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Main Difference - Antithesis vs Oxymoron. Antithesis and oxymoron are two literary devices that present two contradictory words or concepts. The main difference between antithesis and oxymoron is that an antithesis involves apparently contradictory ideas, concepts within a balanced grammatical structure whereas an oxymoron is the combination of seemingly contradictory terms. figures of speech - Ironic Juxtaposition or Antithesis ... It is a sort of antithesis, by the definition: Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure). I'd say it's more precisely an example of enantiosis: Using opposing or contrary descriptions together, typically in a somewhat paradoxical manner. What is the difference between paradox, antithesis ... Paradox: a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true. Antithesis: The opposite to an idea. Oxymoron: Two contradictory words used in conjunction (Smart ... Juxtaposition, antitheses and oxymoron. - The Student Room AP Literature 1 minute lesson on Juxtaposition and … Antithesis - A Technical Writer's Guide to the Galaxy Juxtaposition Examples - examples.yourdictionary.com Antithesis can be defined as "a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to... The literary term of Juxtaposition is covered in this multiple choice quiz. Please review the definition and examples before you complete the Juxtaposition quiz.	https://writingkfd.firebaseapp.com/ahrens49593gejo/antithesis-and-juxtaposition-3124.html
I need help with the figure of speech "bitter sweet"??? - print Print - list Cite Expert Answers calendarEducator since 2009 write4,795 answers starTop subjects are Literature, History, and Social Sciences Like the previous post, "bitter sweet" is an oxymoron. It comes from two Greek words, meaning sharp and dull. So, even from the word itself, you are able to get at the definition of the word. Oxymorons are great to use in literature, because it makes the reader think. It is similar to a paradox in some ways. On the surface, it does not make sense at all, but with some more reflection, usually a great truth is unlocked with wit and cleverness. Moreover, most of life is filled with oxymorons. For instance, no one is consistent. Everyone is a walking contradiction. In part this is what makes life interesting. A nice oxymoron is "silent whispers." If we expand this idea, we can say apply it also the conceptual things. Related Questions - Is Bitter-sweet an example of antithesis? If not what is an example of antithesis? - 2 Educator Answers - What is the difference between poetic devices and figures of speech? Is alliteration a poetic... - 3 Educator Answers - I want some information on the literature figures of speech.with their relative examples - 2 Educator Answers calendarEducator since 2009 write858 answers starTop subjects are Literature, Social Sciences, and History "Bittersweet" is an oxymoron. An oxymoron is a two-word paradox, or something which appears to be a contradiction, but is actually possible. Other examples include "living dead", "darkly lit", "sweet sorrow", etc. In each of these, the concept seems to be impossible (how can something which causes sorrow or sadness also be sweet or pleasurable?), but can actually exist. The Enotes Guide to Literary Terms states the etymology as follows: The term comes from the Greek oxumoros, meaning pointedly foolish which was formed by combining oxus, meaning sharp, and moros, meaning foolish. An oxymoron can be a effective way to state a paradox concisely, & thus point out discrepancies or emphasize a particular point.	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/need-help-with-figuers-speech-bitter-sweet-115517?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=topics_related_hh_questions&en_category=internal_campaign
Anaphora: repetition of a word at the beginning of a line or sentence e.g. Talk to me Huracan, Talk to me Shango, Talk to me Oyd. Antithesis: a figure of speech involving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure, as in the following: “Listen, young men, to an old man to whom old men were glad to listen when he was young.” Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds within words e.g. The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain.' Creates a soothing effect. Consonance: often used in poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels, for example the “tter” sound in “pitter patter.” It repeats the consonant sounds but not vowel sounds. Declarative: a statement. End-stopped line: a line that is ended by punctuation. Enjambment: the continuation of a sentence onto the next line without end punctuation, often to highlight an alternative interpretation. Euphemism: The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit e.g. 'she lay silenced' (to describe death). Foreshadowing: hinting at events to occur later, giving an idea to what's going to happen in the upcoming events. Hyperbole: an exaggerated statement used for effect and not meant to be taken literally e.g. T had to wait an eternity for the file to download. Imperative: an order or command. Interrogative: a question. Metaphor: describes a first subject as being or equal to a second object in some way without using 'like' or 'as'. “John was a record-setting runner. That speeding bullet could zip past you without you even knowing he was there.” Onomatopoeia: a word that sounds the same as, or similar to what the word means e.g. 'bang', 'crash', ’whisper'. Oxymoron: two opposite terms used together for effect e.g. bittersweet. Personification: the use of metaphors and similes to give living characteristics to non-living objects e.g. time stood still; love enfolded us in her arms.	http://devtome.com/doku.php?id=literary_terminology
© 2011 Scriptural Study Groups. All Rights Reserved. Have you ever heard of an oxymoron? In our culture, the term “oxymoron” is usually used to describe an expression that appears to be self-contradicting, usually in a humorous way. (“Civil War,” “pretty ugly,” and “jumbo shrimp” come to mind.) However, an oxymoron is actually a legitimate figure of speech, a rhetorical device that has been employed for thousands of years. Its name is derived from two Greek words, one meaning “sharp,” the other meaning “dull,” literally “sharp-dullness,” or, by extension, “wise-foolishness.” Thus, an oxymoron is a saying which first may appear foolish, but upon consideration exhibits wisdom. See what I’m saying? This figure of speech is used frequently in God’s Word, particularly in the New Testament. One splendid example occurs in II Corinthians 4. II Corinthians 4:18 While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal. Looking at things which aren’t seen? The first part of this verse raises several questions. First of all, what kind of unseen things can be looked at? The answer becomes clear when we consider the earlier context. II Corinthians 4:14 Knowing that he which raised up the Lord Jesus shall raise up us also by Jesus, and shall present us with you. From this verse, and from the context which continues into chapter five, we see that the “unseen things” are unseen because they are yet future. Why look to the future? How could this have any effect on the challenges of today? The following verses explain. II Corinthians 4:15–17 For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God. For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day. For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory. These verses reveal a tremendous secret, one which is of value to all Christians. Paul and others with him were enabled to do wonderful things in their time. They were enabled to live for the glory of God and the benefit of others. They were enabled to avoid fainting even under the greatest of pressure because they looked to the future that awaited them, to what God’s Word calls our Hope. And compared to the glory of that Hope, the challenges of the present seem light and transient indeed. A question remains, however—if these things are yet future, how can one view them? The answer is both simple and magnificent: God has revealed them. In His Word, God has told us everything we need to know about our eternal destiny and the events that surround it. He reminds me that I now have everlasting life, but also that the choices I make in this short span of earthbound time can have eternal implications. My physical eyes may tell a different story, but I can choose to look at something which, though invisible to those eyes, is more real, more lasting, and more true than the physical circumstances surrounding me. As I make this choice, my fears release their grip, my peace is strengthened, and every aspect of life is radically affected. Hebrews 11 makes reference to some of the great examples of believing in the Old Testament. It also shows that, consistently, these wonderful believers saw beyond the immediate situation. They had a reason to stand for God, and to continue standing, because they looked for “a better country, that is, an heavenly” (verse 16) and that subsequently they viewed themselves as “strangers and pilgrims on the earth” (verse 13). The entire chapter is deserving of a detailed study. The great lesson of Hebrews 11 is really concluded in chapter 12. Hebrews 12:1–3 Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. This is almost breathtaking. For in these verses we have the promise that we can continue, patiently and without fainting, if we will but do what Paul, what the saints of the Old Testament, and what our Lord himself did: look to the joy that is set before us. I Peter 3:15 But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear. One Christian said, “I have an answer, but nobody’s asking.” Well perhaps that is because you have been living as though your hope was no different than theirs! Hope-filled Christians, on the other hand, stand out in a world that is accustomed to only misery and frustration, whining and complaining. As we teach our minds to recognize that what God says is even more reliable than what our physical eyes see, this Hope can sustain us daily, as it has done for the great saints of all ages. See what God is saying?	https://ssg.church/past-articles/see-what-god-is-saying/
: clep , literature Instructions: Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes. If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here . Match each statement with the correct term. Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test. This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time. 1. A Greek term first used by Aristotle to describe the emotional cleansing or purification that results after watching a tragedy performed on stage. Elision Persona Convention Catharsis 2. Then narrator is a character in the story and tells the reader his/her story using the pronoun 'I'. Aubade Voice 1st Person Elision 3. A metrical foot with two unstressed syllables. Complication Pyrrhic Symbol Dialect 4. A figure of speech in which two things are compared using 'like' or 'as'. Parable Exposition Act Simile 5. A moment of insightfulness when a character realizes some truth. Denotation Meter Internal Conflict Epiphany 6. A figure of speech in which a closely related term is substituted for an object or idea. Voice Quatrain Tone Metonymy 7. As the conflict(s) develop and the characters attempt to revolve those conflicts - suspense builds. Trochee Rising Action Flashback Elision 8. A love lyric in which the speaker complains about the arrival of the dawn - when he must part from his lover. Cliche Recognition Falling Meter Aubade 9. A figure of speech in which an abstract concept or an absent or imaginary person is directly addressed. Antagonist Iamb Internal Conflict Apostrophe 10. A form of language in which writers and speakers mean exactly what their words denote. 1st Person Motif Literal Language Closed Form 11. A customary feature of a literary work - such as the use of a chorus in Greek tragedy - the inclusion of an explicit moral in a fable - or the use of a particular rhyme scheme in a villanelle. Metonymy Convention Fiction Ballad 12. The feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader. Dramatic Irony Comic Relief Parable Mood 13. The voice an actor takes on to tell the story in a particular work. Persona Conceit Characterization Aphorism 14. The vantage point from which the writer tells the story. Antagonist Connotation Symbolism Point of View 15. A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones. Metonymy Dactyl Legend Sestet 16. The selection of words in a literary work. Diction Parallelism Comic Relief Foil 17. A word that closely resembles the sound that the word is supposed to make. Suspense Onomatopoeia Climax Tone 18. A lyrical poem that laments the dead. Metaphor Nonfiction Elegy Denotation 19. The time and place of a story or play. Diction Rhyme Rhythm Setting 20. A metrical unit composed of stressed an unstressed syllables. Complication Foot Dialect Solioquy 21. A comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as 'like' or 'as'. Paradox Closed Form Internal Conflict Metaphor 22. A symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning. Personification Sestet Allegory Rhyme 23. A struggle or clash between opposing characters - forces - or emotions. Falling Action Personification Conflict Repetition 24. A figure of speech in which a part of something represents its whole. Synecdoche Allegory Antagonist Mood 25. Words and phrases that vividly recreate a sound - sight - smell - touch - or taste for the reader by appealing to the senses. Aphorism Act Imagery Elegy 26. The narrator is outside of the story and tells the story from the perspective of only one character. 3rd Person (Limited) Conceit Comic Relief Flashback 27. The organizational form of a literary work. Sestina Style Synecdoche Structure 28. A poem of thirty-nine lines and written in iambic pentameter. Blank Verse Sestina Metaphor Conflict 29. A comparison between two things that share certain similarities. Analogy 3rd Person (Limited) Foil Folklore 30. A character struggles against some outside force. Closed Form Flashback Author's Purpose External Conflict 31. A figure of speech in which two opposing ideas are combined. Characterization Pyrrhic Sonnet Oxymoron 32. The first stage of a functional or dramatic plot - in which necessary background information is provided. Sestina Octave Assonance Exposition 33. A figure of speech involving exaggeration. Octave Spondee Villanelle Hyperbole 34. A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a seperate stanza in a poem. Persona Pyrrhic External Conflict Couplet 35. The person who 'tells' the story. Assonance Parody Narrator Dramatic Irony 36. A brief witty poem - often satirical. Conceit Ballad Complication Epigram 37. The difference between what a character expects and what the reader knows will happen. Assonance Dramatic Irony Solioquy Myth 38. A technique designed to enact social change by using wit to rificule ideas - customs or institutions. Exposition Satire Elegy Understatement 39. A six-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem. Free Verse Epiphany Sestet Mood 40. A recurring pattern found in a work or works of literature; the pattern is usually representative of something else. Apostrophe Closed Form Diction Motif 41. A humorous moment in a serious drama that temporarily relieves the mounting tension. Comic Relief Legend Exposition Dramatic Irony 42. A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. Enjambment Repetition External Conflict Legend 43. A strong pause within a line. Free Verse Internal Conflict Caesura Iamb 44. Poetic meters such as trochaic and oactylic that move or fall from a stressed to an unstressed syllable. Foreshadowing Dialect Alliteration Falling Meter 45. The matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. Exposition Author's Purpose Legend Rhyme 46. The resolution of the plot of a literarture work. Stanza Closed Form Denouement 3rd Person (Omniscient) 47. The implied attitude of a writer toward the subject and acharacters of a work. Myth Imagery Tone Characterization 48. A story passed down over the generations that was once believed to be true. Synecdoche Narrator Myth Satire 49. A division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form - - either with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter - or with variations from one stanza to another. Persona Situational Irony Stanza Convention 50. The point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist.	https://basicversity.com/quiz/clep-analyzing-and-interpreting-literature
A Guide To Poetry Styles & Terms Poetry is made up of so many specific patters and language. There are as many forms of poetry as there are writers who pen it. Here I have gather some resources to specific patterns of poetry and I have attempted to describe for you the figurative language found in poetry. Specific Patterns of Poetry • What is Traditional Poetry? traditional" poetry is the kind of poetry we hear most often. Traditional poetry has a certain form ex: Humpty-Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty-Dumpty had a great fall; • What is Free Verse Poetry? Free verse is poetry that is written without proper rules about form, rhyme, rhythm, meter, etc. The greatest American writer of free verse is probably Walt Whitman With free verse the poem can tell a story, describe a person, animal, feeling or object. They can serious, sad, funny or educational. There are no limits • What is a tongue twister? an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly; "`Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. ' is a tongue twister" •What is ode poetry? An Ode is a poem praising and glorifying a person, place or thing. • What is Monorhyme Poetry? A poem in which all the lines have the same end rhyme. Ex: Late for school I'm looking like a big fool My brother thinks he rules While I'm loosing my cool • What is monody Poetry? A monody is a poem in which one person laments another's death, as in Tennyson's Break, Break, Break, or Wordsworth's She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways. • What is Concrete Poetry? poetry in which the poet's intent is conveyed by the shape formed by the letters, words, or symbols that make up the poem rather than by the conventional arrangement of words • What is Quatrain Poetry? A Quatrain is a poem consisting of four lines of verse with a specific rhyming scheme. A few examples of a quatrain rhyming scheme's are as follows: #1) abab #2) abba -- envelope rhyme #3) aabb #4) aaba, bbcb, ccdc, dddd -- chain rhyme What is a metaphor? a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity What is a simile? a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as') • The Simile Satellite Activities This site explores the function, form and effect of simile in poetry. What is alliteration ? the repetition of consonant sounds - usually at the beginning of words What is onomatopoeia? a word that sounds like the thing it describes Example: splash, wow, gush, kerplunk What is a trope? The intentional use of a word or expression figuratively, i.e., used in a different sense from its original significance in order to give vividness or emphasis to an idea. Some important types of trope are: antonomasia, irony, metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. Sidelight: Strictly speaking, a trope is the figurative use of a word or expression, while figure of speech refers to a phrase or sentence used in a figurative sense. The two terms, however, are often confused and used interchangeably Examples: Metaphor, simile, oxymoron, and hyperbole are all kinds of figurative language. What is personification? a person who represents an abstract quality; "she is the personification of optimism" What is Synonyms? words or phrases which have similar meaning. What is a stanza? a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem What is imagery? Image is language that evokes one or all of the five senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching. What is a muse? Muse : the source of an artist's inspiration; "Euterpe was his muse" To get a list of other Poetic Glossary terms Please see Todays-Woman list http://www.todays-woman.net/dll.php?name=Dictionary or Robert Shubinski has assembled an excellent on-line resource http://www.poeticbyway.com/glossary.html This link also gives the term, definition and example of literary terms.	http://www.khalil-ghibran.com/2018/11/a-guide-to-poetry-styles-terms.html
Sometimes when the word oxymoron is used, someone will exclaim, Good grief! What is an oxymoron? Is it a dumb bovine? No, far from it. An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two incongruous, contradictory terms are yoked together in a small space. In fact, good grief is an oxymoron. Even the word oxymoron is itself oxymoronic because it is formed from two Greek roots of opposite meanings: Richard Lederer divided oxymora into several categories: Should oxymoronic strings, like the double-play fresh frozen jumbo shrimp, be accorded special mention? What about triple plays in which all three words interact; such as, permanent guest host? While the forms that oxymora assume are far from infinite, they are intriguingly varied. The boundaries separating one category from another blur and shift even as we draw them, but the lines can be useful. As all taxonomists should know, it is not always easy to know where the front of a horse ends and the back begins, but we usually can perceive the difference between a horses head and a horses rear end. You may find extensive lists of oxymora with a simple click. A well-known example of literary oxymora is Tennysons Lancelot and Elaine:	http://wordquests.info/cgi/ice2-for.cgi?file=/hsphere/local/home/scribejo/wordquests.info/htm/L-Gk-oxy-O-P.htm&HIGHLIGHT=quick
the specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect. didactic (from the Greek, meaning “good teaching”) writing or speech is didactic when it has an instructive purpose or a lesson. It is often associated with a dry, pompous presentation, regardless of its innate value to the reader/listener. elegy a poem or prose work that laments, or mediates upon the death of, a person or persons. epistrophe in rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences. For example: “If women are healthy and educated their families will flourish. If women are free from violence, their families will flourish. If women have a chance to work…their families will flourish” (Hillary Clinton, October 1, 1995). epitaph writing in praise of a dead person, most often inscribed upon a headstone. ethos in rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator. eulogy a speech or written passage in praise of a person; an oration in honor of a deceased person. euphemism an indirect, kinder, or less harsh or hurtful way of expressing unpleasant information. exposition writing that explains its own meaning or purpose extended metaphor a series of comparisons within a piece of writing. If they consistently involve one concept, this is also known as a conceit. figurative language/figure of speech has levels of meaning expressed through personification, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, oxymoron, litote, and others. flashback an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration genre a type or class of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history homily a sermon, but more contemporary uses include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual life. hyperbole overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention. imagery broadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. Involves the five senses. inductive reasoning (induction) the method of reasoning or argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principles; movement from the specific to the general. inference a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data. irony (ironic) the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant.	https://indybedbugpros.com/literary-terms-dialect-to-irony/
Of plottwists and endings? Asked by: Jaron Goode What are examples of plot twists? Good vs. evil plot twists - The narrator is the villain telling the hero’s story. - The narrator is the hero telling the villain’s story. - Your character is a superhero that lost their powers. - The opening hero is killed within the first act. - The villain is a twin of the hero. - The hero is one of a triplet trio. What is the best plot twist ever? Here are the top 14 greatest plot twists of all time, ranked: spoilers ahead. - 8 Se7en (1995) - 7 Saw (2004) - 6 Arrival (2016) - 5 Fight Club (1999) - 4 The Usual Suspects (1995) - 3 Psycho (1960) - 2 Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back (1980) - 1 The Sixth Sense (1999) What is the plot twist at the end? A plot twist is a literary technique that introduces a radical change in the direction or expected outcome of the plot in a work of fiction. When it happens near the end of a story, it is known as a twist or surprise ending. What is a twist in a plot? Plot twists are changes in a novel, short story, movie, or TV series that subvert expectations. They don’t follow the linear path that may have been suggested by an author at the start of the story. When properly executed, these misdirections genuinely surprise the audience and thereby enhance their engagement. What is the best twist ending? 23 Movies With Shocking Twist Endings We’re Still Not Over - The Mist (2007) … - Split (2016) … - The Others (2001) … - Soylent Green (1973) … - Us (2019) Image via IMDB/Universal Pictures. … - Atonement (2007) Image via IMDB/Focus Features. … - Seven (1995) Image via IMDB/New Line Cinema. … - Chinatown (1974) Image via IMDB/Paramount Pictures. How do you write a plot twist in killer? 10 Simple Tips For Writing Clever Plot Twists - Approach your story as a reader. … - Use subtle misdirection. … - Use even subtler foreshadowing. … - Let your characters create the plot twists. … - Ensure your twist is believable and necessary – and makes sense. … - Disguise a plot twist… within a plot twist. What is a plot turn? A Plot Turn is when something happens that causes a significant change in either the goal, stakes, or obstacles. It shouldn’t be predictable, but it probably isn’t going to knock the reader out of their seat in shock either. Example: In The Sixth Sense, Malcolm discovers Cole can see dead people. What was the first plot twist? Caligari (1920, Ger.) The main plot of this influential German silent horror film from director Robert Wiene was about a mysterious, insane hypnotist-doctor and his somnabulist. It probably had the first or earliest twist ending ever in a movie. What’s another word for plot twist? What is another word for plot twist? \|curveball\|\|bombshell\| \|odd turn\|\|plot reversal\| \|surprising turn of events\|\|unexpected development\| \|unexpected twist\|\|strange development\| \|bolt from the blue\|\|unanticipated turn of events\| How do you use plot twist? Example sentences plot twist - The final plot twist turns on this and could be easily underappreciated. … - Two critics were so disappointed, they gave away the plot twist. - It was a verbal pitch that took in every character, every plot twist and turn. - That a plot twist centres on irritable bowel movements really says it all. What is the synonym of twist? turn, turn round, swivel, swivel round, skew, skew round, spin, spin round, pivot, rotate, revolve. What is the synonym for ironic? Some common synonyms of ironic are sarcastic, sardonic, and satiric. While all these words mean “marked by bitterness and a power or will to cut or sting,” ironic implies an attempt to be amusing or provocative by saying usually the opposite of what is meant. What is a central paradox? You describe a situation as a paradox when it involves two or more facts or qualities which seem to contradict each other. Is there another word for oxymoron? Oxymoron Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus. What is another word for oxymoron? \|paradox\|\|contradiction\| \|dichotomy\|\|incongruity\| \|inconsistency\|\|conflict\| \|anomaly\|\|oddity\| \|absurdity\|\|conundrum\| What is paradoxical situation? a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics: [ + that ] It’s a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty. Logic and reason. a fortiori. a priori. What are the 3 types of paradoxes? Three types of paradoxes - Falsidical – Logic based on a falsehood. - Veridical – Truthful. - Antinomy – A contradiction, real or apparent, between two principles or conclusions, both of which seem equally justified. What is Paradoxal? 1 : one (such as a person, situation, or action) having seemingly contradictory qualities or phases. 2a : a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true. b : a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true. What is difference between oxymoron and paradox? An oxymoron is the conjunction of two words with meanings that contradict each other. While a paradox is the opposition of ideas or themes, an oxymoron is a contradiction merely between words. An example of oxymoron in literature can be found in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. What is an example of an antithesis? Consider William Shakespeare’s famous line in Hamlet: “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.” This is a great example of antithesis because it pairs two contrasting ideas—listening and speaking—in the same parallel structure. The effect of antithesis can be powerful. What’s the difference between paradox and juxtaposition? Main Difference – Paradox vs Juxtaposition Juxtaposing is a literary device in which two opposing elements are placed side by side in order to highlight their similarities and differences. Paradox is a phrase or sentence where two contrasting ideas are used in order to reveal a hidden truth. What is antithesis figure of speech? antithesis, (from Greek antitheton, “opposition”), a figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the saying “Art is long, and Time is fleeting.” What is juxtaposition? Definition of juxtaposition : the act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side often to compare or contrast or to create an interesting effect an unusual juxtaposition of colors also : the state of being so placed contrasting shapes placed in juxtaposition to each other. What is an example of a synecdoche? What are some examples of synecdoche? Here are some examples of synecdoche: the word hand in “offer your hand in marriage”; mouths in “hungry mouths to feed”; and wheels referring to a car.	https://deertales.blog/of-plottwists-and-endings/
Did Einstein really say it? Did Einstein really say it? In “The Ultimate Quotable Einstein,” editor Alice Calaprice clarified that Einstein agreed with this statement, but did not actually say it. In fact, he was quoting a passage by an anonymous “wit” in a chapter he wrote on education, included in his book “Out of My Later Years.” Did Einstein say God does not play dice? Einstein described his “private opinion” of quantum physics in one of the 1945 letters by referencing a phrase that he had already made famous: “God does not play dice with the universe.” In the letter, he wrote: “God tirelessly plays dice under laws which he has himself prescribed.” This variation clarified his … What do you do when you don’t tell God? Einstein famously remarked “God does not play dice” and Bohr replied “Einstein, stop telling God what to do”. Einstein was sceptical that Quantum Mechanics was the correct formulation of physics and was criticising Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. What did Albert Einstein mean when he said God doesn’t play dice? Even Albert Einstein, who never accepted quantum mechanics, famously said that “He (God or Nature) does not play dice” — meaning that the laws of physics do not surrender to uncertainty or chance as implied by quantum theory. What is Einstein rock paradox? The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox (EPR paradox) is a thought experiment proposed by physicists Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen (EPR), with which they argued that the description of physical reality provided by quantum mechanics was incomplete. Is love a paradox? Yes, love is a paradox. It’s both simple and complicated. It makes us feel happier, and more connected than any other feeling. But it can also be the catalyst that pushes us into a hole of depth and despair that’s almost indescribable when we feel disconnected from it. What’s the meaning of paradox? 1 : a tenet contrary to received opinion. 2a : a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true. b : a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true. What is an example of paradox? For example, a character who is both charming and rude might be referred to as a “paradox” even though in the strict logical sense, there’s nothing self-contradictory about a single person combining disparate personality traits. What is a walking paradox? I’m a walking paradox, in conflict with my mind and actions. I’m always in pursuit of my happiness, yet I often drift off reality and think of things that make me feel bittersweet, nostalgic and just plain sad. Who is a paradox person? paradox(Noun) A person or thing having contradictory properties. He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party. What is infinity paradox? The correct technical definition of infinity is that it is equal to some of its parts. The paradox states that you can still fit another infinite number of guests in the hotel because of the infinite number of rooms. If the rooms were full, then there is a last room, which means that the number of rooms is countable. What is difference between oxymoron and paradox? paradox/ oxymoron An oxymoron is a figure of speech — words that seem to cancel each other out, like “working vacation” or “instant classic.” Both are contradictions, but a paradox is something to think on, and an oxymoron is a description, enjoyed in the moment then gone. How do you use the word paradox? Paradox in a Sentence ? - In a strange paradox, the medicine made Heather sick before it made her better. - The idea of being cruel to be kind is a paradox because cruelty is not normally associated with kindness. - By definition a paradox is two contrasting situations put together to create a provoking idea. How do you write a paradox? To write a literary paradox, you need a character or situation that combines disparate elements. This is hard to do in the abstract! So it’s usually better to try to observe paradoxes first. Find people or situations in history, in literature, or in real life to act as inspiration for your original literary paradox. What is paradox theory? Paradox theory refers to a particular approach to oppositions which sets forth “a dynamic equilibrium model of organizing [that] depicts how cyclical responses to paradoxical tensions enable sustainability and [potentially produces] … What is success paradox? What is the paradox of success? It is a psychological phenomenon that arises when a successful entrepreneur’s self-efficacy increases leading to increased self-reliance that creates blind spots and limitations to greater success. What is the time paradox? A temporal paradox, time paradox, or time travel paradox is a paradox, an apparent contradiction, or logical contradiction associated with the idea of time and time travel. In physics, temporal paradoxes fall into two broad groups: consistency paradoxes exemplified by the grandfather paradox; and causal loops. Is existence a paradox? Existence is demonstrably paradoxical, that is, it does not make rational sense. Nature makes abundant sense but existence itself is patently irrational and, thus, possibly supernatural. It could well be then that humanity is simply incapable of rationally conceptualizing its own existence. How many types of Paradox are there? Card paradox: “The next statement is true. The previous statement is false.” A variant of the liar paradox in which neither of the sentences employs (direct) self-reference, instead this is a case of circular reference. No-no paradox: Two sentences that each say the other is not true. What is a paradox Stanford? By “paradox” one usually means a statement claiming something which goes beyond (or even against) ‘common opinion’ (what is usually believed or held). Paradoxes involving vagueness, knowledge, belief, and space and time are treated in separate entries. Why is it called bootstrap paradox? The term bootstrap paradox comes from the title of the story and the idiom pulling yourself up by your bootstraps, a nod to a future version of oneself influencing the life of a past version. As the idiom originally observes, it’s impossible to pull yourself up by your own bootstraps—unless you’re a time traveler. What is logical paradox? A paradox is generally a puzzling conclusion we seem to be driven towards by our reasoning, but which is highly counterintuitive, nevertheless. There are, among these, a large variety of paradoxes of a logical nature which have teased even professional logicians, in some cases for several millennia.	https://janetpanic.com/did-einstein-really-say-it/
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two contradictory words. The term comes from the Greek words oxy (sharp) and moros (dull.) So even the word oxymoron is an oxymoron! Other examples of oxymorons include: - Pretty ugly - Jumbo shrimp - Long shorts - Plastic silverware - Boneless ribs - Dry ice - Freezer burn - Fresh frozen - First annual - United Methodist 🙂 The title of a popular Christmas carol could also qualify as an oxymoron: Silent Night. Has anyone experienced a holiday season that is quiet, holy, calm, and bright? In our frantic, frenetic, contemporary culture, such a concept sounds like a contradiction in terms. First, there are the malls. Some people tell me that they actually LIKE waiting until the last minute to shop in crowded stores. These folk LOOK relatively sane, but I would not trust them to handle sharp instruments or operate heavy machinery. The parking lots and stores are filled with the jolly sounds of cars honking, bells ringing, children crying, parents screaming, credit cards swiping, and cash registers beeping. The deafening din overpowers background Christmas music like Grandma Got Ran Over by a Reindeer and The Redneck Twelve Days of Christmas. (And if I hear Elvis singing Blue Christmas one more time, then I will run screaming into the woods!) Some people avoid the mall madness by shopping online. However, this doesn’t avoid the increased decibel levels in our homes. There is the cheerful sound of children fussing and parents grumbling. The chief chef bangs pots and pans together in the kitchen. The resident engineer mutters over easy-to-assemble toys. Meanwhile, the TV and radio provide background noise. Some misguided people come to church seeking sanctuary from the holiday storm. HAH! Good luck with that—let me know if you find it. We seldom get more than vague hints of a Silent Night in our congregational life. In fact, December is one of the busiest times of the church year. In addition to the normal full routine, there are banquets, parties, rehearsals, cantatas, and Christmas Eve services. Silent night, holy night . . . not so much. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised. Despite the carol’s words, I doubt the first Christmas was a SILENT night either. The declaration of No room in the inn rang in Holy Couple’s ears. The sounds of the barnyard animals greeted them in the stable. The cries of labor and childbirth soon followed. Then the angelic chorus sang loud enough to awaken all of creation. The shepherds crowded into the stable with a late night visit. And despite a carol claiming The little Lord Jesus, no crying he makes, any first time parent knows better! Christmas has NEVER been a Silent Night. If you think about it for a moment, however, Christmas is filled with oxymorons such as: - A virgin birth - A human God - A baby Savior - Emmanuel: God with us The Christmas story is the Gospel story—the story of the Lord God Almighty, the Creator of the heavens and the earth, who is head-over-heels in love with creation. Matthew and Luke contain the traditional stories of Christ’s birth. However, the familiar words of John 3:16 proclaim the Lord’s purpose and plan: For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. I don’t wish you a silent night this year; however, I do pray that you experience a holy night—a sacred season in which you encounter God’s mercy, grace, forgiveness, joy, light, life, and love. During December, we remember the reason for the season: Jesus the Christ who is the Savior of the World . . . and the Savior of our Souls. Silent night, holy night, shepherds quake at the sight; Glories stream from heaven afar, heavenly hosts sing Alleluia! Christ the Savior is born. Amen.	https://billburch.net/2014/12/
A week of exploration of Virtual Reality by a group of Femis and CNSAD students, leaded by Benoît Labourdette. Experiments, creations, reflections ... A philosophical and critical perspective, through playful explorations, to question the emergence of this new technology. This week was abundant and collaborative, it would take a long time to tell: writing, reading, film making, invention of diffusion devices, exploration of potential subjects with this technology, diversions... You can discover a selection of productions in this mini- site created for the occasion: www.benoitlabourdette.com/_docs/projets/2017/2017_femis_vr/static Workshop note of intent Reality and Virtual: two related opposing terms, which describe the next image reception technology desired by electronics manufacturers. Why should you name the films shot and broadcast in 360 °? To drag us into a simulacrum of reality, no doubt. But for what reason? For me art is the play of representation, it is the work of connivance between the work and the viewer, it is the deepening of the consciousness of the other and of oneself. The project that I perceive through this way of naming a technology seems to me to be completely anti-artistic. The concept of “virtual reality” does not therefore concern, in my opinion, artists, but sellers of lies, that is, capitalist merchants. And then, two opposed terms associated, it is a figure of well-known style: the oxymoron, meaning nonsense. Let us explore the potentialities of the 360 °, do not reject them, not to make it a Virtual Reality, but to invent Real Imagines! Capturing the Public Restitution The outcome of the workshop was presented publicly. How to propose a collective experience with this technology? Discover in pictures the ideas we have developed.	http://www.benoitlabourdette.com/innovation/realite-virtuelle/femis-exploration-de-la-realite-virtuelle-360o?lang=en
Organisers: Topic areas Details ABSTRACT It is widely believed that we are facing a problem, even a crisis, caused by something called “fake news”. Governments and other powerful institutions around the world have adopted a variety of measures to restrict the reporting and dissemination of claims they deem to be fake news. Many of these measures are clear breaches of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press. I argue that, contrary to common opinion, there is no new or growing problem of fake news. There is instead a new and growing problem caused by the term “fake news”. I argue that although this term has no fixed meaning it does have a fixed function. It functions to restrict permissible public speech and opinion in ways that serve the interests of powerful people and institutions, and that the current epistemic panic over so-called “fake news” is a serious cause for concern. There are of course, as there always have been, plenty of false reports masquerading as news (I regard the term “false news” as an oxymoron, like “false knowledge”). However, the solution to the problem of bad news remains what it has always been: more news, accompanied by more discussion of its credibility. Supporting material Registration No Who is attending? No one has said they will attend yet. Will you attend this event?	https://philevents.org/event/show/63610
The serf by Roy Campbell The serf was written by Roy Campbell (1901-1957). Campbell was born in Durban and moved to Europe in his later life. He was a fluent Zulu speaker. Campbell was critical of the white colonial rulers of South Africa because he felt that they were arrogant and would not accept any ideas except their own. 1. Themes The theme of the poem is power and oppression. The poet watches a poor farm worker (a serf) ploughing a field. This ploughman is doing harsh work under difficult conditions. He has no power to change his life or job and works patiently and slowly. This man was once the proud warrior of a great tribe that lived on this land. Now he works on land belonging to a rich farmer. The poet suggests that this worker’s close relationship to the land and his slow patience will mean that one day the land will belong to him again and he will defeat the powerful people who have taken his land. Fun Fact: - Serf is the lowest farm worker in medieval Europe (5th- 15th century). Serfs were treated like slaves. Words to know \| \| Definitions of words from the poem: \| \| Line 1: \| \| torrid \| \| very hot, scorching heat \| \| Line 3: \| \| drives \| \| pushes forward like a machine \| \| somnambulist \| \| a person who walks while asleep \| \| Line 4: \| \| green \| \| refers to the grass \| \| crimson \| \| deep purplish red \| \| furrow \| \| a line cut in the soil \| \| grooves \| \| a long narrow cut into the soil \| \| Line 5: \| \| plain \| \| a field \| \| Line 6: \| \| rasping \| \| scraping, scratching \| \| share (also called a ploughshare) \| \| a tool for making furrows or grooves in the soil so that seeds can be planted \| \| insult \| \| abuse, humiliation \| \| Line 7: \| \| clod \| \| a lump of soil, clay or mud \| \| Line 8: \| \| sheaves \| \| stems of maize or corn \| \| Line 9: \| \| fallow \| \| empty, no crops planted \| \| Line 10: \| \| strides \| \| long steps or paces \| \| Line 12: \| \| surly \| \| bad-tempered, rude 2. Type and form The form of this poem is a Miltonic sonnet (also known as a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet). It has 14 lines made up of: - An octave of eight lines (which describes the problem). - A sestet (six lines at the end of the poem which give the solution). The rhyme scheme is abab abab ccdeed. Note: - In exam questions form is sometimes called the style or type of poem. All three terms describe the layout of the poem on the page. 3. Analysis \| \| Octave (lines 1 – 4) His naked skin clothed in the torrid mist The octave introduces the problem of the poem as he describes the hard life of the serf. The poet uses a metaphor to describe the ploughman. In line 1, the ploughman is “clothed” in a “torrid mist”. There is so much dust coming from the feet of the animal pulling the plough that it is compared to a “mist” (a cloud) which makes it hard to see the ploughman. The dust is also compared to clothes as it falls onto his skin (line 3). The poet says that the ploughman is a “slow somnambulist” (line 3). He compares the way the ploughman walks to the way people walk when they are asleep – slowly, as if they are in a dream. This is emphasised by the use of alliteration – the repeated “s” sounds in the words. The “s” sound also appears for emphasis in line 10, “the slow progress of his strides”. The green grass of the field turns “crimson” (red) as the ploughshare cuts a line, “grooves”, into the earth and turns the red soil to the top of the “furrow” (line 4). The poet’s use of “green” in line 4 is an example of metonomy. Note: - Metonomy - A figure of speech in which a thing or a concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something associated with it in meaning. Here, the poet uses the word green to refer to the grass \| \| Octave (lines 5 – 8) His heart, more deeply than he wounds the plain, The problem presented in the first 4 lines of the octave continues as the poet explains that, not only is the ploughman poor and doing hard labour, he is also broken-hearted and sad. “His heart” is hurt (“torn”) “Long by the rasping share of insult” (lines 5-6). These insults would have been all the horrible things done to the ploughman and his people – losing his land, being forced to work like a slave, losing his pride. In two metaphors (lines 5-6), “His heart, more deeply than he wounds the plain/Long by the rasping share of insult torn”, the action of ploughing through the soil is compared to wounding. It cuts the ground and the red soil which is brought up by the plough is the colour of blood. The ploughman’s heart is compared to the ground that he ploughs – his heart has been hurt and wounded by “insult” (line 6). This metaphor compares the ploughman’s heart to the red soil. Now that his heart is sad, it is empty, without feeling. In line 9 (the first line of the sestet), his heart is compared to a field which “lies fallow now” (line 9) with no crops planted. The poet also uses a metaphor to explain how the ploughman was once a great warrior – the cries of war that were good for his heart are compared to rain, which is good for the “clod” (soil), in which seeds will be planted, and once, instead of “sheaves” of corn (line 8), this man had spears. The poet uses an oxymoron, “fatal sheaves” in line 8. The word “sheaves” has connotations of growth and health; while the word “fatal” means resulting in death. This may mean that the planting of crops caused the end of a way of life for the warriors who used to hunt for their food. Note: - Poets use alliteration for two reasons - To emphasise certain words - To create the actual sound that the thing they are writing about makes - Oxymoron - combines 2 words that seem to contradict or oppose each other. \| \| Sestet (lines 9 – 14) But as the turf divides In the octave, the poet has told us the problem: the ploughman is tired, oppressed, working on land he does not own, and no longer a mighty warrior. In the sestet, he now gives us the solution to this problem. As he watches the grass (“turf”) cut through by the blade of the ploughshare, the poet has a vision of the future. He believes that the slow, steady, patient “strides” (line 10) of the ploughman, who belongs to the land and to nature (the “naked earth”), will defeat his oppressors and break down their symbols of wealth and power: “palaces, and thrones, and towers” (line 14). The serf will one day be free again and own the land he works on. The poet uses another oxymoron in line 10 – “surly patience”. Surly means bad-tempered or rude; and seems to be the opposite of “patience”, which means to quietly wait and endure what you are experiencing. Note the alliteration used in line 11: “falling flowers”. The “f” sound emphasises how steadily and certainly the serf walks forward — towards making history turn to favour his people again. 4. Tone and mood In the octave, the tone is despairing and depressing as it describes the hard labour and losses of the serf. The tone changes to become more urgent and hopeful in the sestet. The mood of a poem is how it makes the reader feel. How does this poem make you feel? For example, happy, sad, angry, or indifferent. Summary The serf by Roy Campbell - Theme Power and oppression. - Type and form - Tone and mood Tone: In the octave: despairing and depressing; in the sestet: urgent and hopeful. Mood: How does this poem make you feel? Happy, sad, angry or indifferent? Always give reasons for your answer. Activity 8 Refer to the poem on page 69 and answer the questions below. - Refer to lines 1-4 (“His naked skin ... crimson furrow grooves”). Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Write “true” or “false” and quote a SINGLE word to support your answer. The serf is forced to work in very hot conditions. (2) - In your own words, explain the meaning of line (2) - Refer to lines 5-6 (“His heart, more ... of insult torn”). 3.1 Identify the figure of speech used (1) 3.2 Explain why the poet uses this figure of (2) - Choose the correct answer to complete the following In line 6 the words “rasping share of insult” refer to the ... - Ploughshare breaking the earth. - Serf wounding the earth. - Inhuman treatment of the serf. - Serf insulting his master. (1) - Refer to the last six lines of the poem (“Lies fallow now ... thrones, and towers”). Discuss the speaker’s warning in these lines. State TWO points. (2) - Complete the following sentences by using the words provided in the list Write only the words next to the question number (6.1–6.3) owner; labourer; ploughs; oppression; harvest; freedom - Consider the poem as a whole. Do you feel sorry for the serf? Discuss your (2) - Give TWO reasons why the title “The serf” is a suitable one for this poem. (2) - Is this poem a South African poem? Quote two consecutive words from the poem to support your (2) - The word “naked” is used twice in the Complete the sentence below quoting phrases from the poem.	https://www.elimuza.com/grade-12/item/788-the-serf-by-roy-campbell
Rhetorical devices primarily describe aspects of style in persuasive texts and are commonly referred to as “figures of speech,” although they extend beyond syntactic and semantic figures in explaining three related phenomena in humorous texts. First, they reveal various uses of topoi, or commonplace tools for the invention or systematic discovery of persuasive arguments. Second, they explain how various comedic devices—such as simile, metaphor, hyperbole, paradox, oxymoron, and personification— support the construction and delivery of these arguments. Third, they justify how humorous arguments can be understood as appeals to logos (logic or reason) by revealing how successful humor relies on shared perspectives between author, audience, and worldview. Topoi The first comprehensive organization of rhetorical devices occurs in the anonymously authored Rhetorica ad Herennium (Rhetoric to Herennius), although ... - Loading...	https://sk.sagepub.com/Reference/encyclopedia-of-humor-studies/i8477.xml
This term is known only to a narrow circle of people with rare knowledge. Only 2% of English native speakers know the meaning of this word. According to our data most of word are more popular. This word is almost not used. It has a much more popular synonym. figure of speech usage trend in LiteratureThis diagram is provided by Google Ngram Viewer Synonyms for figure of speech noun figure of speech - allegory — An allegory is a story, poem, or painting in which the characters and events are symbols of something else. Allegories are often moral, religious, or political. - allusion — An allusion is an indirect reference to someone or something. - analogy — If you make or draw an analogy between two things, you show that they are similar in some way. - anticlimax — You can describe something as an anticlimax if it disappoints you because it happens after something that was very exciting, or because it is not as exciting as you expected. - antithesis — The antithesis of something is its exact opposite.	https://wordpanda.net/definition/figure-of-speech
Are assumptions for multiple linear regression basically the same as simple linear regression? One has to check for linearity for each of the continuous predictors versus the outcome variable? If there are categorical variables, one has to check the linearity between each of the continuous predictors with the outcome variable for all levels of the categorical variables? - 2$\begingroup$ Some of the responses to this related question, What is a complete list of the usual assumptions for linear regression?, are not limited to simple linear regression. Does that help? $\endgroup$– chlOct 26, 2011 at 18:37 2 Answers The assumptions are about the same: linearity, reliability, homoscedasticity, normal distribution, error independence and normality, no outliers, no collinearity, and so on. The primary special issue with multiple regression is multicollinearity. That requires some testing distinctive to multiple regression - tolerance is one method and variance inflation is another. If you want more details on how to do this, don't hesitate to ask. - 1$\begingroup$ For categorical predictor variables, how do you check linearity with the outcome variable? $\endgroup$– tomOct 26, 2011 at 22:39 One generally examines the conformity with regression assumptions by examining the residuals since most of the regression assumptions have to do with the distribution of residuals rather than with the distribution of the outcome variable or covariates. In models with interactions or spline terms, the analysis may be more complex, but basically, the answer is yes, you would be checking the homoschedasticity and presence of autocorrelation and lack of linearity within each covariate.	https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/17585/assumptions-needed-for-multiple-linear-regression
where we still have our axis intercept, in addition to five dependent variables and their respective coefficients. It is technically true that we can easily interpret our coefficients b1 through b5 in the same way as for a singular regression, however, this requires some assumptions that aren’t always perfectly true for data in the real world. The primary assumptions of a linear regression, multiple and singular, are: - Linearity: There is a linear relationship between the outcome and predictor variable(s). - Normality: The residuals, or errors, calculated by subtracting the predicted value from the actual value, follow a normal distribution. - Homoscedasticity: The variability in the dependent variable is equal for all values of the independent variable(s). Besides that we often still construct linear models for data that doesn’t quite meet these standards, with many independent variables as in MLR, we run into other problems like multicollinearity, where variables that are supposed to be independent vary with each other, and the presence of categorical variables, such as an ocean temperature being classified as cool, warm or hot instead of quantified in degrees….	https://hal149.com/interpreting-confusing-multiple-linear-regression-results/
Simultaneous regression is the same as multiple regression. All variables are entered into the model at the same time with simultaneous regression. The beta coefficients and change in R-squared are interpreted, given that the statistical assumptions of normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity for the model are met. In simultaneous regression, each predictor variable controls for all other variables in the interpretation of R-squared and beta coefficients. Click on the Multiple Regression button below to learn how to conduct simultaneous regression in SPSS. Hire A Statistician DO YOU NEED TO HIRE A STATISTICIAN? Eric Heidel, Ph.D., PStat will provide you with statistical consultation services for your research project at $100/hour. Secure checkout is available with Stripe, Venmo, Zelle, or PayPal.	https://www.scalestatistics.com/simultaneous-regression.html
As far as I know, one can differentiate between two main goals of the regression analysis: The goal is understanding causal relations between variables. Here, one has to check several common regression assumptions (main being linearity, normality, residuals zero mean, homoscedasticity, independence of errors). Collinearity needs to be analysed with care and removed if possible (either by deleting collinear predictors detected by variance inflation factors or applying principal component regression etc.). The goal of the analysis is creation of predictive models. In contrast to the previous case, here one does not need to worry about collinearity at all (there are many online sources regarding this). However, I am not sure what should one do with other "standard" regression tests, such as testing assumptions and hypotheses (p-values). Can one ignore these as well, just like collinearity, when the goal is building predictive models? In the other words: Could some "dummy" forward or backward feature selection be applied to select the features that maximize prediction R-square (using cross-validation or test sets), without taking care of regression assumptions or predictor significance?	https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/115266/importance-of-multiple-linear-regression-assumptions-when-building-predictive-re/115290
My last blog was about the assumption of normality, and this one continues the theme by looking at homogeneity of variance (or homoscedasticity to give it its even more tongue-twisting name). Just to remind you, I’m writing about assumptions because this paper showed (sort of) that recent postgraduate researchers don’t seem to check them. Also, as I mentioned before, I get asked about assumptions a lot. Before I get hauled up before a court for self-plaigerism I will be up front and say that this is an edited extract from the new edition of my Discovering Statistics book. If making edited extracts of my book available for free makes me a bad and nefarious person then so be it. Assumptions: A reminder Now, I’m even going to self-plagiarize my last blog to remind you that most of the models we fit to data sets are based on the general linear model, (GLM). This fact means that any assumption that applies to the GLM (i.e., regression) applies to virtually everything else. You don’t really need to memorize a list of different assumptions for different tests: if it’s a GLM (e.g., ANOVA, regression etc.) then you need to think about the assumptions of regression. The most important ones are: - Linearity - Normality (of residuals) - Homoscedasticity (aka homogeneity of variance) - Independence of errors. What Does Homoscedasticity Affect? Like normality, if you’re thinking about homoscedasticity, then you need to think about 3 things: - Parameter estimates: That could be an estimate of the mean, or a b in regression (and a b in regression can represent differences between means). if we assume equality of variance then the estimates we get using the method of least squares will be optimal. - Confidence intervals: whenever you have a parameter, you usually want to compute a confidence interval (CI) because it’ll give you some idea of what the population value of the parameter is. - Significance tests: we often test parameters against a null value (usually we’re testing whether b is different from 0). For this process to work, we assume that the parameter estimates have a normal distribution. When Does The Assumption Matter? With reference to the three things above, let’s look at the effect of heterogeneity of variance/heteroscedasticity: - Parameter estimates: If variances for the outcome variable differ along the predictor variable then the estimates of the parameters within the model will not be optimal. The method of least squares (known as ordinary least squares, OLS), which we normally use, will produce ‘unbiased’ estimates of parameters even when homogeneity of variance can’t be assumed, but better estimates can be achieved using different methods, for example, by using weighted least squares (WLS) in which each case is weighted by a function of its variance. Therefore, if all you care about is estimating the parameters of the model in your sample then you don’t need to worry about homogeneity of variance in most cases: the method of least squares will produce unbiased estimates (Hayes & Cai, 2007). However, if you even better estimates, then use weighted least squares regression to estimate the parameters. - Confidence intervals: unequal variances/heteroscedasticity creates a bias and inconsistency in the estimate of the standard error associated with the parameter estimates in your model (Hayes & Cai, 2007). As such, your confidence intervals and significance tests for the parameter estimates will be biased, because they are computed using the standard error. Confidence intervals can be ‘extremely inaccurate’ when homogeneity of variance/homoscedasticity cannot be assumed (Wilcox, 2010). - Significance tests: same as above. Summary If all you want to do is estimate the parameters of your model then homoscedasticity doesn’t really matter: if you have heteroscedasticity then using weighted least squares to estimate the parameters will give you better estimates, but the estimates from ordinary least squares will be ‘unbiased’ (although not as good as WLS). If you’re interested in confidence intervals around the parameter estimates (bs), or significance tests of the parameter estimates then homoscedasticity does matter. However, many tests have variants to cope with these situations; for example, the t-test, the Brown-Forsythe and Welch adjustments in ANOVA, and numerous robust variants described by Wilcox (2010) and explained, for R, in my book (Field, Miles, & Field, 2012) Declaration This blog is based on excerpts from the forthcoming 4th edition of ‘Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll’. References - Field, A. P., Miles, J. N. V., & Field, Z. C. (2012). Discovering statistics using R: And sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll. London: Sage. - Hayes, A. F., & Cai, L. (2007). Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: An introduction and software implementation. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 709-722. - Wilcox, R. R. (2010). Fundamentals of modern statistical methods: substantially improving power and accuracy. New York: Springer.	https://www.discoveringstatistics.com/2012/09/13/assumptions-part-2-homogeneity-of-variancehomoscedasticity/
Ich hinterlege hier mal ein Zitat, das so oder so ähnlich im Forum immer mal wieder gebraucht wird und hier dann mit einem zitierfähigen Quellenverweis verlinktbar ist. Ich zitiere aus folgendem Buch: Andrew Gelman, Jennifer Hill und Aki Vehtari: Regression and Other Stories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020, DOI: 10.1017/9781139161879 Part 2: Linear Regression, chapter 11 - Assumptions, diagnostics, and model evaluation, subheading 11.1 - Assumptions of regression analysis, pages 153ff Auf Seite 154f steht 6. Normality of errors. The distribution of the error term is relevant when predicting individual data points. For the purpose of estimatig the regression line (as compared to predicting individual data points), the assumption of normality is typically barely important at all. Thus we do not recommend diagnostics of the normality of regressioin residuals. For example, many textbooks recomment quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots, in which the ordered residuals are plottetd vs. the corresponding expected values of ordered draws from a normal distribution, with departures of this plot from linearity indicating nonnormality of the error term. There is nothing wrong with making such a plot, and it can be relevant when evaluating the use of the model for predicting individual data points, but we are typically more concerned with the assumptions of validity, representativeness, additivity, linearity, and so on, listed above. Einen Absatz lasse ich hier aus. The regression model does not assume or require that predictors be normally distributed. In addition, the normal distribution on the outcome refers to the regression errors, not to the raw data. Depending on the structure of the predictors, it is possible for data y to be far from normally distributed even when coming from a linear regression model. LG,	http://www.statistik-forum.de/post52429.html
Brandon M. Greenwell , The R Journal (2017) 9:1, pages 421-436. Abstract Complex nonparametric models—like neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines—are more common than ever in predictive analytics, especially when dealing with large observational databases that don’t adhere to the strict assumptions imposed by traditional statistical techniques (e.g., multiple linear regression which assumes linearity, homoscedasticity, and normality). Unfortunately, it can be challenging to understand the results of such models and explain them to management. Partial dependence plots offer a simple solution. Partial dependence plots are low dimensional graphical renderings of the prediction function so that the relationship between the outcome and predictors of interest can be more easily understood. These plots are especially useful in explaining the output from black box models. In this paper, we introduce pdp, a general R package for constructing partial dependence plots.	https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2017/RJ-2017-016/index.html
Flashcards in regression and correlation Deck (12) Loading flashcards... 1 What is correlation? quantifies the strength of the association between two quantitative variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient is a measure of the scatter of the points underlying a linear trend between two quantitative variables 2 What is linear regression? studies the linear relationship between two quantitative variables when one us modelled depending on the other. The model allows us to make specific predictions about what we expect to see among individuals who have not had the dependent variable measured. 3 Describe P P measures the strength of the linear relationship between two variables on a scale from -1 to 1. where P=+1 is a perfect positive linear relationship P=0 means no relationship P=-1 perfect negative relationship 4 what is 100rsquared? the percentage variability of X or Y which is explained by the relationship between them 5 What is the difference between r and p? r is the sample correlation and p is the estimated popuation correlation. P= estimate +/- (1.96XSE) 6 What are some important points about correlation? The correlation coefficient is not dependent on the units of measurement of the variables Should always look at the data first to make sure there is some sort of linear relationship 7 What can be done if the sample is not normally distributed before calculating the Pearson coefficient? transforming the data (by taking logs) using a rank correlation coefficient such as Spearman's 8 What is the best fitting line in regression? the one which makes the sum of the squares of the residuals as small as possible - the equivalent to minimising the variance of the residuals and the line is known as the least squares linear regression line 9 What are the assumptions for linear regression? CLINE Constant variance Linearity Independent observations Normality of residuals Error free values for x 10 In the residual plots, what do graphs A and B assess? The assumptions that the residuals are normally distributed 11 What does graph C assess?	https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/regression-and-correlation-7368859/packs/12025994
Normally the relationship between two variables x and y is studied using the linear regression equation. Linear regression equation requires normality and homoscedasticity (equal variance) assumption. When the normality and homoscedasticity assumptions are violated the linear regression estimates are not valid. Quantile regression method overcomes the drawbacks of Linear Regression and can be applied when the data is skewed and equal variance assumptions are violated. This paper provides an overview of application of quantile regression in the clinical research using R and SAS statistical package. Seber, George AF, and Alan J. Lee. Linear regression analysis. Vol. 936. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Koenker, R. (2017). Quantile Regression: 40 Years On. Annual Review of Economics, 9(1). Yu, K., Lu, Z., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician), 52(3), 331-350. Beyerlein, A. (2014). Quantile regression—opportunities and challenges from a user's perspective. American journal of epidemiology, 180(3), 330-331. Lê Cook, B., & Manning, W. G. (2013). Thinking beyond the mean: a practical guide for using quantile regression methods for health services research. Shanghai archives of psychiatry, 25(1), 55. Austin, P. C., Tu, J. V., Daly, P. A., & Alter, D. A. (2005). The use of quantile regression in health care research: a case study examining gender differences in the timeliness of thrombolytic therapy. Statistics in medicine, 24(5), 791-816. Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S. and Sturdivant, R.X. (2013) Applied Logistic Regression: Third Edition. KOENKER, R. QUANTILE REGRESSION IN R: A VIGNETTE. Chen, J., Vargas‐Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Thomas, S. B. (2014). Using quantile regression to examine health care expenditures during the great recession. Health services research, 49(2), 705-730. Yin, G., & Cai, J. (2005). Quantile regression models with multivariate failure time data. Biometrics, 61(1), 151-161. Lin, G., & Rodriguez, R. N. (2013). Using the QUANTLIFE Procedure for Survival Analysis. In Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2013 Conference, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at http:/support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/421-2013. pdf.	http://www.ijsmi.com/Journal/index.php/IJSMI/article/view/5
List of ebooks and manuels about "Assumptions For Multinomial Logistic Regression" Multinomial logistic regression is often considered an attractive analysis because; it does not assume normality, linearity, or homoscedasticity. A more powerful alternative to multinomial logistic regression is discriminant function analysis which requires these assumptions are met. Logistic Regression Assumptions. 1. The model is correctly specified, i.e.,. ▫ The true conditional probabilities are a logistic function of the independent variables;. Multinomial logistic regression, which makes no assumptions regarding the relationship between the categories, and is most appropriate for nominal outcomes. In the multinomial logit model we assume that the log-odds of each response .... this assumption is reasonable (and other alternatives are indeed irrelevant). analyst especially in applying multinomial logistic regression in dynamic ... These assumptions which are not easily observed in a dynamic setting are part of. The multinomial logit model is perhaps the most commonly used ... is the assumption of the independence of irrelevant alternatives that is. For categorical outcome variables, logistic regression is usually used to ... Assumptions of LR. •. Ratio of ... ➢Multinomial logistic regression. most commonly used models are the multinomial logit (MNL) model and the multinomial probit (MNP) ... Error Correlation Structures and the IIA Assumption . A Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ... Binary logistic regression is used when the dependent ('output') variable has two ... Assumptions. This assumption states that the odds of preferring one class over another do ... Multinomial logit regression models, the multiclass extension of. Multinomial logit and ordered logit models are two of the ... Multinomial Logit (Probit) Model ... category is equivalent (a.k.a., proportional odds assumption). can, but the parallel regression assumption does not hold). Here the ... slope!): Let's estimate a multinomial logit model for the same variable we used above:. order them (or we can, but the parallel regression assumption does not hold). ... Let's estimate a multinomial logit model for the same variable we used above:. Logistic regression does not make many of the key assumptions of linear ... logistic regression requires the dependent variable to be binary and ordinal logistic. Multinomial logistic regression is the extension for ... In SPSS, go to Analyse, Regression, Multinomial ..... the assumption of all categories having the same. Multinomial logistic regression (MNL) is an attractive statistical ... as the discriminant analysis which requires these assumptions to be met. Adding random effects to the usual multinomial logistic regression model, the probability ... it will be indicated later how this assumption can be relaxed. Multinomial logistic regression is an expansion of logistic regression in which we set up one ...... Such an assumption of proportional odds is the foundation of. Key Words: Classification, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratio, risk factors, ROC ... some assumptions, such as the normal distribution of the error terms. Assumptions For Multinomial Logistic Regression Files for free and learn more about Assumptions For Multinomial Logistic Regression . These Files contain exercises and tutorials to improve your practical skills, at all levels! You can download PDF versions of the user's guide, manuals and ebooks about Assumptions For Multinomial Logistic Regression, you can also find and download for free A free online manual (notices) with beginner and intermediate, Downloads Documentation, You can download PDF files about Assumptions For Multinomial Logistic Regression for free, but please respect copyrighted ebooks.	http://www.88pdf.com/assumptions-for-multinomial-logistic-regression/
It is a common practice for plant physiologists to correlate sap flow, dendrometer or canopy temperature data with environmental variables such as vapour pressure deficit (VPD) or solar radiation. A multiple linear regression model is usually used to determine which environmental variable provides the greatest explanatory or predictive power over the response variable. A problem with this approach is the issue of collinearity. That is, statistical errors can be introduced into a multiple linear regression model if many of the explanatory variables covary. For example, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity and VPD usually increase and decrease together throughout a diel (24-hour) cycle. A statistical method, known as principal components regression (PCR) analysis, has been proposed to resolve the problem of collinearity. PCR is a combination of two statistical methods: principal components analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression. The PCA removes the problem of collinearity by creating a series of unrelated components. These components are then used in a subsequent multiple linear regression model to determine their explanatory power over a response variable such as sap flow, dendrometer or canopy temperature data. Different types of multiple linear regression models, for example stepwise, partial, etc, can be deployed to determine which components provides the greatest explanatory power over the variation in the response variable. This article will highlight: - a step-by-step guide to performing a PCR analysis; - the advantages and limitations of PCR; - the importance of data meeting the assumptions of a normal distribution; - standardization or translation of data to a common scale; - presentation of results from a PCR analysis; and - references and links to programs including R. a step-by-step guide to PCR This is a brief overview of how to perform a PCR analysis. Further details on each step are given below. 1) select response and explanatory variables that are relevant; 2) choose timescale for analysis (e.g. 15 minutes, hourly, daily, etc); 3) ensure each explanatory variable is normally distributed or transform data if necessary; 4) standardize or translate each explanatory variable to a common scale; 5) perform a PCA on explanatory variables; 6) extract biologically and physiologically relevant components from the PCA; 7) perform a multiple linear regression analysis with sap flow, dendrometer or canopy temperature data as the response variable and the extracted components from the PCA as the explanatory variables; and 8) present results in table or figure format. PCR: advantages and limitations A PCR analysis has two significant advantages: - PCR eliminates the issue of collinearity; and - PCR reduces many explanatory variables to fewer explanatory variables. Although a PCR analysis is a powerful method to analyse a multivariate dataset, as with any statistical method caution needs to be exercised over its implementation and to ensure it assumptions are not violated. Some statisticians argue that there are several failings in the PCR method which must also be considered including: - choosing which components to retain from the PCA analysis in the multiple linear regression model is often arbitrary; - variables may be weighted disproportionally to their true importance with insignificant variables given significant importance and vice-versa; - the most important explanatory variables may be considered equally with “nuisance variables”; and - explanatory variables may be given the wrong sign such that a negative correlation may in fact be a positive correlation. Consequently, it is important to carefully consider the results of a PCR and whether it is biologically and physiologically meaningful. A result that defies logic or reason probably indicates an error in the PCR model rather than a novel physiological process! It is also important to note that PCR is deployed across many scientific disciplines. Many of the limitations, or criticisms, of PCR occur when there are numerous explanatory variables in a model. In some cases, there may be dozens to hundreds of explanatory variables. However, for plant physiologists analysing sap flow, dendrometer or canopy temperature data, usually, there are only a few, albeit highly collinear, explanatory variables to consider. The interpretation and consideration of results is far easier with fewer explanatory variables. A researcher may even consider removing explanatory variables from the analysis that clearly add little value to the analysis or interpretation of results. timescales of the data for analyses A plant physiologist often must deal with large temporal datasets. It can be difficult to determine what is a data point. For example, data may be recorded every 15 minutes. Therefore, is this a data point? Or do you take hourly averages? Or daily sums, maximums, averages, etc? Meeting the assumption of normality is critical for multiple linear regression analysis. This is extremely difficult when there are large datasets such as data recorded every 15 minutes. Summing, averaging or binning large datasets is an acceptable approach to meet the assumptions of normality. If such manipulations of the data are unacceptable, or may somehow violate hypothesis testing, then alternative statistical methods to a multiple linear regression model should be considered. normality and the assumptions of PCA A PCR must meet all the same assumptions as a standard PCA. Importantly, this includes that each explanatory variable must follow a normal distribution. If data are non-normal, then transformations of the data are required such as a log transformation. Other assumptions include (Quinn and Keough, 2002): - there are linear, rather than non-linear, relationships between explanatory variables (ensuring data meet a normal distribution will assist with this assumption); - outliers can influence outcomes from a PCA. Removing or dealing with outliers can be difficult; and - missing data can be a problem. Usually, entire objects, or rows, are removed from an analysis if there is a missing datum. standardization or translation of data Environmental variables are usually measured on different scales. For example, solar radiation is measured on a different scale to ambient air temperature which are both measured differently to volumetric soil water content. Transformation of data, such as log transformation, also alters scaling of data. Prior to entering data into a PCA, it is often recommended to standardize data to the same scale. This process is also known as data translation (Legendre and Legendre, 1998). A common approach is to centre the data so that it has a mean of zero and standard deviation of one (Quinn and Keough, 2002). presentation of results from a PCR analysis A PCR analysis is a combination of PCA and multiple linear regression. Therefore, results are typically presented in a similar fashion to a traditional PCA or multiple linear regression analysis. For PCA, it is common to present the ordination or scaling plot based on the correlation matrix. Usually, component 1 is presented on the x-axis and component 2 on the y-axis. Additional components may also be presented in different figures. For example, Van der Werf et al (2005) presented the relationship between plant species composition and the effects of locusts, grazing, soils and elevation on plant species composition in a ordination plot: Another approach is to present principal components, with explained variance, in a table format and then to present linear regression analyses in separate figures. For example, Isaak et al (2018) presented the loadings of 28 temperature variables in a table format and then highlighted a correlation of the second principal component against a response variable of interest in a correlation figure. The presentation of multiple linear regression results will depend on the type of model or method that was used. For example, Forster (2012) presented data from a multiple partial linear regression analysis as a percent of variance explained in a table format: PCR in statistical packages A PCR can be performed in the R program with a pls package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pls/index.html Other commercially available statistical software may not explicitly offer PCR. Rather, most will offer PCA and multiple linear regression as separate procedures or modules. For these packages, a PCA on the explanatory variables will need to be performed and then a separate multiple linear regression analysis. further reading PCR Step by Step: https://rpubs.com/esobolewska/pcr-step-by-step Legendre, P. and L. Legendre (1998) Numerical Ecology. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. Quinn, G. P. and M. J. Keough (2002) Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne.	https://edaphic.com.au/sap-flow-digest/principal-components-regression-analysis-for-plant-physiologists/
Censored quantile regression offers a valuable supplement to Cox proportional hazards model for survival analysis. Existing work in the literature often requires stringent assumptions, such as unconditional independence of the survival time and the censoring variable or global linearity at all quantile levels. Moreover, some of the work uses recursive algorithms, making it challenging to derive asymptotic normality. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a new locally weighted censored quantile regression approach that adopts the redistribution-ofmass idea and employs a local reweighting scheme. Its validity only requires conditional independence of the survival time and the censoring variable given the covariates, and linearity at the particular quantile level of interest. Our method leads to a simple algorithm that can be conveniently implemented with R software. Applying recent theory of M-estimation with infinite dimensional parameters, we establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator. The proposed method is studied via simulations and is illustrated with the analysis of an acute myocardial infarction dataset.	https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/locally-weighted-censored-quantile-regression
There are various statistical tests that depend on the nature of the studies. With the help of statistical tests, one can make relevant quantitative decisions of a specific sample. Statistics test is the testing of the hypothesis, which is used to signify the observation of the samples. Statistical solutions can be assisted with the help of selections and analysis of the proper statistical test for the dissertations. There are various key concepts of statistical tests which can help to understand the statistical tests. Type I error: This is a type of error that occurs in the statistics test that is committed when the right sample is rejected. Type II error: This is another type of error in statistical tests that is committed if a wrong sample is accepted. Therefore, we can conclude that statistics tests can be categorized into several kinds that depend on the type of field. Statistical tests are used in the fields of medicine, business, psychology, and nursing. What is the purpose of using statistics tests? Statistics tests are used by measuring the number of statistical data that describes the relationship between the tested variables, which differ by the null hypothesis of non-relational variables. Further, one needs to calculate the p-value (probability value), which is used to estimate how the null hypothesis of non-relationship has true value when the described difference of the test statistics changes with the value of the null hypothesis. If the statistical test’s value is greater than that of the calculated value of the null hypothesis, then one can consider the significant relationship between the output and that of predicted variables. But if the statistic test’s value is not greater than the measured value of the null hypothesis, then one can take it as no significant relationship between the output and that of predicted variables. When to use the statistics test? If the collected data is described in a valid statistical manner, then one can use a statistics test on that particular data. The collected data can be either observational data or experimental data, which is made through the method of probability sampling. The valid statistical test depends on the sample size that is large enough to estimate the true distribution value of the studied population. To know which statistics test is required, one requires to know these two things: - The type of variable which you are using in your calculation. - Whether the data meets some of the assumptions or not. Types of variables The types of variables one is using determines which type of statistics test you need to use. Quantitative variables are used to show the number of things, such as to calculate the number of trees in a specific forest. There are different kinds of quantitative variables that involve: continuous and discrete variables. Categorical variables are used to represent the group or the number of things, like the kinds of tree species in a particular forest. There are three kinds of categorical variables that involve: ordinal, nominal, and binary data. Select the test which fits with the kind of output and predictor variables that one has collected and if one is performing an experiment, and then they can be independent and dependent variables. Statistics assumptions Statistical tests can be made through the common assumptions of the particular data which one is testing. There are three different types of statistical assumptions that are: independence of observation which includes the tested value with no relation, variance’s homogeneity that has the variance that is compared with the similar groups, and normality of data that follows the pattern of a normal distribution which applied on the quantitative data. If any of the data is not matched with the homogeneity of variance or normality assumptions, then one can perform a non-parametric statistics test, this grants to do comparisons of the data distribution without any assumptions. But if the data is not matched with the independence of observations, then one can utilize the data for structuring it. Select a parametric test Parametric statistics test is used to test the data that can make strong inferences, and these are conducted with the data which adhere to the similar assumptions of the tests. There are three common types of parametric tests that involve: regression, comparison, and correlation tests. Regression tests It is used to test the “cause and effect” relationships. It tests the effect of single or multiple continuous variables on other variables. Comparison tests It is used to check the difference of group means, and one can use this test to check the effects of a categorical variable for the mean value of certain characteristics. The T-test is used to compare the means of two groups, whereas, ANOVA test is used to compare the means of multiple groups. Correlation tests It is used to test the two variables which relate even without the value of “cause and effect” relationships. This test is used to check the variable that one wants to use for the several regression tests that are autocorrelated with each other. Select a non-parametric test This test does not have any assumptions of the data, and it is used when single, or multiple statistics assumptions can be split. The inferences of this test are not as strong as that of parametric tests. Conclusion This blog has provided all the relevant information about the statistics test and what is the purpose of using these tests, when one can use them, and much more. All these tests depend on the types of variables and statistics assumptions, and then these tests can be done on the basis of parametric and non-parametric. This blog can help you to understand the values of statistical tests so that one can use it for a different purpose. If you are facing any difficulty related to the statistics assignments, then you can contact our experts. Our experts are known for their high-quality data, which are affordable at reasonable prices. They can provide you instant help and deliver the assignments before the deadlines. So, avail of our services and get relaxed from headache assignments. We have a team of math assignment expert who provides you the online math assignments.	https://statanalytica.com/blog/statistics-test/
In Milton’s Meowsings 12.1 (in the book), Milton presents data from an experiment involving 10 people in which he measured the concentration of a chemical in his spray, and the level of oxytocin in the person whom he sprayed. Table 12.1 (in the book) shows these data. What is a residual? Compute the residuals for each participant in Table 12.1. A residual is the difference between the value of the outcome predicted by the model and the value of the outcome actually observed. In equation form, a residual is defined as: This equation means that the residual (or error) for person i is their actual score on the outcome variable minus the score for the outcome predicted by the model. To calculate the residuals in Table 12.1 we would need to subtract the predicted level of oxytocin in each participant (predicted values) from the observed value for each participant (oxytocin). I have copied Table 12.1 from the book as Table 1 below, but added a new column at the end containing the residual for each participant. Table 1: Reproduction of Table 12.1, but including an additional column containing the residual value for each participant Puzzle 2 Describe what you understand by the term ‘linear model’. The linear model is defined by an equation that describes a straight line which is very commonly used by scientists to describe the data they have collected: We can make the linear model more complicated by measuring a second predictor variable and including that in the model too, like in this equation: In general, we can expand the model to include more and more predictors of the outcome: All this means is that we can carry on adding predictor variables until we reach the nth one, that is, the last one that we want to include. All predictor variables have a parameter that quantifies the relationship between the predictor variable and the outcome, so bn is the parameter for the last predictor variable. Puzzle 3 Describe the assumptions of additivity and linearity. The assumptions of additivity and linearity are the most important ones because they mean that the real-world process that you want to model can, in reality, be described by your linear model. Linearity is the assumption that the outcome variable is, in reality, linearly related to any predictors (i.e., their relationship can be summed up by a straight line). Additivity is the assumption that if you have several predictors then their combined effect is best described by adding their effects together. Puzzle 4 What is meant by the phrase ‘independent errors’? The assumption of independent errors means that a given error in prediction from the model should not be related to and, therefore, affected by a different error in prediction. Violating the assumption of independence invalidates confidence intervals and significance tests of parameter estimates. The estimates themselves will be valid but not optimal if we use the method of least squares. Puzzle 5 Describe with an example what is meant by homogeneity of variance. Describe the ways in which you can find out whether you have it in your data. Let’s use the example from Chapter 12 in the book, in which a sample of people were either exposed to oxytocin or not before being asked to rate how much they trusted a stranger. In this experiment we have two groups: one group who were exposed to oxytocin and one group who were not. The assumption of homogeneity of variance is met if the variances in the two groups are roughly equal, and the spread of scores for trust is approximately the same at each level of the oxytocin variable (i.e., the spread of scores is very similar in the oxytocin and no-oxytocin groups). To find out whether you have homogeneity of variance in your data, you can look at a plot of the standardized predicted values from your model against the standardized residuals (zpred vs. zresid). If it has a funnel shape then the assumption has been violated. Additionally, when comparing groups, a significant Levene’s test (i.e., a p-value less than 0.05) reveals a problem with the assumption of homogeneity of variances; however, there are good reasons not to use this test (see Milton’s Meowsings 12.3 in the book). Finally, the variance ratio (Hartley’s Fmax) is the largest group variance divided by the smallest, and this value needs to be smaller than the published critical values – although people often use a value of 2 as a threshold, for no particularly good reason that I can find. Puzzle 6 What is heteroscedasticity? Heteroscedasticity is the opposite of homoscedasticity. This occurs when the residuals (errors) at each level of the predictor variable(s) have unequal variances. For example, the residuals might be tightly packed around the model at one end of the scale but widely spread around the model at the other end, giving rise to a characteristic funnel shape. Puzzle 7 How does heteroscedasticity affect the linear model? Heteroscedasticity will bias the confidence intervals and significance tests for the parameter estimates in your model. Confidence intervals can be ‘extremely inaccurate’ when homoscedasticity cannot be assumed. Puzzle 8 What does Figure 12.10 (in the book and reproduced below) tell us about whether the assumption of homoscedasticity has been met for this model? Figure 12.10 tells us that the assumption of homoscedasticity has been violated for this model. We can tell this because the residuals take the form of the characteristic funnel shape: they become less spread out across the graph. Figure 12.10 (reproduced): zpred vs. zresid plot Puzzle 9 What is the assumption of normality and what does it affect in the linear model? This is the assumption that the sampling distribution or distribution of residuals is normal. Estimates of the model parameters (the bs) will be optimal using the method of least squares if the model residuals are normal. Confidence intervals and significance tests rely on the sampling distribution being normal, and we can assume this in large samples because of the central limit theorem. In small samples bootstrapping should be applied to get robust estimates of b. Puzzle 10 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test can be used to look at whether scores have a normal distribution. Why might we not want to use this test? When samples are large and normality is less of a problem the K-S test will be overpowered and likely to be significant, leading you to believe that the data are non-normal in a situation where non-normality does not actually matter. Conversely, in small samples, where we might need to worry about normality, the K-S test will not have the power to detect it and so is likely to encourage us not to worry about something that we probably ought to. The same basic argument applies for homogeneity of variance tests. Puzzle 11 What is multicollinearity and how do we look for it? Multicollinearity occurs when there is a strong relationship between two or more predictors. The most extreme example would be perfect collinearity, which is when at least one predictor is a perfect linear combination of the others. In other words, they are perfectly related: as one variable increases, the other increases by a proportional amount. One simple method to look out for multicollinearity is to look at the correlation coefficients between predictors: if they are very high, such as values around 0.8 or more, then that is a reasonable indication that there might be a problem. You can also look at the variance inflation factor (VIF), which indicates whether a predictor has a strong linear relationship with the other predictor(s) in the model. If the largest VIF is greater than 10 then there is cause for concern, and if the average VIF is substantially greater than 1 then the model may be biased. You could also use the tolerance statistic, which is the reciprocal of the VIF (1/VIF): values below 0.1 indicate a serious problem and values below 0.2 suggest a potential problem.	https://edge.sagepub.com/field-adventures-in-stats/student-resources/chapter-12/jigsaw%E2%80%99s-puzzle-solutions
Since the OLS estimators in the ﬂ^ vector are a linear combination of existing random variables (X and y), they themselves are random variables with certain straightforward properties. The Multiple Linear Regression Model 1 Introduction The multiple linear regression model and its estimation using ordinary least squares (OLS) is doubtless the most widely used tool in econometrics. Examine the solutions closely. It allows to estimate the relation between a dependent variable and a set of explanatory variables. 6.5 The Distribution of the OLS Estimators in Multiple Regression. 3 Properties of the OLS Estimators The primary property of OLS estimators is that they satisfy the criteria of minimizing the sum of squared residuals. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share … by Marco Taboga, PhD. 1 =1+2 Although the multiples regression parameters can be estimated, it is challenging since it involves a huge amount of algebra and the use of matrices. Deriving the Inconsistency in OLS Suppose the true model is: =0+1 1+2 2+ If we omit 2 from the regression and do the simple regression of on 1, =0+1 1+ , then =2 2+ . In this clip we derive the variance of the OLS slope estimator (in a simple linear regression model). The Variance of OLS Estimators . This does not mean that the regression estimate cannot be used when the intercept is close to zero. Under the assumptions E1-E3, the OLS estimators are unbiased. Then 1 =? Let 1 denote the simple regression slope estimator. The variance for the estimators will be an important indicator. When the auxiliary variable x is linearly related to y but does not pass through the origin, a linear regression estimator would be appropriate. In this lecture, we rewrite the multiple regression model in the matrix form. In the lecture entitled Linear regression, we have introduced OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) estimation of the coefficients of a linear regression model.In this lecture we discuss under which assumptions OLS estimators enjoy desirable statistical properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality. Properties of the OLS estimator. OLS Estimators for the Multiple Regression Parameters. Multiple OLS and variance/covariance. They depend, as with simple regression, only on the variances and covariances of the regressors ... From simple regression, we know that there must be variation in for an estimate to exist. As in simple linear regression, different samples will produce different values of the OLS estimators in the multiple regression model. Prototypical examples in econometrics are: Ordinary Least Squares is the most common estimation method for linear models—and that’s true for a good reason.As long as your model satisfies the OLS assumptions for linear regression, you can rest easy knowing that you’re getting the best possible estimates.. Regression is a powerful analysis that can analyze multiple variables simultaneously to answer complex research questions. Again, this variation leads to uncertainty of those estimators which we seek to describe using their sampling distribution(s). 7 Next, we consider the variance of the estimators. 2 u – the more there is random unexplained behaviour in the population, the less precise the estimates 2) the larger the sample size, N, the lower (the more efficient) the variance of the OLS estimate The Idea Behind Regression Estimation. We can, however, build a foundation of understanding using the multiple regression model with two explanatory variables. 1) the variance of the OLS estimate of the slope is proportional to the variance of the residuals, σ. variance of ols estimator multiple regression Baseball Batting Gloves -- Youth , Sony Camera Software , Is It Safe To Drink Nettle Tea Everyday , Cold Cheese Sandwich Calories , Critical Realism Definition , Coffee Machine For Home , French Door Wall Oven With Microwave , Kali Linux Vs Linux Mint ,	http://sohecares.org.uk/lfecwho3/059164-variance-of-ols-estimator-multiple-regression
People get energy from the food they eat. Energy also comes in other forms, like the electricity that allows us to turn on lights and heat water. Energy comes from different sources, but did you know that most energy, no matter what it is used for or where it comes from, can be classified as either potential energy or kinetic energy? Let’s take a look at these two types of energy. Energy waiting to be released is called potential energy. Objects with only potential energy aren’t in motion, but could be soon. Objects in motion have energy called kinetic energy. Energy can change from potential to kinetic and back again. For example, when you are at the top of a roller-coaster ride, the car is barely moving, but it is so high off the ground it has a lot of potential energy. That means it has the potential to gain speed when it goes down the hill. As it descends, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. At the bottom, when the roller coaster is moving the fastest, the potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is then converted back to potential energy as it climbs back up the hill. When the ride ends and stops moving at the bottom, it contains neither potential nor kinetic energy. In this activity, a toy car will be pulled back a certain distance, giving it a certain amount of potential energy. The distance your toy car travels will be an indicator of how much kinetic energy it has. Vary the amount of potential energy in a toy car. Use Go!Motion to measure the movement of a toy car.	https://www.vernier.com/experiments/ewv/25/driving_with_energy/
What is the potential energy of the diver? For example, a diver on a diving board has kinetic energy equaling zero, but potential energy proportional to the distance between the board and the water. If When the diver dives leaves the platform, he begins losing potential energy because he’s nearing the water. What happens to the energy when the diver hits the water? When you then dive into the water, your potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as you fall, and when you hit the surface, some of that energy is transferred to the water, causing it to splash into the air. … This is known as the law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. How does the diver’s kinetic energy change as the diver falls? The gravitational potential energy of an object is converted to the kinetic energy of motion as the object falls. … The air friction slows the bouncing ball as the kinetic energy turns into thermal energy. To begin a dive, a diver jumps into the air and then lands on the diving board, causing it to bend. Where does a diver have the most potential energy? The diver has energy because of her position high above the pool. The type of energy she has is called potential energy. Potential energy is energy that is stored in a person or object. Often, the person or object has potential energy because of its position or shape. What type of energy transfer is eating pizza for energy to run? The chemical energy in food can be converted to another form of chemical energy when it is stored as glucose or fat. It can be converted to thermal energy because our body produces heat when digesting our food. The chemical energy in our food can also be converted to mechanical energy in the form of muscle movement. 1. How is money an accurate analogy for energy? A good analogy is that energy is like money in the bank, while heat, work and radiation are like cash, checks and money orders. What causes potential energy to decrease? If a charge is moving in the direction that it would normally move, its electric potential energy is decreasing. If a charge is moved in a direction opposite to that of it would normally move, its electric potential energy is increasing. When a person is sledding down a hill where do they have the most kinetic energy? At the bottom of the hill, you have the most kinetic energy because you are moving the fastest and all the potential energy has turned into kinetic. Sledding only works when there is snow on the ground, if you try to go sledding on a grassy hill it won’t be as fun because snow helps to eliminate friction.	https://thekitesurfchannel.com/swimming-sports/question-what-kind-of-energy-does-a-diver-on-a-diving-board-have.html
All of the many different forms of energy are interchangeable. Any form of energy can be converted into any other. However, the total amount of energy remains constant through all of these conversions. This is the first law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics (also called the law of conservation of energy) says that the total energy of a closed system is conserved—that is, it doesn’t increase or decrease. Thus it is that order is maintained in the universe—nothing is deranged, nothing ever lost, but the entire machinery, complicated as it is, works smoothly and harmoniously. And though … every thing may appear complicated and involved in the apparent confusion and intricacy of an almost endless variety of causes, effects, conversions, and arrangements, yet is the most perfect regularity preserved—the whole being governed by the sovereign will of God. - James Prescott JouleThis quotation is from Joule’s memoir, published 1892 in Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, series 4, vol. 6, pp. 12-13. The entire memoir is available online, here and here. Since the universe itself is a closed system, the first law of thermodynamics implies that the total amount of energy in the universe doesn’t change, though it may be converted between various forms. For example, when an apple falls from a tree, its gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy as it accelerates. When the apple strikes the ground, that kinetic energy in turn is converted into other forms of energy. Some energy is emitted in the form of sound waves, and some may be converted into elastic potential energy as the soil compresses and rebounds, perhaps causing the apple to bounce a few times. But most of the energy is converted into thermal energy (heat). The apple and the ground where it lands are slightly warmer after impact, because most of the apple’s kinetic energy is transferred to molecules near the site of impact, increasing the average kinetic energy of those molecules. Similarly, the elastic potential energy of the compressed soil is quickly converted to heat through friction. That’s why the apple doesn’t bounce nearly as high as it fell, and why it quickly stops bouncing. Nearly all of the kinetic energy is quickly converted to heat.	http://www.faithfulscience.com/energy-and-entropy/first-law-of-thermodynamics.html
What are the conservative forces? [ad_1] Question by: Matilde Sartori \| Last updated: January 1, 2022 Rating: 4.7 / 5 (50 votes) A conservative force is therefore a function that depends only on the position. Weight force and spring force are two examples of conservative forces. A dynamic system on which only conservative forces act is called a conservative system. What are the non-conservative forces? A force is non-conservative when the work it does to move a body from point A to point B depends on the path taken. For a non-conservative force we cannot introduce a potential energy. When is a physical force conservative? A force is conservative when the work done along a closed path is zero. The work depends only on the starting and ending positions. What does it mean that weight strength is conservative? The work done by the weight force is independent of the path followed, therefore it is a conservative force. … The weight force is a constant force which is always directed downwards along the vertical and of modulus equal to the product of the mass of the body and the acceleration of gravity. How is weight strength shown to be conservative? The weight force is a conservative force: it can in fact be shown that the work performed by the weight force depends only on the relative height covered by the motion (the difference of the initial and final heights), and not on the geometric shape of the trajectory; in fact we have seen that the work done along a shift … Find 29 related questions How to check if a force is conservative? A force is said to be conservative when the work done on a path that connects two points depends solely on the starting and ending points and not on the detail of the path followed. Alternatively, a force is conservative when the work done along any closed loop is zero. When is a force dissipative? By dissipative force we mean a non-conservative force, therefore with non-zero circulation. Dissipative forces transform the mechanical energy lost in the system, for example, into work of deformation or heat, that is, something that changes the internal energy of the parts of which the system is composed. When is an energy conservative? A force is said to be conservative when the work it does does not depend on the trajectory but only on the starting point (A) and the arrival point (B). When does a force say nothing? In simpler terms, it can be said that when no force acts on a body, its acceleration is zero. For what has been said about the vectorial nature of forces, a body is considered not subject to forces even when the resulting force acting on it is zero. What is weight strength? The force-weight (or more simply weight) is, in classical physics, the force that a gravitational field (for example the terrestrial one) exerts on a body having mass. What does conservative mean in physics? With an equivalent definition, frequently used in general physics texts, a force applied to a material point is called c. if the work performed by it in moving the point itself between any two positions depends only on said positions and not on the trajectory followed by the point. How is the conservative force calculated? dr = −F l, where l is the length of the path. where Lif is the work done by the conservative forces between the initial state i and the final state f (which does not depend on the path followed). How to calculate dissipative force? Example of dissipative force This force is always opposed to the motion for which it has the same direction as the displacement vector but the opposite direction. The work done by the frictional force is equal to the product of the modulus of the frictional force times the displacement. Why is friction a non-conservative force? On the contrary, the frictional force is not conservative because it is always parallel and discordant with respect to the displacement, so that along any closed path the overall work is negative and certainly not zero. What are the central forces? A central force in Physics is a type of force with a direction always directed towards the same fixed point, called the center, and such as to have a modulus that depends solely on the distance of the application point from the center. How can potential energy be defined? In physics, the potential energy of an object is the energy it possesses due to its position or orientation with respect to a force field. … Potential energy can also be defined for the magnetic field, which is not conservative, in regions where there is no electric current. Why is spring force a conservative force? Therefore the elastic force is conservative. In fact: if the free end of the spring is moved starting from a generic point ‘a’ and returning to the same point ‘a’ (i.e. if xb = xa) the work done by the elastic force is null and void. When a force does negative work is it? If force and displacement have opposite directions and directions, the work is negative and is called resistant work: when a spring is compressed, the elastic force, which would tend to bring it back to its original length, performs a resistant work. How is the work expressed? The SI unit of measurement for work is given by the product of newtons (force) and meters (displacement). This product leads to the definition of a new unit of measurement: the joule (symbol J). How does energy vary as well as with work? If the work done by the force is positive, the energy is transferred to the system, while if the work is negative, the energy is transferred from the system to the environment. What are kinetic energies? We can distinguish kinetic energy into two types: translational and rotational. We speak of translational kinetic energy when the movement is the displacement of the body itself (eg running car). Instead, we speak of rotational kinetic energy when the movement is rotational (eg. When is the kinetic energy maximum? Just before touching the ground, the kinetic energy is maximum and the potential energy is zero (in fact h = 0). Therefore potential energy is returned in the form of kinetic energy when the apple descends to ground level. What does dissipative mean? [der. di dissipare]. – Which causes dissipation. … and scient., said of magnitude, phenomenon, element in relation to energy dissipation: force d., friction and in general any passive resistance that causes energy dissipation. What does dissipative structure mean? By dissipative structure (or dissipative system) we mean a thermodynamically open system that works in a state far from thermodynamic equilibrium, exchanging energy, matter and / or entropy with the environment. What does the principle of conservation of energy affirm? In its most studied and intuitive form this law states that although energy can be transformed and converted from one form to another, the total amount of it in an isolated system does not vary over time. … [ad_2] Visit Business Planers for more quality information.	https://businessplaners.com/what-are-the-conservative-forces/
Forms of Energy Include Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy, and Thermal Energy Energy is commonly defined as the capacity of a system or a body to do work. There are many forms of energy (to be described later), but any of them can be used to do work. For example the chemical energy in gasoline can be burned in an automobile engine to make the car move. Electrical energy can be used to turn a motor and make machinery move. The thermal energy in the steam used in an electric power plant can partially be converted to mechanical energy in a turbine and then converted to electrical energy in a generator. Common Forms of Energy There are two possible forms of energy in physics, kinetic energy and potential energy. In common usage, however, this is expanded to many possible forms of energy. Some of the more common forms are described here. Kinetic Energy is the energy that any moving object has by virtue of its motion. The kinetic energy of a moving object is one half of its mass times the square of its velocity (K.E. = (1/2)mV2). Image Credit: Alistair Craven Potential Energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work or be converted to another form. An object that can move downward under the force of gravity has gravitational potential energy. Also, a compressed spring and a stretched rubber band have potential energy, because they can do work as they move back to their natural position. Thermal Energy, commonly simply called heat, is the energy of any object with a temperature above absolute zero, due to the kinetic energy of its molecules. For a given quantity of material, the higher its temperature, the more thermal energy it has. Chemical Energy is a particular form of potential energy. It is the energy stored in a chemical that can be released by some reaction of that chemical. An example is the chemical energy in coal that is converted to thermal energy when the coal is oxidized (burned). Electrical Energy is energy that is made available due to the flow of an electrical current through a conductor. Electrical energy is actually energy in transit. For example, it is converted to heat when electrical current passes through a resistor, or it is converted to kinetic energy when electrical current passes through the windings of an electrical motor, causing the motor to turn. Mechanical Energy is a term used to refer to the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of a system. Energy Conservation and Conversion among the Forms of Energy The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the conservation of energy. It states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (in the absence of nuclear reactions). Energy can, however, be converted from one form to another and can be used to do work. Some examples of energy conversion are as follows. Potential energy to kinetic energy: If a car at rest at the top of a hill is allowed to coast down the hill, most its initial potential energy will have been converted to the kinetic energy of the moving car at the bottom of the hill. Some of the initial potential energy will have been converted to thermal energy (heat) due to friction between moving parts. Chemical energy to electrical energy: A battery contains stored chemical energy that can be converted to electrical energy by connecting an electrical conductor across the terminals of the battery. The electrical energy will in turn be converted to heat or mechanical energy, depending upon what kind of device is connected across the terminals of the battery. Chemical energy to thermal energy: When natural gas is burned in a furnace the chemical energy in the fuel is converted to heat (thermal energy) to keep a building warm. I’m sure you can think of many more examples of energy conversion from one form to another. Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Sources In relatively recent times, the classification of energy sources as either nonrenewable or renewable energy sources has become increasingly important. The huge quantity of the fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) stored underground seemed to provide an infinite supply of readily usable energy when they were first discovered and put to use. As the rate of use of fossil fuels has mushroomed, however, we’ve come to realize that there is a finite supply that is diminishing. As a result, the importance of developing and using renewable energy resources, like solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy has become more prominent.	https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/29637-what-are-the-many-forms-of-energy/
Why does energy turn into thermal energy? Thermal energy (also called heat energy) is produced when a rise in temperature causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide with each other. The energy that comes from the temperature of the heated substance is called thermal energy. Can energy be converted into thermal energy? As you say, kinetic energy of large objects can be converted into this thermal energy. For example, if you drop a water balloon onto the ground, its kinetic energy is converted mostly to thermal energy. What converts electrical energy into thermal? An electric heater is an electrical appliance that converts electrical energy into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is simply an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current through a resistor converts electrical energy into heat energy. What are the 3 laws of energy? Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal identification, the first law, the second law, and the third law. A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law, after the first three laws had been established. What are the 5 energy transformations? An energy transformation is the change of energy from one form to another. Energy transformations occur everywhere every second of the day. There are many different forms of energy such as electrical, thermal, nuclear, mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, and chemical. What is the most useful form of energy? Kinetic energy and electricity are the most useful forms. These are “high-quality” because they can be transformed almost completely into any other type of energy. Is force a form of energy? The words energy and force are not interchangeable – they are not the same as each other. A force is a push or a pull which is easily demonstrated and felt but energy is a slightly more abstract concept. They are measured in different units: force in Newton’s and energy in Joules. What are 5 examples of energy transfer? Energy transfers - A swinging pirate ship ride at a theme park. Kinetic energy is transferred into gravitational potential energy. - A boat being accelerated by the force of the engine. The boat pushes through the water as chemical energy is transferred into kinetic energy. - Bringing water to the boil in an electric kettle.	https://urban-wind.org/power-plant/why-is-some-of-the-energy-transformed-into-thermal-energy.html
Energy is the ability to do work on matter. The work done is manifested in a variety of ways. Matter can be pushed, pulled, or lifted over distance when energy is applied. In other words, work done on matter implies a change of position or movement. Potential energy is the energy of position. A block of rock attached to a high cliff face has substantial potential energy due to its position above the ground. When it breaks away from the cliff and falls to the surface potential energy is converted into kinetic energy of motion. When the rock hits the ground, kinetic energy is converted into work when it dislodges surface material. Heat or, thermal energy is the total energy associated with random atomic and molecular motions of a substance. Heat is transferred in three ways. Radiation is the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves. Radiation does not need an intervening medium to pass heat energy from the emitter to the absorber. When radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth it does work by setting molecules in motion and raising their kinetic energy level. In a solid, the molecules may vibrate more rapidly and collide with one another and transfer heat from warmer to colder portions of the mass by conduction. Though conduction is typically thought of occurring within a solid, it can occur between a solid and a fluid. When air, a fluid, comes in contact with the ground, a solid, heat can be transferred through molecular collisions. In fluids like air and water, heat is transferred by the circulation of molecules via the process of convection. Convection implies a vertical transfer of heat, like that which is occurs in a heated pot of water. As water warms it circulates to the surface. The same is true for air. When air is heated by the earth's surface it too circulates upward. While convection is applied to vertical transfer of heat, advection is a term that is applied to the horizontal transfer of heat by the wind. Don't confuse temperature and heat, they are not the same thing. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy level of a substance, in other words, the degree of hotness or coldness. Heat is the total energy associated with the motion of molecules while temperature is the average energy level. A boiling pan of water has a higher temperature than a tepid bathtub of water, but the tub contains more heat because there is more mass. The calorie is a unit of measurement for heat. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water through 1oC. Energy is expressed in terms of joules. One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second. Specific heat is the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit substance (e.g., gram) through a particular temperature interval (1oC, for example). The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance on Earth. This is one reason why large bodies of water play such an important role in the heat budget of the Earth system. Radiation is often measured in watts per meter2 or langleys per minute.	https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Physical)/The_Physical_Environment_(Ritter)/04%3A_Energy_and_Radiation/4.01%3A_Energy_and_Heat
Mechanics - velocity and kinetic energy This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here! A Steel pile is driven a distance (d) into the ground by a hammer of mass (M) 450kg, dropped from a height (h) of 3.25m above the top of the pile. The mass of the pile (m) is 40kg and the average resistance of the ground to penetration (Fr) is 45kN. Calculate: a. The velocity and the kinetic energy of the hammer immediately before impact with the pile. d. The distance (d) through which the pile is driven into the ground.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com December 24, 2021, 5:05 pm ad1c9bdddf https://brainmass.com/physics/velocity/mechanics-velocity-kinetic-energy-26812 Solution Preview a) The mass of the hammer is, M = 450 Kg Height, h = 3.25 m Initially, the hammer has potential energy which is converted to kinetic energy as it falls down. The potential energy ... Solution Summary This shows how to calculate the velocity and the kinetic energy before impact in a given situation and how to calculate distance with a given mass dropped from a given height.	https://brainmass.com/physics/velocity/mechanics-velocity-kinetic-energy-26812
About 13.8 billion years ago, the Universe came into existence, for whatever reason you choose to believe. During that event, all of the energy that was, is, and ever will be spewed forth. Some of it, after some time, coalesced into matter, mostly hydrogen mixed with helium in a 3-to-1 ratio, with a pinch of all the heavier elements for flavor. In addition to creating matter, the primordial energy of creation also imparted all of these particles with kinetic energy, the energy of motion, transferred to them in the form of thermal energy radiated from space itself. Nothing particularly interesting happened for about half a billion years, particles just kind of flew around the ever increasing expanse of space. However, due to the fact that they had mass, the universe actually gave another type of energy to all matter…gravitational potential energy. The particles attracted each other into great clumps of inert matter and, as they did so, converted this potential energy into kinetic energy, causing them to fall towards one another, increasing in speed. As they got closer and closer, collisions became more and more common and this kinetic energy was rapidly transferred between them, something that we perceive as temperature. At some point, the temperature became so great that the kinetic energy was enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the like-charged particles, allowing in the strong nuclear force to “stick” them together and the process of nuclear fusion began. Through potential energy, these nuclear furnaces converted the small amount of mass lost in the fusion process back into energy, which was radiated out into space. After a while, the star would die, projecting it’s remaining matter back into the universe to seed the creation of the next generation of stars. After (probably) three rounds of this, the Sun came into existence about 5 billion years ago. What matter wasn’t consumed by its creation gravitationally collapsed to create the multitude of rocky bodies that orbited it, propelled by that same potential and kinetic energy. On Earth, like on the other bodies, larger leftover chunks of rock and ice pummeled the surface. Unlike the others, however, the distance was such that the energy emitted from the Sun was enough to keep the kinetic energy of the water molecules high enough to avoid forming crystals and freezing. It was low enough, however, to keep them from flying apart completely and vaporizing. Like the early Universe, nothing particularly interesting happened for another billion years. However, the energy pouring onto Earth from the Sun allowed order to arise, fending off the ever-present influence of entropy. Self-replication, powered by the Sun, gave rise to more and more complex structures. About 350 million years ago, plants really began to take over, covering the Earth, powered by the Sun via photosynthesis. They used it’s energy to create carbohydrates, made up of atoms of carbon and hydrogen provided by the destruction of the Sun’s progenitor. This chemical potential energy could then be broken apart at a later time to fuel the process of life, fending off chaos…at least until the energy ran out and death occurred. As the plants and their unused energy were buried, pressure and heat, yet again manifestations of gravitational potential energy, converted them into coal and natural gas. Deep in the Earth they remained…until the surface order empowered by the Sun gave rise to us. About 200 years ago, we figured out how to extract these materials. By burning them, we can release that chemical potential energy and do work. Coal is burned to heat water, inciting a phase change to steam, imparting kinetic energy to a turbine blade, which rotates a magnet in a coil of wire, transferring that kinetic energy to the electrons, generating electricity. These electrons are propelled to my home by electric potential energy, created by a difference of charge which acts like a form a pressure. They travel through thousands of miles of copper, agitating the atoms along the way, generating heat and being radiated into space. What energy survives this process is sent to its destination, guided by the electric potential created by the piezoelectric switch at the base of my water heater. This potential is so great that the electrons are forced out of the conductor and into the air, jumping across the gap of the ignitor. The kinetic energy of the electrons is high enough to raise the temperature above the flash point of the natural gas being passed through the same gap. The energy is enough to break apart the 350 million year old methane molecules, which then mix with the oxygen, only present because life started releasing it into the atmosphere all those years ago. The same life, amusingly enough, that created the methane in death. This oxidization releases heat, which is transferred to the water through vigorous atomic collisions. This hot water is then pumped through the house, driven by a pressure potential, to my shower, where it falls onto my skin. The kinetic energy of the molecules is transferred to thermoreceptors in my skin, made possible by a 3-billion year battle between the Sun and entropy. The energy is once again converted, this time used to create an electric potential on the thermoreceptor cell’s surface. This induces an electrical potential cascade in my peripheral nerves, sending charge up my spinal cord, and into my thalamus, the switchboard of my brain. My thalamus uses the energy conveyed from the electron flow to free proteins which bind with receptors in specific neurons, using the chemical potential energy to release acetylcholine into my bloodstream. This activates the neurons of my cerebral cortex, again through a conversion from chemical potential energy to electrical potential energy. This increase boosts my attention and that, combined with the increased blood flow caused by the vasodilatation induced by increased body temperature, gives me the idea to write this blog.	http://gravitonbomb.com/2014/03/30/perspective/
1. Fluid appears to provide partial support to the objects placed in it. 2. When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid at rest, the fluid exerts pressure on the surface of the body in contact with the fluid. 3. The pressure is greater on lower surfaces of the body than on the upper surfaces as pressure in a fluid increases with depth. 4. The resultant of all the forces is an upward force called buoyant force. 5. For totally immersed objects the volume of the fluid displaced by the object is equal to its own volume. 6. If the density of the immersed object is more than that of the fluid, the object will sink as the weight of the body is more than the upward thrust. 7. If the density of the object is less than that of the fluid, it floats in the fluid partially submerged. 8. To calculate the volume of submerged part we can use this formula. Suppose the total volume of the object is Vs and a part Vp of it is submerged in the fluid. 9. Then the upward force which is the weight of the displaced fluid is ρf gVp, which must equal the weight of the body; ρs gVs= ρfgVpor ρs/ρf= Vp/Vs 10. The apparent weight of the floating body is zero. 11. Archemedes’ Principle can be summarised as; ‘the loss of weight of a body submerged (partially or fully) in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced’. 12. Buoyancy is also known as upward thrust. 13. Buoyancy in everyday life like Swimming in water and Flying of bird or aero plane 14. Factors which affect buoyancy is Volume of the object and Density of the fluid 15. Buoyancy or upward thrust exerted by a fluid increases with the volume of the object immersed on it 16. The buoyant force or upward thrust increases with increase in density of the fluid. 17. Denser liquid exert more upward thrust. 18. This is the cause that it is easier to swim in sea water rather than fresh water 19. Salts dissolved in sea water increase the density and hence it exerts more upward thrust than fresh water 20. Mass per unit volume of an object is called density or mass density. 21. Density is denoted by Greek letter rho (ρ) . 22. Density(ρ) =Mass/Volume ; Density(ρ) =m/V ; ρ = m/ V . Where, m is mass of object and V is the volume of that object. 23. SI unit of density (ρ) is kg m−3; ρ=kg/m3; (The SI unit of mass is kg and SI unit of volume is cubic meter) 24. Relative density – when density of a substance is expressed in comparison with water, it is called relative density 25. Relative density =Density of substance/Density of water 26. Relative density has no unit, because it is the ratio of similar quantity. 27. When the relative density of a substance is less than 1, it will float in water otherwise it will sink in water. 28. The relative density of ice is 0. 91, which means 9/10th of part is submerged in water. 29. Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement 30. It is expressed as the product of force and displacement in the direction of force. 31. W=F x s , Here, W= work done on an object F = Force on the object ; s = Displacement of the object 32. The unit of Work is Newton metre (Nm) or joule (J) . 33. Joule is defined as the amount of work done by force of 1 N when displacement is 1 m. 34. When both the force and the displacement are in the same direction, positive work is done. W = F x s 35. when force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of displacement, the work done is negative. W= − F x s 36. Angle between force and displacement is 180o. 37. If force and displacement are inclined at an angle less than 180o, then work done is given as: W= Fs cos θ 38. If force and displacement act at an angle of 90° then work done is zero. 39. Two conditions need to be satisfied for work to be done: 1) Force should act on the object. 2) Object must be displaced. 40. Work is not done when 1) A coolie carrying some load on his head stands stationary. 2) A man is applying force on a big rock. 41. Some cases force and displacement make some angle with each other is called Oblique displacement. 42. The capacity of doing work is known as energy. 43. The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of work it can do 44. Energy is a scalar quantity; The SI unit of energy is Joule (J) 45. The various forms of energy are potential energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy and light energy. 46. Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. Kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed. 47. Kinetic energy of body moving with a certain velocity = work done on it to make it acquire that velocity 48. Examples of kinetic energy – A moving cricket ball; Running water; A moving bullet ; Flowing wind ; A moving car ; A running athlete ; A rolling stone 49. Kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass and the square of velocity. 50. Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2 where m is the mass of the object and v is the speed of the object 51. Work = Final Kinetic energy- Initial Kinetic energy. 52. The energy possessed by a body due to its position or shape is called its potential energy. 53. Example of potential energy – Water stored in a dam has large amount of potential energy due to its height above the ground A stretched rubber band possesses potential energy due to its distorted shape. 54. Types of Potential Energy 1. Gravitational Potential Energy 2. Elastic Potential Energy 55. Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by a body due to it position above the ground. 56. Elastic Potential Energy is is the energy possessed by a body due to its change in shape. 57. The potential energy (Ep) is equal to the work done over an object of mass ‘m’ to raise it by a height ‘h’. Ep = mgh, where g = acceleration due to gravity 58. The change of one form of energy to another form of energy is known as transformation of energy. 59. Light energy can be converted into heat energy 60. Nuclear energy can be converted into light energy and heat energy 61. Solar energy can be converted into heat energy, chemical energy and electrical energy 62. Electrical energy can be converted into light energy, mechanical energy, heat energy etc 63. Thermal energy can be converted into heat energy 64. Chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy 65. Mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy, potential energy etc 66. Gravitational potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy 67. Law of Energy Conservation – energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but transformed from one form to another. Kerala PSC University Assistant detailed syllabus and exam pattern and question papers Kerala PSC Lineman Recruitment Notification Out. Last date to apply: 14.12.2022 Kerala Treasury Recruitment 2022 : Last date to apply is 30th November 2022 Download TNPSC CCSE Group 1 Official Answer Key and Question Paper BOI SO: Selection Process & Exam Pattern Qualifying Marks Descriptive Test Interview Process preparation tips Karala PSC University Assistant Notification 2022 is expected to be released in this coming December 2022.	https://raceinstitute.in/physics-work-and-energy-pdf-material-for-ssc-rrb-exams/
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 Work, Energy and Power updated for CBSE and State board students session 2022-2023. Students of 11th Physics can revise chapter 6 using MCQ and extra questions answers to clear all the concepts. Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 Work, Energy and Power Question Answers Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 MCQ A ball moves in a friction less inclined table without slipping. What is the work done by the table surface on the ball is Which one has higher kinetic energy? Both light and heavy bodies have equal momenta. According to the Equivalence of Mass and Energy, it states that mass and energy are not inter convertible The energy passed by the body by virtue of its motion is known as Kinetic and Potential Energy Potential energy is the energy stored by any object or system due to its position or the arrangement of its components. However, it is not affected by the environment outside the object or system, such as air or altitude. Potential energy is not transferable, it depends on the height or distance and mass of the object. K.E. can be transferred from one object to another via vibration or rotation. On the other hand, the kinetic energy of a moving object or particle system remains same. Unlike potential energy, the kinetic energy of an object is relative to other fixed and moving objects in its environment. For example, if an object is placed at a higher height, the kinetic energy of the object will be higher. P.E. is converted into kinetic energy, kinetic energy is converted into potential energy, and then back again. It’s an endless cycle. Kinetic energy is created when potential energy is released, propelled by gravitational or elastic forces and other catalysts. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. When work is done on an object and it is accelerated, it increases the kinetic energy of the object. The most important factors in determining kinetic energy are the motion and mass of the object in question. Although mass is a universal measure, the motion of an object can occur in many different ways, including rotation around an axis, vibration, translation, or any combination of these and other motions. Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions Collision between marble balls is which type of collision Which is the type of collision in which both the linear momentum and the kinetic energy of the system remain conserved The rate of doing work is called An electric heater of rating 1000W is used for 5 hrs per day for 20 days. What is the electrical energy utilized? The law of Conservation of Energy The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed – it can only be converted from one energy form to another. This means that a system always has the same amount of energy and there is no need to add it from the outside. This is especially confusing in the case of non-conservative forces, where the energy is converted from mechanical to thermal, but the total energy remains the same. The only way to use energy is to convert it from one to another. The change in the internal energy of the system can also be determined by mathematical equations given in chapter 6 of 11th Physics NCERT. Although these equations are very powerful, they can make it difficult to see the power of statements. The take home message is that energy cannot be created from scratch. Society has to get its energy from somewhere, although there are many sneaky places to get energy from certain sources, primary fuels, and primary energy streams. Collision Collision, in physics, is the sudden and violent collision of two objects when they are in direct contact, such as two billiard balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, or falling objects on the ground. In addition to material properties, two other factors can affect the outcome of an impact: the force with which objects come into contact and time. A common rule of thumb is that a hard steel ball dropped on a steel plate will almost bounce where it fell, whereas with putty or lead it will not. The collision of a steel ball with a steel plate is called elasticity, and the collision of a putty or lead ball with a steel plate is called in-elasticity or plasticity. Between these extremes there are varying degrees of elasticity and corresponding responses to impact. Perfect elastic shocks can only be achieved at the atomic level. The kinetic energy of the reacting body is not lost; in a fully plastic shock, kinetic energy is lost the most. An elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss of kinetic energy in the system due to the collision. How many questions are there in the NCERT book of 11th Physics Chapter 6? Chapter 6 of the NCERT Book Class 11 Physics Exercises has a total of 30 questions. Moreover, the answers to all these 30 questions are available in Tiwari Academy’s NCERT solutions section. These answers are accumulated in a precise and logical way by expert teachers on India’s leading educational website. How can the triple point of water be explained through Chapter 6 of Class 11 Physics? The triple point of any substance is the combination of temperature and pressure at which a substance can exist in all three states – solid, liquid, and gas. Students of class 11 Physics can understand using the examples given in chapter 6. The triple point of water is 273.16 K and the vapor pressure is 611.66 Pascal’s. At this point, water can exist in three states through small changes in pressure and temperature: vapor, liquid, and ice. How to download NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 6? NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 Working Energy and Power is given on various educational websites free to download. Students can download NCERT Solutions for 11th Physics Chapter 6 from Tiwari Academy website also. You have to visit the page NCERT Solutions Class 11 Physics Chapter 6 and download it using the PDF file link. There are two separate file – one is for exercises solutions and other one is additional exercises question answers. These NCERT solutions can help students to prepare for exams and get good grades.	https://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-11/physics/chapter-6/
Uluru vs Ayers Rock: The Name Change of Australia’s Most Iconic Monument Standing at 348 metres above the desert floor, Uluru is the world’s largest monolith and one of Australia’s most iconic landmarks. But it hasn’t always been called Uluru. In fact, for most people, the towering red rock formation is simply known as Ayers Rock and has been for years, but its rich and fascinating Aboriginal history encouraged a name-change back in the 90s. In 1872, European explorer Ernest Giles first dubbed the rock Ayers Rock after the South Australian Premier at the time, Sir Henry Ayers. However, the rock’s history dates back thousands and thousands of years and has been a part of Indigenous traditions and culture since the beginning of time. In fact, it is owned by the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people (known together as the Anangu people) and is home to a timeline of ancient rock paintings and sacred sites. On October 26th 1985, the government of Australia finally returned ownership of Uluru to the Anangu people, who continue to remain custodians of the land. But it wasn’t until 1995 that the name change officially took place. In this year, the name of the national park changed from Ayers Rock-Mount Olga National Park to Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. The change was put in place to show respect for the Anangu people and, specifically, to acknowledge their ownership of the land that had provided them with a home and many stories for thousands of years. Today, Uluru remains an incredibly popular attraction with a hefty cultural history imbued in its dusty red surface. Visitors flock to the sacred site to marvel at the impressive natural structure of the rock and to learn about the centuries-old history that characterises it and the surrounding desert landscape. As well as numerous trails that weave around the base of the monolith and through the spectacular surrounding scenery, there are plenty of opportunities to see age-old rock paintings that date back to the very beginning of life for the Anangu people. If you want to learn more about the Indigenous history of Uluru and its name change, you can duck into the on-site Cultural Centre, where there are numerous interactive displays that lay out the region’s history. You can also take a guided tour with an Aboriginal guide who will share the stories and traditions of their people with you. Visiting Uluru is a must-do on any visit to Australia, as this impressive monolith forms an important part of the country, both past and present. Check out our 3 Day Uluru and Kings Canyon Tour from Alice Springs today.	https://ulurutoursaustralia.com.au/blog/uluru-vs-ayers-rock-the-name-change-of-australia-s-most-iconic-monument/
From ancient art to walks with a local, a trip through Australia’s Red Centre with Intrepid Travel leaves Chloe Cann in awe It’s only while gazing at the huge burnt-orange mass looming in the distance that I begin to understand why it is sacred. Dawn is just beginning to break, and in its rosy glow no other form is visible on the horizon. No matter in which direction you look, beyond the stark sandstone monolith ahead, the surrounding landscape is as flat as Naomi Campbell’s stomach. Australia’s most iconic landform, Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock) is otherworldly in a way I had not expected. It wows not just with its beauty, which changes with each shift in light and angle of viewing, but with its unusual geology and central place within the culture of the Anangu – the original owners of this land. Situated in the Northern Territory, the Red Centre counts desert, mountain ranges and gorges among its attractions – many of which our group of 18 explores on Intrepid Travel’s three-day Uluru Adventure. The ancient monolith is the major drawcard, and the tour allows guests plenty of time to soak it up: from a walk around Uluru’s perimeter come sunrise to watching the last waves of light wash over its contours at sunset, a glass of sparkling wine in hand and a smorgasbord of emu pate and smoked kangaroo sausage to snack on. Known in geological terms as an “inselberg”, meaning “island mountain”, the formation of Uluru began 550 million years ago. Rainwater gradually eroded a nearby mountain range, depositing sand on the surrounding plain in large fan shapes that became miles thick. Fifty million years later, the area became an inland sea. And, as mud and more sand fell to the sea floor, the weight compacted the existing deposits into a swathe of solid rock. It wasn’t until 100 million years later, following the sea’s disappearance, that the Uluru we recognise today came to be. A huge shift in the earth’s tectonic plates caused the fan-shaped mass of sandstone that was once horizontal to be thrust vertically by 90 degrees.	https://www.ttgmedia.com/features/awesome-uluru-exploring-one-of-the-worlds-greatest-landmarks-16413
Uluru is probably Australia’s most recognisable natural landmark. The sandstone formation is 348 m (1,142 ft) high, 863 m (2,831 ft) above sea level, has most of its bulk lying underground, and has a total circumference of 9.4 km. Contrary to popular belief, it isn’t the biggest monolith in the world; Mount Augustus in Western Australia holds that title. The Uluru-Kata Tjuta park, formerly called Uluru (Ayers Rock – Mount Olga) National Park, features spectacular geological formations that dominate the vast red sandy plain of central Australia. Uluru, an immense monolith, and Kata Tjuta, the rock domes located 25 km to the west of Uluru, form part of the traditional belief system of one of the oldest human societies on earth. Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great cultural significance for the Aṉangu people, the owners and traditional inhabitants of the area. In 1873, the surveyor William Gosse named the monolith Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. In 1993, a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name. In December 1993, it was renamed “Ayers Rock / Uluru”. However, the order of the dual names was officially reversed to “Uluru / Ayers Rock” in November 2002. Uluru is famous for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year, most notably when it glows red at dawn and sunset. Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk. There are twenty-two native mammals found in the park, including red kangaroo, common marsupial mole, hopping mouse, several bat species including Australian false vampire, bilgy, occasional short-nosed echidna, several small marsupials and native rodents, and, of course, dingos. In August 1980, Lindy Chamberlain, whilst on a camping trip at Uluru with her family, claimed that a dingo had stolen her baby daughter, Azaria, from the family tent. Azaria’s body was never found, and when police claimed there were some apparent inconsistencies in Lindy’s story, she was charged with murder. At the time, the case attracted a lot of attention, turning an investigation into a media circus with little chance of an unbiased trial. In 1982, Lindy Chamberlain was found guilty and received a mandatory life sentence. Despite being exonerated by the royal commission in 1987, it took until 2012 for a coronary ruling declaring that Azaria had indeed been killed by a dingo. This sensational case has been dramatised for television, film and stage, and even been turned into an opera. Today, I’ll leave you with some Aboriginal meditation music. Join me again tomorrow for a look at ‘V’. Until then, happy reading.	http://www.ajsendall.com/uluru/
Uluru Middle Of Australia. The remote outback that seems to stretch forever, right in the middle of australia. But, because it's one of australia's most popular. It belongs to the aboriginals. In fact, uluru is australia’s spiritual heart. No one who has been to central australia is left untouched by the incredible stories of the people who lend life to the land. thisdannsworld Uluru, (Ayers Rock), Red Centre Australia Uluru, once known as ayers rock, is one of australia’s most iconic landmarks. A group takes refuge from the heat in a cave at uluru. Drop by a tiny local primary school to help out and play with the kids. Uluru/ayers rock, giant monolith, one of the tors (isolated masses of weathered rock) in southwestern northern territory, central australia.	https://horizontravelmag.us/Australia/uluru-middle-of-australia.html
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock Australia is one of the Wonders of the World. It is a rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory of Australia. This site is sacred to the aboriginal people of the area called the Anangu. It is listed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO. Uluru is one of the Wonders of the World Getting to Uluru It lies 335 km or 208 mi by air from Alice Springs Australia, the nearest large town, 450 km or 280 mi by road. You may fly there from practically any large city in Australia. The local airport is called Yulara and gets close to 400,000 visitors per year. You may take air tours over the area with scenic views of the desert and of Uluru and Kata Tjuta. Many visitors fly to Alice Springs and from there take different tours of the area of Central Australia, including Ayers Rock Resort and many sites on the surrounding desert. Many tourists visiting Australia will take the time to visit this place that has fascinated the world since its discovery. Uluru as seen from a distance of 50 km Facts about Ayers Rock Australia The Name Uluru The name Uluru is how the local aborigines called this site. It was first sighted by white people in 1873 and named Ayers Rock in name of Sir Henry Ayers, then Chief Secretary of South Australia. Since then both names have been used and recognized worldwide. Many years later in 1993, a dual name was given to the site Ayers Rock-Uluru and was then reversed to Uluru-Ayers Rock in 2002. Tradition The Anangu people have been taking care of Uluru for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans to what is now the continent country of Australia. The sites have a great cultural significance for them. There is a cultural center with many walks and tours of the area to inform the visitors about local fauna and flora and the history and legends of the site. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Uluru is part of this park. It size is 1326 sq km or 512 sq miles. Despite the fact that many people climb it, it is recommended by the Aborigines no to do it because it is considered trespassing on a sacred site. Weather The climate as in most of Australia’s interior is a desert one. The temperatures in the Australian Deserts tend to be extreme. In summer during the day they can reach 48º C and at night during winters can go down to -8º C. During the Australian summer, meaning December to March the average temperature is 38º C. The Olgas lie 25 Km of Uluru Australia Formation This is a sandstone foundation that stands 350 meters high, rising to 863 meters above sea level. The circumference is 9.5 km. Most of the bulk of this formation lies underground. It appears to change colors at different times during the day, mostly a glowing red during dawn and sunset. Kata Tjuta, also called Mount Olga or The Olgas, lies 25 km or 16 mi west of Uluru. Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk. Ayers Rock is a monolith. As big as it is it is the second in size in Australia, being the number one Mt Augustus in Western Australia. Location of Ayers Rock in the center of Australia Geology What we see today was in the making for some 900 million years. Then it was all covered by the sea. Around 550 million years ago a transformation began, the area moved and folded upon it and great mountain ranges raised. Over millions of years these ranges eroded leaving behind huge sediments. Somewhere around 300 million years ago another great transformation happened over an extended period of time the seas dried up. The great deposits of sediment were once again lifted and folded and tilted, what is now Uluru and Kata Tjuta, was pushed up above sea level. Because of the way Uluru and Kata Tjuta were formed we know they are only visible tips of a huge underground rock slab, similar to an iceberg. Ayers Rock is actually grey in color but the makeup of the rock has a high iron content this is actually rusting on the surface that gives Uluru its distinctive red iron oxide appearance. When visiting Australia please don’t miss the experience of personally see Ayers Rock.	https://www.travelerxpert.com/ayers-rock-australia.html
It is the world’s second largest monolith, surpassed in size only by Mount Augustus (Burringurrah) in Western Australia. - Uluru/Ayers Rock, Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park, southwestern Northern Territory, central Australia. - Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. Is Mount Augustus the biggest rock in the world? The rock itself is about eight kilometres long and covers an area of 4,795 hectares within Mount Augustus National Park. The granite rock that lies beneath Mount Augustus is 1,650 million years old. This makes it twice the size of Uluru (Ayers Rock) and considerably older. It is also the biggest ‘rock’ in the world. What is the biggest rock in the world? Uluru Is Mount Augustus bigger than Uluru? Australia’s Biggest Rock…and It Isn’t Uluru. Contrary to popular opinion, it is Mount Augustus, and not Uluru, which is the largest rock in the world. Rising 717m above the flat plains which surround it, Mount Augustus covers an area of 4,795 hectares, making it one-and-a-half times larger than Uluru (3,330 hectares). What is the big rock in Australia called? Ayers Rock Is Ayers Rock the biggest rock in Australia? It is the world’s second largest monolith, surpassed in size only by Mount Augustus (Burringurrah) in Western Australia. Uluru–Kata Tjuta National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. What is the biggest rock in the universe? The Largest Solid Object in the Universe - UY Scuti, alongside our sun. - Artist’s rendition of a BLASAR, which is technically what S5 0014+81 is. - LAB-1 is a huge blob of hydrogen gas located 11.5 billion light years away. - IC 1101 packs 100 trillion stars into its diameter, compared to the measly 100 billion in the Milky Way. What is the heaviest stone ever moved? The block, which was found in a limestone quarry in Baalbek, Lebanon, measures 64 feet by 19.6 feet by 18 feet, Gizmodo reports, and weighs an estimated 1,650 tons. Other massive manmade blocks were previously found nearby, including one weighing up to 1,240 tons and nicknamed “The Stone of the Pregnant Woman.” How many hours does it take to climb Uluru? About The Uluru/Ayers Rock Climb. It is a very strenuous climb (most of the over 35 deaths at Ayers Rock were due to heart attacks) and takes about two hours to complete. The Ayers Rock climb is often closed because of strong winds or high temperatures. Can you climb Uluru anymore? The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park board of management has announced that tourists will be banned from climbing Uluru from 2019. The climb has always been discouraged by the park’s Traditional Owners (the Anangu people) but a number of tourists continued to climb the rock on a daily basis. What is the largest stone in the world? Archaeologists Discover The World’s Largest Ancient Stone Block - archaeology. - stone blocks. - megaliths. - Hajjar al-Hibla. - baalbek. - lebanon. Is Uluru bigger than Eiffel Tower? Uluru stands 348 metres above sea level at its tallest point (24m higher than the Eiffel Tower), yet it resembles a “land iceberg” as the vast majority of its mass is actually underground – almost 2.5km worth! Why is Uluru red? The red colour of Uluru is due to the oxidation or the rusting of the iron-bearing minerals within the rock as it has sat there in the desert air for hundreds of thousands of years, said Dr Bradshaw. “The fresh rock which has not been in contact with the atmosphere is grey in colour.” Is Uluru the Centre of Australia? Ayers Rock is one of the most impressive landmarks in Australia. A huge chunk of sandstone and a ‘true’ monolith, it resides in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Ayers Rock is located down towards the southwest corner of the Northern Territory and close to the geographic centre of Australia. How much of Uluru is buried underground? Today Uluru stands 348m above ground, being the most dominant structure within the desert outback. Stretching up 348 metres high, the rock spans 3.6 kilometres long and 1.9 kilometres wide. However, a large majority of the structure is still hidden underground, with 2.5 kilometres of its bulk stretching downwards. Why is Australia so red? Unlike much of the Northern Hemisphere, Australian soils are very thick and millions of years old. The remnant iron oxides have been able to accumulate through millions of years of weathering. Unfortunately, although the red soil is beautiful, it is not of much use because it is very poor in nutrients. How do I get to Uluru? - Travel to Ayers Rock: Should you drive, fly, take a bus or catch a camel? - You can fly to Ayers Rock via Qantas or Virgin Australia from all Australian capital cities (except Canberra!). - Flights from Alice Springs to Ayers Rock take only 45 minutes, and are around $120 each way. How much money does Uluru make each year? The viewing area is the largest item of infrastructure in the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. More than 300,000 tourists visit the area each year, contributing an estimated $400 million to the Australian economy. In which country would you find Uluru or Ayers Rock? Australia What’s the smallest thing in the universe? Then the atom was discovered, and it was thought indivisible, until it was split to reveal protons, neutrons and electrons inside. These too, seemed like fundamentalparticles, before scientists discovered that protons and neutrons are made of three quarks each. The smallest object is 14.8E-69 kg. What’s the biggest thing in our universe? The biggest supercluster known in the universe is the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall. It was first reported in 2013 and has been studied several times. It’s so big that light takes about 10 billion years to move across the structure. What is the heaviest thing in the universe? Originally Answered: What’s the heaviest object in the entire universe? If under “heaviest” you mean objects with the most mass, then the answer is the supermassive black holes. This is the image of the disk galaxy NGC 1277, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. Can you climb Uluru without a tour? The climb is not prohibited, but Anangu ask as visitors to their land that you respect their wishes, culture and law by not climbing Uluru. What can you do at Uluru? There are plenty of free things to do when you visit Uluru and the surrounding region. - Bush food experience. Ayers Rock Resort daily free guest activities. - Bush Yarn. - Ecology and museum tour. - Garden walk – Desert Gardens hotel. - Mani Mani Indigenous cultural theatre. - Walk around the base of Uluru. Is Uluru open to climb today? Uluru climb to close in 2019. Today, in a historic decision, the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Board of Management decided they will close the climb to the top of Uluru on 26 October 2019. How did Uluru get there? The birth of Uluru dates back around about 500 million years ago, a similar time when the Australian continent developed. Uluru started underwater and began with two fans, one made of sand, whereas the other composed of conglomerate rock. Uluru made from Arkose, which is a coarse sandstone. What is Uluru known for? Uluru – A tour of Australia’s iconic monolith. This red sandstone monolith has become a world-renowned icon of Australia’s impressive landscape. Uluru is the Aboriginal name for the rock, but it is more commonly known as Ayers Rock and is situated in the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in Northern Territory. Is Uluru getting smaller? But when you’re standing in front of the region’s now famous spiritual icon, Uluru, “over there” could easily refer to the silhouette of remarkable proportions just 25km to the west. Bigger, wider and taller than Uluru, Kata Tjuta is a spectacular collection of 36 enormous rocks. Why is Australian soil so poor? Australian soils are highly dependent upon vegetation cover to generate nutrients and for stability. Land clearing, water extraction and poor soil conservation are all causes of a decline in the quality of Australia’s soils. Was Australia always desert? Named deserts of Australia cover 1,371,000 square kilometres (529,000 sq mi), or 18% of the Australian mainland. However, approximately 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain it is effectively desert. No weather station situated in an arid region records less than 100 mm of average annual rainfall. Where do most people live in Australia? Live in New South Wales. The most populated state in Australia is New South Wales, and home to around one-third of Australia’s population. The majority of the population live in the state capital, Sydney.	https://the-biggest.net/buildings/what-is-the-biggest-rock-in-australia.html
Whilst Australia is a country well known for its clean beaches and quality surf, there’s more to the island than its much-loved coastline. For a real Oz adventure, it’s the Australian outback that holds the key. In fact, the Australian outback, known as The Red Centre of Australia, has many a treasure to uncover and many special and spiritual spaces to experience. Here are five top spots for those looking to explore what this vast landscape and red sands have to offer: 1. Uluru A natural and spectacular landmark, Uluru, otherwise known as Ayers Rock, is located in the southern extreme of the Northern Territory. A singular and breathtaking sandstone formation, it stands 3.6km long and an amazing 348m from land. A must-see site, especially in the glorious light of a sunset or sunrise, Ayers Rock will provide excellent photo opportunities and the chance to spot some of Australia’s unique wildlife. 2. Katherine Gorge This area provides further evidence of Australia’s stunning landscape, with 13 sandstone gorges carved deep into the land by the snaking Katherine River. A popular tourist site, but yet one of the most breathtaking, the gorges provide a great day out, with the option to canoe or cruise the river when the waters and currents are right. 3. Litchfield National Park Litchfield is the ideal place for bush walking and swimming with many an opportunity for camping. The waterfalls in the park are world-renowned and provide crystal clear water cascades that form a series of plunge pools. With 1,500 square km of parkland, including the wide sandstone plateau known as the Tabletop Range, this is the place to come for a safe and exciting adventure in the great outdoors. 4. The Olgas The Olgas are situated to the west of Ayers Rock. A group of 36 domed formations nestled next to each other, weathered and etched into shape over millions of years, these rocks make a big visual statement. With Mount Olga boasting a height of 546m, climbing the rocks is not recommended. However, visitors can enjoy hiking through the grooves between the rocks or attempting the easier route on The Walpa Gorge walk. 5. Kings Canyon One of the most visited sites of the Australian outback is the famed Kings Canyon. Part of the Watarrka National Park, the walls of this well known canyon sit at around 100 metres high. For those keen to take a hike, the Trail Walk and Rim Walk along the creek provide many breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape. In addition to the picturesque walks, visitors can also enjoy the Garden of Eden, which greets them with a natural spring waterhole and a range of exotic plants and wildlife. With its bare, yet unique beauty the sights of the Australian outback are some of the most visually stunning in the world. It’s hardly surprising then that more and more visitors are going off road to explore the long developed and spiritual landscapes of this great country. Post written by Cheapflights, where you can find the lowest prices on flights to Australia.	https://freetravelsandtours.com/sights-of-the-australian-outback/
Ayers Rock is undoubtedly one of Australia's most widely recognised icons both nationally and internationally. It is also one of Australia's most popular tour destinations, and for very good reason. Set in the stunning red desert landscape of Central Australia, it is a magnificent and magical sight that should form part of any Australian tour itinerary. Also known as Uluru, Ayers Rock is located within the Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park about 400 kilometres southwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. The largest monolith in Central Australia (and the second largest in Australia), Ayers Rock is more than 318 metres (986 feet) high and 8 kilometres (5 miles) around, and extends 2.5 kilometres (1. 5 miles) into the ground. Famous for appearing to change colour as light conditions change throughout the day and seasons, Ayers Rock is a particularly remarkable sight at sunset. Composed primarily of sandstone, Ayers Rock is infused with minerals such as feldspar that reflect the red light of sunrise and sunset and make the rock appear to literally glow in the right conditions. The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu is located near the western end of Ayers Rock, which is sacred to local indigenous people. The rock is surrounded by springs, waterholes, rock caves and other features that figure prominently in dreamtime stories for the Ayers Rock area. Uluru is the name used by the local Pitjantjatjara people for the rock, which was named Ayers Rock by European explorers after Henry Ayers, a 19th century Premier of South Australian. Uluru has been the rock's official name since the 1980's, although many people still refer to it as Ayers Rock. The Australian Government returned ownership of Ayers Rock to its traditional Aboriginal owners in 1985, leasing it back for 99 years as a National Park. The traditional owners request that visitors respect the sacred status of Ayers Rock by not climbing it. However, they do not prevent people from climbing the rock, which remains a popular activity with many visitors. In 1980, Ayers Rock made international headlines when baby Azaria Chamberlain disappeared while her family were camping nearby. Her mother Lindy Chamberlain claimed that her daughter had been taken by a dingo (a wild dog), initiating one of the most widely publicised legal trials in Australian history. Kata Tjuta, also known as The Olgas, is a group of 36 rounded rock formations situated about 30km west of Uluru within the Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park. The tallest dome of the group, Mt Olga, actually stands taller than Uluru at 457 metres. Kata Tjuta, which means 'many heads' in the local Pitjantjatjara language, is as sacred to the indigenous traditional owners as Ayers Rock. Traditional ceremonies are still conducted at Kata Tjuta, particularly at night, and many Pitjantjatjara dreamtime legends are associated with both Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta. Ayers Rock is located about 20 kilometres from Yulara, a modern tourist town of 3000 inhabitants situated just outside Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park precinct. Yulara is well provisioned with quality accommodation, shops and services, and also has an airport serviced by major airlines flying directly from most Australian capital cities. Few regions of the world can match the astounding beauty of the Central Australian desert landscape, its unique flora and fauna, and natural features like Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta. Whether you prefer to travel in lavish luxury or on an authentic four-wheel-drive safari adventure, Ayers Rock and Central Australia have something for everyone.	https://sebelhawkesbury.com.au/read-article/42870
This three-day tour makes an ideal connection between Alice Springs, the heart of Australia and the icon of Uluru, as it travels through Aboriginal Homelands and outback bush and sand dune country with its fascinating wildlife. Plan your stop over in Alice Springs and your sightseeing from Ayers Rock Resort – use this itinerary as your connection! Palm Valley, Ormiston Gorge, Glen Helen Resort Day 1 Depart Alice Springs at 7.00 am to commence your journey across the outback through the beautiful MacDonnell Ranges. The first highlight visited will be Palm Valley where you will see ancient cycad palms, rock pools and only accessible by 4WD vehicle – walk, photograph and explore. Travel to the historic Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission Precinct for lunch and a guided walk including visits to the Albert Namatjira Art Gallery and Museum. Continue to Ormiston Gorge where the opportunity arises to either take a short walk along the Larapinta Trail or a swim in a rock pool. Travel to Glen Helen Resort with its backdrop of the magnificent gorge. - Palm Valley: The valley is indicative of central Australia’s tropical past where Palm Valley and the close surrounding area is the only place known in Central Australia where the Red Cabbage Palms (Livistona mariae) survive. It is within the Finke Gorge National Park and is only accessible by 4WD. - Ormiston Gorge: Massive geological forces created the towering red walls and landforms that showcase Ormiston Gorge and Pound, located within the West MacDonnell National Park, 135 kilometres west of Alice Springs. The Gorge has a near-permanent waterhole, estimated to be up to 14 metres deep at its southern end. The area contains an interesting variety of native fauna and flora including a number of relict (or relic) plant species remaining from a tropical past. - Glen Helen Resort: in West MacDonnell National Park offers camping, backpacker and motel accommodation and the Namatjira Gallery Restaurant – an a la carte dining experience in an outback homestead environment. - Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission Precinct: It was established as an Aboriginal mission in 1877 by two Lutheran missionaries of the Hermannsburg Mission from Germany. The mission land was handed over to traditional ownership in 1982. The Hermannsburg Historic Precinct was included on the Australian National Heritage List in April 2006. Much of the historic township is now protected by the National Trust. - Albert Namatjira Art Gallery and Museum: Is a feature gallery within the Araluen Arts Centre and is dedicated to showcasing Aboriginal art from Central Australia. This gallery offers the viewer a unique insight into the diversity, vitality, evolution and innovation of Aboriginal art from this region. - Meals: - Morning Tea, Lunch, Afternoon Tea and Dinner - Accommodation: - Glen Helen Resort – outback cabin 3 star Gosses Bluff, The Mereenie Track, Kings Canyon Resort Day 2 Travel west through the MacDonnell Ranges stop at a vantage point to view a comet crater, Gosses Bluff that is one of the world’s great impact sites equivalent to many thousands of atomic bombs. Detour for a close up look and photograph. Be on the look out for wildlife – kangaroos, emus, camels, donkeys, horses, cattle, eagles, kites etc. Stop at ‘The Jump Up’ where the inland sea once met the land of the outback millions of years ago. Photograph the George Gill Range at sunset from your luxury accommodation. - Gosses Bluff: Known as Comet Crater, is thought to be the eroded remnant of an impact crater and is located near the centre of Australia, about 175km west of Alice Springs. With most other impact craters the whole formation is visible, but at Gosses Bluff the outer wall has been removed by erosion leaving only the former central area that forms a pound surrounded by a circular mountain range. It is also a sacred site, known as Tnorala, to the Western Arrernte Aboriginal people. - The Mereenie Track: Provides for an alternative scenic route from Alice Springs to Watarrka (Kings Canyon) and Uluru (Ayers Rock) via the Western Macs. The loop is recommended for 4×4 as weather conditions make the road conditions difficult for standard vehicles. - Kings Canyon Resort: Is the oasis in the outback for those who would rather explore the area from a comfortable base. Retreat to the resort after an active day of hiking through the rugged terrain of the Watarrka National Park. - The Jump Up: Once the southern coastline of Australia, this is where the inland sea met the outback, millions of years ago. This is a perfect photograph opportunity of the area. - The George Gill Range: The George Gill Range is located southwest of the Greater MacDonnell Ranges and 215 km west south west of Alice Springs. The Range is a large block of sandstone with a spectacular canyon (Watarrka or Kings Canyon) rising up to 270 m from Kings Creek on its western end. - Meals: - Breakfast, Morning Tea, Lunch, Afternoon Tea and Dinner - Accommodation: - Kings Canyon Resort – 4 star resort Rim Walk, Kings Creek & Curtin Springs Stations, Ayers Rock Resort Day 3 Up early for a sunrise, self-guided walk around the canyon rim, which is a breathtaking, and invigorating experience. Travel to Kings Creek Station for lunch, maybe a camel burger, here you can have a ride on a quad bike, camel or helicopter flight – the choice is yours. Journey towards Uluru, you can see the majestic desert oaks, unusual Attila (Mount Conner) and one of Australia’s largest salt lakes (Lake Amadeus). Afternoon tea will be at Curtin Springs Station, a unique experience! The excitement builds as you travel towards Uluru and with a stop to climb a sand dune to get the magnificent image of this icon as dusk approaches. Arrive at Ayers Rock Resort at 6.00 pm approximately concluding your Outback Connection – enjoy the remainder of your holiday. - Rim Walk: The Rim Walk begins with a strenuous steep climb ascending to the top of the canyon and following the rim around before descending to the car park. About half way along is the Garden of Eden, a beautiful area of cool waterholes and river vegetation. - Kings Creek: was established in 1982 by Ian and Lyn Conway. The station lies 36 kilometres from the magnificent Kings Canyon (Watarrka) and is set amongst majestic desert oaks. The Station is a working cattle/camel station with facilities for camping, accommodation and an opportunity to experience the outback either by quad bike (4 wheel motorbike), helicopter or camel. The station is the largest exporter of wild camels in Australia and sells camels for live export, live domestic sales and meat. - Attila: Mt Conner (Attila) is a huge mesa formation, commonly mistaken for Uluru at a distance. It is situated in picturesque salt pan dune, and Spinifex country. - Lake Amadeus: is a large salt lake in the southwest corner of Australia‘s Northern Territory, about 50 km north of Uluru. Lake Amadeus is 180 km long and 10 km wide, making it the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory. It contains up to 600 million tonnes of salt; however, harvesting it has not proved viable, owing to its remote location. - Curtin Springs: is a working cattle station owned and operated by the Severin family. The family took over the pastoral lease in1956 and still live on and run the station today. The family extend the unique hospitality that has made them a legend in the NT, Peter Severin opened his homestead as a key stop for passing travellers on their way to Ayers Rock. - Meals: - Breakfast, Morning Tea, Lunch and Afternoon Tea \|Prices\|\| \| Adult \| \| Child \|Premium Class\|\|$3,295\|\|$2,635\| \|Gold Class\|\|N/A\|\|N/A\| \|Platinum Class\|\|N/A\|\|N/A\| \|Safari Class\|\|$2,875\|\|$2,300\| Departs: Daily you choose your departure date, year round (excluding 23rd December to 26th Dec and 28th Dec to 01 Jan) Tour cost includes: - Pick Up and Drop Off from your hotel. - The provision of a modern, top of the range four wheel drive vehicle. - The services of an experienced and accredited driver / guide. - Morning and afternoon tea. - The provision of breakfasts, lunches and evening meals. - Welcome drink prior to evening meal. - The payment of all accommodation, visits, attractions and entry fees as per itinerary. - Accommodation: choice of Premium or Safari Class Not included: - Evening supper. - Single accommodation – on application. - Items of a personal nature. - Provision of alcohol with meals except where stated on itinerary. Special Notes: Travel insurance is highly recommended – please read Austour’s Conditions of Travel as listed on our website. Refer Bookings. Accommodation and itinerary may change on a seasonal basis depending upon road access and client discussion before departure. Child: up to and including 16 years of age and price based on sharing with two adults. Prices valid to 31st March 2017 Please contact our reservation team regarding enquiries and bookings.	http://www.austour.com.au/trips/from-alice-springs-g404-the-central-australian-connection/
Regions: \| \| Uluru Moonset By: Kwon O Chul \| \| Region: Australia and Pacific Site: Uluru - Ayers Rock - Australia Date: September 2010 \| \| With the first quarter Moon setting in the west, the Milky Way appears more prominently in the starry sky of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park; a World Heritage Site in Northern Territory of Australia. The area is best known for Uluru or Ayers Rock, a single massive rock formation visible in the center of this image like a long domed rock. Uluru is one of Australia's best known natural features which is a so-called monolith, extending about 5 km beneath the desert plain and measuring 3.6 by 2.4 km at the surface. It rises 348 meters above the plain. The photographer made this image from a location where the rock elongation on the surface is the least visible Kwon, O Chul - AstroKorea.com/kwon572 All TWAN photos and videos are copyrighted Share this page:	http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/photos.asp?ID=3002916
Accommodation in Northern Territory Darwin is the largest city in northern Australia. It is a fast growing modern city with about 125,000 inhabitants and a starting point for many attractions. Most visitors to the Top End start or end their visit at the airport in Darwin. Sightseeing in the ‘Top End’ Northern Territory There are several important sites in the ‘Top End’. The best known is the Kakadu National Park (250 km southeast of at Darwin). Another point of interest is Katherine Gorge. The Litchfield National Park is for most visitors a pleasant surprise. The park is less crowded but certainly offers some beautiful scenery. North of Darwin are Bathurst and Melville Island also known as the Tiwi Islands. On these remote islands, the Tiwi Aborigines still live in a very traditional way of life. The climate in the north is tropical withs dense, lush vegetation. In the south, it merges into a dryer climate with a more open vegetation. Sightseeing in the ‘Red Centre’ Northern Territory The southern part of the Northern Territory is the heart of Australia, it is also called the ‘Red Centre’. In this desolate, almost uninhabited area of savannas, deserts and endless plains, you will discover a unique natural phenomena. You will not find any big cities or any famous vineyards, but what you will find is the real feel of the Outback. The vastness, the overwhelming nature and the clear starry skies will make an overwhelming impression. The aboriginal culture, the boomerang and ‘bush tucker food’ belongs to this part of Australia. The small characteristic pubs and roadhouses, the road trains (huge trucks of up to 35-feet long) that you may encounter along the way are fun and interesting sights. The only town in the area is Alice Springs. The main attractions in the ‘Red Centre’ are Ayers Rock, Kings Canyon and the Devils Marbles. Highlights in Northern Territory Darwin Darwin is the northernmost major city in Australia and is the capital of the Northern Territory. The city lies at Fannie Bay which is connected to the Timor Sea. Darwin has an international airport. Although the city itself does not offer many attractions, it is an ideal starting point for tours to Kakadu National Park and other parts of the Northern Territory. Kakadu National Park Kakadu National Park is located approximately 150 km east of at Darwin. This beautiful park was founded in 1981 and has an area of 19,804 km ² (about the size of Ireland). Kakadu is listed twice on the World Heritage List, both for its cultural value, including a large number of Aboriginal rock art and because of the rich nature. Tiwi Islands North of Darwin are Bathurst and Melville Islands, also known as the Tiwi Islands. On these remote islands, the Tiwi Aborigines still live in a very authentic way of life. From Darwin you can fly Tiwi Airlines to visit the islands. The islands have no paved roads, there is only one resort with tents where you can stay. Since the islands are an aboriginal area, an access permit is required; except in March during the Tiwi Football Final and the large Art Sale. Alice Springs ‘The Alice’, as Alice Springs is often called affectionately by Australians, is in the heart of Australia and is the capital of the Red Centre. Alice Springs has a population of about 27,000, the second largest town in the Northern Territory. Alice Springs has a very isolated location, the nearest towns of any size is Port Augusta in South Australia (1007 km) and Darwin (1305 km). The town has a number of historic sites worth visiting it is also a great starting point for excursions in the area. Ayers Rock The main attractions in The Red Centre 450 km south-west of Alice Springs is Ayers Rock, a huge rock sticking out of the otherwise flat desert landscape. At sunset the rock emits a bright red glow. Ayers Roc k is a sacred place for Aborigines, they call the rock “Uluru”. At the circumference of the rock you can see Aborigine drawings. Devils Marbles The Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve is home to strange formations and natural rounded boulders. These stones vary in diameter from a few centermeters up to 7 meters. It is an enchanting sight on the flat plain to see. These “marbles of the devil” are located about 100 kilometers south of Tennant Creek and 10 kilometers north of the settlement Wauchope, in the Northern Territory. Directors Choice – Top Hotels for all Budgets Director of Pacific Island Travel, Rob Kusters shares his top picks of Hotels, Resorts and accomodation in Northern Territory for all budgets! Wildman Wilderness *** “Set in the lush wilderness of the Northern Territory, the Wildman Wilderness Lodge offers truly a different accommodation option. Stay in a luxury Safari Lodge or opt for luxury camping experience in a Safari Tents. ” Davidison’s Eco Lodge “Situated in a stunning natural bush setting on registered aboriginal sacred site, this lodge offers all the comforts and attention to detail you would expect at an eco lodge. ” Longitude 131 Lodge * “Luxury camping facing the majestic Uluru (Ayers Rock). Camping does not come more glamorous or with the better view than this! Prince William & Kate even stayed here during their time in the Northern Territory.” Kings Canyon Lodge * “Another great option of Luxury camping. Located in a secluded part of Kings Creek Station, a fully operational cattle and camel station. Delicious meals served under the stars are a highlight of your stay here. ” More information about Northern Territory Ayers Rock is a huge rock sticking out of the otherwise flat desert landscape. Ayers Rock is a sacred place for Aborigines, they call the rock “Uluru”. At the circumference of the rock you can see Aborigine drawings. Find Out More > 2. Kata Tjuta – The Olgas Kata Tjuta is the second major feature and attraction of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. (The main one is of course Uluru.) Kata Tjuta consists of 36 steep sided monoliths, which, just like Uluru, look most impressive at sunrise and sunset. Find Out More > 3. Kings Canyon The walls of Kings Canyon are over 100 meters high, with Kings Creek at the bottom. There are several walks that visitors can do in the area. Find Out More > 4. Kakadu National Park The Kakadu National Park is a world heritage site and protected area 171 km south east of Darwin. This is Australia’s biggest national park, you will find rugged landscapes, lush rainforest and rock art galleries up to 50,000 years old. Find Out More > 5. Mindil Beach Sunset Market (Darwin) Every Thursday and Sunday evening tables, chairs, rugs and picnics are set up along Mindil Beach. There are many different ethnic cuisine to try from Thai to Greek and Portuguese food. There are plenty of arts, crafts and clothing stalls set up as well along with a range of entertainment. Not to be missed during your stay in Darwin. Find Out More > 6. The Tiwi Islands Known as the island of smiles, the Tiwi islands are located 100 km north of Darwin. The islands can only be visited on a pre-arranged tour with an Aboriginal Guide and you will need a permit to visit. This is a truly unique experience the Aboriginal way of life. Find Out More > 7. Dinner under the Stars (Uluru) At the Sounds of Silence experience you can dine under the canopy of the desert night, while your very own storyteller shares tales as told in the stars. This is a truly unforgettable dining experience and a great introduction to Aboriginal culture. Find Out More > 8. Territory Wildlife Park Situated on 400 ha of natural bushland, the Territory Wildlife Park includes a diverse range of habitats including monsoon forest, woodland and wetlands. Discover native wild life up close while travelling on modern shuttle train linking all 26 major exhibits. Find Out More > 9. The Kangaroo Sanctuary (Alice Springs) The Kangaroo Sanctuary Alice Springs is the home of Brolga, star of Kangaroo Dundee – BBC2 AGB Films. The Sanctuary is a 90 acre wildlife reserve of untouched bush-land where Brolga’s mob of 25 kangaroos live. Find Out More > 10. Litchfield National Park Featuring numerous waterfalls, monsoon rainforests and historical sites the Litchfield National Park is a truly beautiful destination found just south of Darwin. Find Out More > By plane Qantas offers regular flights connecting Darwin, Alice Springs and Yulara. By train The Ghan train travels from the south to the north of the Northern Territory and back, stopping at Kulgera, The Iron Man, Finke River, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Katherine, Pine Creek, Adelaide River and Darwin. By car By car or campervan is a popular way to explore the Northern Territory. The roads are excellent, and most major attractions can be accessed by sealed roads. There are five scenic drives each excellent in their own way.	https://www.pacificislandtravel.com/australia/northern-territory/
As you wander into the bosom of this strange landscape, through blood-red chasms and over trickling waterfalls filling tadpole-laden pools, birdcalls echo back and forth between the high, curved walls to create new sounds, and wedge-tailed eagles glide on thermals between the ochre cliff faces seeking mates before the rains come. Sitting in the shade here, the birds come alive, screaming and mating in the surrounding bushes, while the sky and mounds of conglomerate rock collide above. Even in the middle of this barren desert, grasses, tussock and small trees spring up from the dry stone. Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Kata Tjuta (the Olgas) are the viscera of Australia, the vital organs lying exposed to the sun, beating steadily to the rhythm of the yearly rains. It’s a slow clock, and these ancient forms enthral modern men and women as much as they did the Aboriginal people 20,000 years ago. It is my humble opinion that every single able Australian should make a pilgrimage to the heart of this country at least once in their life. And while Uluru is the most well-known feature here, Kata Tjuta feels more ancient and seems to hide more secrets. These old domes and the green strips between them, laced with seasonal springs, seem like the kind of place from which life, and beautiful myths, might spring. HISTORY OF ULURU AND KATA TJUTA The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage site and both landforms are listed in the 20 top geological wonders of the world. Kata Tjuta’s alternative name, the Olgas, comes from its tallest peak, Mount Olga, which rises 1066m above sea level (or 546m above the surrounding plain) and is nearly 200m higher than Uluru. In 1872, the explorer Ernest Giles named Mount Olga after Queen Olga of Württemberg in order to honour the famous botanist, Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, who had been made a baron by the King of Württemberg. It took another year for Australia’s most famous landmark to be discovered by westerners, however. On July 19th, 1873 William Gosse, travelling east, reached Uluru and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Kata Tjuta, the Pitjantjatjara name meaning “many heads”, is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people, this area’s traditional owners who refer to themselves as Anangu. Archaeological work suggests that Aboriginal people have lived in the area for at least 22,000 years. Kata Tjuta and Uluru were returned to the care and ownership of the Anangu in 1985 and they now jointly manage the national park with Parks Australia. GEOLOGY OF ULURU Kata Tjuta is composed of a sedimentary rock called conglomerate – a mix of gravel, pebbles and boulders cemented together by sand and mud which contains many minerals and other rock types including basalt and granite. Uluru, in contrast, is composed of smooth sandstone which has been flipped 90 degrees. A bit like icebergs, both Uluru and Kata Tjuta extend far below the earth (several kilometres in fact) and are part of larger sections of folded layers. The formations are the product of 500 million years of erosion after the softer rock layers surrounding Uluru and Kata Tjuta were weathered at a faster rate, leaving the massive rock formations seen today. Some of the domes of Kata Tjuta still exhibit unique forms of erosion, like the columns of belly-button-like hollows that line their faces and act like stacked bird baths when the rains come. Watching them in the summer heat, one regrets not being here in the wet to see these terrestrial fountains in action. ULURU AND KATA TJUTA WALKS Uluru: There are five main walks around Uluru, not counting the contentious path up and over the rock. While climbing the rock is frowned upon, it is still completely legal, though the parks service often finds a reason to close the climb, due to wind or high temperature. The rest of the walks skirt the base of the rock, which isn’t nearly as featureless up close as it appears in all those travel brochures. There is also plenty of ancient rock art, particularly in Kantju Gorge on the northwest flank of the monolith. Kata Tjuta: There are two walks within Kata Tjuta – the Valley of the Winds Walk and the Walpa Gorge Walk. The Valley of the Winds is a 7.4km return walk (three hours) that requires a reasonable level of fitness and winds through several of the Olgas. If the temperature is 36°C or above, the walk is closed, so get there early to avoid disappointment. It’s also best to walk early in the morning since there is very little shade along the trail. Several small, shaded water tank/rest stops are located along the trek, but bring water regardless. The Walpa Gorge Walk is an easy, 2.6km return walk (one hour) into the gorge. Walpa, meaning windy, serves as a refuge for plants and animals. The rocky trail gently rises along a wet gully, passing inconspicuous rare plants and ending at a grove of flourishing spearwood. FLORA AND FAUNA OF ULURU The arid landscape of the appropriately named Red Centre is predominantly a burnt, sandy desert dominated by spinifex and low-lying shrubs covering small sand dunes and sand plains dotted with desert oaks. There are also large areas of mulga woodland, a stunted acacia used by the Anangu to make sticks for digging up honey ants. The alluvial flow areas at the bases of Uluru and Kata Tjuta support large bloodwoods, acacias and native grasses, and several of these oasis-type ecosystems provide restricted habitats for a number of rare plant species. Despite the inhospitable climate, the park is home to over 170 species of birds, 20 species of native mammals and 70 species of reptiles. Visitors will most likely see the Walawuru, or wedge-tailed eagle, which uses thermals of hot air created by the desert heat to rise to great heights; the Ngintaka, or perentie, which at 2.5m in length is Australia’s largest lizard (and the world’s second-largest, only surpassed by the komodo dragon of Indonesia); or the Papa Inura, or dingo, the largest land predator in Australia. Scientists believe it descends from Asian dogs arriving in Australia about 3500 years ago, possibly with fishers from Indonesia. The informative visitor centre inside the park offers a more detailed description of the various plant and animal species. ULURU-KATA TJUTA NATIONAL PARK Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is 440km south-west of Alice Springs. Kata Tjuta (The Olgas), pronounced a bit like “kadda juda”, is some 30km west of Uluru as the eagle flies. The easiest way to get to the park is to drive, catch a bus or join a tour from Alice Springs. You can also fly from most capital cities to Connellan Airport just outside the park. The entrance fee into the park is $25 per adult aged 16 years and over for a three-day pass (children under 16 enter free). The park is open year-round. The closest (and only) accommodation is the Ayers Rock Resort in Yulara, with a range of accommodation options including a campground. The best time to visit is during the more temperate months of July, August or September – temperatures can be dangerously hot in December and January. DISCOVER THE NORTHERN TERRITORY - Explore Kakadu - Travel to Uluru - Camper's guide to Kings Canyon - Visit The Devils Marbles Adapted from Camper Trailer Australia #26.	https://camper.hemax.com/Reviews/1141/TRAVEL_ULURU_AND_KATA_TJUTA
All year. Summers can be scorching hot, whilst winter nights can occasionally dip below freezing. Upon entering Uluru – Kata Tjuta National Park, you will receive a brochure that contains information and basic walking maps for the park’s various hiking options. This is all you will need for orientation/navigation purposes. 1. Uluru is an isolated sandstone rock formation situated in the heart of Australia’s ‘Red Centre’. It lies some 288 miles (463 km) by road from the nearest large town of Alice Springs. 2. Uluru is the second biggest monolith in the world, after Mount Augustus in Western Australia. 3. Uluru is the traditional Aboriginal name for the rock monolith. The name given by European explorers in the 1870’s was Ayers Rock. Since 2002, the official title for the site is Uluru/Ayer’s Rock. 4. In 1985, Uluru was returned to its original owners, the Anangu people, whom have inhabited the area for thousands of years. It is now co-managed by the Anangu and Federal Parks Australia under terms of a 99 year lease. 5. Uluru and the surrounding National Park were given UNESCO World Heritage status in 1987. This may be the easiest hike on the entire website! Nonetheless, it is one that should not be missed if you find yourself in this part of the world. In order to avoid both the crowds and the heat, this hike is best done very early in the morning (immediately after sunrise) or late in the afternoon. As tempting as it may be, I do not recommend climbing Uluru. From a cultural perspective, Uluru is sacred to the Anangu. Environmentally speaking, the high number of tourists who climb the rock contribute to increased levels of erosion as well as pollution of the various water holes situated around the rock’s base. How? There are no permanent toilet or waste disposal facilities on top of Uluru. When the elements “kick in”, where do you think everything is blown or washed away? Camping is not permitted within the park. Accommodation is available at Yulara resort village. The world famous rock in Australia’s red centre lives up to the hype. It is one of the earth’s greatest natural wonders and there is no better way to see it than to take a mellow stroll around its circumference. Seeing you have come all this way, don’t miss the spectacular Valley of the Winds walk (4.6 m/7.4 km) at nearby Kata Tjuta.	https://www.thehikinglife.com/2011/04/uluru-base-walk-northern-territory-australia-2010/
My first glimpse of Uluru was through the airplane’s window. The giant rock formation—a wall, really—is impossible to miss as it rises from the desert in a blaze of red and golden-brown. (A Google search will tell you that the monolith is also called Ayers Rock but everyone in the know rightly refers to it by its Aboriginal name.) The scale is hard to visualize, despite the plentiful availability of Internet images, until you see it from this vantage point. Smack dab in the ”Red Centre” of Oz, it’s an awesome sight, but nothing compared to viewing it at ground level. That’s when the magnitude of its dimensions—1,000 feet tall, 2.2 miles long and 1.5 miles wide—really sinks in and you start to feel very, very small. The JetStar flight from Sydney (Qantas and Virgin Australia also offer flights that depart from a range of Australian cities) took about three-and-a-half hours. (Flights from Melbourne and Cairns each take three hours; the flight form Alice Springs is the shortest at two and half hours.) Most of the local resorts facilitate transfers from Ayers Rock Airport, including Longitude 131, my ”base camp” for Uluru exploration. The luxe resort is comprised of windowed white tents set up right in the sand dunes. Its proximity to the famous rock site (and sister attractions Walpa Gorge and Kata Tjuta) is exceptional and the layout of the place is centered on dazzling you with the most gorgeous scenery imaginable. I was there for three days and never tired of gazing at Uluru; ultimately I’d get to see it from every possible angle. There are a number of ways to do so: The resort provides sunrise and sunset bus tours. A helicopter ride gives an even better perspective and offers unbelievable photo opportunities. Getting to ride on the back of a Harley—under a cloudless blue sky, in the middle of the Outback—was exhilarating and my favorite Uluru excursion by far. Driven by a capable guide from Uluru Motorcycle Tours, our bike was the only one on the road that winds around Uluru and we arrived to find the parking lot completely empty. It was the height of the midday heat (tour buses tend to pack in at sunrise and sunset) and yes, my tour guide and I were the only two people at the site. Getting to experience the rock sans other tourists made the trip for me. It’s hard to convey the spiritual, meditative atmosphere of the site, a deeply sacred one to the Aboriginal people who believe that the spirits of their ancestors live within the rock formations. Or the inexplicably fascinating holes and grooves that add a unique texture to the rock’s surfaces, the result of gazillion years’ worth of rainfall and weather erosion. Or the colors of the rocks, which change from red to pink to magenta and brown, depending on the light, a different display every time you look up and out. Our final sunset tour of Uluru further elevated the experience to ”trip of the lifetime” status. It culminated with a dinner arranged by the resort, a ritual called ”Table 131” where you venture into the sand dunes near Uluru and dine by candlelight beneath a canopy of brilliant stars. A city girl at heart, I’ve never seen stars so stunning—or enjoyed a meal so exquisite: I remember the cauliflower and camembert soup with beetroot dust fondly; ditto a dark chocolate tart with sous vide strawberries, Davidson plum gelato and pink peppercorn glass and the Muscat from Rutherglen, Victoria, Australia. It was like being in a planetarium after hours… only you’re in the heart of the desert. In Australia. It’s just something that you have to experience in person. You Might Also Like: - Australia’s Northern Territory: A Bucket-List Must - Australia’s West Coast: Seven Wild Reasons to Visit - Best Places to Go in Australia This article was originally published by Jetsetter under the title Discover Australia’s Northern Territory. (Photo: Tourism NT) We hand-pick everything we recommend and select items through testing and reviews. Some products are sent to us free of charge with no incentive to offer a favorable review. We offer our unbiased opinions and do not accept compensation to review products. All items are in stock and prices are accurate at the time of publication. If you buy something through our links, we may earn a commission. Top Fares From Today's Top Travel Deals Brought to you by ShermansTravel Japan: 10-Night, Upscale Tour w/Air, Transfers,... Indus Travelsvacation $3699+ Louisville to Pittsburgh: 8-Night Ohio River... American Queen Voyagescruise $4019+ Shop and Save with Country Inns...	https://www.smartertravel.com/australias-northern-territory-beyond-spectacular/
The Red Center The drive down from Darwin to Alice Springs along the Stuart Highway wasn’t too exciting. I expected a much more different vegetation around Alice Springs, but it looks quite similar to the one up in Darwin. Of course, there are different plants there, but I didn’t expect that many trees, bushes and grass. The highway is named after John McDouall Stuart and his expedition in 1860. There’s one major attraction on the way South, though: Devils Marbles. Alice Springs Alice Springs (most people just call it Alice) is a 35k city in the middle of Australia. It’s pretty much the only sensible city between Darwin in Australia’s North and Adelaide in the South. From ANZAC Hill you have a nice look over the city and you can see some of the mountains of the MacDonnell Ranges. West MacDonnell Ranges From Alice I drove over to the West MacDonnell Ranges. The mountain formation provides some waterholes that are suitable for a short, refreshing swim even at the end of the dry season. You want to make sure, though, to not stay in the water too long as the water is very cold which may result in hypothermia. There are also a couple of nice camping spots out there. Kings Canyon The Kings Canyon is only 320 km southwest of Alice but getting there is a bit of a challenge when you passed the West MacDonnell Ranges before. You either have to go back to Alice and make your way from there or you use a heavily corrugated, private, gravel road (155 km) which requires a permit. Due to severe temperature and the difficulty of the track (there’s a steep ascent at the beginning and no shade on the top), the Kings Canyon Rim Walk requires starting the 6.5 km walk before 9 am. Rangers will lock the gate if the weather forecast predicts more than 36 °C. Ayers Rock (Uluru) Uluru / Ayers Rock is probably Australia’s most important landmark nowadays. The 348 m high rock was discovered by surveyor William Gosse in 1873 and named after Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. Today Uluru is part of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Although it’s not prohibited to climb, the Anangu (the local indigenous people) don’t climb Uluru for its spiritual significance and ask all visitors to respect their culture and not climb Uluru either. Kata Tjuta Kata Tjuta is a rock formation about 25 km west of Uluru and consists of 36 domes covering an area of almost 22 km². While Kata Tjuta is not as well known as Uluru, it is 198 m taller. Their colloquial name The Olgas is derived from it’s highest mountain Mt Olga.	https://markusholtermann.eu/2015/10/the-red-center/
Ayers Rock (now known as Uluru) is one of the most impressive landmarks in Australia. A huge chunk of sandstone and a ‘true’ monolith, it resides in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Ayers Rock is located down towards the southwest corner of the Northern Territory and close to the geographic centre of Australia. Learn about Ayers Rock The rock is huge, jutting up about 350m from its barren surrounds. And more interestingly, Ayers Rock extends even further than this amount below ground. Although there are other, similar entities to Ayers Rock – most notably the nearby Olgas and Mount Augustus in Western Australia – it is the only singular monolith with its composition. A World Heritage site, Ayers Rock also goes by the Aboriginal name of Uluru. Aboriginal tribes were living in the area 10,000 years ago. White men did not come onto the scene until the 1870s, when William Gosse named it for Henry Ayers, the then-South Australia Chief Secretary. Ayers Rock is sometimes incorrectly written as Ayres Rock, Ayes Rock, Ares Rock, Eyers Rock, Eyres Rock, Aires Rock and Airs Rock. The Pitjantjatjara Aboriginals own the land around and about Uluru today. Uluru is about 335kms to the southwest of Alice Springs – 463kms by road, about five hours – and is served by the small resort town of Yulara. This is where tourists stay ad most people spend the night, either in hotel accommodation or camping; there are no actual camping or other facilities within the park itself. Visitors can no longer climb Uluru, but can continue to explore it’s base, which is around 10kms by footpath. The trip up takes a good couple of hours there and back. It’s best to observe the rock during sunrise and sunset, when its terracotta hue morphs into a violet/blue tinge.	https://uluru-australia.com/about-ayers-rock/
northern territory tourist attractions The northern territory is a unique place. With stunning landscapes, an abundance of wildlife and some of the world’s most pristine environments, it’s no wonder that it has become a popular tourist destination. In this blog post, we will explore some of the most popular tourist attractions in the northern territory and what makes them so special. From cave tours to skiing and fishing, there’s something for everyone in this beautiful region of Canada. Kakadu National Park Kakadu National Park is a World Heritage Site located on the northeast coast of the Australian continent. The park, created in 1994, encompasses an area of over 1 million hectares. With more than 2,000 plant and animal species recorded within its boundaries, Kakadu is one of the most diverse protected areas in Australia. The park is also home to the largest known population of dugong in the world and features some of Australia’s best diving and snorkelling opportunities. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Australia. The park contains Uluru, a massive sandstone rock formation, as well as Kata Tjuta, an imposing wall of sandstone cliffs. Visitors can walk to both attractions or take a bus or guided tour. The park is open from early morning until late at night, and visitors can stay in accommodation options inside or outside the park. Crossroads of the World Heritage Sites: Alice Springs Alice Springs is located in the Northern Territory of Australia and is considered one of the most interesting tourist destinations in the country. The city was founded in 1873 and quickly became a stop on the route between Adelaide and Darwin. The landscape of Alice Springs is quite unique, with an abundance of natural attractions that attract tourists from all over the world. Some of the most popular attractions in Alice Springs include Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, Pitjantjatjara National Park, and Kata Tjuta–Desert Country National Park. All of these parks are home to some of the world’s most iconic ancient landscapes, including Uluru-Kata Tjuta, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other noteworthy tourist destinations in Alice Springs include the Outback Wildlife Park, Flinders Ranges Regional Museum, Central Australia Wildlife Sanctuary, and Anzac Field Memorial. Kakadu National Park: What to Expect If you’re looking for a truly unique travel destination, Kakadu National Park should definitely be at the top of your list. Located in the Northern Territory of Australia, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is home to some of the world’s most stunningly beautiful landscapes. Even if you don’t have time to actually visit the park itself, there are plenty of other things to see and do in the region. You can explore ancient Aboriginal rock art sites, take a walk through lush rainforest or go trout fishing in some of Australia’s most beautiful waterways. Whatever you decide to do, make sure to pack your camera! The Top 10 Things to Do in Darwin 1. Walk the Philosopher’s Walk at the Charles Darwin Research Station. 2. Tour Ayers Rock, a geological formation that was used by Charles Darwin as a landmark when travelling in the region. 3. Take a trip to Kakadu National Park and see some of Australia’s most iconic wildlife, such as crocodiles, kangaroos, and emus. 4. Visit the Port Douglas Stockmen’s Museum to learn more about the cattle industry in Darwin. 5. Enjoy a sunset cruise on the Katherine River or cycle around Lake Mackay. 6. Visit the tropical rainforest of Nightcliff National Park to see some of Australia’s most unique flora and fauna up close. 7. Have lunch at one of Darwin’s famous restaurants, such as The Tasting Room or The Shed Bar and Grill. 8. Go whale watching from Darwin Harbour or take a guided tour of nearby islands, such as Melville Island or Bathurst Island。 9。Take a drive out to Palmerston North for an afternoon of shopping at one of Darwin’s many boutiques and stores。 10。Visit the Northern Territory Art Gallery for an interesting collection of Aboriginal artwork from across Australia The Top 5 Things to Do in Katherine 1. Visit the Katherine Gorge 2. View the falls at Murchison Falls National Park 3. Trek through the stunning rainforest of Katherine Gorge National Park 4. Kayak on the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park 5. Catch a show at one of Katherine’s nightlife venues Top 5 Places to Stay in the Northern Territory 1. Uluru/Ayers Rock National Park: A must-see destination for anyone travelling to the Northern Territory, Uluru/Ayers Rock National Park is a World Heritage Site and one of Australia’s most iconic tourist attractions. The park features some of the world’s tallest sandstone cliffs and is a popular spot for hiking, climbing and rock-climbing. 2. Kakadu National Park: Another top attraction in the Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park is home to a diverse range of habitats including tropical forests, wetlands and national parks. Activities available in the park include bushwalking, wildlife spotting, bird watching and camping. 3. Katherine Gorge: Located approximately 250 kilometres from Darwin, Katherine Gorge is one of the Northern Territory’s most spectacular tourist destinations. The gorge has been designated as an UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its natural beauty and stunning rock formations. Visitors can explore the gorge on foot or by taking a guided tour. 4. Litchfield National Park: Also located in the Northern Territory, Litchfield National Park is known for its lush tropical rainforest and crystal clear waters. The park offers visitors plenty of opportunity to explore its trails, lakes and beaches by foot or boat.	https://australialisthub.com/northern-territory-tourist-attractions/
The Northern Territory of Australia dominates the center of this image acquired on November 26, 2005. The capital, Darwin, is located at the top of the image and is connected to Alice Springs. Its one of the territory’s few population centers. Stuart Highway, running North-South almost at the center of the image. Perhaps the most recognizable feature in this image is Uluru, or Ayers Rock, a very large sandstone outcrop located in the bottom center of the image. This world-famous red rock formation reaches a height of about 348 meters (1,142 feet), a length of 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles), and 9.4 kilometers (5.8 miles) around. Although a billion years ago, the area around Uluru was a shallow sea; sediment sank to the bottom and hardened into sandstone, sprinkled with feldspar. About half a billion years ago, the region was uplifted by tectonic activity and tilted 90 degrees. Also softer rocks surrounding what is now Uluru eroded through wind and water. Therefore leaving the harder rock as we see it today. This region is also home to the world’s largest known deposit of uranium, located in the East Alligator River area.	https://www.earth.com/image/the-northern-territory-of-australia/
Uluru (Pitjantjatjara: Uluṟu), also known as Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia. Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu, the Aboriginal people of the area. The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs, waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings. The sight of this striking rock formation is truly breathtaking. The 'Uluru' Raw Silk Jacket is a respectful appreciation of this sacred site. The red ochre and black silk are handwoven in a plain weave, reflecting the colours and surface texture of the rock. This jacket is an elegant addition to any wardrobe and will bring bold style to every outfit.	https://www.joebananas.com.au/blogs/inspiration/sample-inspiration-article-6
In partnership with The Industrial City in Transition: A Cultural and Environmental Inventory of Greater Saint John, a Community University Research Alliance (CURA) project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Kingston Peninsula Heritage Inc. examined and recorded the built heritage of the Kingston Peninsula. During the summers prior to and including 2005, over ninety homes and landmarks were recorded through photographs, local lore, and historical investigation. During this research, architectural features were photographed and analyzed, homeowners were interviewed, and land transaction and genealogical records were researched in order to gather as much history as possible about the structures and the families who have occupied them. In this stage of the project, buildings were chosen based on their unique architectural designs or if their design was indicative of a certain historical period on the Peninsula. Few other historical features tell as much about a community and its people as its residential homes and public buildings. From the quaint little vernacular cottage to the grand Georgian farmhouse, every building has a story to tell about the industrious immigrant families who built them and the descendants who maintain them. This project began in 2005. Unless otherwise indicated, all of the houses included in the original collection were photographed by William Jones. Supervision of the project was carried out by Judith Baxter, student adviser for Kingston Peninsula Heritage Inc. The project was continued in 2020. Updated photographs and information on buildings, cemeteries, and public landmarks are being added by Rivers Keirstead with the guidance of Gordon Miller and Beth Quigley. The scope of the project expanded to include as many historical buildings and places as possible, as well as lost heritage buildings (buildings that are no longer standing but were of historical significance). The built heritage index is ordered categorically into Churches, Cemeteries, Schools, Houses, and Other. Pages are ordered alphabetically. This is our new website, created in the summer of 2020. The original website, created in 2005, is no longer available, but all the information it contained has been recorded and/or updated.	https://www.kingstonnb.ca/built-heritage
Attractions New Rochelle Architecture: Famous Landmarks and Buildings List of the famous landmarks that make up the New Rochelle skyline, listed alphabetically with photos when available. New Rochelle architectural landmarks as well as other major buildings, dwellings, and other structures in New Rochelle are included on this list. Information about these New Rochelle buildings is included on this list, such as when the building first opened and what architectural style it falls under. List includes both new buildings in New Rochelle and older historic landmarks. Examples of buildings on this list include Wildcliff and Davenport House. This list answers the question, "What are the most famous buildings in New Rochelle?"This is a good reference for research into the historical architecture in New Rochelle. Famous architectural houses within the city of New Rochelle are included as well, sometimes by address, other times listed by the name of the original home owner.	https://www.ranker.com/list/new-rochelle-architecture-famous-landmarks-and-buildings/reference
Para ver las preguntas más frecuentes en español, haga clic aquí. Why do we need a citywide survey? This project will be the first comprehensive historic resources survey in the City of Goleta. Without a survey, historic places important to Goleta residents may be lost to demolition. Information garnered from the survey will give property owners and developers greater certainty about the historic significance of a site so that they can plan accordingly. It will also inform thoughtful decision-making by City officials, property owners, residents, and preservation professionals. Survey results will shape community plans, facilitate environmental review processes, and assist in disaster planning and tourism efforts. The survey will not result in the designation of properties as historic landmarks, which requires more in-depth research and an application process. Survey findings will be presented and discussed during public hearings before the City Council. What is a historic context statement? In order to understand the historic significance of a given area, it is necessary to examine those resources within the appropriate historic context(s). A historic context statement is a written document that provides the framework for evaluating a property for historic significance and integrity. The purpose of a historic context statement is to place built resources in the appropriate historic, social, and architectural context so that the relationship between an area’s physical environment and its broader history can be established. It is not intended to be a comprehensive history. Instead, its purpose is to highlight trends and patterns critical to the understanding of an area’s built environment. What is a historic resources survey? A historic resources survey is a process of systematically identifying, researching and documenting properties that reflect important themes in the city's growth and development such as architecture, city planning, social history, ethnic heritage, politics, industry, transportation, commerce, entertainment and others. Historic resources include buildings, structures, objects, cultural landscapes, natural features and groupings of resources or areas known as historic districts. Examples of types of resources, or "property types," that may be included in the citywide survey are residential subdivisions, banks, bridges, religious buildings, courtyard apartments, canneries, motion picture studios, and parks. Historic resources surveys can be used to: - Identify properties that contribute to the community’s character, that of its neighborhoods, or that illustrate its historical and architectural development, and, as a result, deserve consideration in planning; - Identify properties or areas whose study may provide information about the community’s past, and contribute to scholarship, which should be preserved or subjected to scientific investigation; - Establish priorities for conservation, restoration and rehabilitation efforts within the community; - Provide the basis for using legal and financial tools to protect and enhance historic resources; - Provide planners with a database from which to monitor and channel new development; - Increase awareness in the public and private sectors of the manmade environment and the need for preservation efforts; and - Enable local governments and federal agencies to meet their planning and review responsibilities under existing Federal legislation and procedures. How is a historic resources survey conducted? A survey typically begins with background research on a property, area, or district to provide a basis to evaluate significance. Survey teams then conduct field inspections in order to identify the resource’s architectural, physical, and visual qualities and characteristics; assess the impacts of changes or alterations; and document overall condition through photography. These field inspections assess the exterior of resources and are conducted from the public right-of-way. Survey teams do not need to obtain access to private property, nor do they ask questions of property owners or residents. How are resources evaluated? Individual resources and districts are evaluated for significance in accordance with criteria established for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and California Register of Historical Resources, and as Santa Barbara County Landmarks or Places of Merit. Do surveyed resources automatically become designated? No. Although surveys identify and evaluate resources that may be eligible for designation, no actual designation results directly from survey activity. Designation by the County of Santa Barbara and nominations to the California or National Registers are separate processes which include property owner notification and public hearings. How will survey information be recorded? Information about properties and districts will be recorded in a customized database, which will both integrate seamlessly into Goleta’s existing GIS framework and include all fields traditionally found in California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 series forms. What type of information will be in the survey database? The database will include various types of information on individual properties and historic districts relating to construction and ownership history, architecture, significance, and relevant evaluation criteria. The database will also include photographs, maps, and other locational information. Who is conducting the survey? The survey and resource evaluations will be completed by Historic Resources Group, a consultant team that meets professional qualification standards as historians and architectural historians. The team is under contract to the City of Goleta and under the supervision of the department of Planning and Environmental Review. What resources will be surveyed? The survey will cover the entire city and identify resources constructed prior to 1969. This period will encompass the earliest extant resources in Goleta. Can resources that are less than 50 years old be considered “historic”? The National Register and California Register criteria differ somewhat in how they address properties of the “recent past.” A resource that is less than 50 years old may not be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places unless it is of “exceptional importance.” Such a resource may be considered eligible for the California Register if it can be demonstrated that sufficient time has passed to understand and gain a scholarly perspective on its historic significance. What does it mean if my building is identified? If your building is identified and recorded as part of the survey it means that professional surveyors found it eligible for listing in the California and/or National Registers. Identification in the survey is not the same as designation. Survey activity will not directly result in designation. Nominations to the California or National Registers are separate processes which include property owner notification and public hearings. How will the survey results be used? Survey results will be used in a variety of ways. They provide an important planning tool for various City agencies and departments to help inform community plan updates, zoning decisions, environmental reviews, plan approval and permits, disaster response, and cultural tourism programs. I don’t want my property to be surveyed. Can I opt out of the survey? All legal parcels in the City of Goleta will be part of the survey. The survey is a way of gathering information on properties within Goleta that may meet eligibility requirements for listing in the California and National Registers. Surveyors will only record information from the public right-of-way and no access to private property or contact with property owners is needed. Will inclusion on a historic survey affect my property value? There is no indication that property values go down based on inclusion in a historic survey; in fact, studies indicate that the value of homes in historic districts tend to appreciate at a slightly higher rate than similar building stock outside a district. What are the benefits of historic designation? For information regarding the benefits of historic designation, contact Lisa Prasse, Planning Manager, Current Planning Division, in the department of Planning and Environmental Review at (805) 961-7542 or [email protected]. I have historic memorabilia. How can I help? Please contact Jaime Shaw at [email protected] if you would like to share photographs or other materials that you feel may contribute important information to the survey.	https://www.cityofgoleta.org/projects-programs/historic-preservation/frequently-asked-questions
The Stuart Weitzman School of Design’s PennPraxis and The Center for Architectural Conservation (CAC) will develop a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for the Pennsylvania Hospital, part of the University of Pennsylvania Health System. The CMP will consolidate information on the significance of the site and its historical assets and will be a tool for prioritizing future hospital-preservation efforts. With project efforts directed by Frank Matero, professor of architecture, chair of the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation (GPHP), and director of the CAC, the CMP will provide a clear and comprehensive history of the hospital’s preservation history, outline recommendations to help ensure consistency in management policies, and provide guidance for how to holistically approach the conservation and use of the nation’s first chartered hospital. Project managers include Kecia Fong, an alumnae of the master’s program in historic preservation and a historic preservation lecturer, and Starr Herr-Cardillo, a CAC research fellow. “Conservation Management Plans are a method and a tool for handing on places we collectively value to future generations,” says Matero. “This does not mean freezing places in time but rather managing necessary change carefully so as not to damage what is special. It is based on a very simple process which starts with describing what is there, why it matters, what is happening to it, and the principles by which you will manage it. It then sets out more detailed recommendations for remedial work, maintenance, use, access, and management—the entire ecosystem of a healthy sustainable place with an eye towards protecting and celebrating its historical legacy.” Faculty and students from the Historic Preservation program working on the CMP will provide a comprehensive, digitized inventory of all relevant documentation as well as detailed policies, priorities, and recommendations for preservation. The work will rely on the expertise of Penn faculty from the renowned program while also providing an opportunity for students to conduct on-site research towards understanding the needs of the historic buildings, grounds, and collections. Founded in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond, Pennsylvania Hospital is one of Philadelphia’s most important historic sites, including the Pine Building, a National Historic Landmark; numerous outbuildings; the grounds and gardens; and an extensive collection of historical artifacts, including art and medical tools. The hospital has been continuously used for more than 260 years. With its blend of historic and modern, the campus represents a continuum of medical history where historic and modern facilities are integrated in one place. As one example, patients are cared for in state-of-the-art facilities while new medical residents tour the oldest-existing surgical amphitheater. The project will commence with an information-gathering phase starting this spring. Graduate students and faculty will meet with hospital officials and stakeholders to better understand the values, goals, and visions they hold for the hospital and its grounds into the future. Research into historic documents, photographs, and accounts also provides insight and a foundational understanding of the site. Field work and physical assessment of the buildings and historic landscape will be conducted in the summer and information will be analyzed and synthesized to provide guidance for future conservation efforts. Part of the CMP will also include evaluating previous conservation efforts and plans for the outdoor spaces. Because the grounds and gardens were originally conceived using a holistic approach to health, which envisioned the landscape as a place for healing and recovery, the CMP will also identify significant garden elements and provide recommendations on how the hospital can consider the surrounding landscape, which remains free and open to the community. Fong says that there’s a lot of excitement around working at a Philadelphia location of local, national, and global significance “The hospital is in our own backyard and is a significant figure in Philadelphia and medical history,” she says. “It’s fun to work at a place that is still a living site, getting to talk to the people involved. It’s like being a preservation therapist,” says Herr-Cardillo. “You get to know the site, why stakeholders care about it, and it feels relevant in real time.” Theresa Larivee, chief executive officer of Pennsylvania Hospital, sees this CMP as a key first step in preserving the institution’s historical significance and one that leverages knowledge from across Philadelphia and the Penn community, in particular. She also points to how closely residency work in medicine aligns with residency in historical preservation and how people from both fields have a role to play in this project. “We are fortunate to have this expertise not only in our city, but in our University as well,” says Larivee. “This investment will secure the lasting legacy of the historical holdings of Pennsylvania Hospital.” Larivee also notes that the recently formed First Hospital Committee of Pennsylvania Hospital, which is focused on historic preservation, fully endorsed this investment. “Every day, Weitzman faculty and alumni are working to protect cultural heritage around the world, but we’re especially proud to team up with our neighbors and colleagues right here in Philadelphia,” says Fritz Steiner, dean and Paley Professor at the Weitzman School. Frank Matero is the chair of the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation in the Stuart Weitzman School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Kecia Fong is a lecturer in the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation in the Stuart Weitzman School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Starr Herr-Cardillo is a research fellow in the Center for Architectural Conservation in the Stuart Weitzman School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Theresa Larivee is the chief executive officer of Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Fritz Steiner is dean and Paley Professor of the Stuart Weitzman School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania.	https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/conserving-nations-first-chartered-hospital
INTERVIEWED BY Lindi Brownell Meiring We met young architects Max Melvill and Jamil Randera at the Design Indaba Emerging Creatives exhibition in February 2016. Fascinated by their +NESS project, which looks at local buildings from around the country through colourful artworks, we caught up with duo to find out more about this fun project. What about South Africa inspired you to start this project? Primarily what inspires us are the cities we live in. Having come from a background in architecture, both of us see the buildings of the world not only as static elements of the built environment, but as enduring custodians of a people’s collective culture, history and memory. In this light, when we look at a building that inspires us or decide to represent a specific architectural project in one of our series, our decision or inspiration is drawn from, not only what said building might look like, or when it was built, but similarly what role it plays/had played in society and what meaning it might hold. So, in a way South Africa inspires us through its buildings. What made you choose each architectural landmark? Did you have specific criteria? Understanding that everyone loves something about the city they live in, we went about choosing different architectural projects that we thought would mean something to the most people. This meant choosing buildings that we think significantly contribute to the essence or ‘NESS’ of each city and in some way help define what it is to live in said place. Disa Park (often referred to as the tampon towers) is a good example of this. The scheme might not be the most beautiful sample of South African design and is by no means the most loved building in the Mother City, however it still plays a significant role in shaping one’s experience of Cape Town and dramatically contributes to its essence or ‘NESS’. In order to generate a wide range of schemes and an interesting collection of projects we split each series into three parts. Any chosen building had to have either a historical significance, a cultural relevance, or in some way help to define the respective city’s skyline. Every building has an image and every building has a form. This image-based side of architecture is its easiest recognisable feature. Knowing this, we have not yet featured a building in a +NESS series that we could not redraw (with at least some resemblance) out of memory. Which three landmarks resonate most with each of you? Jamil: The landmarks which resonate most with me are the ones with which I share a collective memory. For example, Constitution Hill in Braamfontein (designed by OMM Design Workshop in 2004) is a place I like to visit on a regular basis, a place I can gather my thoughts. Next would be the Cable Way Summit Station (built by Walgate and Ellsworth in 1929), which is in many ways my Cape Town equivalent to Constitution Hill, being a place where I often take time for myself. Lastly, Elliot the Cratefan (imagined by Porky Hefer in 2010) represents so much of what I believe architecture and design are about. His temporary nature, effective reuse of materials and groovy design made him a truly unique character in the city. Max: Elliot the Cratefan. This project acts as a reminder for me not to take life or oneself too seriously. And it is great to see when people of influence understand this and support some of the more ‘fun’ initiatives around our cities. Next, the St James Beach Huts (first built in the area around 1910). I have spent many an early morning surfing at Muizenberg, so these iconic beach huts, for me, are synonymous with the good times I have have shared with friends in the ocean. Lastly, the Watershed (designed By Wolff Architects in 2014). This project has a newfound significance for me. Having been the home of this year’s Design Indaba Emerging Creatives exhibition (a significant milestone in the +NESS story thus far), the building in some way embodies the reward of all the hard work and energy that has been put into the +NESS project by the two of us. Heinrich Wolff (the head architect behind the Watershed) was also a lecturer of ours when we studied Architecture at UCT. These personal connections with buildings are exactly what the +NESS project aims to tap into, and hearing different people’s stories and intimate attachments to the buildings we have represented so far, have been a great source of energy and satisfaction. What’s next for this project? We are currently working on a coffee table book for all of the cities we have represented. These books will showcase all of the illustrated buildings we have done and their respective stories. Individually the prints we make are designed to depict the character or +NESS of different buildings, but when viewed collectively, the complete series aims to uncover the +NESS of the cities that these individual buildings form a part of. Therefore, it will be nice to give people the opportunity, through the book, to view each building on its own, but still understand them as a set. This is a project we are both very excited about. Other than that, we are going to continue trying to understand the cities of our world, one building at a time. For more information about the project, contact Max or Jamil at [email protected] or follow +NESS on Instagram.	https://visi.co.za/architectural-artworks-ness/
Manali is full of historically important monuments and is perhaps the best place to witness history unfold. The wonderful monuments and the rich history attached with the destination make Manali one of Top Historical Destinations in the world. Manali is a very historically important place and thus sees a lot of tourists every year. Whenever you are planning to visit a historical monument in Manali or a place of historical significance, it is always good to know a little information about the place, its opening and closing times, the ideal duration of visit and the need of tour guide to visit the historical monuments of Manali. Explore the historical monuments of Manali with a guided tour or opt for in-depth information of its historical account, this Manali guide is your go-to option for free. Move to things to do in Manali page for the complete list of attractions and activities. Top Historical Manali landmarks Traverse through the finest landmarks and famous historical buildings of Manali. - #1 of 1 Historical Things To Do in Manali NaggarAdded 87397 times in Trip Plans Types of Things To Do in Manali Find more attractions and places to visit in Manali under these things to do categories.	https://www.triphobo.com/places/manali-india/things-to-do/historical
Research to access knowledge I conduct different types of research to discover relevant information about the user and the business. I gather data to discover needs, goals and opportunity areas to generate ideas. A good information architecture allow users to interact with the system in a easy and unobtrusive way. Mapping possible flows provides a wider knowledge of the application to design efficient relations between modules and hierarchies. Wireframing allows to focus to the essential parts of the interface, the function. It also makes possible to rapidly iterate through many different ideas and to validate hypothesis. Deliver detailed views for accurate implementation I hand-off resources to ensure the technical team implements the styles accurately. Pixel-perfect mockups and clickable prototypes communicate efficiently the elements of the interface.	https://ednatheux.com/design-process/
As New York City grows, preservation of its iconic buildings has become a focus of concern for many who have called the city home for years. While these structures are revered for their unique architectural designs that cannot be replicated today, they also maintain defining neighborhood cultures, exclusive to those areas. One such example, which just recently received its official NYC landmark status on Tuesday, is the West Village's Stonewall Inn. The site's significance was exemplified by those who gave testimonies to the Landmarks Preservation Commission as not only a representation of a fight for equal rights, but also as a reflection of the culture of the West Village. The designation of Stonewall Inn as a landmark is a departure from the other NYC landmarks, which have historically been chosen due to their aesthetic and architectural significance as opposed to their cultural significance, such as the long-time landmark and neo-Gothic style Woolworth building. Following with the trend in awarding landmark status to building not based solely on their aesthetics, several groups have rallied and submitted a request to the LPC for the creation of a Lower East Side Historic District. The petition sites the area as being "America's iconic immigrant neighborhood" characterized by "low-scale tenements buildings" that showcase "terra-cotta, stone, and cast-iron ornamentation." Proponents of the preservation plan say that not only will the unique architecture and historical evidence that shape LES culture be saved, but so will affordable housing and small businesses. While it may keep the buildings intact, landmark status does not necessarily protect the public's access to these unique architectural designs or the building from development, as can be seen from preservationists' lawsuit aimed to stop the conversion of Tribeca's 346 Broadway into condos. The building, with the New York Life Tower Clock sitting on top, is a landmark, yet the LPC approved development plans will close the clock suite and make inaccessible to New Yorkers. One plaintiff in the suit describes the possible loss of public access to the clock as devastating and a loss of "a living architectural fossil." New York City's architecture is a representation of the city's role in history, signifying cultural shifts. As the city evolves, it is becoming more important to preserve the iconic moments that helped shaped the great city into today.	https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-york-citys-fight-for-cultural-preservation_b_7671694
Properties Protected Against Demolition In recent times, many urban areas and buildings of architectural and historical significance have suffered severe damage, including destruction, degradation, and demolition of essential parts, due primarily to the lack of awareness of their cultural values and continued urbanization. Faced with that situation, it has become necessary for legislators to intervene to maintain and restore the invaluable historical landmarks, to preserve their architectural and urban character, and to restore their cultural form. It is a common misconception that legislators should only concentrate on building modern cities without giving attention to historical buildings, however, through the heritage conservation policy we protect integral cultural characteristics of our society, which showcase the deep history of Egyptian civilization for successive generations and is considered an evolutionary developmental move for society, geared towards creating a higher level of civilization. With the above in mind, this would be of benefit to the state and the citizen simultaneously. On the one hand, such policies benefit the state by providing guidance on the economic exploitation of historical sites, by necessitating that such use is appropriate to the nature of the site in question, such as converting these buildings into historical landmarks or hotels, to attract tourism. On the other hand, it benefits the citizen by creating employment opportunities, which will in turn raises the national GDP level. The legislator does not aim to intimidate citizens or limit their rights to construct buildings that are stylized in a historical manner or those who reside in older properties which could be considered historically significant since the common understanding is that any long-standing, distinct architectural building should be registered as a historical landmark. Despite this, the Executive Regulations of Law no. 144 of 2006 sets out the standards and specifications for protected buildings, namely that they must hold historical significance such as an association with national events, or an influential historical figure, or hold the architectural or artistic value of art, or be buildings that are considered a popular tourist spot. Following the above, the law requires the presence of two combined criteria. Therefore, a building with a distinct architectural character is not enough, it must be necessary to link the architectural character to national history or a historical figure, represent a historical era, or be considered as a touristic spot. We refer below to one of the cases initiated by our office, in which the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in 2020 to annul the Prime Minister’s decision for a building to be characterized as a historical landmark since two of the four aforementioned criteria specified by the Law were unfulfilled. In conclusion, this article aims to shed light on the fact that not all old buildings which are stylized in a historical manner can qualify as historical landmarks that cannot be demolished. We here at Andersen have a full-service corporate department and can assist with any corporate or commercial law matter. For more information, please email [email protected] العقارات المحظور هدمها في القانون في الفترة الزمنية الأخيرة، عانت كثير من المناطق الحضرية والمباني ذات القيمة المعمارية المتميزة والتاريخية من اضرار بالغة تمثلت في تدمير وتدهور وهدم أجزاء مهمة من مبانيها خاصةً مع غياب الوعي بالقيم التراثية والزحف العمراني المستمر. وفى وضع كهذا أصبح من الضروري تدخل المشرع لصيانة وترميم المباني التراثية التي لا تقدر بثمن والحفاظ على طابعها المعماري والعمراني واستعادة شكلها الحضاري. وقد يظن الكثير انه يجب صب التركيز كله على بناء مدن حديثة و تجاهل المباني ذات القيم التراثية ولكن ذلك اعتقاد خاطئ لأن الحفاظ على القيم التراثية يعتبر صفة معبرة عن البعد الثقافي للمجتمع، يمثل في حد ذاته قيمة حضارية له وللأجيال المتعاقبة ويعتبر نقلة تطورية تنموية للمجتمعات نحو مستوى حضاري أعلى. ذلك من شأنه ان يعظم العوائد علي الدولة والمواطن فمن ناحية يعود علي الدولة بالنفع من حيث استخدام المباني التراثية في مجالات تتناسب مع طبيعتها بطريقة اقتصادية كتحويلها لمزارات او فنادق مما يجذب السياحة، ومن ناحية اخري يعود علي المواطن بالنفع من حيث خلق فرص عمل له ورفع مستوى الدخل. ولم يقصد المشرع خلق الرهبة للمواطن من حد حقوقه في إقامة مبني له ملامح تراثية او ان المبني الذي يشغله سيسلب منه، ذلك لأن الاعتبار السائر ان القانون يضم أي مبني قديم ذو طابع معماري متميز الي التراث, ولكن وضعت اللائحة التنفيذية للقانون رقم 144 لسنة 2006 معايير ومواصفات المباني التراثية على سبيل الحصر وهي ان يتميز المبني بقيمة تاريخية كارتباطه بأحداث قومية او شخصية تاريخية مؤثرة، او قيمة معمارية فنية كاتسامه بالتفرد بما يحمله من زخارف، او المباني التي تعتبر مزاراً سياحياً التي اعتاد الجمهور على زيارتها بغرض السياحة. ويشترط القانون توافر ركنين مجتمعين، فلا يكفي كون المبني ذو طابع معماري متميز وانما يلزم بالإضافة الي ذلك ارتباطه بالتاريخ القومي او بشخصية تاريخية او يكون ممثلا لحقبة تاريخية او يعد مزارا سياحيا. ونشير ادناه الي أحد القضايا التي باشرها مكتبنا والتي قضت فيها المحكمة الإدارية العليا في 2020 بإلغاء قرار رئيس الوزراء بضم أحد المباني الي التراث المعماري وذلك لافتقاره لركنين من المعايير الأربعة سالفة الذكر التي حددها القانون على سبيل الحصر. أذهب الي الرابط ولذلك كان لابد من تسليط الضوء على ان ليس كل عقار قديم ذو طابع متميز يعد تراثاً معمارياً لا يجوز هدمه. Written By Maryam Iraq – Attorney At Law Copyright © 2020 Andersen Egypt, All rights reserved.	https://eg.andersen.com/buildings-protected-against-demolition/
COURTESY OF VILLAGE OF RIVER FOREST River Forest, Illinois – The Village of River Forest Historic Preservation Commission will host a presentation about River Forest architecture on Saturday, May 3, 2014 at 11:00 a.m. at the Koehneke Community Center at Concordia University. The presentation will be conducted by the Village’s consultant, the Lakota Group and there will be time for questions and answers afterward. This presentation is free and open to the public and is co-sponsored by the River Forest Library and Oak Park and River Forest Historical Society. River Forest is an historic community committed to protecting, preserving and promoting its rich heritage. Structures in River Forest include various historical styles. Some homes were designed by architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, William Drummond, Spencer and Powers, E.E. Roberts and their contemporaries. This is the second event of its kind hosted by the Historic Preservation Commission, whose members strive to continue to educate the public about its Architectural and Historical Survey. The first event, held in October, 2013, provided a standing-room-only crowd with an overview of the survey and its effort to identify important historic and architectural resources within the Village. The survey places these resources within their proper context and will serve as an educational tool for promoting River Forest’s history and architecture to the community at large. The survey also includes a list of nearly 300 homes designated as “Significant Properties.” The survey, outlining the architectural history of the Village and a list of all current historically significant properties, is now available on the Village’s website: http://www.vrf.us/residents/historic-preservation. Both the Historic Preservation Ordinance and Commission were approved by the Village Board of Trustees in 2007. The Ordinance is intended to identify, preserve and enhance the distinctive character, history and architectural heritage of River Forest. The Ordinance also seeks to protect important historic buildings and resources through the designation of local landmarks and to encourage their proper restoration and rehabilitation. Any construction on a Significant Property must be reviewed by the Historic Preservation Commission. While the Commission cannot prevent construction or alter the proposed plans, the Commission has 45 days to review the application and make recommendations in order to preserve the historical and architectural significance of the property and neighborhood. The Historic Preservation Commission is a seven-member volunteer commission appointed by the Village President and Board of Trustees to administer the Ordinance’s provisions. Current members include Chairman David Franek, Carla Graham-White, Laurel McMahon as well as architects Paul Harding, David Raino-Ogden and Tom Zurowski. For more information about the Historic Preservation Commission and the presentation please contact Lisa Scheiner, Assistant Village Administrator at (708) 714-3554.	https://www.oakpark.com/2014/04/28/river-forest-to-host-public-presentation-on-river-forest-architecture/
Born out of human curiosity, imagination, and the need to complete the unfinished, reconstruction has long since become an essential tool of historical science. However, the reconstruction of destroyed architectural landmarks is a fairly new domain. In the past, the loss of a significant structure was seen as a chance to create something modern in its place to accommodate current needs and reflect contemporary tastes. Even today, many architects and urban planners believe we should build for the future, not the past. They argue that conserving the heritage landmarks is an honorable endeavor, but not once the edifice is wholly destroyed. Resurrecting it makes little sense if there is nothing left to preserve. However, other essay writers and opinion leaders, like an architectural historian and educator Calder Loth, call for the accurate rebuilding of noteworthy lost monuments, stressing this activity’s emotional, aesthetic, scholarly, and educational significance. Provided, however, that such an undertaking will be sufficiently researched and funded to ensure authenticity. In short, a lot must be written before the first stone will be laid anew. This post will look into the general rules of writing about authentic reconstructions. What is reconstruction? In its broadest meaning, reconstruction is a process of restoring something that no longer exists or is damaged to its original, complete state. For example: - linguists reconstruct common ancestor language by analyzing similarities of several contemporary languages - forensic facial reconstruction recreates the physique of a person from their skeletal remains - archeologists reconstruct ceramics using fragments of pottery retrieved from the dig - investigators reconstruct the crime scene using eye witnesses’ accounts Still, despite the variety of modern meanings, this activity is genetically connected with architecture since the very word “reconstruction” can be translated as “building anew.” Since monuments and buildings such as temples and palaces have been of great cultural and spiritual significance, representing shared values of the communities, reconstruction has been a common practice for centuries. However, historic reconstruction now means, first and foremost, conservation, that is, preserving monuments in the current form or restoring the earlier known state. Ways of determining what that earlier state actually was is a subject of serious scientific research. How to Write an Essay on Reconstruction Reconstruction is a fascinating interdisciplinary topic. As a student, you might get a reconstruction-related assignment even if you don’t major in Architecture and design. You can be asked to write an essay about reconstruction for your history class, as a part of a community heritage preservation program, or within an artistic workshop. Just as architecture has many dimensions, reconstruction can be approached from multiple angles: engineering, technical, economic, societal, political, legal, historical, religious, ethical, artistic, and so on. Before you even start planning your essay, you must first understand what aspect of the reconstruction will be your focus. For example, it can be: - a reconstruction proposal essay nominating a site for the rebuilding, describing techniques that could be used to restore or conserve the original, and your vision to integrate the reconstructed heritage into the current context - a descriptive essay detailing a current state of a monument marked for reconstruction - an analysis essay dealing with the technical side of the reconstruction - an expository essay exploring the sources that inform the reconstruction (measurements, descriptions, surviving images, material evidence, such as salvaged pieces of inner furnishing, etc.) - a case study that analyses a finished reconstruction from a cultural/political/artistic perspective For example, here is an approximate outline for a proposal essay you might write to suggest a local monument in your area for reconstruction: - Introduction providing background information about the monument and incorporating your thesis statement (“The X building needs reconstruction” or “The Y method must be applied for the X reconstruction”) - Justification for reconstruction (Why this monument must be replicated as opposed to contemporary reimagining or repurposing of the land? What is its cultural/historical significance?) - What physical remnants exist? - What must be built? - Materials that inform the reconstruction (surviving original specifications, images, measurements, similar structures in this historic region, etc.) - Architectural and engineering method, techniques, and materials your propose - Sources of funding (municipal budget, federal budget, private fund grants, fundraiser, etc.) - Conclusion cementing the relevance and viability of the reconstruction As with any other writing project, your reconstruction essay will include several stages: - Choosing the topic Select the subject you are passionate about or something you know well already. Reconstruction is a complex topic, and you will spend a fair amount of time researching it. It makes sense to choose an object you can access, so you can visit the site or at least have a VR tour. Seeing the landmark in the context of a larger environment is crucial for understanding the reasoning behind the reconstruction. - Conducting the research - Visiting and studying the monument can be seen as a part of the research. No matter how many materials are available online, take photos. Note anything you find interesting, whether it’s a sweeping vista or a piece of decoration. - Your research will also include a copious amount of archive work. Dig for anything you can find: photos, reports of cornerstone ceremony, mentions in memoirs, political and social context of the era, etc. Reconstruction is akin to the investigation – every puzzle piece is priceless. - Outlining With oodles of notes and impressions you must have by now, outlining is vital to keep focus and plan your work. Otherwise, you will never finish on time. - Writing Write your essay section by section, but don’t bother starting at the very beginning. The introduction and conclusion are better written last when the main body is drafted – at least in the rough. - Editing and proofreading - Once you have finished, read your text for structure and coherency. Does it make sense? Are there any gaps? Are there “slow” places that you can dispose of? Amend your text accordingly. - Then, read again, this time for accuracy. Double-check if the information you give is true. Make sure you cite all your sources – quoted or paraphrased. - The third and final reading should be devoted to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Just as one dislodged brick sticking out of the wall, an out-of-place comma can ruin the impression. Reconstruction Essay Topics Examples of successful authentic reconstruction that you could write about are few and far between. Still, they do exist, providing rich material for academic research and essay writing. Here are some ideas to inspire you: - Temple to Church: How Christianity adopted and appropriated the pagan architecture - Reforms of Renaissance papacy: Making Rome the capital of Christendom through architecture - Timeline of Yellow Crane Tower reconstructions in Wuhan, China - Controversial reconstruction of Stoa of Attolos in Athens, Greece: plausibility vs. authenticity - Phoenix out of ashes: the resurrection of St. Mark’s Campanile in Venice, Italy - The symbolic meaning behind the reconstruction of the Abbey of Montecassino in Italy - Many faces of St Paul’s Cathedral in London: Timeline of reconstructions - The reconstruction of Gothic Cloth Hall in Ypres, Belgium - The reconstruction of Frauenkirche in Dresden and its symbolism for reunited Germany - The reconstruction of Kommandantenhaus in Berlin and its place in the historic quarter of the city - The archeological investigation for the rebuilding of Fortress Louisbourg in Canada - The reconstruction of Greenwood Plantation House, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana - The reconstruction of Dartmouth Hall in Hanover, New Hampshire: a case study of replication vs. improvement - The reconstruction of Governor’s Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia - The reconstruction of McLean House in Appomattox Court House National Historic Park, Virginia - The reconstruction of the Mormon Temple in Nauvoo, Illinois - The role of Historic American Buildings Surveys in heritage preservation (on the example of St. Michael’s Cathedral reconstruction in Sitka, Alaska) - Making our past into our future: Reconstruction and active care for the historic environment - Forensic Architecture project: A case of practicing reconstruction as evidence in crime investigation - VR 3D reconstruction of historical sites for gaming purposes The Reconstructions Essay Example Word by Word Many masterpieces we cherish today were built on the ruins – expressly to replace them. For example, many temples predating the Amarna period in Ancient Egypt were destroyed to make place for the new, reformed complexes. To create Michelangelo’s version of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Sandro Botticelli’s and Pietro Perugino’s frescos were destroyed. A similar fate betided Constantine’s Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (intentionally replaced by Papal Basilica) and Saint-Denis in Paris. Does it mean they are lost forever? Not anymore, thanks to the computer-generated archeological reconstructions. If a significant edifice was damaged or destroyed by war, natural disaster, or the passage of time, people would strive to restore it as a symbolic gesture: a return to order and affirmation of what they hold dear. Similarly, when conquering lands, new overlords would establish their dominance and mark their ownership of the land by altering buildings and monuments to represent their values. For example, Hagia Sophia in Constantinople was converted from a Christian church to a mosque by surface-level architectural means: for example, adding minarets, removing bells, altar, iconostasis, and mosaic iconography from the walls. Likewise, many pagan temples were earlier “repurposed” as Christian churches by disposing of statues and moving altars inside. We are lucky to have merely an inkling of what the originals looked like, as images and descriptions have survived for only a handful of the destroyed landmarks. For others, all we have is our educated guess. Since the “newer models” that replaced the lost monuments have become priceless heritage in their own right, deconstruction and excavation are also out of the question. Yet we have measurements of the site, comparative analysis of the similar surviving landmarks – pools of data collected bit by bit by architects, archeologists, and scholars. That is why historically informed digital reconstruction is the tool to finally unpack many monuments hiding in one like nesting dolls. By restoring many layers of renovations and reconstruction, we can look into the past and see a particular moment not set in stone forever, but the way people inhabiting that moment would see it – dynamic, in motion, looking forward, and building for the future. We can track the progress of architecture, society, aesthetic tastes, materials, and technologies. With the help of computer reconstruction, we can place the building in the context of the economy, logistics, politics, and mores of the era. However, more importantly, we are able to digitally resurrect something that can no longer exist in a physical form. Art and architecture were always used to assert political power, mark one’s reign, and leave a legacy that outshines or replaces the predecessors’ legacy. Unfortunately, many splendid monuments of old were lost to the “reconstruction” as it was earlier understood, while new, bigger, and more splendid versions of churches and palaces were built to replace “old and shabby” landmarks, effectively destroying the original. Yet, with the help of computer-generated reconstruction, we can give them a second life and learn from our past – both its great achievements and even greater mistakes. While writing an essay about reconstruction might take more preparation and research than other types of academic papers, it is quite manageable for a college student. We hope this post was helpful and inspired you to an ambitious writing project!	https://evolutionwriters.com/blog/reconstruction_essay.html
BAGHDAD — Ali al-Khafaji inherited in 2014 an old house in the old city of Hillah, in Babil province, 120 kilometers (74 miles) south of Baghdad. The house dates back to the Ottoman era in Iraq (1532-1918); its official documents indicate that it was built in 1905. However, the building's history did not deter Khafaji from destroying the house in February 2015, along with its traditional wooden windows and decorated walls that were engraved with religious phrases by skilled craftsmen who are hard to find these days. In an interview with Al-Monitor, Khafaji discussed the reason for destroying the property. He said, “It is located on a street with shops and so I could profit from that. No one stopped me from destroying it [and replacing it with a shop], because it is my property. Even the municipality did not offer to buy it from me despite its great cultural importance.” He added, “Had I believed it would have made a good profit, I would have restored the house." Khafaji, like many Iraqi citizens, does not care much for the significance of properties’ cultural heritage and laws that are not enforced, such as the Antiquities and Heritage Law No. 55 of 2002. The law stipulates that “preserving the antiquity and heritage in the Republic of Iraq is a substantial aspect of the national wealth.” This law, however, did not stop Khafaji from destroying the house or changing its characteristics. Wrecking balls have demolished many important cultural landmarks in Iraq. Amer Abdullah, an architect who works at the Hillah municipality, told Al-Monitor, “This law is not preventing the demolition of historical houses and markets in Baghdad and other cities.” Abdullah blames not only citizens, but also academics and architecture firms. He said, “Most architectural design firms seek a profit despite their professional and academic affiliations. Instead of preserving beautiful cultural heritage sites, they decorate modern buildings with glamorous texture mapping techniques, such as plastic facades and huge billboards.” He added, “Under the pretense of modernizing architecture, [traditional] Iraqi architecture is being destroyed." Iraqi cities have been witnessing since the 1970s a chaotic urban transformation that is not in line with the national architecture policy protected by the law. Mazen Razouki, head of the Committee of Tourism and Antiquities in the Baghdad Provincial Council, said in a news statement in December 2014 that houses of cultural significance in Baghdad have been inundated or burned by their owners, to sell them at exorbitant prices to developers. The owners and buyers thus legally destroy these traditional properties claiming they have cracks in the walls and are on the verge of collapse. The head of the Board of Trustees of the Iraqi Media Network, Ali al-Shalah, told Al-Monitor, “National standard specifications have changed. This prompted [Iraq’s] General Authority for Antiquities [and Museums] to ask the government and parliament to draft strict laws to prevent the demolition of cultural heritage and archaeological sites.” The main focus is to preserve the Arab and Islamic character of buildings. In regard to the practical steps to preserve cultural heritage, Shalah said, “The Babylon House for Culture, Arts and Media had moved its headquarters into a building dating back to the late 19th century after it was restored. The house was rebuilt exactly as it used to be.” The director general of the General Authority for Antiquities, Fawziya Mahdi, said in a news statement in September 2014 that Law No. 55 states, “Whoever destroys a building of cultural importance without the [General] Authority’s knowledge or approval shall be sentenced to six years in prison and the building shall be reconstructed as it used to be.” The law, however, was never implemented due to the US invasion in 2003. Qais Hassan Rashid, head of the General Authority for Antiquities, reported in September 2014 some disheartening figures: 3,600 cultural landmarks were subjected to demolition in different parts of Iraq (no dates were given). Baghdad's al-Rashid Street, which dates to 1916, has lost its historic landmarks to modern buildings. In al-Naher Street, which dates back to the later Abbasid period (1055-1258), stores in the market have supplanted the traditional archaeological features of the buildings. The traditional facades of the buildings on Sadoun Street in Baghdad have been replaced with modern ones, and the ancient Bataween neighborhood in Baghdad, known for its ornamented balconies, has been destroyed. The buildings in al-Haydar Khana region in Baghdad, famous for their unique shapes, have also been destroyed, and the famous cafes in al-Shawaka neighborhood in the Karkh district in Baghdad are no longer there. Since the urbanization of the 1990s, the historical landmarks in Baghdad have slowly disappeared. In 2014, the Ashtar Theater, which dates back roughly 87 years, was destroyed. Modern construction and unregulated business expansion also threaten cultural landmarks in Najaf (160 kilometers, or 99 miles, south of Baghdad), such as the Najaf historical market. Many large buildings have been erected in Hillah's al-Jamain quarter, which dates to the year 1100 and consists of a number of old neighborhoods and traditional houses with elaborate decorations. Bahaa Hussein al-Saadi, a graphic designer and professor at the University of Babylon, follows up on the developments of modern architecture in Iraq. He told Al-Monitor, “Design and construction companies only seek profits, without caring about traditional aesthetic standards and about the loss of important buildings that are of cultural significance.” Saadi said, “Laws need enforcing to put an end to the chaotic urban sprawl." He fiercely criticized “the destruction and removal of cultural landmarks instead of restoring them and recreating their original characteristics.” Should this destruction of the Iraqi cities’ traditional identity continue, they will turn into major identical residential complexes, without any traditional features, turning citizens into consumers who are emotionally detached from their surroundings. This article is part of our August 2015 series on Middle East cultural heritage. To read more articles in the series, click here. 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The Algonquin Round Table comes alive in the only New York walking tour devoted to the famed literary group. It met from 1919-1929 and is America’s most well-known group of writers. Walk in the footsteps of the legendary wits of the “Vicious Circle.” The tour explore the architectural and historical stories of the buildings and landmarks linked to them. Information, schedule, and booking. * Learn about the history of the Upper West Side, its architecture and development, all tied into the life of Parker. See more than a dozen locations tied to her, as well as see scores of local landmarks, architectural gems, and historic sites.	http://www.algonquinroundtable.org/tours/
Results from the 2007-08 1:1 Directors’ Survey Mobile learning traditionally means any learning that is mediated by a mobile device such as a smartphone, tablet, or mini computer. In the bigger picture, mobile learners access their content, tools, and communities any time, any place, often in a mixed environment of multiple devices with 24/7/365 Internet access. Since the publication of the first Tablets for Schools literature review,1 which argued that there was still a significant gap in the literature on the impact of one-to-one Tablets in education, the interest in this area has continued to grow among academic researchers. An increasing number of publications have debated the effects these devices have on teachers and pupils in educational contexts ranging from nurseries to universities. This report will update the findings from the previous publication and discuss the findings from recent studies, as well as the limitations of the research to date. It will also discuss what, if anything, distinguishes Tablets from other technologies that have previously been introduced in schools, such as computers, laptops and netbooks.	https://one-to-oneinstitute.org/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=tag&tagid=21&Itemid=981
Over the past few years, my role has had significant impact upon the hardward and software decisions we have moved forward with on the Primary Campus. From Year 3 students bring their own device to school. We specify a 2-in1 touch screen device, with a stylus, operating Windows 10. When making these decisions, I considered the best ways for younger students to work and how they could best be supported by technology. \| \| Touch capability and a stylus were two things that I considered valuable for younger learners. The use of a pencil is already largely automated in student brains, so a pen interface can easily leverage these existing patterns (Oviatt, 2012). Further to this, Oviatt (2012) states that digital pen interfaces are better suited for expressing spatial content. Younger students often do not have the fine motor developed for making use of trackpads. Reaching out and touching is very natural to them and mirrors what they have learnt to do on mobile devices, which many are exposed to from an early age these days. The nature of a 2-in1 device means that it can be used as a tablet or as a full laptop. This is highly enabling for younger students who can then detach their keyboards and move around the classroom with their device to film or take photographs. The Learning Tools found natively in a variety of Microsoft software applications, also provide students with disability or learning difficulties the opportunity to take ownership over their own learning. Roblyer and Doering (2014) describe these tools as assistive technology, which are technology tools that offer increased opportunities for learning, productivity and independence (p. 434). In her research study, McKnight (2017, p. 5) reported significant gains in students’ reading and writing when using the Immersive Reader and Dictation in Microsoft’s Learning Tools. The capability of the tools to provide equity through access, support student choice and personalised learning was also highlighted (p. 6). References: McKnight, K. (2017). Leveling the playing field with Microsoft Learning Tools. Washington, DC: RTI, Centre for Evaluation and Study of Education Equity. Retrieved December 16, 2018, from http://edudownloads.azureedge.net/msdownloads/Learning_Tools_research_study_BSD.pdf Oviatt, S. (2012). Computer interfaces and the impact on learning. Redmond, USA. Retrieved December 19, 2018, from http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/1/2/012FC5FD-750F-4BDE-96EA-83BC0199EC51/Microsoft_Computer_interfaces_and_their_impact_on_learning_widescreen.pdf Roblyer, M. D., & Doering, A. H. (2014). Integrating educational technology into teaching. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.	http://www.laurabain.com.au/esc515/week-5-hardware-and-software-choices-in-the-primary-years
416-978-1961, [email protected] ABSTRACT Subjects' performance was compared in pointing and dragging tasks using the preferred and non-preferred hands. Tasks were tested using three different input devices: a mouse, a trackball, and a tablet-with-stylus. The trackball had the least degradation across hands in performing the tasks, however it remained inferior to both the mouse and stylus. For small distances and small targets, the preferred hand was superior. However, for larger targets and larger distances, both hands performed about the same. The experiment shows that the non-preferred hand is more than a poor approximation of the preferred hand. The hands are complementary, each having its own strength and weakness. One design implication is that the non-preferred hand is well suited for tasks that do not require precise action, such as scrolling. KEYWORDS: Hand comparisons, computer input, Fitts' law. This paper explores the performance of the non-preferred hand when interacting with various computer input devices for pointing, selecting, and dragging tasks. It is a repeat of an earlier experiment , that investigated the preferred hand in these same tasks. We compare performance across hands for three input devices: mouse, trackball, and stylus. The metrics for comparison in the present report are movement time and accuracy. Fitts' Law Models One of the most robust and highly adopted models of human movement is Fitts' law [4,5]. The model is, arguably, the most successful of many efforts to model human behavior as an information processing activity. (For detailed reviews, see [10,12,20].) Fitts was interested in applying information theory to measure the difficulty of movement tasks and the human rate of information processing as tasks are realized. Fitts argued that the amplitude of a move was analogous to electronic signals and that the spatial accuracy was analogous to electronic noise. He proposed that the "index of difficulty" (ID) of a movement task could be measured in "bits" as the logarithm of the amplitude moved (A) divided by the tolerance or width (W) of the region within which the move terminates. In this paper, we use the Shannon formulation for the index of task difficulty : ID = log2(A/W + 1). (1) In calculating ID, we adjust target width to reflect the spatial distribution of responses. This is in keeping with the information theoretic premise of the law, in which target width is analogous to a Gaussian distributed "noise" perturbing the intended signal (i.e., amplitude). The normalized target width is usually called the "effective target width," We . Lateral Asymmetries Three theories have been proposed to account for the between-hand performance differences in rapid aimed movements. The first is that preferred and non-preferred hands differ primarily in their use of sensory feedback control [6,17,21]. In expounding this theory, Flowers contrasted "ballistic" and "controlled" movements. He found that the preferred and nonp;preferred hands of strongly lateralized subjects achieved equal rates in a rhythmic tapping task, but that in a variation of Fitts' reciprocal tapping task (ranging from ID=1 to ID=6) the preferred hand outperformed the nonp;preferred hand by 1.5 - 2.5 bits/s, with differences marked at all but the lowest two IDs. A second theory is that the preferred hand is less "noisy" in its output function. Accordingly, increases in movement amplitude or decreases in movement time require a greater force, which leads to greater output variability and thus more errors . Annett et al. suggested that this theory could be adapted to account for differences between hands in a peg transfer activity in which movement time was a dependent variable. A third model, which predicts a left-hand advantage for larger target distances, was suggested by Todor and Doane . This model, in a sense, expands on Flowers' notion of feedback control by incorporating both a left-hemisphere/right-hand superiority for sequential processing, and a right-hemisphere/left-hand superiority for non-adaptive parallel processing. The model was based on Welford's proposal that rapid aimed movements are composed of two distinct parts: a "fast distance-covering phase and a slower phase of 'homing' on to the target" . The first phase is similar in speed to ballistic movement, but the second phase requires an additional process of visual control. They hypothesized, assuming contralateral control for the movements, that the right and left hands should exhibit a performance advantage in task conditions favoring the dominant processing mode of the contralateral hemisphere; specifically, that within tasks of equivalent calculated difficulty, movement time in the right hand should increase as the width and amplitude of the target grows larger while it should decrease in the left hand. Although the association between motor programming and the spatial complexity of a task has been questioned in the literature, particularly by Quinn et al. , our interest in the Todor and Doane model is primarily in the practical result. In designing computer interfaces that allow for separate input from the non-preferred hand, it is useful to discern features of the task, aside from difficulty, that give a consistent advantage (or disadvantage) to the non-preferred hand. The issue of program complexity in itself, however, will not be directly addressed. Human-Computer Interaction A number of studies have been published which compare the usage of various input devices. This literature is effectively surveyed elsewhere [7,13]. However, we have found few studies that compare performance of the dominant vs. non-dominant hand in spatial tasks. An exception is Boritz, Booth, and Cowan who tested a group of left-handed subjects and a group of right-handed subjects in a simple target selection task. Their study was flawed, however, in that the left-handed group had considerable prior experience using the mouse in the right hand, owing to the forced position of the mice in the computer lab. Buxton and Myers performed two experiments examining two-handed input. In the first, the non-dominant hand scaled an object while the dominant hand positioned it. In the second, the non-dominant hand navigated (scroll and jump) through a document while the dominant hand selected specified pieces of text. These experiments clearly demonstrated that users could easily use the non-dominant hand in such tasks. MacKenzie, Sellen, and Buxton showed that Fitts' law was applicable beyond traditional target acquisition tasks to include tasks such as dragging. This experiment provided half of the data for the current study. It tested the mouse, trackball, and tablet-with-stylus and found performance decrements for dragging compared to pointing. This degradation was concluded to be due to interference between the target acquisition task and maintenance of the dragging state (for example, holding down the mouse button while dragging). This degradation was found on each device for the criterion variables movement time and error rate. The amount of degradation was not uniform across devices, however. Significant one-way effects and two-way interactions revealed that the trackball was more prone to errors during dragging. Movement time was significantly longer for the trackball on both tasks; however the degradation during dragging was more pronounced for the mouse than for the trackball or stylus. The experiment described in the next section emerged from the following hypotheses: H1 Preferred and non-preferred hands yield the same speed, accuracy, and bandwidth using the mouse, trackball, and stylus in pointing and dragging tasks. H2 Devices using small muscle groups (e.g., trackball) produce smaller differences between hands than devices using large muscle groups (e.g., mouse & stylus). Of course, the first hypothesis is a null statement leading to the usual statistical tests. Differences were fully expected. A major motivation in the present study was to determine the extent of such differences. Apparatus The two groups were tested at different times, but on identical equipment. Subjects performed the tasks on an Apple Macintosh II using three input devices: the standard mouse, a Wacom tablet-with-stylus (model SD42X) used in absolute mode with a pressure sensitive stylus, and a Kensington trackball (model Turbo Mouse ADB Version 3.0). The equipment was set up with the input device on the right of the keyboard for Group 1 and on the left for Group 2. All devices were adjusted for a control/display ratio of approximately 0.5. (a) (b) Figure 1. Experimental tasks were (a) pointing and (b) dragging. Procedure Subjects performed multiple trials on two different tasks with three different devices using their right hand (Group 1) or left hand (Group 2). The operation of the devices and the requirements of the tasks were explained and demonstrated to each subject before beginning. One warm-up block of trials was given prior to data collection. The two tasks were "point-select" and "drag-select." For the point-select task, shown in Figure 1a, subjects moved the cross-hair cursor (+), back and forth between the targets and selected each target by pressing and releasing a button on the mouse or trackball, or by applying and releasing pressure on the stylus. The arrow in Figure 1a pointed to the target to be selected. This helped maintain stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility as subjects proceeded. For the dragging task (Figure 1b), subjects acquired the small diamond-shaped object by pressing and holding the device button (on the mouse and trackball) or maintaining pressure on the stylus, and then dragged the object to the other target and deposited the object in the target region by releasing the button or pressure. Subjects were instructed to balance speed and accuracy for an error rate around 4%. The software generated a beep as feedback for monitoring target misses. Design A 2 x 4 x 4 x 3 x 2 (hand x amplitude x width x device x task)) factorial design with repeated measures was used. Hand was a between-subjects factor, with Group 1 tested on their right (preferred) hand and Group 2 tested on their left (non-preferred) hand. All other factors were within-subjects. The A-W conditions were chosen to exactly mimic Fitts' original experiments with a stylus. There were four levels each for A (64, 128, 256, or 512 pixels) and W (8, 16, 32, or 64 pixels). The A-W conditions were presented in random order with a block of ten trials performed at each condition. A session consisted of a sequence of sixteen blocks covering all A-W conditions. Ten sessions were sequenced for each device, alternating between pointing (five sessions) and dragging (five sessions). The initial task was chosen by the toss of a coin. Device ordering was counterbalanced. The system collected three measurements for each trial: movement time and the X and Y selection coordinates. Dependent variables were movement time, bandwidth, error rate, variable error, and constant error. Each of the accuracy measures describes different response behaviors (see, for example, ). Constant error is the mean deviation of responses from the target center. Constant error quantifies systematic biases of the responses from the target center; i.e., the tendency to overshoot or undershoot the targets. Variable error is the standard deviation of movement endpoints along the horizontal axis. This corresponds to effective target width (We = 4.133 x SDx; see ). There are important distinctions between variable error and error rate despite their high correlation in Fitts' law tasks when error rates are below about 15% . Error rate is especially relevant in HCI research, in the sense that the human operator is interested only in the success or failure in performing an operation, not in whether the effort was, for example, a near or far miss. Variable error, however, captures endpoint variability over all movements and so describes more completely the behavior. Bandwidth, a composite of movement time and variable error, is a dependent variable meriting a separate analysis. Due to space limitations, bandwidth is not discussed further in the present paper. On the remaining data, using the same decomposition, outlier trials were eliminated where the X coordinate was more than three standard deviations from the mean. We also eliminated trials immediately following deviate trials (see ). Movement Time (MT) For each dependent variable an analysis of variance was used with repeated measures on device and task. Mean movement times for the two hands are summarized in Table 1, decomposed by device and task. As expected, the right hand outperformed the left hand (F1,22 = 15.5, p < .001) with overall movement times of 889 ms and 1044 ms, respectively. The main effects of device and task were highly significant (F2,44 = 273, p < .001 & F1,22 = 124, p < .001, respectively). The effect of task was reflected in much slower MT for dragging (1060 ms) than pointing (873 ms). There was, however, no interaction of hand x task (F1,22 = .044), and performance in both hands degraded equally. For each hand the slowest device by far was the trackball with performance on the other two devices slowing somewhat from stylus to mouse. A significant interaction of hand x device (F2,44 = 10.7, p < .001) can be attributed to the trackball. That is, from preferred to non-preferred hand the degradation in mouse and stylus was large but equal (roughly 27%), whereas there was no difference in MT between hands on the trackball (F1,22 = 1.52, p > .05). There was also a significant three-way interaction of hand x device x task (F2,44 = 4.33, p < .05), one interpretation being that, although left-hand MT degraded equally in mouse and stylus going from the pointing task to dragging, the right hand showed greater degradation in the mouse than either the stylus or the trackball. Table 1. Mean movement time (ms) by device, task, and hand. The effect of amplitude and width on movement time was investigated at each level of difficulty. As predicted by Todor and Doane , there was a tendency for left-hand MT to decrease as A and W increased within each ID level and, conversely, for right-hand MT to increase. The decreases in the left hand were in general larger and more consistent than the increases in the right hand, particularly so for the mouse. The effect, seen in Figure 2, extends Todor and Doane's results to a wide range of task difficulties. Their subjects, tested for two task conditions at ID = 6, also failed to show significant MT increases in the right hand. As Todor reasoned, this may be due to differential training. Comparing performance across index of difficulty in Figure 2, it can also be seen that, in agreement with Flowers' feedback control theory, the right hand gained an advantage as target widths grew narrower (for example, conditions 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1-1). However, the L p; R differences did not change when target amplitudes increased while target width was held constant (for example, conditions 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, and 4-4). Spatial target conditions, rather than task difficulty per se, therefore appear to have accounted for the between-hand MT differences. Accuracy Error Rate. The two subject groups performed at comparable error rates throughout, except for two device-task combinations (mouse-dragging, where the right hand was superior, and trackball-dragging, where the left hand was superior). Table 2 summarizes the mean percentage errors by hand, device, and task. In support of H1, error rates did not differ between the hands with means of 7.9% for the preferred hand and 8.0% for the non-preferred hand (F1,22 = .005). Both hands were far more accurate during pointing than dragging. Error rates during the pointing task were within the desired range of 4% with means of 3.2% in the right hand and 3.6% in the left hand, but were considerably higher for dragging with means of 12.6% and 12. 5% respectively. Although the main effect of task was highly significant (F1,22 = 138, p < .001), degradation in the two hands was equal over tasks as evidenced by a lack of hand x task interaction (F1,22 = .102). In contrast, the two-way interaction of hand ¥ device was significant (F2,44 = 3.93, p < .05) with accuracy from the right to left hand degrading in the mouse and stylus but improving in the trackball. This supports H2. As mentioned, the last result is mostly attributable to differences while dragging with the mouse and trackball. Error rate was also slightly higher in the left hand while pointing with the stylus (4.9% vs. 3.6%), but this is probably due to the difficulty many subjects reported in controlling the pen's pressure activated switch with their non-preferred hand. All subjects from Group 2 experienced problems with pen slippage when making target selections during the pointing task, and they applied much more force than necessary to activate the switch. Figure 2. Movement time (ms) by amplitude, width, and hand. First number of amplitude-width combinations refers to amplitude and second number refers to target width. For amplitude, 1 = 64 pixels, 2 = 128 pixel, 3 = 256 pixels, and 4 = 512 pixels. For target width, 1 = 8 pixels, 2 = 16 pixels, 3 = 32 pixels, and 4 = 64 pixels. Table 2. Mean error rates (%) by device, task, and hand. W = 8 W = 16 W = 32 W = 64 All Widths Left Hand Pointing 9.2 16.1 29.4 56.4 27.7 Dragging 14.2 24.0 43.6 77.5 39.8 Right Hand Pointing 9.4 14.8 26.8 49.7 25.2 Dragging 33.7 39.1 54.6 84.2 52.9 Effective Target Width. Analysis of this dependent variable was directed to the hypothesis of Annett et al. that superior preferred-hand performance for controlled movements is attributable to a greater motor-output variability in the non-preferred hand. Unlike the mouse and the stylus, the trackball showed a significant hand x task interaction (mouse, F1,22 = .565; stylus, F1,22 = .100; trackball, F1,22 = 7.04, p < .05). This is shown in Table 3. Whereas results in the right hand for trackball-pointing proved similar to those in mouse and stylus, trackball-dragging yielded a large left-hand advantage, both in mean scores and standard deviations, which was especially apparent at the smallest width. At all target widths in Table 3, the left-hand dragging condition displayed less variable error than the right-hand dragging condition. The motor-output variability theory predicts that larger target amplitudes should result in either a greater lengthening of movement time in the non-preferred hand or a greater degradation of variable error. Neither result held in the stylus, while only moderate support was found in the mouse. The finding of superior left-hand We for the trackball was unexpected and will be discussed below. Constant Error. Table 4 summarizes constant error by device, task, and hand. Both hands exhibited a small tendency to undershoot the center of the target in all combinations, except for stylus-dragging where the two hands had a similar tendency to overshoot the target. Biases were small, on average falling within one pixel of target center. For all data, the main effect of hand was not significant (F1,22 = .485). For subsets of the data by device, the effect of hand was significant only for the trackball (F1,22 = 4.49, p < .05). This was again due to the dragging task, where the left hand showed greater accuracy (CE = -0.143 pixels vs. -2.38 pixels). Mouse Stylus Trackball Left Hand Pointing -1.11 -0.31 -0.98 Dragging -0.16 +0.75 -0.14 Right Hand Pointing -1.16 -0.42 -0.82 Dragging +0.49 +1.06 -2.38 Table 4. Constant error (pixels) by device, task, and hand. We found nothing in the analysis of accuracy to indicate that this main result was influenced by different speed-accuracy tradeoffs in the two hands. All accuracy measures were in fact largely independent of hand (with some exceptions during mouse-dragging and trackball-dragging). In the case of error rate this is not surprising, since the two subject groups were instructed to monitor performance by error-rate feedback. Nonetheless, the three accuracy measures used in the experiment clearly captured distinct aspects of subject behavior. Constant error was most sensitive to the mechanical differences between devices. Stylus-pointing yielded smaller constant error than either mouse-pointing or trackball-pointing, presumably because subjects were able to place the stylus on the tablet with pen-point precision as opposed to the trackball technology of the mouse and the trackball; conversely, the mouse and trackball were more accurate than the stylus during dragging (excluding trackball-dragging in the right hand). This was largely due to subjects inadvertently lifting the stylus tip off of the tablet surface while dragging. Error rate most clearly captured the difficulty of the dragging task. As was seen, both groups settled for much higher error rates during dragging, probably because subjects were unwilling to slow down sufficiently for this task, given their relative success with the pointing task. Only the right-hand group, however, showed unequal degradation between devices. Going from pointing to dragging in the right hand, error rate for the mouse degraded least of the three devices while movement time degraded most. However, the lack of hand x task interaction on We in the mouse implies that the right-hand group was no less variable during the dragging task, just more careful. The speed-accuracy tradeoff here was most likely an experimental artifactp;a side effect of daily work habitsp;in that all subjects had experience on the mouse but not on the other devices. Finally, the peculiar results for accuracy during the trackball-dragging condition appear to have captured some underlying asymmetry in the motor function of the two hands. Here all three accuracy measures displayed a large left-hand advantage. Trackball-dragging also showed poor accuracy only in the right hand, in the sense that the left hand was equally accurate across devices when dragging. Based on earlier results , it was speculated that device differences may be attributed to the extent of interference between the muscle groups required to manipulate a device, in particular, that finger-thumb interference would be greater than wrist-finger interference, and that this would contribute to superior performance in the mouse or stylus relative to the trackball. Our results for accuracy in the trackball confirm that finger-thumb independence was a significant requirement for trackball-dragging, but that it primarily affected the right hand. This may be compared to the finding by Kimura that right-handers perform paired finger flexions more easily with their left hand; both results point to superior fine motor control in the left hand. The poor speeds achieved with the trackball in the present experiment, therefore, may simply have been a function of "ceiling effects" for this device. In spite of this, ceiling effects were not found to affect differential accommodations with respect to spatial target conditions on either task. In fact, of the three devices tested, the trackball most clearly supported the Todor and Doane theory. While there was the least change between hands with the trackball, non-dominant performance with the mouse was still far superior. Readers are cautioned not to draw from this that if one is to use both hands that two mice are the best design choice. The ease of acquiring a fixed position device (such as a trackball, touch pad, or joystick) may more than compensate for slower task performance once acquired. This is something that must be evaluated in context of the specific task. 2. Boritz, J., Booth, K. S., & Cowan, W. B. (1991). Fitts's law studies of directional mouse movement. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '91 ,Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society, 216-223 . 3. Buxton, W., & Myers, B. A. (1986). A study in two-handed input. Proceedings of the CHI '86 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . New York: ACM, 321-326. 4. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381-391. 5. Fitts, P. M., & Peterson, J. R. (1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 103-112. 6. Flowers, K. (1975). Handedness and controlled movement. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 39-52. 7. Greenstein, J. S., & Arnaut, L. Y. (1988). Input devices. In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of human-computer interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 495-519. 8. Kimura, D. & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1970). The relation between hand preference and the performance of individual finger movements by left and right hands. Brain, 93, 769-774. 9. MacKenzie, I. S. (1991). Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction. Doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto. 10. MacKenzie, I. S. (1992). Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7, 91-139. 11. MacKenzie, I. S., Sellen, A., & Buxton, W. (1991). A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks. Proceedings of the CHI '91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , New York: ACM, 161-166. . 12. Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A., & Wright, C. E. (1990). Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and Performance XIII , Hillsdale, NJ.: Erlbaum, 173-226. . 13. Milner, N. (1988). A review of human performance and preferences with different input devices to computer systems. In D. Jones & R. Winder (Eds.), People and Computers IV, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group (pp. 341-362). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113. 15. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1968). Errors and error correction in choice-response tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 264-272. 16. Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Frank J. S., & Quinn, J. T. (1979). Motor-output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, 86, 415-451. 17. Sheridan, M. R. (1973). Effects of S-R compatibility and task difficulty on unimanual movement time. Journal of Motor Behavior, 5, 199-205. 18. Todor, J. I., & Doane, T. (1978). Handedness and hemispheric asymmetry in the control of movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 10, 295-300. 19. Quinn, J. T., Zelaznik, H. N., Hawkins, B., & McFarquhar, R. (1980). Target-size influences on reaction time with movement time controlled. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 239-261. 20. Welford, A. T. (1968). Fundamentals of skill. London: Methuen. 21. Woodworth, R. S. (1899). The accuracy of voluntary movements. Psychological Review [monograph supplement], 3(2, Whole No. 13).	http://www.billbuxton.com/LHfitts.html
Opinion: After every single attempt at replacing a real computer with a touchscreen tablet I've returned to a traditional computer. Here's why. For the last three and half years I have been engaged in a long, informal experiment - trying to make a touchscreen tablet into a viable replacement for a "proper" computer. I've come excruciatingly close to success. I've tried devices running Android, iOS, Windows and even HP's short-lived TouchPad running WebOS. I've used a variety of different keyboards and cases, dozens of different applications and cloud services and more accessories than I can count. After every single attempt at replacing a real computer with a touchscreen tablet I've returned to a traditional computer. Why? I think it comes down to three main factors. It's important to understand that these our my experiences. There are plenty of people who have been able to replace laptops or other devices in specific situations with tablets. Operating systems get in the way when you're working iOS, Android and Windows 8 are designed to be used with fingers. While the gesture driven interfaces work well when consuming content they get in the way when you're working. For example, with Windows 8 when I'm sitting at a desk and want to open the Windows Charm Bar - the context menu that appears from the right side of the screen - I can either take my hands away from the keyboard and mouse to swipe the edge of the display or remember a keyboard shortcut. With iOS, moving the cursor in a document requires that I touch the screen to activate a loupe that magnifies the cursor so I can move it accurately. Again, I'm moving away from my main productivity tool, the keyboard, to do something. It's hard to always work seamlessly with clients using iOS or Android apps One of the great boons of the mobile age is the rise of the app. Just about anything you can think of has an associated app. And, despite the pointless app counts the developers of different platforms publish, there are dozens of options when it comes to productivity apps. However, unless I stay in the Microsoft camp, I still hit hurdles when it comes to sharing documents and spreadsheets, unless I use Microsoft Office. Similarly, with many of my clients, I need to use Microsoft Project and Visio. I am yet to find an iOS or Android application that lets me work seamlessly with clients using those applications. I'm still more productive using a mouse, keyboard When it comes to entering data, I am still at my most productive when using a keyboard and pointing device like a mouse or trackpad. Other than the Microsoft Surface, getting these integrated into the other main touchscreen tablet devices running iOS or Android is just too hard or even impossible. Where do the tablets win? Tablets have some significant advantages over notebook computers. Typically they're lighter and have better battery life than portable PCs. Their "instant on" capability is extremely useful when traveling they usually have better connectivity with 3G/4G integrated - although this is becoming more common in business notebooks. If you carry a notebook around for reading email, web browsing and checking over documents then tablets are a viable replacement for notebooks. So, what's in my work bag today? Interestingly, I travel with both a notebook and a tablet. The notebook is a 11-inch MacBook Air, chosen for its light weight and battery life. It has all the computing power I need and a proper keyboard. The tablet is almost purely a consumption device. It's a 7-inch iPad mini and only runs a couple of apps I need for productivity - the main one being a time tracking application I use with some specific clients. So, I have a notebook for the heavy lifting and a tablet to complement that for reading books, documents and email and watching the occasional movie while traveling. The total cost of this setup is about $1,500 - cheaper than a single sub-notebook just a couple of years ago.	https://www.bit.com.au/news/tablet-or-laptop-why-i-use-a-laptop-for-work-almost-every-time-358166
Current Research Topics Please refer to the guidelines for preparing and submitting a proposal, which can be found here. OERC 2017 Areas of Interest - The OERC has created the following list of Research Priorities for 2017. In each of the priorities, we are interested in understanding the “ergonomic effects” on productivity and/or behavior for each topic and practical recommendations for applying the research findings. The term effects can encompass both positive and negative effects (benefits/risks). - What are the ergonomic effects of smaller form factors of devices such as ultra-low travel keyboards (<1.5mm), notebooks, tablets, and smartphones on outcomes such as usability, comfort, injury risk, tradeoffs in size for usability, screen size vs. ability to hold and comfort, and weight to grip force and or torque? - What are the ergonomic effects of new technology such as wearable displays, virtual reality, and augmented reality, or interaction input methods such as gesture, eye-tracking, voice and multi-modal input, and pens? - What are the ergonomic effects of new display technologies (such as high resolution, curved, high dynamic range, and higher refresh rates) or the use of multiple monitors and or very large monitors on user performance and or comfort? - What are the recommendations regarding sit/stand with regard to frequency and duration, transitions from sit to stand and are there limits to the frequency or duration of sitting or standing? Are there different ergonomic effects of standing biased, platform, height adjustable tables, etc. for sit/stand work? - What are the ergonomic effects associated with the use of unassigned workspaces (e.g. physical accommodation of diverse users in drop-in spaces or hot-desking work environments), or what are ideal setups to enhance group as well as individual interaction and ergonomics? - How do age, culture or generational differences, work type, pattern of sit/stand use, location of where one works, etc. affect exposure and expectations with regard to ergonomics in the workplace? - Are there new methodologies that can be developed to measure productivity, return on investment, ergonomic workplace assessments, objective measurements of workplace behaviors and practices? - What are the ergonomic interventions that will be effective for my company to get me the best return on investment? Do I need to implement all of the ergonomic recommendations, or are there some that might be more effective? How do I know which one(s) to use? Outcomes Productivity Productivity has been challenging to measure for white-collar workers, but is important to understand because it gives a measurement that could affect a company’s profitability. Understanding how ergonomic design, setup, or strategies affect productivity can provide the end users and companies with these valuable measures. Behaviors How do you get workers to change behavior and make it sustainable? How can you optimize the use of the hardware, software, or real-time exposure for productivity? How can you collect data that is more objective, accurate, and helps to shape behaviors? Factors Technology The term technology is not limited to current computing devices but includes software, furniture, fitness monitoring/wearable devices, smart buildings, etc., as well as new computing devices and new ways of interacting with technology. How does changing technology affect the ergonomic risks or effects in the office environment? How can technology be used to improve assessment of ergonomic effects, help change worker behavior, or improve outcomes? Environments The workplace environment is changing and is no longer just a landscape of traditional workspaces (closed offices, cubicles, etc.). People work in many different locations: work, conference rooms, shared spaces, cafes, home, or public transportation. The office environment is not the only place for the ergonomic challenges—they can also occur in healthcare, higher education, and other workplaces. Demographics and Office Factors There may be compounding factors in understanding the effects and risks of ergonomics. Some of those include (but are not limited to): age, nationality, office culture, type of work performed, gender, where people work (cubicle, open area, café, hotel, etc.), how they work (standing, sitting), and time of exposures. These are important factors to consider in the design of research. NOTE: The research priorities are presented in random order. Position on the list does not indicate importance, and all topics should be considered as of equal interest to OERC.	http://oerc.org/current-research-topics/
MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, S. X., & Soukoreff, R. W. (1999). Text entry using soft keyboards. Behaviour & Information Technology, 18, 235-244. Text Entry Using Soft Keyboards I. Scott MacKenzie, Shawn X. Zhang, and R. William SoukoreffDepartment of Computing and Information Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Abstract Text entry rates are explored for several variations of soft keyboards. We present a model to predict novice and expert entry rates and present an empirical test with 24 subjects. Six keyboards were examined: the Qwerty, ABC, Dvorak, Fitaly, JustType, and telephone. At 8 to 10 wpm, novice predictions are low for all layouts because the dominant factor is the visual scan time, rather than the movement time. Expert predictions are in the range of 22 wpm to 56 wpm, although these were not tested empirically. In a quick, novice test with a representative phrase of text, subjects achieved rates of 20.2 wpm (Qwerty), 10.7 wpm (ABC), 8.5 wpm (Dvorak), 8.0 wpm (Fitaly), 7.0 wpm (JustType), and 8.0 wpm (telephone). The Qwerty rate of 20.2 wpm is consistent with observations in other studies. The relatively high rate for Qwerty suggests that there is skill transfer from users' familiarity with desktop computers to the stylus tapping task. Introduction The rapidly expanding market for mobile computing systems has elevated to the fore a difficult challenge: the need to manually enter alphanumeric information that is coded in machine-readable form, such as ASCII. Such systems include personal digital assistants (PDAs), personal information managers (PIMs), slates, and other pen-based products. Without a full-size physical keyboard, these systems resort to alternate techniques for text entry, such as handwriting recognition or tapping on a soft keyboard. Soft keyboards are keyboard images that appear on a computer's display and permit alphanumeric entry by directly tapping on them with a stylus. Typically, the display for a pen-based system combines liquid-crystal output technology with a transparent overlaid pressure-sensing input technology. Thus, a stylus tap on a soft key is easily translated into the ASCII code for the character represented by the key. This paper addresses the problem of text entry with a soft keyboard, and predicting and comparing the performance potential of alternate layouts for soft keyboards. We are particularly interested in the novice experience. Many mobile systems are targeted at the consumer market and, therefore, immediate ease of use is important. If the text entry method is cumbersome, slow, or error prone, user acceptance will be hindered. Mobile Computing Since their introduction in the early 1990s, pen-based systems have faltered in their user acceptance. Early systems suffered in the one area that garnered the most attention: handwriting recognition. Simply put, claims of unconstrained, cursive handwritten input did not meet the expectations of a demanding user community. Today, handwriting recognition products are much improved (Blickenstorfer 1996, 1997) and pen-based systems, particularly PDAs and PIMs, are alive and well. More important, however, is the shift in attention from the limited idea of "pen-based computing" to the more general notion of "mobile computing". The latter encompasses a vast territory, including not only PDAs, PIMs, slates, and other traditional pen-based products, but also cellular phones, pagers, remote controls for consumer products, or future "convergent" products for interfacing to computing, cable, telephone, consumer electronics, and internet systems. Beyond Qwerty Mobile systems that support handwriting recognition generally include a soft keyboard as well. The soft keyboard is easy to implement and provides an alternative to handwriting. With physical keyboards, the idea of a non-Qwerty layout is a tired notion that is of minor interest today. Although alternate key layouts, such as Dvorak (Lewis et al. 1997), alphabetic (Norman and Fisher 1982), or chord keyboards (Gopher and Raij 1988), can potentially support higher entry rates, substantial practice is required to become proficient in their use. This, combined with the large installed base for Qwerty keyboards, has ensured the continued role of Qwerty as the keyboard of choice for desktop computing. For soft keyboards, however, the arguments for using a Qwerty layout are diminished because touch typing skill will not necessarily transfer to "touch tapping". The motor skill of two-handed eyes-free touch typing is very different from the simple act of one-handed eyes-on tapping with a stylus on a soft keyboard. That is, if we compare two touch typists - one 25 wpm and one 75 wpm - in their ability to touch tap, it is not certain that the 75 wpm typist would be faster, or substantially faster, than the 25 wpm typist. Predicting Text Entry Speed on a Soft Keyboard In an earlier paper (Soukoreff and MacKenzie 1995), we described a comprehensive model to predict novice and expert text entry rates for stylus tapping on a soft keyboard. Since this model is important to the present discussion, we will briefly summarize it here. The model is comprised of five major components: (a) a digitized layout of a keyboard, (b) Fitts' law for rapid aimed movements, (c) the Hick-Hyman law for choice selection time, (d) a linguistic table for the relative frequencies of letter pairs, or digraphs, in common English, and (e) a spreadsheet in which the preceding components are combined. For (a), each key is assigned an x-y coordinate, thus allowing digraph distances to be easily computed using the Pythagorean identity. The movement distance, or amplitude (A), from key i to key j is (1) For (b), we use Fitts' law (Fitts 1954, MacKenzie 1992) to predict the movement time (MT, in seconds) to tap any key given any previous key. This is a simple prediction based on the distance between the keys (Aij) and the size, or width, of the target key (Wj): (2) For (c), we use the Hick-Hyman law (Hick 1952, Hyman 1953) to predict the reaction time (RT, in seconds) in visually scanning a 27-key layout to find the target key. For novices, we set (3) For experts, we set RT = 0 s. For (d), we use a 27 × 27 matrix of digraph counts to establish probabilities for each digraph in common English, Pij. These are used to weight the movement time predictions in obtaining the mean movement time over all possible digraphs: (4) RT is set to either 0.951 s (novices) or 0 s (experts), as noted above. Entry speed in words-per-minute (wpm) is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the mean movement time, multiplying by 60 seconds per minute, and dividing by 5 characters per word: (5) Note that the definition of a word when computing typing speed is "five characters including spaces" (Gentner 1983). The model takes particular care to accommodate the space bar, since it is the most prevalent character in text entry tasks. The result is a general behavioural description and predictive model of the task of text entry with a stylus and soft keyboard. We consider the predictions approximate, but useful. For more details, see Soukoreff and MacKenzie (1995). Our earlier paper developed the model in the context of the Qwerty layout only. Since then, we have incorporated some minor improvements and refinements, for example, in accommodating the space bar. Our predictions for the Qwerty layout stand as follows: - Novice: 8.9 wpm - Expert: 43.2 wpm The novice prediction is difficult to validate empirically for two reasons. First, it is difficult to find subjects who have never used or seen a Qwerty keyboard and who, therefore, would exhibit visual scanning as predicted for novices. Second, in an empirical test the novice classification fades quickly since subjects gain familiarity with the key layout within a few taps. In fact, a real test of a novice prediction would require the keys to be randomly reassigned after each tap. So, we view the novice prediction as a lower threshold at which subjects begin to enter text, but from which they would rise quickly. The expert prediction is also difficult to test for at least two reasons. First, proposing a single measure of expert performance is simplistic because users can always attain small improvements in performance, consistent with the power law of practice (De Jong 1957). Second, measuring expert performance requires a study conducted over many sessions, and this is very labour intensive. To our knowledge, no such study exists for text entry on a soft keyboard using a stylus. There are a few studies using text entry with soft Qwerty keyboards, although the task was usually administered only for one or two hours. MacKenzie et al. (1995) reported rates of 22.9 wpm for stylus tapping on a soft Qwerty keyboard. We expect that with practice entry rates would increase, leveling off near 43 wpm. Related studies used a soft keyboard on a touch screen with entry via the fingers rather than a stylus. Entry rates ranged from about 12 wpm (Gould 1990) to 25 wpm (Sears 1991). In another study (Sears et al. 1993), subjects were allowed to use both hands on a touchscreen. Rates as high a 32 wpm were recorded; however, the comparison with stylus tapping is weak. Finally, it is important to note the limitations in the model. These are elaborated later in the context of an empirical test with several alternate layouts for soft keyboards. Soft Keyboard Layouts From the work described above, we proceeded to test our model on other soft keyboard layouts. Although there are numerous layouts to test, we limit our discussion to several interesting possibilities. Dvorak Keyboard Since the Dvorak layout is well known as a Qwerty alternative, it was a logical starting point (see Figure 1). In its physical form, the Dvorak keyboard is similar to a Qwerty keyboard. By renaming the keys, a Qwerty layout can be transformed into a Dvorak layout. The Dvorak keyboard was designed to optimize two-handed touch typing. The idea is that higher entry rates can be obtained if common digraphs are entered by fingers on opposing hands instead of on the same hand (Lewis et al., 1997). As well, the most common letters (e.g., E, T, A, H) are positioned along the home (viz. middle) row. Figure 1. The Dvorak layout After entering the x-y coordinates of the Dvorak keyboard into our spreadsheet, the novice and expert predictions were immediately available to us. Our predictions are as follows: - Novice: 8.7 wpm - Expert: 38.7 wpm At 38.7 wpm, the expert prediction is below our 43.2 wpm prediction for a Qwerty layout. This illustrates the distinct difference between optimizing for two-handed touch typing vs. optimizing for one-handed touch tapping with a stylus. The novice rate of 8.7 wpm is slightly lower than our Qwerty prediction of 8.9 wpm. In general, the novice prediction is dominated by the visual scan time, so any layout permutation that minimizes movement has only a minor impact on the novice entry rates. This point is emphasized in the following example: If we consider, in the extreme, that the novice visual scan time of 951 ms is the only component of the task, then this alone represents an entry rate of (1 / 0.951) × (60 / 5) = 12.6 wpm. Therefore, novice predictions will always be lower than 12.6 wpm by an amount determined by the movement component of the task. ABC Layout In an effort to minimize screen real estate, soft keyboards can be streamlined, for example, by using short and wide or tall and narrow layouts. We investigated a variety of such possibilities. Figure 2 illustrates an example which we call the ABC layout. Figure 2. The ABC layout There are certain advantages to grouping the keys as shown in Figure 2 and by using a space bar that spans the full keyboard. The alphabetic ordering of keys gives novices a good indication of each key's location, and this should reduce the visual scan time. Since the space is the most prevalent character in text-entry tasks, the space bar's size and proximity to the other keys should reduce overall movement time. After entering the key coordinates in our spreadsheet, the following predictions emerged: - Novice: > 9.6 wpm - Expert: 40.9 wpm We indicate "greater than" 9.6 wpm for the novice prediction for the simple reason that the sequenced ordering of keys precludes anyone from being a novice, provided they know the alphabet (a reasonable assumption). The expert prediction is slightly lower than our 43.2 wpm prediction for the Qwerty layout. The close proximity of all keys to the space bar is a definite advantage for the ABC layout; however, this appears to be offset by placing letters in two columns. Words like "satisfaction" require substantial up-down-up pen travel, and this tends to push the prediction down. A three-column version would alleviate this, but there is a cost, since shifting some keys to the third column increases their distance to the space bar. Such an arrangement was not tested. Fitaly Keyboard The Fitaly soft keyboard is a commercial product designed to optimize text entry with a stylus (see Figure 3). The most striking feature of the layout is the presence of two space bars. The proximity of the most common letters in English (e.g., E, T, A, H) to the space bars is also immediately apparent. The keyboard's name is taken from the letter sequence along the second row of keys. The Fitaly keyboard was designed to minimize the travel from one letter to the next. According to the developer, the average travel is 1.8 keys compared to 3.2 keys for a Qwerty layout. These figures were obtained using a corpus of digraph probabilities similar to that described by Soukoreff and MacKenzie (1995). Figure 3. The Fitaly layout After entering the x-y coordinates of the Fitaly keys into our spreadsheet (and introducing a few modifications to accommodate two space bars), we obtained the following predictions: - Novice: 9.7 wpm - Expert: 55.9 wpm The novice prediction at 9.7 wpm is close to the predictions given earlier. The expert prediction of 55.9 wpm is impressive. This is a full 24.8% higher than the 43.2 wpm expert prediction for the Qwerty layout. To our knowledge, no empirical evaluation of the Fitaly soft keyboard exists. Telephone Keyboard Although extensive text entry via a telephone keyboard is arguably impractical, some text entry occasionally occurs using this familiar product (see Figure 4). Note that the letters Q and Z are not represented on the standard telephone keyboard. They are commonly assigned to the keys 7 and 9, respectively. Figure 4. The telephone keyboard layout Examples of text entry via a telephone include automated directory assistance, automated facsimile request (also known as "fax back"), or programming names and numbers into home and cellular telephones. Since the telephone keyboard is small (12 keys), it is an appealing choice for other mobile products that require text entry. So, the idea of modeling and predicting the text entry task for the telephone keyboard is perhaps worthwhile. We have chosen two techniques to explore here. With Disambiguation Since there are three or four letters assigned to each key, the telephone keyboard poses a special problem: disambiguating the input. One technique uses a dictionary and a built-in disambiguating algorithm to determine each word. This will work especially well if the dictionary is small, as, for example, in finding a phone extension in a small company by entering an employee's last name. Consider the following sequence: 5 6 6 3 7 Although this sequence has 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 4 = 324 permutations, most are nonsense. If the dictionary includes only employees' last names, the most likely name is "Jones", illustrated as follows and easily verify by examining Figure 4: J O N E S 5 6 6 3 7 Our novice and expert predictions for the telephone keyboard with built-in disambiguation are as follows: - Novice: > 9.1 wpm - Expert: 43.5 wpm As with the ABC layout, we indicate "greater than" 9.1 wpm for the novice prediction since the letters are sequenced alphabetically. Although the expert figure is comparable to Qwerty, bear in mind that for unconstrained text entry, the method's utility hinges on the disambiguating algorithm's ability to provide reasonably accurate results. Implementation details are also extremely important, such as providing a mechanism to select from alternate plausible words (e.g., 228 = "bat" or "cat"), or to explicitly enter a word when none is found in the dictionary. With Explicit Entry Other text entry techniques for telephone keyboards adopt some mechanism to explicitly identify each letter. Two schemes are (a) press each key one, two, three, or four times to select the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th letter on the key, or (b) press a key followed by the number 1, 2, 3, or 4 to select the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th letter on the key. We choose the latter technique to predict with our model. So, for example, the name "Jones" would be entered as the following sequence of numbers: J O N E S 5 1 6 3 6 2 3 2 7 3 Our predictions are as follows: - Novice: > 7.4 wpm - Expert: 22.6 wpm The comparatively low predictions are, of course, due to the need to tap two keys for each letter entered. JustType Keyboard As with the telephone keyboard, the JustType keyboard places more than one letter on each key. The 26 letters of the alphabet are encoded on nine keys, with eight keys encoding three letters each, and one key encoding two letters (see Figure 5). Figure 5. The JustType layout The JustType keyboard works with a large dictionary and a disambiguation algorithm to determine the user's intended words. Unlike the telephone keyboard, the letter groupings are distinctly non-sequential. The groupings in Figure 5 were chosen to optimize the performance of the disambiguating algorithm. After inputting the key coordinates in our spreadsheet model, we arrived at the following predictions: - Novice: 9.8 wpm - Expert: 44.2 wpm The expert entry rate is just 2.3% faster than for the Qwerty keyboard. Evaluating Novice Behaviour In most evaluations with input devices or interaction techniques, learning effects are considered a confounding factor. There are two common ways to deal with this. The first is to use a very primitive interaction task - one that quickly yields a high level of proficiency (e.g., MacKenzie, Sellen, and Buxton 1991). The second is to sufficiently practice subjects until a criterion level of performance is attained (e.g., Card, English, and Burr 1978). Both methods are pragmatic. Indeed, expert behaviour is not a "state" that one captures, because human performance improves indefinitely with practice in both complex and simple tasks (De Jong 1957). Measuring novice behaviour, however, presents a different problem. The goal is to capture a snapshot of human performance at the onset of learning. We call this the "novice experience". This is particularly worthwhile for user interfaces targeted at consumers, since "immediate" usability is important. New methodologies must be devised, because substantial learning may occur within a few minutes of exposure, and this effectively "contaminates" the novice status of subjects. In an earlier study, we captured the novice experience with the Graffiti alphabet of unistroke symbols for handwriting recognition (MacKenzie and Zhang 1997). We measured subjects' performance following one-minute and then five minutes of controlled exposure to the technology. In the following section, we describe a simple methodology, seeking to similarly capture the novice experience with various soft keyboards. We refer to our method as a "quick test" rather than a "novice test", because of the simple technique employed, and because of the special problem presented by layouts such as Qwerty where prior exposure is inevitable. Since fewer measures are gathered per subject, we used more subjects than are commonly employed in evaluations with input devices. (In Card et al.'s 1978 study, for example, only five subjects were used.) Method Subjects Twenty-four volunteer subjects (18 male, 6 female) were recruited from students and staff in our department at the University of Guelph. All were regular users of desktop computers with Qwerty keyboards. None had used pen-based computers previously on a regular basis. Apparatus We used a paper facsimile (similar to Figures 1-5) for each of following keyboards: - Qwerty - Dvorak - ABC - Fitaly - Telephone (with built-in disambiguation) - JustType Subjects sat at a desk with the keyboard layout in front of them on the surface of the desk. Text was entered by tapping on the paper image of the keyboard using a stylus. The stylus was borrowed from a Wacom graphics tablet. Prior to beginning, subjects were briefly shown the keyboard layout. The operation of each keyboard was explained to each subject. This was particularly important for the JustType and Telephone keyboards, since there were multiple characters per key. Procedure The following 45-character phrase of text was used: the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs Each subject entered the phrase on each of the six keyboard layouts. The order of keyboards was counterbalanced using a 6 × 6 Latin square, with four subjects receiving each ordering. Since we sought to capture the novice experience, no practice trials were given and the text phrase was entered once only. We felt that this procedure, combined with data from 24 subjects, would provide stable measurements of the novice experience with each soft keyboard. The most serious flaw in this reasoning follows from the subjects' prior experience with Qwerty keyboards. We will say more on this later. The total entry time was measured with a stop watch. Entry time (s) was converted to entry speed (wpm) as follows: (6) The text phrase had 45 characters; however, since entry was timed from the first tap, there was no movement time to the first character. Therefore, entry time was divided by 44, rather than 45. Taking the reciprocal transforms the measure into "characters per second". Multiplying by 60 and dividing by 5 transforms the measure into "words per minute". Subjects were instructed to tap the phrase as quickly as possible while trying to avoid making mistakes. They were also reminded to tap spaces between words. As the experiment was a simulation of real soft keyboards and ran without data capture software, error rates were not recorded. Results and Discussion The mean entry speed across all subjects and keyboards was 10.5 wpm. There was a significant effect of keyboard on entry time (F5,23 = 184.3, p < .0001). The Qwerty layout was the fastest (20.2 wpm), while the JustType layout was the slowest (7.3 wpm). The results are summarized in Table 1. The relatively low standard deviations suggests that the mean scores for each layout were consistent across subjects. Table 1 Entry Speed vs. Keyboard Layout Keyboard Layout Entry Speed (wpm) a Mean Std. Dev. Qwerty 20.2 4.9 Dvorak 8.5 2.0 ABC 10.6 1.7 Fitaly 8.2 2.2 Telephone 8.1 1.9 JustType 7.3 1.5 Mean 10.5 - a n = 24 subjects That our test was a quick test rather than a novice test is evident in Table 1. Since all subjects were experienced desktop computer users, they were by no means "novices" with the Qwerty layout. A similar - although less emphatic - statement can be made for the ABC and Telephone keyboards, since the sequential ordering of letters gives subjects a reasonable clue to each letter's location. Furthermore, over the duration of each test, the novice status fades as subjects become familiar with the arrangement of keys. It is instructive to compare the observations from our quick test with the novice and expert predictions presented earlier. Since the observed rates should fall between the novice and expert predicted rates, they are presented in Figure 6 as the middle of three bars for each keyboard. Figure 6. Comparison of novice and expert predictions and quick test observations for six soft keyboard layouts At 20.2 wpm, our quick test measurement for the Qwerty layout illustrates subjects' familiarity with this keyboard. This figure is only slightly below the 22.9 wpm figure measured in a test with a real Qwerty soft keyboard (MacKenzie et al. 1994), and is 46.8% of the predicted expert rate of 43.2 wpm. The ABC layout, with its familiar arrangement of keys and with the large space bar, did not score as high as expected. The average entry speed of 10.6 wpm is about half that of the Qwerty layout, and is only 17.8% higher than the novice prediction of 9.0 wpm. This implies that subjects' daily experience with a Qwerty keyboard is an important advantage for the stylus tapping task. We were surprised at the scores for the other four keyboard layouts. Ranging from 7.3 wpm (JustType) to 8.5 wpm (Dvorak), all rates were below those predicted for novices. This is problematic since, as noted earlier, the novice predictions should be a lower threshold from which subjects rise quickly when working with a new keyboard layout. We have considered several reasons for the low entry rates. First, our text phrase included every letter of the alphabet. On the one hand, this is good because it ensures subjects visit every key during the task. On the other hand, the appearance of all 26 letters of the alphabet in a 45-character phrase means the phrase is not typical of common English. Thinking this might push the observed speeds down, we generated for each keyboard a novice prediction for the specific phrase, "the quick brown fox ...". These predictions differed very little from the novice predictions in Figure 6 (typically 0.2 wpm), so we ruled out this explanation. Other explanations are explored in the next section. The Novice Experience Although the predictions are less striking for novices than experts, it is the novice experience that often determines the overall acceptance of new technology. Hence, it is important to capture aspects of the task that affect or determine novice performance. Visual Scan Time For a soft keyboard with an unfamiliar layout, the visual scan time is one aspect of the novice experience that must be examined. Our figure of 951 ms is the visual scan time for 27 choices, predicted using Equation 3. This estimate is sensitive to the slope coefficient in Equation 3, which we set to 200 ms/bit (Hick 1952). However, in Welford's extensive review of choice reaction time studies (1968: 60-104), slopes vary from about 160 ms/bit to about 320 ms/bit. Using Equation 3, this implies that the visual scan time could range from about 760 ms to about 1.52 s. therefore, one explanation for the low observed entry rates for the four "novice" keyboards (Figure 6) is that our 951 ms estimate of visual scan time is too low. Since the predicted vs. observed discrepancies range from 2.3% (Dvorak) to 28.6% (JustType), it is not clear how much of an adjustment may be warranted. It is our feeling, however, that other, more significant factors are at play, as discussed in the next section. Movement Time Other possibilities for the discrepancies between our observations and the novice predictions arise from a re-examination of the movement component of the task. Our model assumes that text entry consists of a visual scan time - set to zero for experts - followed by a movement, with each movement beginning where the previous movement ended. This may be too simplistic. Since soft keyboards lack kinesthetic and tactile feedback, on-going visual feedback is required, even for experts. Consider, as an example, a right-handed expert subject. Following a tap on the left side of the keyboard, much of the keyboard is obscured by the hand. If the following key is on the right, movement will proceed in that direction and the spatial arrangement of keys will be revealed as the hand moves toward the key. There may be a slight degradation in performance - one that is not accounted for in our model. For novice subjects, the situation is quite different. We observed a definite pattern of lifting the hand above the keyboard after each tap. This behaviour was not limited to situations where the previous tap obscured the keyboard; it was a pattern that occurred consistently following each tap. Since novice subjects do not know the location of the next key, lifting the hand to a neutral, revealing position above the keyboard is a logical strategy. This is likely a parallel action, overlapping the visual search. Clearly, the motor component of the prediction is affected and this weakens our model's predictive power for novices. Another limitation pertains to the size of the keyboard. According to our model a keyboard can be scaled up or down without affecting the movement time prediction. This is due to a simple characteristic in Fitts' law: If the movement distance is doubled (or halved) but target width is also doubled (or halved), the predicted movement time remains the same (see Equation 2). In other words, a keyboard may be scaled up or down without affecting the movement component of the model. Although this may be true within limits, it is probably not true in the extreme or when other identifiable factors enter into the task. There are a variety of such factors. For very small keys, the contact area of the stylus tip may be an appreciable percentage of the size of the keys. This would tend to reduce the effective area of the key. Drury and Hoffmann (1992) showed that an optimal data-entry keyboard will have an inter-key gap equal to the width of the data entry probe (viz., stylus tip). For very small soft keyboards, this effect may be important. This is likely confounded with parallax - the visual gap between the stylus' contact point and the visual feedback when the display is viewed at an angle. However, further study is needed before the effect can be quantified. Another factor is the required limbs and muscles groups for the movement. For a small keyboard, the majority of the moves occur with the wrist anchored; whereas for larger keyboards the wrist is airborne as movement engages the forearm as well as the wrist. The highly learned task of handwriting is performed primarily with the wrist resting. Conclusions Text entry on small mobile systems remains a challenge for computing systems of the future. Stylus tapping on a soft keyboard offers easy entry; however, rates are moderate at best and a keyboard must be presented on the system's display, thus occupying screen real estate. Expert entry rates may reach 43 wpm for the Qwerty layout, or in excess of 50 wpm for optimized layouts. Because eye fixation is a requirement of interaction with soft keyboards, fatigue may prove a factor with prolonged use. Novice entry rates are in the 7 to 10 word per minute rate for most layout permutations. However, experienced users of desktop computers may enter text with an immediate rate of about 21 words per minute on a soft keyboard with a Qwerty layout. This suggests that the venerable Qwerty layout is here to stay, both for physical keyboards on desktop computers and for soft keyboards that support stylus tapping. Acknowledgments We thank the members of the Input Research Group, at the University of Toronto and the University of Guelph for their assistance and suggestions. This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the University Research Incentive Fund (URIF) of the Province of Ontario, and Architel Systems Corp. of Toronto. We gratefully acknowledge these contributions without which this work would not be possible. References BLICKENSTORFER, C. H. 1996 (August), Handwriting recognition is alive and well, Pen Computing Magazine, 30-33. BLICKENSTORFER, C. H. 1997 (April), A new look at handwriting recognition. Pen Computing Magazine, 76-81. CARD, S. K., ENGLISH, W. K. and BURR, B. J. 1978, Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT, Ergonomics, 21, 601-613. DE JONG, J. R. 1957, The effects of increasing skill on cycle time and its consequences for time standards, Ergonomics, 6, 51-60. DRURY, C. G. and HOFFMANN, E. R. 1992, A model for movement time on data-entry keyboards, Ergonomics, 35, 129-147. FITTS, P. M. 1954, The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381-391. GENTNER, D. R. 1983, Keystroke timing in transcription typing, In COOPER W. E. (Ed.) Cognitive aspects of skilled typing, pp. 95-120. Springer-Verlag. GOPHER, D. and RAIJ, D. 1988, Typing with a two-handed chord keyboard: Will the Qwerty become obsolete? IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 18, 601-609. GOULD, J. D., GREENE, S. L., BOIES, S. J., MELUSON, A. and RASAMNY, M. 1990, Using a touchscreen for simple tasks, Interacting with Computers, 2, 59-74. HICK, W. E. 1952, On the rate of gain of information, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 11-26. HYMAN, R. 1953, Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45, 188-196. LEWIS, J. R., POTOSNAK, K. M., and MAGYAR, R. L. 1997, Keys and keyboards, in M. HELANDER, T. K. LANDAUER, and P. V. PRABHU. (Eds.) Handbook of human-computer interaction, Chapter 54. Amsterdam: North-Holland (Elsevier). MACKENZIE, I. S. 1992, Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction, Human-Computer Interaction, 7, 91-139. MACKENZIE, I. S., NONNECKE, B., MCQUEEN, C., RIDDERSMA, S. and MELTZ, M. 1994, Alphanumeric entry on pen-based computers, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41, 775-792. MACKENZIE, I. S., SELLEN, A. and BUXTON, W. 1991, A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks, Proceedings of the CHI '91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 161-166. MACKENZIE, I. S., and ZHANG, S. X. 1997, The immediate usability of graffiti, Proceedings of Graphics Interface '97, 120-137. NORMAN, D. A. and FISHER, D. 1982, Why alphabetic keyboards are not easy to use: Keyboard layout doesn't much matter, Human Factors, 24, 509-519. SEARS, A. 1991, Improving touchscreen keyboards: Design issues and a comparison with other devices, Interacting with Computers, 3, 252-269. SEARS, A., REVIS, D., SAWTSKI, J., CRITTENDEN, R. and SHNEIDERMAN, B. 1993, Investigation touchscreen typing: The effect of keyboard size on typing speed. Behaviour & Information Technology, 12, 17-22. SOUKOREFF, W. and MACKENZIE, I. S. 1995, Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speed using a stylus and soft keyboard. Behaviour & Information Technology, 14, 370-379. WELFORD, A. T. 1968, Fundamentals of skill. London: Methuen. ZHANG, S. X. 1998, A high performance soft keyboard for mobile system. Master's Thesis, University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. ----- End Notes 1. Our digraph table includes 27 × 27 = 729 entries (26 letters plus the space bar), and is available in several formats via the World Wide Web. The URL is http://snowhite.cis.uoguelph.ca/~will/bit95.tables.html. 2. Such an experiment is described in the master's thesis by the second author. The experiment was a simple text entry task with the letter-to-key assignment randomized after each tap. The average entry rate for 12 subjects was 5.52 wpm (see Zhang 1998). 3. Textware Solutions, 83 Cambridge St., Burlington, MA, 01803 USA, US Patent Number 5,487,616. 4. Aiki Ltd., 219 First Ave. South, Suite 410, Seattle, WA, 98104-0680, USA, Patents pending. 5. The layout in Figure 5 is a "sample" JustType keyboard, as provided by Aiki Ltd. Although the letter groupings are fixed, other key layouts are possible. 6. If both human performance and practice are plotted in logarithmic scales, a continuous linear improvement in performance appears. That there is a diminishing return in the performance improvement vs. practice is inherently accommodated in the logarithmic transform of the measures.	https://www.yorku.ca/mack/BIT3.html
Ballmer at CES: Windows Slates, Windows 8? This year’s slate PCs were basically Windows 7 laptops with touchscreens and the keyboards chopped off. Bilton’s story says that the 2011 versions are a bigger departure from Windows notebooks, and, for the that matter, from the iPad. They involve features like slide-out keyboards and user interfaces that differ depending on whether the device is held in landscape or portrait orientation. I don’t wanna pre-judge devices that we don’t know much about yet, but if Microsoft figures out a way to make Windows make sense on computers that don’t have physical keyboards-or at least don’t assume you’ll use one at all times–I’ll be impressed. After all, it’s been trying for a decade and had made pretty much zero progress on the whole idea to date. Meanwhile, the very end of Bilton’s article had a tidbit I’m more excited about: It says that Ballmer may also demo Windows 8 during the keynote. With all the devices to give input to tablet PC's what happened to the one that every human comes with, speech. The only limit to such is for inner city teens half or more of there vocabulary is in the four letter word group and cussing to a tablet should be avoided. Excellent news. This is what i am looking for !	https://www.technologizer.com/2010/12/13/ballmer-at-ces-windows-slates-windows-8/
How do you type a document on a laptop? To create a new blank document:Click the Microsoft Office button.Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by default.Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window. How do you start typing on Microsoft Word? Typing and Editing TextStart typing your text.To start a new paragraph, press Enter.To add extra space between paragraphs, press Enter twice.To move the cursor in a document, click where you want to insert it or use the keyboard arrow keys to move it.To edit text, click in the word you want to change. How do I get the sign on my HP laptop? On a laptop with a numeric keypad, press Ctrl + Alt + 2, or Alt + 64. On an English keyboard for the United States, press Shift + 2. How do I use the Fn key on my HP laptop? Press fn and the left shift key at the same time to enable fn (function) mode. When the fn key light is on, you must press the fn key and a function key to activate the default action. How can I write on my laptop without the pen? All you need to do is UN-wrap it and plug it to your any of the standard USB port (or use any standard USB C to USB adapter to use it on Type- C ports). Check its website for more details :AirBar – Get touchscreen on your notebook! This is the way by which you can draw. Its precision is so good. How do I use the pen on my HP laptop? Open the HP Pen Control app by clicking the HP Pen Control icon in the system tray, or type HP Pen Control in the Windows search box. Click the drop-down menu for either button to open the list of button functions. Select the desired action for the button. Play music. Can you use a pen on a touch screen laptop? Assuming your laptop has a capacitive touchscreen, (which it most likely does), pretty much any stylus that’s compatible with a smartphone or tablet should work. Just keep in mind that a plain or “dumb” stylus that doesn’t do any more than your finger. You can use anything to touch a resistive touchscreen. What can I use to write on a touch screen laptop? A stylus allows users to write on their touchscreen laptops. How do touch screen pens work? A capacitive touch screen uses an electrostatic field that registers contact when the field is distorted by a conductor. A capacitive stylus functions exactly like your finger by making screen contact via electrostatic field disruption. How do you use a touch screen laptop? Enable and disable your touchscreen in Windows 10In the search box on the taskbar, type Device Manager, then select Device Manager.Select the arrow next to Human Interface Devices and then select HID-compliant touch screen. (There may be more than one listed.)Select the Action tab at the top of the window. Select Disable device or Enable device, and then confirm. What is Airbar? Airbar gives your non-touch windows 10 notebook touchscreen functionalities. The sleek, lightweight device emits an invisible light field over a laptop screen that senses your finger touch. Many people instinctively touch their laptop screens to select something, but realize it’s not a touchscreen. How do I know if my laptop is touch screen? Open the Device Manager in Windows. Click the arrow to the left of the Human Interface Devices option in the list, to expand and show the hardware devices under that section. Find and right-click the HID-compliant touch screen device in the list. What is the advantage of a touch screen laptop? Touchscreen laptops often come with excellent brightness and better colour accuracy, vibrancy and reproduction compared to standard ones. Most models with this feature also have displays with higher resolution. Touchscreen displays are glossy so they can respond to touch better than matte ones. Which is better 2 in 1 or laptop? For tasks such as office work, browsing the internet, or watching movies, 2-in-1 laptops are perfect. On the other hand, for tasks that require more resources such as video editing or gaming – a more traditional laptop with a graphics card is recommended. Which touchscreen laptop is best? The best touchscreen laptops at a glance:The best touchscreen laptop: HP Spectre x360 13.The best touchscreen Chromebook: Google Pixelbook Pro.The best touchscreen 2-in-1: Microsoft Surface Pro 7.The best touchscreen laptop under $500: Dell Inspiron 14 7000 Series.	https://turningtooneanother.net/2021/04/29/how-do-you-type-a-document-on-a-laptop/
The Essential Role of a Cultural Training in a Successful Merger and Acquisition. The case study of DPT Laboratories, LTD View/ Open Mathews, 2020a.pdf (1.846Mb) Author Mathews, Jennifer Date 2020 Degree Master of Leadership Development URI https://scholars.smwc.edu/handle/20.500.12770/178 Metadata Show full item record Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is the largest part of the healthcare sector that deals with devices and medications that combat some of the world’s deadliest diseases for humans and animals. This industry directly affects all the world, which is a great social responsibility. Research has shown that for pharmaceutical companies to stay in the business and make a profit, the decision may be made to acquire another company or merge with another organization to provide have a successful business. The new company may have to create a new culture. This study aims to determine how the transition after a merger or acquisition can impact the company’s retention rates. Based on a review of literature on leadership and training implementation styles and training curriculum content, surveys were distributed, and interviews were conducted after training was conducted. Analysis of the responses demonstrated that many factors influence retention rates at pharmaceutical companies, however the key to retain employees is to provide a training program that will align the businesses that will create a positive company culture from management. On this basis, it is recommended that after a merger or acquisition that an evaluation is conducted of the training system and that a culture training curriculum is designed to adhere to FDA regulations. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of the training plan to maintain or increase retention rates after the completion of a merger or acquisition. This additional research will also provide insight on how effective the training provided to employees was on the culture and productivity of the company.	https://scholars.smwc.edu/handle/20.500.12770/178
For Brenda Neece’s course on Musicology, a requirement of all incoming PhD candidates in the Music Department, Neece and her students experimented with the use of small form factor Ultra Mobile PCs (UMPCs) for field research. Neece, during her own research, used a handheld Psion in her work to take notes, dictation, keep track of sources and even make sketches as she travelled in many locations researching musical instruments. With this project, Neece introduced the students to new methods of integrating technology with field research. The UMPC is a new form factor computer – essentially a small tablet PC – giving the students access to a full Windows Vista computer in a small package. The project allowed the CIT to gain an understanding of ways that students and faculty might use this novel new portable computer. The CIT loaned Neece and her two students Sony UMPCs during the Fall semester. The UMPCs have a stylus and could be used much like a tablet to create quick sketches and music notation. The computer includes a built-in webcam and digital still/video camera, as well as wireless capabilities, built-in microphone and other features. The computers were pre-loaded with productivity software, such as MS Office, and Endnote for creating and using citations. The Music Department provided licenses for the music notation software Sibelius for use on the computers during the project. Neece and her students used the UMPC’s for common tasks, such as web browsing and editing of Word documents, but focused primarily on using the devices for research. They used library electronic resources using WiFi access, made notes using the writing input-based Windows Journal, created and edited short musical examples with the stylus in Sibelius, and used the built-in camera to take quick images of sheet music or instruments for reference.	https://learninginnovation.duke.edu/blog/2007/11/micro-computing-for-musicology/
Four Effective Ways To Choose Interesting Biology Research Topics So, you are struggling with finding a good topic that offers ample scope for research for your Biology paper? Well, chin up as there is nothing to feel bad or ashamed about. Given the high rates of research conducted in the domain, finding the right topic or area for research can be incredibly challenging. At the same time, finding the right topic for research is crucial to the overall success of a research endeavor. And, while many students use tech apps such as topic generators to find a assignment help topic, such shortcuts methods do not suit a student of integrity. This article lays down a practical roadmap for finding exciting and researchable biology research topics with a singular aim to help students do quality research. So, without any further ado, let’s dive right in. How To Choose Interesting Biology Research Topics? - Create A Concept Map An effective way to determine what topic to research involves crafting a concept map. Choose a particular sub-domain or subject, such as health, and then map all related concepts to it. Draw a map that connects to or branches out to all consequential phenomenon such as effects, symptoms, solutions and the like. Here’s a concept map on health and everything health-related. Each node of every branch in the concept map is a topic worthy of substantial research. - Pinpoint An Appropriate Topic of Interest Think about a topic that interests you. Then, write them down and pore through them to make your final choice. Your choice may be dictated by several factors such as the scope of research, availability of data, existing literature, the intricacy of the topic, etc. A disease or health condition afflicting particular demographic, recent new articles on current global health issues, an aspect of health problem management or a combination of different inter-related topics, the effect of climate change on microorganisms- there are myriad choices in biology and healthcare to choose from. - Pore Through Existing Research Literature Another excellent way to come up with an exciting topic involves studying others works and current literature. Conduct a preliminary search for subject literature (books, theses, dissertations, research papers, periodicals, articles, journals, e-books, white papers, databases, etc.). Look for research that has already been done on a particular area to determine the scope of further investigation. Pore through results, observations, discussions and recommendations for better understanding. - Focus On A Specific Research Subject Most biology research topics narrow down upon a specific aspect, concept, issue or phenomenon. Researching a broad topic is an extensive task and can be vastly inaccurate without proper data collection & analysis. At the same time, if your case is too broad, you may be overwhelmed with too much information and lose focus. Conducting a detailed literature review is an excellent way to determine what is already known & what research questions remain to be answered on that particular topic. Research questions are generally derived from existing literature; use them to determine the studies already conducted & implications for future research. And, that’s all the space we have for today. Here’s wishing this article was an interesting read for all. Use it to choose an interesting biology research topic for your papers. And, avoid using random topic generator to obtain topics like one use factoring calculator to obtain factorial; instead, seek professional research writing assistance. All the best!	https://timebusinessnews.com/four-effective-ways-to-choose-interesting-biology-research-topics/
In a literature review (sometimes called an environmental scan), researchers examine books, periodicals, journals, Web sites, and other sources of information to gather prior research on a topic of interest. The research results are then indexed, organized, and summarized in a written report. A literature review can be more or less extensive, depending on the time frame and requirements of any particular project. The purpose of a literature review is to detail existing findings and knowledge in a particular field. The findings can then be used as a basis from which to develop new communication products and materials, or to provide evaluation criteria for existing products or materials. A literature review is an excellent way to begin the process of product development. For example, a nonprofit organization developing an ad campaign to encourage people to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions might start with a literature review. The literature review could provide insight as to how much knowledge the target audience has on the topic, whether the desired behavior change is likely to be seen as achievable, and what misconceptions people might hold on the topic. The information can then be used to shape the campaign, and the organization can conduct additional research (e.g. focus groups) as a way to fill in any remaining knowledge gaps or to evaluate products as they are being developed. Uncommon Insights conducts literature reviews of all sizes, both as stand-alone projects and in conjunction with our other research services. Please contact us for more information on our literature review services. Click here to see a sample of a literature review we did for the Office on Women’s Health. Copyright 2014 Uncommon Insights, LLC. All rights reserved.	http://uncommoninsights.com/services/literature_reviews
Research is an important task and there are a number of reasons to justify this statement. Research basically allows the researcher to uncover new realities while focusing on the developments taking place as well. It is important to understand the importance of research and how it can add value to the existing literature. In research, we dig out the topic and try to gather as much information as possible. We ensure that we are covering all the aspects in the topic in order to make our research effective. Helps you find out answers to many questions: When you conduct research, you become able to find out answers to a number of questions which you were not able to do so previously. Since you have discovered a lot of useful information, you become able to answer many important questions in life. As we know that no knowledge is absolute and one should keep on adding knowledge to the existing literature. In addition to it, it helps in unveiling new information. Last decade has so many innovation and research has played a vital role in it. In addition to it, research also paves way for better approaches. The world is witnessing an era of change and most of the credit goes to the researchers. Helps others who are interested in the same area: Obviously, there will be a number of other people who will be interested in the same area as yours. When you conduct research you try to find out what others have done in the same area. The studies done by others help you carry out your research. When you do a literature review, you sometimes get a number of ideas and you may decide to alter your topic after getting a different idea from the past researches. Similarly, your research will help others to get additional ideas too. There are a number of examples in which collaborations of different researchers have proved quite beneficial for the entire world. This clearly means that research programs are defining the world at the moment.	https://howardgrimes.com/why-research-is-an-important-task/
Critics of distance education frequently assert that completion rates are lower in distance education courses than in traditional courses. Such criticism comes despite sparse and inconclusive research on completion rates for distance and traditional education courses. This article reviews some of the existing research and then describes some of the caveats and complexities in comparing completion rates in traditional and distance education. Analysis reveals that numerous factors make comparison between these two formats difficult, if not impossible. Problems include limitations in the research design itself, differences in student demographics, and inconsistent methods of calculating and reporting completion. After exploring these issues, the article presents best practices for improving completion rates while emphasizing that distance education completion rates may be acceptable after considering distant learner characteristics. Original Publication Citation Howell, S., Laws, D., & Lindsay, N. (2004). Reevaluating course completion in distance education—Avoiding the comparison between apples and oranges. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 5(4),243–252. BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Howell, Scott L.; Laws, R. Dwight; and Lindsay, Nathan K., "Reevaluating Course Completion in Distance Education—Avoiding the Comparison Between Apples and Oranges" (2004). Faculty Publications. 5766.	https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/5766/
Contributed by: Sciemetric Staff In our last post, we explained the benefit of measuring the efficiency of a production line by first time yield (FTY) instead of overall yield/output. In this post, we will discuss the time and cost efficiencies than can result by focusing on making improvements to your FTY. LOOKING TO IMPROVE FIRST TIME YIELD? LEARN ABOUT SCIEMETRIC'S APPROACH To recap, overall yield is the total final output of a manufacturing line. It includes any units that had to be reworked in a repair bay because of defects or errors before earning the stamp of approval. First time yield, on the other hand, looks only at those units that made it through a station, assembly process, or all the way down the line and out the door, without any defects or errors that required rework. As discussed in the previous post, FTY must be calculated for each individual process or test station where the end-goal is a pass/fail result. These numbers are then multiplied together to provide the overall, end-to-end FTY for the production line. This is also known as Rolling Throughput Yield, or RTY. From the chart below, consider the example of 50 stations in series. Each station produces 99 percent FTY. This may sound good, but by the time you reach the end of the line, the RTY is only about 60 percent. This means the scrap or rework rate is 40 percent! The moral of this story? The more stations on a line, the greater the need for a quality assurance process that ensures FTY at each station is as close as possible to 100 percent. But of course, your next question is going to be: how much will the required improvements cost you to achieve these numbers, and is it worth it? It depends on how high of a rework rate is hidden in your overall yield figure, and how much the rework adds to the average production cost per unit. Case Study: Boosting FTY from 90 to 98 percent enables 3M+ in annual savings Let’s look at a product that costs $5,000 to manufacture – $2,500 for material costs and $2,500 for transformation costs. The annual target production run rate is 10,000 units and the overall FTY (or RTY) is 90 percent. If the manufacturer doesn’t re-work the failed units, then 11,112 units must actually start production to achieve the target output of 10,000. This results in $5.6 million in scrapped products – millions of dollars that’s wasted every year. This has another consequence – it also increases the total cost to manufacture the product from $5,000 per unit to $5,556. Now assume that the manufacturer implements a re-work process that recovers 80 percent of those failed units. This boosts overall yield from 90 to 98 percent (note that FTY remains at 90 percent). The cost of this re-work is 50 percent more than the initial transformation cost, so $3,750 per unit instead of $2,500. Now, this does appear to be a worthwhile investment considering that $5,000 has already been committed to the failed unit. But look at it this way – total rework costs amount to $3.8 million per year. This boosts total average production cost per unit from $5,000 to $5,485.19. Now, what if we could raise FTY from 90 to 98 percent – hitting the same yield without the cost of rework? Total average production cost per unit would be $5,102.04, for a total savings per part of $383.15. That adds up to about $3.83 million in savings per year. The trick, of course, is identifying how to make the productivity improvements at each station on the line that will drive this FTY increase—which is where Sciemetric’s in-process test and monitoring solutions come in. LOOKING TO IMPROVE FIRST TIME YIELD ON YOUR LINE? LEARN HOW SCIEMETRIC CAN HELP How do you achieve these improvements? Is it worth it? To make these improvements at your stations (and across your line), you need to collect and analyze the right data to reduce the flaws and defects that undermine FTY. Sciemetric has the in-process test and monitoring capabilities combined with data collection and analysis tools to help you achieve that. Take the above scenario–a moderate upfront investment could pay off by saving your plant millions per year. Even a modest increase in FTY can make a big difference. Take the above example again, with FTY increased by just two percentage points, to 92 percent. This would still generate costs savings greater than from boosting total yield to 98 percent through rework. Is it worth it for your team to emphasize FTY improvements over total yield? It depends on how important it is for you to cut production costs and drive quality to remain competitive. For discrete manufacturers, improving FTY, even modestly, invariably yields the most benefit for their bottom line. Want to learn more? Click here to read our whitepaper, “The ROI of Improving First Time Yield”. Contact us to learn more about how Sciemetric’s in-process test and monitoring solutions could be applied to improve efficiency and production costs on your line.	https://www.sciemetric.com/blog/metric-save-you-millions-roi-improving-fty
We started off November with grumbles about the price of onions, which increased by 285%. Later into the article, you’ll understand why this happened. But let’s see how mutual funds performed in October first, the month we united to speak up against police brutality ✊🏾. How Mutual Funds Performed in October 2020 The table below lists the returns of mutual funds in October–based on price changes. The next paragraph explains the magic behind the calculation. 😉 Assume you own 10 units of a mutual fund. If the selling price of each unit was ₦100 on October 1 and ₦105 on October 30, you have gained 5%. That is because ₦5 is 5% of ₦100, and each unit now costs ₦5 extra. Using the same approach, we examined the sell prices for the units of these funds as of October 1, 2020, and compared them with periods around October 30, 2020. Then, we did some math to show how much the units of each fund gained or lost. If you still do not get this, please drop a comment and we’ll explain. Learn More: How do mutual funds work? 🌨 Bond Funds: The Rain of Returns Recently, funds that invested in bonds have had high performances. For example, the NIDF fund had a performance of 15% in October. Remember that performance is measured by the change in the unit price of the fund. If a unit costs ₦100 in September and ₦115 in October, the fund has gained ₦15 (15% of ₦100). When entities, like the government, need money, they issue bonds. The initial price of the bond is determined by how much that entity needs, ₦100,000 for example. The issuer (entity lending the money) agrees to pay a set amount over an agreed period of time as interest. If the agreed amount is ₦4,000 in this case, that amount, which cannot change, is called the coupon payment. However, there is another important term known as the yield to maturity (YTM). When a bond is issued, the YTM is the same thing as the coupon payment. So, for the above bond, the yield to maturity (YTM) is 4% (₦4,000 divided by ₦100,000). Here’s where things get interesting. Since a bond is simply an agreement that qualifies one to receive coupon payments, it can be traded. If one chooses to sell the bond, bought at ₦100,000, many factors come into play but we’ll use a simple example to explain things. Take the YTM as the interest rate (currently 4%). If the rate drops from 4% to 2%, the issuer still pays the agreed ₦4,000. But 2% of ₦100,000 is ₦2,000 so something isn’t right. To balance things, when rates drop the prices of bonds increase and vice-versa. Hence, at a 2% rate, the price of the bond jumps to ₦200,000 (2% of this gives us ₦4,000). The reality is more complex but this is a basic example. Imagine an Ali bought the bond at ₦100,000. Now that the rate has dropped to 2%, he can sell the bond to John for ₦200,000. It doesn’t mean the government is borrowing more, the selling value just changed because of the rate drop. Think of this as buying an item and reselling for a higher or lower value. The Conclusion? The price and interest rate (called yield to maturity) move in opposite directions. If the yield increases, the prices drop and vice-versa. The reason for the heavy jump in bond funds like the NIDF is due to the increase in price, which is driven by the recent drop in bond yields. 💨 Equity Funds: Not Slowing Down People shy away from equities (stocks), as they are termed as high-risk. Also, picking the right stocks is no easy task. It is for this reason that equity mutual funds exist–professionals help pick stocks and spread your risk. When the stocks in these funds perform well, they also perform well and vice-versa. You invest and the fund manager takes on the stress. Last month, we reported that equities were making a bull run in Nigeria (the report explains in detail what a bull run is). This means that the stock market gained money. The story didn’t change in October, despite a slow dance mid-way through the month. One equity fund gained 12% in October. 🤯 Check this: We have the highest collection of Nigerian mutual funds ⚠️ Just before you rush to get some units, equity funds are for the long-term play. The best way to invest in them is via automated deposits of a set amount over time. For example, ₦50,000/month. Finally, it is possible to lose money with equity funds. 📸 Data snap of the month In May, a 50kg bag of onions was sold at ₦13,000. Today, it sells at ₦50,000*. That means the price increased by about 285%! Something similar happened last year–the price increased by 171% within the same period. Farmers, according to Business Day, plant onions this period (November to December). That is the stock of onions, given storage challenges, is heavily depleted at this time till the next harvest. However, reports from Hum Angle and Bloomberg suggest that COVID-19, floods in states like Kebbi (a major producer of onions) recent unrests have also contributed to the spike. So, asides from the expected annual scarcity in this period, the prices are much higher than expected because of these. For this data point, we interviewed frequent customers of the Lagos Mile 12 food market and Emmanuel Odanye, an agricultural consultant in northern Nigeria. Your favourite advisor,	https://cowrywise.com/blog/mutual-funds-october-2020/
Wheat was Wisconsin's first major agricultural crop. Most of the people who immigrated intended to become farmers, especially of wheat because of its low initial planting cost and relative high rate of return. The development of mechanical agricultural implements better suited to prairie conditions allowed wheat production to expand dramatically in the 1850s. Before, with draft animals in short supply and wooden plows that broke easily, farmers could only plant a small number of acres. Wisconsin was producing the second highest wheat yield in the U.S. by 1860. Over the next five years, Wisconsin farmers harvested over 100 million bushels, more than two-thirds of which were exported. Wheat production peaked statewide in 1870 but signs of its decline had already been evident as early as the 1850s in some areas of the state. Three factors led to its decline: soil depletion, unsteady prices, and the railroads. Railroad development made eastern markets more accessible at the same time that it opened up more fertile lands west of Wisconsin, in Minnesota and the Dakotas. Wheat acreage declined after the Civil War, most rapidly in the southern, central, and eastern counties where corn, hay, oats, and other feed crops were substituted. The growth of wheat farming had also created the need for a milling industry which was located primarily in major shipping areas. The state also developed an agricultural implement industry to meet the needs of wheat farmers and to improve production. Wisconsin's Cultural Resource Study Units Learn More See more images, essays, newspapers and records about agriculture in Wisconsin. Dictionary of Wisconsin History Explore more than 1,600 people, places and events in Wisconsin history.	https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1836
The amounts of phosphate and potash shown at target Index 2 are needed to replace the offtakes in the fresh yields of each crop as shown in the table, and to maintain the soil at the target Index. The phosphate and potash recommendations at target or lower Indices can be adjusted if yields are likely to be larger or smaller than those shown by multiplying the difference in expected yield by the phosphate and potash content per tonne of yield given in Appendix 5. For example, at P Index 1, the recommendation for forage swedes with an expected yield of 75 t/ha is 75 +(10 x 0.7) = 82 kg P2O5/ha. Crops grown on soil at Index 0 and 1 would be expected to respond to the extra amounts of phosphate, potash and magnesium shown in the table below. Also over a number of years, these extra amounts of fertiliser will help to raise the Index level of most soils, except light sands. When grown as a catch crop after cereals, apply no more than 75 kg N/ha at Index 0 or 1. Further reductions may be made if the soil is moist and has been cultivated. For stubble turnips sown after mid August, apply 50 kg P2O5/ha at Index 0 only. Salt is recommended on all soils except Fen silts and peats. Apply 400 kg/ha of agricultural salt (200 kg Na2O /ha) well before drilling. If sodium is recommended but not applied, increase potash by 100 kg K2O/ha. A boron application may be needed. Soil analysis is a useful guide to assess the need for boron. The recommendations assume that crops are grazed. Where tops are carted off, potash applications may need to be increased by up to 150 kg K2O/ha. Phosphate and potash need only be applied to the seedbed at Index 0 or 1. Where sugar beet or potatoes do not feature in the rotation, magnesium fertiliser is only justified at soil Index 0 when 50 to 100 kg MgO /ha should be applied every three or four years (see page 42).	http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/adlib/defra/content.aspx?doc=262994&id=263128
Is one of the most cultivated mange touts in the world. The 60-70 cm tall plants yield good crops of 10 cm long, about 2 cm wide, light-green pods of mild flavour and fine quality. They are set in pairs on the plant and can be harvested for quite a long time. Do not let them remain on the plant when they are ready for harvest. They grow membranes like other mange touts. Oregon Sugar pod is sound and resistant to fusaria and mosaic virus. A portion contains about 50 seeds. Unfortunately all units for this product are out of stock.	http://en.runabergsfroer.se/?p=496
The days when in the absence of soil samples I could recommend 3-4 bags per acre of 10 10 20 or 0 7 30 are long over. ‘Nitrates’ finished them, and brought greater precision to recommendations and applications on farm. Recent fertiliser price increases have focused our minds further. High yields in 2021 have also resulted in greater crop removals of nutrients. Those nutrients must be replaced unless you are prepared to allow soil fertility to drop. Regulations tie you to application limits based on soil analysis for which soil results cannot be more than four years old. You may assume index 3 for phosphorus unless there is an older soil sample showing that the soil was P index 4. The phosphorus requirement for/following a 10t/ha crop (4t/ac) on a P index 1 soil is 58kg/ha P (46 units/ac); on P index 2 soil is 48kg/ha P (38 units/ac P); on P index 3 soil is 38 kg/ha P (30 units/ac); and on P index 4 soil is 0 unless the soil pH is 7 or over. Applications lower than those levels will result in reduced soil fertility. On Index 1 and 2 soils there is a substantial benefit from combine-drilling the phosphorus for spring cereals. Research has shown ‘no consistent’ yield benefit to autumn application of phosphorus for winter cereals, even on P Index 1 and 2 soils. Phosphorus application after September 15 is not permitted except for P Index 1 and 2 soils where 20kP/ha may be incorporated prior to October 31. The closed period for chemical P application (and indeed nitrogen) extends to January 12th/15 or 31 depending on the region. Spring application of P should take place as soon as possible once the closed period has ended. I consider that farmers sowing winter cereals into poor-fertility/ heavy soils should either combine-drill or incorporate the 20kg P at/before sowing; if they fail to sow on time, they should wait until spring to sow. Phosphorus is not mobile and will not move into the rooting zone, following top-dressing. While organic manures are very valuable in a fertiliser plan they should not be relied on as the sole source of P/K on Index 1 or 2 soils as they are slower to become available for plant growth. While soil P Indices limit phosphorus applications, the most important factor is the trend in soil P levels. Dropping levels indicate inadequate applications and increasing levels surplus. Surplus applications are ideal if you are trying to build levels, but once you reach 10ml P/l soil, the risk of soil run-off carrying P to water is not acceptable. In addition building soil levels to greater than 10mg/l will result in some of the P becoming unavailable for plant growth — similar to lodging money to a bank and being caught with a negative interest rate. While potassium (K) applications are not restricted by regulation, soil analysis results are equally important for crop yield. K is a critical nutrient for making crops resilient to drought. In a dry year crops on high-K soils will outperform those on low-K soils. The soil K requirement varies with soil constituents and some soils will lock up K. Therefore local knowledge is important in determining soil K rates and timing of applications. The K requirement for/following a 10t/ha crop (4t/ac), where straw has been removed on a P Index 1 soil is 130kg/ha K (104 units/ac); on P Index 2 soil is 115kg/ha K (92 units/ac P); on P Index 3 soil is 100 kg/ha K (80 units/ac) and on a P Index 4 soil is 0. Where straw has not been removed those levels, following a 10t/ha crop (4t/ac), may be reduced by 50kg/ha (48 units/ac). Farmers who availed of the straw incorporation measure will therefore have saved themselves the equivalent of 1 bag/ac of muriate of potash for 21/22. Without soil analysis fertiliser — the most critical input for crop production — applications are guesswork. Check through your soil analysis results now and sample all soils where results are three years old or greater. If you have not being doing analysis for magnesium, manganese, copper or zinc, I suggest that you do at least one soil sample for them on each soil type you are farming.	https://www.independent.ie/business/farming/tillage/pj-phelan-make-sure-you-get-your-p-application-spot-on-40871189.html
Characterizing global production systems just got easier. As of 2003 the canned pre-cooked meat product, Spam, was sold in 41 countries on six continents. Hormel Foods Corporation has updated its product in a variety ways, such as adding jalapeños or a hint of hickory smoke. Why are we talking processed meat? Who can mention SPAM without mentioning Spam? (If the name 'SPAM' bothers you, call it MapSpam - it’s the same frontwards and backwards). IFPRI / HarvestChoice has also updated its product, SPAM, from circa 2000 to centering on the year 2005. That’s right; SPAM 2005 is out for release, downloadable, and freely available to the public through our website (see harvestchoice.org/products/data ). That means more accurate and up-to-date spatially disaggregated crop production statistics and more of it. For the past ten years the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) / HarvestChoice has developed and applied an approach to spatially disaggregate (downscale) crop production statistics, dubbing their product the Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM). SPAM generates spatially-disaggregated, crop and production system specific area, production and yield estimates using a triangulation approach across a broad set of relevant background data. The detailed spatial datasets represent a rich platform for exploring the social, economic, and environmental consequences of agricultural production at a highly disaggregated scale. The SPAM model and its outputs have become a critical input to many initiatives within and beyond the CGIAR, including several high-profile agricultural and environmental modelling initiatives (for example, GEOGLAM and IMPACT). What’s new with SPAM two (thousand five)? SPAM 2005 runs the model for 42 crops, whereas SPAM 2000 treated just 21 crops (including a crop category called ‘other crops’ which lumps together the rest of the crops not covered in the other 20). The total number of crops in SPAM 2000 account for at least 80% of the earth’s total crop production as reported by FAO, but in SPAM 2005 it’s closer to 100% (fodder crops are excluded). Typically national institutions publish their country’s production statistics for administrative levels immediately below national (region/province), but for some countries data is also available at finer scales - at two or more levels below national (district/county). A more detailed crop statistic guarantees a more accurate downscaling. The 42 crops in SPAM 2005 resulted from disaggregating some SPAM 2000 crops like ‘other pulses’ and ‘other oils’, as well as by adding more cash crops, fruits and vegetables, which were considered under ‘other crops’ in SPAM 2000, and not directly modelled but calculated as a residual of the 20 crops being allocated. The 42 crops are listed below. We are currently working on a second version of SPAM 2005 which will incorporate feedback from collaborators who have had access to a preliminary version of the data. In the meantime, since we update SPAM every five years, we are already starting to assemble subnational statistics for SPAM 2010. Stay tuned! Should we compare SPAM 2000 and SPAM 2005 results? No, these should not be compared nor considered time-series data for the following reasons: - Crop-land information for both versions is not compiled by the same method and has different base years - The irrigation maps are different - Crop suitability areas and yields have been updated in 2005 as compared to 2000 - Sub-national statistics are more recent and the crop distribution/mix of a country may have changed - The allocation methodologies have been improved - SPAM 2005 has 42 explicitly modeled crops, whereas in SPAM 2000 there were 21 How we assimilate SPAM: A Cross Entropy Approach After collecting national and sub-national statistics on individual crops for each country, more information is folded into the data: - Granular information on cropland from satellite imagery - Potential cropping areas and potential yields for individual crops - Irrigated areas - Knowledge regarding four distinct production systems (irrigated high inputs, rain-fed high inputs, rain-fed low inputs, and subsistence) - Producer prices SPAM assesses the crop production of each crop in each production system per pixel (the 5 arc min resolution units which in this case amounts to about 9 x 9 km grids at the equator and increasingly less the further a location moves towards the poles). To allocate production of 42 crops into each pixel, a cross entropy approach is used. The initial crop areas are broken down by production systems, and the initial crop distributions are fed into a routine of minimization of cross entropies, subject to spatial constraints taken from the granular data. A scaling process is then applied at the end to ensure that the re-aggregated crop production stats at national level are consistent with FAOSTAT numbers for each crop, pegged to the average 2004-2006 values for area and production. How to cite SPAM data and methodology SPAM’s methodology is described at length in the 2014 article below. The origin of the ancillary data sources are also found there. - Datasets: You, L., Z. Guo, J. Koo, U. Wood-Sichra, Yue Gong. Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) 2005 Version 1. http://HarvestChoice.org (Accessed _____) - Article: You, L., S. Wood, U. Wood-Sichra, W. Wu. 2014. Generating global crop distribution maps: From census to grid. Agricultural Systems 127 (2014) 53-60 The 42 Crops of SPAM 2005 Wheat, rice, maize, barley, pearl millet, small millets, sorghum, other-cereals, potato, sweet potato, yam, cassava, other-roots-and-tubers, dry bean, chickpea, cowpea, pigeon pea, lentil, other-pulses, soybean, groundnut, coconut, oil palm, sunflower, rapeseed, sesame seed, other-oil-crops, sugarcane, sugar beet, cotton, other-fibres, arabica coffee, robusta coffee, cocoa, tea, tobacco, banana, plantain, tropical fruit, temperate fruit, vegetables and other-crops. Citation HarvestChoice, 2014. "What's New with SPAM Two (Thousand Five)." International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC., and University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Available online at http://harvestchoice.org/node/9613.	https://harvestchoice.org/labs/whats-new-spam-two-thousand-five
Here's a DIY approach to calculate the returns on investment in mutual funds either as a lump sum or through a SIP. The Sensex, over the past three years, has generated a compounded annual growth of about 14 per cent (as on August 8, 2016). However, the returns for someone who invested back in 2013 will understandably be different. So how has been the performance of your mutual fund (MF) scheme? Let's look at some ways an investor can calculate returns on his investment, whether it's a one-time lump sum or through a systematic investment plan (SIP). It helps you to calculate the simple returns on your initial investment. What you need is only the initial and the current or the ending net asset value (NAV) of the scheme. In calculating the point-to-point or absolute return, the holding time does not play a role. So if your initial NAV was, say, Rs 20 and now after 3 years, it is Rs 40, the point-to-point return comes to 100 per cent! Use this formula to calculate returns when the holding period is less than 12 months. You may put this in excel sheet to calculate it. Absolute return, therefore, as mandated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), is when the period is less than a year, and simple annualised return is shown when period is exactly a year. When the time period is more than a year, CAGR is a better way to depict returns. It's basically a number that shows how the investment would have grown had it generated a steady return. In reality, however, returns may not be the same each year. CAGR, therefore, represents a mean annual growth rate that smoothens out the volatility in returns over a period of time. Let's now see how CAGR can be quickly computed using an excel file. Here, we consider CAGR of investment made in MFs. Assuming you had invested Rs 1 lakh in an MF three years back at an NAV of Rs 20. Now, the NAV is Rs 40. Cash inflows and outflows may not always be evenly matched and instead these could be at irregular intervals. For example, in a money-back plan or in a mutual fund SIP. XIRR is a function in Excel for calculating internal rate of return or annualized yield for a schedule of cash flows occurring at irregular intervals. In a SIP, you keep investing regularly over a long period and get back the maturity amount upon exit. SIP investments happen on a pre-decided date and even the amount is fixed, and depending on the NAV of the scheme on that day, you get certain number of units. Hence, you keep accumulating units from the day your SIP starts. On the day you exit the scheme, i.e., redeem your total units, you get the maturity amount, which is NAV (of redemption day) multiplied by total units (on redemption day). Now, to know how much returns ones scheme has generated, you may use the XIRR (a function in excel). It's simple and one doesn't even require the NAV of any date. XIRR, or the return on ones SIP investments, comes to 11.88 per cent. If any lump sum amount is added, insert date (in new row at the right place) and amount (a negative figure as its cash outflow) ex. If on 10th April, then new row after 1st April. Result changes accordingly. If no further investment, just enter 0 value but let the dates be there.	https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/how-to-calculate-returns-on-sip-of-mutual-funds/articleshow/53841350.cms
Cording Real Estate Group, the Northern European real estate investment and asset management firm, has acquired a portfolio of predominantly industrial properties in Wales for €38.2m (£33.4m), reflecting a net initial yield of 8.5%. The portfolio, which comprises six industrial properties, a hotel and a leisure asset, was acquired from Newport-based RH Properties. The industrial properties are a mix of single and multi-let units in South Wales. They total 852,000 ft² and are let at an average rent of c. €2.6/ft² with a weighted average unexpired lease term (WAULT) of more than nine years. They are two units in Swansea let to Trojan Electronics and Unit Superheater Engineering, a unit in Merthyr Tydfil let to Amnitec, a unit in Abercarn let to Smurfitt Kappa, a unit in Cwmbran let to Zodiac Seats and a multi-let unit in Blackwood. The hotel property in the centre of Newport is let to Travelodge Hotels for a further 17 years and the leisure asset is Leisure@Cwmbran in the town centre, with a range of tenants such as a Vue cinema, a Frankie & Benny’s restaurant and a Bowlplex bowling centre and a combined WAULT of 13.3 years.	http://europe-re.com/cording-acquires-welsh-portfolio-for-38-2m/63834
Early Pioneers Project: Research an “Early Woman Pioneer” of I/O psychology. You can select from the women listed or choose one on your own: Marion Bills, Elsie Bregman, Lillian Gilbreth, Mary Tenopyr, Franziska Baumgarten or Mary Holmes Sevens Hayes. Part one (Individual Project) Write a 100-1500 word APA style paper about the person you chose to research. The paper should a brief biography (including their date of birth, date of death, background, and education). A section on the person’s contribution to the field of psychology in general and psychology of the workplace specific). A section that summarizes their significance and legacy. Part two: Create a poster presentation highlighting the importance of the person you researched. During a class session TBD you will present you findings in a public forum (also TBD) In the Brenau Trustee Library on 2 hour reserve is a Simulation Training System kit What is NO? This kit has several scenarios of possible Sexual harassment from 2 – three perspectives the harassed person the harassing person, and a manager or HR representative. Review the existing scenarios for content, relevance, current issues/technology. First pick one existing scenario that you find to be no longer current whether from topic, perspective, or technology and writing an updated version of the scenario. In addition, create a scenario that could fit the parameters of the training kit that addresses possible issues that you did not see addressed in the kit. Each scenario should be from 3 perspectives, the harassed, the harasser, and a third party (HR or management). In class you will “beta test” your scenarios with your class mates. After beta testing you will give an assessment of the functionality of the scenario and suggest edits to increase its “playability”. How would you assess the utility of the training? Final product will be 2 well written scenarios and a short 750 word APA style paper addressing the beta testing, adjustments and assessing utility. For this project you will be addressing gender participation in the workplace. Final product will be a 750-1250 word APA paper. Section 1: look at gender participation in I/O (and related fields) as well as one other profession, career, or job. Compare and contrast the two careers/professions. Section 2. In terms of equity theory: how might gender participation rates affect motivation and job satisfaction? After investigating the scholarly literature on gender (sex?) write a 1000-1500 word paper that at a minimum addresses: 1) Overall representation (male/female) in leadership 2: Find two jobs one in which male participation is greater than female, the other in which female participation is greater than male (for our purposes greater participation is 50% plus Describe each field (requirements, type of tasks done etc., give the percentages male/female in the positions, finally speculate (all opinions, must be supported with a scholarly source) as to why this difference may occur, consider requirements of the job as well as social mores/norms that may contribute to this, 3) what are the expectation for males vs females 3.5) note the emphasis on gender as a dichotomous concept, 4) review the literature on leadership in terms of gender as a spectrum or continuum 5) offer a suggestion as to how best research leadership and gender, and summarize the paper. Suggested Search Terms:	https://libguides.brenau.edu/c.php?g=1270934&p=9322238
A good strategy is to begin by searching the HOMER catalog for books about the topic and review the table of contents for chapters that focuses on specific issues. You can also review the indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your research. Integrative Review Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses or research problems. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews [see below].The goal is to deliberately document, critically evaluate, and .Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework. Problem formulation -- which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature. What types of sources should I review (books, journal articles, websites; scholarly versus popular sources)? Should I summarize, synthesize, or critique sources by discussing a common theme or issue? Read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or to identify ways to organize your final review.If your assignment is not very specific about what form your literature review should take, seek clarification from your professor by asking these questions: 1. The bibliography or reference section of sources you've already read are also excellent entry points into your own research.Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the primary studies.Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally that become part of the lore of field." This type of literature review is primarily applied to examining prior research studies in clinical medicine and allied health fields, but it is increasingly being used in the social sciences.Theoretical Review The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena.The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to obtain a good survey of relevant resources.Your professor will probably not expect you to read everything that's available about the topic, but you'll make your job easier if you first limit scope of the research problem. Comments Good Literature Review Example - The Literature Review - Organizing Your Social Sciences. Importance of a Good Literature Review. A literature review may. "Writing Integrative Literature Reviews Guidelines and Examples." Human.… - Sample Literature Review - Ashford Writing Center A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources that provides an overview of. *This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from Key, K. L. Rich, C.… - Literature Reviews Placing the Literature Review in the Dissertation/Thesis. Structuring the Literature. Is there a good enough sample of literature for the level Ph. D, Master's.… - Examples of Literature Reviews - Literature Review - ACAP. Student Examples. There isn't one ideal type of literature review and you may need to employ a range of methods and provide reasons for your.… - Sample Literature Reviews - Literature Review Conducting. Literature Review Conducting & Writing. This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature review.… - Literature Reviews - The Writing Center This handout will explain what literature reviews are and offer insights into. of materials on a topic, not necessarily the great literary texts of the world. In the example above, the writers refer to several other sources when making their point.… - Literature reviews - Example 1 - Student Services - The.	https://www.foxtrot-fab.ru/good-literature-review-example-12971.html
In writing the introduction to a literature review which of the following should be included, your professor will... Project Muse humanities and social sciences Medline life sciences and biomedicine EconLit economics Inspec physics, engineering and computer science When you find a useful article, check the reference list to find more relevant sources. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature. Start with a general descriptor from the database thesaurus or one that you know is already a well defined descriptor based on past work that you have done in this field. Roughly how many sources should I include? Contents: Developing a coherent essay Galvan, Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature. Step 3: You can find out how many times an article has been cited on Google Scholar—high citation counts mean the article has been influential in the field. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies—for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals. It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach. On the other hand, a review in a thesis, dissertation, or journal article presenting original research usually leads to the research questions that will be addressed. Moreover, Hopewho interviewed residents from various nursing homes, substantiates the claim that characteristics of the institutional environment such as the extent of resources in the facility, as well as its location, are features which residents have indicated as being of great importance to their independence. Summarize and synthesize: Choose an area of research that is due for a review. Following Cronon, the racial and class politics of wilderness preservation was a theme taken up by several scholars in the late s and early s, who researched the material effects of conservation politics on indigenous and rural Americans Catton ; Spence ; Jacoby Current Situation: Identify major trends or patterns: Writing literature reviews: Chronological The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. When writing your review, keep in mind these issues. Guidelines for writing a literature review A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that informs how you are planning to investigate a research problem. Does it forge as new path? Provenance -- what are the author's credentials? Sometimes you may need to quote certain terms that were coined by the author, not common knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored. Structure and Writing Style I. Access or File Maker Proin an Excel spreadsheet, or the "old-fashioned" way of using note cards. Plan to describe relevant theories. Consider Whether Your Sources are Current Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. Student A: If people have no choices or think that they have none, they become depressed. Step 3: What are the key concepts and how are they defined? Recent work has begun to challenge this paradigm and argue for more varied approaches to understanding the socio-political relations between nation and nature. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B? Body Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. Selection Methods: If you are using an electronic form of note taking, you might note these descriptors in a separate field e. For each publication, ask yourself: Here are several strategies you can utilize to assess whether you've adequately reviewed the research literature: Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute your own summary and interpretation of the literature. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. How to write a literature review \| A step-by-step guide Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. Thinking interdisciplinarily about a research problem can be a rewarding exercise in applying new ideas, theories, or concepts to an old problem. The theoretical unforgettable experience during childhood essay review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Identify gaps in the literature, and reflect on why these might exist based on the understandings that you have gained by reading literature in this field of study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research? Writing a Literature Review \| Library Recapitulate important features of a research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to their own work. Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research. How you end the review, however, will depend on your reason for writing it. Redefine your topic if needed: What are its key insights and arguments? Decide on the format in which you will take notes as you read the articles as mentioned above, you can do this in RefWorks. How will you further your research as a result of the review? If you include studies prior to the past five years that are not landmark studies, you should defend why you have chosen these rather than more current ones. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. You are also developing skills in reviewing and writing, to presentation for research proposal sample a foundation on which you will build in subsequent courses within your M. Guidelines for writing a literature review What new insight will you draw from the literature? An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review, Division of works under review into themes or categories e. Step 2: Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. Be consistent in how you record notes. How to write a literature review You can also review the subject indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your research. Historical reviews are focused on in writing the introduction to a literature review which of the following should be included research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. You can record the topics in the same box as before User 1 or use User 2 box for the topic s under which you have chosen to place this article. Select useful quotes that you may want to include in your review. Be Selective Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. All contect is from The Literature Review created by Dr. Compare your paper with over 60 billion web pages and 30 million publications. Reorganize your notes according to the path of your argument Within each topic heading, note differences among will essay. Note key statistics that you may want to use in the introduction to your review. Consult with a librarian about identifying research databases in other disciplines; almost every discipline has at least one comprehensive database devoted to indexing its research literature. The following are the key steps as outlined by Galvan Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. Once again, it's useful to enter this information into your Essay muet report record. You can also use this method to consider what is consider by scholars to be a "hot topic" and what is not. It was found that physical structures, such as standardized furniture, heating that could not be individually regulated, and no possession of a house key for residents limited their feelings of independence. You may also note that studies fall into different categories categories that you see emerging or ones that are already discussed in the literature. Smith concludes that personal privacy in their living quarters is the most important factor in nursing home residents' perception of their autonomy. These gaps will be important for you will essay address as you plan and write your review. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred. The example combines the thematic and chronological approaches. Thematic If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. Some tips for identifying suitable literature and narrowing your search: Finishing Touches: Research methods Summary of research results Step 6: As you write, make sure to follow these tips: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format Galvan recommends building tables as a key way to help you overview, organize, and summarize your findings, and suggests that including one or more of the tables that you create may be helpful in your literature review. Check fahrenheit 9/11 essay flow of your argument for coherence. Thinking About Your Literature Review The structure of a literature review should include the following: Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. Look at the sources authors cite to in their work. By Publication Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. Neither the layout of the building, nor the activities available seem to make much difference. If you copy the exact words from an article, be sure to cite the page number as you will need this should you decide to use the quote when you write your review as direct quotes must always be accompanied by page references. What time span of research will you consider? This paragraph discusses how humanities scholars have approached the concept of wilderness. You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research. Should I evaluate the sources? This section of the literature review focuses on the theme of wilderness, while the paragraph itself is organized chronologically. Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed? If the same authors, books or articles keep appearing in your reading, make sure to seek them out. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. Look for repeating patterns in the research findings. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, which you will build by using the trees you found in the literature you read. What questions about the field has the review sparked? Critique the research methodologies used in the studies, and distinguish between assertions the author's opinion and actual research findings derived from empirical evidence. In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews. This step requires you to synthesize and make sense of what you read, since these patterns and trends may not be spelled out in the literature, but rather become apparent to you as you review the big picture that has emerged over time.	http://birchsidestudios.com/8454-in-writing-the-introduction-to-a-literature-review-which-of-the-following-should-be-included.php

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