country? Guess what, one of those NATO bombs hit a building that served as a depot for these files and they all went up in flames. And now they are gone forever and I am in urgent need to find a different way to approach my subject. This new approach, once I figure it out, might lead me to the results I seek but one thing that is guaranteed is that what I'll be able to finally write up as the result will certainly very different than what I would have written, would I have had these files and the knowledge produced in the course of my endeavor will be a different one to the potential knowledge I could have produced had these files not been bombed into oblivion by NATO in 1999.
And my own story is certainly no exception in terms of this: If you have ever read more than one work about the German Gestapo, you will notice that the example that is always is used is that of the Gestapo in Würzburg. Würzburg is one of the very few cases where we still have a complete archive of the local Gestapo but everywhere else they were destroyed whole or in part. The German Military Archive was also hit by a bomb at the end of WWII and so many divisional files from WWI and WWII and the Weimar period are now lost to us.
And this is also not solely related to destruction of files in war or otherwise. Sometimes acquiring crucial knowledge or rather not acquiring it can be both an issue of how access to this knowledge is organized and considerations of time and work constraints.
To use another example from my own work: In another Serbian archive, large parts of the files of the German Gestapo in Serbia still exist. They contain a massive wealth of reports by their agents about certain aspects of everyday life such as the mood of the population, the black market and so forth. These files are organized exactly the way the Gestapo organized them, meaning that rather than being organized by general information about the case, they are organized by name. The only way to know what is in them is to either know who you are looking for or to pull names randomly (which I did and which, I can assure you, is a pain).
Basically, what I am trying to show here is that pertinent information might be available. But the way this information is organized makes approaching it from the angle I planned for my work very difficult. For others who seek specific people and what they did etc. this way of how the information is organized is perfect but from a different angle of approach it makes work so much harder.
Because history is a discipline is so reliant on our sources, because unlike sociology or political science, we are not in a position to generate our own data that forms the basis of our endeavors of knowledge, factors external to the researcher – very much beyond our control – can be hugely influential in the sense of what we can know, what we can write about, what questions that are posed to us or that we pose ourselves can be answered.
One central skill that we pick up in our training and that gets little emphasize in our final products that we put out for public consumption is how to deal with this limitation of knowledge; how, through surveying the historiography on a subject and through re-conceptualization of our research, we can find what is available, and how we can find a way with how we can answer our questions with what material is available. Central to this skill is the very knowledge that we can't answer everything, that we can't find out everything due to things far beyond our own control; where even if one had unlimited time and resources, there simply wouldn't be a way to get the information you want.
This basic limitation of knowledge has even served in the past as a major catalyst for innovation within our discipline. When only a limited amount of information is available on what you are researching and when the usual approaches to this information don't yield the answers you seek, one way to circumvent this is to develop new approaches to analyze and interpret said information.
Cultural history is one such example. As an approach it looks beyond the information supplied directly in a source in order to establish broader cultural patterns as can be gleaned from a convergence of sources. Its approach is not content with e.g. taking the French Revolutionaries word on why their flag is red, white, and blue but rather how the use of flags as political symbols changed during the French Revolution – something the historical actors and those writing the pertinent sources might not have been fully aware and conscious of.
Or History of Emotions as an approach. We know about the differences in doctrine between Lutherans and Catholics in history but approaching what sources we have about this topic from the angle of trying to glean, how the feeling spiritual elation between Lutherans and Catholics differ, can give us new insight into both their history. When considering that broadly speaking while Catholics equate the feeling of spiritual elation with the display of God's grace and power through splendor such as large churches, golden altars, elaborate frescoes, music, incense, while a Lutheran will reject these displays and equate spiritual elation with pretty much the opposite of that; spartan and solemn contemplation done by the individual in communion with God. Approaching the sources we have with questions such as "How they describe these feelings? In the same terms or differently?" can net us interesting new insight into their history.
In this sense, it is not only important to realize that we can't know everything about the past but also that this has been a major driving force into taking our discipline into interesting new directions that are well worth exploring, even if new approaches might be based on sources we already know.
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/83wka3/monday_methods_sometimes_you_cant_know_everything/
|
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8
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"text": [
"Your post made me thinking - and maybe this would be better suited for a question - but I wonder if there is a specific approach for that transition period when the spread of literacy among a population takes place.\n\nWhile I have no academic formation, I am aware that there are ways of investigating the mindset of an illiterate population - traditions, folklore, religious habits, etc. What I am more interested in, would be how the spread of literacy affected these ways of expression. As an example you have men at the time of the Great War who clearly could write just as much as to express simple ideas and relate events but struggled with \"concepts\" and with relating emotions.\n\nThere must be a process though, when a men, even in its own limitations, begins to think to writing as a form of self-expression, or is forced to do so, either by social pressure or imitation or necessity (letters appeared to be a moment of relief for all the men on the front and it's likely that many men took up to writing for the first time there, as they had no other way to communicate with their families).\n"
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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2in75p
|
Why is superluminous communication not possible through the use of quantum entanglement in this thought experiment?
|
I propose the following experiment.
* Suppose we generate a pair of quantum entangled particles - P1 and P2.
* Beforehand we agree that I will measure the spin of P1 along the X axis, and you will measure the spin of P2 along the Y axis.
* I receive P1, and you receive P2 at a different location.
* I measure the spin of P1 along the X axis, and find that it is "up". This means that the spin of P2 along the X axis must be "down".
* From the Heisenberg uncertainty principle follows that we cannot know the spin of the particle along two axes simultaneously.
* You try to measure the spin of P2 along the Y axis, but you cannot, since that would mean that we gain knowledge of the spin states of P1 and P2 along both X and Y axes, thus violating the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
* From your inability to measure the spin of P2 along the Y axis you have gained the information that P1 has already been measured by me. This information has been transmitted superluminously.
What is wrong with my reasoning?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2in75p/why_is_superluminous_communication_not_possible/
|
{
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"text": [
" > From the Heisenberg uncertainty principle follows that we cannot know the spin of the particle along two axes simultaneously.\n\nThat's not what the Heisenberg uncertainty principle says. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a statement about the variances (or uncertainties) of independent measurements of two non-commuting observables on an ensemble of identically prepared particles.\n\nHowever, the main reason your thought experiment doesn't work is because you misunderstand what entanglement is. If you measure the X spin of P1, that does not mean that the spin of P2 lies along the X direction. What it means is that *if* you measure the spin of P2 along the X direction, you know what the outcome will be. There is nothing preventing a Y direction measurement of the spin of P2, and it will have a random outcome. Once this measurement has occurred, the X spin of P2 is now random, as the Y spin is definite.\n\nTo quote Asher Peres \"unperformed experiments have no results.\"",
"I think a specific example might help here.\n\n > Suppose we generate a pair of quantum entangled particles - P1 and P2.\n\nOk, let's take this entangled state\n\n |X_up > |X_down > + |X_down > |X_up > \n\n > Beforehand we agree that I will measure the spin of P1 along the X axis, and you will measure the spin of P2 along the Y axis.\n\nTo make the math simpler (This does not change the problem in any fundamental way) let's say you do the X axis and I do the Z axis. The symmetry of the problem should assure you that this is a cosmetic difference.\n\n > I receive P1, and you receive P2 at a different location.\n\nYup.\n\n > I measure the spin of P1 along the X axis, and find that it is \"up\". This means that the spin of P2 along the X axis must be \"down\".\n\nWell, in saying that you've assumed a very specific entangled state. But fine, I picked the example state to comply with this assumption.\n\nBut whatever, you measure X up so we have collapsed the system to\n\n |X_up > |X_down > \n\nwhere the first spin is yours and the second spin is mine.\n\n > From the Heisenberg uncertainty principle follows that we cannot know the spin of the particle along two axes simultaneously.\n\nWell, yeah, that's sort of one way of saying it. At this point in the problem the thing I have in front of me is\n\n |X_down > \n\nI *can* measure that thing along the Z axis if I want and I'll get an answer, either \"up\" or \"down\", with 1/2 probability of each. Note that if you had found |X_down > then I'd have |X_up > , and if I were to measure that thing along the Z axis I would still get either \"up\" or \"down\" with 1/2 probability of each. In other words, I can't tell what you got by measuring my particle.\n\nAnyway, your statement of the Heisenberg principle is too vague to really discuss, so let's move on.\n\n > You try to measure the spin of P2 along the Z axis, but you cannot, since that would mean that we gain knowledge of the spin states of P1 and P2 along both X and Z axes, thus violating the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.\n\nFalse. If I try to measure the spin along the Z axis I will succeed and get an answer. This will *change* the state of the spin though, because |X_down > is not an eigenstate of the Z spin operator. But anyway, your measurement in no way impedes my ability to make a measurement. It seems someone just told you a bogus version of the Heisenberg principle.\n\n\n"
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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1z1cn7
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diesel engines.
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I just purchased a 2003 VW Jetta TDi (NA model). I have a general understanding of normal petrol engines and have done basic wiring and maintenance to all of my previous vehicles: '94 Chevy 1500, 2004 Trailblazer, and 2007 Chevy 1500. Looking under the hood of my Jetta, I have no idea what is going on. I hear terms like "glow plugs" and "chain driven" but when I itry to google them, but everyone talks about them like they are giving a lecture to experts. Basically my question is, "What do I need to do to get the most out of my car for as long as possible?"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z1cn7/eli5_diesel_engines/
|
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"text": [
"Some of this [information](_URL_0_) may be helpful. Sorry, I trade working on computers for other people working on my cars :)",
"The main difference is that diesel fuel doesn't ignite from a spark like gasoline engines do.\nWhat DOES cause diesel to ignite is high pressure. The fuel is sprayed into the cylinder and as the piston compresses, the pressure rises and the temperature increases, which causes the diesel to ignite.\nThe glow plug is needed to raise the temperature in the cylinder so that the pressure required is lower and it also allows the enginie to start at lower temperatures.\n\nThe biggest thing you can do to keep your diesel running reliably for many years and even decades, is to do regular oil changes, ideally every 100 hours of operation or so...Diesel combustion creates a lot of abrasive byproducts which end up suspended in the lubrication system.\n\nAlso, keeping the fuel injectors clean helps a lot.\nEdit: Replace the fuel filters often as well...Clogged fuel injectors are a bitch.\n\nSource: I'm a guy who has read A LOT about diesel engines.",
"Just keep the fuel lines clean. Diesel has a bad tendency to get gunky when it's cold.\n\nThis is actually what the glow plugs are for. In a diesel, ignition is actually caused by crushing the bejeezus out of the fuel until it autoignites. If the fuel is cold, it sticks together when injected and won't vaporize, and so you need the glow plugs to heat up the mix and help it turn over.\n\nAlso, DON'T EVER RUN THE TANK DRY. In a spark-ignition engine, this does relatively minor damage, but in a diesel it can be a bitch to fix.\n\nUltimately, don't worry too much about the engine. Do all of the standard maintenance, and it should last a hell of a long time.\n\nAnd listen to the turbo. If it starts sounding funny, take it easy and get it into the shop ASAP. Blown turbos are rare, but they are indeed a treat to experience."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.google.com/#q=how+to+care+for+a+diesel+engine"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
79wtj8
|
What is the most aerodynamic shape?
|
I can't seem to find a definitive answer as to which shape is the most aerodynamic. Everbody just says what aerodynamic shapes generally look like. I'm starting to wonder if it isn't actually proven what the most aerodynamic shape is.
To clarify I'm asking, what shape with some width has the smallest drag coefficient.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/79wtj8/what_is_the_most_aerodynamic_shape/
|
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"dp644af"
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"text": [
"Well it depends on the operating speed.\n\nAerodynamic drag has 2 major components pressure drag and viscous drag. \nThese can be imagined in two cases. \n\nLets first consider a perfectly thin flat plate that is parallel to the direction of flow. In this case the flow near the plate exerts a drag shear force. This force is based on the gradient of the velocity in the normal direction from the wall.\n\nThe other case pressure drag can be considered as a perfect stagnation flow. If we imagine the same flat plate but instead it is perpendicular to the flow and expanding infinity in all direction then the flow will approach the plate until it reaches stagnation(Vel=0). The drag force on the wall will be equal to the pressure at the wall multiplied by the area of it. (pressure drag)\n\nSo now that we have these two components lets think about what happens as we change operating conditions. The most common way to think of that is the Reynolds number. Reynolds number most simply can be thought of as the Ratio of momentum forces to viscous based forces. This is mathematically represented as Re= (air density)*(free stream velocity)*(Refrence Length)/viscosity.\n\nNow lets say we have a really low Reynolds number. At this point the viscous forces will dominate. And there are shapes that are very efficient at these low speeds. This is where you see curved and tear dropped shaped objects since the goal is to keep a smooth gradient over the surface and reducing viscous drag. \n\nSo now as we increase the Reynolds pressure forces become more and more relevant. In this range we want to avoid flat faces. A flat face causes a large pressure increase near the face and means a large pressure drag force. \n\nNow here's the kicker. Both these forces are very much coupled. Viscous drag is based on the boundary layer that forms near the surface of an object in a flow. How this boundary behaves is based on the pressure gradient as you move along it. If you have a very strong pressure gradient the boundary layer will thicken and may even detach. And when the flow detaches you get a jump in drag and in airplanes who also need to produce lift and drop in drag(this causes stall).\n\nThis can get even harder for supersonic cases but that is left for another time. \n\nSo at the end of the day there is not a \"best aerodynamic shape\". There are designs that at a given operating condition are close to optimal but there is no catch all design. \n\nIf you are ever interest in getting the basics of aerodynamics under your belt I highly recommend either Introduction to Aerospace Systems and for more fluid details Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. Both are pretty easy to find by google and go into way more detail than I ever could."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1fccn1
|
How much can we tell what a person looks like from a DNA sample, and how close are we to getting a complete picture of a person from that?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1fccn1/how_much_can_we_tell_what_a_person_looks_like/
|
{
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"text": [
"You can usually tell someone's race (that is, their geographic ancestral origin) with reasonable precision based on a genetic sample. I'm not sure if there are forensic databases correlating racial features with particular genetic variants, but based on this crude measure you could at least say, someone is of Samoan and French ancestry, etc.\n\nThis only takes you so far, though - consider how different two siblings, who are quite close genetically, may look. We definitely can't reconstruct the specific facial structure from DNA sequence yet.",
"Ask this again in a decade. The computational biology revolution is just hitting its stride. Currently, we are unable to paint any sort of whole picture from merely DNA.",
"I largely concur with astazagasta's answer. It's possible to classify individuals to their population of origin relatively well if you can get access to large amounts of sequence or genetic polymorphism data. This sort of thing is done routinely in statistical and population genetics studies.\n\nIf the question really is \"how close are we to getting a **complete** picture of a person\" from DNA data, however, then the answer is that we are infinitely far away, because much of an individual's phenotype is not encoded in their DNA.\n\nMost studies find that genetics factors explain at most 80% of the variation in any given trait (and often less, depending on the trait). This is because environmental factors also contribute to variation among individuals (i.e. two individuals with identical genes can still differ in their traits because they experience different environments). \n\nIn the last decade (but mostly the last 5 years), an industry of [genome wide association studies](_URL_3_) has absolutely exploded, and we now know of thousands of individual DNA variations associated with hundreds of different traits. \n\nThe problem is that in any particular case, the individual variants discovered tend to explain a very small fraction of the variation among individuals ( < 1% per variant), and even when considered in aggregate, they often only explain less than 10% of the variation. Consider the trait of human height. The [most recent large genome wide association study for human height](_URL_2_) found 180 variants associated with height in European populations, and in aggregate they only explained about 10% of the variation. That's an average of 0.05% per variant!!\n\nMost studies of other trait do worse (largely because they lack the absolutely massive sample sizes that study had). The failure of these large genome wide association studies to adequately explain all of the genetic factors underlying these traits can be chalked up to three possible causes. One is that most traits are underwritten by a truly massive number of common genetic variants, and that the ones we haven't managed to discover yet are of truly minuscule effect. Another possibility is that there are many variants of large-ish effect size, but that these tend to be extremely rare in the population, and thus are hard to detect for that reason. A third possibility is that our models for how genes influence traits may be wrong. This is a rather technical discussion that I don't really have the energy to go in to, except to say that I don't think there's very much good evidence for this possibility, and thus it's likely that the explanation is some combination of the first two.\n\nTake [another recent study](_URL_1_), which looked into the genetic of skin pigmentation in individuals from [Cape Verde](_URL_0_), who are an admixed population with both European and African ancestry (and thus an ideal population in which to study the genetic basis of skin pigmentation). This study found that four genes explained about 35% of the variation in pigmentation. However, 44% of the variation could be explained simply by the proportion of one's genome that was of African or European ancestry (which, as mentioned at the top, is something that can be estimated fairly well). This suggests that much of the remaining variation in skin pigmentation not explained by those four genes of large effect might be explained by many of these small effect genes. If this is true, then detecting and identifying them may be rather challenging. Also of note, the variants that make Europeans light skinned are (mostly) not the same variants that make Asians light skinned, and the extent to which this is the case for other traits is not yet known.\n\nNow, for all this pessimism, that's not to say that these studies aren't useful. I largely concur with this [review](_URL_3_) article (also the one I linked above), in that these are useful studies, and we *are* learning a lot about how genes influence traits from them. It's just that for the foreseeable future, the best we will be able to do is to make very rough predictions, and these predictions will necessarily be fraught with caveats, as genomes and environments are both phenomenally complicated things, and when we consider that truly understanding how and why different people have different traits requires us to understand how these two factors interact with one another, it would be wise to move forward with a firm understanding of these limitations."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_verde",
"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003372",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7317/full/nature09410.html",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711005337"
]
] |
||
kofu6
|
Does anything evaporate with water?
|
I ask this question specifically with regards to [this product, the evaporation based water purification cone](_URL_0_), something that was posted on reddit a few days ago.
The writer claims:
> When you evaporate and condense water, the condensed water is 100% pure water. This means the purified water is completely safe to drink, as nasty chemicals and bugs do not evaporate with the water.
If this completely true? If it is true, how come it took so long to create a product like this which is apparently so simple?
What happens if you put a glass of apple juice into this cone... Does any sugar or any vitamins evaporate alongside the water, or is it just water?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/kofu6/does_anything_evaporate_with_water/
|
{
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"text": [
"Anything with a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the vapor pressure of the water will carry over.\nEver drink distilled spirits? Whiskey, Vodka, etc? You evaporate off the alcohol, and some water to concentrate alcohol. \nLong story short, anything more volatile or as volatile as water will be carried over as well, so no, its not true. Particulates, and organisms wont travel over, but if you put a mixture of water and, say, methanol in there, enjoy your poisoning.",
"Anything with a vapor pressure equal to or greater than the vapor pressure of the water will carry over.\nEver drink distilled spirits? Whiskey, Vodka, etc? You evaporate off the alcohol, and some water to concentrate alcohol. \nLong story short, anything more volatile or as volatile as water will be carried over as well, so no, its not true. Particulates, and organisms wont travel over, but if you put a mixture of water and, say, methanol in there, enjoy your poisoning."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.envirogadget.com/water-saving/evaporation-based-water-purifier-cone/"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
37w1br
|
What did native Americans on the coast of modern day California think about earthquakes?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/37w1br/what_did_native_americans_on_the_coast_of_modern/
|
{
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"crqkwo1"
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"text": [
"Alfred Kroeber recorded several Yurok stories that include earthquakes. A few can be found [here](_URL_0_). Some stories involve earthquakes as a moderating force between humans and non-humans (Woge, pronounced wah-gay), and between humans and Sa:al, or evil forces. In one of the referenced stories, evil forces were attempting to rid the world of humans but thunder told earthquake he could save the earth and humans by shaking the earth. And so he did.\n\n[This](_URL_1_) unattributed story tells how earthquake and thunder created the ocean.\n\nAs to what natives thought of earthquakes, it seems that they were supernatural, but had many qualities of humans in that they could travel and converse with other forces. The Yurok considered many natural phenomena and inanimate objects as having human qualities, as did many other NW groups. As a general reference Kroeber's *Handbook of California Indians* is pretty hard to beat."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7x0nb84s&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text",
"http://www.angelfire.com/ia2/stories3/how.html"
]
] |
||
18zln3
|
What was the average day like for a woman in ancient Greece? Specifically the Classical Era
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/18zln3/what_was_the_average_day_like_for_a_woman_in/
|
{
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6
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"text": [
"The greater part of the population in Classical Greece were slaves; naturally this includes women. They therefore had no public face, no public or home life of their own, and no rights of any kind.\n\nHaving said that, female slaves who served in a domestic setting could be integrated into the household in fairly benign ways: there were rituals comparable to marriage for initiating new slaves into a household, and slaves could even participate in household sacrifices. Female slaves would be mainly attached to the free women of the household, and there's some indication that the could form close attachments to their mistresses: when the courtesan Neaira left Phrynion's house, she kept her clothes etc., but also her maidservants. Literary depictions imply that nursemaids had a respected position within the household, and freed slaves sometimes continued to occupy the household where they had served.\n\nThere were few visible signs of slavehood, so it's likely that the dress code and public behaviour code for slave women was not too dissimilar from that of free women: clothing that mostly covered the body, minimal visibility to the outside world. A woman in the men's part of the house would be automatically treated as a prostitute. Well-born free women would rarely go out of the house except for things like funerals, weddings, and some public festivals. Free women often had a significant role in household management, and would spend their time doing productive tasks like weaving; most women would be in a position of servitude to such women, and so would be performing more menial tasks. Prostitutes would have a more public life, and sometimes frequented the agora (marketplace) to put themselves on view and to sell their services.\n\nHowever, it's difficult to get much of an idea of the day's timetable. We have lots of information about where women were seen, and on what occasions, but not so much about what time of day. Moreover, things varied from state to state; most of our information comes from Athens.\n\nFor further reading, I'll suggest the usual go-to books: S. Pomeroy, *Goddesses, Whores, Wives, & Slaves* (1975), esp. pp. 79-92; and S. Blundell, *Women in Classical Antiquity* (1995), part 3.",
"Where in Greece? It could differ very widely depending on the place. A good example is comparing Spartan women to Athenian. In Athens, the general preference was that women not leave the house. Whether they should be educated was a matter of debate. In Sparta, women were educated, and ran much of spartan business. Indeed, a Spartan woman owned a chariot team that once won the race in the Olympics. "
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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15g4s8
|
if my phone is off, how does it know i pressed the button to turn it on?
|
Seriously. Its magic.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15g4s8/if_my_phone_is_off_how_does_it_know_i_pressed_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7m5ch4",
"c7m6tc5",
"c7md5oj"
],
"score": [
2,
16,
2
],
"text": [
"Much like many other devices requiring electronic signal, making a simple connection can actuate a signal to begin a startup process. \n \nThink of a light bulb and corresponding switch, or a car and it's keyed ignition. \n \nA standby Connection of sorts is most likely present allowing the device to be turned on via a remote or to run very simple background tasks like keeping the time. ",
"Yes, it is \"really off.\" The button physically completes a circuit, allowing electricity to flow to the computer in the phone. The same way a light switch 'knows' you turned it on.",
"If it's a momentary switch, then parts of the device are never truly off. Some parts of it have to have power so it can detect the **temporarily** completed circuit.\n\nThis is the type of switch used on desktop and laptop computers, and in your keyboard and mouse."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1rdq3x
|
How much of a role did Herbert Hoover play in the Great Depression?
|
The people affected by the Depression blamed him so much as to call their cardboard boxes "Hoover Houses" but Harry Truman supposedly said that Hoover played no more role in the Depression than "you or I" (after campaigning that Hoover sucked in his election, but whatever). What specific policies of Hoover's can be directly linked to causing or worsening the Depression?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1rdq3x/how_much_of_a_role_did_herbert_hoover_play_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdmnbir",
"cdmqp50"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Herbert Hoover first and foremost believed in volunteerism and private charity. He did not encourage federal intervention whatsoever. He expected that the Great Depression (which wasn't considered that during Hoover's years just yet) would be solved if everyone worked together. The National Historic Site of his childhood home in Iowa states his belief quite clearly: \n\n*Committed to individualism and opposed to direct Federal intervention, he hoped at first that local governments and traditional charitable organizations could solve the problems that arose. When the massive unemployment and poverty of the 1930s overwhelmed the political system, public opinion soon transformed this internationally famous humanitarian into “the man with ice water in his veins.”* [Source](_URL_2_).\n\nHoover really meant \"rely on private charity.\" Here's a fine example of that belief: when a 10-year-old Ohio girl wrote Hoover saying she and her friends were collecting blankets, clothing, and food and wanted to send them to Washington D.C. for him to distribute to the needy, he wrote her back:\n\n*My dear Barbara, \nI have your very sweet letter of November 10th. It is a beautiful undertaking. I would suggest, however, that instead of sending the contributions which you collect to me, that you should distribute them to those in need in your own locality. \nYours faithfully, \nHerbert Hoover.* [Source](_URL_0_).\n\nI'm not sure if you want to call this a \"policy,\" but it was his firm belief which he constantly implemented between 1929-1933.\n\nAlso, to note - Truman's a little biased. In 1946, Truman asked the former president to tour \"around the world compiling estimates of the effects of famine and starvation.\" [Source](_URL_1_). They were political allies and, dare one say it, perhaps even friends.",
"[Here is an old post of mind about the Depression from 1929 to mid-1932](_URL_0_). /u/tinyshadow's explanation of Hoover's reliance on voluntarism and charity is also very good and important. Hoover did a lot of exhorting in terms of attempting to alleviate the Depression, but he was more of a cheerleader than a concrete policy advocate. His steadfast devotion to the gold standard, moreover, undoubtedly made the Depression more severe, as you will see in that post, though he did have the backing of most of the monetary cognoscenti at the time. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1373",
"http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hoover/world.htm",
"http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/herbert_hoover_nhs.html"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/14ighq/what_caused_the_great_depression_to_be_so_severe/c7df0fz"
]
] |
|
r64z7
|
Why does the ocean look vibrant blue/green in the tropics, but look grey up in the north Atlantic?
|
Just something I've noticed. Is it the temperature of the water? It looks much clearer the further south you go, too.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/r64z7/why_does_the_ocean_look_vibrant_bluegreen_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c437yul"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Northern water looks murkier because there's more plankton in it. Southern water can't dissolve as much carbon dioxide or oxygen, since it's warmer, so not as much lives in it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
39jmqw
|
Is there any evidence that suggests the universe is limited to the four dimensions we are aware of? Is there any evidence to the contrary?
|
I've been really curious about this for a while, especially after reading books like Flatland.
Also, if anyone could recommend some nontechnical books to help me become more knowledgeable about spacetime and related phenomena, I would really appreciate it.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/39jmqw/is_there_any_evidence_that_suggests_the_universe/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cs47hnk"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"There are many theories out there that have built on Einstein's theory of four-dimensional spacetime. One of the most well-known is [string theory](_URL_2_), which comes in many varieties, each of which predicts more than four spacetime dimensions, though the specific number varies. Originally, 26 total dimensions were required for the theory to work, but later developments reduced this number to 10, before bringing it back up to 11. There is a hypothesis that these theories are all various different aspects of a true theory known as [M-theory](_URL_0_), which retains the 11 dimensions.\n\nAs far as evidence goes, there are some hints in current knowledge that point towards extra dimensions. CERN is also looking for more direct evidence, and they have a nice webpage that discusses the topic [here](_URL_1_). Some highlights form that page:\n\n* The fact that gravity is so weak compared to the other three fundamental forces can point to extra dimensions: the idea is that since gravity arises from the spacetime itself, it may be diluted by a large number of dimensions, and would have comparable strength to the other three forces if the number of dimensions were actually four.\n\n* String theory and other higher-dimensional theories predict certain types of particles whose quantum states can only exist in spaces with a certain number of dimensions. This is one of the features that CERN looks for when colliding particles together - are any new particles produced that require > 4 dimensions?\n\n* Just as the electromagnetic field is quantized through photons, the gravitational field is quantized through gravitons. We have not yet seen gravitons, but we are pretty sure they exist. If > 4 dimensions exist, gravitions might escape into those dimensions, taking energy away with them. This would be measurable, so CERN is on the lookout for such missing energy.\n\n* The energy of the collisions CERN is producing is high enough that microscopic black holes might form. They will almost immediately disintegrate, and the manner in which they do so will tell us information about quantum gravity and extra dimensions.\n\nSo, there's no hard evidence yet, but there's a lot of effort underway to find it.\n\nAs for a book suggestion: Einstein himself wrote a book for non-physicists about relativity, called *Relativity: The Special and General Theory*. IIRC it's not heavy on the equation side, but it does stretch your mind (as spacetime should!). For a more modern take, *A Brief History of Time* by Stephen Hawking is a good read, and if you've seen Interstellar then Kip Thorne's *The Science of Interstellar* explains the history and concepts behind a lot of the spacetime effects in the movie."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory",
"http://home.web.cern.ch/about/physics/extra-dimensions-gravitons-and-tiny-black-holes",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"
]
] |
|
4t0wmn
|
How long was an average trench during WWI?
|
Trenches in WWI were a massive thing, but just how massive were they?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4t0wmn/how_long_was_an_average_trench_during_wwi/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5dqmpb"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The Western Front at it's most consistent, from December 1914 to March 1918, was about 540 miles in length. The Eastern Front was just over twice that length. Trench lines typically ran continuously for miles on end, and it was only in areas such as the Vosges sector on the southern most part of the Western Front, or in areas of the Eastern Front such as the Pripet Marshes where continuous lines were unfeasible, that there were breaks in the line. The short answer is that trench length varied greatly depending on the theatre and the circumstances. A simple, temporary battlefield trench might be long enough to contain a section of men, so 10+. But again, the length more often than not exceeded this, and so did the complexity of the trenches themselves.\n\nA good place to start would be Nicholas Murray's book, *Rocky Road to the Great War*, which is also the basis of [this lecture] (_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cbq7iu8FrI"
]
] |
|
9dpeb1
|
how does the brain heal and get back past memories after a severe concussion?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9dpeb1/eli5_how_does_the_brain_heal_and_get_back_past/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5j96wg"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Just wrote a long post about living with severe amnesia,.. you don't really get them back, and when you remember them it's like it's happening to someone else or you saw it on TV."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ei9o8
|
I have heard of some badass British Army regiments, but were any of them Irish?
|
Military buff here, and looking at British Army history there seems to be several examples of some pretty badass Scottish regiments (78th Highlanders at the Battle of Assaye, etc), but my question is are there any similar cases of Irish regiments being on the similar levels of badassery?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1ei9o8/i_have_heard_of_some_badass_british_army/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca15j17"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Yeah, look into the Irish regiments during the Boer war. Queen Elizabeth herself decided that all Irish regiments should wear the Shamrock on St. Patricks day no matter where they are in the world in recognition of their bravery in the Boer wars. They still do this today. It's described in this article _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock"
]
] |
|
4ctznu
|
What do scientists mean and what does it look like when they say "equations break down"?
|
Whenever I hear a physicist or mathematician talk about some absurd thing or object, I sometimes hear them say "and at this point the equations break down". But how do they "break down"? What exactly does that mean and what does it look like?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4ctznu/what_do_scientists_mean_and_what_does_it_look/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1m16qb",
"d1mc6d3"
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text": [
"Let's take a step back:\n\nScience is about creating models that both match natural phenomenon and predicts results as well. Science is **NOT** about explaining what is \"actually\" happening in the real world. This is a common misconception. \n\nThere are a couple interesting things that follow from this, such as the ability to create multiple models, \"explanations\" if you will, that cover the same natural phenomenon. This doesn't make any of the models \"more right or wrong\", they are merely different ways of looking at the same thing.\n\nBecause these models are inherently limited in scope to not match the fullness of reality, they have boundaries or places where they stop working and stop matching reality. Such as quantum mechanics not accounting for gravity, or general relativity not working on the scales of quantum mechanics. Or looking past the event horizon of a black hole.\n\nSo when \"the equations break down\", it just means we've found the boundary of the particular model we are talking about. Different models explaining the same thing might have different boundaries, thus making different models more usable in various situations. At that point, we simply don't have enough data to know what happens past that boundary, and thus the equations stop matching whatever actually happens in reality.\n\n",
"A simple example is Newton's equations of motion: v=u+at=u+F/m*t\n\nWhile that equation is accurate enough in everyday experience, it says that if you apply a large enough force for a long enough time, velocity will become arbitrarily large and exceed the speed of light.\n\nWe now know that is impossible: at high enough velocities, the equations \"break down\" and give increasingly inaccurate, even nonsensical results. We need a more accurate equation that takes the effects of relativity into account to get an accurate answer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2kgeoy
|
how is donation write-offs beneficial to people?
|
How does that process work? Is it done to get in a lower tax bracket? Inform me!
Edit: are*
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kgeoy/eli5_how_is_donation_writeoffs_beneficial_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cll1vac"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I assume we are talking about claiming charitable donations on your taxes? It helps by incentivizing people to give their money to charity. \n\nSo lets say I pay 20% of my income in taxes but I can claim 100% of my charitable donations. If I give $100 to a charity I will get $20 back at the end of the year, I'm really only losing $80 and am more likely to give to that charity.\n\nIt benefits the charity because more people are likely to give them money since it costs them less. \n \n\n**Side note:** It generally doesn't help with \"lowering your tax bracket\" because that's not how tax brackets work. Let's imagine your lower bracket is up to $30,000, your middle bracket is up to $60,000 and your high bracket is anything above that. \n \nYou make $31,000 /year so you're in the middle bracket. \n \nThis means $30,000 of your money is charged the lower bracket rate and $1000 is charged the middle bracket rate. If you give away $1000 to charity then sure, now you're \"in\" a lower bracket but you've given away all of the money in the higher bracket so saving the taxes on it is still a net loss compared to if you kept the money and paid the higher bracket tax rate the $1000."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1gt8bt
|
How do present day Germans feel about WW1 and WW2?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1gt8bt/how_do_present_day_germans_feel_about_ww1_and_ww2/
|
{
"a_id": [
"canktk4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"We're historians and we can't really answer questions on current day events. For example, had you asked us how Germans in the 60's and 70's felt about the two world wars, then it would have been something we could have answered. I would recommend going to AskReddit or AskSocialScience for this kind of question."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
nwn6b
|
I read somewhere that in intergalactic space, it's a pitch dark void, is this true?
|
I don't understand how we would be able to see galaxies from within our galaxy, but not between them.
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/nwn6b/i_read_somewhere_that_in_intergalactic_space_its/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3cjfto",
"c3cjfto"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"See [this thread](_URL_0_) from earlier today: lots of answers there, some of them even good. None put exact figures on light levels in intergalactic space, unfortunately.\n\nThe upshot is: if you were within a couple of million light years of a nice bright galaxy (like our one, or Andromeda), you ought to be able to see it at least as a blurry splodge. But much beyond that, photons would be too few and far between for your eyes to register them very reliably. A long exposure camera or a telescope would change that, of course, but they have limits too.",
"See [this thread](_URL_0_) from earlier today: lots of answers there, some of them even good. None put exact figures on light levels in intergalactic space, unfortunately.\n\nThe upshot is: if you were within a couple of million light years of a nice bright galaxy (like our one, or Andromeda), you ought to be able to see it at least as a blurry splodge. But much beyond that, photons would be too few and far between for your eyes to register them very reliably. A long exposure camera or a telescope would change that, of course, but they have limits too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/nw54j/if_a_man_was_out_in_deep_space_would_there_be/"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/nw54j/if_a_man_was_out_in_deep_space_would_there_be/"
]
] |
|
2158ku
|
How much emphasis was placed on continued ability in hand-to-hand/close quarters combat during the rise of gunpower?
|
Given the difficulty and lengthy process of reloading a gunpowder firearm, it would seem like having proficiency in traditional fighting techniques would remain a crucial part of military training.
Did the rise of gunpowder shift the traditional battle formation so drastically that men were no longer expected to engage in hand-to-hand combat? What about when armies campaigned in regions against opposition which had not acquired gunpowder weaponry?
**In Short:** How much training time was put toward operating a firearm?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2158ku/how_much_emphasis_was_placed_on_continued_ability/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg9tm9c"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"This is a long, long period of history you're asking about here. I think it's best separated into before and after the development of the socket bayonet (the late 17th century). I'm most familiar with warfare before that development, so I'll focus my comments there - specifically on the 15th and 16th centuries.\n\nArquebusiers and musketeers were largely expected to stay out of hand-to-hand combat, as archers before them had done. Melee combat was the responsibility of specialized melee troops who protected the shot (the term for ranged infantry) against enemy cavalry and infantry. It would be very rare in this period for shot to operate without the cover of friendly melee troops, namely pikemen (thus the term \"pike and shot\"), under whose protection they could retreat in the event of an enemy advance.\n\nSo gunpowder troops would receive almost all their training in operating firearms and interoperating with pikemen (learning to quickly advance and retreat from the cover of the pikemen), and would leave melee combat to the specialists. That's not to say that they wouldn't carry swords, or try to use them if forced to do it, but much like archers before them they were light infantry and ill-suited to fighting cavalry or heavy infantry.\n\nAn important thing to remember is that the place gunpowder troops occupied was quite similar to the place skirmishers had occupied for centuries. It wasn't as if the entire army suddenly used gunpowder weapons, and their function continued to be supporting pikemen as they clashed with the enemy's pikemen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
qo1th
|
Is it possible to temporarily demagnetize a "hard" magnet?
|
I'm aware one can create a simple electromagnet with a ferrous material and current, but what about the *opposite*. Is it possible to demagnetize a powerful "hard" magnet temporarily?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/qo1th/is_it_possible_to_temporarily_demagnetize_a_hard/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3z5moe",
"c3z772r"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"If you heat a magnet up enough it will demagnetize temporarily (or maybe permanently depending on the material it is made of and how it cools).",
"Here's a clever device that effectively allows you to turn a permanent magnet on and off: \n_URL_0_\n-----\nEdited to add: a similar mechanism is found in switchable lifting magnets, as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_base"
]
] |
|
advig8
|
how do we make things cold?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/advig8/eli5_how_do_we_make_things_cold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edkegag",
"edkem8x",
"edkeql4",
"edkes78"
],
"score": [
2,
38,
2,
7
],
"text": [
"Temperature, pressure and volume is related. If we force a gas into a smaller volume its pressure increases, and as its pressure increases its temperature increases. If we allowed the gas to expand again it would be back to normal. However if we first cooled down the gas so it was at ambient temperature and then expand it to its original volume and pressure it would become cooler then ambient temperature. We then have cold gas we can use to cool things down. Once we heat up the gas again we can reuse it. If you look at the back of a fridge or a freezer there will be a compressor and a radiator. Both the compressor and radiator will be hot when it is running. This energy comes from inside the fridge.",
"You have the right idea. We make things cold by removing heat. Technically there is no such things as \"cold\", just the absence of heat.\n\nThe easiest way to remove energy is to condense all of the energy in something into a small area which will cause it to heat up. If it heats up to hotter than the surrounding area, it will start losing energy to the environment. Then, when we allow the thing to expand back to it's normal volume, it is colder than it started.\n\nLet's take a refrigerator for example. When you first turn on a fridge the whole thing is the same temperature as the room it's in. But, then the compressor kicks on and condenses the freon (or freon substitute) in the cooling loop. When the freon is condensed it heats up and the cooling coils on the back of the fridge dissipate this heat into the air. At the end of the loop there is an expansion valve that allows the freon to expand back to its normal state. \n\nSince the freon lost so much energy during the compressed part of the loop it is now much colder than it started at. This cold freon is pumped inside of the fridge where it absorbs heat from the interior cabinet. This makes the inside of the fridge cold.\n\nNow that the freon has picked up the heat from the inside of the fridge, when it goes through the loop again it dumps this heat into the air around the fridge again.",
"We squeeze it to heat it up inside the radiator. \n\nThen the high pressure fluid (can be either a gas or liquid at this point depending on what you're using) gives off the heat we just put in it through the radiator. \n\nThen we pump it inside the fridge and stop squeezing. Allowing the pressure of a gas to drop from 2 atmospheres to an ambient 1 atmosphere pressure will cool it down from a 293K room to an absolutely frigid 146.5K (that's -126°c or -196°f!), or it would if it wasn't being constantly heated by the inside of the fridge. \n\nAllowing a liquid to boil requires even more heat to be taken from the inside of the fridge. ",
"Heat always flows from hotter body to a colder body. Nitrogen or freon are compressed, when compressed they heat up. This heat is transferred to an externar radiator on the back of the fridge and then slowly dissipates into air in the room. Then nitrogen or freon are rapidly decompressed, this decompression lowers their temperature. Heat from things inside the refridgerator then flows from them to an internal radiator, containing cold nitrogen or freon, which are then compressed again, and so on.\n\nTL;DR - to cool something inside a fridge you have to heat something outside the fridge. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7uajoo
|
Lee Harvey Oswald had defected to the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. Is this as unusual as it sounds, for the time? Why wasn't a bigger deal made of it after the Kennedy assassination?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7uajoo/lee_harvey_oswald_had_defected_to_the_soviet/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dtjfw66"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text": [
"I don't have any data relating to the numbers of Americans who defected to the USSR during the Cold War, so hopefully another contributor will come in with some information on that, but I am somewhat confused as to your suggestion that Oswald's time in the Soviet Union wasn't made \"a bigger deal\". As soon as Oswald's arrest was made public the US press reported on his communist sympathies and Russian connections. Here is part of a previous answer I posted to [another question](_URL_2_) I can copy/paste: \n\n > Another document, which you can view [here](_URL_3_), provides a telegram sent from the Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin to Moscow requesting advice concerning the news that Lee Harvey Oswald, who had communist connections, had been arrested and had been reported to have spent time in the USSR. Dobrynin states that after checking, it appeared the Oswald had indeed spent time in Minsk and had a Russian wife. Dobrynin notes that the media were focusing \"more and more\" on Oswalds left-wing sentiments and connections. Dobrynin suggested that the Soviets may wish to cooperate with the US government in providing Oswald's correspondence with his Russian wife.\n\n > In [a telegram to Moscow from Andrey Gromyko](_URL_0_), Gromyko stated that \"slanderous fabrications\" were being made by the US media with regard to Oswald's connections to the Soviet Union and Cuba. Gromyko suggested that if the US government requested information on Oswald's stay in the USSR, the embassy in Washington could provide them with a report. The reply from the Central Committee in Moscow approved this suggestion.\n\nThe *New York Times* reported on 23rd November 1963 (the day after Kennedy's assassination) that [\"\\[i\\]t was a $435.71 United States Government loan that enabled Lee Harvey Oswald to return to this country 18 months ago after living two and a half years in the Soviet Union.\"](_URL_4_) As Robert Caro noted, almost immediately after Lyndon Johnson was back on Air Force One and had been sworn in, 'television networks announced that ... a former Marine named Oswald had been arrested, and then facts, or rather alleged facts, started to emerge about Oswald's stay in Russia, about his application for Soviet citizenship, and his links with pro-Castro groups.'^1 Even before Johnson was aboard Air Force One, he 'had begun to fear that Kennedy's assassination \"might be part of a worldwide plot.\"'^2 Oswald's communist connections would certainly feed into that fear.\n\nOutside of the the US media, US intelligence communities were, unsurprisingly, immediately abuzz with activity over Oswald and his Russian and Cuban connections were given great attention. Despite the fact that the US intelligence community was aware of Oswald's defection to the USSR in 1959, as well as his visits to both the Soviet and Cuban embassies in late 1963, a report from the CIA to President Johnson shortly after Oswald's murder, now lost, apparently stated that 'the CIA had no hard evidence that Oswald was an agent of Moscow or Havana -- but he might be.'^3 While the US government and its intelligence apparatus eventually concluded that Oswald had worked alone and was not part of a Soviet or Cuban conspiracy to assassinate the president, a lot of attention was paid to Oswald's defection, communist sympathies, and connections to left-wing groups.\n\nYou may also be interested in [this document](_URL_1_) too, also from the Wilson Center, which outlines the Soviet approval for Oswald's request to defect to the USSR in 1959, and includes Oswald's original defection request letter.\n\n\n\nNon-digital references:\n\n1. Caro, Robert A., *The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power*, (New York: Vintage Books, 2012), p. 356\n2. Andrew, Christopher, *For The President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush*, (London: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 308\n3. Weiner, Tim, *Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA*, (London: Penguin, 2007), 261"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119369",
"http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119382",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/55wy6r/jfk_was_assassinated_on_nov_22_1963_the_united/",
"http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119368",
"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990CE1D81130EF3BBC4B51DFB7678388679EDE&legacy=true"
]
] |
||
1y834p
|
why gwyneth paltrow is one of the most hated celebrities
|
Besides being married to a Thom Yorke wannabe, what's wrong with Gwyneth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y834p/eli5_why_gwyneth_paltrow_is_one_of_the_most_hated/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfi690i",
"cfi6smy"
],
"score": [
6,
14
],
"text": [
"She's hated? First I've heard of it.\n\nSource?",
"Many people believe that she's rich, snobbish, elitist, and out of touch with average people. She came from money, enjoyed success in Hollywood, and married someone rich and famous. Many of her quotes and behavior typify the things that people hate in rich and famous people.\n\nShe has two children: Apple and Moses. \n\nShe's quoted as saying things like \"I'm really fucking good at my job\" and \"I'd rather die than let my kid eat cup-a-soup\".\n\nShe came out with a cookbook that only the very richest could afford. It's like the polar opposite of Rachel Ray's cookbooks. Super expensive, hard to find items. \n\nHer attitudes on health seem rather condescending to some people, as if their problems could be solved if they were just rich like her: eat foods that cost more than what the average person makes in a day and exercise with all that free time you have with your own personal trainer.\n\nShe runs a website, GOOP (to \"nourish the inner aspect\"), which is basically a super wealthy person giving other super wealthy people advice on how to live. Meanwhile, for the other 99% of people out there, it's bad advice. \n\nShe badmouthed America while praising England - they're interesting; we're not.\n\nShe criticized mothers for not finding time to exercise.\n\nHer Christmas gift guide included SUPER expensive toys - again, more than many Americans make in a single day. Clothes for mom that cost more than what most people spend on food every month.\n\nShe doesn't allow her kids to watch television spoken in English. This makes them more cultured and educated.\n\nShe avoids many foods she deems personally unhealthy, like alcohol, coffee, meat, and some kinds of fish. Meanwhile, her personal recipes for healthy food would cost a few hundred PER DAY.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
z6m0t
|
What happens to muscle mass that is gained through exercise, when you stop exercising?
|
I've heard it turns to fat, however turning proteins to lipids doesn't seem plausible, so what happens? For the sake of a case study, let's imagine a body builder of ten years quits exercising. What happens to their muscles?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/z6m0t/what_happens_to_muscle_mass_that_is_gained/
|
{
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"text": [
"It \"atrophies\". Basically, your body breaks it down because you don't need it anymore(you aren't exerting yourself through exercise). Astronauts suffer from this greatly in space due to weightlessness. They have to exercise in special ways so they don't lose their muscle mass.\n\nI'm not qualified to say this for sure, but I think this is how it happens.",
"Muscle tissue doesn't directly turn into fat; you're right that wouldn't be chemically sound. What can happen to cause the appearance of muscle turning into fat is a sudden change in activity level for a body whose hormone production, metabolism, and calorie intake are accustomed to a higher level of activity. The muscle goes away, and the energy that would have gone to the muscle's upkeep is now stored in fat.\n\nAs far as where the actual muscle tissue goes, it is broken down and reabsorbed into the bloodstream just like any other cells that your body deems an unnecessary allocation of energy.",
"_URL_0_\n\nMuscular atrophy occurs during detraining, but it appears the amount of myonuclei gained through hypertrophy remains constant, so when retrained the muscles will bounce back fairly quickly. \n\nSo if you stop working out and start working out again, you regain mass better than if you were starting from scratch.",
"Their muscles may atrophy, but the structure of their muscle tissue is forever changed. Building a muscle, especially the way a bodybuilder trains, stretches the fascia of each muscle fiber. It is similar to if you stretched a rubber band so far that it could never return to quite the same shape. It would be forever easier for this bodybuilder to put the muscle back on than it would be for a person who had never built any muscle mass to begin with. That being said, it still would not be easy to rebuild, only easier than the first time (unless he/she is too old by this point and his/her joints are damaged/frail etc. to train properly)",
"The reason that people say it turns to fat is that if you work out a lot, you generally need a higher caloric intake. In many cases when people stop working out, they don't change their eating habits to follow suit, and they all of a sudden intake way too many calories for their activity level. ",
"When working out your body needs much higher amounts of proteins, calories, and other nutrients to build muscle. As is said, \"eat big, train big, get big\". The anabolic state is triggered by training/exercise/lifting only when you are intaking the necessary nutrients. \nPeople who stop training but maintain a similar diet to when they were training will inevitably gain fat due to over consumption of nutrients.\nOn the flip side if you have a certain amount of muscle and you aren't taking in enough nutrients (specifically protein and calories) your body will go into a catabolic state where muscle makeup is used to power the body. \nOften times fat stores are left, leaving that person with a fat and skinny body. Highly undesirable.",
"Related question: How is muscle mass formed through exercise in the first place? The answer to this question will likely make the responses to the OP's question make sense."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://nutsci.org/2010/08/23/muscle-memory-its-in-the-myonuclei/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
24eodn
|
Can you melt any substance?
|
I know it sounds ludicrous, but they always say that water is the only substance that can be three states of matter on this planet naturally, but is it possible to melt everyday objects if it were hot enough? For instance wood, if you got it hotter that it would need to catch fire and burn, could you somehow make it into a liquid form?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/24eodn/can_you_melt_any_substance/
|
{
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"ch6g8xa",
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"text": [
"Try a [quick search](_URL_0_) in the future to see past threads.",
"A lot of solids decompose before melting: this means they change their chemical composition because they are not stable enough at high temperatures. They may either react with air (like most organic matter) or just blow up (like limestone, which releases carbon dioxide leaving quicklime behind). But there's also a whole lot of minerals that melt (lava).\n\nAs for the everyday objects, some would melt (metals, some plastics like polyethylene) and some would not (polystyrene, wood).",
"No, some things just can't be melted. When you melt a substance, you are weakening the bonds between molecules until the molecules are more free to move around (in a solid state, the molecules are fixed in place and only vibrate). When something is melted the molecules themselves keep the same structure, just the weaker bonds between each molecule change. This requires a certain amount of energy. The problem is that sometimes the amount of energy it would take to melt the substance and weaken the intermolecular bonds will also destroy the inherent structure of each molecule, effectively changing what it is. Take the wood example: wood is made mostly of cellulose. The energy it takes to melt the structure of wood would first destroy the molecules of cellulose, giving charcoal, water, and carbon dioxide. Now you could eventually \"melt\" the carbon left over at a particular temperature and pressure, see: _URL_0_\nBut the liquid you had left would not be liquid wood, it would be liquid carbon. Melting carbon requires very high pressure though, as at atmospheric pressure the carbon will sublime (go directly from a solid to a gas without ever being a liquid)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/search?q=melt+wood&restrict_sr=on"
],
[],
[
"http://www.kentchemistry.com/images/links/matter/Phase.gif"
]
] |
|
98febg
|
How much of a problem is space debris for the ISS and shuttles?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/98febg/how_much_of_a_problem_is_space_debris_for_the_iss/
|
{
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"text": [
"There are no more space shuttles, but for the ISS and other spacecraft, the answer is space debris is a potential hazard, but fairly easily managed. NASA and the DoD track tens of thousands of pieces of debris to ensure there are no collisions. The orbits of the ISS or any other spacecraft can be adjusted to avoid potential collisions if necessary. The ISS is routinely hit with tiny pieces of debris (a few millimeters) but it has shielding so it can handle these routine impacts. Debris in low-Earth orbit doesn't stay there very long, so it's not a huge issue. Debris poses a greater risk to satellites in higher orbits, but no human activity takes place there.",
"Smaller debris cannot be avoided but most doesn't do any damage or just microscopic damage, once in a while the ISS gets hit by an object large enough to cause visible damage. [Here is an example](_URL_0_).\n\nThe pressurized volume has a special shield against impacts. It can withstand impacts of objects up to about a centimeter.\n\nLarge debris (several centimeters and larger) is actively tracked, if the ISS could get close (kilometers) to such an object it changes its trajectory slightly to avoid it.\n\nThere is some region between what the debris shield can handle and what can be tracked from the ground, but the chance that such an object hits the ISS over its lifetime is small.",
"Hi, I'm on the ISS MMOD team.\n\nFor the ISS orbit, the debris flux is fairly low compared to higher altitude orbits. However the ISS is still costantly bombarded with meteoroids and orbital debris, however most of it is small enough that it does not result it significant damage but it will still cause surface degradation for things like radiators, antennas, and solar arrays, reducing their effectiveness.\n\nFor the more susceptible or critical ISS systems we make sure they are well protected and are constantly updating our assessments to reevaluate exposed hardware for changes to their risk level.\n\nIf a particular piece of hardware is determined to have a higher than desired risk level, we can sometimes develop supplemental shielding options to help protect it. In 2016, when the program was planning to relocate PMA-3 to Node 2 zenith (a radial port) from Node 3 Port (axial port) that caused a section of the berthing interface (critical pressure wall, only 1 layer of structure between space and the habitable volume) to become exposed to the environment, we developed a shield to cover the exposed areas and keep the risk down to acceptable levels.\n\n\nHowever, despite the low amount of debris, and debris avoidance maneuvers that can dodge tracked piece of debris there is still a size range of debris that is large enough to cause a critical failure but too small to track. One of these projectiles hit the photovoltaic radiator on P4 in 2014: _URL_0_\n\nThat impact luckily barely missed the fluid lines in the radiator, but we estimate that it was large enough to have caused a failure if it had hit a few millimeters higher.\n\nSo your question of how much a problem it is: I'd say not a huge problem right now for the ISS (since it is by the far the best protected spacecraft in history) but it doesn't take much to change that. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.space.com/20925-space-station-bullet-hole-photo.html"
],
[
"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/07/iss-managers-evaluating-mmod-radiator/"
]
] |
||
2vuw43
|
When a snake swallows an animal whole, what actually kills the animal? Does it suffocate, or does it die from being exposed to the snake's gastric acids or something else?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2vuw43/when_a_snake_swallows_an_animal_whole_what/
|
{
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"text": [
"Not a biologist but pretty sure it's constriction that asphyxiates the animal as well as crushing bones and causing internal injuries. Used to have a few. Snakes and watched them kill a few things. They were dead before the snake let them go and then attempted to eat them. And the crushing process took a surprising longer time than I'd expect. ",
"I have a pet python. Constrictors asphyxiate their prey before swallowing them. \n\nBasically, they strike and latch on with their jaws and coil their neck tightly around their prey restricting lung function and blood circulation. The snake holds this position for a few minutes until it is sure the prey is dead, then leisurely unwind and begin the process of swallowing it down.\n\nFor pets, it is actually more common to just feed a pre-killed thawed frozen mice. You can buy them cheaply in bulk and it is safer for the snake; cornered rodents are nasty critters and often will scrape up the snake pretty bad. Even though the mouse is already dead, the snake still goes through the same process by instinct.",
"In the majority of cases, the animal is already dead. Snakes that eat prey whole either constrict it and kill it first, or poison it with venom and kill it first. \n\nFor those that do get eaten alive, asphyxiation is the killer. There's no oxygen to breathe in a snake's gullet which will eventually do in a grasshopper that a baby snake eats, and snakes swallow prey head-first. \n\nIt's a lot tougher to eat a live animal than a dead one, particularly when it's larger than the diameter of your body."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
62uvpq
|
Do some people burn more calories performing mental tasks than others performing those same tasks? Given they both have the same experience or knowledge of the subject?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/62uvpq/do_some_people_burn_more_calories_performing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfqbgc3"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Last time calorie burning by the brain was brought up,a brain at rest and a brain thinking hard burns the same number of calories. That question was asked by some one wondering why we felt tired after exams and hours of concentration. \n\nThe studies cited were limited by ethical concerns. They didn't put people under mental strain in the lab, instead they looked at students during exam studies and similar circumstances, I wouldn't say it was conclusive but it was enough to convince me to do physical exercises instead the idea that studying would help me loose weight. \n\nMaybe they haven't done a direct study because neurologists just know from other work that the brain burns calories at a steady rate but I've never looked further into it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5lxq7q
|
What is the relationship between a photon's spin and polarization?
|
I've been told that a photon's spin vector is ultimately measuring the same thing as the electric and magnetic ripples it creates but I can't figure out the mathematical relationship.
Spin is measured in units of angular momentum while electric and magnetic potential have their own units. Is there a simple equation that describes this relationship?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5lxq7q/what_is_the_relationship_between_a_photons_spin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbznlkq"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Light has two types of angular momentum: spin and orbital (SAM and OAM). They can be represented by the equations [here](_URL_0_).\n\nSAM is explained by the circularity of the light's polarization. If you have a plane wave of light where the polarization direction \"spins\" in a circle as the beam propagates, then the beam has SAM.\n\nOAM is explained by the helicity of the wavefront. Plane waves have no orbital angular momentum, but e.g. Laguerre-Gaussian beams do (see spiral shapes in [this figure](_URL_1_))"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum_of_light#Mathematical_expressions_for_the_angular_momentum_of_light",
"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/227399224_fig1_FIG-2-Transverse-profile-of-fundamental-Gaussian-beam-l-0-and-Laguerre-Gaussian"
]
] |
|
69bl3z
|
gel electrophoresis, i have a bio test tomorrow.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69bl3z/elif_gel_electrophoresis_i_have_a_bio_test/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dh5b81y"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Depending on the pH, most biomolecules have a charge. When placed in an electric field, those molecules will try to migrate towards the electrode with the opposite charge of the biomolecule.\n\nNow, if you place indentations into a gel (like agarose, for example) you can load the molecules into the indentation (well). Then apply an electrical current and have the molecules start to migrate. The gel will get in the way and cause the molecules to slow down based on some physical property like size or shape.\n\nNow, things like DNA have a negative charge that is pretty constant over the whole length, so they end up migrating by size. Proteins can be coated in negatively-charged detergent or positively-charged detergent to have them migrate based on size, too.\n\nOnce separated by size, you stain the biomolecule with something you can see and you have bands of biomolecules separated by size.\n\nYou can separate by size, charge, shape or pH properties (pKa) depending on how you do it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8osu0b
|
weather anomaly in arctic canada: why has it been colder than normal while the rest of the country will be warmer above normal? again.
|
We will have another colder than usual summer while the rest of the country will be above normal. Why the anomaly?
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8osu0b/eli5_weather_anomaly_in_arctic_canada_why_has_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e062k04"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Temp also has a lot to do with air currents. A wind pushes hot air from south america into the US during winter and we get a record high temp in february. A wind current that would normally blow south could have decided to stop and blow back towards the arctic. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://weather.gc.ca/saisons/image_e.html?img=s123pfe1t_cal_comb"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pu6ok
|
Was the fall of the Soviet Union expected, or a surprise?
|
Did the United States expect the Soviet Union to fall when it did? If I remember correctly, an attempted coup on Gorbachev was the catalyst; but did the U.S have experts predicting that it would fall in x years?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1pu6ok/was_the_fall_of_the_soviet_union_expected_or_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd67d5c"
],
"score": [
29
],
"text": [
"I heard Ambassador Matlock speak recently (American Ambassador to the USSR from 1987-1991) and he said that the American diplomatic corps was actually discussing the imminent collapse with their Soviet counterparts back into 1988. He referenced the incredible confidentiality of the talks as a factor that helped the break-up happen relatively calmly. I thought it was pretty amazing to hear that. In his opinion it was known to be inevitable by both sides. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pkqly
|
What inspired the Romans to keep such good records of their history?
|
When I think of history, I think of Herodotus, Thucydides, and the Romans - Plutarch, Polybius, etc. Was it a Greek influence? Did the Gauls and other peoples keep such comprehensive and artistic histories that weren't isolated to oratory?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1pkqly/what_inspired_the_romans_to_keep_such_good/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd3g0lk"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Each of the ancient historians would have their own reasons to write about Roman history. One reason that has been touched upon by some of my friends is how Roman culture demanded that you do something with your time, and for some, writing histories was more appealing than going to war, or seeking political office. Some wrote to warn later Romans about what losing the lessons of their own history could do to the Empire, some wrote to take their part in preserving the culture and feats of the Roman Empire. Livy writes that he wanted to write his *Ab Urbe Condita* to \"perpetuate the achievements of a people, the lords of the world\". Another reason he wrote it was as a warning to future Romans about losing sight of what is good and destroying the Empire, in pursuit of riches and pleasures. Since I could not find an online translation of the preface of *Ab Urbe Condita* to give you as a link, I will have to type it, as it is a great resource if you want to understand why they wrote their histories, as many other historians have stated similar reasons for writing.\n\n\"Whether in tracing the history of the Roman people, from the foundation of the city, I shall employ myself to a useful purpose, I am neither very certain, nor, if I were, dare I say: inasmuch as I observe, that it is both an old and hackneyed practice, later authors always supposing that they will either adduce something more authentic in the facts, or that they will excel the less polished ancients in their style of writing. Be that as it may, it will, at all events be a satisfaction to me, that I too have contributed my share, to perpetuate the achievements of a people, the lords of the world; and if, amidst so great a number of historians, my reputation should remain in obscurity, I may console myself with the celebrity and lustre of those who shall stand in the way of my fame. Moreover, the subject is both of immense labour, as being one which must be traced back for more than seven hundred years, and which having set out from small beginnings has increased to such a degree that it is now distressed by its own magnitude. And to most readers, I doubt not but that the first origin and the events immediately succeeding, will afford but little pleasure, while they will be hastening to these later times, in which the strength of this overgrown people has for a long period been working its own\ndestruction. I, on the contrary, shall seek this, as a reward of my labour, to withdraw myself from the calamities, which our age has witnessed for some many years so long as I am reviewing mu whole attention these ancient times being free from every care that may distract a writer's mind, though it can not warp it from the truth. The traditions which have come down to us of what happened before the building of the city, or before its building was contemplated, as being suitable rather to the fictions of poetry than to the genuine records of history, I have no intention either to affirm or refute. This indulgence is conceded to antiquity, that by blending things human with divine, may make the origin of cities appear more venerable: and if any people might be allowed to consecrate their origin, and to ascribe it to the gods as its authors, such is the renown of the Roman people in war, that when they represent Mars, in particular, as their own parent and that of their founder, the nations of the world may submit to this as patiently as they submit to their sovereignty.-But in whatever way these and such like matters shall be attended to, or judged of, I shall not deem of great importance. I would have every man apply his mid seriously to consider these points, what their life and what their manners were; through what men and by what measures, both in peace and in war, their empire was acquired and extended; then, as discipline gradually declined, let him follow in his thoughts their morals, at first as slightly giving way, anon how they sunk more and more, then began to fall headlong, until he reaches the present times when we can neither endure our vices nor their remedies. This it is which is particularly salutary and profitable in the study of history, that you behold instances of every variety of conduct displayed on a conspicuous monument; that from thence you may select for yourself and your country that which you may imitate; thence note what is shameful in the undertaking, and shameful in the result, which you may avoid. But either a fond partiality for the task I have undertaken deceives me, or there never was any state either made greater, or more moral, or richer in good examples, nor one into which luxury and avarice mad their entrance so late, and where poverty and frugality were so much and so long honored; so that the less wealth there was, the less desire was there. Of late, riches have introduced avarice, and excessive pleasures a longing for them, amidst luxury and a passion for ruining ourselves and destroying everything else. But let complaints, which will not be agreeable even then, when perhaps they will be also necessary, be kept aloof at least from the first stage of commencing so great a work. We should rather, if it was usual with us as it is with poets, begin with good omens, vows and prayers to the gods and goddesses to vouchsafe good success to our efforts in so arduous an undertaking.\"\n\nAs for your question about the Gauls, I know of no writings. This is unfortunately the case for many of the other peoples from those times (Parthia, various Germanic tribes, and Carthage, as the majority of writings about these peoples were recorded by Roman and Greek historians). There are however, some historians of other cultures, Josephus for example wrote the Jewish Antiquities.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
mmxk0
|
What is the minimum mass required for a celestial object to become spherical in shape?
|
Moons, planets, and stars are usually spheres and many asteroids tend to be big rocks. How massive does an object have to be before nature makes it a sphere? And why do large masses become spherical?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mmxk0/what_is_the_minimum_mass_required_for_a_celestial/
|
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"text": [
"AFAIK the smallest *round* moon in the solar system is Mimas (about 3.8 x 10^19 kg), although it slightly tidally distorted ovoid by Saturn's gravity.\n\n > Planets are round because their gravitational field acts as though it originates from the center of the body and pulls everything toward it. With its large body and internal heating from radioactive elements, a planet behaves like a fluid, and over long periods of time succumbs to the gravitational pull from its center of gravity. The only way to get all the mass as close to planet's center of gravity as possible is to form a sphere. The technical name for this process is \"isostatic adjustment.\" \n\n[source](_URL_0_)",
"Well I wasn't able to find a specific answer, but Saturn's moon Mimas weighs in at 3.75×10^19 kg, the least massive celestial body known to be able to pull itself into a spherical shape.",
"AFAIK the smallest *round* moon in the solar system is Mimas (about 3.8 x 10^19 kg), although it slightly tidally distorted ovoid by Saturn's gravity.\n\n > Planets are round because their gravitational field acts as though it originates from the center of the body and pulls everything toward it. With its large body and internal heating from radioactive elements, a planet behaves like a fluid, and over long periods of time succumbs to the gravitational pull from its center of gravity. The only way to get all the mass as close to planet's center of gravity as possible is to form a sphere. The technical name for this process is \"isostatic adjustment.\" \n\n[source](_URL_0_)",
"Well I wasn't able to find a specific answer, but Saturn's moon Mimas weighs in at 3.75×10^19 kg, the least massive celestial body known to be able to pull itself into a spherical shape."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-are-planets-round"
],
[],
[
"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-are-planets-round"
],
[]
] |
|
a3s36t
|
how come roadways aren't filled with tire dust if over time, tires become worn out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a3s36t/eli5_how_come_roadways_arent_filled_with_tire/
|
{
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"Tire dust is very light. It blows easily in the wind and it is actually a significant portion of air pollution in cities. It can also be partially melted (such as skid marks from rabid breaking) and will stain the road black in places. ",
"It is one of the significant causes of ocean plastic pollution. We hear about the straws and bags purely because you can see then. Tyre rubber is one of the microplastics which we can't see but causes immense pollution."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
22xg2y
|
how does a store like game make profit on selling a 20 dollar steam card for 20 dollars?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22xg2y/eli5_how_does_a_store_like_game_make_profit_on/
|
{
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"text": [
"They buy them for less than $20",
"This is essentially referral marketing. The store attracts a mass of consumers, Steam gives the store a portion of the profits for directing the consumers to them. In this case you don't really pay any more than you typically would (though I'd be surprised if Stream doesn't occasionally run sales that are a better value if you purchase directly from them).\n\nKeep this on mind when making any large purchases. If you go to group A who then refers you to group B, chances are that group B pays group A to do so. Typically that cost is then marked up and passed on to you. Angies list, Groupon, emergency home service hot lines, box stores with shop at home vendors, etc all do this. You will almost always get a better deal by going directly to Group B."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
wnbky
|
How many dictators has the US supported throughout history?
|
My knowledge only extends back to the start of the cold war, but these are the ones I know:
Marcos
Noriega
Suharto
Mobutu
Duvalier
Trujillo
Reza Shah
What am I missing?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/wnbky/how_many_dictators_has_the_us_supported/
|
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"text": [
"The United States has a long tradition of backing friendly dictators in Latin American and the Caribbean. \n\nAnd you could argue that our alliance with Louis XVI was our first dalliance with a dictatorial government.",
"It depends on what you define as a dictator and how fair rigid your definition of support means.\n\nI mean, does the US giving food aid to North Korea constitute us supporting Kim Jong-il (and now Kim Jong-un)?\n\nDoes US support of South Korea in the past constitute the US supporting a dictator since some consider past South Korean Presidents dictators?",
"The United States supported the Bolivian military throughout the 1960s, including the period of Junta rule, and worked with the Bolivian army to capture Che Guevara.\n\nThe United States also supported General Siad Barre of Somalia from 1979 until 1989 despite the dictator notionally being the leader of a communist state. \n\nThe CIA was also involved in the planning of the overthrow of Chilean president Salvador Allende, which directly led to a military junta and eventually the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.\n\nThere were also close relations between the United States and the members of the Somoza dynasty of Nicaragua.\n\nAfter the Camp David Accords, the United States gave 2 billion in military aid per year to the regime of Hosni Mubarak.\n\nWe supported Synghman Rhee in South Korea up until he was deposed in 1960.\n\nThis is ahistorical, but [here](_URL_0_) is an article about current strongmen that the United States has relationships with.",
"How many have we supported? That's probably tough to answer explicitly as it depends on your definition of a dictator and support. It's well known we actually train them at the School of Americas in Georgia, particularly the South Americans. But our hand is fully extended to the aid of authoritarians around the globe from Kazakhstan to Burma, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. \n\nPerhaps a better question is what dictators are not receiving some sort of aid from the United States. But remember Kissinger's quote \"America doesn't have friends, it only has interests\".\n\n",
"[Operation Condor](_URL_0_) is a good point to start. To quote from the wiki:\n\n > Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, also known as Plan Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor), was a campaign of political repression and terror involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. The program aimed to eradicate alleged socialist and communist influence and ideas and to control active or potential opposition movements against the participating governments.[1] Due to its clandestine nature, the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor is highly disputed. It is estimated that a minimum of 60,000 deaths can be attributed to Condor,[2] possibly more.[3][4][5] Condor's key members were the governments in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil. The United States provided technical support and supplied military aid to the participants until at least 1978, with Ecuador and Peru joining later in more peripheral roles.[6]\n\nI'm sorry that I cannot provide better sources than Wikipedia, but you might find some further reading in the article's sources.",
"Don't forget Fulgencio Batista. The US government sure doesn't, nor do all the Cuban wealthy who fled when he was toppled and form a powerful right-wing constituency in the US to this day.\n\nThere are also lots of highly undemocratic, repressive regimes that might be defined as \"confined oligarchies\" in one-party states (the Nguema successors in Equatorial Guinea really fall into this category, as does *apartheid* South Africa, though on different points of the spectrum).",
"The list of shame:\n\n\n**Africa**\n\nMOBUTU SESE SEKO \nDictator of Zaire 1965-1997\n\nMOHAMMED SIAD BARRE\nPresident/Dictator of Somalia 1969-1991\n\nGEN. IBRAHIM BABANGIDA \nMilitary Dictator/President of Nigeria 1985-1993\n\nGEN. SANI ABACHA \nDictator of Nigeria 1993-1998\n\nHASTINGS KAMUZU BANDA\nDictator of Malawi 1966-1994\n\nLAURENT-DÉSIRÉ KABILA \nPresident/Dictator of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1997-2001\n\nGNASSINGBE ETIENNE EYADEMA\nDictator of Togo 1967-2005\n\nFELIX HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY\nDictator/President of the Ivory Coast 1960-1993\n\nHASSAN II\nKing of Morocco 1961-1999\n\nTEODORO OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO\nPresident/Dictator of Equatorial Guinea 1979-present\n\nZINE EL ABIDINE BEN ALI\nPresident-Prime Minister/Dictator of Tunisia 1987-2011\n\nANWAR EL-SADAT\nPresident/Dictator of Egypt 1970-1981\n\nHOSNI MUBARAK\nPresident/Dictator of Egypt 1981-2011\n\nIAN SMITH\nPrime Minister of Rhodesia (white minority regime) 1965-1979\n\nPIETER WILLEM BOTHA\nPrime Minister of South Africa (white minority regime) 1978-1984, President 1984-1989\n\nDANIEL ARAP MOI\nPresident/Dictator of Kenya 1978-2002\n\nHAILE SELASSIE (RAS TAFARI)\nEmperor of Ethiopia 1928-1974\n\nWILLIAM J. S. TUBMAN\nPresident/Dictator of Liberia 1944-1971\n\nSAMUEL KANYON DOE \nDictator of Liberia 1980-1990\n\n**Asia**\n\nMOHAMED SUHARTO \nDictator of Indonesia 1966-1998\n\nNGO DINH DIEM\nPresident/Dictator of South Vietnam 1955-1963\n\nGEN. NGUYEN KHANH \nDictator of South Vietnam 1964-1965\n\nNGUYEN CAO KY\nDictator of South Vietnam 1965-1967\n\nGEN. NGUYEN VAN THIEU\nPresident/Dictator of South Vietnam 1967-1975\n\nTRAN THIEM KHIEM\nPrime Minister of South Vietnam 1969-75\n\nBAO DAI \nEmperor of Vietnam 1926-1945, chief of state 1949-1955\n\nLEE KUAN YEW \nPrime Minister/Dictator of Singapore 1959-1990; behind-the scenes ruler since then.\n\nEMOMALI RAHMONOV\nPresident/Dictator of Tajikistan 1992-present\n\nNURSULTAN NAZARBAYEV\nPresident of Kazakhstan 1990-present\n\nISLAM A. KARIMOV \nPresident/Dictator of Uzbekistan 1990-present\n\nSAPARMURAD ATAYEVICH NIYAZOV\nPresident/Dictator of Turkmenistan 1990-2006\n\nMARSHAL LUANG PIBUL SONGGRAM\nDictator of Thailand 1948-1957\n\nFIELD MARSHAL THANOM KITTIKACHORN \nPrime Minister/Dictator of Thailand 1957-58, 1963-1973\n\nCHIANG KAI-SHEK\nPresident/Dictator (Nationalist) of China 1928-1949\nPresident/Dictator of Taiwan 1949-1975\n\nCHIANG CHING-KUO\nPresident/Dicator of Taiwan 1978-1988; Prime Minister 1972-1978\n\nFERDINAND MARCOS\nPresident/Dictator of the Philippines 1965-1986\n\nSYNGMAN RHEE \nPresident/Dictator of South Korea 1948-1960\n\nGEN. PARK CHUNG HEE\nPresident/Dictator of South Korea 1962-1979\n\nGEN. CHUN DOO HWAN \nPresident/Dictator of South Korea 1980-1988\n\nSIR MUDA HASSANAL BOLKIAH\nSultan of Brunei 1967-present\n\nGEN. LON NOL \nPrime Minister/Dictator of Cambodia 1970-1975\n\nMAJ. GEN. SITIVENI RABUKA \nDictator of Fiji 1987-1999\n\nASKAR AKAYEV\nPresident of Kyrgyzstan 10/27/1990-2005\n\n**Europe**\n\nFRANCISCO FRANCO\nDictator of Spain 1939-1975\n\nANTONIO SALAZAR DE OLIVEIRA\nDictator of Portugal 1928-1968\n\nCOL. GEORGIOS PAPADOPOULOS \nPrime Minister/President/Dictator of Greece 1967-1973\n\n**Latin America**\n\nANASTASIO SOMOZA GARCIA \nDictator of Nicaragua 1937-1947, 1950-1956 \n\nANASTASIO \"TACHITO\" SOMOZA DEBAYLE\nDictator of Nicaragua 1967-1972, 1974-1979\n\nMANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA \nDictator of Guatemala 1898-1920\n\nGEN. JORGE UBICO CASTANEDA \nDictator of Guatemala 1931-1944\n\nCOL. CARLOS ENRIQUE CASTILLO ARMAS\nDictator of Guatemala 1954-1957\n\nGEN. JOSE MIGUEL YDIGORAS FUENTES\nPresident/Dictator of Guatemala 1958-1963\n\nCOL. ENRIQUE PERALTA AZURDIA\nMilitary Junta, Guatemala 1963-1966\n\nCOL.CARLOS ARANA OSORIO\nDictator of Guatemala 1970-1974\n\nGEN. FERNANDO ROMEO LUCAS GARCIA\nDictator of Guatemala 1978-1982\n\nGEN. JOSE EFRAIN RIOS MONTT\nDictator of Guatemala 1982-1983\n\nMARCO VINICIO CEREZO ARÉVALO\nPresident/Dictator of Guatemala 1986-1991\n\nMAXIMILIANO HERNANDEZ MARTINEZ \nDictator of El Salvador 1931-1944\n\nCOL. OSMIN AGUIRRE Y SALINAS\nDictator of El Salvador 1944-1945\n\nCIVILIAN-MILITARY JUNTA, EL SALVADOR\n1961-1962\n\nCOL. ARTURO ARMANDO MOLINA BARRAZA\nDictator of El Salvador 1972-1977\n\nJUNTA, EL SALVADOR \n1979-1982\n\nALFREDO FÉLIX CRISTIANI BUKARD\nPresident/Dictator of El Salvador 1989-1994\n\nTIBURCIO CARIAS ANDINO \nDictator of Honduras 1932-1948\n\nCOL. OSWALDO LOPEZ ARELLANO\nDictator of Honduras 1963-1975\n\nROBERTO SUAZO CORDOVA\nPresident/Dictator of Honduras 1982-1986\n\nGEN. OMAR HERRERA-TORRIJOS \nDictator of Panama 1969-1981\n\nGEN. MANUEL ANTONIO MORENA NORIEGA \nDictator of Panama 1982-1989\n\nAUGUSTO PINOCHET UGARTE\nDictator of Chile 1973-1990\n\nGEN. JORGE RAFAEL VIDELA \nDictator of Argentina 1976-1981\n\nCOL. MARCOS PEREZ JIMENEZ \nDictator of Venezuela 1950-1958\n\nGEN. ALFREDO STROESSNER\nDictator of Paraguay 1954-1989\n\nALBERTO FUJIMORI\nDictator of Peru 1990-2000\n\nFRANCOIS \"PAPA DOC\" DUVALIER\nDictator of Haiti 1957-1971\n\nJEAN-CLAUDE \"BABY DOC\" DUVALIER \nDictator of Haiti 1971-1986\n\nMILITARY JUNTA / LT. GEN. RAOUL CEDRAS, GEN. PHILIPPE BIAMBY and LT. COL. MICHEL-JOSEPH FRANCO\nHaiti 1991-1994\n\nGEN. RENE BARRIENTOS ORTUNO \nPresident/Dictator of Bolivia 1964-1969 \n\nGEN. HUGO BANZER SUAREZ \nDictator of Bolivia 1971-1978\n\nDR. GETULIO VARGAS \nDictator of Brazil 1930-1945, 1951-1954 \n\nGEN. HUMBERTO DE ALENCAR CASTELLO BRANCO \nDictator of Brazil 1964-1967\n\nCARLOS PRIO SOCARRAS \nDictator of Cuba 1948-1952\n\nFULGENCIO BATISTA\nDictator of Cuba 1933-44, 1952-1959\n\nGERARDO MACHADO MORALES \nDictator of Cuba 1925-1933\n\nRAFAEL LEONIDAS TRUJILLO\nDictator of the Dominican Republic 1930-1961\n\n**West asia**\n\nMOHAMMED REZA PAHLAVI\nShah of Iran 1941-1979\n\nSADDAM HUSSEIN\nDictator of Iraq 1969 (1979)-2003\n\nGEN. MOHAMMED AYUB KHAN \nPresident/Dictator of Pakistan 1958-1969\n\nGEN. AGHA MUHAMMAD YAHYA KHAN \nPresident/Dictator of Pakistan 1969-1971\n\nGEN. MOHAMMAD ZIA UL-HAQ \nPresident/Dictator of Pakistan 1977-1988\n\nPERVEZ MUSHARRAF\nDictator of Pakistan 1999-2008\n\nABDUL IBN HUSSEIN I \nKing of Jordan 1952-1999\n\nTURGUT ÖZAL\nPrime Minister of Turkey 1983-1989, President 1989-1993 \n\nSHEIK JABIR AL-AHMAD AL SABAH \nEmir of Kuwait 1977-2006\nPrime Minister of Kuwait 1962-1963, 1965-1978\n\nFAHD IBN ABDUL-AZIZ AL SAUD \nKing and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 1982-2005"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/28/america_unsavory_allies"
],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
2j2fl9
|
the relationship between radiation particles and the electromagnetic spectrum
|
I'm generally aware of the electromagnetic spectrum, how it goes from infrared to visible light, to ultraviolet and then x-rays, etc. Also I'm generally aware of "radioactive particles" such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles.
However I was thinking about it, and I realized I don't know what these radioactive particles "are". I know about quarks, the Higgs-boson, etc. But where are these radioactive particles coming from and how do they relate to other particles?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2j2fl9/eli5_the_relationship_between_radiation_particles/
|
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"Alpha particles are 2 protons and 2 neutrons, basically the nucleus of a helium-4 atom. Beta particles are electrons. Gamma particles (or gamma rays) are photons at an energy level above x-rays.",
"The particles emitted by radioactive materials are normal, everyday particles: alpha particles are 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together, beta particles are electrons (or sometimes their antimatter version, the positron), and gamma rays are photons. What makes them different is that they're very, VERY high energy, and can impart that energy to the things they hit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2t49ha
|
what would happen if china decided to stop producing consumer goods?
|
I'm always seeing "Made in China"
What would happen if they suddenly stopped, with no notice to anyone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t49ha/eli5_what_would_happen_if_china_decided_to_stop/
|
{
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"text": [
"China's entire economy would collapse, t shirts would triple in price.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
220v5z
|
Are there any records of the initial exposure of Europeans to new world foods?
|
I recall reading that the first waves of Europeans hated cranberries and tried to make tea out of Jimson weed, and hilarity ensued. I don't remember where I read this, but the idea that some people experimented in this way and wrote down the results is fascinating. I'd love to get more information.
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/220v5z/are_there_any_records_of_the_initial_exposure_of/
|
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"Rebecca Earle has an excellent book on this subject called [The Body of the Conquistador](_URL_0_). The main thrust of her argument is that the ways in which sixteenth century Europeans, and Spaniards in particular, saw the body was very different than we do today. In those days, notions of well-being were guided by humoral ideas according to which \"each individual possessed a particular, characteristic humoral balance, but that balance was always in uneasy equilibrium, subject to the impact of external forces, of which food was the most important.\" Therefore, consuming the wrong food was thought to produce terrible perturbations in someone's physical and emotional condition. This also had the interesting corollary that bodies were labile, so that, by consuming the wrong foods Europeans could become more like Amerindians, but, conversely, Amerindians could also become more like Spaniards if they consumed the right foods. \n\nWith this in mind, it is not too surprising that Europeans were extremely preoccupied with what foods were available in the New World, for themselves and the natives. There was a lot of effort invested in importing wheat bread, wine and olive oil from Europe, as a way to preserve their health. Europeans were suspicious of much of the perceived diet of Amerindians (there was a lot of talk of eating toads, and lizards and insects) though they were enthralled with fruits (especially pineapple which was called the fruit of kings), chili peppers, cocoa and sweet potatoes. They also really liked iguanas which they decided were fish and therefore could be eaten on fast days. New world starches were also held in very high regard, but for the most part, it was recommended that not too many of these were eaten at once, since its excess could be dangerous to the European constitution. Those who did, were often seen with suspicion. In the end it is important to remember that the regard with which Europeans held food in the New World was intimately tied with the regard they held for its inhabitants. The question of whether Amerindians were toad-eating savages or their cornbread could offer sustenance to Europeans as well was also the question of whether Amerindians could ever become good Christians. ",
"There was a portuguese named Gabriel Soares de Sousa who wrote in 1587 \"Diálogos das grandezas do Brasil\". In his whole book (about 300 pages) he give details about every animal and plant he knew in Brazil (the book was written for the Portugal king). He describes the sloths, for example, saying you could beat them or even put them on fire - they will not move faster (poor sloths). Another great source are the letters from the jesuits who came to Brazil to convert the indigenous populations. It's quite common to find descriptions about the nature, and how different and weird it was compared to European. ",
"I often wonder about the introduction of chilies to Asia. Seeing as it is so important to so much of the cuisines of that continent i wonder what their foods might have been like beforehand. Did it's popularity spread quickly? why did it become so much more popular in Asian cultures foods than European's?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Body-Conquistador-Experience-Perspectives/dp/1107693292/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1396483195&sr=8-1&keywords=body+of+the+conquistador"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
5z2vw4
|
how is it possible for the internet archive's wayback machine to store copies of so many websites?
|
I know they have several datacenters, but as of 2014 they had stored copies of over 400 billion web pages. How can one organization store such a mind-boggling amount of data?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5z2vw4/eli5_how_is_it_possible_for_the_internet_archives/
|
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"The files that make up most websites are tiny. I used to build sites and the actual programming just takes no real storage space to speak of. Pictures are another story but with compression their also pretty small.",
"The simple answer is, they don't store everything;\n\nWhen you go to a website a lot of things are happening and there is a lot of information and what not moving around behind the scenes, but what you see is frankly a relatively small amount of data. \n\nArchives work by taking basically pure text with some minor important formatting (HTML which is also not much text). \n\nThis is the reason that you can't use these Archives to go back and download powerpoints, PDFs, etc.. because those files with their various format are very expensive when it comes to space on a disk.\n\nAs an example I downloaded the source of this page (which includes ALOT of information an archive will strip out) and it came out to 72k...rounding for posterity's sake... a 1 Terabyte HD (what my computer has) could store this page 14M times...\n\nshrink data a bit, grow storage a bit and it becomes pretty possible.\n\nThen there is the ability to capture a \"diff\" between two pages which allows them to not have to duplicate all of the information on a page every time it changes. Instead they are able to just capture the changed text (a diff) and a timestamp that the change occurred. ",
"One thing to remember is that for years the internet used to consist of mostly text-based websites with some low res graphics, so these were easier to archive. With broadband, the size of crap on the internet grew."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
rr9te
|
Why are the properties of plastics so varied?
|
So I'm guessing plastics are pretty similar at the molecular level at least having more in common with each other than with metals or salts. So, why is there such a variety in properties (strong, soft, brittle, elastic...)? What do brittle plastics have in common and how are they different to elastic plastics?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/rr9te/why_are_the_properties_of_plastics_so_varied/
|
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"text": [
"The key with plastics is that they are polymeric chains. This means that you can have plastics of very similar molecular formula on paper, but the manufacturing process might result in very different average chain lengths. These chain length differences can result in many of the bulk property differences you would see, like strength or melting point.\n\nEdit: A shorter answer might be to say that \"plastic\" defines a larger group of potential molecular structures than say, metal or salts.",
" > So I'm guessing plastics are pretty similar at the molecular level\n\nShort answer: the above statement is incorrect. Look at the structure of [Kapton](_URL_0_) vs. [polyethylene](_URL_1_) vs. [Teflon](_URL_2_).\n\nPlastics can also vary by molecular weight, side groups, crosslinking, and additives such as plasticizers.\n",
"When certain small molecules (termed \"monomers\") become chemically bonded to each other in a chain-like fashion, the result is a polymer. A typical plastic is just a collection of many polymer chains, all of which originated from the polymerization of a batch of monomers.\n\nIt is possible to design plastics with certain desirable properties from the ground up just by changing the way the monomers are attached, the kinds of monomers that are involved, the orientation of the individual monomers, et cetera. It requires a combination of chemical heuristics and engineering.\n\nFor example, to make bulletproof vests, you'll probably want to start off with a polymer that involves monomer units with exceptionally strong chemical bonds. To make a surface that retains water, you'll want monomers with chemical groups that tend to attract water.\n\nThe plastic extrusion process is also critically important. It is used to control the amount of crystallites that form in the polymer melt in order to control the brittleness of the final engineered plastic (in addition to many, many other final material properties too!).",
"There is a whole sub-field of polymer physics where people try to suss out exactly what you're asking about, what's usually called \"structure-property relationships.\" I'll see if I can write out a brief but satisfying answer... without too much jargon!\n\nCommon polymer material types\n-\n* **Goopy** -- Runny but thick/viscous polymers are technically termed \"polymer melts.\" These are linear or branched molecules that have sufficient heat, sufficient solvation, or are sufficiently small that they can move freely. They are able to slip past one-another on a sufficiently long timescale to relax any stress or deformation that may be applied to it.\n* **Hard/brittle** -- But, quickly remove the heat or solvent, or make the chains long enough, and the amount of energy needed for the individual chains to slip past each other becomes much greater than what's thermally available. They become \"glassy polymers\" which are very stiff and hard, for the same reasons that normal glass is stiff and hard. However, application of enough force can get these chains enough energy to move where the [stress intensity factor](_URL_1_) is greatest, which (depending on geometry) can cause a catastrophic crack propagation, i.e. brittle fracture.\n* **Rubbery** -- One of the common terms that is actually a legitimate jargon, these materials are mostly not linear chains that can slip past one another. Rather, they are unlimitedly branched macromolecules, where the monomer units form a network of chains that spans the entire volume of the material. Thermodynamically they are very similar to a polymer melt, except that each molecule is bound covalently to all the rest, so there is never a possibility of permanent deformation. Elastomers and bouncy balls get their properties from exactly this kind of constraint.\n* **Tough** -- The Polyethelene, polypropylene and ABS \"plastics\" that most people think about when they think plastics are tough because they are what's termed \"semi-crystalline\". They were cooled slowly enough from melt to glass that enough time was allowed for crystalline regions to grow. These act similarly to the branched molecules in a rubber (also, you can have a semicrystalline rubber), so that when you put enough stress on the material to break it, some energy is expended on melting these regions and elongating the chains before they disentangle from one another and \"break\" (to visualize this, look up \"crazing\".) The more energy it takes to cause a fracture, the more \"tough\" the material is.\n\nMolecular-level effects\n-\nThis is a huuuge area. Despite the fact that many polymer material properties can be described completely in the abstract from their chemical structure, it turns out that monomer properties are inescapably important to the reality and variety of plastics. I'll just describe one of the subtle differences to give you a flavor for how nuanced this is.\n\n**[Polyethylene](_URL_2_) vs [Polypropylene](_URL_0_)**\n\nBoth these molecules are polymerized at high temperature in the presence of a [metallic catalyst](_URL_3_). However, because of the extra CH3 group on propylene, the propagating radicals don't like to back bite as much, so polypropylene has relatively low branching as compared to polyethylene. But, a similar variety of material properties can be had using both monomers: by controlling the tacticity in the case of polyproplene, and by controlling the degree of branching in the case of polyethylene. Using these knobs, you can make tough, brittle, or stretchy versions of both materials, although only the \"tough\" versions are very common, and the \"stretchy\" version of polyethylene (ldpe) is used for cheap shopping bags.\n\nI feel like I need to get off my soapbox now, let me know if you have any questions!",
"I used to work with molding all different types of polymers using heat and pressure as well as fill speed. You can do so many things that I wont go into it but rather touch more to your question over differences. For one many metals have issues because of dissimilar problems between two metals. Platlstics don't run into this issue as much or magnetic issues as much. I say this because many pellets assume plastics don't have magnetic issues but over extreme stress a polymer could wear down where a metal may not. Also polymers are hygroscopic and over long periods can also wear down where metals may not. Back to dissimilar metals... this can be a engineers nightmare and plastics have really allowed a safe way to stop the corrosion or break down between metals. Lastly on a factory scale I believe plastics are much easier to be reused than metals. This can be a touch topic because grinded and reused plastic is mostly used for 3rd rate products and not used for anything special although some companies may not follow this standard..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapton",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_intensity_factor",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegler-Natta_catalyst"
],
[]
] |
|
42czod
|
How were mestizos treated in New Spain?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/42czod/how_were_mestizos_treated_in_new_spain/
|
{
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"cz9d2xs"
],
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"text": [
"That depends, at what point in time are you wondering about? A mestizo in 1540 would not be treated the same as a mestizo in 1640, 1740, or 1840."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ztx36
|
If you mix drops of blood from two people, could you tell with just the naked eye if their blood types match?
|
So I guess my real question is, could you see the blood agglutinate (clump) without a microscope?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ztx36/if_you_mix_drops_of_blood_from_two_people_could/
|
{
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"text": [
"If you have the proper card, you can test each kind visually:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nBut I don't know about combining them, sorry.",
"Yes you can. The blood will clot at a macroscopic level (aka visible to the naked eye). For example if you mix type A and type O blood, the anti-A antibodies in blood sample 'O' will react with A antigen from sample 'A' and the mixture will clot. Obviously this will only happen if the two blood types don't match. Before transfusing we do a ABO and Rh blood typing using hemagglutinin tests (add patient blood to a card with antigen or antibody on it). We also do a crossmatch, which is when we directly mix the patients blood with the donor blood to make sure they actually match. ",
"Yes - and if you do it properly, it's actually the gold standard for crossmatching.\n\nBetter to use recipient's plasma and donor's red cells to determine this, however (major crossmatch) - if the recipient has antibodies to any of the donor's types, then macroscopic clumping will be visible. Stronger reactions result in larger clumps.\n[Here's how it looks when it's done in a lab.](_URL_0_) All of these are visible to the naked eye."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin"
],
[],
[
"http://www.austincc.edu/mlt/bb/Grading%20Agglutination%20Reactions.jpg"
]
] |
|
34bupt
|
what causes the "8 bit" style sound that old video games had.
|
Why do old video games have a distinct type of sound to them, and what made it go away?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34bupt/eli5_what_causes_the_8_bit_style_sound_that_old/
|
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"text": [
"Each system had its own dedicated sound processor, and they weren't terribly powerful. The sound processors each had distinctive sounds that we look back on with nostalgia. Nowadays, CPUs are powerful enough to handle the sound without so much as a hiccup and no one really uses sound cards anymore.",
"Digital music is stored in samples, these are an array of numbers which roughly correspond to the position of the moving part of the speaker. The computer will loop through these numbers and send information to the speaker on how to move, and thus which sounds to generate.\nMost modern digital music has 32bit samples for their audio. This means that it can have a lot of different values (2^32 ), however storing thousands of these for every second of audio takes up a lot of space. \nYour old NES stores them as 1 bit values. This means that the speaker can have only 2 positions: On and off. This essentialy means that it outputs a block wave instead of the smooth signal you would expect. This sounds really weird to the human ear. \nIt is gone because modern systems don't have to worry about memory usage as much anymore and can afford to spend it on good sound.\nHear the difference yourself here: _URL_0_",
"Modern computers can play any music you could ever record with no problem. Older systems didn't have the memory, CPU power or hardware to do that.\r\rInstead, they had limited synthesizer chips, often with only 3 voices and a very limited selection of waveforms.\r\rHaving only three voices would force you to make decisions about what you could hear. If you wanted a baseline and a lead part, you'd be forced you use just one voice for drums and each drum would cut the previous one off. If you wanted to play a chord, you didn't have enough voices to do that and make other sounds so you'd use one voice and have it rapidly play different notes. There are a bunch of other things but they all come back to choosing what sound to play and which ones to cut out at any given time.\r\rAdd the limited number I if vices to the limited types of sound you could make with each and you end up with a distinctive style developing to make the most of what is available.\r\r",
"In old systems, most sounds were stored in a format that resembled sheet music for a 'band' that was hard-coded into each system.\n\n[This video shows what the NES's 'band' was made up of](_URL_1_). And anything made up of those sounds will sound like a NES.\n\nThe limitations of this format also lead to particular habits that became indicative of chiptune 'style'. For instance, since these chips tended to have instruments that could only play one note at a time... but could play ridiculously fast... it was common to use [arpeggios](_URL_0_) where any 'normal' composer would have used chords. \n\nMany '8 bit' consoles had a 'sample' channel, which could play anything... sort of. These samples were *heavily* compressed, though -- and they still took up a ton of storage space. If you tried to just record a song live, and put it onto the NES through the sample channel, it'd sound terrible, and there'd be no room left for a game. So... the use of the sample channels was mostly limited to short percussion elements and sound effects.\n\nNowadays, the approach of recording a song, then playing it back as a 'sample', is used in 99% of games, because we have the hard-drive space, and processing capability to do so. This frees us to make a game sound pretty much however we can imagine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://onlinetonegenerator.com/"
],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HWHneafZ8w",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=la3coK5pq5w"
]
] |
|
411jqv
|
How does physical manipulation (e.g. massage) relax muscles? Does pressure create physiological changes in the tissue?
|
Maybe another way to put this might be: How much of muscle relaxation is physiological and how much is psychological?
**Edit:** Please provide credible sources if possible. Perhaps understandably, this field is full of personal theories without scientific support, so if you could provide links to appropriate sources of research, that would be extremely valuable
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/411jqv/how_does_physical_manipulation_eg_massage_relax/
|
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"Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the skin/muscle/fascia tissue can also activate inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This dampens the activity of A-delta and C pain fibers, resulting in short term reduction of pain. This obviously is only a small part of how a massage works physiologically, but its all that i can contribute",
"When it comes to deep tissue and trigger point work Janet Travell has some great work out there to support the use of it and concludes it has nothing to do with placebo effect. Check out Travell & Simons' myofascial pain and dysfunction : the trigger point manual. they go into ischemic compression as well as trigger point injections. Her work does support many types of deep tissue work.",
"This is not my area of research at all, but I have been interested in this same type of question for some time. The following is a theoretical model for the mechanism: _URL_0_\n\nThis comes from the paper called \"The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery, and injury prevention. _URL_2_.\n\nI would also advise looking in to muscle spindles. The lengthening of muscle spindles, cause neuronal responses which allow for the relaxation of the spindle, and subsequently the muscles put under tension by that shortened muscle spindle. This is essentially why stretching also feels good. Again, not my area of research, but my physical therapist pointed me in this direction. Wikipedia has some excellent information and so does nih. _URL_1_",
"US doctor of osteopathy student. DOs learn a practice called osteopathic manipulative medicine during our training, which includes massage therapy, chiropractic work, myofascial release and other soft tissue work, along with a lot else (I'll tell you more once I learn it!). The biggest effects from physical manipulation come from two reflexes in the muscles, the motor neuron reflex and the Golgi tendon reflex: \n* The motor neuron is in the muscle itself and fires continuously at different rates as the muscle contracts and relaxes. As the muscle stretches, they fire faster to contract the muscle back to its original length and tone. It's also part of the proprioceptive aspect of our posture. \n*The Golgi tendon reflex is a slower reflex that arises from sensory nerves in the tendons on the sides of muscles. As the tendon starts to stretch, this nerve fires, which inhibits the muscle itself and relaxes it as well as exciting the antagonist muscle group (agonist-antagonist muscle reflexes). The main function of the reflex is protective: if you stretch your muscle too far, the body will shut it down to prevent tearing. \n \nPhysical manipulation tries to activate the Golgi tendon reflex by slowly lengthening the muscles. As you stretch the tight muscles to their pathological barriers, this stretches the tendons attached the muscle, and the sensory nerves there fire to relax the muscle.\n\n",
"As some people have already mentioned, changes in muscle tension are largely due to changes in neural messages of the targeted muscle.\n\nThere is very little evidence you can directly affect fascia or muscle and cause a direct physiological change through massage. So when people talk about breaking down adhesions or scar tissue they are probably talking rubbish.\n\nTests have shown trained therapists are unable to locate these \"trigger points\" reliably and scans are unable to locate them, so they are probably just a point of pain rather than a physical knot or whatever you want to call it.\n\nThat being said it doesn't mean its useless. As an active person I do stretch and foam roll etc, but it is a temporary relief for stiffness or pain. If something is chronically sore or tight you should be asking why and taking steps to fix this. \n\nFixing it usually means strengthening something e.g. tight lower back might mean its overworking due to weak primary hip extensors, strengthening your glutes will relieve without any massage or stretching (though it may relieve symptoms in the time it takes to build strength).",
"I naively expected fluid transport (lymph, garbage, etc), blood flow improvements from massaging. Is it insignificant or completely off ?",
"So, this might not be exactly what you want, but it's definitely in the same area. When you exercise, you cells do respiration at a faster rate to keep yourself able to move. You breathe heavily because aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP (cellular energy molecule) per 1 glucose. Now, let's say you're really going at it and you start to need more oxygen than you can breathe in. Your cells become desperate and begin to create ATP through a process known as fermentation (yes, like alcohol). I won't go too in depth on why they're different (unless you're interested), but anaerobic respiration (fermentation) only creates 2 ATP. Like aerobic, the glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate. Without oxygen, this is what ferments into Lactic Acid. \nSo, you've probably heard of lactic acid making muscles sore. It does this because it is an acid (surprise!) and acids have a slight tendency to digest things. Usually sone parts of the muscle doesn't get oxygen as well. These parts will have a higher concentration of this Lactic acid. The longer it sits there, the more it eats away at your cells. \nGreat, why is this important? Cause this is why we stretch! By getting the concentrated lactic acid AWAY from that one point, letting it be less concentrated but everywhere allows your body to get rid of it. Massage does this too, it pushes it around, letting those bad parts have a break. \nAnyways, that's more WHY you get sore. If you have questions, just ask. \n\nSources: AP Bio "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/8004036_fig2_Figure-9-Theoretical-model-of-the-expected-mechanisms-of-massage-on-the-severity-of",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindle",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730338"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4y6zh4
|
why, if we are searching for something, can we not seem to see it even if we are looking right at it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4y6zh4/eli5_why_if_we_are_searching_for_something_can_we/
|
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"text": [
"These are all excellent answers, but i think it's mostly attention fatigue and familiarity. You know how in Jurassic Park the T-Rex couldn't see anyone unless they moved? Kind of the same thing - your brain is built to see unusual things first, but when you're looking for something that's right in front of you you can't see it because your brain has already decided it's part of the background, and safe to ignore.\n\nOr brain tumors, sometimes. It could be tumor.",
"Definitely familiarity. When we're looking for something, we're often not actually LOOKING at anything. We're generalizing the area in sort of an overscan sort of way. Here's a tip: try asking children (young children) to help you find misplaced items like keys or a phone. Children are only familiar with a few things, so it's much easier for them to block out all the unimportant junk in the room. This is why a child will point out the moon or an airplane long before you see it, and have you scratching your head asking \"how in the hell did you see that?\"",
"I read somewhere that your mind is used to scanning a room in a particular direction (clockwise or counterclockwise). So if you seem to be looking everywhere and can't find something, try looking in a different manner. I personally scan clockwise, but see more detail when I scan counterclockwise",
"**Default mode network**, the system in the brain that causes daydreaming is incredibly powerful. We daydream almost 50% of our waking life. A strong default mode network causes us to be less aware of our surroundings. So when you are thinking intensely about your keys, you aren't processing your environment as strong as you could be. It really is a lapse in attention.",
"I once read that the problem is that our brains are really good at pattern recognition and matching so we quicken the process by looking for what we're thinking of instead of looking at things and seeing if they're what we're looking for.\n\nFor example, if you're looking for a black hardback book, you imagine the book closed, sitting somewhere and scan for that image.\n\nBut if you left the book sitting open with the pages faced up you're overlooking it because it doesn't fit the description of what you're looking for.\n\nSo you can look at the damned thing repeatedly and still not \"see it\".",
"I started looking for misplaced items the way TV detectives do, with a flashlight. Even in broad daylight. It helps me focus and see everything individually.",
"you as much more likely to see it if you keep repeating the name of the object as you look. When I heard this (I think on QI) I thought it was a load of bull. Then I tried it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
akd27n
|
does popcorn pop for a reason? did it develop that ability to procreate itself, or are there any other reasons?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/akd27n/eli5_does_popcorn_pop_for_a_reason_did_it_develop/
|
{
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"ef3twsm"
],
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],
"text": [
"It's just what happens when it's cooked. It's not for the benefit of the plant. It pops because the water held inside of the corn kernel vaporizer and explodes. Other grains puff up when cooked. Think about rice crispys. It's puffed rice. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2kua2n
|
Why does infrared light appear as white on my cell phone camera?
|
I tried pointing a remote at my cell phone camera, and the result is a seemingly white flash. Intuitively, I would have guessed that it would show up as red (if anything). Why does infrared seemingly light up the blue and green sensors, unlike the chromatically closer red light (which outputs just red light)?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2kua2n/why_does_infrared_light_appear_as_white_on_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clp0syj"
],
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],
"text": [
"Most digital camera sensors are actually monochrome! They have a special filter called [Bayer filter](_URL_0_) on top of them, so that each photosite (sensor \"pixel\") receives either red, green, or blue filtered light. The missing color information is then interpolated by a \"demosaicing\" algorithm during image processing.\n\nNow, if the Bayer filter is only concerned with visible light and doesn't really filter out near infrared, and there's no separate IR filter (dedicated cameras usually do, not sure about phone cameras), then it doesn't really matter whether an individual photosite is \"red\", \"green\", or \"blue\" - they will all register the infrared light approximately equally, resulting in white color in the final image."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter"
]
] |
|
7pofeu
|
How did the French conquer Vietnam?
|
Considering the fact that Vietnam was able to, more or less, defeat both France and the United States in the twentieth century and that the region has a strong tradition of defending against foreign invasions, how was the French originally able to conquer Vietnam during the age of imperialism? Why was France able to beat the Vietnamese in the nineteenth century, but not the twentieth?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7pofeu/how_did_the_french_conquer_vietnam/
|
{
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"dspqcwu"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"It's because after the French helped the Southern Vietnamese establish the Nguyen dynasty under Emperor Gia Long, the next successors however decided to close off Vietnam to trading with foreign nations including the French who used to supply the Vietnamese with arms and weapons. After about 30 years of isolation, their naval yards and weapons were simply outdated compared to the French. Early 19th century French warfare tech was no match against mid 19th century French warfare tech. Also it didn't help that the Catholics in the country were being persecuted were revolting against the ruling monarch. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
zl2tc
|
how does scientology "hook" a superstar like cruise? what does he get out of it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zl2tc/eli5_how_does_scientology_hook_a_superstar_like/
|
{
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"text": [
"Do those guys actually believe the whole xenu thing?",
"Not a complete answer to the question, but there was a theory floating around a while ago that the reason Scientology was so appealing to celebrities in particular was because it is legally classified as a religion. \n\nThe theory was that since it was a religion, donations to it were tax write offs for the donator and un-taxable money for the church. If you believe that the higher ups in the church don't buy their own religion and are profit oriented, then it would makes sense for a celebrity to donate or pay large amounts of money to the church. The celebrity gets the money back as a tax write off and the church gets to keep free money, basically, maybe even agreeing to kick a little back to the celebrities. \n\nThis was just one theory I heard on why it \"hooks\" so many celebs. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
773got
|
In a neutron, is it possible for the up quark to decay into a down quark?
|
If it's possible would the charge be -1 since down quarks have a charge of -1/3(as far as I know)?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/773got/in_a_neutron_is_it_possible_for_the_up_quark_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"doit70w"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"All hadrons made of three down quarks have higher mass than a neutron, so this cannot happen spontaneously as a decay. You have to put in a lot of energy to make this happen in a reaction."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9byu67
|
is more heat generated by air conditioning than cold air except that the cold air just goes where we want it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9byu67/eli5_is_more_heat_generated_by_air_conditioning/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e56rd5n",
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"text": [
"That's correct. Air conditioners don't generate cold at all. They are *heat pumps* that move the heat out of your room and into the outdoor air. And the actually create some more heat in the process.",
"Yes. Moreover, you are strictly increasing the total amount of heat in the world, since the air conditioner cannot run at the theoretical maximum efficiency according to thermodynamics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
9ec5wl
|
why are three letter acronyms so common in english?
|
Is it related to English sentence / noun structure. Do you find three letter acronyms in other languages?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ec5wl/eli5_why_are_three_letter_acronyms_so_common_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"Let me fix that for you.\n\nWhy are TLAs so common in English?",
"Because they are used a lot and happen to sound pretty good as well. So instead of typing i'm laughing out loud, you use lol instead, which not only is it concise but it sounds and looks cool, too. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhy are they always three lettered, you may ask? Well, they're not. There a lot of four lettered (or more) acronyms out there, but they aren't used much because: \n\n-They're more difficult to make and harder to keep track of. \n\n-wagltgmc. \n\n-The chances of them sounding cool are small. \n\n-They're actually out there, you just haven't met a teenager and/or used Facebook in a while. ",
"I have no answer as to why they’re so common in English, but I have seen some in Spanish (my other native tongue).\n\nTqm = te quiero mucho = I love you\n\nAlv = a la verga = (This is hard to translate, but it can mean something like) holy shit. (It’s often an exclamation of surprise, but it can also just be an intensifier.)\n\nDtb = Dios te bendiga = God bless you\n\nHdp = hijo de puta = son a bitch\n\nThere are others, but they’re not coming to mind rn. They’re definitely not nearly as common as in English, but they exist and are used often on the interwebz.\n\n(Also, I know that was a strange combo of acronyms, but... it is what it is.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6b1597
|
Were treasure maps a real thing?
|
If they were, wouldn't that just invite people to steal your treasure?
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6b1597/were_treasure_maps_a_real_thing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhjgqzs"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Not to discourage other answers, but check out /u/Theamazinghanna's answer in [this post](_URL_0_). It's old, but the answer is pretty solid.\n\nThere's also a ton of interesting piracy related topics in the FAQ under [Piracy](_URL_1_).\n\nI hope that helps!\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/18aai1/how_frequently_if_ever_did_pirates_actually_bury/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/dailylife#wiki_piracy"
]
] |
|
5003d2
|
why in a firefight does the side that has the upper ground have the advantage?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5003d2/eli5why_in_a_firefight_does_the_side_that_has_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7037ae",
"d703fsg",
"d7058j0"
],
"score": [
2,
23,
2
],
"text": [
"Because they are less exposed than the enemy. It is hard to fortify yourself, when someone is looking down out you. It also allows you to have a larger vantage point of the surrounding area, and was a major advantage for artillery units in the past.",
"If you are up on a ridge you are able to shoot down by only poking your head over the ridge. However if you were on the lower ground your entire body would be exposed. Since the people on the lower ground are exposing more of their body they are more likely to get shot. Similarly if someone on a ridge wanted to get cover to reload their gun, hide their movements or any other reason they could just take a step back and they would be completely hidden. People on the low ground have no such luxury. Even if they are able to find cover they are not likely to be able to move out of the cover so all the people on the high ground have to do is to aim at your cover and shoot at the first thing that moves. The people on the high ground will be moving around so it is much harder for the people on the low ground to prepare for where you get out of cover.",
"The soldiers at higher elevation have a much wider range of which they can shoot. The lower elevation soldiers have a much harder time finding cover because of the increased field of vision their enemy has."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
65e2w0
|
Why does a galaxy not form clusters of stars similar to planets?
|
Assuming a spiral galaxy, why do we not see large groups of gravitationally bound stars orbiting the center like a planet? Instead we see spiral Arms, not spherical clumps.
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/65e2w0/why_does_a_galaxy_not_form_clusters_of_stars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dg9je2v"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Galaxies do form [star clusters!](_URL_1_) There are two main types, open (like the [Pleiades](_URL_1_#/media/File:M45_filip.jpg)) and globular (like [M 68](_URL_0_)). However, these are on much smaller scales compared to the spiral arm. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster#/media/File:A_Ten_Billion_Year_Stellar_Dance.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster#/media/File:M45_filip.jpg"
]
] |
|
8jqy5x
|
in a ponzi scheme, how is it not obvious that you are not receiving any money from your investments?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8jqy5x/eli5_in_a_ponzi_scheme_how_is_it_not_obvious_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dz1rvw2",
"dz1rx12",
"dz1s5n4"
],
"score": [
2,
16,
6
],
"text": [
"The “fund managers” are responsible for the investments, so they can tell you that your investment went into company A and company B, producing X returns. In actual fact they did nothing with the money and make up details to make their fund look very attractive.",
"You do receive money from your investments... until you don't.\n\nFirst, you get some money from some \"investors\". Then, you get more money from more \"investors\", and use that money to pay back the investment of the first \"investors\". Basically, you're always paying back investments with investments from other people. So everyone is making money, and that's why they keep investing money with you. Until you have a *big* chunk of money from lots of people. Then you disappear.",
"Someone who invests in the scheme does appear to get return on their investments, but that \"return\" is actually sourced from the investment money from new investors. So if you invest $1000 and the scam artist claims you made a 10% return you get back $1100, with the extra $100 coming from the $1000 from some guy who invested after you.\n\nThe idea is that they keep getting new investors and enough people keep their money \"invested\" that the difference isn't detected for quite some time. If 100 people invest $1000 each and 20 people decide to pull out their fake 10% returns then the fund only needs to pay out $22,000 from the total $100,000 invested. The scam artists *claims* the entire fund contains $110,000 from the fake 10% increase, but actually there is only $78,000 in the fund. With all the paperwork faked how would the investors know unless everyone tried to withdraw at once?\n\nBy that time the scammer has left town."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4cr9ht
|
How much did Cromwell and the subsequent Glorious Revolution contribute to the ideology of Democracy in general?
|
[deleted]
|
AskHistorians
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4cr9ht/how_much_did_cromwell_and_the_subsequent_glorious/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1kwm0p"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I can't really speak to the impact of the Glorious Revolution - my focus is the English Civil Wars (my pedigree btw: MA thesis *London in the Civil Wars ... Blah blah... Tower of London* BA thesis *English Radical Politics and Piracy*) - but as to Cromwell's influence...\n\nPeople put far too much at Cromwell's door personally (in my opinion), he was influential and did end up running the country, and trying out several different versions of what we'd recognise as democratic practices but these were firmly within the existing Parliamentary model, and relatively little of it was exclusively his doing.\n\nIn fact, these democratic-ish ideas were often more restrictive (less democratic) than the system England had in place shortly before and during the Wars - see [Pride's Purge](_URL_0_) and the [Nominated Assembly](_URL_2_). They steadily reduced the number of participants in the process of government and in the end Cromwell was king in all but name.\n\nThough to be fair these later actions were in sharp contrast to Cromwell and Fairfax's behaviour while leading the New Model Army. The [Putney Debates](_URL_1_) are considered by many the \"conception of English democracy\" but while Cromwell was heavily involved the real instigators were men like John Lilburne and the Leveller (and other radical) Grandees who supported the rank and file. Frankly at the time with the position that Cromwell and Fairfax were in there was an element of 'its chancy to say no to a large army who you still very much need' in the Putney debates. Cromwell's son-in-law Ireton may well actually have been more influential in pro-demoracy terms at the debate than Cromwell himself. \n\nThe Levellers however and Lilburne in particular were out spoken advocates of democracy from well before the start of the First Civil War. It was these radical elements within the NMA that really pushed through the events at Putney and influenced events for a little time beyond. Before, that is, the end of the Second Civil War when their behaviour became more troublesome for Parliament than it was worth and much of the Army was disbanded or sent to the Irish campaign. I feel like they would have made more of a contribution ideologically than Cromwell himself. \n\nBut also do not forget that the United Provinces ran on a similar roughly democratic system to that advocated by many of the less radical Radicals, so Europe in general was no stranger to the concept, though that is beginning to stray outside of my area. \n\nTo answer your question plainly, Cromwell probably did more harm than good in the end in terms of his contribution to a democratic ideology, however in the heady days of what the more Marxist writers call the English Revolution the concept was alive well and being propagated wherever its advocates could find traction, and so was probably quite influential in a European context as Europe was certainly watching events in England closely. \n\nThe links I've included should give you a good sketch of the key events I've mentioned if you've never come across them before, but for more detailed info on the particulars I'd recommend:\n\nChristopher Hill - *The World Turned Upside Down*, *God's Englishman*\nGE Aylmer - *The Levellers and the English Revolution*\nPauline Gregg - *Free-born John*\nAustin Woolwrych - *England without a King*, *Commonwealth to Protectorate*\nHN Brailsford - *Levellers and the English Revolution*\n\nValerie Pearl's *London and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution* may be useful to you because it gives you a really detailed idea of how far the democratic ideal really extended on a practical level, at least in London, in the 1630s-40s.\n\nAlso Eric Hobsbawm's *The Age of Revolution* may be of use to you; it deals with a much later period (1789-1848) but does address the legacy which informed the likes of the French Revolution.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/second-civil-war/prides-purge",
"http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/second-civil-war/putney-debates",
"http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-commonwealth/nominated-assembly"
]
] |
|
4sl3dn
|
How do fans dry people?
|
Like when I take a shower, if I sit next to an electric fan, it dries me very fast, but it's spitting out cold air.
Similar to air-driers from bathrooms
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4sl3dn/how_do_fans_dry_people/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5a88zn"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Evaporation rates depend on the saturation of water vapor in the air above the liquid. When the air is not moving, the air nearest to the water becomes humid quickly and it takes time for it to diffuse away allowing more evaporation.\n\nWhen you use a fan, you cycle the air (called forced convection) meaning the water vapor is spread out faster meaning the water on your skin can keep evaporating.\n\nNext time, take a hot shower with the room-venting off, allow the room to get really humid. Now when you use the fan, your skin won't dry anymore."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2y374m
|
What do we know about the rural population of Germany during World War 2?
|
AskHistorians
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2y374m/what_do_we_know_about_the_rural_population_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp641kt"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"What are you interested in? \nThey were often better off, as they could rely on their own agricultural production, although this was heavily regulated. Illiegal butchering was considered a serious crime, but records show that it was practised often. \n \nThey were also less affected by allied bombing raids, but had to house bombed-out families from the cities. These families were often sent to distant regions, the idea was to strengthen pan-German ties. I recently read Austrian documents saying that this didn't work as Austrian farmer families hated the city folk from Hamburg or Berlin who didn't want to cope with the simple rural life. \n \nAnother aspect is that many people in rural regions were devout christians and as such had some opposition against Nazi ideology. Political reports of Nazi officials noted the attendance numbers of church gatherings."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
34yy0v
|
If scientists knew NOTHING about a caterpillar, could they tell it had the potential to turn into a butterfly by dissection alone?
|
Or even through observation of behavior, so long as they never saw it perform the metamorphosis, could they tell it was part of their make up?
|
askscience
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/34yy0v/if_scientists_knew_nothing_about_a_caterpillar/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr01bbq",
"cr1qevj"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"There's a David Attenborough series called Natural Curiosities which has an episode that covers this exact topic! It's a really lovely series so I recommend it to anyone looking for a pleasant and interesting half-hour.\n\nThe connection between caterpillars and butterflies was originally made by observing their life cycle. But if you dissect a caterpillar, you can find little 'plates' which will eventually germinate into butterfly organs. Scientists went through a lot of theories, like wondering if there was a miniature butterfly inside the caterpillar, before we learned what was really going on.",
"I dissect fly larvae all the time. Inside them are structures called \"imaginal discs\". There's a wing disc, a brain disc, etc, etc. These structures are what eventually grow into the corresponding adult structures inside the pupa.\n\nYou couldn't tell just by looking that a wing disc is going to turn into a wing, but you can detect patterns of gene activation and whatnot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
aigs1m
|
why do ethics outweigh the benefits when it comes to genetic engineering of humans?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aigs1m/eli5_why_do_ethics_outweigh_the_benefits_when_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eenlfxn",
"eenmtkt",
"eenp9r2",
"eenvqiy",
"eenw2je",
"eenwuaw",
"eeny1v6",
"eeny6dz"
],
"score": [
18,
11,
2,
3,
2,
2,
34,
2
],
"text": [
"As far as I know, the issue people has is that the technology hasn't been tested enough that medical professionals are satisfied it's safe, so him doing that is seen as endangering the twins life through negligence. Plus there is the fact that as far as I know, a lot of countries have laws that explicitly outlaw genetic engineering in humans, except with specific permission for research purposes, though I may be wrong",
"The reason there are ethical concerns is that there isn’t enough evidence that the benefits outway problems. ",
"At the basis of your question is the assumption that 'ethics don't count'. 'It is wuss stuff.' \n\n\nEthics is a way of looking at the human implications and at what happens to society. \n\n\nEthics are very important. It is a framework that says 'we are all in it together', it says \"long term outcomes matter a lot', it says 'you can not build a happy world by making a lot of people unhappy'. \n\n\nEthics in this case means: Let's think about the long-term implications of genetic enhancement. Let's look at the worst case scenario, bc. the way humans are THIS is what is going to happen. ",
"We don't know if the benefits will outweigh the risks, it's complex, hard to do and requires human embryos which brings even more ethical questions.\n\nFurthermore, as we've seen with other mammals, its really complex and there are huge problems making it work time and time again without causing other problems. ",
"Because of money. The greedy will exploit people's insecurities, and possibly even modify your family genes forever. That greed will rush techniques to the market before we even know the long term effects.\n\nIt may seem silly, but think about the message Jurassic Park was trying to convey. \"You got so caught up in whether or not you could, you didn't stop to ask if you should.\" When the book first came out, the author was trying to make a strong statement about modern genetics. Dinosaurs were just used as an example.",
"I think a lot of the time the reason people get so concerned about things of this matter is because the possibility that the line between ethical science and unethical science might be moved to a place they’re not comfortable with. For example, some scientists want to use genetic engineering in humans to get rid of Down Syndrome in babies. Yet, many people with Down Syndrome consider this insulting because they don’t see it as a problem. \n\nThis isn’t exactly relevant to the case of the Chinese doctor but in general, this is a big reason people are opposed to genetic engineering. Not because they don’t think the benefits will outweigh the negatives, but because they have different views on what those negatives are. ",
"If science starts generically engineering babies, it will go in two main ways - \n\n- extremely rich people will make extremely perfect humans - smarter, prettier, better than everyone else which will further create class divides worldwide\n\n- military superpowers and wanna-be military superpowers will make super soldiers - maybe not clone wars bad or marvel bad, but as close as they can get - as fast, as strong, as immoral and as obedient as possible.\n\n\nBasically the world has decided that we can’t be trusted with this technology, which... seems about right, at least historically.",
"Think of it this way: We make mistakes. Sometimes because we're not careful. Sometimes because we don't have all the information we need.\n\nWhen doing experiments it is deemed unethical to test them out on humans. We did this before, and we found that it causes more ethical problems than worth it.\n\nDNA modifications could have unintended consequences. What if at age 40 their heart just fails. And that is due to the DNA alternation. We won't know, but we just made the lives of 2 people affected, worse, their kids, their spouse, families, etc. So many people affected because you didn't foresee a mistake during the DNA modification. What if they have lethal consequences to the children instead? Are these 2 supposed to now voluntarily be sterile? Lives ruined all because of an unforeseen consequence.\n\nPoint is, this is a very very tough ethical problem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3sb2t9
|
Why is the formula for acceleration a=2d/t^2 ? Why not a=d/t^2 ?
|
In my physics class today my teacher said this was the formula, but why is that?
|
askscience
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3sb2t9/why_is_the_formula_for_acceleration_a2dt2_why_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwvo9jg",
"cwvryt4"
],
"score": [
18,
2
],
"text": [
"Re-arrange it first: The distance travelled from constant acceleration is 1/2 at^2 , so your question is the same as asking why there is a 1/2 there, why is it just not at^2 .\n\nThe distance traveled during constant acceleration is the same as travelling at the average velocity of the trip. You spend half the time going slower than average, and half the time going faster. The average speed is halfway between zero and max velocity (a t), so it's 1/2 at. The distance traveled is the average velocity times time, so 1/2 (at)t or 1/2 at^2 . If it were just at^2 then the total distance would be (at)t, where at is equivalent to the *maximum* velocity reached. But you don't go as far as you would if you had been travelling the maximum velocity the whole time.",
"Let's back up a step. The speed something gets while accelerating is v=at. And you probably know that if you're going at *constant* speed, the distance is d=vt. So your question is basically, why isn't it d=v(t)=(at)(t)=at^2 ? And the reason is that you're not going that speed v the whole time. You started off with speed 0 and eventually got up to v. So the *average* speed you went for that trip is v[avg]=(v+0)/2 = v/2. Now do the same thing we did above: d=v[avg](t)=(v/2)(t) = (at/2)(t) = (1/2)at^2 ."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2hkypx
|
how does a hsa (health savings account) work and compare to traditional insurance?
|
The other answers weren't great and are possibly outdated.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hkypx/eli5_how_does_a_hsa_health_savings_account_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cktmjdp",
"cktn7nl",
"cktnidh"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"HSA is a bank account. You put your own money in it pre-tax and it can be used for medical expenses. Your employer can also put money in it. \n\nIt's not insurance by itself, but usually a part of a coverage plan.",
"essentially when you contribute money into a HSA and use it for medical, you're getting a 25-30% discount on prices, depending on how much tax rate you pay. ",
"HSAs are savings accounts. They usually are partnered with a high-deductible health plan, and your employer may contribute to the account as well. Your pre-tax deductions go into the account, and you can use the funds for your copays, coinsurance, glasses or contacts, some over-the-counter medicines, and such that your insurance doesn't cover and you'd usually pay for out of pocket. Since most of the money is yours anyway, the big benefit comes from its pre-tax status: the deduction is made from your gross pay before you are taxed on the remainder. So you're saving off the top, and getting your employer's contribution, as well.\n\nIt's a step up from the old Health Reimbursement Account, because those funds HAD to be used by the end of the year or you'd simply lose them. The \"newfangled\" HSAs are different because you can keep those funds and roll them over from year to year, as a savings plan in case you have big medical expenses at some point in the future. You may be expected to provide documentation to the IRS as to your expenditures from that account, though, so save your receipts! I only use the debit card at pharmacies or medical providers, so that all the debits are clearly identifiable as medical-related expenses. The HSAs are also accounts that you may be able to open wherever you like, so you need to choose wisely. Some banks, like Chase, can charge a monthly fee for these accounts. I use a credit union for mine, so not only do I get a little bit of interest on my balance, I also don't get charged a fee for the account.\n\nI hope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
djsr6r
|
how do we stay asleep despite switching positions at night or even in extreme cases with people sleep walking?
|
Just curious as I checked my cameras and noticed I switch positions about ten times a night and still wake up feeling refreshed with no knowledge that I was even moving around.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/djsr6r/eli5_how_do_we_stay_asleep_despite_switching/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f47vy0a",
"f488nlb"
],
"score": [
11,
6
],
"text": [
"When you're in that state, it's similar to being blackout drunk. You're not in the best shape to create new memories. People who have sleep apnea wake up dozens of times per hour because they stop breathing, but they won't remember it.",
"Our bodies switch positions unconsciously. We'd actually wake up if we weren't able to switch positions since lying in one position for a prolonged time hurts. That's why coma patients need to be turned around by the nurses, otherwise they get bruises on the side they're sleeping on."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5zu97q
|
why is censoring tv & radio not a violation of the first amendment?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zu97q/eli5_why_is_censoring_tv_radio_not_a_violation_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"df13wyk",
"df14alr",
"df14nuy"
],
"score": [
4,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"My understanding is that the freedoms of speech and press are meant so the government cannot punish you for saying something against them. You are allowed to say anything you want in regards to the government in speech and press (media). These freedoms have nothing to do with saying anything and everything you want at all times through any mode of communication.",
"Access to the airwaves is not uncontrolled, because there is limited spectrum. Thus, you must have a license from the FCC. When you agree to a license, you agree to the FCC's rules on language.\n\nIf you don't like this, you can use cable TV. HBO had a whole show mocking the TV restrictions about showing female nipples (Dream On) in the early days of Pay TV. You can also use the literal \"freedom of the press\" to buy a printing press and print any darn thing you want - not unlike Larry Flint did.",
"The first amendment's purpose is to prevent the government from stifling people's opinions. A ban on vulgar content on public airwaves does not stifle people's opinions. Anyone can turn on a TV and access it so they don't want porn on. \n\nCable TV is not subject to these things since they are an optional purpose. Many networks have their own rules that align somewhat with the FCC, but some networks break those rules all the time (Spike) and some networks have totally different rules (HBO). \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
Subsets and Splits
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